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Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees

Author: Franklin Allison Cresee

Release date: September 20, 2007 [eBook #22683]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL POINTERS FOR PATENTEES ***

PRACTICAL POINTERS for PATENTEES
A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED, IS A STEPPING STONE TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.

A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED,
IS A STEPPING STONE
TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.


PRACTICAL

POINTERS for PATENTEES

CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION
AND ADVICE ON THE SALE
OF PATENTS

AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS
EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
INVENTORS IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS

By

F. A. CRESEE, M.E.

Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population
of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census

MUNN & CO., Inc.

Scientific American Office

361 Broadway

new york

1912

Copyright, 1901, by the
POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY


Copyright, 1902, by
MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1906, by
MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1912, by
MUNN & CO., Inc.

New York
Macgowan & Slipper
30 Beekman Street


PREFACE

The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's real work begins—that of turning the patent into money. This is the business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate supervision.

The object of this little work, based upon the experience and observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize from his invention.

The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite p. 4lines to pursue in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from their inventions through careless or bad management, while others, through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous patent-selling agents only to be swindled.

The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents, and advance them on the road to success.

It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents, not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms, statistics, etc., etc.

Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by

THE AUTHOR.


CONTENTS

p. 5

CHAPTER I.
DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT.

Monopoly in Patents—Industrial Progress Based upon the Patent System

9-12
CHAPTER II.
INCOME FROM INVENTIONS.

Independence through Successful Invention—Unprofitable Patents—Money in Patents—Business Capacity of the Inventor—Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance

13-19
CHAPTER III.
SECURING CAPITAL.

Danger in an Undivided Interest—A Better Plan—Form of Agreement—Perfecting Inventions—Exhibit of Inventions—To Avoid Being "Squeezed"—Value of Record of Invention—Newspaper Notoriety

20-29
CHAPTER IV.
HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT.

Pecuniary Value—Commercial Value—Basis for Estimation—General Rules for Valuation—How Rating for Royalty Is Figured—Stock in Stock Companies—Prices for Territorial Rights—Valuation Tables

30-40
p. 6
CHAPTER V.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.

Patent-selling Agencies—The Best Selling Agent—In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling—Methods of Selling Patents—About Advertising—How to Write an Advertisement—Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties—How to Correspond with Manufacturers—Circulars—Illustrations—About Getting up Circulars—Copies of Patents, How to Secure—Uses of Printed Copies—First Impressions All—important—Value of Models—Working Drawings

41-54
CHAPTER VI.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.—Continued

Value of Personal Influence—Personal Solicitation Advisable—Selling Outright—Assigning an Undivided Interest—Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights—Granting Licenses—Placing upon Royalty—Manufacturing and Forming Companies—To Organize Stock Companies—Trading as a Last Resort

55-72
CHAPTER VII.
CANADIAN PATENTS.

About Canadian Patents—Selling Canadian Patents— Population of Canadian Cities

73-78
p. 7
CHAPTER VIII.
DECISIONS AND NOTES.

Assignments—Territorial Grants—Licenses—Patent Title—Rules of Practice—Assignments—Assignees— Grantees—Mortgages—Licensees—Must be Recorded— Conditional Assignments—State Laws on Selling Patents

79-91
CHAPTER IX.
THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS.

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined—The Language of Law—Assignment of Entire Interest in Letters Patent—Assignment of an Undivided Interest—Grant of a Territorial Interest—License; Shop Right—License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty—License; Exclusive, with Royalty

92-105
CHAPTER X.
TABLES AND STATISTICS.

Map of the United States—Official Census of the United States by Counties for 1910—Population of Cities of the United States—Number, Acreage and Value of Farms, by States—Table of Occupations

106-141

Index

142-146

p. 8


p. 9

PRACTICAL

POINTERS for PATENTEES


CHAPTER I

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT

That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings, require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization.

At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready to invest in anyp. 10 practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of monopoly under the patent laws.

Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and thus make their business more profitable.

Monopoly in Patents.

Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all, would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with the material progress of the world during the century just ended.

Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a fortune. If capitalists andp. 11 manufacturers can secure the control of any new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees handsomely for patents covering such inventions.

There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a valid patent.

Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.

In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents. This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars, conp. 12tinually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go hand in hand."

The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs, telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines of industry.

Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a good and valid patent.


p. 13

CHAPTER II

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS

It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000 annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800 which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000 that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a wage-earner.

Independence through Successful Invention.

There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become independent through the proper handling of the product of their ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the average person to attain independence andp. 14 wealth than by inventing something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money. The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements in the sciences, arts, and manufactures.

Unprofitable Patents.

It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many of the last class.

As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not pay—and many nop. 15 doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if properly managed.

Money in Patents.

That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture.

It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent, and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well.p. 16

Business Capacity of the Inventor.

It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords, and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention.

Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000. These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning:

"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent.

"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him $60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain.p. 17 A third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and finally sold it for about $60,000.

"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little value."

Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway tie plate, which was bought by ap. 18 corporation for $25,000, after having manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent.

Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their inventions for them.

Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.

Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to discover and improve their defects.

A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents, said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention. Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and ingenuity to betterp. 19 or more profitable advantage than to invent something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and taken high places among noted men of all times.

Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of speculation."


p. 20

CHAPTER III

SECURING CAPITAL

It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning to another an undivided interest in his invention.

Danger in an Undivided Interest.

Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the proceeds from the patent should be divided pro rata, according to the several interests. This, however, is notp. 21 the case in such assignments, and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits derived from the invention through their own efforts.

In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants, such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed, the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees shouldp. 22 especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided interest in their patents.

A Better Plan.

A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development, introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case, whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the understanding between the parties. The following form secures both parties, and will be suggestive of others:

Form of Agreement.

Whereas I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful improvements inp. 23 Telegraph Keys, for which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States, bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working of the said invention covered by the said Letters Patent.

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows:

First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary to the construction of a suitable model to represent the said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in advertising and bringing said invention before interested parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention, its manufacture, and sale.

Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed upon) ofp. 24 all the net receipts in any manner arising from the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the term for which said patent is granted.

Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

Richard Doe,
John Roe.

In the presence of:

John Smith,

Thos. Jones.

Perfecting Inventions.

Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers, who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly, therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then should he delay his application?

The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features, so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable feap. 25tures of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind.

Exhibit of the Invention.

Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he can, and in as attractive shape as possible.

To Avoid being "Squeezed."

The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably wouldp. 26 not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could. Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be "squeezed."

Value of Record of Invention.

Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached. Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent.

Prejudice against Patents.

It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to take hold of any patent; especially is this truep. 27 when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township, shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they invest in them.

The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights, not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists, this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the patent rests solely upon its own merits.

Newspaper Notoriety.

Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention. Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention possessingp. 28 novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers, with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in no other way—certainly in no cheaper way.

Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form, containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's interests.

With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor large returns.

If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns; usingp. 29 the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to reach. See about advertising on page 46.


p. 30

CHAPTER IV

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT

Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public, or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately come from the sale of the manufactured article.

Pecuniary Value.

It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniaryp. 31 value whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing.

Commercial Value.

An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand already exists; then the important question arises in determining the commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvep. 32ment upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his invention, the value is doubled and success certain.

Basis for Estimation.

Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations. Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price.

Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their untried patents willp. 33 require the greater bulk of the profits to be derived from it.

General Rules for Valuation.

It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the articles manufactured—say five hundred or a thousand—and try the experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of interested parties, just what the patent is really worth.

This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in proportion to the success of the trial experiment.p. 34

In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents.

If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales, interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a liberally fair profit.

While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the inventorp. 35 can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the article again a number of times during the course of a year.

The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good thing in the line of patents.

How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.

Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In determining what royalty the patentee should receive,p. 36 he should carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales, what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for exclusive rights.

Stock in Stock Companies.

There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his assigning his patent and rights to the company.

The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and non-assessable.p. 37

Prices for Territorial Rights.

In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike, such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation.

There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments, etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin, seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more valuable than other States and counties of same population.

Valuation Tables.

The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases; however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though theyp. 38 may serve to materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately, while others may have to be sold at a discount.

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS

States and
Territories
.
Price as a Whole.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Maine 35 175 350 500 700
New Hampshire 30 150 300 450 600
Vermont 30 150 300 450 600
Massachusetts 50 225 500 750 1,000
Rhode Island 20 100 200 300 400
Connecticut 35 175 350 500 700
New York 65 300 650 950 1,200
Pennsylvania 65 300 650 950 1,200
New Jersey 40 200 400 600 800
N. Atlantic Division. $370 $1,775 $3,700 $5,450 $7,200

p. 39

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—Continued

States and
Territories
.
Price as a Whole.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Delaware 20 100 200 300 400
Maryland 40 200 400 600 800
District of Columbia 15 75 150 200 300
Virginia 35 200 400 600 800
West Virginia 35 175 300 500 700
North Carolina 35 150 300 450 600
South Carolina 35 150 350 500 700
Georgia 40 200 400 600 800
Florida 15 75 150 200 300
S. Atlantic Division. $270 $1,325 $2,700 $3,950 $5,400
Ohio 60 300 600 900 1,100
Indiana 55 275 550 800 1,000
Illinois 65 300 650 950 1,200
Michigan 45 200 350 600 800
Wisconsin 40 150 275 400 500
Minnesota 45 200 350 600 800
Iowa 40 175 350 500 700
Missouri 45 225 450 650 900
North Dakota 25 75 150 200 300
South Dakota 30 100 200 300 400
Nebraska 30 150 300 450 600
Kansas 40 175 300 500 700
N. Central Division. $485 $2,325 $4,525 $6,850 $9,000

p. 40

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—Continued

States and
Territories
.
Price as a Whole.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Kentucky 40 200 375 600 700
Tennessee 30 175 350 500 700
Alabama 30 150 300 450 600
Mississippi 30 150 300 450 600
Louisiana 35 175 300 500 700
Texas 35 175 300 500 700
Oklahoma 20 100 200 300 400
Arkansas 20 75 150 200 300
S. Central Division. $230 $1,200 $2,275 $3,500 $4,700
Montana 15 100 175 250 300
Colorado 40 175 350 350 700
New Mexico 15 50 100 150 200
Arizona 15 50 100 150 200
Utah 15 50 100 150 200
Idaho 10 50 75 100 200
Washington 15 50 100 150 200
Oregon 20 75 125 200 300
California 50 250 450 700 900
Western Division. $235 $975 $1,800 $2,750 $3,700
Grand Total. $1,600 $7,600 $15,000 $22,500 $30,000

p. 41

CHAPTER V

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS

While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure; and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention.

Patent-selling Agencies.

For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding andp. 42 rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a certain sum under some pretence,—such as to cover the cost of advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent through them—they having no facilities for disposing of either of the patents.

The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors immediately upon the publication of the Official Gazette, and working inventors up to thep. 43 remitting point which usually ends the matter so far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee out of the patentee.

There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their patents.

The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.

That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself. Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate, moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases, essential to the successful termination of a sale.

Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is notp. 44 only a question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence, and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push, can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and success.

In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.

However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker, knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect. The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effortp. 45 to be able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the business under his personal supervision.

Methods of Selling Patents.

There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in handling their patents.

It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his individual case, and proceed along these lines.

There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course, there are others which only those directly connected with the largest and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The main thing is not to become discourp. 46aged or give up until one succeeds in making a sale.

About Advertising.

To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published at uncertainp. 47 intervals, and usually for the express purpose of circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions, and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that class.

How to Write an Advertisement.

In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences, sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling qualities.

The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally. A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it convince me?" etc.p. 48

Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune, remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise, and to the point.

Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties.

While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue: however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with very few exceptions, that if manufacturersp. 49 and dealers who make and handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the same.

How to Correspond with Manufacturers.

To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come to terms in the first letter.

The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one with his first letter, which willp. 50 enable him to make the letter briefer and more business-like.

In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been created between the manufacturers.

Circulars.

A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale.

Illustrations.

If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is wanted and can sep. 51cure the same at a better price. A sufficient number of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any printer for a few dollars.

About Getting up Circulars.

The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper; they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect.

The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having the uses and advantages of the invention well written.

Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood.

Uses of Printed Copies.

It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested, in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, andp. 52 what protection is really afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent, business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps speedily make a satisfactory deal.

First Impressions All-Important.

Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars, but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications, and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very apt to form a favorable opinion of it.

Value of Models.

There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, andp. 53 a perfect miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost indispensable.

Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with any charges to collect.

While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model, and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost.

Working Drawings.

Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention top. 54 the advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices on manufacturing the invention in quantities.


p. 55

CHAPTER VI

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS—Continued

In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention. If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties thoroughly interested.

Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made from its manufacture.p. 56

Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent something that has value and can be sold.

Value of Personal Influence.

Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention.

However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can, more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants, friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested in the invention.

Personal Solicitation Advisable.

In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a willingness or desire to look into the inventionp. 57 more closely, then arrange to visit them personally.

Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance. If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort.

The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings; carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent, but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one of his competitors to obtain its control. Many busip. 58nesses have been hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner.

Selling Outright.

Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other methods.

The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount, the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits, unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market.p. 59

Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount.

Assigning an Undivided Interest.

In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses control of his patent.

Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.

Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who build street-cars, and so on.

Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulp. 60canizing rubber, divided his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights, for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another sheeting, etc.

In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble the receipts from his invention.

The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine. Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of selling.

Selling by Territorial Rights.

Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid him, grants unto another person orp. 61 persons the exclusive right to make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent. This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public.

Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the people.

In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales, as much as possible in the start, and afterp. 62 the more valuable portion of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it ceases to be profitable.

Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales.

Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking, they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can be made lower.

Granting Licenses.

The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal privilegep. 63 and is not transferable unless its terms so state.

Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate using otherwise.

Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc.

Placing upon Royalty.

The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect, inp. 64volves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the patented improvement.

Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000 to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of $100,000, for the patent.

In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer, and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect his own interests.p. 65 Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates.

There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns, dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price.

The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests.

Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer, there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee thatp. 66 the royalties shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable; they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear.

Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed upon.p. 67

Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind.

Manufacturing and Forming Companies.

If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to achieve success.

In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license under the patent, after which the patenteep. 68 started its manufacture in a number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention, realizing about as much from each business established as he could have probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first.

In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis.

To Organize Stock Companies

In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions, and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability, should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a successful stock company.

Many stock companies are incorporated underp. 69 the laws of New Jersey, but it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the State where the charter is granted.

Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the stock and act as incorporators of the company.

Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50.

It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the company and businessp. 70 displayed thereon; and also a prospectus published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for introducing it, etc.

Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they often prove good investments.

In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head the list—their names will be a great aid in making further sales. Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of directors.

After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc.

When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such other business as may be deemed necessary in regard top. 71 locating and building the plant and getting the company in shape.

The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to show his own confidence in the business.

After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the position.

If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the invention has real merit.

Trading as a Last Resort.

Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by any other means, is itp. 72 advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee from a reliable title insurance company.

Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering worthless securities and property in exchange for patents.


p. 73

CHAPTER VII

ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS

The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own, inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the total cost of the patent.

The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive, increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent here without paying royalty to the inventor.

Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898, provides:

"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in Canada, mayp. 74 obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for such invention; and,

"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent, the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the consent or allowance of the inventor."

The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same invention expires.

Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from any person who hasp. 75 commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada during the year.

There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent.

The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon proper application.

Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years, the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each, as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent, the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the sixthp. 76 and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity.

The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following provinces:

Provinces. Area
Sq. Miles.
Population
1911
Alberta 253,000 372,919
British Columbia 390,000 362,768
Manitoba 72,870 454,691
New Brunswick 28,000 351,815
Nova Scotia 20,600 461,847
Ontario 222,000 2,519,902
Prince Edward Island 2,000 93,722
Quebec 347,000 2,000,697
Saskatchewan 250,000 453,508
Northwest Territories 1,922,750 10,000
Yukon 200,000 ———
Total 3,708,220 7,081,869
Selling Canadian Patents.

In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask, more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a satisfactory price.p. 77

It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers, and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion to the success of his invention in the United States.

p. 78

POPULATION OF

CANADIAN CITIES

(Compiled from the Census of 1911)

Montreal406,197 New Westminster13,394
Toronto376,240 Stratford12,929
Winnipeg135,440 Owen Sound12,555
Vancouver100,333 St. Catharines12,460
Ottawa86,340 Saskatoon12,002
Hamilton81,897 Verdun11,622
Quebec78,067 Moncton11,319
London46,177 Port Arthur11,216
Halifax46,081 Lachine10,778
Calgary43,736 Chatham10,760
St. John42,363 Galt10,299
Victoria31,620 Sault Ste. Marie10,179
Regina30,210 Sarnia9,936
Edmonton24,882 Belleville9,850
Brantford23,046 St. Hyacinthe9,797
Kingston18,815 Valleyfield9,447
Maissonneuve18,674 Brockville9,372
Peterboro18,312 Woodstock9,321
Windsor17,819 Niagara Falls9,245
Sydney Town17,617 Sorel8,419
Hull17,585 Nanaimo8,305
Glace Bay16,561 Lethbridge8,048
Fort William16,498 Vancouver, North7,781
Sherbrooke16,495 North Bay7,718
Vancouver, South16,021 St. Boniface7,717
Berlin15,192 Sydney Mines7,464
Guelph15,148 Levis7,448
St. Thomas14,050 Oshawa7,433
Brandon13,837 Collingwood7,077
Moose Jaw13,824 Fredericton7,028

p. 79

CHAPTER VIII

DECISIONS AND NOTES

The following digest will be found to contain much useful information for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.; including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling principles of Patent Law.

Assignments.

Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (Gottfried vs. Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882.)

A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of the contract. (Westinghouse Air Brake Co. vs. Chicago Brake and Mfg. Co., 85 F. R., 786.)

Each co-owner of a patent may use his rightp. 80 without the concurrence of the others and license at will. (Washburn & Moen Co. vs. Chicago Wire Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71.)

Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it. But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the profits which may arise from such use. (De Witt vs. Elmira Nobles Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301.)

Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for profits or losses. (Vose vs. Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201.)

Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (Ex parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42.)

A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest. (U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works vs. Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304.)

An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the assignee's paying the expense ofp. 81 taking them out, is broken by his refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (Buck vs. Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487.)

Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory specified, or an undivided interest in the entire monopoly, is a mere license. (Sanford vs. Messer, 2 O. G., 470.)

When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (Regan Vapor Engine Co. vs. Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73.)

Territorial Grants.

A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented article outside the vendor's territory. (Hatch vs. Hall, 22 Fed. Rep., 483.)

One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such articles, unrestricted in time or place. (U. S. S. C., Keller et al. vs. Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451.)p. 82

The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another. (Morgan Envelope Co. vs. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U. S. 425.)

Licenses.

Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (Met. Washing Machine Co. vs. Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230.)

A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence of express provisions to that effect. (Wagner Typewriter Co. vs. Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898.)

A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (Gibbs vs. Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36.)

A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him and others. (Rubber Co. vs. Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788.)

A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (Olmer vs. Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75.)

A license merely to make and not to sell doesp. 83 not impair the patent owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the right to sell the product made thereon. (American Graphophone Co. vs. Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898.)

A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of the machine have disappeared. (Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827.)

A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout the whole United States. (Adams vs. Burke, 5 O.G., 118; Hobbie vs. Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636.)

When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines, Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be nothing more than licenses. (Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided Oct. 5, 1899.)

An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, andp. 84 thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (Keys vs. Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150.)

A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the license unless it is so expressly agreed. (Consol. Middlings Purifier Co. vs. Wolf, 37 O. G., 567.)

Patent Title.

A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if he dies without having assigned it. (Shaw Relief Valve Co. vs. City of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758.)

A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (U. S. S. C, De La Vergne Ref. Machine Co. vs. Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181.)

A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311.)

A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (Carver vs. Peck, 131 Mass., 291.)p. 85

A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a patent (Adams vs. Howard, 23 Blatch., 27), but a court may compel an insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (Pacific Bank vs. Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314; Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311.)

A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement, contest the validity thereof. (Griffith vs. Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep., 313.)

RULES OF PRACTICE

The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which, together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets published by the Office for gratuitous distribution.

Assignments.

Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees.p. 86

Assignees.

An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed and duly signed.

Grantees.

A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States, excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed and be duly signed.

Mortgages.

A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed.

Licensees.

A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or printed, must be duly signed.

Must be Recorded.

An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several States or territories, or the District of Columbia,p. 87 or any commissioner of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation, or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other officer, shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of such assignment, grant, or conveyance.

No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien, encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the application should be stated.

Conditional Assignments.

Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court. The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have been filled. (Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898.)p. 88

STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS

In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders, by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions, such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent.

While it has never been squarely brought before the United States Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his rights conferred by the patent.

It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to legislate on those subjects notp. 89 thus expressly placed within the control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters Patent and expressly conferred thereby.

Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a Patent Right."

The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, Connecticut, and Arkansas.

In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases of ex parte Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber vs. Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States repealed their statutes relating to thep. 90 filing of proofs, while others did not—notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in force.

While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, must conform with the local and State laws relating to same.

The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words, "Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas. Therefore, thep. 91 validity of the State statutes on the point referred to may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.


p. 92

CHAPTER IX

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS

It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should have his attorney to examine them.

There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive sectional right, and a licensee.

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.

"An assignee is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee.

"A grantee is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and use, the thing patented, within and throughout somep. 93 specified part or portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional right, excluding the patentee therefrom.

"A licensee is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent, or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional interest." (Potter vs. Holland, 1 Fish, 327.)

The Language of Law.

If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up according to the requirements of law, says the Observer, he would most probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind, skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding."

It is always better and more satisfactory top. 94 have assignments, royalty contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected.

ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN
LETTERS PATENT

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January 1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same:

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the receipt of whichp. 95 is hereby acknowledged, I, the said Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereto set my hand and affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid, this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.

Richard Doe. (Seal.)

In the presence of

John Smith,

Thos. Jones.

  State of Ohio, } ss.:
County of Franklin

Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901.

Seal.

John Rice,
 Notary Public.

p. 96

If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the following should be added:

And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor in its own name and for its own use and behoof.

ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided one-half interest in and top. 97 the aforesaid Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made.

And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any other party the rights and interest herein transferred to the said John Roe.

Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901,

Richard Doe.

In the presence of

John Smith,

Thos. Jones.

  State of Penna., } ss.:
County of Philadelphia

Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901.

Seal.

John Rice,
 Notary Public.

GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvep. 98ments in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same in the below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same;

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, within and throughout the above specified territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this tenth day of Janup. 99ary, a.d. 1901, in the presence of the subscribing witnesses.

Richard Doe.

In the presence of

John Smith,

Thos. Jones.

  State of Indiana, } ss.:
County of Marion

On this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901, personally appeared before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose therein expressed.

Seal.

John Rice,
 Notary Public.

LICENSE:—SHOP-RIGHT

In consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars to me paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania, located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and empower said company to make and use at its foundry and machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or places, in connection with its own business only, or that of its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of thep. 100 term for which said Letters Patent are granted.

Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January, A. D. 1901.

Richard Doe.

To John Roe Company,

Pittsburg, Pa.

LICENSE:—NON-EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements:

Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for whichp. 101 said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements manufactured by them.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the party of the second part containing the patented improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part.

V. Upon the failure of the party of the secondp. 102 part to make returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part; but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any license fees due at the time of the service of such notice.

In witness whereof, the parties above named have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written, at Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois.

Richard Doe,

Metallic Railroad Tie Company,

Per John Roe, President.

LICENSE:—EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts, party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York, in the State of New York, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January, 1901, granted to the said partyp. 103 of the first part, for improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns, on the first days of January and July in each year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them containing the said patented improvements in the six calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice; and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in any respect with any such return, then shall the party of the first part have the right, either by himself or by his attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said party of the second part concerning any items, charges, memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce all such books for said examination.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as ap. 104 license fee upon every one of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount, as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even though they should not make enough of said patented machines to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars each.

V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise permanently place, upon every such machine made under this license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent.

VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life of this license, make or sell any article which can compete in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines.

VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to keep each and all of the conditions of this license and agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option, terminate thisp. 105 license, and such termination shall not release said party of the second part from any liability due at such time to the party of the first part.

In witness whereof, the above-named parties (the said Roe Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written,

Richard Doe,

Roe Vending Machine Company,

By John Roe, President.

No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms properly prepared to suit his individual case.


Map of Continental USA

Map of Continental USA


p. 107

CHAPTER X

TABLES AND STATISTICS


official census

OF THE

united states, by counties, for 1910

(From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census)


ALABAMA.—Area, 51,998 square miles.

Autauga 20,038 Dallas 53,401 Marengo 39,923
Baldwin 18,178 Dekalb 28,261 Marion 17,495
Barbour 32,728     Marshall 28,553
Bibb 22,791 Elmore 28,245 Mobile 80,854
Blount 21,456 Escambia 18,889 Monroe 27,155
    Etowah 39,109    
Bullock 30,196 Fayette 16,248 Montgomery 82,178
Butler 29,030 Franklin 19,369 Morgan 33,781
Calhoun 39,115     Perry 31,222
Chambers 36,056 Geneva 26,230 Pickens 25,055
Cherokee 20,226 Greene 22,717 Pike 30,815
    Hale 27,883    
Chilton 23,187 Henry 20,943 Randolph 24,659
Choctaw 18,483 Houston 32,414 Russell 25,937
Clarke 30,987     St. Clair 20,715
Clay 21,006 Jackson 32,918 Shelby 26,949
Cleburne 13,385 Jefferson 226,476 Sumter 28,699
    Lamar 17,487    
Coffee 26,119 Lauderdale 30,936 Talladega 37,921
Colbert 24,802 Lawrence 21,984 Tallapoosa 31,034
Conecuh 21,433     Tuscaloosa 47,559
Coosa 16,634 Lee 32,867 Walker 37,013
Covington 32,124 Limestone 26,880 Washington 14,454
    Lowndes 31,894    
Crenshaw 23,313 Macon 26,049 Wilcox 33,810
Cullman 28,321 Madison 47,041 Winston 12,855
Dale 21,873        
TOTAL 2,138,093

p. 108


ARIZONA.—Area, 113,956 square miles.

Apache 9,196 Maricopa 34,488 Santa Cruz 6,766
Cochise 34,591 Mohave 3,773 Yavapai 15,996
Coconino 8,130 Navajo 11,491 Yuma 7,733
Gila 16,780 Pima 22,818    
Graham 23,547 Pinal 9,045    
TOTAL 204,354

ARKANSAS.—Area, 53,335 square miles.

Arkansas 16,103 Garland 27,271 Newton 10,612
Ashley 25,268 Grant 9,425 Ouachita 21,774
Baxter 10,389 Greene 23,852 Perry 9,402
Benton 33,389 Hempstead 28,285 Phillips 33,535
Boone 14,318 Hot Spring 15,022 Pike 12,565
           
Bradley 14,518 Howard 16,898 Poinsett 12,791
Calhoun 9,894 Independence 24,776 Polk 17,216
Carroll 16,829 Izard 14,561 Pope 24,527
Chicot 21,987 Jackson 23,501 Prairie 13,853
Clark 23,686 Jefferson 52,734 Pulaski 86,751
           
Clay 23,690 Johnson 19,698 Randolph 18,987
Cleburne 11,903 Lafayette 13,741 St. Francis 22,548
Cleveland 13,481 Lawrence 20,001 Saline 16,057
Columbia 23,820 Lee 24,252 Scott 14,302
Conway 22,729 Lincoln 15,118 Searcy 14,825
           
Craighead 27,627 Little River 13,597 Sebastian 52,278
Crawford 23,942 Logan 26,350 Sevier 16,616
Crittenden 22,447 Lonoke 27,983 Sharp 11,688
Cross 14,042 Madison 16,056 Stone 8,946
Dallas 12,621 Marion 10,203 Union 30,723
           
Desha 15,274 Miller 19,555 Van Buren 13,509
Drew 21,960 Mississippi 30,468 Washington 33,889
Faulkner 23,708 Monroe 19,907 White 28,574
Franklin 20,638 Montgomery 12,455 Woodruff 20,049
Fulton 12,193 Nevada 19,344 Yell 26,323
TOTAL 1,574,449

CALIFORNIA.—Area, 158,297 square miles.

Alameda 246,131 Glenn 7,172 Marin 25,114
Alpine 309 Humboldt 33,857 Mariposa 3,956
Amador 9,086 Imperial 13,591 Mendocino 23,929
Butte 27,301 Inyo 6,974 Merced 15,148
Calaveras 9,171 Kern 37,715 Modoc 6,191
           
Colusa 7,732 Kings 16,230 Mono 2,042
Contra Costa 31,674 Lake 5,526 Monterey 24,146
Del Norte 2,417 Lassen 4,802 Napa 19,800
Eldorado 7,492 Los Angeles 504,131 Nevada 14,955
Fresno 75,657 Madera 8,368 Orange 34,436
          p. 109
Placer 18,237 San Mateo 26,585 Sutter 6,328
Plumas 5,259 Santa Barbara 27,738 Tehama 11,401
Riverside 34,696 Santa Clara 83,539 Trinity 3,301
Sacramento 67,806 Santa Cruz 26,140 Tulare 35,440
San Benito 8,041 Shasta 18,920 Tuolumne 9,979
           
San Bernadino 56,706 Sierra 4,098 Ventura 18,347
San Diego 61,665 Siskiyou 18,801 Yolo 13,926
San Francisco 416,912 Solano 27,539 Yuba 10,042
San Joaquin 50,731 Sonoma 48,394    
San Luis Obispo 19,383 Stanislaus 22,522    
TOTAL 2,377,549

COLORADO.—Area, 103,948 square miles.

Adams 8,892 Garfield 10,144 Morgan 9,577
Arapahoe 10,263 Gilpin 4,131 Otero 20,201
Archuleta 3,302 Grand 1,862 Ouray 3,514
Baca 2,516 Gunnison 5,897 Park 2,492
Bent 5,043 Hinsdale 646 Phillips 3,179
           
Boulder 30,330 Huerfano 13,320 Pitkin 4,566
Chaffee 7,622 Jackson 1,013 Prowers 9,520
Cheyenne 3,687 Jefferson 14,231 Pueblo 52,223
Clear Creek 5,001 Kiowa 2,899 Rio Blanco 2,332
Conejos 11,285 Kit Carson 7,483 Rio Grande 6,563
           
Costilla 5,498 La Plate 10,812 Routt 7,561
Custer 1,947 Lake 10,600 Saguache 4,160
Delta 13,688 Larimer 25,270 San Juan 3,063
Denver 213,381 Las Animas 33,643 San Miguel 4,700
Dolores 642 Lincoln 5,917 Sedgwick 3,061
           
Douglas 3,192 Logan 9,549 Summit 2,003
Eagle 2,985 Mesa 22,197 Teller 14,351
El Paso 43,321 Mineral 1,239 Washington 6,002
Elbert 5,331 Montezuma 5,029 Weld 39,177
Fremont 18,181 Montrose 10,291 Yuma 8,499
TOTAL 799,024

CONNECTICUT.—Area, 4,965 square miles.

rfield 245,322 Middlesex 45,637 New London 91,253
Hartford 250,182     Tolland 26,459
Litchfield 70,260 New Haven 337,282 Windham 48,361
TOTAL 1,114,756

DELAWARE.—Area, 2,370 square miles.

Kent 32,721 Newcastle 123,188 Sussex 46,413
TOTAL 202,322

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—Area, 70 square miles.

The District 331,069

p. 110


FLORIDA.—Area, 58,666 square miles.

Alachua 34,305 Hillsboro 78,374 Osceola 5,507
Baker 4,805 Holmes 11,557 Palm Beach 5,577
Bradford 14,090 Jackson 29,821 Pasco 7,502
Brevard 4,717 Jefferson 17,210    
Calhoun 7,465     Polk 24,148
    Lafayette 6,710 Putnam 13,096
Citrus 6,731 Lake 9,509 St. John 13,208
Clay 6,116 Lee 6,294 St. Lucie 4,075
Columbia 17,689 Leon 19,427 Santa Rosa 14,897
Dade 11,933 Levy 10,361    
De Soto 14,200     Sumter 6,696
    Liberty 4,700 Suwanee 18,603
Duval 75,163 Madison 16,919 Taylor 7,103
Escambia 36,549 Manatee 9,550 Volusia 16,510
Franklin 5,201 Marion 26,941 Wakulla 4,802
Gadsden 22,198 Monroe 21,563    
Hamilton 11,825     Walton 16,460
    Nassau 10,525 Washington 16,403
Hernando 4,997 Orange 19,107    
TOTAL 752,619

GEORGIA.—Area, 59,265 square miles.

Appling 12,318 Clayton 10,453 Forsyth 11,940
Baker 7,973 Clinch 8,424 Franklin 17,894
Baldwin 18,354 Cobb 28,397 Fulton 177,733
Banks 11,244 Coffee 21,953 Gilmer 9,237
Bartow 25,388 Colquitt 19,789 Glascock 4,669
           
Ben Hill 11,863 Columbia 12,328 Glynn 15,720
Berrien 22,772 Coweta 28,800 Gordon 15,861
Bibb 56,646 Crawford 8,310 Grady 18,457
Brooks 23,832 Crisp 16,423 Greene 18,512
Bryan 6,702 Dade 4,139 Gwinnett 28,824
           
Bulloch 26,464 Dawson 4,686 Habersham 10,134
Burke 27,268 Decatur 29,045 Hall 25,730
Butts 13,624 Dekalb 27,881 Hancock 19,189
Calhoun 11,334 Dodge 20,127 Haralson 13,514
Camden 7,690 Dooly 20,554 Harris 17,886
           
Campbell 10,874 Dougherty 16,035 Hart 16,216
Carroll 30,855 Douglas 8,953 Heard 11,189
Catoosa 7,184 Early 18,122 Henry 19,927
Charlton 4,722 Echols 3,309 Houston 23,609
Chatham 79,690 Effingham 9,971 Irwin 10,461
           
Chattahoochee 5,586 Elbert 24,125 Jackson 30,169
Chattooga 13,608 Emanuel 25,140 Jasper 16,552
Cherokee 16,661 Fannin 12,574 Jeff Davis 6,050
Clarke 23,273 Fayette 10,966 Jefferson 21,379
Clay 8,960 Floyd 36,736 Jenkins 11,520
          p. 111
Johnson 12,897 Paulding 14,124 Tift 11,487
Jones 13,103 Pickens 9,041 Toombs 11,206
Laurens 35,501 Pierce 10,749 Towns 3,932
Lee 11,679 Pike 19,495 Troup 26,228
Liberty 12,924 Polk 20,203 Turner 10,075
           
Lincoln 8,714 Pulaski 22,835 Twiggs 10,736
Lowndes 24,436 Putnam 13,876 Union 6,918
Lumpkin 5,444 Quitman 4,594 Upson 12,757
McDuffie 10,325 Rabun 5,562 Walker 18,692
McIntosh 6,442 Randolph 18,841 Walton 25,393
           
Macon 15,016 Richmond 58,886 Ware 22,957
Madison 16,851 Rockdale 8,916 Warren 11,860
Marion 9,147 Schley 5,213 Washington 28,174
Meriwether 25,180 Screven 20,202 Wayne 13,069
Miller 7,986 Spalding 19,741 Webster 6,151
           
Milton 7,239 Stephens 9,728 White 5,110
Mitchell 22,114 Stewart 13,437 Whitfield 15,934
Monroe 20,450 Sumter 29,092 Wilcox 13,486
Montgomery 19,638 Talbot 11,696 Wilkes 23,441
Morgan 19,717 Taliaferro 8,766 Wilkinson 10,078
           
Murray 9,763 Tattnall 18,569 Worth 19,147
Muscogee 36,227 Taylor 10,839    
Newton 18,449 Telfair 13,288    
Oconee 11,104 Terrell 22,003    
Oglethorpe 18,680 Thomas 29,071    
TOTAL 2,609,121

IDAHO.—Area, 84,313 square miles.

Ada 29,088 Cassia 7,197 Lemhi 4,786
Bannock 19,242 Custer 3,001 Lincoln 12,676
Bear Lake 7,729     Nez Perce 24,860
Bingham 23,306 Elmore 4,785 Oneida 15,170
Blaine 8,387 Fremont 24,606 Owyhee 4,044
    Idaho 12,384    
Boise 5,250 Kootenai 22,747 Shoshone 13,963
Bonner 13,588 Latah 18,818 Twin Falls 13,543
Canyon 25,323     Washington 11,101
TOTAL 325,594

ILLINOIS.—Area, 56,665 square miles.

Adams 64,588 Christian 34,594 Douglas 19,591
Alexander 22,741 Clark 23,517 Dupage 33,432
Bond 17,075 Clay 18,661 Edgar 27,336
Boone 15,481 Clinton 22,832 Edwards 10,049
Brown 10,397 Coles 34,517 Effingham 20,055
           
Bureau 43,975 Cook 2,405,233 Fayette 28,075
Calhoun 8,610 Crawford 26,281 Ford 17,096
Carroll 18,035 Cumberland 14,281 Franklin 25,943
Cass 17,372 Dekalb 33,457 Fulton 49,549
Champaign 51,829 Dewitt 18,906 Gallatin 14,628
          p. 112
Greene 22,363 McHenry 32,509 Rock Island 70,404
Grundy 24,162 McLean 68,008 St. Clair 119,870
Hamilton 18,227 Macon 54,186 Saline 30,204
Hancock 30,638 Macoupin 50,685 Sangamon 91,024
Hardin 7,015 Madison [*] 89,847 Schuyler 14,852
           
Henderson 9,724 Marion 35,094 Scott 10,067
Henry 41,736 Marshall 15,679 Shelby 31,693
Iroquois 35,543 Mason 17,377 Stark 10,098
Jackson 35,143 Massac 14,200 Stephenson 36,821
Jasper 18,157 Menard 12,796 Tazewell 34,027
           
Jefferson 29,111 Mercer 19,723 Union 21,856
Jersey 13,954 Monroe 13,508 Vermilion 77,996
Jo Daviess 22,657 Montgomery 35,311 Wabash 14,913
Johnson 14,331 Morgan 34,420 Warren 23,313
Kane 91,862 Moultrie 14,630 Washington 18,759
           
Kankakee 40,752 Ogle 27,864 Wayne 25,697
Kendall 10,777 Peoria 100,255 White 23,052
Knox 46,159 Perry 22,088 Whiteside 34,507
Lake 55,058 Platt 16,376 Will 84,371
Lasalle 90,132 Pike 28,622 Williamson 45,098
           
Lawrence 22,661 Pope 11,215 Winnebago 63,153
Lee 27,750 Pulaski 15,650 Woodford 20,506
Livingston 40,465 Putnam 7,561    
Logan 30,216 Randolph 29,120    
McDonough 26,887 Richland 15,970    
TOTAL 5,638,591

INDIANA.—Area, 36,354 square miles.

Adams 21,840 Fayette 14,415 Johnson 20,394
Allen 93,386 Floyd 30,293 Knox 39,183
Bartholomew 24,813 Fountain 20,439 Kosciusko 27,936
Benton 12,688 Franklin 15,335 Lagrange 15,148
Blackford 15,820 Fulton 16,879 Lake 82,864
           
Boone 24,673 Gibson 30,137 Laporte 45,797
Brown 7,975 Grant 51,426 Lawrence 30,625
Carroll 17,970 Greene 36,873 Madison 65,224
Cass 36,368 Hamilton 27,026 Marion 263,661
Clark 30,260 Hancock 19,030 Marshall 24,175
           
Clay 32,535 Harrison 20,232 Martin 12,950
Clinton 26,674 Hendricks 20,840 Miami 29,350
Crawford 12,057 Henry 29,758 Monroe 23,426
Daviess 27,747 Howard 33,177 Montgomery 29,296
Dearborn 21,396 Huntington 28,982 Morgan 21,182
           
Decatur 18,793 Jackson 24,727 Newton 10,504
Dekalb 25,054 Jasper 13,044 Noble 24,009
Delaware 51,414 Jay 24,961 Ohio 4,329
Dubois 19,843 Jefferson 20,483 Orange 17,192
Elkhart 49,008 Jennings 14,203 Owen 14,053
          p. 113
Parke 22,214 Scott 8,323 Vermilion 18,865
Perry 18,078 Shelby 26,802 Vigo 87,930
Pike 19,684 Spencer 20,676 Wabash 26,926
Porter 20,540 Starke 10,567    
Posey 21,670     Warren 10,899
    Steuben 14,274 Warrick 21,911
Pulaski 13,312 Sullivan 32,439 Washington 17,445
Putnam 20,520 Switzerland 9,914 Wayne 43,757
Randolph 29,013 Tippecanoe 40,063 Wells 22,418
Ripley 19,452 Tipton 17,459    
Rush 19,349     White 17,602
    Union 6,260 Whitley 16,892
St. Joseph 84,312 Vanderburg 77,438    
TOTAL 2,700,876

IOWA.—Area, 56,147 square miles.

Adair 14,420 Franklin 14,780 Monroe 25,429
Adams 10,998     Montgomery 16,604
Allamakee 17,328 Fremont 15,623 Muscatine 29,505
Appanoose 28,701 Greene 16,023    
Audubon 12,671 Grundy 13,574 O'Brien 17,262
    Guthrie 17,374 Osceola 8,956
Benton 23,156 Hamilton 19,242 Page 24,002
Blackhawk 44,865     Palo Alto 13,845
Boone 27,626 Hancock 12,731 Plymouth 23,129
Bremer 15,843 Hardin 20,921    
Buchanan 19,748 Harrison 23,162 Pocahontas 14,808
    Henry 18,640 Polk 110,438
Buena Vista 15,981 Howard 12,920 Pottawattamie 55,832
Butler 17,119     Poweshiek 19,589
Calhoun 17,090 Humboldt 12,182 Ringgold 12,904
Carroll 20,117 Ida 11,296    
Cass 19,047 Iowa 18,409 Sac 16,555
    Jackson 21,258 Scott 60,000
Cedar 17,765 Jasper 27,034 Shelby 16,552
Cerro Gordo 25,011     Sioux 25,248
Cherokee 16,741 Jefferson 15,951 Story 24,083
Chickasaw 15,375 Johnson 25,914    
Clarke 10,736 Jones 19,050 Tama 22,156
    Keokuk 21,160 Taylor 16,312
Clay 12,766 Kossuth 21,971 Union 16,616
Clayton 25,576     Van Buren 15,020
Clinton 45,394 Lee 36,702 Wapello 37,743
Crawford 20,041 Linn 60,720    
Dallas 23,628 Louisa 12,855 Warren 18,194
    Lucas 13,462 Washington 19,925
Davis 13,315 Lyon 14,624 Wayne 16,184
Decatur 16,347     Webster 34,629
Delaware 17,688 Madison 15,621 Winnebago 11,914
Des Moines 36,145 Mahaska 29,860    
Dickinson 8,137 Marion 22,995 Winneshiek 21,729
    Marshall 30,279 Woodbury 67,616
Dubuque 57,450 Mills 15,811 Worth 9,950
Emmet 9,816     Wright 17,951
Fayette 27,919 Mitchell 13,435    
Floyd 17,119 Monona 16,633    
TOTAL 2,224,771

p. 114


KANSAS.—Area, 82,158 square miles.

Allen 27,640 Greeley 1,335 Osborne 12,827
Anderson 13,829 Greenwood 16,060 Ottawa 11,811
Atchison 28,107 Hamilton 3,360 Pawnee 8,859
Barber 9,916 Harper 14,748 Phillips 14,150
Barton 17,876 Harvey 19,200 Pottawatomie 17,522
           
Bourbon 24,007 Haskell 993 Pratt 11,156
Brown 21,314 Hodgeman 2,930 Rawlins 6,380
Butler 23,059 Jackson 16,861 Reno 37,853
Chase 7,527 Jefferson 15,826 Republic 17,447
Chautauqua 11,429 Jewell 18,148 Rice 15,106
           
Cherokee 38,162 Johnson 18,288 Riley 15,783
Cheyenne 4,248 Kearny 3,206 Rooks 11,282
Clark 4,093 Kingman 13,386 Rush 7,826
Clay 15,251 Kiowa 6,174 Russell 10,800
Cloud 18,388 Labette 31,423 Saline 20,338
           
Coffey 15,205 Lane 2,603 Scott 3,047
Comanche 3,281 Leavenworth 41,207 Sedgwick 73,095
Cowley 31,790 Lincoln 10,142 Seward 4,091
Crawford 51,178 Linn 14,735 Shawnee 61,874
Decatur 8,976 Logan 4,240 Sheridan 5,651
           
Dickinson 24,361 Lyon 24,927 Sherman 4,549
Doniphan 14,422 McPherson 21,521 Smith 15,365
Douglas 24,724 Marion 22,415 Stafford 12,510
Edwards 7,033 Marshall 23,880 Stanton 1,034
Elk 10,128 Meade 5,055 Stevens 2,453
           
Ellis 12,170 Miami 20,030 Sumner 30,654
Ellsworth 10,444 Mitchell 14,089 Thomas 5,455
Finney 6,908 Montgomery 49,474 Trego 5,398
Ford 11,393 Morris 12,397 Wabaunsee 12,721
Franklin 20,884 Morton 1,333 Wallace 2,759
           
Geary 12,681 Nemaha 19,072 Washington 20,229
Gove 6,044 Neosho 23,754 Wichita 2,006
Graham 8,700 Ness 5,883 Wilson 19,810
Grant 1,087 Norton 11,614 Woodson 9,450
Gray 3,121 Osage 19,905 Wyandotte 100,068
TOTAL 1,690,949

KENTUCKY.—Area, 49,598 square miles.

Adair 16,503 Boyle 14,668 Carroll 8,110
Allen 14,882 Bracken 10,308 Carter 21,966
Anderson 10,146 Breathitt 17,540 Casey 15,479
Ballard 12,690 Breckinridge 21,034 Christian 38,845
Barren 25,293 Bullitt 9,487 Clark 17,987
           
Bath 13,988 Butler 15,805 Clay 17,789
Bell 28,447 Caldwell 14,063 Clinton 8,153
Boone 9,420 Calloway 19,867 Crittenden 13,296
Bourbon 17,462 Campbell 59,369 Cumberland 9,846
Boyd 23,444 Carlisle 9,048 Daviess 41,020
           p. 115
Edmonson 10,469 Knox 22,116 Ohio 27,642
Elliott 9,814 Larue 10,701 Oldham 7,248
Estill 12,273 Laurel 19,872 Owen 14,248
Fayette 47,715 Lawrence 20,067 Owsley 7,979
Fleming 16,066 Lee 9,531 Pendleton 11,985
           
Floyd 18,623 Leslie 8,976 Perry 11,255
Franklin 21,135 Letcher 10,623 Pike 31,679
Fulton 14,114 Lewis 16,887 Powell 6,268
Gallatin 4,697 Lincoln 17,897 Pulaski 35,986
Garrard 11,894 Livingston 10,627 Robertson 4,121
           
Grant 10,581 Logan 24,977 Rockcastle 14,473
Graves 33,539 Lyon 9,423 Rowan 9,438
Grayson 19,958 McCracken 35,064 Russell 10,861
Green 11,871 McLean 13,241 Scott 16,956
Greenup 18,475 Madison 26,951 Shelby 18,041
           
Hancock 8,512 Magoffin 13,654 Simpson 11,460
Hardin 22,696 Marion 16,330 Spencer 7,567
Harlan 10,566 Marshall 15,771 Taylor 11,961
Harrison 16,873 Martin 7,291 Todd 16,488
Hart 18,173 Mason 18,611 Trigg 14,539
           
Henderson 29,352 Meade 9,783 Trimble 6,512
Henry 13,716 Menifee 6,153 Union 19,886
Hickman 11,750 Mercer 14,063 Warren 30,579
Hopkins 34,291 Metcalfe 10,453 Washington 13,940
Jackson 10,734 Monroe 13,663 Wayne 17,518
           
Jefferson 262,920 Montgomery 12,868 Webster 20,974
Jessamine 12,613 Morgan 16,259 Whitley 31,982
Johnson 17,482 Muhlenberg 28,589 Wolfe 9,864
Kenton 70,355 Nelson 16,830 Woodford 12,571
Knott 10,791 Nicholas 10,601    
TOTAL 2,289,905

LOUISIANA.—Area, 48,506 square miles.

Acadia 31,847 East Carroll 11,637 Natchitoches 36,455
Ascension 23,887 East Feliciana 20,055 Orleans 339,075
Assumption 24,128 Franklin 11,989 Ouachita 25,830
Avoyelles 34,102 Grant 15,958 Plaquemines 12,524
Bienville 21,776 Iberia 31,262 Pointe Coupee 25,289
           
Bossier 21,738 Iberville 30,954 Rapides 44,545
Caddo 58,200 Jackson 13,818 Red River 11,402
Calcasieu 62,767 Jefferson 18,247 Richland 15,769
Caldwell 8,593 La Salle 9,402 Sabine 19,874
Cameron 4,288 Lafayette 28,733 St. Bernard 5,277
           
Catahoula 10,415 Lafourche 33,111 St. Charles 11,207
Claiborne 25,050 Lincoln 18,485 St. Helena 9,172
Concordia 14,278 Livingston 10,627 St. James 23,009
De Soto 27,689 Madison 10,676 St. John the Baptist 14,338
East Baton Rouge 34,580 Morehouse 18,786 St. Landry 66,661
          p. 116
St. Martin 23,070 Terrebonne 28,320 Webster 19,186
St. Mary 39,368 Union 20,451 West Baton Rouge 12,636
St. Tammany 18,917 Vermilion 26,390 West Carroll 6,249
Tangipahoa 29,160 Vernon 17,384 West Feliciana 13,449
Tensas 17,060 Washington 18,886 Winn 18,357
TOTAL 1,656,388

MAINE.—Area, 33,040 square miles.

Androscoggin 59,822 Kennebec 62,863 Piscataquis 19,887
Aroostook 74,664 Knox 28,981 Sagadahoc 18,574
Cumberland 112,014 Lincoln 18,216 Somerset 36,301
Franklin 19,119 Oxford 36,256 Waldo 23,383
Hancock 35,575 Penobscot 85,285 Washington 42,905
        York 68,526
TOTAL 742,371

MARYLAND.—Area, 12,327 square miles.

Allegany 62,411 Charles 16,386 Prince Georges 36,147
Anne Arundel 39,553 Dorchester 28,669 Queen Annes 16,839
Baltimore 122,399     St. Marys 17,030
Baltimore City 558,485 Frederick 52,673 Somerset 26,455
Calvert 10,325 Garrett 20,105    
    Hartford 27,965 Talbot 19,620
Caroline 19,216 Howard 16,106 Washington 48,671
Carroll 33,934 Kent 16,957 Wicomico 26,815
Cecil 23,759     Worcester 21,841
TOTAL 1,294,450

MASSACHUSETTS.—Area, 8,266 square miles.

Barnstable 27,542 Franklin 43,600 Norfolk 187,506
Berkshire 105,259 Hampden 231,369 Plymouth 144,337
Bristol 318,573 Hampshire 63,327 Suffolk 731,388
Dukes 4,504 Middlesex 669,915 Worcester 399,657
Essex 436,477 Nantucket 2,962    
TOTAL 3,366,416

MICHIGAN.—Area, 57,980 square miles.

Alcona 5,703 Berrien 53,622 Delta 30,108
Alger 7,675 Branch 25,605 Dickinson 20,524
Allegan 39,819 Calhoun 56,638 Eaton 30,499
Alpena 19,965 Cass 20,624 Emmet 18,561
Antrim 15,692 Charlevoix 19,157 Genesee 64,555
           
Arenac 9,640 Cheboygan 17,872 Gladwin 8,413
Baraga 6,127 Chippewa 24,472 Gogebic 23,333
Barry 22,633 Clare 9,240 Grand Traverse 23,784
Bay 68,238 Clinton 23,129 Gratiot 28,820
Benzie 10,638 Crawford 3,934 Hillsdale 29,673
          p. 117
Houghton 88,098 Mackinac 9,249 Ontonagon 8,650
Huron 34,758 Macomb 32,606 Osceola 17,889
Ingham 53,310     Oscoda 2,027
Ionia 33,550 Manistee 26,688 Otsego 6,552
Iosco 9,753 Marquette 46,739 Ottawa 45,301
    Mason 21,832    
Iron 15,164 Mecosta 19,466 Presque Isle 11,249
Isabella 23,029 Menominee 25,648 Roscommon 2,274
Jackson 53,426     Saginaw 89,290
Kalamazoo 60,427 Midland 14,005 St. Clair 52,341
Kalkaska 8,097 Missaukee 10,606 St. Joseph 25,499
    Monroe 32,917    
Kent 159,145 Montcalm 32,069 Sanilac 33,930
Keweenaw 7,156 Montmorency 3,755 Schoolcraft 8,681
Lake 4,939     Shiawassee 33,246
Lapeer 26,033 Muskegon 40,577 Tuscola 34,913
Leelanau 10,608 Newaygo 19,220 Van Buren 33,185
    Oakland 49,576    
Lenawee 47,907 Oceana 18,379 Washtenaw 44,714
Livingston 17,736 Ogemaw 8,907 Wayne 531,590
Luce 4,004     Wexford 20,769
TOTAL 2,810,173

MINNESOTA.—Area, 84,628 square miles.

Aitkin 10,371 Isanti 12,615 Polk 36,001
Anoka 12,493     Pope 12,746
Becker 18,840 Itasca 17,208 Ramsey 223,675
Beltrami 19,337 Jackson 14,491    
Benton 11,615 Kanabec 6,461 Red Lake 15,940
    Kandiyohi 18,969 Redwood 18,425
Bigstone 9,367 Kittson 9,669 Renville 23,123
Blue Earth 29,337     Rice 25,911
Brown 20,134 Koochiching 6,431 Rock 10,222
Carlton 17,559 Lac qui Parle 15,435    
Carver 17,455 Lake 8,011 Roseau 11,338
    Le Sueur 18,609 St. Louis 163,274
Cass 11,620 Lincoln 9,874 Scott 14,888
Chippewa 13,458     Sheburne 8,136
Chisago 13,537 Lyon 15,722 Sibley 15,540
Clay 19,640 McLeod 18,691    
Clearwater 6,870 Mahnomen 3,249 Stearns 47,733
    Marshall 16,338 Steele 16,146
Cook 1,336 Martin 17,518 Stevens 8,293
Cottonwood 12,651     Swift 12,949
Crow Wing 16,861 Meeker 17,022 Todd 23,407
Dakota 25,171 Mille Lacs 10,705    
Dodge 12,094 Morrison 24,053 Traverse 8,049
    Mower 22,640 Wabasha 18,554
Douglas 17,669 Murray 11,755 Wadena 8,652
Faribault 19,949     Waseca 13,466
Fillmore 25,680 Nicollet 14,125 Washington 26,013
Freeborn 22,282 Nobles 15,210    
Goodhue 31,637 Norman 13,446 Watonwan 11,382
    Olmsted 22,497 Wilkin 9,063
Grant 9,114 Otter Tail 46,036 Winona 33,398
Hennepin 333,480     Wright 28,082
Houston 14,297 Pine 15,878 Yellow Medicine 15,406
Hubbard 9,831 Pipestone 9,553    
TOTAL 2,075,708

p. 118


MISSISSIPPI.—Area, 46,865 square miles.

Adams 25,265 Itawamba 14,526 Pearl River 10,593
Alcorn 18,159 Jackson 15,451 Perry 7,685
Amite 22,954 Jasper 18,498    
Attala 28,851     Pike 37,272
Benton 10,245 Jefferson 18,221 Pontotoc 19,688
    Jefferson Davis 12,860 Prentiss 16,931
Bolivar 48,905 Jones 29,885 Quitman 11,593
Calhoun 17,726 Kemper 20,348 Rankin 23,944
Carroll 23,139 Lafayette 21,883    
Chickasaw 22,846     Scott 16,723
Choctaw 14,357 Lamar 11,741 Sharkey 15,694
    Lauderdale 46,919 Simpson 17,201
Claiborne 17,403 Lawrence 13,080 Smith 16,603
Clarke 21,630 Leake 18,298 Sunflower 28,787
Clay 20,203 Lee 28,894    
Coahoma 34,217     Tallahatchie 29,078
Copiah 35,914 Leflore 36,290 Tate 19,714
    Lincoln 28,597 Tippah 14,631
Covington 16,909 Lowndes 30,703 Tishomingo 13,067
De Soto 23,130 Madison 33,505 Tunica 18,646
Forrest 20,722 Marion 15,599    
Franklin 15,193     Union 18,997
George 6,599 Marshall 26,796 Warren 37,488
    Monroe 35,178 Washington 48,933
Greene 6,050 Montgomery 17,706 Wayne 14,709
Grenada 15,727 Neshoba 17,980 Webster 14,853
Hancock 11,207 Newton 23,085    
Harrison 34,658     Wilkinson 18,075
Hinds 63,726 Noxubee 28,503 Winston 17,139
    Oktibbeha 19,676 Yalobusha 21,519
Holmes 39,088 Panola 31,274 Yazoo 46,672
Issaquena 10,560        
TOTAL 1,797,114

MISSOURI.—Area, 69,420 square miles.

Adair 22,700 Cape Girardeau 27,621 Daviess 17,605
Andrew 15,282 Carroll 23,098 Dekalb 12,531
Atchison 13,604 Carter 5,504 Dent 13,245
Audrain 21,687 Cass 22,973 Douglas 16,664
Barry 23,869 Cedar 16,080 Dunklin 30,328
           
Barton 16,747 Chariton 23,503 Franklin 29,830
Bates 25,869 Christian 15,832 Gasconade 12,847
Benton 14,881 Clark 12,811 Gentry 16,820
Bollinger 14,576 Clay 20,302 Greene 63,831
Boone 30,533 Clinton 15,297 Grundy 16,744
           
Buchanan 93,020 Cole 21,957 Harrison 20,466
Butler 20,624 Cooper 20,311 Henry 27,242
Caldwell 14,605 Crawford 13,576 Hickory 8,741
Callaway 24,400 Dade 15,613 Holt 14,539
Camden 11,582 Dallas 13,181 Howard 15,653
          p. 119
Howell 21,065 Montgomery 15,604 St. Clair 16,412
Iron 8,563     St. Francois 35,738
Jackson 263,522 Morgan 12,863 St. Louis 82,417
Jasper 89,673 New Madrid 19,488    
Jefferson 27,878 Newton 27,136 St. Louis City 587,029
    Nodaway 28,833 Ste. Genevieve 10,607
Johnson 26,297 Oregon 14,681 Saline 29,448
Knox 12,403     Schuyler 9,062
Laclede 17,363 Osage 14,283 Scotland 11,869
Lafayette 30,154 Ozark 11,926    
Lawrence 26,583 Pemiscot 19,559 Scott 22,372
    Perry 14,898 Shannon 11,443
Lewis 15,514 Pettis 33,913 Shelby 14,864
Lincoln 17,033     Stoddard 27,807
Linn 25,253 Phelps 15,796 Stone 11,559
Livingston 19,453 Pike 22,556    
McDonald 13,539 Platte 14,429 Sullivan 18,598
    Polk 21,561 Taney 9,134
Macon 30,358 Pulaski 11,436 Texas 21,458
Madison 11,273     Vernon 28,827
Maries 10,088 Putnam 14,308 Warren 9,123
Marion 30,572 Ralls 12,913    
Mercer 13,355 Randolph 26,182 Washington 13,378
    Ray 21,451 Wayne 15,181
Miller 16,717 Reynolds 9,592 Webster 17,377
Mississippi 14,557     Worth 8,007
Moniteau 14,375 Ripley 13,099 Wright 18,315
Monroe 18,304 St. Charles 24,695    
TOTAL 3,293,338

MONTANA.—Area, 146,572 square miles.

Beaverhead 6,446 Gallatin 14,079 Powell 5,904
Broadwater 3,491 Granite 2,942 Ravalli 11,666
Carbon 13,962 Jefferson 5,601 Rosebud 7,985
Cascade 28,833 Lewis and Clark 21,853 Sanders 3,713
Chouteau 17,191 Lincoln 3,638 Silver Bow 56,848
        Sweet Grass 4,029
Custer 14,123 Madison 7,229    
Dawson 12,725 Meagher 4,190 Teton 9,546
Deer Lodge 12,988 Missoula 23,596 Valley 13,630
Fergus 17,385 Park 10,731 Yellowstone 22,944
Flathead 18,785        
TOTAL 376,053

NEBRASKA.—Area, 77,520 square miles.

Adams 20,900 Butler 15,403 Dakota 6,564
Antelope 14,003 Cass 19,786 Dawes 8,254
Banner 1,444 Cedar 15,191 Dawson 15,961
Blaine 1,672 Chase 3,613 Deuel 1,786
Boone 13,145 Cherry 10,414 Dixon 11,477
           
Boxbutte 6,131 Cheyenne 4,551 Dodge 22,145
Boyd 8,826 Clay 15,729 Douglas 168,546
Brown 6,083 Colfax 11,610 Dundy 4,098
Buffalo 21,907 Cuming 13,782 Fillmore 14,674
Burt 12,726 Custer 25,668 Franklin 10,303
          p. 120
Frontier 8,572 Kimball 1,942 Richardson 17,448
Furnas 12,083 Knox 18,358 Rock 3,627
Gage 30,325 Lancaster 73,793 Saline 17,866
Garden 3,538 Lincoln 15,684    
Garfield 3,417     Sarpy 9,274
    Logan 1,521 Saunders 21,179
Gosper 4,933 Loup 2,188 Scotts Bluff 8,355
Grant 1,097 McPherson 2,470 Seward 15,895
Greeley 8,047 Madison 19,101 Sheridan 7,328
Hall 20,361 Merrick 10,379    
Hamilton 13,459     Sherman 8,278
    Morrill 4,584 Sioux 5,599
Harlan 9,578 Nance 8,926 Stanton 7,542
Hayes 3,011 Nemaha 13,095 Thayer 14,775
Hitchcock 5,415 Nuckolls 13,019 Thomas 1,191
Holt 15,545 Otoe 19,323    
Hooker 981     Thurston 8,704
    Pawnee 10,582 Valley 9,480
Howard 10,783 Perkins 2,570 Washington 12,738
Jefferson 16,852 Phelps 10,451 Wayne 10,397
Johnson 10,187 Pierce 10,122 Webster 12,008
Kearney 9,106 Platte 19,006    
Keith 3,692     Wheeler 2,292
    Polk 10,521 York 18,721
Keyapaha 3,452 Redwillow 11,056    
TOTAL 1,192,214

NEVADA.—Area, 110,690 square miles.

Churchill 2,811 Eureka 1,830 Nye 7,513
Clark 3,321 Humboldt 6,825 Ormsby 3,089
Douglas 1,895 Lander 1,786 Storey 3,045
Elko 8,133 Lincoln 3,489 Washoe 17,434
Esmeralda 9,695 Lyon 3,568 White Pine 7,441
TOTAL 81,875

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—Area, 9,341 square miles.

Belknap 21,309 Grafton 41,652 Rockingham 52,188
Carroll 16,316     Strafford 38,951
Cheshire 30,659 Hillsboro 126,072 Sullivan 19,337
Coos 30,753 Merrimack 53,335    
TOTAL 430,572

NEW JERSEY.—Area, 8,224 square miles.

Atlantic 71,894 Hudson 537,231 Passaic 215,902
Bergen 138,002 Hunterdon 33,569 Salem 26,999
Burlington 66,565     Somerset 38,820
Camden 142,029 Mercer 125,657 Sussex 26,781
Cape May 19,745 Middlesex 114,426 Union 140,197
    Monmouth 94,734    
Cumberland 55,153 Morris 74,704 Warren 43,187
Essex 512,886 Ocean 21,318    
Gloucester 37,368        
TOTAL 2,537,167

p. 121


NEW MEXICO.—Area, 122,634 square miles.

Bernalillo 23,606 Luna 3,913 Sandoval 8,579
Chaves 16,850     Santa Fe 14,770
Colfax 16,460 McKinley 12,963    
Curry 11,443 Mora 12,611 Sierra 3,536
Dona Ana 12,893 Otero 7,069 Socorro 14,761
    Quay 14,912 Taos 12,008
Eddy 12,400 Rio Arriba 16,719 Torrance 10,119
Grant 14,813     Union 11,404
Guadalupe 10,927 Roosevelt 12,064    
Lincoln 7,822 San Juan 8,504 Valencia 13,320
    San Miguel 22,930    
TOTAL 327,396

NEW YORK.—Area, 49,204 square miles.

Albany 173,666 Herkimer 56,356 Rensselaer 122,276
Allegany 41,412 Jefferson 80,382 Richmond 85,969
Broome 78,809 Kings 1,634,351 Rockland 46,873
Cattaraugus 65,919 Lewis 24,849 St. Lawrence 89,005
Cayuga 67,106 Livingston 38,037 Saratoga 61,917
           
Chautauqua 105,126 Madison 39,289 Schenectady 88,235
Chemung 54,662 Monroe 283,212 Schoharie 23,355
Chenango 35,575 Montgomery 57,567 Schuyler 14,004
Clinton 48,230 Nassau 83,930 Seneca 26,972
Columbia 43,658 New York 2,762,522 Steuben 83,362
           
Cortland 29,249 Niagara 92,036 Suffolk 96,138
Delaware 45,575 Oneida 154,157 Sullivan 33,808
Dutchess 87,661 Onondaga 200,298 Tioga 25,624
Erie 528,985 Ontario 52,286 Tompkins 33,647
Essex 33,458 Orange 116,001 Ulster 91,769
           
Franklin 45,717 Orleans 32,000 Warren 32,223
Fulton 44,534 Oswego 71,664 Washington 47,778
Genesee 37,615 Otsego 47,216 Wayne 50,179
Greene 30,214 Putnam 14,665 Westchester 283,055
Hamilton 4,373 Queens 284,041 Wyoming 31,880
           
        Yates 18,642
TOTAL 9,113,614

NORTH CAROLINA.—Area, 52,426 square miles.

Alamance 28,712 Burke 21,408 Clay 3,909
Alexander 11,592 Cabarrus 26,240 Cleveland 29,494
Alleghany 7,745 Caldwell 20,579 Columbus 28,020
Anson 25,465 Camden 5,640 Craven 25,594
Ashe 19,074 Carteret 13,776 Cumberland 35,284
           
Beaufort 30,877 Caswell 14,858 Currituck 7,693
Bertie 23,039 Catawba 27,918 Dare 4,841
Bladen 18,006 Chatham 22,635 Davidson 29,404
Brunswick 14,432 Cherokee 14,136 Davie 13,394
Buncombe 49,798 Chowan 11,303 Duplin 25,442
          p. 122
Durham 35,276 Lincoln 17,132 Robeson 51,945
Edgecombe 32,010 McDowell 13,538 Rockingham 36,442
Forsyth 47,311 Macon 12,191 Rowan 37,521
Franklin 24,692     Rutherford 28,385
Gaston 37,063 Madison 20,132 Sampson 29,982
    Martin 17,797    
Gates 10,455 Mecklenburg 67,031 Scotland 15,363
Graham 4,749 Mitchell 17,245 Stanly 19,909
Granville 25,102 Montgomery 14,967 Stokes 20,151
Greene 13,083     Surry 29,705
Guilford 60,497 Moore 17,010 Swain 10,403
    Nash 33,727    
Halifax 37,646 New Hanover 32,037 Transylvania 7,191
Harnett 22,174 Northampton 22,323 Tyrrell 5,219
Haywood 21,020 Onslow 14,125 Union 33,277
Henderson 16,262     Vance 19,425
Hertford 15,436 Orange 15,064 Wake 63,229
    Pamlico 9,966    
Hyde 8,840 Pasquotank 16,693 Warren 20,266
Iredell 34,315 Pender 15,471 Washington 11,062
Jackson 12,998 Perquimans 11,054 Watauga 13,556
Johnston 41,401     Wayne 35,698
Jones 8,721 Person 17,356 Wilkes 30,282
    Pitt 36,340    
Lee 11,376 Polk 7,640 Wilson 28,269
Lenoir 22,769 Randolph 29,491 Yadkin 15,428
    Richmond 19,673 Yancey 12,072
TOTAL 2,206,287

NORTH DAKOTA.—Area, 70,837 square miles.

Adams 5,407 Griggs 6,274 Pierce 9,740
Barnes 18,066 Hettinger 6,557 Ramsey 15,199
Benson 12,681 Kidder 5,962 Ransom 10,345
Billings 10,186 Lamoure 10,724 Richland 19,659
Bottineau 17,295 Logan 6,168 Rolette 9,558
           
Bowman 4,668 McHenry 17,627 Sargent 9,202
Burleigh 13,087 McIntosh 7,251 Sheridan 8,103
Cass 33,935 McKenzie 5,720 Stark 12,504
Cavalier 15,659 McLean 14,578 Steele 7,616
Dickey 9,839 Mercer 4,665 Stutsman 18,189
           
Dunn 5,302 Mountrail 8,491 Towner 8,963
Eddy 4,800 Morton 25,289 Traill 12,545
Emmons 9,796 Nelson 10,140 Walsh 19,491
Foster 5,313 Oliver 3,577 Ward 42,185
Grand Forks 27,888 Pembina 14,749 Wells 11,814
           
        Williams 20,249
TOTAL 577,056

OHIO.—Area, 41,040 square miles.

Adams 24,755 Auglaize 31,246 Champaign 26,351
Allen 56,580 Belmont 76,856 Clark 66,435
Ashland 22,975 Brown 24,832 Clermont 29,551
Ashtabula 59,547 Butler 70,271 Clinton 23,680
Athens 47,798 Carroll 15,761 Columbiana 76,619
          p. 123
Coshocton 30,121 Jefferson 65,423 Pike 15,723
Crawford 34,036 Knox 30,181 Portage 30,307
Cuyahoga 637,425 Lake 22,927 Preble 23,834
Darke 42,933 Lawrence 39,488 Putnam 29,972
Defiance 24,498 Licking 55,590 Richland 47,667
           
Delaware 27,182 Logan 30,084 Ross 40,069
Erie 38,327 Lorain 76,037 Sandusky 35,171
Fairfield 39,201 Lucas 192,728 Scioto 48,463
Fayette 21,744 Madison 19,902 Seneca 42,421
Franklin 221,567 Mahoning 116,151 Shelby 24,663
           
Fulton 23,914 Marion 33,971 Stark 122,987
Gallia 25,745 Medina 23,598 Summit 108,253
Geauga 14,670 Meigs 25,594 Trumbull 52,766
Greene 29,733 Mercer 27,536 Tuscarawas 57,035
Guernsey 42,716 Miami 45,047 Union 21,871
           
Hamilton 460,732 Monroe 24,244 Van Wert 29,119
Hancock 37,860 Montgomery 163,763 Vinton 13,096
Hardin 30,407 Morgan 16,097 Warren 24,497
Harrison 19,076 Morrow 16,815 Washington 45,422
Henry 25,119 Muskingum 57,488 Wayne 38,058
           
Highland 28,711 Noble 18,601 Williams 25,198
Hocking 23,650 Ottawa 22,360 Wood 46,330
Holmes 17,909 Paulding 22,730 Wyandot 20,760
Huron 34,206 Perry 35,396    
Jackson 30,791 Pickaway 26,158    
TOTAL 4,767,121

OKLAHOMA.—Area, 70,057 square miles.

Adair 10,535 Dewey 14,132 Logan 31,740
Alfalfa 18,138 Ellis 15,375 Love 10,236
Atoka 13,808 Garfield 33,050 McClain 15,659
Beaver 13,631 Garvin 26,545 McCurtain 20,681
Beckham 19,699 Grady 30,309 McIntosh 20,961
           
Blaine 17,960 Grant 18,760 Major 15,248
Bryan 29,854 Greer 16,449 Marshall 11,619
Caddo 35,685 Harmon 11,328 Mayes 13,596
Canadian 23,501 Harper 8,189 Murray 12,744
Carter 25,358 Haskell 18,875 Muskogee 52,743
           
Cherokee 16,778 Hughes 24,040 Noble 14,945
Choctaw 21,862 Jackson 23,737 Nowata 14,223
Cimarron 4,553 Jefferson 17,430 Okfuskee 19,995
Cleveland 18,843 Johnston 16,734 Oklahoma 85,232
Coal 15,817 Kay 26,999 Okmulgee 21,115
           
Comanche 41,489 Kingfisher 18,825 Osage 20,101
Craig 17,404 Kiowa 27,526 Ottawa 15,713
Creek 26,223 Latimer 11,321 Pawnee 17,332
Custer 23,231 Le Flore 29,127 Payne 23,735
Delaware 11,469 Lincoln 34,779 Pittsburg 47,650
          p. 124
Pontotoc 24,331 Seminole 19,964 Tulsa 34,995
Pottawatomie 43,595 Sequoyah 25,005 Wagoner 22,086
Pushmataha 10,118 Stephens 22,252 Washington 17,484
Roger Mills 12,861 Texas 14,249 Washita 25,034
Rogers 17,736 Tillman 18,650 Woods 17,567
           
        Woodward 16,592
TOTAL 1,657,155

OREGON.—Area, 96,699 square miles.

Baker 18,076 Hood River 8,016 Multnomah 226,261
Benton 10,663 Jackson 25,756 Polk 13,469
Clackamas 29,931 Josephine 9,567    
Clatsop 16,106     Sherman 4,242
Columbia 10,580 Klamath 8,554 Tillamook 6,266
    Lake 4,658 Umatilla 20,309
Coos 17,959 Lane 33,783 Union 16,191
Crook 9,315 Lincoln 5,587 Wallowa 8,364
Curry 2,044 Linn 22,662    
Douglas 19,674     Wasco 16,336
Gilliam 3,701 Malheur 8,601 Washington 21,522
    Marion 39,780 Wheeler 2,484
Grant 5,607 Morrow 4,357 Yamhill 18,285
Harney 4,059        
TOTAL 672,765

PENNSYLVANIA.—Area, 45,126 square miles.

Adams 34,319 Erie 115,517 Northampton 127,667
Allegheny 1,018,463     Northumberland 111,420
Armstrong 67,880 Fayette 167,449 Perry 24,136
Beaver 78,353 Forest 9,435    
Bedford 38,879 Franklin 59,775 Philadelphia 1,549,008
    Fulton 9,703 Pike 8,033
Berks 183,222 Greene 28,882 Potter 29,729
Blair 108,858     Schuylkill 207,894
Bradford 54,526 Huntingdon 38,304 Snyder 16,800
Bucks 76,530 Indiana 66,210    
Butler 72,689 Jefferson 63,090 Somerset 67,717
    Juniata 15,013 Sullivan 11,293
Cambria 166,131 Lackawanna 259,570 Susquehanna 37,746
Cameron 7,644     Tioga 42,829
Carbon 52,846 Lancaster 167,029 Union 16,249
Center 43,424 Lawrence 70,032    
Chester 109,213 Lebanon 59,565 Venango 56,359
    Lehigh 118,832 Warren 39,573
Clarion 36,638 Luzerne 343,186 Washington 143,680
Clearfield 93,768     Wayne 29,236
Clinton 31,545 Lycoming 80,813 Westmoreland 231,304
Columbia 48,467 McKean 47,868    
Crawford 61,565 Mercer 77,699 Wyoming 15,509
    Mifflin 27,785 York 136,405
Cumberland 54,479 Monroe 22,941    
Dauphin 136,152        
Delaware 117,906 Montgomery 169,590    
Elk 35,871 Montour 14,868    
TOTAL 7,665,111

p. 125


RHODE ISLAND.—Area, 1,248 square miles.

Bristol 17,602 Newport 39,335 Washington 24,942
Kent 36,378 Providence 424,417    
TOTAL 542,674

SOUTH CAROLINA.—Area, 30,989 square miles.

Abbeville 34,804 Dillon 22,615 Marion 20,596
Aiken 41,849 Dorchester 17,891 Marlboro 31,189
Anderson 69,568 Edgefield 28,281 Newberry 34,586
Bamberg 18,544 Fairfield 29,442 Oconee 27,337
Barnwell 34,209 Florence 35,671 Orangeburg 55,893
           
Beaufort 30,355 Georgetown 22,270 Pickens 25,422
Berkeley 23,487 Greenville 68,377 Richland 55,143
Calhoun 16,634 Greenwood 34,225 Saluda 20,943
Charleston 88,594 Hampton 25,126 Spartanburg 83,465
Cherokee 26,179 Horry 26,995 Sumter 38,472
           
Chester 29,425 Kershaw 27,094 Union 29,911
Chesterfield 26,301 Lancaster 26,650 Williamsburg 37,626
Clarendon 32,188 Laurens 41,550 York 47,718
Colleton 35,390 Lee 25,318    
Darlington 36,027 Lexington 32,040    
TOTAL 1,515,400

SOUTH DAKOTA.—Area, 77,615 square miles.

Armstrong 647 Fall River 7,763 Minnehaha 29,631
Aurora 6,143 Faulk 6,716    
Beadle 15,776 Grant 10,303 Moody 8,695
Bonhomme 11,061     Pennington 12,453
Brookings 14,178 Gregory 13,061 Perkins 11,348
    Hamlin 7,475 Potter 4,466
Brown 25,867 Hand 7,870 Roberts 14,897
Brule 6,451 Hanson 6,237    
Buffalo 1,589 Harding 4,228 Sanborn 6,607
Butte 4,993     Schnasse 292
Campbell 5,244 Hughes 6,271 Spink 15,981
    Hutchinson 12,319 Stanley 14,975
Charles Mix 14,899 Hyde 3,307 Sterling 252
Clark 10,901 Jerauld 5,120    
Clay 8,711 Kingsbury 12,560 Sully 2,462
Codington 14,092     Tripp 8,323
Corson 2,929 Lake 10,711 Turner 13,840
    Lawrence 19,694 Union 10,676
Custer 4,458 Lincoln 12,712 Walworth 6,488
Davison 11,625 Lyman 10,848    
Day 14,372 McCook 9,589 Yankton 13,135
Deuel 7,768     Pine Ridge Indian
Reservation
6,607
Dewey 1,145 McPherson 6,791
    Marshall 8,021 Rosebud Indian
Reservation
3,960
Douglas 6,400 Meade 12,640
Edmunds 7,654 Miner 7,661    
TOTAL 583,888

p. 126


TENNESSEE.—Area, 42,022 square miles.

Anderson 17,717 Hancock 10,778 Morgan 11,458
Bedford 22,667 Hardeman 23,011 Obion 29,946
Benton 12,452     Overton 15,854
Bledsoe 6,329 Hardin 17,521 Perry 8,815
Blount 20,809 Hawkins 23,587 Pickett 5,087
    Haywood 25,910    
Bradley 16,336 Henderson 17,030 Polk 14,116
Campbell 27,387 Henry 25,434 Putnam 20,023
Cannon 10,825     Rhea 15,410
Carroll 23,971 Hickman 16,527 Roane 22,860
Carter 19,838 Houston 6,224 Robertson 25,466
    Humphreys 13,908    
Cheatham 10,540 Jackson 15,036 Rutherford 33,199
Chester 9,090 James 5,210 Scott 12,947
Claiborne 23,504     Sequatchie 4,202
Clay 9,009 Jefferson 17,755 Sevier 22,296
Cocke 19,399 Johnson 13,191 Shelby 191,439
    Knox 94,187    
Coffee 15,625 Lake 8,704 Smith 18,548
Crockett 16,076 Lauderdale 21,105 Stewart 14,860
Cumberland 9,327     Sullivan 28,120
Davidson 149,478 Lawrence 17,569 Sumner 25,621
Decatur 10,093 Lewis 6,033 Tipton 29,459
    Lincoln 25,908    
Dekalb 15,434 Loudon 13,612 Trousdale 5,874
Dickson 19,955 McMinn 21,046 Unicoi 7,201
Dyer 27,721     Union 11,414
Fayette 30,257 McNairy 16,356 Van Buren 2,784
Fentress 7,446 Macon 14,559 Warren 16,534
    Madison 39,357    
Franklin 20,491 Marion 18,820 Washington 28,968
Gibson 41,630 Marshall 16,872 Wayne 12,062
Giles 32,629     Weakley 31,929
Grainger 13,888 Maury 40,456 White 5,420
Greene 31,083 Meigs 6,131 Williamson 24,213
    Monroe 20,716    
Grundy 8,322 Montgomery 33,672 Wilson 25,394
Hamblen 13,650 Moore 4,800    
Hamilton 89,267        
TOTAL 2,184,739

TEXAS.—Area, 265,896 square miles.

Anderson 29,650 Bastrop 25,344 Brazos 18,919
Andrews 975 Baylor 8,411 Brewster 5,220
Angelina 17,705 Bee 12,090 Briscoe 2,162
Aransas 2,106 Bell 49,186 Brown 22,935
Archer 6,525 Bexar 119,676 Burleson 18,687
           
Armstrong 2,682 Blanco 4,311 Burnet 10,755
Atascosa 10,004 Borden 1,386 Caldwell 24,237
Austin 17,699 Bosque 19,013 Calhoun 3,635
Bailey 312 Bowie 4,827 Callahan 12,973
Bandera 4,921 Brazoria 13,299 Cameron 27,158
          p. 127
Camp 9,551 Gaines 1,255 Knox 9,625
Carson 2,127 Galveston 44,479 La Salle 4,747
Cass 27,587 Garza 1,995 Lamar 46,544
Castro 1,850 Gillespie 9,447 Lamb 540
Chambers 4,234 Glasscock 1,143 Lampasas 9,532
           
Cherokee 29,038 Goliad 9,909 Lavaca 26,418
Childress 9,538 Gonzales 28,055 Lee 13,132
Clay 17,043 Gray 3,405 Leon 16,583
Cochran 65 Grayson 65,996 Liberty 10,686
Coke 6,412 Gregg 14,140 Limestone 34,621
           
Coleman 22,618 Grimes 21,205 Lipscomb 2,634
Collin 49,021 Guadalupe 24,913 Live Oak 3,442
Collingsworth 5,224 Hale 7,566 Llano 6,520
Colorado 18,897 Hall 8,279 Loving 249
Comal 8,434 Hamilton 15,315 Lubbock 3,624
           
Comanche 27,186 Hansford 935 Lynn 1,713
Concho 6,654 Hardeman 11,213 McCulloch 13,405
Cooke 26,603 Hardin 12,947 McLennan 73,250
Coryell 21,703 Harris 115,693 McMullen 1,091
Cottle 4,396 Harrison 37,243 Madison 10,318
           
Crane 331 Hartley 1,298 Marion 10,472
Crockett 1,296 Haskell 16,249 Martin 1,549
Crosby 1,765 Hays 15,518 Mason 5,683
Dallam 4,001 Hemphill 3,170 Matagorda 13,594
Dallas 135,748 Henderson 20,131 Maverick 5,151
           
Dawson 2,320 Hidalgo 13,728 Medina 13,415
De Witt 23,501 Hill 46,760 Menard 2,707
Deaf Smith 3,942 Hockley 137 Midland 3,464
Delta 14,566 Hood 10,008 Milam 36,780
Denton 31,258 Hopkins 31,038 Mills 9,694
           
Dickens 3,092 Houston 29,564 Mitchell 8,956
Dimmit 3,460 Howard 8,881 Montague 25,123
Donley 5,284 Hunt 48,116 Montgomery 15,679
Duval 8,964 Hutchinson 892 Moore 561
Eastland 23,421 Irion 1,283 Morris 10,439
           
Ector 1,178 Jack 11,817 Motley 2,396
Edwards 3,768 Jackson 6,471 Nacogdoches 27,406
El Paso 52,599 Jasper 14,000 Navarro 47,070
Ellis 53,629 Jeff Davis 1,678 Newton 10,850
Erath 32,095 Jefferson 38,182 Nolan 11,999
           
Falls 35,649 Johnson 34,460 Nueces 21,955
Fannin 44,801 Jones 24,299 Ochiltree 1,602
Fayette 29,796 Karnes 14,942 Oldham 812
Fisher 12,596 Kaufman 35,323 Orange 9,528
Floyd 4,638 Kendall 4,517 Palo Pinto 19,506
           
Foard 5,726 Kent 2,655 Panola 20,424
Fort Bend 18,168 Kerr 5,505 Parker 26,331
Franklin 9,331 Kimble 3,261 Parmer 1,555
Freestone 20,557 King 810 Pecos 2,071
Frio 8,895 Kinney 3,401 Polk 17,459
          p. 128
Potter 12,424 Sherman 1,376 Val Verde 8,613
Presidio 5,218 Smith 41,746    
Rains 6,787 Somervell 3,931 Van Zandt 25,651
Randall 3,312     Victoria 14,990
Reagan 392 Starr 13,151 Walker 16,061
    Stephens 7,980 Waller 12,138
Red River 28,564 Sterling 1,493 Ward 2,389
Reeves 4,392 Stonewall 5,320    
Refugio 2,814 Sutton 1,569 Washington 25,561
Roberts 950     Webb 22,503
Robertson 27,454 Swisher 4,012 Wharton 21,123
    Tarrant 108,572 Wheeler 5,258
Rockwall 8,072 Taylor 26,293 Wichita 16,094
Runnels 20,858 Terrell 1,430    
Rusk 26,946 Terry 1,474 Wilbarger 12,000
Sabine 8,582     Williamson 42,228
San Augustine 11,264 Throckmorton 4,563 Wilson 17,066
    Titus 16,422 Winkler 442
San Jacinto 9,542 Tom Green 17,882 Wise 26,450
San Patricio 7,307 Travis 55,620    
San Saba 11,245 Trinity 12,768 Wood 23,417
Schleicher 1,893     Yoakum 602
Scurry 10,924 Tyler 10,250 Young 13,657
    Upshur 19,960 Zapata 3,809
Shackelford 4,201 Upton 501 Zavalla 1,889
Shelby 26,423 Uvalde 11,233    
TOTAL 3,896,542

UTAH.—Area, 84,990 square miles.

Beaver 4,717 Kane 1,652 Tooele 7,924
Boxelder 13,894 Millard 6,118 Uinta 7,050
Cache 23,062 Morgan 2,467 Utah 37,942
Carbon 8,624 Piute 1,734 Wasatch 8,920
Davis 10,191 Rich 1,883 Washington 5,123
           
Emery 6,750 Salt Lake 131,426 Wayne 1,749
Garfield 3,660 San Juan 2,377 Weber 35,179
Grand 1,595 Sanpete 16,704    
Iron 3,933 Sevier 9,775    
Juab 10,702 Summit 8,200    
TOTAL 373,351

VERMONT.—Area, 9,564 square miles.

Addison 20,010 Franklin 29,866 Rutland 48,139
Bennington 21,378 Grand Isle 3,761 Washington 41,702
Caledonia 26,031 Lamoille 12,585 Windham 26,932
Chittenden 42,447 Orange 18,703 Windsor 33,681
Essex 7,384 Orleans 23,337    
TOTAL 355,956

VIRGINIA.—Area, 42,627 square miles.

Accomac 36,650 Amherst 18,932 Bland 5,154
Albemarle 29,871 Appomattox 8,904 Botetourt 17,727
Alexandria 10,231 Augusta 32,445 Brunswick 19,244
Alleghany 14,173 Bath 6,538 Buchanan 12,334
Amelia 8,720 Bedford 29,549 Buckingham 15,204
          p. 129
Campbell 23,043 Highland 5,317 Prince Edward 14,266
Caroline 16,596 Isle of Wight 14,929 Prince George 7,848
Carroll 21,116 James City 3,624    
Charles City 5,253 King and Queen 9,576 Prince William 12,026
Charlotte 15,785 King George 6,378 Princess Anne 11,526
        Pulaski 17,246
Chesterfield 21,299 King William 8,547 Rappahannock 8,044
Clarke 7,468 Lancaster 9,752 Richmond 7,415
Craig 4,711 Lee 23,840    
Culpeper 13,472 Loudoun 21,167 Roanoke 19,623
Cumberland 9,195 Louisa 16,578 Rockbridge 21,171
        Rockingham 34,903
Dickenson 9,199 Lunenburg 12,780 Russell 23,474
Dinwiddie 15,442 Madison 10,055 Scott 23,814
Elizabeth City 21,225 Mathews 8,922    
Essex 9,105 Mecklenburg 28,956 Shenandoah 20,942
Fairfax 20,536 Middlesex 8,852 Smyth 20,326
        Southampton 26,302
Fauquier 22,526 Montgomery 17,268 Spotsylvania 9,935
Floyd 14,092 Nansemond 26,886 Stafford 8,070
Fluvanna 8,323 Nelson 16,821    
Franklin 26,480 New Kent 4,682 Surry 9,715
Frederick 12,787 Norfolk 52,744 Sussex 13,664
        Tazewell 24,946
Giles 11,623 Northampton 16,672 Warren 8,589
Gloucester 12,477 Northumberland 10,777 Warwick 6,041
Goochland 9,237 Nottoway 13,462    
Grayson 19,856 Orange 13,486 Washington 32,830
Greene 6,937 Page 14,147 Westmoreland 9,313
        Wise 34,162
Greenesville 11,890 Patrick 17,195 Wythe 20,372
Halifax 40,044 Pittsylvania 50,709 York 7,757
Hanover 17,200 Powhatan 6,099    
Henrico 23,437        
Henry 18,459        
TOTAL 2,061,612

WASHINGTON.—Area, 69,127 square miles.

Adams 10,920 Grant 8,698 Pierce 120,812
Asotin 5,831 Island 4,704 San Juan 3,603
Benton 7,937     Skagit 29,241
Chehalis 35,590 Jefferson 8,337 Skamania 2,887
Chelan 15,104 King 284,638 Snohomish 59,209
    Kitsap 17,647    
Clallam 6,755 Kittitas 18,561 Spokane 139,404
Clarke 26,115 Klickitat 10,180 Stevens 25,297
Columbia 7,042     Thurston 17,581
Cowlitz 12,561 Lewis 32,127 Wahkiakum 3,285
Douglas 9,227 Lincoln 17,539 Walla Walla 31,931
    Mason 5,156    
Ferry 4,800 Okanogan 12,887 Whatcom 49,511
Franklin 5,153 Pacific 12,532 Whitman 33,280
Garfield 4,199     Yakima 41,709
TOTAL 1,141,990

p. 130


WEST VIRGINIA.—Area, 24,170 square miles.

Barbour 15,858 Kanawha 81,457 Pocahontas 14,740
Berkeley 21,999     Preston 26,341
Boone 10,331 Lewis 18,281 Putnam 18,587
Braxton 23,023 Lincoln 20,491    
Brooke 11,098 Logan 14,476 Raleigh 25,633
    McDowell 47,856 Randolph 26,028
Cabell 46,685 Marion 42,794 Ritchie 17,875
Calhoun 11,258     Roane 21,543
Clay 10,233 Marshall 32,388 Summers 18,420
Doddridge 12,672 Mason 23,019    
Fayette 51,903 Mercer 38,371 Taylor 16,554
    Mineral 16,674 Tucker 18,675
Gilmer 11,379 Mingo 19,431 Tyler 16,211
Grant 7,838     Upshur 16,629
Greenbrier 24,833 Monongalia 24,334 Wayne 24,081
Hampshire 11,694 Monroe 13,055    
Hancock 10,465 Morgan 7,848 Webster 9,680
    Nicholas 17,699 Wetzel 23,855
Hardy 9,163 Ohio 57,572 Wirt 9,047
Harrison 48,381     Wood 38,001
Jackson 20,956 Pendleton 9,349 Wyoming 10,392
Jefferson 15,889 Pleasants 8,074    
TOTAL 1,221,119

WISCONSIN.—Area, 56,066 square miles.

Adams 8,604 Iowa 22,497 Polk 21,367
Ashland 21,965     Portage 30,945
Barron 29,114 Iron 8,306 Price 13,795
Bayfield 15,987 Jackson 17,075    
Brown 54,098 Jefferson 34,306 Racine 57,424
    Juneau 19,569 Richland 18,809
Buffalo 16,006 Kenosha 32,929 Rock 55,538
Burnett 9,026     Rusk 11,160
Calumet 16,701 Kewaunee 16,784 St. Croix 25,910
Chippewa 32,103 La Crosse 43,996    
Clark 30,074 Lafayette 20,075 Sauk 32,869
    Langlade 17,062 Sawyer 6,227
Columbia 31,129 Lincoln 19,064 Shawano 31,884
Crawford 16,288     Sheboygan 54,888
Dane 77,435 Manitowoc 44,978 Taylor 13,641
Dodge 47,436 Marathon 55,054    
Door 18,711 Marinette 33,812 Trempealeau 22,928
    Marquette 10,741 Vernon 28,116
Douglas 47,422 Milwaukee 433,187 Vilas 6,019
Dunn 25,260     Walworth 29,614
Eau Claire 32,721 Monroe 28,881 Washburn 8,196
Florence 3,381 Oconto 25,657    
Fond du Lac 51,610 Oneida 11,433 Washington 23,784
    Outagamie 49,102 Waukesha 37,100
Forest 6,782 Ozaukee 17,123 Waupaca 32,782
Grant 39,007     Waushara 18,886
Green 21,641 Pepin 7,577 Winnebago 62,116
Green Lake 15,491 Pierce 22,079    
        Wood 30,583
TOTAL 2,333,860

p. 131


WYOMING.—Area, 97,914 square miles.

Albany 11,574 Fremont 11,822 Sheridan 16,324
Bighorn 8,886 Johnson 3,453 Sweetwater 11,575
Carbon 11,282 Laramie 26,127 Uinta 16,982
Converse 6,294 Natrona 4,766 Weston 4,960
Crook 6,492 Park 4,909 National Park
Reservation
519
           
TOTAL 145,935

p. 132

POPULATION OF CITIES

OF THE

UNITED STATES

Census of 1910


Cities of over 100,000 population

Albany, N. Y.100,253 Minneapolis, Minn.301,408
Atlanta, Ga.154,839 Nashville, Tenn.110,364
Baltimore, Md.558,485 Newark, N. J.347,469
Birmingham, Ala.132,685 New Haven, Conn.133,605
Boston, Mass.670,585 New Orleans, La.339,075
     
Bridgeport, Conn.102,054 New York, N. Y.4,766,883
Buffalo, N. Y.423,715 Oakland, Cal.150,174
Cambridge, Mass.104,839 Omaha, Neb.124,096
Chicago, Ill.2,185,283 Paterson, N. J.125,600
Cincinnati, Ohio364,463 Philadelphia, Pa.1,549,008
     
Cleveland, Ohio560,663 Pittsburgh, Pa.533,905
Columbus, Ohio181,548 Portland, Ore.207,214
Dayton, Ohio116,577 Providence, R. I.224,326
Denver, Colo.213,381 Richmond, Va.127,628
Detroit, Mich.465,766 Rochester, N. Y.218,149
     
Fall River, Mass.119,295 St. Louis, Mo.687,029
Grand Rapids, Mich.112,571 St. Paul, Minn.214,744
Indianapolis, Ind.233,650 San Francisco, Cal.416,912
Jersey City, N. J.267,779 Scranton, Pa.129,867
Kansas City, Mo.248,381 Seattle, Wash.237,194
     
Los Angeles, Cal.319,198 Spokane, Wash.104,402
Louisville, Ky.223,928 Syracuse, N. Y.137,249
Lowell, Mass.106,294 Toledo, Ohio168,497
Memphis, Tenn.131,105 Washington, D. C.331,069
Milwaukee, Wis.373,857 Worcester, Mass.145,986

Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population

Akron, Ohio69,067 Auburn, N. Y.34,668
Allentown, Pa.51,913 Augusta, Ga.41,040
Altoona, Pa.52,127 Aurora, Ill.29,807
Amsterdam, N. Y.31,267 Austin, Tex.29,860
Atlantic City, N. J.46,150 Battle Creek, Mich.25,267
    p. 133
Bay City, Mich.45,166 Hoboken, N. J.70,324
Bayonne, N. J.55,545 Holyoke, Mass.57,730
Berkeley, Cal.40,434 Houston, Tex.78,800
Binghamton, N. Y.48,443 Huntington, W. Va.31,161
Bloomington, Ill.25,768 Jackson, Mich.31,433
     
Brockton, Mass.56,878 Jacksonville, Fla.57,699
Brookline, Mass.27,792 Jamestown, N. Y.31,297
Butte, Mont.39,165 Johnstown, Pa.55,482
Camden, N. J.94,538 Joliet, Ill.34,670
Canton, Ohio50,217 Joplin, Mo.32,073
     
Cedar Rapids, Iowa32,811 Kalamazoo, Mich.39,437
Charleston, S. C.58,833 Kansas City, Kans.82,331
Charlotte, N. C.34,014 Kingston, N. Y.25,908
Chattanooga, Tenn.44,604 Knoxville, Tenn.36,346
Chelsea, Mass.32,452 La Crosse, Wis.30,417
     
Chester, Pa.38,537 Lancaster, Pa.47,227
Chicopee, Mass.25,401 Lansing, Mich.31,229
Clinton, Iowa25,577 Lawrence, Mass.85,892
Colorado Springs, Colo.29,078 Lewiston, Me.26,247
Columbia, S. C.26,319 Lexington, Ky.35,099
     
Council Bluffs, Iowa29,292 Lima, Ohio30,508
Covington, Ky.53,270 Lincoln, Nebr.43,973
Dallas, Tex.92,104 Little Rock, Ark.45,941
Danville, Ill.27,871 Lorain, Ohio28,883
Davenport, Iowa43,028 Lynchburg, Va.29,494
     
Decatur, Ill.31,140 Lynn, Mass.89,336
Des Moines, Iowa86,368 Macon, Ga.40,665
Dubuque, Iowa38,494 McKeesport, Pa.42,694
Duluth, Minn.78,466 Madison, Wis.25,531
Easton, Pa.28,523 Malden, Mass.44,404
     
East Orange, N. J.34,371 Manchester, N. H.70,063
East St. Louis, Ill.58,547 Meriden, Conn.27,265
El Paso, Tex.39,279 Mobile, Ala.51,521
Elgin, Ill.25,976 Montgomery, Ala.38,136
Elizabeth, N. J.73,409 Mount Vernon, N. Y.30,919
     
Elmira, N. Y.37,176 Muskogee, Okla.25,278
Erie, Pa.66,525 Nashua, N. H.26,005
Evansville, Ind.69,647 Newark, Ohio25,404
Everett, Mass.33,484 New Bedford, Mass.96,652
Fitchburg, Mass.37,826 New Britain, Conn.43,916
     
Flint, Mich.38,550 Newburgh, N. Y.27,805
Fort Wayne, Ind.63,933 Newcastle, Pa.36,280
Fort Worth, Tex.73,312 Newport, Ky.30,309
Galveston, Tex.36,981 Newport, R. I.27,149
Green Bay, Wis.25,236 New Rochelle, N. Y.28,867
     
Hamilton, Ohio35,279 Newton, Mass.39,806
Harrisburg, Pa.64,186 Niagara Falls, N. Y.30,445
Hartford, Conn.98,915 Norfolk, Va.67,452
Haverhill, Mass.44,115 Norristown, Pa.27,875
Hazleton, Pa.25,452 Ogden, Utah25,580
    p. 134
Oklahoma City, Okla.64,205 South Omaha, Nebr.26,259
Orange, N. J.29,630 Springfield, Ill.51,678
Oshkosh, Wis.33,062 Springfield, Mass.88,926
Pasadena, Cal.30,291 Springfield, Mo.35,201
Passaic, N. J.54,773 Springfield, Ohio.46,921
     
Pawtucket, R. I.51,622 Stamford, Conn.25,138
Peoria, Ill.66,950 Superior, Wis.40,384
Perth Amboy, N. J.32,121 Tacoma, Wash.83,743
Pittsfield, Mass.32,121 Tampa, Fla.37,782
Portland, Me.58,571 Taunton, Mass.34,259
     
Portsmouth, Va.33,190 Terre Haute, Ind.58,157
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.27,936 Topeka, Kans.43,684
Pueblo Colo.44,395 Trenton, N. J.96,815
Quincy, Ill.36,587 Troy, N. Y.76,813
Quincy, Mass.32,642 Utica N. Y.74,419
     
Racine, Wis.38,002 Waco, Tex.26,425
Heading, Pa.96,071 Waltham, Mass.27,834
Roanoke, Va.34,874 Warwick, R. I.26,629
Rockford, Ill.45,401 Waterbury, Conn.73,141
Sacramento, Cal.44,696 Waterloo, Iowa26,693
     
Saginaw, Mich.50,510 Watertown, N. Y.26,730
St. Joseph, Mo.77,403 West Hoboken, N. J.35,403
Salem, Mass.43,697 Wheeling, W. Va.41,641
Salt Lake City, Utah92,777 Wichita, Kans.52,450
San Antonio, Tex.96,614 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.67,105
     
San Diego, Cal.39,578 Williamsport, Pa.31,860
San Jose, Cal.28,946 Wilmington, Del.87,411
Savannah, Ga.65,064 Wilmington, N. C.25,748
Schenectady, N. Y.72,826 Woonsocket, R. I.38,125
Sheboygan, Wis.26,398 Yonkers, N. Y.79,803
     
Shenandoah, Pa.25,774 York, Pa.44,750
Shreveport, La.28,015 Youngstown, Ohio79,066
Sioux City, Iowa47,828 Zanesville, Ohio28,026
Somerville, Mass.77,236   
South Bend, Ind.53,684   

p. 135

NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.
State. Number
of
Farms.
Land
in
Farms.
(Acres.)
Value of
Farms.
(Land.)
Value of
Farms.
(Buildings.)
Implements
and
Machinery.
The United States6,398,49175,788,000$28,457,789,000$6,302,777,000$1,270,528,000
Alabama262,72020,713,000216,510,00071,163,00016,279,000
Arizona8,0781,242,00042,116,0004,918,0001,779,000
Arkansas214,27517,377,000245,137,00062,992,00016,806,000
California87,67027,883,0001,315,718,000132,842,00036,393,000
Colorado45,83913,448,000361,680,00045,335,00012,761,000
Connecticut26,4312,176,00071,527,00065,094,0006,865,000
Delaware10,8001,037,00034,810,00018,117,0003,202,000
District of Columbia2146,0005,466,000835,00062,000
Florida49,8345,231,00093,288,00024,335,0004,429,000
Georgia290,49926,866,000369,120,000108,483,00020,883,000
Idaho30,7415,269,000219,346,00025,074,00010,459,000
Illinois250,85332,471,0003,081,564,000429,630,00073,533,000
Indiana214,74121,264,0001,325,475,000264,750,00040,880,000
Iowa216,80733,905,0002,799,025,000454,694,00095,273,000
Kansas177,29943,261,0001,534,552,000199,101,00048,244,000
Kentucky258,74222,159,000483,127,000150,655,00020,793,000
Louisiana120,27010,519,000189,071,00049,611,00018,951,000
Maine59,7736,291,00085,923,00072,753,00014,476,000
Maryland48,7695,051,000163,023,00077,751,00011,845,000
Massachusetts36,5122,870,000104,273,00087,025,00011,512,000
Michigan206,37618,913,000612,143,000284,914,00049,771,000
Minnesota155,75927,623,0001,016,889,000242,621,00052,243,000
Mississippi273,82018,419,000250,715,00079,580,00016,726,000
Missouri276,08134,516,0001,441,529,000268,976,00050,769,000
Montana25,94613,499,000225,819,00024,666,00010,522,000
Nebraska129,41938,553,0001,613,077,000198,480,00044,215,000
Nevada2,6602,585,00034,876,0004,277,0001,558,000

p. 136

NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.—Continued
State. Number
of
Farms.
Land
in
Farms.
(Acres.)
Value of
Farms.
(Land.)
Value of
Farms.
(Buildings.)
Implements
and
Machinery.
New Hampshire26,9133,242,000$44,327,000$41,215,000$5,870,000
New Jersey33,1612,562,000122,357,00090,784,00012,955,000
New Mexico35,03211,225,00098,496,00012,934,0004,101,000
New York214,65021,998,000703,214,000473,008,00083,330,000
North Carolina253,42522,400,000342,545,000113,170,00018,415,000
North Dakota74,16528,392,000729,896,00092,139,00043,887,000
Ohio271,38324,074,0001,283,827,000366,919,00051,115,000
Oklahoma189,43828,717,000647,178,00089,295,00027,002,000
Oregon45,12811,628,000409,949,00043,622,00013,135,000
Pennsylvania218,39418,556,000627,185,000408,115,00070,547,000
Porto Rico58,3712,085,00073,968,0008,752,0008,711,000
Rhode Island5,191442,00014,837,00012,619,0001,753,000
South Carolina176,18013,469,000267,931,00063,902,00014,067,000
South Dakota77,31425,952,000901,134,000102,317,00033,762,000
Tennessee245,50920,011,000370,783,000108,823,00021,260,000
Texas416,377109,226,0001,613,513,000209,200,00056,533,000
Utah21,42633,540,00098,891,00017,987,0004,451,000
Vermont32,5984,653,00058,255,00054,072,00010,162,000
Virginia183,76219,476,000393,837,000137,081,00018,079,000
Washington55,74411,663,000515,918,00054,224,00016,653,000
West Virginia95,8769,961,000205,610,00056,848,0006,962,000
Wisconsin176,54621,012,000909,462,000288,096,00052,783,000
Wyoming10,9808,543,00088,877,0008,983,0003,765,000

p. 137

TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS

Census of 1890



Agriculture, Fisheries, and Mining, total, 9,013,336


Professional Service, 944,333

p. 138


Domestic and Personal Service, 4,360,577


Trade and Transportation, 3,326,122

p. 139


Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries. 5,091,393

p. 140

p. 141


p. 142

INDEX.

p. 143

p. 144

p. 145

p. 146


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Transcriber’s Note

Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies.

Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected.

[*] Madison (Illinois) p. 122. The original has a footnote anchor here, but no corresponding footnote appears in the text.