UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS | |
IN | |
ZOOLOGY | |
Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text | May 4, 1918 |
THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE
BY
JOSEPH GRINNELL
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS | |
IN | |
ZOOLOGY | |
Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text | May 4, 1918 |
THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE
BY
JOSEPH GRINNELL
(Contribution From the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California)
Fieldwork was carried on by the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology during 1917 in the Inyo region of eastern California. In going over the collection of birds obtained, the attention of the writer was arrested by certain peculiarities evident in the Mountain Chickadees. Comparison with series from the Sierras showed the Inyo birds to be paler colored and longer tailed; and in order to appraise these differences in taxonomic terms it became necessary to assemble material representative of the entire range of the species, in so far as possible. The results of the study thus undertaken are presented herewith.
The material involved in the inquiry has amounted to 464 skins of the Mountain Chickadee, derived from the following sources other than the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: United States National Museum, through Dr. Charles W. Richmond; United States Biological Survey, through Mr. Edward W. Nelson; and the private collections of Messrs. Edward R. Warren, Joseph and John W. Mailliard, G. Frean Morcom, Harry S. Swarth, and J. Grinnell.
As of general interest, and in the nature of an introduction to the systematic analysis to follow, it may be stated that Penthestes gambeli including its subspecies is throughout its range non-migratory, save as a few individuals in pairs or small companies occasionally descend in fall or early winter to lower levels closely adjacent to their mountain habitats. The range of the species roughly extends from and includes the Rocky Mountains to or nearly to the Pacific Coast, and from Alberta and British Columbia south nearly to the Mexican line--somewhat south of it in northern Lower California. Within this general area the Mountain Chickadee is by no means uniformly distributed. [506] Especially towards the south is its range very "spotty," the representations on detached mountain tops being wholly isolated. Two main areas of relatively continuous distribution are, however, perceivable--the Rocky Mountain area, and the Sierra Nevada area.
Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of the races of the
Mountain Chickadee in California.
Click on map to view larger version.
Close scrutiny of the series of specimens at hand well representing the entire Rocky Mountain area reveals no variation in phylogenetic characters from the northernmost to the southernmost stations. All show in apparently equal degree the long tail and cinnamon tinge of sides and back, these features together constituting the grounds for separate subspecific recognition of a Rocky Mountain form. On the other hand, the Sierra Nevadan center, with its own recognizable race, [507] of relatively short tail, proves to have two outlying divergent forms. These three forms are alike in their lack of any cinnamon tinge, this being replaced in two of them by a buffy tinge and in one form by leaden gray. The tail in one of the outlying forms is long, in the other short. The habitats concerned are, respectively, the desert mountains of the Inyo region of eastern California, and the coastal mountains of southern California. This differentiation within the Pacific district, particularly within the state of California, will be better understood in its geographic bearing by reference to the accompanying map (fig. 1).
The behavior of the tail of Penthestes gambeli--long in the Rocky Mountain district, short in the Pacific district (see figs. 2, 3)--is paralleled in the Penthestes atricapillus group of chickadees across the North American continent in about the latitude of the state of Washington. In the northern Rocky Mountains occurs the race P. a. septentrionalis, with long tail; in the Pacific Coast strip of Washington and Oregon occurs the race P. a. occidentalis, with, among other characters, relatively short tail. Other parallels are to be found in the genera Psaltriparus, Thryomanes and Pipilo.
Fig. 2. Tail of Penthestes gambeli gambeli (no. 27784, Mus. Vert. Zool.; ♂, full-grown juv.; Sierra Ancha, Gila Co., Arizona; June 26, 1917). × 1.00.
Fig. 3. Tail of Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus (no. 24059, Mus. Vert. Zool.; ♂, full-grown juv.; Yolla Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., California; August 5, 1913). × 1.00.
It is improbable that the fact of subspecific differentiation in Penthestes gambeli has been altogether overlooked previous to the present time. A premonition of the geographic variation now formally pointed out is to be found in the early writings of Baird (1858, p. 394), who remarked that "a specimen, apparently of this species [Parus montanus], from Medicine Bow creek [Wyoming], (5643,) though marked female, is larger than those from California, as shown by the measurements." Also, some of the differences in proportions in the subspecies now recognized are shown in the table of measurements given by Ridgway (1904, p. 409).
For a detailed description of the Mountain Chickadee as a species, the reader is referred to Ridgway (1904, p. 408).
Rocky Mountain Chickadee
Type locality.--Santa Fé, New Mexico.
Diagnosis.--Among the four subspecies of Penthestes gambeli here recognized, color alone is sufficient for distinguishing P. gambeli gambeli. The flanks, sides of body and back in this form are pervaded with a distinct tinge of cinnamon--more exactly, the "pinkish buff" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 29). In addition, this race shows the greatest length of tail, and slenderest bill.
Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.5 mm.; tail, 70.2; exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see accompanying table.
Note.--In this paper the length of wing is the usual chord of the folded wing as dried at the side of the body in the conventional study skin. The tail length, however, is measured from the base of the uropygium to the tip of the longest pair of rectrices. It is found that in preparing specimens there is a practically uniform place for cutting off from the body the uropygium with attached feathers, and this is exactly where the tail bends back at an angle to the body in the fresh bird. The lateral rectrices are rooted evenly with the base of the dried uropygium so that the measurement of tail length thus taken becomes the distance from the extreme proximal ends of the most lateral pair of rectrices to the tips of the central pair--somewhat greater than the length of tail as given by Ridgway (1901, p. xv), the latter being the measurement from the base of the central pair of tail feathers to the tips of same. My reason for adopting this different procedure here is that more accuracy seems possible thereby, at least in the kind of material here dealt with. There is less mussing of the specimen also.
Neither depth of bill nor culmen is a practical index to degree of slenderness of bill. No ordinary method of measurement will suffice to indicate the facts as they are perceived by the eye.
As will be seen by the dates in the tables, as a rule only unworn specimens have been selected for measurement.
Range.--The Rocky Mountain region of North. America, from eastern British Columbia and western Alberta south to western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Specimens examined, 72, from the following localities:
Alberta: Smoky Valley, 50 miles north of Jasper House, 1; Henry House, 1; 15 miles west of Henry House, 1.
British Columbia: South fork of Moose River, 1.
Montana: Gallatin County: Jefferson River, 1; Madison River, 2; Hillsdale, 2; Mystic Lake, 1; Dry Creek, 1.
Idaho: Sawtooth Lake, 1.
Wyoming: Mammoth Hot Springs, 3; Jackey's Creek, 4 miles southwest of Dubois, 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2; Salt River Mts., head of Dry Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Mts., 10,200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Creek, 1.
Utah: Filmore, 1.
Colorado: Loveland, 1; Middle Park, 1; Sangre de Christo Pass, 1; Fort Garland, 1; Platte Canyon, 1; Pueblo, 2; Estes Park, 1; Boulder, 2; Gold Hill, 1; Golden, 7300 ft., 1; Colorado Springs, 5; Querida, Custer County, 1; Salida, Chaffee County, 1; Crested Butte, Gunnison County, 1; Stamford, 1.
Texas: Guadalupe Mts., 6800 ft., 1; Davis Mts., 1.
New Mexico: Fort Massachusetts, 1; Fort Wingate, 1; Albuquerque, 1; Taos Mts., 8800 ft., 1; Manzano Mts., 4; Magdalena Mts., 7000 ft., 1; Cienequilla, 1; Mt. Capitan, 1; Pecos Baldy, 1; Bear Spring Mts., 1; Shiprock, 1; Corona, 1; Twining, 12,500 ft., 1; Fulton, 1; San Mateo Mts., 9500 ft., 1.
Arizona: Fort Whipple, 1; Mt. Graham, 1; San Francisco Mt., 2; Bright Angel Spring, Kaibab Plateau, 1; Canyon Spring, 1; Santa Catalina Mts., 2; Sierra Ancha, 6500 ft., 1.
Inyo Mountain Chickadee
Type locality.--Panamint Mountains (northern part), 3 miles east of Jackass Spring, 6200 feet altitude, Inyo County, California. Type, male adult, no. 28782, Mus. Vert. Zool.; October 7, 1917; collected by J. Grinnell, orig. no. 4588.
Diagnosis.--The palest colored race of the four; sides, flanks and back, in unworn plumage, pervaded with pale buff--the "cartridge buff" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 30). Wear or fading, or both, removes most of this buff tone, so that the resulting effect, in spring and summer birds, is of an ashy tone of coloration, distinctly lighter than in any of the other three subspecies, in same stage. It seems probable that there is a paler tone to the underlying plumage parts and that this becomes revealed by loss of the superficial pigment-bearing portions through the gradual progress of feather abrasion. Inyoensis shows nearly as long a tail as does gambeli. Its bill is somewhat smaller.
[510] Measurements.--Average of 10 males: Wing, 71.1 mm.; tail, 69.3; exposed culmen, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 3.7. For extremes, see accompanying table.
Range.--The higher mountains of eastern California lying east and southeast of Owens Valley, from the vicinity of the Mono Craters and the White Mountains, in Mono County, south to the Panamint Mountains, in Inyo County. Specimens examined, 50, from the following localities, all in California:
Mono County: Mono Mills, 1; near Benton, 2; near Big Prospector Meadow, 10,000-10,500 ft., White Mts., 15; Cottonwood Creek, 9200 ft., White Mts., 1. Inyo County: Silver Canyon, 7000-8000 ft., White Mts., 8; Roberts Ranch, 8300 ft., White Mts., 1; head of Black Canyon, 8000 ft., White Mts., 2; Independence, 3900 ft., 1 (vagrant); Mazourka Canyon, 8000-10,000 ft., Inyo Mts., 3; near Jackass Spring, 6000-6200 ft., Panamint Mts., 14; Hanaupah Canyon, 7500-9000 ft., Panamint Mts., 2.
Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee
Type locality.--Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains (near Seiad Valley P. O.), Siskiyou County, California. Type, male, no. 119 (orig. no., in coll. J. Grinnell); December 12, 1901; collected by Malcolm P. Anderson.
Diagnosis.--Tone of color on sides, flanks and back the same as in inyoensis, though not quite so pale, namely, in fresh plumage, cartridge buff. Tail (see figs. 2, 3) much shorter than in either gambeli or inyoensis; and bill averaging smaller than in any of the other three races.
Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 69.7 mm.; tail, 65.0; exposed culmen, 7.9; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see accompanying table.
Range.--The higher mountains of central and northern California, southern Oregon (probably this subspecies), and northwestern Nevada. Occurs west in northern California through the Siskiyou and Salmon mountains and to South Yolla Bolly Mountain and Mount Sanhedrin; and south in the Sierra Nevada to the vicinity of Mount Whitney. Specimens examined, 182, from the following localities:
California: Modoc County: Sugar Hill, 4; Warner Mts., 27. Siskiyou County: Mt. Shasta, 3; Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., 5; South Fork Salmon River, 5000 ft., 1; head of Rush Creek, 6400 ft., 2; Kangaroo Creek, 3; Castle Lake, 5400 ft., 1; Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mts., 11; Beswick, 1. Trinity County: head of Bear Creek, 6400 ft., 4; head of Grizzly Creek, 6000 ft., 6. Tehama County: near South Yolla Bolly Mt., 4. Mendocino County: near Castle Peak, 1; near Sanhedrin Mt., 4. Lassen County: Eagle Lake, 6. Plumas County: Meadow Valley, 1. Nevada County: Independence Lake, 3. Placer County: Summit, 1; Cisco, 6000 ft., 18; Blue Canyon, 4700-5000 ft., 12; Dutch Flat, 1. Eldorado County: Tahoe Valley, 2; Kyburz Station, 1. Mariposa County: vicinity of Yosemite Valley, 13. Mono County: Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Williams Butte, 7500 ft., 1. Fresno County: Bullfrog Lake, 10,600 ft., 6. Inyo County (not typical): near Kearsarge Pass at 8500 ft., 1; Little Onion Valley, 7500 ft., near Kearsarge Pass, 1; Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 ft., 7. Tulare County (not typical): Whitney Creek, 11,000 ft., 3; Whitney Meadows, 9800 ft., 14; Olancha Peak, 10,000 ft., 1.
Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt County, 13.
Bailey Mountain Chickadee
Type locality.--Mount Wilson, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Type in coll. J. Grinnell.
Diagnosis.--Tone of coloration on sides, flanks and back distinctly plumbeous--more exactly, on sides and flanks the "smoke gray" of Ridgway (1912, pl. 46), and on back near the "mouse gray" of the same authority (pl. 51). The tail in this race is short as in abbrevialus, but the bill is long and heavy, averaging thicker through than in any of the other three races.
Measurements.--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.0 mm.; tail, 65.4; exposed culmen, 8.5; depth of bill at base, 4.1. For extremes, see accompanying table.
Range.--Higher mountains of southern California, from the extreme southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare County, and the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, south to the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County; also (probably this subspecies) in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, in northern Lower California. Specimens examined, 160, from the following localities, all in California:
[512]Monterey County: Headwaters of Big Creek, 2. Ventura County: Mt. Pinos, 2. Kern County: Kiavah Mt., 7000 ft., near Walker Pass, 2. Tulare County (not typical): Taylor Meadow, 7000 ft., 8; Cannell Meadow, 7500 ft., 1; Pine Flat, 7500 ft., 1; Long Meadow, 7700 ft., 1; Sirretta Meadows, 9000 ft., 3; Trout Creek, 6000 ft., 10; near Trout Creek, 7500 ft., 2; Jackass Meadow, 7750 ft., 3; Troy Meadows, 8000 ft., 1. Los Angeles County: Mt. Wilson, 25; Buckhorn Canyon, near Mt. Waterman, 2; near Pasadena, 9 (vagrants); Verdugo, 1 (vagrant). San Bernardino County: near Cucamonga, 1; San Bernardino Mts., 35; Victorville, 3 (vagrants). Riverside County: San Jacinto Mts., 29; Thomas Mt., 1; Santa Rosa Mts., 10. Orange County: Santa Ana Mts., 3000 ft., 1 (vagrant?). San Diego County: Julian, 1; Cuyamaca Mts., 6.
General remarks.--In making use of the intrinsic color characters, which are important here in distinguishing subspecies, it is, of course, essential that the effects of extraneous factors be taken into account. Prolonged wear and fading evidently serve to weaken the intensity of the color tones, more especially the buffy ones. Then, too, chickadees seem peculiarly susceptible to discoloration by smoke, soot and charred wood; for example, our series from Cisco and Blue Cañon, stations along the Central Pacific Railway over the Sierra Nevada, even though taken in September and October almost immediately after completion of the fall molt, are obviously more or less begrimed with soot. On the other hand, the autumn- and winter-taken series from the Yosemite region and from the Siskiyou Mountains are clean, and show their intrinsic color tones to good advantage.
Intergradation undoubtedly connects the four races of the Mountain Chickadee into a continuous series of forms. Abundant material at hand from that portion of the Sierra Nevada immediately south of Mount Whitney shows complete transition from Penthestes gambeli baileyae to P. g. abbreviatus; in fact, many of the specimens can only be placed arbitrarily in one category or the other. Several examples from the vicinity of Mono Lake, in Mono County, California, and from along the west flank of the Sierras in Inyo County, insensibly bridge the interval between P. g. abbreviatus and P. g. inyoensis, especially when considered in connection with the individual variation to which each race is subject in about normal degree.
Material at hand from different parts of the Great Basin is unsatisfactory either in that it is scanty or because of the worn state of the plumage. A summer-taken series of 13 Mountain Chickadees (nos. 8952-8964, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from the Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada, shows in color no approach to P. gambeli gambeli. In this respect it is like P. g. inyoensis, but the tail averages nearly as short as in P. g. abbreviatus. Taking all features into [513] account it seems best placed under abbreviatus. Fresh-plumaged fall specimens from this locality would make determination more certain.
A specimen (♂, no. 547, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from Anthony, Baker County, Oregon, taken October 16, 1907, might be referred to P. g. abbreviatus; but the tone of color of back and sides is much darker than usual in that form. It is certainly much darker than in P. g. inyoensis. Its tail is but 65.3 mm. long. A skin (♀, no. 18, Morcom coll.) from Camp Harney, Harney County, Oregon, February 17, 1875, has a tail length of 67.7 mm., and in depth of color is about intermediate between abbreviatus and P. g. gambeli. A specimen (♀, no. 136639, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. coll.) from Fort Spokane, Lincoln County, Washington, September 28, 1890, is almost identical with gambeli in coloration; but it, too, has a short tail, only 64.4 mm. long, though there is chance of error here, as several of the rectrices are missing. The writer prefers to leave these last three examples for the time being unplaced.
It is clear that intergradation between Penthestes gambeli gambeli and any one of the other three subspecies is less well established than between any two of these other three. But sufficiency of material from the proper localities through eastern Oregon and eastern Washington would likely prove its existence as is the case between the California forms.
| U. S. N. M. no. | Penthestes gambeli gambeli | ||||||
| Sex | Date | Locality | Wing | Tail | Exposed culmen | Depth of bill | |
| 160697 | ♂ | Nov. 24, 1892 | Boulder, Colo. | 71.7 | 71.2 | 8.8 | 4.0 |
| 109948 | ♂ | Oct. 8, 1886 | Pueblo, Colo. | 72.0 | 72.4 | 8.4 | 3.9 |
| 109949 | ♂ | Oct. 5, 1886 | Pueblo, Colo. | 70.9 | 70.3 | 8.5 | 4.0 |
| 176650 | ♂ | Sept. 23, 1888 | Madison E., Gallatin Co., Mont. | 68.0 | 67.8 | 8.9 | 4.1 |
| 124151 | ♂ | Sept. 15, 1888 | Jefferson E., Gallatin Co., Mont. | 69.7 | 67.7 | 10.0 | 3.6 |
| 188823 | ♂ | Oct. 15, 1902 | Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyo. | 68.1 | 67.0 | 9.0 | 3.6 |
| 62546 | ♂ | Nov. 17, 1872 | Filmore, Utah | 69.8 | 68.3 | 8.3 | 3.5 |
| 136638[1] | ♂ | Sept. 27, 1890 | Sawtooth Lake, Idaho | 68.1 | 69.7 | 8.8 | 3.8 |
| 228227[1] | ♂ | Sept. 14, 1910 | Teton Pass, Wyo. | 71.2 | 70.4 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| 193086[1] | ♂ | Nov. 6, 1903 | Manzano Mts., N. Mex. | 71.4 | 70.6 | 7.8 | 4.0 |
| 184653[1] | ♂ | Oct. 22, 1902 | Corona, N. Mex. | 69.0 | 71.0 | 9.0 | 4.1 |
| 192942[1] | ♂ | Oct. 10, 1903 | Twining, N. Mex. | 72.0 | 71.4 | 8.5 | 4.0 |
| 136637[1] | ♂ | Sept. 18, 1889 | San Francisco Mt., Ariz. | 71.3 | 70.3 | 7.8 | 3.8 |
| 205661[1] | ♂ | Sept. 10, 1909 | Kaibab Plateau, Ariz. | 73.5 | 74.3 | 8.3 | 4.0 |
[1] Biol. Surv. Coll.
| Mus. Vert. Zool. no. | Penthestes gambeli inyoensis | ||||||
| Sex | Date | Locality | Wing | Tail | Exposed culmen | Depth of bill | |
| 28751 | ♂ | July 24, 1917 | White Mts., Mono Co., Calif. | 73.0 | 72.4 | 7.9 | 3.7 |
| 28760 | ♂ | July 29, 1917 | White Mts., Mono Co., Calif. | 71.0 | 67.0 | 8.0 | 3.6 |
| 28766 | ♂ | July 31, 1917 | White Mts., Mono Co., Calif. | 72.4 | 67.5 | 8.8 | 3.5 |
| 28767 | ♂ | Aug. 18, 1917 | White Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 69.4 | 68.1 | 8.0 | 3.7 |
| 28770 | ♂ | Sept. 29, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 68.8 | 69.8 | 8.1 | 3.7 |
| 28771 | ♂ | Oct. 2, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 71.4 | 70.2 | 7.4 | 4.0 |
| 28773 | ♂ | Oct. 2, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 72.7 | 71.0 | 8.4 | 3.8 |
| 28774 | ♂ | Oct. 2, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 69.0 | 66.0 | 8.1 | 3.7 |
| 28781 | ♂ | Oct. 5, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 71.0 | 70.0 | 8.3 | 3.7 |
| 28782 | ♂[2] | Oct. 7, 1917 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Calif. | 72.0 | 71.5 | 8.4 | 3.5 |
[2] Type.
| Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus | |||||||
| No. | Sex | Date | Locality | Wing | Tail | Exposed culmen | Depth of bill |
| 114[3] | ♂ | Dec. 9, 1901 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 68.4 | 63.8 | 7.3 | 3.9 |
| 117[3] | ♂ | Dec. 12, 1901 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 69.0 | 64.7 | 7.9 | 3.7 |
| 119[3] | ♂[4] | Dec. 12, 1901 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 70.0 | 65.0 | 7.8 | 3.6 |
| 129[3] | ♂ | Dec. 14, 1901 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 68.4 | 63.0 | 8.0 | 3.6 |
| 164[3] | ♂ | Dec. 29, 1901 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 69.0 | 64.2 | 7.2 | 3.9 |
| 178[3] | ♂ | Jan. 4, 1902 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 66.8 | 63.0 | 7.2 | 3.7 |
| 244[3] | ♂ | Feb. 16, 1902 | Horse Cr., Siskiyou Mts., Calif. | 70.8 | 65.0 | 7.3 | 3.6 |
| 23307 | ♂ | Oct. 21, 1912 | Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif. | 71.8 | 69.5 | 8.2 | 3.9 |
| 23302 | ♂ | Oct. 19, 1912 | Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif. | 71.2 | 64.3 | 8.8 | 4.1 |
| 23298 | ♂ | Oct. 14, 1912 | Blue Cañon, Placer Co., Calif. | 71.6 | 65.7 | 7.8 | 3.5 |
| 25263 | ♂ | Dec. 26, 1914 | Yosemite Park, Calif. | 69.8 | 65.9 | 8.4 | 3.8 |
| 25800 | ♂ | June 11, 1915 | Yosemite Park, Calif. | 72.8 | 67.7 | 8.7 | 4.0 |
| 26117 | ♂ | Oct. 22, 1915 | Yosemite Park, Calif. | 69.0 | 65.0 | 8.8 | 4.0 |
| 26342 | ♂ | Nov. 27, 1915 | Yosemite Park, Calif. | 67.1 | 63.6 | 8.3 | 3.9 |
| Penthestes gambeli baileyae | |||||||
| No. | Sex | Date | Locality | Wing | Tail | Exposed culmen | Depth of bill |
| 182[5] | ♂ | Nov. 29, 1895 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 67.0 | 63.0 | 8.9 | 4.3 |
| 725[5] | ♂ | Nov. 1, 1897 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 70.1 | 66.9 | 9.0 | 4.4 |
| 963[5] | ♂ | Oct. 31, 1898 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 67.0 | 63.3 | 8.2 | 4.0 |
| 636[6] | ♂ | Feb. 1, 1896 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 70.3 | 65.5 | 8.3 | 4.1 |
| 637[6] | ♂ | Feb. 1, 1896 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 68.6 | 65.8 | 8.2 | 4.0 |
| 1832[6] | ♂ | Dec. 12, 1896 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 72.3 | 65.7 | 7.7 | 4.0 |
| 1834[6] | ♂ | Dec. 12, 1896 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 65.4 | 63.7 | 8.0 | 3.9 |
| 1836[6] | ♂ | Dec. 12, 1896 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 67.7 | 63.0 | ... | 4.0 |
| 5516[6] | ♂[9] | Nov. 27, 1903 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 72.1 | 66.6 | 8.6 | 3.9 |
| 6073[6] | ♂ | Sept. 21, 1904 | Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 69.7 | 66.0 | 9.0 | 4.3 |
| 7458[6] | ♂ | Dec. 23, 1905 | Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 70.0 | 66.7 | 7.8 | 3.6 |
| 9958[7] | ♂ | Oct. 31, 1897 | Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., Calif. | 70.3 | 67.2 | 8.6 | 4.3 |
| 3364[7] | ♂ | Sept. 18, 1908 | Santa Ana Mts., Orange Co., Calif. | 70.8 | 66.0 | 9.5 | 4.0 |
| x3325[8] | ♂ | July 4, 1905 | Hd. of Big Cr., Monterey Co., Calif. | 70.5 | 66.0 | 9.0 | 4.2 |
[5] Coll. H. S. Swarth.
[6] Coll. J. Grinnell.
[7] Mus. Vert. Zool.
[8] Coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard.
[9] Type.
LITERATURE CITED
American Ornithologists' Union Committee.Baird, S. F. ("with the co operation of" Cassin, J., and Lawrence, G. N.)
Birtwell, F. J.
Gambel, W.
Grinnell, J.
Ridgway, R.
Transmitted March 3, 1918. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
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| Vol. 14. | 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" during the Years 1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D. Louderback, W. L. Schmitt, E. C. Johnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13, 20 text figures. July, 1914 | $2.25 |
| Vol. 15. | Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography and Necessity of Quantitative Biological Research. Pp. i-xxiii, June, 1916 | .25 |
| 1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis L. Michael and George F. McEwen. Pp. 1-206, 4 text figures and map. July, 1915 | 2.25 | |
| 2. Continuation of Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California (1913-1915), compiled, and arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and Administrative Assistant, George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text. November, 1916 | .50 | |
| 3. Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic Observations made by the Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of California, 1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. Pp. 255-356, plates 1-38. December, 1916 | 1.00 | |
| Vol. 16. | 1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of Crithidia leptocoridis, sp, nov., by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 1-22, plates 1-4, 1 text figure. September, 1915 | .25 |
| 2. On Giardia microti, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 23-29, 1 figure in text. | ||
| 3. On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. 30-54, plates, 5-8, 1 figure in text. | ||
| Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. November, 1915 | .30 | |
| 4. The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John C. Johnson. Pp. 55-62, 2 figures in text. November, 1915 | .10 | |
| 5. Notes on the Tintinnoina. 1. On the Provable Origin of Dictyocysta tiara Haeckel. 2. On Petalotricha entzi, sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 68-69, 8 figures in text. December, 1915 | .05 | |
| 6. Binary and Multiple Fission in Hexamitus, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 71-88, plates 9-11. | ||
| 7. On a New Trichomonad Flagellate, Trichomitus parvus, from the Intestine of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-94, plate 12. | ||
| Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915 | .25 | |
| 8. On Blepharcorys equi, sp. nov., a New Ciliate from the Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin C. Schumacher. Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915 | .10 | |
| 9. Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Berry. Pp. 107-111. January, 1916 | .05 | |
| 10. On Trypanosoma triatomae, a New Flagellate from a Hemipteran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat Neotoma fuscipes, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Irene McCulloch, Pp. 113-126, plates 14-15. February, 1916 | .15 | |
| 11. The Genera Monocercomonas and Polymastix, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 127-138, plates 16-17. February, 1916 | .10 | |
| 12. Notes on the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) of the California Coast, by Bennet M. Allen. Pp. 139-152, 2 figures in text. March, 1916 | .15 | |
| 13. Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. Hubbs. Pp. 153-169, plates 18-20. March, 1916 | .15 | |
| 14. The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the Question of Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution in the Water, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 171-184, 2 figures in text. March, 1916 | .15 | |
| 15. The Kinetonacleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 185-240, 58 figures in text. March, 1916 | .50 | |
| 16. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff Wilson. Pp. 241-292, plates 18-23. July, 1916 | .60 | |
| 17. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Pp. 293-348, plates 24-26. June, 1916 | .60 | |
| 18. The Anatomy of Heptanchus maculatus: the Endoskeleton, by J. Frank Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text figures. December, 1916 | .25 | |
| 19. Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B. Yocom. Pp. 371-380, plate 30. January, 1917 | .10 | |
| 20. Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits in Nature and Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March, 1917 | .10 | |
| 21. The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Two Species of Plankton Copepods when Certain Recurring External Conditions are Absent, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 393-400. March, 1917 | .10 | |
| 22. On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430, plates 31-37. March, 1917 | .35 | |
| 23. Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of Emerita analoga (Stimpson), by Harold Tupper Mead. Pp. 431-438, 1 text figure. April, 1917 | .10 | |
| 24. Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California, by William E. Ritter and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp. 439-512, plates 38-46. August, 1917 | 1.00 | |
| Index in preparation. | ||
| Vol. 17. | 1. Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central California, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. Pp. 1-8. | |
| 2. A New Bat of the Genus Myotis from the High Sierra Nevada of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 9-10. | ||
| Nos. 1 and 2-in one cover. August, 1916 | .10 | |
| 3. Spelerpes platycephalus, a New Alpine Salamander from the Yosemite National Park, California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 11-14. September, 1916 | .05 | |
| 4. A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley, California, with Notes on Ammospermophilus nelsoni nelsoni Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 15-20, 1 figure in text. October, 1916 | .05 | |
| 5. Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in text. October, 1916 | .35 | |
| 6. Description of Bufo canorus, a New Toad from the Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text. November, 1916 | .05 | |
| 7. The Subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and Systematic Notes on Other California Lizards, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916 | .10 | |
| 8. Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, by F. Harvey Holden. Pp. 75-114, plates 5-12, 18 text figures. March, 1917 | .40 | |
| 9. Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 115-125, 3 text figures. February, 1917 | .10 | |
| 10. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California, by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 127-208. 14 figures in text. July, 1917 | .35 | |
| 11. A Study of the Races of the White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) Occurring in California, by H. S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 209-222, 2 figures in text, plate 13. October, 1917 | .15 | |
| 12. A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, plates 14-24, 24 text figures. January 31, 1918 | 2.00 | |
| 13. The Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus Aphelocoma, by H. S. Swarth. Pp. 405-422, 1 figure in text. February 23, 1918 | .20 | |
| 14. Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 423-430. | ||
| 15. Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 431-433. | ||
| Nos. 14 and 15 in one cover. April, 1918 | .15 | |
| 17. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1918 | .15 | |
| Vol. 18. | 1. Mitosis in Giardia microti, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 1-26, plate 1. October, 1917 | .35 |
| 2. An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the Shipworm in San Francisco Bay, California, by Albert L. Barrows. Pp. 27-43. December, 1917 | .20 | |
| 3. Description of Some New Species of Polynoidae from the Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 45-60, plates 2-3. October, 1917 | .20 | |
| 4. New Species of Amphinomidae from the Pacific Coast, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5. October, 1917 | .15 | |
| 5. Crithidia euryophthalmi, sp. nov., from the Hemipteran Bug, Euryophthalmus convivus Stål, by Irene McCulloch. Pp. 75-88, 35 text figures. December, 1917 | .15 | |
| 6. On the Orientation of Erythropsis, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in test. December, 1917 | .15 | |
| 7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to Locomotion in the Earthworm, by John T. Bovard. Pp. 103-134, 14 figures in text. January, 1918 | .35 | |
| 8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John F. Bovard. Pp. 135-144, 1 figure in text. January, 1918 | .10 | |
| 9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan Cysts in Mammalian Faeces, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 145-149. December, 1917 | .05 | |
| 10. The Musculature of Heptanchus maculatus, by Pirie Davidson Pp. 151-170, 12 figures in text. March, 1918 | .25 | |
| 11. The Factors Controlling the Distribution of the Polynoidae of the Pacific Coast of North America, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 171-238, plates 6-8, 2 figures in text. March, 1918 | .75 | |
| 12. Differentials in Behavior of the Two Generations of Salpa democratica Relative to the Temperature of the Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 239-298, plates 9-11, 1 figure in text. March, 1918 | .65 | |
| 13. A Quantitative Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San Francisco Bay, by E. L. Packard. Pp. 299-336, plates 12-13, 6 figs, in text. April, 1918 | .40 | |