The New York Obelisk

WITH A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE HISTORY
ERECTION, USES, AND SIGNIFICATION
OF OBELISKS

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PREFATORY.

The oldest nation on the globe sends her greeting to her youngest sister. The "Setting Sun" has shed its last rays on the Old World from Egypt's sunny land and now appears on this western shore as a brilliant "Rising Sun". In the metropolis of the Western Hemisphere one of Egypt's grandest treasures meets our eyes and, though silent, reminds us of her former greatness. Here stands a monument of two of her greatest Pharaohs, lords and conquerors, scourges of their people, and a terror to their foes. It tells the story of serfs and teems with cringing words and the praise of despots. Yet it was a glorious time when this monument was erected and inscribed, a time of power, pride, learning, greatness, conquest for the lords, but for the people a time of abject subjection, misery, and hardships. Pharaoh was master of all. But the sun of his grandeur has set and vanished, and our obelisk, that proud monument of Pharaonic times, now sees a spectacle which the greatest flight of fancy could not have pictured to any man of those by-gone days.

Here in the western land the obsequious adoration of one man is no more. Here the people are not under the lash and miserable; they are, with all their cares and labors, a happy and contented people. The realm is not, as in those former days, the result of a despot's triumphant march, but a grand, harmonious union of friends.

On such a picture our obelisk looks down from its lofty pedestal. Had it a tongue, it could tell us many a tale of the past, when Thothmes III. erected it with pomp and festivities, when Ramses II. engraved his name upon it, and the law-giver Moses, the Israelite, played and studied in its view, how it escaped the fury of the demoniac ravager Cambyses, was transported by the Romans to Alexandria, escaped Mohammedan fanaticism, and was at last conveyed as a precious prize from its sunny home to our fitful climate. It seems oddly out of place here, and its coat of paraffine will not protect it wholly from bleak winds and rain, and winter's ice and snow. It has lived its longest time on earth, and at the advanced age of thirty-four centuries it must decline, until it will totter and fall. Then having so long symbolized the "Rising Sun" in all its beauty, and having greeted its glorious advent with every dawn and break of day, the "Setting Sun" will shroud it for the last time in its light, but the new sun of morning will seek its old friend in vain. It will fade away, but its memory will last much longer than inscriptions on stone which must perish sooner or later. Let us, however, the children of a new era, learn from it the greatness of its authors!

CHAPTER I

§1. Obelisks have been found in various localities of the ancient Egyptian empire. Possibly almost every city of some prominence will have boasted of some, no matter how small, especially such cities as became for a time the residence of the Pharaoh. They would also be placed in cities in which grand temples had been erected for the worship of some prominent deity, and if we can rely upon the reports of travelers, they are even found in the adjacent Sinaitic Peninsula to serve as monuments to the praise of some king's achievements. Unfortunately, however, for any deductions, most of the obelisks which were certainly erected in various places are completely gone either through the violence of foes, the ravages of a Cambyses, or else the internal dissensions of the people and the subsequent ruin, and the ruthless sand of the desert. Of the obelisks, which formerly must have been counted by hundreds, we can scarcely find fifty, and of these only a few are perfect or of purely Egyptian origin.

As far as can be ascertained from the obelisks of the present day, most of them point as the original place of their erection to that city preëminently called the "City of Obelisks" in Lower Egypt, the Heliopolis of the ancients, at present مطريه Matarīyeh, near Cairo. They were here placed around and in front of the temple of the sun, {2}which was the principal sanctuary of the city. From this fact Heliopolis received the name "house of the sun", or בֵּת שֶׁמֶשׁ [bêth shêmesh], as mentioned in the Bible. These obelisks formed the leading attraction at that remote time and undoubtedly remained such until the city's utter destruction. Their fame spread far and wide, for in Jeremiah xliii:13 we find the prophet mentioning the "upright stones" [מַצְבוֹת mazzebhôth] of Heliopolis, which were doomed to perish. Heliopolis, in the days of its power, must have presented a glorious picture to the observer, no less when Joseph wedded a daughter of the high-priest, as when, some centuries later, the law-giver Moses was a student at Egypt's foremost university in this city.

Another city, however, claims our attention as on an almost equal footing with Heliopolis as regards obelisks. Thebes in Upper Egypt, the famous city of one hundred gates, as Homer calls it, the largest city of the ancient world, had besides its many grand temples and palaces a number of the largest obelisks extant. Four of them still tower above the piles of ruins scattered on all sides, while a still larger number must lie buried deep in the ground. It was quite appropriate that here in the metropolis of Upper Egypt, where Pharaoh passed much of his time and where he was crowned with all the pomp and magnificence of a victor, a number of obelisks should proclaim his praise. They were made for the living to gaze upon, and were therefore erected on the eastern bank of the Nile where the city proper stood, while the western bank was wholly surrendered to the dead. The modern villages of Karnak (قرناق) and Luxor (اقصر) now mark the spot where Thebes was situated. However, if we are to believe a traveler, Villiers Stuart, who found two prostrate obelisks of an old dynasty in the necropolis or cemetery on the western bank of the Nile, and take into account that Lepsius found his obelisk at Gizeh, the necropolis of Memphis, also on the western bank of the Nile, we must infer that the oldest obelisks were not always set up with a view to being admired by the living, but simply served as head-stones for the dead.

The majority of all extant obelisks was erected at Heliopolis and Thebes. Others, however, have been discovered in different places: some as far north as Saïs and Tanis, and as far south as the boundary of Egypt on the island of Philæ, called Elephantinê by the ancients. The limit in the opposite directions seems to have been the Fayoom on the west, and the Sinaitic Peninsula on the east. Outside of Egypt and Africa other Egyptian and some pseudo-Egyptian obelisks are to be found. They {5}are the work of Roman emperors. These, jealous of the great achievements of the Pharaohs and desirous of adding to the many Pharaonic obelisks in Rome some of their own making and inscribed with their own name, had the stone quarried in Syene and transported to Rome. Domitian and Hadrian erected such to their honor in the "Eternal City".

§2. The obelisk is certainly a very early invention of the Egyptians. As a matter of fact, it was at first of small size and could hardly have been used as an ornament of temples, which purpose it served in later times. We find very little of the commonplace laudatory titles on the earliest specimens of obelisks, and, as mentioned above, some of them were even found in the necropolis or cemetery, apparently to serve as mementos or head-stones. A passage on the monuments, mentioning that a certain Merab (

"love-heart") was priest of Khufu's obelisk, points to the fact, that as early as the fourth dynasty (about 3100 B. C.) the form of the obelisk was known. In the inscriptions of the fifth dynasty we meet with the hieroglyphic sign of the obelisk

. The XIth dynasty has bequeathed to us three obelisks. It was not, however, until the XIIth dynasty that the true beauty of the obelisk was fully appreciated. Usertesen I. (2371 B. C., according to Lepsius) may be considered to have been the first to erect obelisks of large dimensions, as is well illustrated by the obelisk at present standing in Matarîyeh near Cairo, though another of his obelisks at Bejij, or the ancient Crocodilopolis, in the Fayoom has more of the appearance of a stelé with a rounded top.

From this time until the beginning of the XVIIIth dynasty we possess no obelisks. A new era then began for Egypt. It ushered in its golden age. Thothmes I. was the first to claim for himself equal honor with Usertesen. {6}He erected two magnificent obelisks in Karnak, where they are still conspicuous. Here his daughter, queen Hatasu, co-regent with her brothers Thothmes II. and III., also erected two obelisks. It is true her name does not appear on them, but it is a well established fact, that her great brother Thothmes III., mighty as he was, showed an ignoble jealousy of his valiant sister and, on coming to power, erased her name from the monuments and substituted his own instead. As he had, however, left the feminine pronouns and endings in the inscriptions, his knavery was readily discovered. Notwithstanding this serious defect in his character, he celebrated his many victories by the erection of obelisks of his own. To him belongs the palm in this line of monumental structures. Besides him, one other Pharaoh of this dynasty, Amenophis II., seems to have erected one small obelisk.

After the death of Thothmes III. there was a comparative quiet in the erection of obelisks, although one of his obelisks was finished, inscribed, and then erected by Thothmes IV. The great Pharaoh was praised for his imposing monuments, but none dared emulate him until with a new dynasty a new line of rulers came to Egypt. Of Seti I. two excellent obelisks have come down to us, {7}both being at present in Rome. The name, however, most frequently mentioned on the obelisks is that of Ramses II. (1200 B. C.). Although he erected comparatively few obelisks, he inscribed his name and deeds on those of his predecessors, thereby engaging in no legitimate business. He considered himself the equal of Thothmes III., and therefore chose the obelisks of the latter, which had but one—the central—column inscribed, and put two more columns on each side with vainglorious praise of himself. With him the erection of large obelisks seems to have ceased for a time.

It was not until the reign of king Psametik II. that we come across another large obelisk of superior workmanship. This is at present in Rome. Ptolemy Euergetes II. and Cleopatra II. have left us a fine obelisk on the island of Philæ, and this represents the last of a long line of truly Egyptian monoliths. The Roman emperors who erected obelisks of their own were Hadrian and Domitian. Since their time obelisks with hieroglyphic inscriptions have neither been quarried nor erected.

§3. It fell to the lot of the greater number of Egyptian obelisks to be transported from their native land and to serve as objects of curiosity to the multitudes, which had and still have no conception of what they represent. This was due to foreigners; for there is no case on record where the obelisk of one Pharaoh has been transported to a different place by another. Not until the Romans invaded Egypt and carried off its grain and gold, did it occur to {8}man's mind to despoil it of some of its wonders. The first to adorn Rome and Alexandria with them was the emperor Augustus, who carried off two to Rome and left two in Alexandria,—the London and New York Obelisks. Caligula (40 A. D.) and Claudius (41-54 A. D.) followed his example, and about 90 A. D. Domitian removed two to Rome and two to Benevento in Italy. Constantine the Great (306—337 A. D.), after establishing himself in Byzantium [Constantinople], transported a large obelisk to this city, but left a second one, which he had begun to remove in 330, in Alexandria, until Constantius brought it over to Constantinople in 357. During the Middle Ages and up to the present century the other obelisks still remaining in Egypt were left undisturbed. In 1832-1833 the French removed the Luxor Obelisk to Paris, the English the prostrate Alexandrian Obelisk in 1877-1878 to London, and the Americans the erect Obelisk of Alexandria, commonly called "Cleopatra's Needle" in 1880-1881 to New York.

§4. It would be quite impossible to give an absolutely {9}correct list of all obelisks existing at the present time, since with regard to some of them we must take the word of travelers, who were not acquainted with Egyptian studies and would therefore easily have been imposed upon, or else the books of reference describing them are in some cases very much at variance. The following list is as near correct as it can at present be made.

Besides the above, we are told that there were in Rome in 1676 four fragments of obelisks, which have since disappeared. Another obelisk is said to have been near the Porta del Popolo in Rome, in the burial place of Nero, which was only a Roman imitation, called the Esmeade Obelisk. Zoëga states that a fragment of an obelisk was brought to Wanstead, England. It was 2½ ft. high, and comprised only a part of the pyramidion. Another fragment of an obelisk is mentioned as having been at Cairo, Egypt. Bonomi calls attention to one at Soughton Hall, England. None of these, however, can now be traced.

CHAPTER II

§1. Egypt is undoubtedly in every respect a land of wonders. At the most remote period of its history we observe that it was already in such an advanced state of civilization, as would appear to us to be wholly incompatible with its venerable age. When Greece first began to issue from its times of heroes and demi-gods and advance on a path of civilization, Egypt had already for at least twenty centuries possessed everything that enlightened Greece could boast of. The first objects among the many wonders that still remain in Egypt to catch the eye of a traveler, are the grand monuments set up in honor of various divinities or as proud guide-posts for future generations. Among these obelisks and pyramids rank first. We marvel at the enormous stones which our modern steam-engines would lift with difficulty, yet which the ancient Egyptians quarried, transported, and erected in their proper places, not only setting them on the ground, but even lifting them some hundred feet, as in the case of the Pyramids. We look upon the greater number of obelisks, each made of one unbroken piece of stone, and are forced to admire the workmanship and engineering skill which they exhibit. We may endeavor to grasp this wonderful achievement, but must continually ask: how was it done, and how was it possible to do so at that time, when even now with all our many inventions and {13}contrivances we should perhaps fail. Unfortunately we receive no definite answer. It is so long ago since the Egyptian stone-cutters plied their chisels and the engineers built their machines, and no papyrus or inscription tells us directly how the work was accomplished. A relic of indomitable labor and uncompleted work still lies in the quarry at Assuan. It is an obelisk of 95 feet still cleaving on its fourth side to the native rock. This may throw some light on the mystery.

We notice the nicety and precision with which the stone-cutter went to work in hewing out and polishing the monument. His art was one that had been brought to the highest state of perfection in Egypt; and no wonder, for in a country where timber was scarce and hardly one tree was suitable for wood-work, men had to fall back on their natural supply which the mountains rising on both sides of the valley yielded. Stone was there in abundance. Hence from the earliest times of Egyptian history the stone-cutter receives a prominent place. The implements he employed must have had a wonderful degree of hardness to chip and polish the tenacious rock of Syene.

With regard to the quarrying of the rock, that is, how, after having selected a properly-sized piece of rock without a flaw and having carefully marked it, the stone-cutters were able to detach 50-100 feet of it without a break—that has given rise to many conjectures. Belzoni held, that after a groove of about two inches had been cut along the line, the blow of some machine must have separated the pieces of rock, as glass when cut by a diamond. Others believe that a saw was employed to sever the rock. Sir J. F. Herschel prefers to accept the theory that the separation of the rocks was caused by fire, a method still employed in India. He calls attention to the fact, that after the workmen there have cut a groove into the rock they kindle a small fire on top of this line, and that {14}after the rock is thoroughly heated they suddenly pour cold water on it, causing the rock to split with a clean fracture. It is, however, more probable that the Egyptians made use of wooden wedges to accomplish their purpose. We frequently find not only grooves in the rock but also wedge-holes inside these grooves. Wedges with their slow and steady pressure would insure a good fracture. Possibly, as Wilkinson surmises, the grooves themselves may have carried water to the wooden wedges which, being kept continually moist and thereby expanding, would have caused the rock to split. The saw was undoubtedly used for the last cutting to separate the piece from the native rock.

The blocks having been quarried, the stone-cutters cut them exactly to the required shape and polished them almost as smooth as glass with the chisel and incessant rubbing. The accompanying pictures fully illustrate and explain this. In the accurate chiseling and planing of the angles the Egyptians have never been surpassed. As for the material used in the manufacture of the tools that were to cut the hard Egyptian rock which bends even our iron and steel tools of to-day and makes {15}them useless, we must profess a deep ignorance. Either the Egyptians employed chemical compounds and emery, or else they possessed a wonderful knowledge of tempering bronze and iron tools which has been completely lost. It still remains for our advanced civilization to rediscover what the ancient Egyptians already knew.

§2. We know almost less about the transportation than the quarrying of obelisks. We have only one picture on the monuments, at Bersheh, to guide us. In this the dragging of a colossus by workmen is represented in vivid outlines. The accompanying picture shows the man in charge of the work, the servant greasing the runners of the sledge, and the multitude of toiling people, but it {16}tells us very little about the manner of transportation for a distance of more than one thousand miles between Syene and Lower Egypt. That the removal of such monoliths from the quarry to the place of erection was a matter of some importance is fully brought out by many inscriptions, where this task is intrusted by Pharaoh to a loyal subject, and where the latter expresses his gratification that his mission was completed to the satisfaction of his master, who rewarded him quite handsomely. From some inscriptions it would appear that the blocks, when ready for transportation, were rolled to the river's edge, or perhaps placed on rollers and then pushed or else dragged down on an inclined plane. The Nile, ever ready to extend his welcome help to the children of his soil, aided them again in their efforts. Large barges or rather floats were built where the water of the inundation would reach the blocks, and where they, when once on the floats, would be carried on that great Egyptian highway to any part of the vast empire. Many monuments, however, were transported overland, in which case the aid of the Nile must have been dispensed with. The Colossi at Thebes, the two statues of Amenophis III., and the statue of Ramses II. in the Memnonium at Thebes, which weighed as much as 1,800,000 pounds, are instances of this. Such masses of rock were moved along on sledges by human hands, as shown in the above picture. The inscription of Hammamât makes mention of the men who died while handling such sledges with their enormous loads. Possibly the Egyptians already used besides rollers and levers also pulleys to facilitate their work. At all events the transportation by human hands of obelisks and other monoliths of enormous size and weight without the most powerful appliances of modern times is such a wonderful feat, that we cannot at present fully comprehend it. All we know {17}for certain is the fact that those men of old have succeeded, and therefore accomplished what we would regard as almost impossible.

§3. The method employed by the Egyptians in the erection of obelisks has to this day remained a profound mystery. Of course, just as with regard to the quarrying and transporting them, many conjectures have been advanced which, however plausible they may seem, give us no definite solution of this problem. That the Egyptians must have possessed some mechanical means, with which to lift these colossi into their exact place, cannot be disputed: otherwise the time consumed in setting them up would have been equal to that of quarrying them. They had undoubtedly some unknown facilities for doing work of this kind, and being great mathematicians, they may have constructed agents more powerful than those of the present day.

CHAPTER III

§1. Obelisks are monoliths, that is, they are made of one piece of rock only. Pieces set up in the form of an obelisk are never considered one. The lofty shaft at Washington, D. C., cannot, therefore, be styled an obelisk. In addition to being composed of one piece only, all obelisks are quadrangular, the sides sloping gradually and perceptibly but right-angled all the way to the top, where they are surmounted by a miniature pyramid or trapezium. They were, as far as we know, commonly erected in pairs at the entrance of the temples, evidently serving there in the capacity of guardians. The stone was polished to a high state of perfection, and the inscriptions added in intaglio-relievo by skilled stone-cutters under the direction of scribes. Whether the figures of these inscriptions were filled out with copper or gold, as some maintain, is extremely doubtful.

With the pyramidion it was different. While its usual dedicatory inscriptions remained undoubtedly as they were chiseled, the point or apex seems to have been surmounted by gold or gilded bronze. The sun would naturally in the early morning first touch with its rays this point and bathe it in splendor. It would appear from extant obelisks that, in order to have the gold added, the {19}stone apex was not brought out to a fine point, but left rugged and incomplete. Yet this unevenness may also have been the result of time and the abrasion caused by the sand of the desert. We know of the Obelisk of Karnak, erected by queen Hatasu, that the apex of its pyramidion was covered with "pure gold", as the inscription on the obelisk itself states. Others, again, were covered with copper; for instance, the two obelisks of Heliopolis, of which but one remains now, which were seen in this condition by St. Ephraim Syrus (308 A. D.), Denys of Telmahre (840 A. D.), and a number of Arabic writers.

It is a very interesting fact, that in the inscriptions of the vth and vith dynasties in Memphis the obelisk has a curious shape, being represented by a short and singularly unproportional shaft on a high and wide pedestal, and crowned at the point of the pyramidion by a large disk of the sun. This figure, in the first place, closely resembles a pyramid or a combination of the pyramid and the obelisk, almost forcing on us the assumption that the obelisk grew out of the pyramid, and, in the second place, the disk of the sun plainly refers to the mystic sun-worship for which the obelisk primarily served as an index finger.

The sides of the obelisk were always intended to be inscribed, for they were to record the deeds and praise of a Pharaoh. That some obelisks have come down to our days without inscriptions is due to the fact, that the monarch who ordered them died, and his successor either would not spend the money on the monument of a predecessor to have it inscribed, or deemed it sacrilegious to put his own name on what did not belong to him. We find filial piety displayed only by Thothmes IV., who would not allow the monument of his great predecessor, Thothmes III., to lie half-finished in the {20}quarry, but erected it, not, however, without succumbing to the sore temptation of adding his own name and using two thirds of the space of the whole obelisk. This is at present the Lateran Obelisk in Rome. Whether the obelisks were inscribed before being erected, or vice versa, cannot now be determined. From some uninscribed specimens we should infer that they were inscribed when in their proper position, while from the Lateran Obelisk we could draw the conclusion that they were first completed in all details before they were erected.

The obelisks, as soon as they had been finished to the satisfaction of Pharaoh, were placed in pairs on pedestals in front of the pylons or lofty entrances of the temples. The pedestals were either, as in the case of the New York Obelisk, composed of one solid block of stone, or else of a foundation of closely fitting blocks or a layer of stones.

One effect of the removal of the obelisks by the Romans was to break off the edges at the bottom, so that {21}there was reason to fear that re-erection would not make them safe. To obviate this danger, they placed bronze crabs at each corner to fill out the gaps. Why they should have hit upon the form of the crab or scorpion is not very evident. Perhaps they chose the crab from a religious point of view, in order to conform to the curious religious doctrines and superstitious notions entertained by the Egyptians under the Ptolemies, and elucidated by the inscriptions and papyri of that time.

§2. The word "obelisk" comes from the Greek signifying a "pointed instrument", and is, in turn, derived from another Greek word obelos "a spit". Afterwards this name was applied to a "pointed pillar", on account of the latter's resemblance to a spit. By the Egyptians the obelisk was called

tekhen. This word occurs quite frequently in inscriptions, especially on the obelisks themselves, where the "determinative"

alone is given without the literal complement, that is, the spelling.

The pyramidion of the obelisk, on the other hand, was called benben by the Egyptians. The prominent part played by it in the mysteries of sun-worship is attested by the inscription of king Piankhi (about 700 B. C.), for in it is mentioned the

(ha-t benben-t), "the temple of the pyramidion" in Heliopolis. The inscription tells us in this connection the following story: "His majesty entered the temple of Rā and his divine sanctuary with profound veneration. The first high-priest offered up a prayer to god in the star-chamber to ward off misfortune from the king, placed on his brow the fillet, and purified him with frankincense and holy water. Flowers of the temple of the pyramidion were brought to him and blossoms were given to him. He ascended the stairs to the grand niche to see the god Rā in the temple of the pyramidion. Such was done by the king himself. His {22}chieftains stood apart, while he drew back the bolt, opened the door, and saw his father Rā in the temple of the pyramidion resting in the Māād-boat of Rā and the Sektet-boat of Tum. He then closed the doors and put on them clay and sealed them with the king's own ring." The frequent mention of the pyramidion and the evident importance attached by the king to his visit to this sanctuary plainly show that there was a deep signification lying hidden beneath the strange upper part of the obelisk. In it the Rising Sun, Râ, and the Setting Sun, Tum, find their mutual points of contact.

§3. The dimensions of the obelisks which have come down to us vary very much. By consulting the list on pages 9-11 it will be seen that at present the height ranges between 2 to 105 feet. As has already been mentioned, the largest obelisks date back to the time when Egypt entered upon, or was already in, its golden age, that having been the time when the Pharaohs could erect monuments worthy of their reign. Before that time, when they served as grave-stones, the obelisks were of a comparatively small size. Still we find some very large specimens under later dynasties, as for instance that of Psametik II. on the Monte Citorio in Rome, which is 71 feet high, while that of the Ptolemies in Philæ, which is only a fragment, measures 33 feet. The Romans also erected large monoliths, Domitian's obelisk on the Piazza Navona in Rome being 54 feet, and that of Hadrian on the Monte Pincio 30 feet high. Constantine the Great erected the large obelisk at Arles in France, measuring 56 feet, which may have possibly been taken out of a French quarry.

There must have been some fixed rule for determining the thickness of an obelisk when the length was given. According to a measurement of all the obelisks we may state, that the base was generally 1⁄9 to 1⁄11 of {23}the entire length. Thus the New York Obelisk is 7 ft. 9¼ in. by 7 ft. 8¼ in. at the base, which is about 1⁄9 of the entire length (69½ ft.). The obelisk of Hatasu is of a somewhat different proportion, the thickness at the base being only 1⁄13 of the total length. The obelisk with the thickest base is that which is still in the quarry at Assuan, the base measuring 11 ft. 1½ in. by 11 ft. 1½ in.

That monuments of such height and thickness weigh a great deal is self-evident. Our New York Obelisk would tip an adequate scale at the figure: 448,000 pounds. Eight of the extant obelisks, however, weigh still more, the heaviest being that of Assuan which, if it had ever been erected, would weigh 1,540,000 pounds, having for a second the Lateran Obelisk in Rome with 1,020,000 pounds.

§4. The material of which the obelisks are made is the granite of Syene. It was preferred by the Egyptians on account of its wonderful hardness, durability, lack of flaws (the so-called maladie de granite), and its reddish color. It is really the amphibole-granite, but is commonly called Syenite from the name of the place where it is found. Although flaws in it are of rare occurrence, they nevertheless sometimes appear in the obelisks. Whenever they were discovered after the block was detached from the native rock, they did not render the stone by any means worthless, as the Luxor Obelisk in Paris has proved. This had a crack in it at the base from the day of its erection in Thebes, which, when pinned by the Egyptians with a wooden plug at that early time, has not since then interfered in the least with the strength or stability of the obelisk.

The supply of this hard granite was and is still inexhaustible, being massed up in immense mountains in various parts of Egypt. It is found in the eastern desert near Thebes. Egyptian monuments also record the quarrying of stone at Hammamât, on the road to Kossêr. {24}It is, however, found best in the vicinity of the First Cataract and, as the name "Syenite" indicates, especially at Syene (Assuan). This city, of some importance under the Pharaohs, was called Syêné by the Romans, and

Sun-t by the Egyptians. It is situated opposite the island of Elephantine, called by the Egyptians

Âbu-t ("the ivory-city"), the most northerly island in the First Cataract, forming the southern boundary of ancient and modern Egypt. Where the chisel and the tools of the stone-cutters were kept in constant use, where men formerly battled with the stubborn rock, and most of Egypt's monuments were cut and embellished—no sound now greets the traveler. The place is deserted, itself a monument of an ancient people's diligence and perseverance.

§5. The question as to the invention of that wonderful, simple, yet strange figure we call obelisk, can be answered without hesitation. The invention belongs wholly to the Egyptians. As has been pointed out before, the people of the IVth and Vth dynasties already made use of this form of monument. Perhaps its first appearance dates back even further, although no such old obelisks exist to warrant this assumption.

The next question to be answered is: to what use were the obelisks put? The ancient dynasties did not use them for ornament's sake, as the tomb would hardly be a suitable place for works of art that were to be admired. They originally served as memorial tablets and tomb-stones. Afterwards their surpassing beauty as monuments of art was perceived, and they were placed in pairs in front of the gates and pylons of the temples for ornament. They broke the monotony of the straight and peculiar Egyptian style of building, and by their apparently thin and column-like appearance set off to {25}advantage the massive and ponderous structures round about. A position in front of the temples was certainly the very best which could be assigned to them, and it can therefore be no matter of surprise, that the Pharaoh sought to commemorate his victories and virtues on such splendid tablets. We find the king in most cases use all the available space on the obelisk, and whenever he did not use all of it, another would be sure to add his own glorious name and deeds to those of some predecessor. We consequently find some obelisks that bear the inscriptions of as many as three different rulers; for instance, the Lateran, London, and New York Obelisks. These inscriptions would effectually serve the purpose of history, if they recorded events of vast political importance, but, unfortunately, of obelisk-inscriptions still extant, none are dated after the manner of other historical monuments.

The Romans immediately recognized the artistic merits of the obelisks, though they were perhaps more struck by their grandeur and elegance than anything else, and carried off many of them as trophies to sunny Italy. They adorned Rome with them, where, with all their rents and fractures, and after all the injury by the hand of man and havoc of the elements, the obelisks still baffle the ravages of time in the "City of the Seven Hills". As a "smart" people, however, the Romans tried to utilize them in some way: so they hit upon the idea to make them serve as sun-dials. Augustus experimented to this end with the obelisk now on the Monte Citorio in Rome, but, as he was not successful, this project was entirely abandoned.

CHAPTER IV

The most interesting point to be touched upon in our further investigation concerning obelisks is undoubtedly that with regard to their meaning and signification, or, in other words, what the mind of the Egyptian priest saw expressed under the figure of an obelisk. This leads us into the religion and mythology of a nation that had some very lofty conceptions of life, death, and eternity. The objects which called forth such thoughts were pre-eminently the obelisk and the pyramid, the former representing life in the sunshine of glory, the latter death in the darkness of passing night.

In the cosmogony of the Egyptians the Sun plays the most important part. Its birth is thus aptly described from the monuments by Prof. Dr. H. Brugsch: "In the beginning there was no heaven or earth. A boundless water, shrouded in dense darkness, made up the universe. This held in its bosom the male and female germs or beginnings of the future world. The divine primeval spirit, inseparable from the matter of the primitive water, felt a longing after creative power, and his word called into being the world, whose figure and variegated form had already manifested themselves to him. Its corporeal outlines and colors corresponded, in consequence of their derivation, to Truth, that is, to the exact intention of the divine spirit with reference to his future work. The {27}first act of creation consisted in the formation out of the primitive water of an egg, from which the light of day (Rā 'the sun') proceeded, which animated everything in the world. In this rising sun is embodied the almighty divinity in its grandest manifestation".

This new-born deity was destined to become greater than its parent, and to receive adoration in all its many phases. The path of the sun was frequently compared to the life of a man from infancy to old age. Hence the sun was called a boy in the morning, a youth in the midday, and an old man in the evening (

khrud "boy",

ḥunnu "youth",

ȧau "old man"). The most common names of the sun, however, which constantly recur on the innumerable Egyptian monuments are

Rā and

Tum, the former representing the sun in all its glory in the morning and at noon, the latter the sun when it has completed [tum] its course and leaves the earth in darkness. Thus the inscriptions frequently speak of

(Rā em ubenef) "Râ when he rises" [whence perhaps the royal title in the stelé of Abusimbel:

(uben) "the glorious rising sun"], and of

(Tum em ḥōtepef) "Tum when he sets".

The obelisk was erected in honor of the sun in all its phases, both when rising and when about to set. The pyramids, on the other hand, symbolizing the sun after it had set, were always built in the region of darkness and death on the western bank of the Nile, and had only to do with Tum, the setting sun. Here, in the domain {28}of Tum, the bodies of the departed were to rest securely until the light of an eternal morning should wake them again and endow them with the splendor of the rising sun, which also set in the west, entered the lower regions and bowels of the earth or Hades (the Egyptian

Ȧ-menti), and again victoriously left its dark dungeon to break forth in its usual glory.

The various phases of the sun in its passage over the heavens are even represented by pictures on the monuments. The sun of morning is pictured as a hawk-faced deity (Horus) crowned with the snake-encircled disk of the sun, called Rā-Hor-Khuti; {29}the sun of noon as the same deity wearing the double crown of Egypt, called Hor or Hor-Khuti; the sun of evening as a human-faced deity with the double crown of Egypt, called Tum or Atum; and the invisible sun of night as a human-faced deity with the sacred scarab above it, called Kheper or Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. These four deities also represented the beginning of the four seasons of the year: the vernal equinox, the summer solstice, the autumnal equinox, and the winter solstice. Some other names and forms under which the sun was worshiped are, besides the above, Amen-Rā (in Thebes), Sebek-Rā (in Ombos), and Khnum-Rā (in Elephantine).

All this proves the vast and supreme importance attached to the sun by the ancient Egyptians. But why should they have selected the sun as their principal deity? All the pictures, in which the sun or the sun-god is represented, give us the answer. On them it will be noticed that each deity holds in one of its hands the sign

(ānkh) meaning "life", and in a tomb at Tel-el-Amarna we find the sun represented with rays terminating in human hands and touching the lips of Amenophis IV. and his wife with the sign

. As all nature receives its life from the light of the sun, so all human beings obtain their life and their subsistence from the same source. Therefore Pharaoh and his people would {30}turn to the heavenly orb each day with prayer and adoration, asking of it the blessing and gift of life here on earth, and the life to come in Amenti or Hades. The sun is to them the giver of life, strength, health, existence, and all happiness. It is for this reason, that the finest productions of the Egyptian scribes are the grand hymns addressed to the sun, the tutelary god of Egypt.

Having called attention to the belief of the ancient Egyptians in the sun as their guiding and illuminating deity, it will now be necessary to consider the place the obelisk occupies with regard to it. The first thing that greets our eyes on most obelisks is the figure of a bird on the top of each column of hieroglyphs. This represents the god Horus in the form of a sparrow-hawk (

), and gives him the usual insignia, namely the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt; thus,

. Horus was a form or hypostasis of Râ, the sun, in his midday power, and is often found in the mysterious combination as Hor-Râ

and Râ-Hor-Khuti

or Hor-em-khuti

Why did the Egyptians choose the hawk as the {31}embodiment of their highest god? Perhaps on account of the lofty flight of the bird, or else because of its keen vision. In the "victory-stelé" of Thothmes III. the deity says to the king:

[Pronounced: du·ȧ ma sen hen·k em neb dema·t thet em degag·t·f er merer·f] "I let them behold your majesty like the lord of flight (hawk), grasping with his glance whatever he desires", thus combining in one verse the two explanations given above. The grandest sanctuary in which Horus was worshiped was in Edfu, where he was called

Hor-Hud·t. Horus and Râ were generally united into one deity and then represented as a hawk-faced man with the disk of the sun on his head (

). In order to proclaim this deity a ruler over the earth as well as the heavens, the picture of the hawk frequently has the double crown of Egypt (

being the white crown—

hez—of Upper Egypt and the red crown—

desher—of Lower Egypt) added to it (

), to signify that Horus is the lord of the universe.

In common with the belief of all the ancient nations, the king was considered by the Egyptians not only as a mortal but also, by reason of his exalted rank, as a god on earth. He was the essence of the divinity and styled himself "the offspring of the gods" (

mes nuter·u) or more in particular "Râ's son" or "son of the sun" (

sa Rā). Being or pretending to be the sun's son, he demanded and received the homage of his subjects as a {32}god. His person was inviolable, his command was absolute, his power was unlimited. His first act each day was to offer up sacrifice and prayer to his father, the sun, and impress this worship on his subjects.

The obelisk which was erected in honor of the sun could therefore also be used by the sun's offspring, the king, to promulgate his own worship. Inscriptions commemorating both the deity in heaven and his deputy on earth continually blend the two, the god and the king, together into one person, that we can easily find in the obelisk traces of a decided king-worship. If the enlightened age of an Alexander the Great or a Divus ("divine") Cæsar Augustus could tolerate such a thing, why should we feign surprise when we find the same thing to have happened some thousand years before their time in Egypt? It is just this one fact, the barefaced king-worship represented by the obelisk, that gives its translation such a repulsive sound to modern ears. No wonder that otherwise well-read and intelligent men turn about in amazement and ask: Can this really be the correct translation of the obelisk, why, this would turn those ancient kings of glorious renown into mere "vainglorious fools"? This conclusion is perfectly true, and consequently it is to be regretted that just such monuments as obelisks, which are a great source of attraction for the multitude, should display the poorest inscriptions that we meet with in the entire Egyptian literature. Under no circumstances must we base our estimate of the Egyptian literature on the inscriptions of the obelisks; for, on looking over the writings of this wonderful people, we would not only find ourselves most agreeably surprised, but would be constrained to admit that there is no ancient people which can boast of an equally grand and sublime literature as the Egyptian.

Summing up, we find the obelisks erected in honor of the sun-god by his son, the king, and used by him to further his own ambitious designs, glorify his own name, and turn the worship of his subjects both to himself and his sire above.

Note. Besides the frequent mention of the obelisk in the countless Egyptian inscriptions on stone, wood, leather, and papyrus, dating back to the earliest dynasties, we find the picture of two obelisks in many copies of the sacred writings of the Egyptians, the so-called "Book of the Dead" or the Egyptian Ritual. It forms part of the vignette of the first division of this book (1-15 chap.), which has mostly to do with hymns, prayers, and incantations addressed to the sun-god. No mention is made of the obelisk in the text of the Ritual. On the preceding page will be found the picture of the two obelisks on a piece of mummy-cloth in the possession of the author. The Hieratic words below the vignette form a portion of the first chapter of the Ritual.

CHAPTER V

§1. The obelisk in Central Park antedates our Christian era by more than fifteen centuries. The central columns of the four sides, being the first that were inscribed, record as the author of this monument, Thothmes III., called the Great, the greatest sovereign of that period (about 1600 B. C.). A warrior of wonderful prowess and a ruler of the highest intelligence, he put aside at an early date the leading-strings of his famous sister and co-regent, Hatasu, surnamed Makarâ, and constituted himself sole regent and law-giver. He heads the list of the kings of the xviiith dynasty. From the beginning to the end of his reign the inscriptions record his victories over foreign nations. He claims it as his order from the god Amen to extend the boundaries of Egypt. He subdues the prince of Kadesh in Upper {36}Palestine at Megiddo, and overpowers the Kharu [Syrian] and Kheta [Hittite] tribes. The Rotennu [Syrians of Mesopotamia] are conquered, Damascus falls, and Carkhemish is taken. He reaches Nineveh, the Tigris, and the Orontes, and is everywhere victorious. He claims as his own and in vassalage all of the then known world. It is he whom Pliny calls Mesphres, and of whom he says that he erected a pair of obelisks, commemorating his valiant deeds. These obelisks are at present in London and New York.

The exact time of the erection of these two obelisks cannot be determined, as they bear no date, but it must have been in the earlier part of the reign of Thothmes III., which extended from 1591 to 1565 B. C. (according to Lepsius). He ordered them at the quarry in Syene and erected them in front of the temple of the sun in Heliopolis or the Egyptian

, Ȧn. The site of this once prosperous city is now at the village of Matarîyeh near Cairo, which has no antiquities to boast of, except one erect obelisk of Usertesen I., the only vestige of the famous "City of the Sun". Here the obelisks stood for many centuries amid wonderful surroundings, guarding as it were the entrance to the sanctuary of the deity, to whom they were sacred.

They were not allowed to remain intact for a very long time, for a century is an insignificant matter when we deal with Egyptian history. Almost three centuries had passed, when a new conqueror arose, who was emulous of his great predecessor's deeds, and who envied him his renown. This was Ramses II., surnamed "the Great", {37}the "Pharaoh of the Oppression", who reigned from 1388 to 1322 B. C. (according to Lepsius). Not only in his monuments but also in his deeds he carries off equal honors with Thothmes the Great. We find the wars of former days fought over again, and always successfully, and we see his exploits recorded not only on impassive monuments of stone but also in the writings on fragile papyrus. A second Iliad by the poet Pentaûr recalls some wonderful hymns addressed amid the din of battle to his guardian deities, in particular to Amen-Râ, and gives us such a vivid picture of war as to surpass in many respects even old Homer. Ramses' most stubborn opponents were the Kheta (Hittites) with whom he negotiated a most favorable treaty after many years of war. But with all his good qualities he had one great fault, vainglory. Not satisfied with erecting obelisks, stelé, and temples with his name inscribed on them in large letters, and seeing {38}his works recorded over all the known world, he even appropriated the monuments of his predecessors and, though not guilty of erasing their names and substituting his own instead, as Thothmes III. had done on his sister's obelisk and monuments, yet he crowded his name and the story of his deeds within all the available space left uninscribed on these monuments. He had the two outside columns on each side of our obelisk inscribed, leaving to Thothmes III. besides the pyramidion only about one third of the obelisk's surface. This, of course, gave him an advantage over his predecessors, and he thereby saved the large expense and the time that would have been required for quarrying and erecting monuments of his own. He died at an advanced age after having ruled over Egypt for 67 years. His mummy, discovered in 1881, now rests in the Museum of Bulak at Cairo.

The four sides of the obelisk were now filled, and it would appear impossible for another king to have used any other part of it for his own purpose. Such is, however, not the case. Osarkon I. had chiseled into the stone at the very edges of each side in diminutive characters his own name. He was a Pharaoh of the xxiid dynasty, who lived about 960 B. C., and represents the decline of the ancient Egyptian empire.

Of the history of our obelisk since that time very little would be known except for the inscriptions found on the brass crabs at the base. From them we learn that the obelisk was taken away from its position in front of the temple of Heliopolis in the XVIIIth year of the reign of {39}Augustus Cæsar (12 B. C.) by Pontius during the prefecture of Barbarus. It was then transported to Alexandria and placed in front of the Cæsareum, the temple of the Cæsars, with the obelisk at present in London. During the transportation a large portion of the edges at the base was very badly damaged. Four large bronze crabs were then placed under the obelisk to keep it from falling over. Since this time of their erection in Alexandria tradition has associated one of them, the New York Obelisk, with the name of the monster-queen Cleopatra VI. She had, however, nothing {40}whatever to do with the removal of the obelisks as she and all her predecessors of the same name had been dead long before these were erected in Alexandria. Here both remained for many centuries until one—the present London Obelisk—fell prostrate and was left to lie half-hidden in the ground. It was subsequently taken in 1877 to England, while the other obelisk remained standing in Alexandria until 1880, when it was lowered into the steamer Dessoug, brought over to our country, and presented to New York City through the munificence of the late Mr. William H. Vanderbilt.

§2.^[1] At the time of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 the Khedive Ishmaël first suggested the removal of {41}the standing obelisk at Alexandria to the United States. This suggestion was soon spread abroad and it was estimated that for $60,000 the obelisk could be removed. As the late Mr. William H. Vanderbilt had agreed to furnish this sum, negotiations were opened with the Egyptian government in 1877 for the definite gift of the obelisk. These proved successful. Bids were then requested for its removal and the bid of the late Commander Henry H. Gorringe, U. S. N., was accepted. Mr. Gorringe went to work immediately but clearly saw that he would not be able to proceed in the same manner as others had done before him in the removal of the Luxor Obelisk to Paris or the Alexandrian to London. These were taken in tow and in this manner reached their destination. This plan could not be adopted for bringing the obelisk across the ocean. When the work of transporting the obelisk to the harbor of Alexandria was accomplished, the steamer Dessoug was purchased from the Egyptian government and in it the obelisk was carried to New York.

As soon as the news of the presentation by the Egyptian government of Cleopatra's Needle to the United States reached the ears of the foreign residents of Alexandria, a most disgraceful agitation was begun against Commander Gorringe. Everything was tried and done to embarrass him in his work, and all sorts of obstacles were put in his way. But the man at the head of the undertaking could not be intimidated. On October 27, 1879 work was begun by the removal of the earth that had accumulated around the base of the obelisk. The latter was next incased to protect its many inscriptions, and on December 6th of the same year everything was ready for turning the great monolith. This was successfully effected. Another difficulty now presented itself, how to get the obelisk to the harbor, this being on the other side of the city. The foreign residents had forbidden the use of the paved streets, by which route the obelisk would have been easily transported, and Commander Gorringe was now obliged to undertake the difficult task of bringing the obelisk around the whole city over the shallow water and the sandbanks. This he accomplished by means of a caisson. However, an unobstructed channel through the water to the dry-dock was first necessary. Divers were hired until March 1880 and employed in removing about 170 tons of granite, being the débris of former Alexandrian monumental structures. While the obelisk was being lowered the spite of the European residents was again painfully felt. Nevertheless, although with vastly increased expenses, Commander Gorringe here succeeded in his work. By this enforced method of transportation he incurred an extra expense of $21,000. When the Egyptian steamer Dessoug had been purchased and, after many delays, brought into the dry-dock, an aperture was made in its side, large enough to admit of the incased obelisk being pushed into the hold of the vessel. The side was then closed, the steamer was ready for its voyage, and the tedious work of the brave and indefatigable Commander was at an end as far as Egypt was concerned. On June 1, 1880 the vessel steamed out of the harbor with the Stars and Stripes floating in the breeze, carrying the obelisk, the pedestal, and the stones for the foundation.

On July 19, 1880 the Dessoug arrived in New York. The site where the obelisk was to stand, namely Graywacke Knoll opposite the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park, had already been selected. The foundation was completed on October 10. The large square pedestal was carted from the North River and 51st St. to the Park, and then pushed on greased planks to the place of erection. The disembarking of the obelisk, however, presented many difficulties, the most humiliating {44}being the greed of certain rich men, who refused to place their dry-docks at the disposal of the Commander for a high price which he offered, and compelled him to try Lawler's Marine Railway on Staten Island. His experiment with this was quite successfully carried out on August 21, 1880. On September 14th the obelisk was once more afloat on pontoons. On September 16th the steamer Manhattan towed the pontoons with the obelisk to the North River and 96th St. Then the land-journey began. The obelisk passed as far as the West Boulevard, down to 86th St., then through the Transverse Road No. 3 in Central Park, issued from the Park at Fifth Avenue and 85th St., and was then taken down to 82d St. Here a trestle-work was built up to Graywacke Knoll, the final resting-place of the obelisk. On December 22, 1880 the point of the obelisk was turned up this trestle-work, and on January 22, 1881 everything was ready for placing it in position on the pedestal. The crabs had been recast in the Brooklyn Navy Yard and perfectly fitted to the uneven base of the obelisk. The latter easily swung and revolved on the turning-structure, and at noon of the same day it stood in the identical position as at Alexandria. On February 22, 1881 the obelisk was formally presented in behalf of the Khedive of Egypt, through the liberality of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, to the city of New York.

The total cost of the removal of the obelisk was: for material and labor $86,603 and for incidental expenses $15,973, a sum total of $102,576. Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt paid the whole amount out of his own purse. The Congress of the United States took due notice of the wonderful feat of procuring for our country such a grand specimen of Egyptian monuments, and fitting resolutions were passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives. And certainly a sincere vote of thanks {45}will be given for his munificent gift to our late illustrious fellow citizen, William H. Vanderbilt, by everyone having at heart the honor and advancement of our city and country.

CHAPTER VI

The inscriptions of Thothmes III. comprise the four sides of the pyramidion and the central columns of the four faces of the obelisk.

The pictures of the four sides of the pyramidion here given are reproduced from the squeezes taken under the direction of Mr. Gorringe as published in his "Egyptian Obelisks". They are, however, given in their correct form, as the squeezes seem to have been taken by an inexperienced hand and a person unacquainted with Egyptological subjects. The figures seated in the squares are the gods Râ-Hor-Khuti and Tum, representing the rising and the setting sun. The former is the hawk-faced god seated on a throne, holding in his right hand the staff of power

(us "power"), and handing it to the king with the usual sign

(ânkh "life"). Besides this the disk of the sun

(râ "sun") reclines on his head. The god Tum, on the other hand, is represented in his human form, bearded and wearing a king's head-dress

, and holding in his hands the identical symbols of

"life" and

"power". In front of the gods we find in each case the king represented as an androsphinx (

) in the act of offering libation to the divinity. It must be noted that this kind of sphinx being human-faced and bearded, is always the representation of Pharaoh as the essence of the godhead.

The three vertical columns to the left above and the two below the sphinx refer to the sphinx-king, the remainder to the god Râ-Ḥor-khuti (i. e. "the sun, Horus in the horizon") and the libation in the hands of the sphinx.

i. e. This is Thothmes III., the gracious god, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], who gives eternal life.

i. e. This is the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes, the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III.

The term

neb taui "lord of the two countries" is the usual title of Pharaoh. The two countries referred to are Upper and Lower Egypt, which are still and have been from time immemorial the two provinces of Egypt. The word seems, however, to imply still more. In the pompous wording of the Pharaonic monuments it expresses the grand title of the Roman emperors: lord of the Universe.—The

du ânkh zeta "who gives eternal life" calls attention to the king's power over the life and death of all his subjects. As he himself received life from the gods, so he bestowed it on his people at pleasure.—

qa nekht "the powerful bull" is a truly Oriental expression for "the mighty hero", the bull being a symbol of strength and power. The same king is addressed by the deity in his victory-stelé, already alluded to on page 31, in the following words:

du·ȧ ma sen hen·k em qa renp men ȧb sput âbui nen han·tu·f "I let them behold your majesty like a young and stout-hearted bull whetting his horns; none can escape him."—

Us "Thebes" was the capital of Upper Egypt and the seat of government at that time.—

sa Râ "the son of Râ" is the usual title of Pharaoh which has already been explained on page 31.

i. e. This is Rā-Hor-Khuti, the great god, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], who gives him [the king] all life.

Between the god and the sphinx-king we read these words referring to the libation brought by the king:

Râ-Ḥor-khuti "the sun, the hawk of the horizon" is the name of the sun-god when in his full power at noon (see page 30).—The names of all kings are always written in oval rings called cartouches, to distinguish them more readily from other words and names in the inscriptions. The usual "divine" title of Thothmes III. is

Men-kheper-Râ (the first sign being read last), which means "the stable and creative sun". His family name, in its simplest form, is

Deḥuti-meses "child of Thoth". There are as many as 12 variants (or different readings) of this cartouche, prominent and somewhat odd among them being the following:

The most singular cartouche of Thothmes III., however, is found on our New York Obelisk on the East Face and central column (see page 56).

The three columns above to the left refer to the sphinx-king and are identical with those of the East pyramidion (page 47):

nuter nefer neb taui Men-kheper-Râ du ânkh zeta "This is Thothmes III., the gracious god, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], who gives eternal life".

The hieroglyphs below the sphinx-king are totally destroyed, but must have been the same as those on the East pyramidion (page 48):

qa nekht khâ em Us sa Râ Men-kheper-Râ "This is the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes, the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III".

The four columns above to the right refer to the god Tum, the setting sun, seated on a throne beneath. The inscription is:

i. e. This is Tum, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], the prince of Heliopolis, the great god, the lord of his temple, who gives him [the king] all life.

ḥeq Ȧn "the prince of Heliopolis" signifies as much as "the tutelary divinity of Heliopolis". This famous city was the capital of the XIIIth nome or province of Lower (Northern) Egypt bearing the same name. The name it received from the Greeks and Romans means "City of the Sun".—

Tum "Tum" was the god of the setting sun. The word is derived from the Egyptian verb

tum "to close, finish", and when referring to the sun "to set" (cf. page 27). A fuller form of the name is Atum.—

ânkh neb literally "all life" is a very concise expression for "all manner of life" and embraces every visible act of life, such as breath, animation, motion, thought, speech, pleasure, &c. The hieroglyph

, always pronounced neb, has, as can be seen from this sentence, two different meanings, "all" and "lord", which result from the primitive idea of "possession".

The inscription between the god and the sphinx-king is destroyed with the exception of the letter

[r] at the top. It must have been, however, the same as on the East pyramidion, namely:

er du·t ȧrp "As a gift (the king brings an offering of) wine".

The four columns above to the right (the last one being destroyed) refer to the sphinx-king and read as follows:

i. e. This is the gracious god, the prince of Heliopolis, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Thothmes III., who gives eternal life.

suten-kaut (pronunciation doubtful!) "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt" is the official title of the Egyptian kings and conveys the same meaning as the

neb taui "the lord of the two countries" mentioned so frequently above. Another name of the king, and one that has been embodied into our language, is

per â "Pharaoh", which is, literally translated, "the great house"; a title bearing the closest resemblance to the modern "Sublime Porte" of the Turkish sultan.

Below the sphinx is the same inscription as on the East pyramidion:

qa nekht khâ em Us sa Râ Men-kheper-Râ "This is the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes, the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III".

The three columns above to the left refer to the god Tum, who is seated below, and read:

i. e. This is Tum, the lord of Heliopolis, the gracious and great god, the lord of his temple, who gives life, stability, and strength.

The inscription between the god and the sphinx-king differs from that of the preceding pyramidions; it is:

i. e. The king pours out a libation of water in order to receive from him [the god] life.

i. e. This is the gracious god, the lord and maker of everything, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Thothmes III., who gives eternal life.

The inscription below the sphinx is identical with the one on the East pyramidion; namely,

qa nekht khâ em Us sa Râ Men-kheper-Râ "This is the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes, the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III".

The three columns above to the right refer to the sun-god Râ seated below, and read:

i. e. This is Rā-Hor-khuti, the lord of the two countries [Egypt], who gives him [the king] all life.

Râ-Ḥor-khuti "Râ-Horus in the horizon" is the title of the morning-sun, to which attention has already been called on page 30. The last sign is very frequently written

khu·t, the

showing the disk of the sun between two mountains and in the act of rising, and the

signifying "a house" or "a place". The whole group means "the house of the rising sun" or "the source of light", which is usually translated by the general term "horizon". The whole title, therefore, stands for the rising or eastern sun (cf. the picture on page 28).

The inscription between the god and the sphinx-king is partially destroyed, leaving, however, enough traces to show that it must have been identical with the one on the West pyramidion:

er du·t qebeḥ ȧr·f du ânkh "The king pours out a libation of water in order to receive from him [the god] life".

On the obelisk proper the inscriptions of Thothmes III. are contained in the central column of each face. At the top of each column, immediately below the pyramidion, we find the sign

, literally pet "heaven", which may either be taken with the next sign

Ḥor "Horus" so as to signify "the heavenly Horus", or else it may be regarded to express the wish of the Pharaoh, that heaven would protect his obelisk and proclaim its inscriptions as of heavenly origin.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes.^[2] He is the lord of the Vulture and Uræus diadems^[3], and his kingdom is established as firmly as the sun in the heavens. His name is^[4]: "He whom Tum, the lord of Heliopolis, has begotten, and who is the son of his loins, whom Thoth has brought forth"^[5], who was created by them [the gods] in the great temple of Heliopolis in the beauty of their limbs, and who knew beforehand what he would do to establish for himself an eternal kingdom. He is Thothmes III., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, beloved of the great god Tum and his circle of gods, who gives all life, stability, and strength now and for ever!

Almost the entire column on this side is in a very poor condition, the hieroglyphs being hardly discernible. The following, however, may prove to be a correct restoration of the inscription.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Rā. He is Thothmes III., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, who has made this to be his monument in honor of his father Tum, the lord of Heliopolis, and who has set up for him two^[6] large obelisks, the pyramidion being covered with gold-metal,^[7] on the first day^[8] of the thirty-year festival^[9] ..........^[10] No one has ever done what he did, the Sun's offspring, {59}Thothmes III., the beloved of Rā-Hor-Khuti, who lives forever.

The abrasion caused by the sand of the Libyan desert has effaced almost every hieroglyph on this side of the obelisk. All that can be seen is given below.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful and glorious bull [king] in Thebes. He is the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Thothmes III., who has embellished the house where he was born, .........., the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III., the beloved of Rā-Hor-Khuti, who lives forever.

i.e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, who has crowned^[11] himself with the white crown^[12], beloved of Rā. He is Thothmes III., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the golden Horus^[13], rejoicing in his strength, the vanquisher of the princes of the countries which are distant. He did this because his father Rā had so commanded him, and had then given him victories over the entire world, and had placed an abundance of power on his arm, so that he [the king] might enlarge the boundaries of Egypt. This was done by the Sun's offspring, Thothmes III., who gives all life forever.

The inscriptions of Ramses II. are found in the two vertical columns to the right and left of the central column of each face and the two horizontal lines at the base of each face of the obelisk. The inscriptions are in a much better condition than those of Thothmes III., and can be more readily deciphered. They were engraved on the stone not quite three centuries after the pyramidions and the central columns were inscribed. Even a casual observer will notice that the hawk at the top of each central column is larger than those to the right and left of it, these being crowded into the remaining space.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Rā. He is Ramses II.^[14], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Sun himself, and the child of the gods. He is master of the two countries [Egypt], the Sun's offspring, Ramses II.^[15] He is a youth glorious and beloved like Aten^[16], when he shines in the horizon. He is the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II.^[14], the Sun's offspring, Ramses II.^[15], the glorious image of Rā, who gives life.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, the son of Khepera^[17]. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the golden Horus, who abounds in years and is great in victories. He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., who issued from the Sun's loins to receive the diadems of Rā. It is he who brought forth himself^[18] as sole ruler and lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., the glorious image of Rā, now and forever.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Mā.^[19] He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of festivals, who is like his father Ptah of Memphis.^[20] He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., a god himself, the morning-star of the two countries, who is well versed in the laws and awe inspiring in his works. He is the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring Ramses II., who gives life.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, the son of Rā. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the Vulture and Uræus diadems, who protects Egypt and smites the foreign nations. He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., a kind ruler like Rā, .......... the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., now and forever.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Rā. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, who is the Sun himself and child of the gods. He is master of the two countries [Egypt], the Sun's offspring, Ramses II. .......... No one has done what he did in his father's [Tum's] house. He is the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., who gives life.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, the son of Rā. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the golden Horus, who abounds in years and is great in victories. He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., .......... He is the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., now and forever.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, beloved of Mā [Truth]. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the festivals like his father Ptah. He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., whom Rā has begotten in order to gladden Heliopolis and fill her sanctuaries with treasures. It is he who brought forth himself as lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., who gives all life now and forever.

i. e. Behold Pharaoh! He is the heavenly Horus, the powerful bull, the son of Rā. He is Ramses II., the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the Vulture and Uræus diadems, who protects Egypt and smites the foreign nations. He is the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., a king whose hands have done warlike deeds in full view of the entire world. He is the lord of the two countries [Egypt], Ramses II., the Sun's offspring, Ramses II., who gives all life now and forever.

At the bottom of each of the four faces of the obelisk are two horizontal lines of almost totally destroyed hieroglyphs. They bear the cartouches of Ramses II., and are so written as to read from the centre each way. The inscription is

i. e. Long life to the gracious god, Ramses II.!

i. e. Long life to the gracious god, Ramses II.!

Besides the three columns of hieroglyphs on each face of our obelisk, all chiseled in large and bold characters, we find at the lower end of each face near each edge inscriptions by a later king. The hieroglyphs of these inscriptions are so minute and so mutilated as to be scarcely legible. They seem to have started at the first of the lower cartouches and to have extended to the two {72}horizontal lines at the bottom of the obelisk. As each face has two of these columns, there are eight of these inscriptions on the obelisk. The last half of the inscriptions is destroyed in each case and may have been different on every column. The eastern column on the south face is the most legible one and presumably reads thus

i. e. The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Osarkon I., the Sun's offspring, Osarkon I., ..........

There is no name of any other Egyptian ruler, except the three mentioned above, inscribed on our obelisk. When the emperor Augustus, however, had the London and New York Obelisks transported to Alexandria in 12 B. C., he caused his name to be engraved on the crabs which supported them. Only two of these crabs have come down to us and are preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park. On the only remaining claw of one of the crabs are two inscriptions; on the one side in Greek and on the other in Latin, which give the names of the emperor, prefect or governor, and architect. Prof. Augustus Merriam of Columbia College has devoted some time to the study of these inscriptions and has made some very remarkable discoveries, which fix {73}the eighteenth year of the reign of Augustus as the time of the reërection of the London and New York Obelisks in Alexandria. The inscriptions are herewith given in fac-simile.

i. e. The governor Barbarus erected this obelisk in the eighteenth year of the reign of the emperor Augustus (12 B. C.). Pontius was the architect.

i. e. Barbarus, governor of Egypt, erected this obelisk in the eighteenth year of the reign of the emperor Augustus (12 B. C.). Pontius was the architect.

The Greek letter Psi (Ψ) in the first line of the Latin text seems to have been the initial of the engraver's name, who must have been a Greek, if we can draw this inference from the beautiful Greek and the poor Latin form of the letters in the inscriptions.

As a recapitulation of the translation of the Egyptian inscriptions on our obelisk, which has been given in the preceding pages, we now place the complete translation of each face of the obelisk in a very compact and simple form before our readers. The English translation will be found to correspond to the hieroglyphs, and each word can be easily picked out on the three columns of the original. All the words in Italics are to be found in the Egyptian text, while those in common Roman types are supplied so as to render the inscriptions intelligible to the reader.

CHAPTER VII

§1. On looking over the translation of our obelisk, as set forth in the preceding pages, the reader will perhaps feel disappointed in the substance of its inscriptions. These contain, as has already been stated, only laudatory phrases and vainglorious titles, and furnish us with no historical data nor anything that would be of value to scholars. People have for many centuries suspected them of an utterly different meaning, and have given them the most fanciful and ludicrous explanations. For instance, Athanasius Kircher in his "Œdipus" (published in 1650), when speaking of our obelisk, says: "It [the New York Obelisk] sets forth the activity and functions of the twelve solar genii in the world's government, which result from their protection and presence, and with what rites and ceremonies each of them must be propitiated; for each in his tour around each of the four sides keeps watch over his particular quarter of the world, which he both guards against the attack of the evil genii and preserves". All this, of course, is sheer nonsense. Besides this ridiculous explanation Kircher mentions that at the base of our obelisk were engraved the words مسلة فرعون "Pharaoh's Needle", which is both improbable and impossible, though, as a matter of fact, the obelisk always went by that name among the Arabs.

The most silly guess at a translation, however, is probably that of the Mohammedan writer Ibn-el-Vardi, who visited Alexandria and saw our obelisk there in 1340. He writes of it as follows:

"This is on it [the obelisk]: 'I, Yaﻋmer-ben-Shaddād, have founded this city, when old age did not yet overtake nor death disturb nor gray hairs trouble me, when stones were here in abundance, and men did not acknowledge masters. I have built its porticoes, and dug its canals, and planted its trees, and desired to embellish it with wonderful monuments and amazing structures. I have sent my servant El·Thabūt-ben-Marrat, the ﻋAdite, and Maqdām-ibn-El·ﻋAmr-ben-abī-Reﻋāl, the Thamūdite, the caliph, to Mount Tarīm, the red mountain, and they cut out of it two rocks and carried them both on their shoulders. Then one of the ribs of El·Thabūt having been crushed, I caused the people of my kingdom to make reparation. Now these two [obelisks] were erected for me by El·Fatan-ibn-Jārūd, the Mūtafakite, on an auspicious day.'"

The same writer then states: "And this is the very obelisk which is in the corner of the city looking toward the East, while the other is seen further in the interior of the city."

This translation of our obelisk reads very strange and was, of course, only drawn by that ancient author from his own fertile imagination. Still it shows how much importance was even at that early time attached to our monolith. Almost every traveler of note mentions it and gives a description of it. All their scattered notices help us to trace the history of our obelisk through the last few centuries, without, however, our gaining any new or important knowledge from them.

Note. It may be of some interest to know that all the old writers agree in calling the erect obelisk in Alexandria "Cleopatra's Needle"; in other words, this epithet was only applied to the New York Obelisk in Central Park. The claim of the English that their obelisk in London was ever named after the famous queen rests on no foundation whatever.

§2. When the Romans transported our obelisk to Alexandria, its base was badly damaged. That it might still be erected without planing off the surface of the stone, they filled up the cavities with lead and put bronze crabs in the corners. The reason why they should have selected the crab or scorpion (

) cannot be definitely given. It may have been due to the strange superstition of the Egyptians of the Ptolemaic period. The figure of the scorpion, the evil genius, plays an important part in the astrological and mythological inscriptions of that time. From what the Romans heard of this evil deity, and from a desire to propitiate it, they thought the crab the most appropriate ornament for the obelisk. They wished to convey a double meaning; first, that the obelisk, the emblem of the good god of light, should restrain and keep down the evil deity of darkness, and secondly, they made it appear, in order to flatter the evil genius, as though it was he who sustained the good god's throne and kept his {82}monument in proper position. Still, whatever the reason may have been, the crabs are altogether out of place beneath our monolith.

The crabs at present supporting the obelisk are new, and were cast at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. What is left of the old ones is preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park (cf. page 72). The following inscriptions were engraved on the eight claws:

REMOVED TO ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT, AND ERECTED

THERE B. C. 22 BY THE ROMANS.

[The date should be B. C. 12. Cf. page 73.]

REMOVED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A. D.

1880, AND ERECTED IN NEW YORK CITY JANUARY 22,

1881.

PRESENTED TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

BY ISMAIL, KHEDIVE OF EGYPT.

RUTHERFORD BURCHARD HAYES, PRESIDENT; WILLIAM

MAXWELL EVARTS, SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE

UNITED STATES.

THE COST OF REMOVING FROM EGYPT AND PLACING

ON THIS SPOT THIS OBELISK, PEDESTAL, AND BASE,

WAS BORNE BY WILLIAM H. VANDERBILT.

LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER HENRY H. GORRINGE,

UNITED STATES NAVY, DESIGNED THE PLANS FOR AND

SUPERINTENDED THE REMOVAL AND RE-ERECTION.

CHAPTER VIII.

Egypt, called by its former inhabitants

Qem·t, "the black land", on account of the richness and color of its soil, and by the Greeks Αἴγυπτος [Aiguptos], has been correctly and appropriately described by the ancients as "a gift of the river Nile", which flows throughout its entire length. Lying between two vast tracts of desert land, and encompassed by immense ranges of mountains, the Nile is its only source of life and means of support. The country was divided from time immemorial into two large sections, Upper and Lower Egypt. The Hebrew name of Egypt, מִצְרַיִם [Mizrayim], being a dual form, forcibly reminds us of this division. These two sections were at various times of Egyptian history independent principalities, and governed by different Pharaohs. Whenever the two sections had one and the same ruler, he was always called

suten-kaut?, "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt", Upper Egypt as the more important of the two always being mentioned first. These sections were again subdivided into "nomes" (from the Greek word νομός [nomos] "a province"), and each of them had its capital, governor, local deities, sacred animals, and sacred trees.

Upper Egypt, called by the Egyptians

pa ta res "the land of the South", began in the south at the island of Philæ and extended as far as the Delta in the north. It is called "Upper", being bounded by mountains and highlands, as opposed to the low land of the north or "Lower" Egypt. This section of the country comprised 22 nomes. Following the course of the Nile some of the principal places and cities are:

Lower Egypt, called by the Egyptians

ta meḥî·t, "the land of the flax plant" or only simply

meḥ·t, "the north", comprises the so-called Delta from the city of Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea. The Delta, intersected by the seven arms of the river Nile, was called

pa ta merȧ·t, "the land of the inundation", and was so named from its resemblance to the Greek letter Delta, Δ, our D. It was composed of 20 nomes or provinces.

OF NAMES AND TERMS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK AND PERTAINING TO EGYPTOLOGICAL SUBJECTS.

Âb, Âb·t, or Âbu·t. The Egyptian name of the city and island of Elephantine. ^{24 86}

Abusimbel. Also called Ipsambul. The ancient Aboccis or Abuncis. A place in Nubia, situated on the Nile, and famous for its stupendous rock-temple of Ramses II., the largest in the world. Each of the four statues at the entrance represents the king himself, and is about seventy feet high. ²⁷

Abûsîr. A village near the site of ancient Memphis. Here we find four pyramids, one built by Sahurâ, and another by Userenrâ, kings of the vth dynasty. This place must not be confounded with that of the same name in the Delta. ⁹¹

Abydos [pronounced ábĭdos]. The capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt. ⁸⁸

ﻋÂdite. A person belonging to the ancient Arabic tribe of Âd. [The first sign ﻋ is an Arabic gutteral which cannot be pronounced in English.] ⁸⁰

Albani Obelisk. A small obelisk of Roman workmanship, formerly in the Villa Albani near Rome, and at {94}present preserved in the Glyptothek at Munich, Germany. On it and its companion in Naples, the Borgian Obelisk, we read the Roman names Tacitus (

), Sextus (

), and Africanus (

). It was probably erected in the time of Domitian. ¹⁰

Alexander the Great, or Alexander III. The son of Philip II., king of Macedon. He was born B. C. 356 and died B. C. 323, and was one of the greatest military conquerors the world has ever seen. His triumphant entry into Egypt took place in 332, when he was welcomed by the Egyptians as their liberator from the Persian yoke. He died while preparing for an expedition against Arabia. His name in Egyptian is ^{32 91}

Alexandria. The modern name of Rhakôtis, founded by Alexander the Great in B. C. 332. Its main attractions were the tomb of Alexander, the palace of the Ptolemies, a museum, the temple of Serapis (a Græco-Egyptian deity, a combination of Osiris and the bull Apis), the world-famous Library, and the Pharos or light-house, which was 400 feet high and one of the seven wonders of the world. The city flourished until the Mohammedans gained possession of it A. D. 650. On December 22d of that year the Library was burned by Amru, the general of the caliph Omar. All antiquities in the city were then destroyed except the two obelisks and Pompey's Pillar, which have come down to us, the latter, however, being the only object of interest still in Alexandria. The city at present has nothing to attract the antiquarian as it is altogether too modern in appearance. ^{8 39 40 41 42 43 72
73 79 81 82 91}

Alexandrian Obelisk. The former name of the obelisk at present in London. It was the prostrate one at Alexandria, which had been presented to the English as early as 1820, but was removed in 1877, arriving in London on January 20, 1878. The money for its removal, amounting to £10 000, was furnished by Prof. Erasmus Wilson, of London. ^{8 10 41 81}

Alnwick Castle Obelisk. Perhaps the same as the Sion House Obelisk. It was erected by Amenophis II., and only one face bears an inscription. It was brought to England in 1840.—Alnwick Castle is situated to the north-west of the town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. ¹⁰

Ȧmen. In Egyptian

Ȧmen, "the hidden god". The Latinized form is Ammon. He was the tutelary god of Thebes, and was addressed as "the king of the gods". As such the Romans identified him with their Jupiter. He was worshiped only in Upper Egypt, and is represented on the monuments with a head-dress of two plumes or feathers, called shenti; thus

. Although at first the invisible or hidden deity, he was afterwards merged into Amen-Râ (which see). ^{35 63 87 88}

Ȧmenemḥât III. A powerful king of the XIIth dynasty. To guard against a time of drought and excessive inundation, he converted the Fayoom into a vast reservoir of fresh water, which was known to the ancients as Lake Mœris. Besides this he built two pyramids and a palace, the so-called Labyrinth, near this lake. His name in Egyptian is ⁹⁰

Ȧmen-mer-Râ-meses-su. The family name of Ramses II. ^{7
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
69 70 71}

Ȧmenôphis II. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the son and successor of Thothmes III. He reigned for about seven years, at one time besieged Nineveh, made an expedition into Mesopotamia, and conquered the desert-tribes of Asia. His tomb is at Abd-el-Qurnah in Thebes. In Egyptian his name reads ^{6 10}

Ȧmenôphis III. The successor of Thothmes IV, a king of the XVIIIth dynasty, a great warrior, a bold lion-hunter, and the builder of the two large figures (colossi) of himself in the desert to the west of Thebes, one of which was called by the Greeks the Vocal Memnon. His name in Egyptian is written ^{16 88}

Ȧmenôphis IV. A king of the xviiith dynasty, the son and successor of Amenophis III. The worship of the Sun under the form of Ȧten or Ȧten-Râ was forcibly introduced by him. His temple at Tel-el-Amarna was torn down by his successors, who considered him a heretic. His name in Egyptian is ^{29 30}

Ȧmen-Râ. In Egyptian

Ȧmen-Râ, "the hidden Sun". The supreme deity of the Egyptians and really identical with the sun-god Râ. Before the time of the XVIIIth dynasty he was worshiped as Ȧmen simply, and especially at Thebes. Some of the grandest hymns in the Egyptian literature are addressed to this god. In painted inscriptions his body is generally colored light-blue. Cf. above under Amen. ^{29 37 88}

Ȧmenti. In Egyptian

Ȧmenti, "the concealed land", and undoubtedly related to

Ȧmenti, "the West", as the Egyptians thought that the Lower World lay toward the west where the sun set. It is the region below the earth or Hades, where the departed spirits assembled, and was said to be the dominion of the god Osiris. It was divided into "the field of the blessed", called

Ȧanuru or Ȧaḥlu (the Greek Elysium), "the place of rest", called

Kher-nuter, and "the place of the condemned", called

Ruseti. In "the hall of the two Truths" the deceased was brought before Osiris, his heart weighed, and judgment pronounced on him. Besides the various gods, such as Osiris, Horus, Thoth, and Anubis, we also find here the four genii of Hades,

Ȧmseth (with the head of a man),

Ḥepi (with the head of a monkey),

Dûamutf (with the head of a jackal),

Qebeḥsenef (with the head of a hawk). To these were attached "the forty-two assessors", generally represented with the heads of various animals, who typified the negation of the forty-two {98}sins [cf. Negative Confession] of the Egyptian moral code. The book which treats in full of everything pertaining to the Egyptian Hades is the so-called Book of the Dead or the Ritual, which has been found in innumerable copies in the tombs and with the mummies. ^{28 30}

Amyrtaeus Obelisks. Two small obelisks of a king of the XXVIIIth dynasty, who revolted against Artaxerxes I., the king of Persia, but was conquered and driven into the Delta. His two obelisks, which are made of dark green basalt, are at present in the British Museum. His name in Egyptian is ¹⁰

Androsphinx. A Greek word (Ἀνδρόσφιγξ), which means "man-sphinx". This is the figure of a lion with the head of a man, and typifies the Pharaoh as the incarnation of divine wisdom. The Egyptian figure of the androsphinx is

. ⁴⁶

Animals, sacred. Zoölotria or animal-worship was carried on extensively in Egypt from the earliest times down to the Christian era. The Apis-bull was sacred to Ptah, the Mnevis-bull to Osiris, the cat to Bast, the cobra or Uræus-snake to all deities, the cow to Hathor, the crocodile to Sebek, the cynocephalus-monkey and the ibis to Thoth, the eel to Tum, the latus-fish to Isis, the frog to Heqet, the hippopotamus to Taûrt, the jackal to Anubis, the lapwing to Osiris, the lion to Sekhet, the ram to Ptah and Khnum, the scarabæus-beetle to Kheper-Râ, the scorpion to Selq, the sparrow-hawk to Horus, the shrew-mouse to Buto, and the vulture to {99}Mut. The worship of these animals was in some instances, however, confined to a province or city, for while an animal would be worshiped in one district, it would be hunted down and killed in another. Some of these sacred animals were also embalmed as mummies, especially the Apis-bull, the ibis, and the cat.

Ânkh. The Egyptian word for "life", written

. This refers to terrestrial as well as celestial life and carries with it our notion of "eternal life". The sign resembles the St. Anthony's cross, and is called the crux ansata "the cross with a handle"). It occurs in almost every Egyptian inscription and is represented as the most precious gift of the gods to man. ^{29 46}

Ȧntef the Great. A king of the XIth dynasty of whom we know almost nothing. He erected a few small obelisks and was buried at El-Assasîf in Thebes. He was a great hunter and delighted in dogs. His name in Egyptian, according to Lepsius, is ^{9 11}

Anubis. In Egyptian

Ȧnpu. He was one of the chief gods in the Lower World and was represented as a jackal-headed man. He was the deity of the embalmers and the guardian of the mummies of the dead and their tomb, whence his picture

. The Book of the Dead in the chapter on the "last judgment" portrays him in the act of weighing a person's heart on a scale with reference to Truth (

mâ). If it was found {100}wanting, the person was condemned to return to the earth as an unclean beast; if found truthful, he enters into "the fields of the blessed". The sacred animal of Anubis was the jackal. ⁸⁹

Apis. In Egyptian

Ḥep. This bull was the sacred animal of Ptah [others say Osiris], and was worshiped in Memphis. Its color was black, but on the forehead was a white spot, on its back a mark like a sickle, and under its tongue a lump of flesh similar to the sacred beetle (

) or scarab. It was worshiped for twenty-five years, when it was drowned and another Apis sought. When found, it was escorted to the temple by the priests and the rejoicing multitudes. The Apeium was the name of the temple in which it was worshiped, and the Serapeum that of the building where its sarcophagi were stored.

Ȧpiu·t. The Egyptian designation of the eastern part of Thebes or "the throne" of Amen-Râ. It was the city proper, while the western part was given up totally to the dead. Out of this word, with the prefixed feminine article

ta [ta Ȧpiu·t], the Greeks formed the word Thebes. ⁸⁸

Arabia. This country was well known to the ancient Egyptians, especially the southern part, which they called

Pun·t. In the inscriptions of queen Mâkarâ, published by Dümichen, we find the country and its precious product of spices mentioned. An active trade was carried on between it and Egypt from the earliest times. ⁸⁸

Arles Obelisk. This obelisk at Arles, a city in southern France, is uninscribed. Zoëga conjectures that it was brought to Arles by order of Constantine the Great in A. D. 315. It is very doubtful, whether this obelisk is {101}of Egyptian workmanship at all, as the rock resembles that of the quarries near by. It is now in front of the City Hall at Arles, and only contains inscriptions in honor of Louis XIV. and Napoleon III. ^{10 22}

Asia. This has no Egyptian name. The Asiatic tribes, however, gave no end of trouble to the Egyptian kings, and a continual warfare was kept up against them. Prominent among them were the Kharu, the Rotennu, the Zahi, and the Kheta or Hittites. The Hyksos were perhaps also Asiatics. ⁸⁶

Assuân. The modern name of the ancient Syene, near the southern boundary of Egypt, and situated on the First Cataract. Most of the Egyptian granite was taken from its famous quarries. Its Egyptian name is

Sun·t which may be rendered "the city which gives entrance into Egypt". ^{11 13 23 24 86}

Assuân Obelisk. The monster-obelisk still in the quarry of Syene and not yet detached from its native rock. It would have been the largest obelisk in existence. Three of its sides are finished, but have no inscriptions. ¹¹

Ȧten or Ȧten-Râ. In Egyptian

Ȧten, "the sun's disk". This deity was represented as the sun stretching out many hands which carried the symbol of life,

ânkh. At one time, under Amenhotep IV. and his queen Thiî, it became for a short time the supreme deity of Egypt, but after that was worshiped as only a form of Râ, and sank back to a secondary place. ^{62 63 89}

Atmeidan Obelisk. It was erected by Thothmes III., perhaps in Heliopolis. A single column of hieroglyphs extends down each face, and the lower end is broken off. Constantine the Great [A. D. 306-337] seems to have had it removed to Alexandria, where it remained until its transportation to Constantinople in the reign of {102}Theodosius the Great [A. D. 379-395]. It is now in the Atmeidan or Hippodrome in Constantinople. ⁹

Ȧtum. In Egyptian

Ȧtum (the last sign being here only a determinative). Another form of Tum. ^{29 51}

Augustus Caesar. The first Roman emperor whose full name was Caius Julius Cæsar Octavianus. He reigned from B. C. 30 to A. D. 14, and, besides his many grand achievements, ordered the two obelisks in Heliopolis (at present in London and New York) to be erected in Alexandria. His name in Egyptian is ^{8 25 32 39 72 73
74 82}

Autocrator. The Greek Ἀυτοκράτωρ "absolute ruler". This was a title of the Roman emperors and is our "autocrat". The Egyptians placed the word in either of the two cartouches of the emperors, and wrote it in many different ways; for instance,

(Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius),

(Caligula),

(Nero),

(Trajan),

(Caracalla), &c. ³⁹

Avaris. A city on the Bubastic branch of the Nile in the Delta, near the ancient Pelusium. Its Egyptian name was

Ḥa·t-ûar·t. It was the last fortified stronghold of the Hyksos which was besieged and taken by Aahmes I., a king of the XVIIth dynasty. ⁹²

Banner-shield. The oblong that contains the one established royal title and which, in all inscriptions of importance, must precede the cartouches,

. It occurs twelve times on our obelisk. ^{56 57 58 59 60 62 63
65 66 67 68 70}

Barbarus. A prefect or governor of Egypt. According to Prof. Merriam his full name is Publius Rubrius Barbarus. History is silent about him. ^{39 73 74 82}

Barberini Obelisk. Other designations for it are: Monte Pincio Obelisk, Veranian Obelisk, and the Obelisk della Passeggiata. It was cut in Egypt by order of Hadrian [A. D. 118-138] and erected in honor of Antinoüs, who drowned himself in the Nile in order to avert the fulfillment of an evil oracle from the emperor. Pope Urban VIII. (Barberini) found it broken in three pieces, and it was placed in its present position on the Monte Pincio in Rome by Pius VII. in 1822. It has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. ⁹

Bast. The Egyptian lion-headed goddess of love, also called Pasht or Sekhet (which see). ⁹²

Bejij. Also called Ebjij. A city in the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, whose Egyptian name was

Ḥa-Sebek, "the home of the god Sebek", the Crocodilopolis of the Greeks and Romans. ^{5 11}

Bejij Obelisk. A prostrate and broken obelisk of Usertesen I. at Bejij in the Fayoom. It resembles more a stelé than an obelisk, as it has two large and two small faces and a rounded top, which is the usual form of a stelé. ¹¹

Belzoni, Giovanni Battista. One of the most successful Egyptian explorers [died Dec. 3, 1823]. He was the first to penetrate the second large pyramid of Gizeh. ¹³

Benevento. A city of Italy, north-east of Naples. Its Egyptian spelling on the obelisks erected by the emperor Domitian is

Benemthesti. ^{8 10}

Benevento Obelisks. Two obelisks bearing the cartouche of the emperor Domitian [A. D. 81-96]. One of {104}them, having only a single column of hieroglyphs on each face, is erected in a public square, while the other is imbedded in the wall of a house in Benevento. The names of Domitian, Titus, and Lucilius Lupus appear in the inscriptions. ¹⁰

Beni-Hassan. The present name of the place where the sepulchral grottoes of the XIIth dynasty were situated. These rock-tombs were in the XVIth nome of Upper Egypt, the most famous one of them being that of

Khnum-ḥotep. ⁸⁹

Bersheh. The modern name of a place in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt, the site of many rock-tombs. ^{15 89}

Boboli Gardens Obelisk. A small obelisk at present in the Boboli Gardens at Florence, Italy. It was probably erected in Heliopolis by Ramses II. and removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius [A. D. 41-54]. How it got to Florence is not known. ¹⁰

Book of the Dead. Also called the Egyptian Ritual. A collection of chapters treating of the future state of the blessed in the realm of eternal life. It is also in part a catechism with questions and answers. Innumerable copies of it have been found written on papyrus and linen, some of them displaying beautifully executed pictures and vignettes. The first complete copy (of Turin, Italy) was published by Lepsius in 1842, the last by Naville in 1886. ^{33 34}

Borgian Obelisk. A small obelisk in the Museum of Naples, Italy, bearing a single column of hieroglyphs. It was perhaps erected by Domitian, and had an inscription similar to that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It was found at Præneste near Rome in 1791 and was formerly in the Borgian Museum at Velletri. ¹⁰

Boussard. A French engineer in the army of Napoleon I., who discovered the Rosetta Stone at Fort St. Julien in 1799. ⁹²

Brugsch, Heinrich. The greatest living Egyptologist and disciple of Lepsius. He was born in Berlin on Feb. 18, 1827, and is at present Professor of Egyptology in the same city. ²⁶

Bubastis. Now Tel-Basta. The capital of the XVIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, the פִּי־בֶסֶת, Pī-Bēseth, of the Bible (Ezek. xxx: 17), and called by the Egyptians

Per-Bas·t, "the home of the goddess Bast". The temple of this deity, the goddess of love, is now a mass of ruins. ⁹²

Bûlâk. The port of Cairo. Here is the famous "Musée Boulaq", the national Egyptian Museum, founded by the French Egyptologist Mariette (died 1881). ³⁸

Busiris. Now Abu-Sîr, situated about half-way down the Damietta branch of the Nile. The capital of the IXth nome of Lower Egypt, called in Egyptian

Per-Usȧr·t, "the house of Osiris", and by the Copts glyph

[Pûsiri], whence the Greek Busiris. ⁹²

Byzantium. An ancient Greek city on the Bosphorus, now occupied by the city of Constantinople. It was founded about B. C. 667, and was for a long time the capital of the Eastern Greek Empire. ⁸

Caesar. At first the surname of the Roman gens (or house) Julia, but after the time of Augustus the title of the Roman emperors. The word was applied indiscriminately to all the emperors, but stands for Augustus on our obelisk-crab. ^{73 74 82}

Caesar-ânkh-zeta-Ptaḥ-Ȧs·t-mer. The family name of the emperor Augustus (which see). ³⁹

Caesareum. A temple in Alexandria dedicated to the {106}Roman emperors, where divine honors were paid them. ³⁹

Cairo. The capital of Egypt, situated twelve miles above the place where the Nile resolves itself into its seven branches. It was founded about A. D. 973 on the site of the former town of Fostât (الفسطاط). The stones of ancient Memphis helped to build up the city. The Arabic name of Cairo is El-Kâhira (القاهرة "the victorious city"). ^{1 5 11 36 38 90
91}

Cairo Obelisk. This is said to have formed part of a gate-way in Cairo. It has now disappeared, but may be identical with one of the Amyrtæus Obelisks. ¹¹

Caligula, Caius Cæsar. The third Roman emperor (A. D. 37-41), whose name in Egyptian is ⁸

Caliph. A title of a high dignitary among the Mohammedans. The Arabic form is خليفة Khalīfa, which means "the successor of the Prophet (Mohammed)". ⁸⁰

Cambyses. A king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 527 B. C., overthrowing and putting to death Psametik III. He was a ruthless destroyer of Egyptian monuments and acted like a demoniac. His name is ¹

Campensis Obelisk. Also called the Monte Citorio {107}Obelisk in Rome. It stood formerly on the Campus Martius, whence its name. Erected by Psametik II. in Heliopolis, and removed by the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. to Rome, it was found broken in five pieces in 1748, and was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1792. Unlike the other obelisks it has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. ⁹ (²⁵)

Carkhemish. A city on the Euphrates and the capital of the vast Hittite empire, now called Jerablûs. It is also mentioned in the Bible (Isa. x:9; Jer. xlvii:2; II Chron. xxxv:20). Many important battles were fought at this place. On the Egyptian monuments it is called

Karukamsha. ³⁶

Cartouche [pronounced kartoósh]. An oval ring or seal containing the Pharaoh's name. The Egyptian figure of it is

ren, which means "a name". Every king had two such cartouches, the first being his royal or divine name which he adopted on his accession to the throne, and the second being the family name which he bore as prince. The first is generally introduced by the phrase "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the second by "The son of Rā". The cartouches may be written in vertical or horizontal lines; thus

This is the usual form though variants are not of infrequent occurrence. These cartouches would also sometimes contain the names of gods, goddesses, queens, princes, and princesses, when the phrases introducing them were changed accordingly. [Also spelled cartouch.] ^{36 37 38 39
49 57 71}

Catania Obelisk. A small obelisk standing on a stone elephant and set up in front of the Cathedral in {108}Catania, Sicily. It is only a Roman imitation, having eight sides and four columns of hieroglyphs in all. ¹⁰

Cataracts of the Nile. There are a number of cataracts formed by the Nile, where it passes over rocks and boulders, the largest and longest being the First Cataract. This forms the southern boundary of Egypt, and lies between Syene and Philæ. ^{24 86}

Chronology, Egyptian. The ancient Egyptian chronology is hopelessly tangled. Some of the dates may be correct, especially those of the later dynasties, but when we turn to the early history of Egypt we are confronted by such a confusion of facts and dates, that makes the fixing of dates for the earlier dynasties an impossibility. There is a difference of more than 3000 years between the dates assigned by various Chronologists to the reign of the first king of Egypt, Menes; Böckh setting it down as B. C. 5702, Unger as 5613, Mariette and Lenormant as 5004, Brugsch as 4455, Lauth as 4157, Lepsius as 3892, Bunsen as 3059, Poole as 2717, and Wilkinson as 2691. No scheme of chronology can be deduced from the monuments, for the ancient Egyptians cared nothing about history, a fact that is proved by the carelessness with which they recorded historical events. The big numbers above result from the supposition that the various dynasties reigned in succession, while some were undoubtedly contemporaneous. An important list of kings together with their dates, written in the third century B. C. by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, has come down to us. We herewith give his list as systematized by Lepsius.

Manetho's list ends with this dynasty, the names of the following dynasty having been added by some other writer. All the names here given in parentheses are from his list.

Egyptian history ends here as far as the monuments are concerned, for Decius is the last Roman emperor mentioned by them. Prominent among the succeeding emperors are Gallienus, Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian, Constantine the Great, Constantius, and Theodosius the Great. The emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantines, rule over Egypt from A. D. 395 to 638. The Mohammedans then conquer the country in 638, and have remained in possession until now. One of the best of these rulers or Khedives was the late Ishmael Pasha.

"City of the Seven Hills." A designation of Rome which was originally built on seven hills. ²⁵

"City of the Sun." The translation of the Greek word Ἡλιούπολις [Hêliûpolis], which is An or Heliopolis. ^{36 51}

Claudius. The fourth Roman emperor (A. D. 41-54). His full name is Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus. In the Egyptian inscriptions he is called ⁸

Cleopatra II. The sister and wife of Ptolemy VII. Philometor, and afterwards wife of her brother Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. She reigned with them at intervals, {112}but all by herself from B. C. 130 to 127. Her name and that of Ptolemy IX. on the Obelisk of Philæ were the first that were read after the discovery of the Egyptian alphabet by François Champollion. Her Egyptian name is ⁷

Cleopatra VI. The famous and infamous queen after whom the New York Obelisk is named, though incorrectly. She was born B. C. 69, married her brother Ptolemy XIV. in 52, combined with Julius Cæsar in 49, and dethroned her brother who was soon after that drowned. In 47 she married her second brother Ptolemy XV. whom she poisoned in 44. She then made her own son by Julius Cæsar, Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion, co-regent with herself, but, falling in love with Mark Antony, killed her son and placed her lover on the throne in 37. At the very height of her power she was vanquished by Octavius, who became afterwards the emperor Augustus, and died with Mark Antony in 30 B. C. Her Egyptian name is ^{39 40}

"Cleopatra's Needle." The usual designation of the New York Obelisk. ^{8 10 41 42 81}

Colossus. A Greek word Κολοσσός, "a gigantic statue". ¹⁵ Colossi of thebes. The two colossal statues of Amenophis III., one of them being the Vocal Memnon. Besides them there are at Thebes several others, notably of Ramses II. (Luxor and Karnak) and of Ramses III. {113}(Medînet-Habu). Other colossal figures of Ramses II. are found at Mitrahîneh [Memphis] and, wrought into the rock, at Abusimbel. ^{16 89}

Constantine the Great. The first Roman emperor of that name and the introducer of Christianity into the whole empire. He was sole ruler of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires from 323 to 337 A. D. ^{8 10 22}

Constantinople. The capital of the Turkish Empire, founded by Constantine the Great 330 A. D. on the site of the ancient Byzantium. It is called in Turkish Istambûl استانبول. ⁸

Constantius II. A son of Constantine the Great who was sole ruler of the Roman Empire from 351 to 361 A. D. ⁸

Coptic Language. The name given to the Egyptian language [Coptic being an abbreviation for Egyptic] in use at the time of the Romans and spoken until the seventeenth century of our era. There were three dialects, the Sahidic (of Upper Egypt) and the Memphitic and Bashmuric (of Lower Egypt). The language was almost exclusively used by the Christian Copts. The alphabet is the Greek with some changes in the form of the letters and six additions from the Hieroglyphic. This is the alphabet: ⁹⁰

Coptos. The capital of the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, {114}the modern Kuft قفط. Its Egyptian name was

Qebti·t. ⁸⁸

Corfe Castle Obelisk. This was one of the two obelisks in front of the temple of Isis at Philæ and was erected by Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy IX. It has one column of inscriptions on each face and the cartouches of these sovereigns. Below is a very long Greek inscription which enabled Champollion to read these cartouches. The obelisk was removed in 1815 by Belzoni to England, and is at present in Corfe Castle, Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire. ¹⁰

Crab. In reality the scorpion, which was the symbol of the goddess Selq, a form of the goddess Isis. Its name in Egyptian is

serk or

serq. It must have been quite extensively worshiped in Dakkeh, Nubia, which received from it the name

Peserk·t, the ancient Pselcis. In Ptolemaic times the crab or scorpion seems to have been identified with the evil genius. ^{21 38 39 81}

Crocodilopolis. The capital of the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, the Ḥa-Sebek of the Egyptians, now Bejij in the Fayoom (which see). ^{5 11 90}

Crowns of Egypt. To correspond with the divisions of Egypt there were two crowns; the one called ḥez "the white one" (

), signifying Upper Egypt, and the other desher "the red one" (

), signifying Lower Egypt. Whenever the king ruled over all Egypt these two crowns were joined into one

, which was called

sekhen·t in Hieroglyphic, but in Demotic, with the prefixed article pe, pskhent, or the Greek word ψχὲντ [pskhent]. This crown was worn by kings and gods. ^{31 60}

Damascus. The capital of Syria. It is called in the Bible דַּמֶּשֶׂק [Dammêseq], in Arabic دمشق [Dimashku], {115}and in Egyptian

Themesqu, and was the extreme limit of the conquest of Thothmes III. in northern Palestine. ³⁶

Damietta. A small town situated between the Damietta branch of the Nile and Lake Menzaleh, and at present called Dumyât. It is perhaps the site of the ancient Egyptian

Ḥa·t-nebes·t. ⁹²

Dashûr. A village near the site of the ancient Memphis and only a short distance from a number of small and two large pyramids. ⁹¹

Deḥuti. The ibis-faced god whose name is written in Egyptian

Deḥuti. The usual way of writing this god's name is Thoth (which see). ⁵⁶

Deḥuti-meses. The family name of Thothmes III. in its simplest form. ^{49 58 60 61}

Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu. One of the variants of the family name of Thothmes III., which means "the child of Thoth, beautiful in his transformations". ^{58 60 61}

Delta. The northern part of Egypt or Lower Egypt lying around the seven branches of the Nile. This part of the country forms a vast triangle and, because of its resemblance to their letter D [Δ Delta], was called by the Greeks "the Delta". Its Egyptian name is

pa ta merâ·t, "the land of the inundation". ^{84 90}

Demotic. The third kind of Egyptian writing which was formerly also called "enchorial" or indigenous. It was the simplest form in which the Egyptian picture-characters were written, and was introduced in the reign of Psametik I. [7th century B. C.]. Being read from right to left like the Hieratic, it was employed for the same class of literary work as this. The ease, however, {116}with which it could be written made it most suitable for every-day use, and it supplanted the Hieratic almost completely. It was itself superseded in the time of the Roman emperors by the Coptic (which see). It was called in Hieroglyphics (on the Rosetta Stone)

sekhi en shâî "writing of the books".

Denderah. The capital of the VIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian

Ȧn·t, "the city of pillars", or

Ta-en-ta-rer·t, "the city of {117}the province encompassed by a wall" or

, &c., Ta-rer·t, the Greek Tentyra. The goddess Hathor or Venus was worshiped here in one of the most magnificent temples of Egypt. ⁸⁸

Denys of Telmahre. Or Dionysius Tell-Mahrâyâ. A native of Tell-Mahrê, a village near the junction of the rivers Euphrates and Balîkh in Syria, not far from Antioch. He was patriarch of the Jacobites (818-845 A. D.) and a great Syriac writer. ¹⁹

Dêr-el-baheri. "The northern monastery." A place opposite Thebes on the western bank of the Nile, famous for the magnificent temple of queen Hatasu. Here were discovered in 1881 the mummies of many kings and queens, and among them those of the great Pharaohs Thothmes III., Seti I., Ramses II., and Ramses III. ⁸⁸

Diadems. Besides the crowns (cf. page 114) there are two diadems always specially mentioned, which also refer to the Pharaoh's power and rule over Upper and Lower Egypt, the diadems of the Vulture and the Uræus snake or cobra, expressed thus:

[pronunciation very uncertain!]. Some other forms of royal head-gear or diadems were the helmet

kheperesh, the

or the simple head-dress, and most of the crowns with which the gods are represented. ^{56 57 70}

Domitian. The eleventh Roman emperor (81-96 A. D.), whose name in Egyptian is ^{5 7 8 9 10 22}

Drah-abul-Neggah. The modern name of a portion of the necropolis of ancient Thebes on the western bank {118}of the Nile with many royal tombs of the XIth, XVIIth, and beginning of the XVIIIth dynasties. ^{9 11 88}

Drah-abul-Neggah Obelisks. Two obelisks found at this place, near Thebes, in 1878, each broken into several pieces. They belong, perhaps, to the XIth dynasty, and would then be next to the Lepsius Obelisk the oldest in existence. ^{9 11}

Dümichen, Johannes. One of the triad of the greatest living Egyptologists [the two others being Brugsch and Ebers]. He is at present Professor of Egyptian in the University of Strassburg, Alsace. (The author's teacher.) ^{61 100}

Dynasty. A set of kings belonging to one family. For a list of the thirty-four Egyptian dynasties, see under: Chronology.

Edfu. Modern name of the Apollinopolis of the Greeks and Romans, or the Egyptian

, Deb·t, "the city of transfixion" or

, Ḥud·t, "the city of the winged sun-disk". It was the capital of the IId nome of Upper Egypt, its local deity being Horus, who was identified by the Greeks with Apollo, the sun-god; whence the city's name. ^{31 87}

Egypt. The oldest empire of the world, comprising the north-east corner of Africa and extending from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean Sea. Its modern name is مصر [Misr], and some of its Egyptian names are

, Qem·t,

, Beq·t,

, Mer·t, &c. It was the seat of the first civilization and in its golden age—in the time of the XIXth dynasty—the mistress of the world. At present it has lost all its prestige and is being ruined by Mohammedan misrule. For its divisions, &c., see pages 84 to 92.

Eileithyiapolis. The Greek name of the Egyptian city

Nekheb·t, "the city of the goddess Nekheb", a deity whom the Greeks identified with their Eileithyia (the goddess of childbirth) and the Romans with their Lucina. It was the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt. ⁸⁷

Electrum. The name given by the ancients to an alloy of gold (4 parts) and silver (1 part). Some consider the so-called Egyptian gold-metal

, usem, to be identical with it. ⁵⁹

Elephantine. [Pronounced Elefanteenay.] The Greek name of the town and island in the first nome of Upper Egypt, opposite Assuân. The Egyptian name (which the Greeks only translated) is

, Âb or Âb.t [Âbu·t], "the ivory island or city". The cataracts of Elephantine, called

, qerti, were regarded by the ancient Egyptians as the source of the Nile. ^{4 24 29 86}

El-Khargeh. The present name of the oasis to the west of Thebes, called in the inscriptions

, Kenemti, "the wine-land". It formed at one time a part of the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt. In it stood a large temple of Amen-Râ. ⁸⁹

El-Lahoon. A village close to the Fayoom, the site of the pyramid of Amenemhât III. (according to Lepsius) or Usertesen II. (according to Brugsch). The modern name is derived from the Egyptian

, Ruḥun·t, "the mouth of the canal." ⁹⁰

El-Tineh. The modern name of the ancient Thinis, the {120}Egyptian

, Theni·t, the first capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt, which was at one time a very important city and the home of the first two Egyptian dynasties. ⁸⁹

Elysium. The Greek Ἠλύσιον [êlûsion]. The abode of the blessed or the "Elysian Fields", called in Egyptian Ȧanuru or Ȧaḥlu (see page 97).

Erment. The present name of the ancient Hermonthis or the Egyptian

Ȧn-menth, "the city of the pillar of the god Menthu", the capital of an independent district to the west of the IVth nome of Upper Egypt. ⁸⁷

Esmeade Obelisk. An obelisk formerly in the Esmeade garden near the Porta del Popolo in Rome and only a Roman imitation. ¹¹

Esneh. The present name of the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian

Ȧnî·t or

Seni·t. Its sacred animal according to Strabo, a Greek geographer, was the fish Latus (cf. page 98), and its chief deities were Khnum and Neith. The ancients named the city Latopolis. ⁸⁷

"Eternal City." A classical expression for the city of Rome, which was said to have been founded by the gods and to be under their constant protection. ⁵

Fayoom. The modern name of the tract of land which lay formerly in the XXth and XXIst nomes of Upper Egypt, south-west of the Pyramids. Its local deity was the crocodile-faced god Sebek, whence its name among the ancients, Crocodilopolis. In it is the famous Lake Mœris, as well as the Labyrinth and the pyramids of El-Lahoon and Meydoom. In Arabic the name is written الفيوم [el-fayûm]. ^{4 5 89}

Flaminian Obelisk. Also called the obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo, in Rome. It was erected in Heliopolis by Seti I., and re-erected by the emperor Augustus in the Circus Maximus in Rome. After it had fallen Pope Sixtus V. removed the pieces of the obelisk and set them up in the present position [in 1589]. The inscriptions are by Seti I. and Ramses II.; the latter having appropriated the greater portion. From this obelisk the priest Hermapion (4th century A. D.) made the first attempt to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The result of his investigations appears extremely ridiculous to us at the present day. ⁹

Florence Obelisks. Two small obelisks with two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. They are at present in the Egyptian Museum at Florence. ¹⁰

Gizeh. The site of the monster-pyramids and the Sphinx. It is situated in the former Ist nome of Lower Egypt, and was the necropolis of ancient Memphis. ^{4 91}

Greece. The first mention of the Greeks in history is in the inscriptions of the temple of Karnak, in which an incursion by them into Egypt at the time of Menephthah I. [XIXth dynasty] is described. The tribes mentioned there are the Akaüsha (Achæans), the Tursha (Etruscans), the Luku (Lycians), the Sharutana (Sardinians), and the Shakalusha (Sicilians). On the Rosetta Stone the Greeks are called

Ḥauinebu.

Hades. The Lower World, the abode of the departed spirits. The Egyptian Amenti, which see. ^{28 30}

Hadrian. The fourteenth Roman emperor [117-138 A. D.]. On the Barberini Obelisk occur the names of his wife

Sâbina·t, Sabina, and of his {122}favorite page

Ândînes, Antinoüs. The emperor's name in Egyptian is ^{5 7 9 22}

Hammamât. In the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, near Panopolis and on the road leading from this city to Kossêr, on the Red Sea. The Greeks called it πορφυρίτης ὄρος [porphurîtês óros] "the porphyry-mountain" on account of the excellent stone that was quarried here. ^{16 23 88}

Harmachis. The Greek transcription of the Egyptian

Ḥor-em-khuti, "Horus in the two horizons". This deity represents the sun at noon. Its symbolic representation was the sphinx, and its principal sanctuary was built between the paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh in front of the Pyramid of Kheops. (³⁰)

Hatasu. Or Ḥashepes. A famous queen of the XVIIIth dynasty, the sister of Thothmes III. and at first co-regent with him. She despatched the first fleet mentioned in history to Arabia and the Somali Coast, where she obtained spices, perfumes, trees, &c. Her name in Egyptian (with masculine titles!) is ^{6 9 11 19 23 35}

Hatasu Obelisks. The two largest obelisks in Egypt, erected by queen Hatasu in Karnak. Only one of them is erect. One line of hieroglyphs extends down on each {123}of their faces, while their pyramidia were originally capped with "gold-metal". These obelisks were quarried at Assuân, removed, polished, inscribed, and erected in the incredibly short space of seven months, as their inscriptions record. ^{19 23}

Hathor. An Egyptian goddess who was represented in many ways; viz., like Isis with the disk of the sun between two horns, or with a cow's head with the disk between the horns, or as a spotted cow with plumes and the sun's disk, or as a hawk with a female face and surmounted by the horns and the disk. The Greeks identified her with their Aphrodité and the Romans with their Venus, the goddess of love. She was the special guardian of the Egyptian queens. Her hieroglyphic name is

ḥa·t-Ḥer, "the house of Horus". ⁸⁸

Heliopolis. The Greek name of the Egyptian

Ȧn, at present Matarîyeh, near Cairo, the biblical אוֹן [ôn]. It was the capital of the XIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, and one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was sacred to the sun-gods Râ and Tum. ^{1 2 4 9 10 19 21 36 51 52
53 56 57 58 69 82 91}

Heliopolis Obelisk. The only remaining and erect obelisk at Heliopolis. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face and was erected by Usertesen I. of the XIIth dynasty. Its companion fell in 1160 A. D. and has completely disappeared. Its apex was originally covered with a capping of gilded bronze, which was still seen by the Arabic physician Abd-el-Latîf in the thirteenth century A. D. ⁹

Herschel, Sir John Fred. William. A famous English astronomer. Died May 11, 1871. ¹³

Hieratic. A more cursive form of the Hieroglyphic script, with fewer characters, and signs drawn only in outline. It was mostly used for state documents, letters, and scientific and religious papyri. The form of the characters varies according to the individual handwriting of the scribe. The Hieratic, like the Demotic, is always written from right to left. It was the second kind of Egyptian writing, and its alphabet is as follows. ³⁴

Hieroglyphic. The name for the monumental language of ancient Egypt. The words are composed of hieroglyphs or "sacred carvings", which were at first quite simple but in the time of the Ptolemies became very complicated and enigmatical. The alphabet is given above under: Hieratic. Besides the simple letters there are also some two thousand syllabic signs and ideographs. The characters were written either {125}horizontally from left to right [thus in the hieroglyphic type of this book] or from right to left [thus on pages 71, 75, and 76], or else vertically, with the characters below each other, from left to right or from right to left. Hieroglyphic was the writing of the priests.

Hittites. The biblical name of an Asiatic people, the hereditary foes of the Egyptians. They were called by them Kheta, which see. ^{36 37}

Ḥor-khuti, or Ḥor-em-khuti. The sun-god at his appearance in the horizon in the morning and at noon. From this word, which means "Horus of the two horizons", the Greeks coined the word Harmachis. ^{29 30}

Ḥor-nub. "The golden Horus." This title may also be translated "the victorious Horus", referring in the first place to the victory of this god over the devil, Set (cf. page 87), and then to the personal bravery of his representative on earth, the king. ^{60 64 68}

Horus. One of the greatest of the Egyptian deities, the son of Osiris and Isis. He personified the Sun in his midday power, and his sacred bird was the hawk. He was the divine representation of the Pharaoh himself. On the monuments we find him pictured in many ways; viz.,

, &c. ^{28 29 30 31 57 58 69
60 61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 87}

Hyksos. Syrian invaders who conquered Egypt and founded the XVth and XVIth dynasties. According to Manetho (cf. page 108) the word signifies "shepherd-kings" and is probably the Egyptian

ḥeq, "prince"

shasu, "the Bedouins", whence "Bedouin prince(s)". They introduced the sole worship of the ass-headed deity Set or Sutekh (which see). They were cruel masters and were finally driven out of the country by Aahmes I. of the XVIIth dynasty (cf. page 102). ⁹²

Ibn-el-Vardi. An Arabic historian who died in the year 750 of the Hégira [the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medîna], about 1350 A. D. The passage from this author on page 80 is also given by the Arabic geographer Edrisi (1153 A. D.). ⁷⁹

Iliad. The famous Greek epic of Homer, recounting the story of the siege and capture of Troy, in Asia Minor. ³⁷

Intaglio-relievo. The usual mode of carving employed by the Egyptians, where the figures were cut altogether into the stone, that is, all below the surface of the stone. ¹⁸

Ishmaël or Ismaïl. Ex-Khedive of Egypt, an able but extravagant ruler, who did much for the prosperity of that downtrodden country. In his reign the Suez Canal was completed. ^{40 82}

Isis. The great Egyptian goddess in the triad: Osiris, Isis, and Horus. She was the queen of heaven and the wife of Osiris, whose members she gathered after Set, the devil, had slain him. Her name in Egyptian is

Ȧs·t, and she is represented with a throne on the head; thus,

. ⁸⁶

Jebel Selseleh. "The mountain of the chain." The modern name of that part of the country where the ancient {127}Silsilis was situated. An Arabic legend states, that at one time a chain was stretched across the Nile at this point to ward off the approach of the enemy's ships, whence the name. ⁸⁶

Joseph. The biblical patriarch. His name has not yet been discovered on the monuments, though there is much in the Egyptian literature to remind us of his story; viz., in the Ameni inscription, describing the years of famine, and the "Tale of the Two Brothers", setting forth the great temptation and the wicked accusation. ²

Kadesh. A town in Syria where Ramses II. defeated the Hittites. In Egyptian

Qedesh. ³⁵

Karnak. A modern village on the east side of the Nile, marking the site of ancient northern Thebes. ^{2 3 6 9 10 11 19}

Karnak Obelisks. There are still at Karnak six obelisks: two large ones of Thothmes I., one of them being prostrate and broken; two of queen Hatasu (which see); and two small ones, resembling stelé and bearing the name of Thothmes III. ^{9 10 11 19}

Khedive. The Persian word خديف [khedîf] signifying "the monarch". This is the title of the governor of Egypt. ^{40 44 82}

Khefren. The Greek form of the Egyptian Khâfrâ, a king of the fourth dynasty, and the builder of the second Great Pyramid of Memphis (Gizeh). His name in Egyptian is

suten-kaut? Khâ·f Râ, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, His glory is Rā". ⁹¹

Khennu. The ancient name of Silsilis, in Egyptian

and at present Jebel Selseleh, which see. ⁸⁶

Kheper. An Egyptian deity symbolizing the creative energy of the sun, which is the source of all life. The deity is frequently represented as a man with the scarab or beetle on his shoulders, instead of a head. His name in Egyptian is

, which is derived from the verb

kheper, "to create". ^{28 29}

Kherp-kheper-Râ-sotep-en-Râ. The royal name of the king Osarkon I. ^{38 72}

Kheta. An Asiatic people, the Hittites of the Bible, where they are called חִתִּים [khittîm]. They are constantly mentioned in the Egyptian inscriptions, especially in those that treat of the wars of Seti I. and Ramses II. Their Egyptian name is

, Kheta. ^{36 37}

Khnum. The spirit of Amen-Râ, represented as a ram-headed deity; thus,

. He was especially worshiped at Elephantine, and his figure was painted a bright green. His Egyptian name is

Khnumu. ^{86 87}

Khufu. A king of the fourth dynasty, the builder of the Great Pyramid at Gizeh, the Kheops of the Greeks. His name in Egyptian is written

suten-kaut? Khufu, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu". ⁵

Kircher, Athanasius. A German scholar and mathematician, who endeavored to solve the mysteries of the Egyptian language, but signally failed in the attempt. He died in 1680. ⁷⁹

Kôm-Omboo. "The hill of Omboo." The modern name of the Egyptian

nubî·t, "the gold-city", called Ombos by the ancients, a city in the first nome of Upper Egypt. The crocodile-headed god Sebek was worshiped here. ⁸⁶

Kossêr. "Small castle." A town in Egypt situated on the Red Sea, to which a road led in ancient times from Coptos by way of Hammamât. The Greeks called it Leukos-Limen, "the white harbor". ^{23 88}

Labyrinth. The grand palace of Amenemhât III. in the Fayoom, described by the Greek geographer Strabo. At one corner of it was the Pyramid of Howara, which is built of brick. The name Labyrinth seems to be derived from the Egyptian

rupu ruḥun, "the temple at the mouth of the canal" (see under El-Lahoon). ⁹⁰

Lateran Obelisk. The largest of all the erect obelisks, in front of the church of St. Giovanni in Laterano, in Rome. It was ordered to be made by Thothmes III., but was completed by Thothmes IV., who added the outer vertical lines and erected the obelisk in front of the temple of Amen in Thebes. It was removed to Alexandria by Constantine the Great, but was taken to Rome by Constantius in 357. After its fall it was re-erected by Sixtus V. in 1588. ^{9 20 23 25}

Lepsius, Richard K. The so-called "father of Egyptology", the teacher of the great Egyptologists of the present day. His greatest work was the Denkmäler {130}aus Ægypten und Æthiopien. He was born Dec. 23, 1810, and died July 10, 1884. ^{4 5 36 37}

Lepsius Obelisk. A small obelisk discovered by Lepsius in a tomb at Gizeh in 1843. It is the smallest obelisk known and at present in the Berlin Museum. ^{4 10}

Libyan Desert. The large tract of barren country to the west of Egypt, containing seven oases (see under El-Khargeh). ^{59 90}

Lisht, Pyramid of. A small pyramid between those of Dashûr and Meydoom, situated near the Fayoom. ⁹¹

London Obelisk. The present name of the Alexandrian Obelisk, which see. ^{25 39 40 59
72 73 81 91}

Lower Egypt. The northern part of Egypt, comprising the Delta. ^{16 31 51 65
90}

Luxor. A village in the southern part of ancient Thebes on the east side of the Nile. ^{2 4 9 10
88}

Luxor Obelisks. There are two obelisks of this name. One was brought to Paris in the reign of Louis Philippe of France, and erected on the Place de Concorde on Oct. 24, 1836. The cost of its removal was about $500 000. The other is now standing in Luxor.—Both obelisks stood originally, side by side, in front of the temple of Amenophis III. in Thebes, and are the most artistic obelisks extant. They were erected by Ramses II. ^{8 9 10 23 41}

Mâ. An Egyptian deity, called the daughter of Râ. Her name signifies "Truth", and she plays an important part in the theology of the ancient Egyptians. She represents the truth and justice of the supreme god. Hence the Pharaohs received her attributes and were called "truthful and just", or, as the inscriptions express it

Mâ mer, "the beloved of Mā". Her name is written

Mâ [really Maâ] or

Maâ·t. ^{65 68 69}

Mââd Boat. The boat of Râ, in which he was thought to travel over the expanse of heaven, changing to the Sekti boat as Tum in the latter part of his journey. The word is written

mââd. ²²

Mahutean Obelisk, or the Pantheon Obelisk. It was erected by Ramses II. in Heliopolis. Clement XI. re-erected it in front of the Pantheon in Rome in 1711. A single column of hieroglyphs is inscribed on each of its faces. ¹⁰

Mars. The Roman god of war, the Arês of the Greeks, and the Menthu (which see) of the Egyptians. ⁶¹

Mareotis. The large lake south of Alexandria, called by the ancient Egyptians

Merî·t, "the lake". ⁹¹

Matarîyeh. The modern name of Heliopolis, a short distance from Cairo. ^{1 5 36 91}

Medînet-Habu. The modern name of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, and the site of many ruins, especially those of the temples of Thothmes II. and Ramses III. ⁸⁸

Mediterranean Sea. This was well known to the ancient Egyptians and traversed by the fleets of many Pharaohs, who, at one time, even subjugated the islands in it. Its name in Egyptian is

Ûaz-ûr, "the great sea". ⁹⁰

Megiddo. A town of the Kharu [Syrians] in Palestine, on the border of the great plain of Esdraëlon, the scene of the battles between Thothmes III. and the Syrians, and between Neco and the Jewish king Josiah. The {132}town was also taken by Sheshonq I. in his war against Rehoboam, king of Judah. Its name in Egyptian is

Mâkethȧ. ³⁶

Memnonium. Or Rameseum. The incorrect name given by the Greeks to the temple of Ramses II. in Shekh-abd-el-Qurnah, in the necropolis of ancient Thebes. It is called by the Greek geographer Diodorus the "tomb of Osymandyas". There is one colossal statue of Ramses II. still in its ruins. ^{16 88}

Memphis. The Greek form of the Egyptian

Men-nefer·t, "the good place of rest", the biblical מֹף [môf] or נֹף [nôf]. It was the capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and its present site is the village Mîtrahîneh. The whole district was a large necropolis with the famous pyramids from Gizeh to Saccarah. It is the "white wall" of the Greek historian Herodotus, or the Egyptian

Ȧnbu-ḥez·t, "the white wall". Its chief deity was Ptah. ^{4 10 19 65 90
91}

Menes. According to tradition the first Egyptian king, the founder of the Egyptian empire, and the builder of Memphis. In Egyptian his name is written

(as on the necklace in the possession of the New York Historical Society) suten-kaut? Menȧ, "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menes". ⁸⁹

Menthu. The Egyptian god of war, identified by the Romans with their Mars. He is usually represented with the head of a hawk surmounted by the disk of the sun and two feathers (

). He was only a form {133}of Amen-Râ, and was worshiped in the district round about Thebes. His name in Egyptian is

Menthu. ⁸⁷

Menzaleh Lake. A large and shallow tract of water in the north-east corner of Egypt, extending from Damietta to the Suez Canal. ⁹²

Mer-ȧb. A son of Khufu of the fourth dynasty. The architect and builder of the Great Pyramid. ⁵

Mesopotamia. "The land between the rivers (Euphrates and Tigris)." The eastern part of ancient Syria [Assyria], called in the Bible Padan-aram or Aram-nahara-yim (Gen. xxiv:10), which means "Aram of the two rivers", whence the Egyptian designation

Nahar. The country was frequently invaded and subjugated by the Egyptian kings, notably by Thothmes III., Amenôphis II., and Seti I. ³⁶

Mesphres. Pliny's name for Thothmes III. It is in reality, however, the name of his great sister, queen Hatasu, which see. ³⁶

Meydoom. Or Meydoon [Mêdûn]. The modern name of the Egyptian

Mer-Tum·t, "the favorite city of the god Tum", situated in the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, and famous for its quaintly terraced pyramid, ascribed by Dümichen to king Snefru of the fourth dynasty. ⁹⁰

Mizrayim. The Hebrew name of Egypt, really "the two Egypts". The Arabic is مصر [misr]. ⁸⁴

Mnevis-bull. The sacred bull of Heliopolis, the incarnation of Râ. (⁹⁸)

Moeris Lake. The so-called lake, or rather reservoir, in the Fayoom, constructed by Amenemhât III. to receive the excess of the waters of the inundation, and keep the water for the times of drought. ⁹⁰

Monte Cavallo Obelisk. This is at present in front of the Quirinal in Rome, and is the companion of the St^a. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. As it is uninscribed, it is impossible to tell by whom or when it was erected. Perhaps the emperor Claudius [41-54 A. D.] had it removed to Rome. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. ⁹

Moses. The Jewish law-giver, who studied at the university in Heliopolis, was brought up at the court of the Pharaohs, and afterwards led the Israelites out of Egypt. He lived in the time of Ramses II., and departed with his people under Menephthah I. His name has not yet been found on the Egyptian monuments or in the papyri. ²

Mummies. The bodies of the Egyptian dead which were preserved in a mixture of salt, bitumen, cedar oil, &c. The bodies were prepared for embalming by the parakhistæ or tarakheutæ, who disemboweled them, wound linen bandages around them, placed with them chapters from the Book of the Dead (which see), and then deposited them in a sarcophagus of stone or wood, according to the means of the deceased. The purpose of this embalming was that the soul, on its return to the earth, would again find its body and reanimate it. Everything was, therefore, done by the ancient {135}Egyptians to protect their mummies against decomposition and robbers, some of the Pharaohs even building the monster-pyramids for their reception. ^{8 33 34}

Mycerinus. The Greek form of the Egyptian Men-kau-Râ, a king of the fourth dynasty and the builder of the third Great Pyramid. His sarcophagus and a part of his mummy are in the British Museum. His name is written

suten-kaut? Men-kau-Râ, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, The Sun, mighty in his works". ⁹¹

Nahasb Obelisk. A small and prostrate obelisk about 70 miles south-east of Suez, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. It was discovered by a German traveler in 1817, but nothing further is known of it. The place where it is standing is also called Wâdi Nasb. ¹¹

Naples Obelisk. It is also called the Borgian Obelisk, having been for a time in the Borgian Museum at Velletri, and was discovered at Prænesté, Italy, in 1791, broken in four pieces. The inscription on it coincides with that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It is now in the Museo Nazionale at Naples. ¹⁰

Necropolis. A Greek word meaning "the city of the dead", our "cemetery". In Egypt the necropolis was generally a collection of rock-hewn tombs, but always situated to the west of a city toward the setting sun, this being the first station on the road to the Lower World. It is expressed in Egyptian by the sign

ȧa. ^{2 4 5}

Nectanebo I. The Greek name of a king of the XXXth dynasty, who forced the Persian king Artaxerxes II. to relinquish his hold on Egypt and reigned for eighteen years. His Egyptian name is ⁹

Negative Confession. A passage in the 125th chapter of the Book of the Dead, where the deceased gives an account of his life and begs to be admitted into paradise. To that end he states that he has not committed the forty-two great sins. (⁹⁸)

Neith. The Egyptian goddess of the lower heavens, the sister of Isis and Nephthys. She is generally represented holding a bow and arrows in her hand. The Greeks identified her with their Athêné (Minerva). In Egyptian her name is

Net. ⁹²

Nekheb. The goddess of Eileithyia and identified by the ancients with their Lucina, the goddess of childbirth. Little is known of her. The Egyptian form of her name is

Nekheb·t. ⁸⁷

Nero. The fifth Roman emperor [54-68 A. D.]. His full name is Nero Claudius Cæsar Drusus Germanicus. On the Egyptian monuments he is called ¹¹

New York Obelisk. It is usually, but incorrectly, called "Cleopatra's Needle". ^{20 23 25 49
72 73 81 91}

Nile. The ancient Egyptians venerated it as a special deity, giving him the epithet

s·ânkh, "he who produces life". He was generally represented thus

, and his name was

Ḥâp. ^{2 4 16 27 84 86
88 90 92}

Nilometer. This was erected by the Pharaohs on the island of Elephantine, to enable them to measure the height of the inundation. It was restored in 1870 by the Khedive Ishmaël. Another Nilometer is at present on the island of Rhôda at Cairo. The Egyptian sign of the Nilometer is

ded, which means "stability". ⁸⁶

Nineveh. The capital of the Assyrian empire. It was taken by several Pharaohs in their Asiatic campaigns, especially by Thothmes III., Amenôphis II., and Seti I. ³⁶

Nome. The Greek word for "province". There were 22 nomes in Upper and 20 nomes in Lower Egypt. The Egyptian word is

ḥesp, "the province". ^{84 90}

Nubia. It is also called Ethiopia, and was incorporated into the Egyptian empire at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty. Its capital was Napata, now Jebel Barkal, which even became the capital of the whole empire during the XXVIth dynasty. The Egyptian name of Nubia is

Kush, the biblical כּוּשׁ [kûsh]. ⁸⁶

Nubî·t. The Egyptian name of Ombos, at present Kôm-Omboo (which see). ⁸⁶

Oasis. There were seven oases in the Libyan desert, to the west of Egypt. The Egyptian word is

ut, "the oasis". ⁸⁹

Orontes. The principal river of Syria, called in Egyptian

Ȧrunuth. ³⁶

Osarkon I. A king of the XXIId dynasty, whose name in Egyptian is ^{38 71 72}

Osiris. One of the oldest of the Egyptian gods and the judge of the dead in the Lower World. His worship was universal throughout Egypt at all times. His Egyptian name is

Usȧr. The great Osiris-myth is this. Osiris was, at one time, a king, and reigned over Egypt. Going on travels he left Isis, his sister and wife, to conduct the government. The devil, Set, then revolted against him, killed him, cut his body into fourteen pieces, and scattered them over the country. Isis collected them, erecting a temple where a piece of his body was found, and called on her son Horus to avenge his father. Horus met Set in combat at Edfu. In this encounter Set was "transfixed". The inscriptions in the temple of Edfu give a glowing description of this battle. Osiris is generally represented with his whole body shrouded in a covering and his head surmounted by the atef-crown; thus,

. He has a peculiar beard curving outward at the end. He was considered to be the author of all animal and vegetable life, and the god of agriculture. All those that died were called by his name, "the Osirian", that is, "amenable to Osiris in his judgment-hall". ^{61 87 88 92}

Palestine. Many Pharaohs, especially Thothmes III., subjugated this country in their Asiatic conquests. The names of most of its cities and provinces occur on the Egyptian monuments. One of its Egyptian names is

Kanâna, "Canaan". ³⁶

Pamphilian Obelisk, or the Obelisk of the Piazza Navona in Rome. This is a pseudo-Egyptian obelisk, cut by the Romans in the quarry of Syene. It was erected by the emperor Domitian, and re-erected by Innocent X. (Pamphili) in 1651 in its present position. There is a single column of poorly executed hieroglyphs on each face of it. ⁹

Panopolis. The Greek name of the capital of the IXth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian

Per-Khem·t, "the city of the temple of (the god) Khem". It was the seat of the worship of Khem, whom the Greeks identified with their Pan. ⁸⁹

Papyrus. The Egyptian paper, made of thin slices of the papyrus plant, called in Egyptian

thufi. On it were written works on almost all subjects. The finest papyri are at present in the British Museum and the Museum of Bulak. ³⁴

Pelusium. The classical name of a city near the site of the ancient Egyptian Avaris, which see. ⁹²

Pentaûr. The Egyptian Homer, who described the exploits of Ramses II. in his war with the Hittites. His name is written

Pen-ta-ûr. ³⁷

Pharaoh. The Hebrew form of the Egyptian

per-â, "the great house", or more correctly, as the Hieratic generally has it,

Per-â, "he of the great double house". This was the official title of the Egyptian kings. ^{1
2 5 6 7 16 19 20 22
25 29 37 38 46 48 53
57 58 60 61 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70 79 84
87 89}

"Pharaoh of the Oppression." All Egyptologists are agreed that this was Ramses II. ^{37 63}

Philae. An island in the Nile near the Nubian boundary, belonging to the first nome of Upper Egypt. ^{4 7 9 10 22 84 86}

Philae Obelisk. A fragment of an obelisk which was erected, together with its companion, the Corfe Castle Obelisk (which see), in front of the temple of Isis by Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. and his sister Cleopatra II. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face, and is at Philæ. ⁹

Piânkhî. An Ethiopian king, of the XXIVth dynasty, who conquered Egypt at the close of the XXIId dynasty, when it was divided into thirteen petty kingdoms. His name in Egyptian is ²¹

Piazza della Minerva Obelisk. A small obelisk in Rome. It has only a single column of hieroglyphs on each face, and was probably erected by Psametik II. in Saïs. It was removed by the Romans and re-erected by Pope Alexander VII. in 1667, who had it placed on a marble elephant. ¹⁰

Piazza del Popolo Obelisk. Another name of the Flaminian Obelisk, which see.

Piazza Navona Obelisk. Another name for the Pamphilian Obelisk, which see. ²²

Pliny, surnamed "the Elder". A famous Roman naturalist and author (23-79 A. D.). ³⁶

"Pompey's Pillar." The only important monument of antiquity at present in Alexandria. It is a shaft of granite from the quarry of Syene rising, with the pedestal, to the height of 104 ft., and erected by the Roman prefect Pompeius in honor of the emperor Diocletian. ⁹¹

Pontius. The architect who transported the two obelisks of Heliopolis to Alexandria in 12 B. C. He may have possibly also removed the Flaminian and Campensis Obelisks (which see) to Rome for the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. ^{39 73
74 82}

Porta del Popolo Obelisk. Another name of the Esmeade Obelisk, which see. ¹¹

Prioli Obelisk. A small obelisk in the gardens of the Sultan in Constantinople. Nothing is known of it, as its inscriptions have never been published. ⁹

Psametik II. A king of the XXVIth dynasty, the son of Psametik I. He conquered Ethiopia and reigned for six years. His son Hophra is mentioned in the Bible. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 9 10 22}

Pseudo-Egyptian, that is, having the appearance of being Egyptian, but not so in reality. A number of the extant obelisks belong in this category. ⁴

Pthah [pronounced tá]. The chief deity of Lower Egypt, an emanation of Râ. He is generally represented as a deformed child holding two serpents and stepping on two crocodiles. In Upper Egypt he was worshipped under the form of an upright mummy (

). His name in Egyptian is

Ptaḥ. ^{65 69 90}

Ptaḥ-Sokar-Osiris. A form of Ptah, peculiar to Memphis, and represented as a deformed child. His Egyptian name is

Ptaḥ-Seker-Usȧr. ²⁹

Ptaḥ-tathunen. A title of Ptah of Memphis. The Egyptian form of the word is

Ptaḥ-tathunen, meaning perhaps "Ptah of the stable earth". ⁶⁵

Ptolemies. The descendants of Ptolemy Sôtêr, a general of Alexander the Great, and forming the XXXIIId dynasty of Egyptian kings. Each of them married his sister. Their reign extended from 305 to 30 B. C., and was characterized by infamy, tyranny, murder, and poisoning. ^{9 21 22}

Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. A weak king of the XXXIIId dynasty, married to and reigning for a time with his sister Cleopatra II. and his niece Cleopatra III. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 10}

Pylon. The large mass of masonry of an Egyptian temple, resembling two truncated pyramids with the gate between them. A picture of one is given on page 20. Its hieroglyph is perhaps

. ^{20 24}

Pyramidion. The apex of an obelisk which resembles a miniature pyramid. It was sometimes inscribed with pictures and hieroglyphs, and covered with a capping of gold-metal or electrum (which see). ^{18 19 21 22 26 47 50
51 52 53 54 55}

Pyramids. The enormous masses of stone built by various kings, especially those of the fourth dynasty, and serving as their tombs. There are quite a number of them in and near ancient Memphis, the largest being that of Khufu, called the Great Pyramid, which is 480 ft. high. The usual Egyptian word for "pyramid" is

ȧbmer. ^{12 27 91}

Qurnah. A modern village marking the site of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, situated on the west shore of the Nile. Here are the ruins of the grand temple begun by Seti I., and completed by Ramses II. ⁸⁸

Râ. The Sun, the Supreme Being, and the organizer of the world according to Egyptian mythology. He was worshipped in the entire country, but especially in Heliopolis. He is always represented with the face of a hawk. With the fifth dynasty the Pharaohs began to call themselves the incarnation of Râ, or

sa Râ, "the son of the Sun", which title they retained until the time of the Roman emperors. The Egyptian name of the sun is

Râ. ^{21 22 27 30 31 36 37
38 39 46 47 48 49 50
52 53 54 55 56 57 58
59 60 61 62 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70 71 72
82 91}

Râ-Ḥor-Khuti. A name of the sun-god, written in Egyptian

Râ-Ḥor-khuti, "the Sun, the hawk of the two horizons". ^{28 29 30 46
47 49 55 58 59 60}

Ramses II. One of the greatest monarchs the world ever saw, the son of Seti I., and a king of the XIXth dynasty. He conquered most of the then known world, built magnificent temples, erected obelisks, and perpetuated his name on almost every Egyptian monument. His Egyptian name is ^{7 8 9 10 16 36 37 62 63 64
65 66 67 68 69 70 71
88 91}

Ramses III. A famous king of the XXth dynasty, who conquered the Hittites, Syrians, and the tribes of Palestine. His name in Egyptian is ^{112 131}

Râqedî·t. The Egyptian name of Alexandria (which see), called Rhakôtis by the ancients. ⁹¹

Redesieh. A modern village in what was formerly the first nome of Upper Egypt. ⁶⁸

Rhakotis. The Greek name of the town on whose site Alexander the Great built Alexandria (which see). ⁹¹

Rome. The capital of the ancient world. Its Egyptian name occurs on the Barberini Obelisk as

Harmâ·t. ^{5 7 9 20 22 23 25}

Rosetta. A modern town at the mouth of the Bolbitinic arm of the Nile. It was the ancient Bolbitiné. ⁹¹

Rosetta Stone. Without a doubt this is the most important monument of antiquity that has come down to us. It is a stelé of black basalt, bearing an inscription in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. It contains a decree of the priests in honor of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, which was issued on March 27, 195 B. C. This stone, discovered in 1799, furnished the key for deciphering the hieroglyphs, and is now preserved in the British Museum. ⁹²

Rotennu. A Syrian people who were repeatedly defeated and subjugated by kings of the XVIIIth and later dynasties. They were subdivided into the Upper and Lower Rotennu, and their Egyptian name was

Rethennu. ³⁶

Saccarah. A modern village near the site of ancient Memphis with a number of famous pyramids. The name is undoubtedly derived from that of the god Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. ⁹¹

Saïs. The capital of the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, the Egyptian

Sa·t, and the Coptic glyph

[saï]. Nothing now remains but a mass of débris. ^{4 10 92}

Sallustian Obelisk. An obelisk in Rome standing opposite the church of Santa Trinita dei Monti. It is a poor Roman copy of the Piazza del Popolo Obelisk, and has three columns of hieroglyphs on it, together with the cartouches of Seti I. and Ramses II. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. ⁹

Sân Obelisks. As many as thirteen fragments of perhaps four obelisks are still at Tanis (Sân). These obelisks appear to have been erected by Ramses II. ¹¹

Sarbut-el-Khedem Obelisk. An erect obelisk in the Sinaitic Peninsula, on the way from Suez to Mount Sinai. The hieroglyphs on it are partially obliterated. ⁹

Sebek. The crocodile-headed deity and a form of Râ. He was specially worshiped in the Fayoom, and his Egyptian name was

Sebek. ⁹⁰

Sebek-Râ. A combination of the gods Sebek and Râ, the local deity of Ombos. ²⁹

Sekhet. A lion-headed goddess and the wife of Ptah. As a destroying deity her name is

Sekhet, but as a goddess of love it was

Bast, or, as the Greeks called her, Pasht. She was usually identified with Diana. (^{92 98 103})

Sektet Boat. The boat of the evening-sun Tum, in which he was thought to pass over the heavens. In Egyptian the word is written

sektet. ²²

Set or Sutekh. The national god of the Hyksos or the Shepherd kings of Asia, whose worship was forced on the Egyptians. He was the personification of evil, and was represented as an ass-headed deity with the usual divine insignia. He was the sworn enemy of Horus, whose father (Osiris) he had slain, and is identified with the devil. His picture,

, was afterwards completely erased by the Egyptians from their monuments. His Egyptian name is

Set or

Sutekh. ⁸⁷

Seti I. A famous king of the XIXth dynasty and the father of Ramses II. He was an intense worshipper of Set, the devil, and forced his adoration on the people. His many wars carried him into Arabia Felix, Palestine, the Hittite territory, and beyond the Orontes and Euphrates. Out of him and his two successors the ancients fabricated the name Sesostris. His Egyptian name is ^{6 9 86 87 88}

Sinaitic Peninsula. That part of western Asia lying between Syria and Egypt, and playing an important part in the forty years' sojourn there of the Israelites under Moses. ^{1 4 9 11}

Sion House Obelisk. Perhaps the same as the Alnwick Castle Obelisk, which see.—Sion House is the country-seat of the Duke of Northumberland. ¹⁰

Sioot. The modern name of the capital of the XIIIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian

Saìu·t. Its local deity was the jackal-headed god Anubis. ⁸⁹

Soughton Hall Obelisk. An obelisk mentioned by Bonomi, which may be identical with one of those at present in England. ¹¹

Sphinx. There are three kinds of sphinxes: Androsphinxes, having the head of a man; Criosphinxes, having that of a ram; and Hieracosphinxes, having that of a {148}hawk. A few are also found with the form of a woman. "The Sphinx" is the monster figure in front of the Pyramid of Khufu, but older than it. It was cut out of a solid mountain, and had between its paws a temple of Harmachis, to whom it was dedicated. The sphinx represents the incarnation of the divine wisdom of the Pharaoh ^{32 46 47 49 50
51 52 53 54 55}

Stele. A slab rounded off on top and covered with inscriptions. It was made either of wood or of stone. The word comes from the Greek στήλη [stêlê]. The Egyptian word for it is

utu. ^{5 31 37 48}

St. Ephraim Syrus. A Christian writer of the Syrian church, who died 373 A. D. ¹⁹

St^a. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. The companion of the Monte Cavallo Obelisk, at present in front of the basilica (church) of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It has no inscriptions, and was removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius. Sixtus V. re-erected it on its present site in 1587. ⁹

"Sublime Porte." The name of the place where the Sultan administers justice, and, with us, a designation for the Sultan himself. The Turkish term for it is باب عالی [bâbi 'âlî], "the high gate". ⁵³

Suez Canal. The first attempt to construct it was made by Seti I., of the XIXth dynasty. It then only connected the Nile with the Red Sea, and was finished by Ramses II. Traces of it still remain. The present Canal was planned and completed by Lesseps in 1869. ⁴⁰

Syêné. The Greek name of the modern Assuân, which was in the first nome of Upper Egypt, and called

{149}Sun·t by the Egyptians. The famous quarries, from which most of the obelisks were taken, were located here. The biblical name is סְוֵנֵה [s'vênêh, cf. Ezekiel xxix:10, xxx:6], which is the same as the Coptic glyph

[sûan], and the Arabic اسوان [aswân]. ^{5 13 16 23 24 35 82 86}

Syenite. The reddish amphibole-granite of Syêné, which was taken for all the Egyptian obelisks. ²³

Syria. A large tract of country in western Asia, bordering on Egypt. It was inhabited by many different tribes, with whom the Pharaohs of the XVIIIth and XIXth dynasties carried on extensive wars. ³⁶

Tanis. The Greek name of the Egyptian

Zân·t the capital of the XIVth nome of Lower Egypt, now Sân. It was the main seat of the Hyksos, who embellished it in every possible way. ^{4 11 45 92}

Tel-el-Amarna. The present site of a city founded by the heretic king Amenôphis IV. in honor of the sun-disk Aten, in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt. It was totally destroyed after his death. ^{29 89}

Thebes. The largest and most famous city of the ancient world, the capital of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt and of the whole empire. Its usual Egyptian name was

Us·t, or

nu·t Ȧmen, which was sometimes shortened into

nu·t â·t, "the great city", or

nu·t, "the City" simply, the biblical נא [nô]. Its site is now occupied by several villages, such as Karnak, {150}Luxor, &c. The local deity was Amen. ^{2 3 4 9 10 11 16 28 29
48 50 53 55 56 57 59
60 87 88 89}

Thinis or This. The capital of the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, the reputed home of the first king of Egypt, Menes. Its Egyptian name is

Theni·t, at present El-Tineh, which see. ⁸⁹

Thoth [pronounced tót]. The Egyptian god of writing, learning, and medicine. He was thought to introduce the soul of the deceased into the Lower World and to read off its sins before the judgment-seat of Osiris. He was afterwards identified with the moon. His sacred animal was the cynocephalus-ape (

), and he himself is represented with the head of the ibis,

. His name in Egyptian is

Deḥuti. ^{49 56 57}

Thothmes I. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and the son of Aahmes I. He was a mighty warrior, and his conquests were very extensive. His name in Egyptian is ^{5 9 10}

Thothmes II. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and a son of Thothmes I. He was a weak monarch and altogether under the influence of his great sister Hatasu. His name in Egyptian is ⁶

Thothmes III. [tótmees]. The greatest king of the {151}XVIIIth dynasty, a son of Thothmes I. His empire extended over all the then known world. The New York Obelisk was erected by him. His name in Egyptian is ^{6 7 9 10 19 31 35
36 37 38 46 47 48 49
50 52 53 54 55 56 57
58 59 60 61 62 82}

Thothmes IV. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the successor of Amenôphis II. He reigned for nine years only, and his Egyptian name is ^{6 9 19}

Troja. The name which the Greeks gave to the town near Memphis, the

Ru-âu·t (with the feminine article ta-Ru-âu·t) of the Egyptians. Here was situated the quarry of Memphis. The similarity of the words gave rise to the name "Troja" (Troy), which must not, however, be confounded with the famous Greek city of the same name in Asia Minor. ⁹¹

Tum. The Egyptian god of the setting sun. He was especially worshiped in Heliopolis. In painted inscriptions his color is generally red, like that of Râ, sometimes, however, also green. His name in Egyptian is

Tum. ^{22 27 28 29 46
51 53 56 57 58 67}

Tura. The quarry of Memphis from which the "white stone" was taken. The Greeks called it Troja, which see. ⁹¹

"Two Countries." A designation of Egypt, which was divided into two parts, Upper and Lower Egypt. It {152}may, however, also signify "heaven and earth" or "the universe". It is in Egyptian

taui, "the two countries". (^{39 39}) ^{47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 62 63
64 65 66 67 68 69 70}

Upper Egypt. The southern part of Egypt from the Fayoom to Assuân. ^{2 3 31 84 89}

Upper and Lower Egypt. The two divisions of Egypt, which were at certain periods of Egyptian history separate kingdoms. Some of the Egyptian designations are

ḥez-desher, "the land of the white and red crowns" (cf. page 31),

qebeḥui, "the land of the two sources (of the Nile)" (cf. page 119),

res-meḥ, "the south and north land",

qemâ-meḥ, "the south and north land",

?-ûz, "the land of the lotus and the papyrus", &c. The usual title of the king was

suten-kaut?, "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt". ^{30 48 52 53
54 56 57 58 59 60 61
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
69 70 72 84}

Uraeus Snake. The Cobra haje of Egypt, the most deadly reptile in that country, whose figure was worn as the head-dress of kings and queens. It typifies Pharaoh's power over the life and death of his subjects, and its Egyptian name is

ârâ·t. The Greeks called it "basilisk", from which they took their word for "king", βασιλεύς [basileus]. ^{56 57}

User-Mâ-Râ-sotep-en-Râ. The royal name of Ramses II., which see ^{37 62 63 64
65 66 67 68 69 70 71}

Usertesen I. The second king of the XIIth dynasty, the son of Amenémhâ I., and the conqueror of the Ethiopians. His name in Egyptian is ^{5 9 11 36 91}

Us Sceptre. The symbol of power carried in the hands of kings and gods, written

us, or else

us, which is the "cucufa", also called the Zâm-sceptre. ^{46 87}

Vatican Obelisk. An obelisk without an inscription on the Piazza di San Pietro, in front of the Vatican, in Rome. Originally erected in Heliopolis, it was transported to Rome by the emperor Caligula (about 40 A.D.). It was the only one of all the obelisks not overthrown and broken during the times of anarchy, pillage, and destruction in that city. Sixtus V. had it removed and erected in its present position in 1586. ⁹

Victory Stelé. A stelé which was found in Karnak. It contains a martial hymn of Thothmes III. ^{31 48}

Villa Mattei Obelisk. A small obelisk in the Villa Mattei or the Villa Celimontana in Rome, presented by a certain Cyriacus Matthæius to the Roman Senate. It was either erected by him in his gardens in 1582, or else by Sixtus V. in 1590. The lower portion of it is modern, but the upper half bears the cartouches of Ramses II. and Psametik II. ¹⁰

"Vocal Memnon." One of the colossal statues of Amenôphis III. west of Thebes in the desert. It was thrown down by an earthquake about 27 B. C., and cracked. On re-erection it was found to emit a musical sound at sunrise. This gave rise to the Greek legend of Memnon and Aurora (the dawn). Since its restoration the sound is no longer heard. The Arabs call the two colossal statues Shamy and Damy. (^{96 112})

Vulture Diadem. A diadem of Pharaoh, in Egyptian

neb mut or neb sheta (doubtful!). The figure of the vulture was generally worn as the head-dress of {154}the queens. It is the symbol of protection, and represents Pharaoh and his queen as the protectors and nourishers of their people. ^{56 57 66 70}

Wanstead Obelisk. A fragment of an obelisk which existed at the time of Zoëga in Wanstead, a suburb of London. It was brought to England from Alexandria in 1712. Its present location is unknown. ¹¹

Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. An English Egyptologist (born in 1797, died in 1875). His famous work is The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. ¹⁴

Zoëga, George. A Danish archæologist interested in Egyptological subjects (born in 1755, died in 1809 in Rome). ¹¹

A GLOSSARY

OF HIEROGLYPHS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK, TOGETHER WITH THEIR PRONUNCIATION AND DETERMINATIVE VALUE.

Det. of the sun-god Shu. 136 136 (where by a mistake of the scribe it stands for

, Amen).

"hawk-faced deity with the Us-sceptre and the symbol of truth, surmounted by the disk of the sun."

"hawk-faced deity surmounted by the disk of the sun and holding two curious wands."

"hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre, surmounted by the snake-encircled disk of the sun."

"hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre, surmounted by the snake-encircled disk of the sun and the double plume."

"hawk-faced deity sitting on a throne with the Zâm-sceptre, surmounted by the disk of the sun."

Pron. ḥer, 30 30 122 136 144 bȧk (name of the bird), 30 *nuter, *p.

"hawk with the royal whip on a scaffold with the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt beneath."

Det. of book, writing, plan, drawing, any abstract idea. 48 60 61 62 65 65 67 70

A GLOSSARY

The words in this Glossary are arranged according to the Hieroglyphic alphabet as follows:

As there was no fixed orthography among the ancient Egyptians the same word is frequently spelled in many different ways. This will be noticed in the following pages.—The plural of nouns or adjectives was formed by adding three lines (

) to the word or by repeating the Hieroglyphic sign of the word three times.—The dual was formed by adding two lines (

) or by repeating the sign twice.—The dot before the t (·t) denotes that the t is the feminine ending, which was pronounced by the ancient Egyptians only slightly or, probably, not at all.

Abbreviations: E stands for East Face of the Obelisk; W for the West Face; N for the North Face; S for the South Face. Pyr. stands for Pyramidion. EAST, WEST, NORTH, SOUTH denote the vertical columns of the Obelisk on that particular side of its face. CENT. denotes the central column. The small numerals refer to the pages of the book.

Ȧmen-mer-Râ-meses-su. Second cartouche or the family name of Ramses II., "beloved of Amen, the Sun, begetting himself". E NORTH ^{62 63} SOUTH ^{64 64} S EAST ^{65 65} WEST ^{66 66} W SOUTH ^{68 68} NORTH ^{67 67} N WEST ^{70 70} EAST ^{69 69}

Ȧmen-mer-Râ-meses-su. Same as preceding. Base of E ^{71 71} S ^{71 71} W ^{71 71} N ^{71 71}

Ȧmen-mer-Ûsarken. Second cartouche or the family name of Osarkon I., "beloved of Amen, Osarkon". SMALL SIDE INSCRIPTIONS E ^{72 72} S ^{72 72} W ^{72 72} N ^{72 72}

Ȧn. "Heliopolis." E CENT. ⁵⁶ S CENT. ⁵⁸ N EAST ⁶⁹ Pyr. WEST ^{52 53} SOUTH ⁵¹

ȧr. Verb: "to make, form, fashion; making, maker". E CENT. ⁵⁶ W NORTH ^{67 67} S CENT. ^{58 58} N WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. WEST ⁵³ NORTH ^{54 55}

âa or â. Adjective: "great, large". E CENT. ⁵⁷ SOUTH ⁶⁴ W SOUTH ⁶⁸ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹ SOUTH ⁵¹ WEST ⁵³ In combination with ḥa·t. E CENT. ⁵⁶

ânkh. Verb, &c.: "to live; living; life". E CENT. ⁵⁷ NORTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ W NORTH ⁶⁷ N CENT. ⁶¹ EAST ⁶⁹ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ^{47 49} SOUTH ^{50 51} WEST ^{52 53 53} NORTH ^{54 55 55} Base of E ^{71
71} S ^{71 71} W ^{71 71} N ^{71 71}

uâf. Verb, &c.: "to smite, ward off, vanquish; conqueror, victor". S WEST ⁶⁶

us. Noun and adj.: "strength, power; strong". E CENT. ⁵⁷ Pyr. WEST ⁵³

Us. "Thebes." E CENT. ⁵⁶ W CENT. ⁵⁹ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

User-Mâ-Râ-sotep-en-Râ. The first cartouche or the royal name of Ramses II., "strong in truth, the sun, chosen of the sun". E NORTH ^{62 62} SOUTH ^{64 64} S EAST ^{65 65} WEST ^{66 66} W NORTH ^{67 67} SOUTH ^{68 68} N EAST ^{69 69} WEST ^{70 70} Base of (all reading from right to left) E ^{71 71} S ^{71 71} W ^{71 71} N ^{71 71}

ûrui. Dual of the adjective ûr "large", hence: "the two large" obelisks, referring to the New York and London Obelisks. S CENT. ⁵⁸

peru. Plural of the preceding word with the determinative of "city": "temples, sanctuaries". N EAST ⁶⁹

peḥu. Plural of peḥ "back, behind": hence "farthest, extreme". N CENT. ⁶⁰

pet. Noun and adj.: "heaven; heavenly". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ^{56 56} SOUTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁸ CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰

Ptaḥ-tathunen. A variant (different spelling) of the preceding word. N EAST ⁶⁹

f. Third person sing. masc. pers. and possessive pronoun: "he, him, his; it, its". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ^{56 56 56 57} SOUTH ⁶⁴ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ^{58 58 58 58} W NORTH ^{67 67} CENT. ⁵⁹ N EAST ⁶⁹ CENT. ^{60 60} WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹ SOUTH ⁵¹ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ^{54 55}

m. Prep.: "in, for; at; as; (made) of; with". E CENT. {179}^{56 56 56 56} S CENT. ^{58 58 58} W CENT. ⁵⁹ N CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

m. Same as preceding: "in; at; from". E NORTH ⁶² SOUTH ⁶⁴ S EAST ⁶⁵ W NORTH ⁶⁷

ma or mȧ. Adv.: "like, as". E CENT. ^{56 57} SOUTH ⁶⁴ S WEST ⁶⁰ W SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁹ WEST ⁷⁰

mȧ. Same word as the preceding: "like, as". E NORTH ⁶² S EAST ⁶⁵ WEST ⁶⁶ N EAST ⁶⁹

men·tu or setu. Noun, plural of men·t or set "country", hence: "countries, foreign nations". N CENT. ⁶⁰ S WEST ⁶⁶ N WEST ⁷⁰

Men-kheper-Râ. The first cartouche or the royal name of Thothmes III., "the stable and creative sun". E CENT. ⁵⁶ S CENT. ⁵⁸ W CENT. ⁵⁹ N CENT. ⁶⁰ Pyr. EAST ^{47 48} SOUTH ^{50 50} WEST ^{52 53} NORTH ^{54 55}

menkh. Verb and adjective: "to be beautiful; beautiful, kind". S WEST ⁶⁶ Cf. also the causative form of the same word s·menkh "to embellish". W CENT. ⁵⁹

mer. Verb, &c.: "to love; loving; beloved; love; lover". E NORTH ⁶² S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ W NORTH ⁶⁷ N EAST ⁶⁸ CENT. ⁶⁰

merî. Adj., derived from the preceding: "beloved". E CENT. ⁵⁷ S CENT. ⁵⁸ W CENT. ⁶⁰

merîti. Lengthened form of the preceding word: "beloved, lovely, beautiful". E NORTH ⁶²

mes or meses. Verb, &c.: "to bring forth, beget; born of; birth; child". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶⁴ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ N EAST ⁶⁹

meses. Same word as the preceding: "to bring forth; birth; born of; child". E CENT. ⁵⁶ N EAST ⁶⁹

n. Prep.: "by, for". E CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶⁴ S CENT. ^{58 58
58 58} N EAST ⁶⁹ CENT. ⁶⁰ Sign of the genitive case: "of, in". E CENT. ^{56 56} SOUTH ^{64 64} W CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ Pyr. WEST ⁵³ Sign of the accusative case. E CENT. ⁵⁶

n. Same as the preceding. Sign of the genitive case: "of". E NORTH ⁶³ SOUTH ⁶⁴

neb. Noun: "lord, master". E NORTH ⁶² SOUTH ^{64 64} S EAST ^{65 65} CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ^{69 69} WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ^{47 49 49} SOUTH ^{50 51 51} WEST ^{52 53 53} NORTH ^{54 54 55} Adj.: "all, every". E CENT. ⁵⁷ N EAST ⁶⁹ CENT. ^{60 61} WEST ^{70 70} Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹ SOUTH ⁵¹ NORTH ⁵⁵

neb·t. Feminine of the preceding word: "mistress, {181}queen". E CENT. ⁵⁶ where by mistake, perhaps, it stands for the preceding word and means "lord".

Pronunciation doubtful, either neb mut neb ârâ or neb sheta neb meḥen·t: "the lord of the Vulture and Uræus diadems". The title of Pharaoh as the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. E CENT. ⁵⁶ S WEST ⁶⁶ N WEST ⁷⁰

nub. Noun: "gold". In the phrase Hor-nub "the golden hawk or Horus". E SOUTH ⁶⁴ W SOUTH ⁶⁸ N CENT. ⁶⁰

nefer. Adj.: "good, gracious, benevolent, beautiful". Pyr. EAST ⁴⁷ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ^{52 53} NORTH ⁵⁴ Base of E ^{71
71 71 71} S ^{71 71 71 71} W ^{71 71 71 71} N ^{71 71 71 71}

neḥeḥ or, possibly, only ḥeḥ. Noun, &c.: "eternity; eternal; forever". E CENT. ⁵⁶

nekht. Adj. and noun: "powerful, valiant, mighty; strength". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁸ CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

nekhtu. Same word as the preceding: "victory". E SOUTH ⁶⁴ W SOUTH ⁶⁸

ent. Lengthened form of the preposition n (cf. above). Sign of the genitive case: "of". N CENT. ⁶⁰

enti (others read entet). Relative pronoun: "who, which, what; whose; whom". E CENT. ⁵⁶

nuter. Noun and adj.: "god; divine". E CENT. ⁵⁷ Pyr. EAST ^{47 49} SOUTH ^{50 51} WEST ^{52 53} NORTH ⁵⁴ Base of E ^{71
71} S ^{71 71} W ^{71 71} N ^{71 71} Reading from right to left. Base of E ^{71 71} S ^{71 71} W ^{71 71} N ^{71 71}

r. Prep.: "out, over, for, as, in order to". E SOUTH ^{64 64} N EAST ^{69 69} CENT. ^{60 60} Pyr. E ⁴⁹ S ⁵¹ W ⁵³ N ⁵⁵

Râ. "Rā, the sun." E NORTH ^{62 62} CENT. ^{56 57} SOUTH ^{64 64} S EAST ^{65 65} CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ^{66 66} W NORTH ^{67 67} CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ^{68 68} N EAST ^{69 69} CENT. ⁶¹ WEST ^{70 70} Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵ SMALL SIDE INSCRIPTIONS E ^{72 72} S ^{72 72} W ^{72 72} N ^{72 72}

Râ. Same word as the preceding: "Rā, the sun". E SOUTH ^{64 64} S WEST ^{66 66} W SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ^{69 69} WEST ⁷⁰

Râ. Same word as the preceding: "Rā, the sun". E NORTH ⁶² W NORTH ⁶⁷

Râ. Same word as the preceding: "Rā, the sun". E NORTH ^{62 63} SOUTH ⁶⁴ S CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰

Râ-Hor-khuti. A name of the sun-god: "Rā, the hawk in the horizon". S CENT. ⁵⁸ W CENT. ⁶⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹ North ⁵⁵

renpe·tu. Noun, plural of renpe·t "year", hence: "years". E SOUTH ⁶¹ W SOUTH ⁶⁸

ḥâu. Noun, plural of ḥâ "limb", hence: "limbs". {184}E CENT. ⁵⁶

ḥeb. Noun: "festival". In the phrase sed-ḥeb "the thirty-year period". S CENT. ⁵⁸

Ḥer. "Horus" with the double crown of Egypt. E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁸ CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰

Ḥer-nub. "The golden Horus." E SOUTH ⁶⁴ W SOUTH ⁶⁸ N CENT. ⁶⁰

ḥa·t-â. From the preceding word with the adjective â "great", hence: "the great temple". E CENT. ⁵⁶

ḥez. Adj.: "white". Noun: "the white crown" of Upper Egypt. N CENT. ⁶⁰

khâ. Adj.: "glorious, crowned". E CENT. ⁵⁶ W CENT. ⁵⁹ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

khâu. Noun, plural of khâ "crown", hence: "diadems, crowns". E SOUTH ⁶⁴

khu. Verb, &c.: "to be glorious; resplendent; glory, splendor". E NORTH ⁶³ SOUTH ⁶⁴

khuti. Dual of the preceding word: "the two horizons". See under Râ-Ḥor-khuti.

Kherp-kheper-Râ-sotep-en-Râ. The first cartouche or the royal name of Osarkon I., {186}"made governor by Rā, chosen of Rā". SMALL SIDE INSCRIPTIONS E ^{72 72} S ^{72 72} W ^{72 72} N 72 72

khatf. Prep. and conj.: "for, before; since, because". N CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰

sa. Noun: "son, child, offspring". E NORTH ^{62 62} CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ^{64 64} S EAST ^{65 65} CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ^{66 66} W NORTH ^{67 67} CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ^{68 68} N EAST ^{69 69} CENT. ⁶¹ WEST ^{70 70} Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵ SMALL SIDE INSCRIPTIONS E ^{72 72} S ^{72 72} W ^{72 72} N ^{72 72}

sa. Same word as the preceding: "son, child, offspring". E SOUTH ⁶³ S WEST ⁶⁶ W SOUTH ⁶⁸ N WEST ⁷⁰

s·âḥâ. Verb, causative form of âḥâ "to raise", hence: "to cause to be raised, erect". S CENT. ⁵⁸

su. Personal pronoun third person: "he, him; himself; she, her; herself; it; itself; they, them; themselves". E SOUTH ⁶⁴ N EAST ⁶⁹

s·usekh. Verb, causative form of usekh "to extend", hence: "to cause to be extended". N CENT. ⁶⁰

s·menkh. Verb, causative of menkh "to be beautiful", hence: "to render beautiful, embellish". W CENT. ⁵⁹

sen. Personal pronoun third person plural masculine: "they; them; their". E CENT. ^{56 56}

s·ḥeb. Verb, causative form of ḥeb "to be glad", hence: "to cause to rejoice, gladden". N EAST ⁶⁹

sutenî·t. Noun, derived from the preceding word: "kingdom". E CENT. ⁵⁶

suten-kaut (doubtful!). Noun: "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁸ CENT. ⁶⁰ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. WEST ⁵² NORTH ⁵⁴ SMALL SIDE INSCRIPTIONS E ^{72 72} S ^{72 72} W ^{72 72} N ^{72 72}

sed. In the phrase sed-ḥeb "the thirty year period festival". S CENT. ⁵⁸

s·zef. Verb, causative form of zef "to be {188}full", hence: "to cause to be filled, provide with". N EAST ⁶⁹

qa. Noun: "bull". E NORTH ⁶² CENT. ⁵⁶ SOUTH ⁶³ S EAST ⁶⁵ CENT. ⁵⁸ WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ⁶⁷ CENT. ⁵⁹ SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁸ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁸ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

taui. Dual of the two preceding words: "the two countries", Egypt. E NORTH ^{62 62} SOUTH ⁶⁴ S EAST ^{65 65} WEST ⁶⁶ W NORTH ^{67 67} SOUTH ⁶⁸ N EAST ⁶⁹ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁷ SOUTH ^{50 51} WEST ⁵² NORTH ^{54 55} Written separately. Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹

tash·tu. Noun, plural of tash·t "boundary", hence: "boundaries". N CENT. ⁶⁰

tef. Noun, contracted form of

ȧtef: "father". S CENT. ⁵⁸ N CENT. ⁶⁰

tef. Same word as the preceding: "father". S EAST ⁶⁵ W NORTH ⁶⁷ N EAST ⁶⁹

tekhenui. Noun, dual of tekhen "obelisk", hence: "two obelisks". S CENT. ⁵⁸

du. Verb, &c.: "to give; giving; gift". E NORTH ⁶³ CENT. ⁵⁷ S EAST ⁶⁵ W NORTH ⁶⁷ N EAST ⁶⁹ CENT. ⁶¹ WEST ⁷⁰ Pyr. EAST ^{47 49} SOUTH ^{50 51} WEST ^{52 53 53} NORTH ^{54 55 55}

du·t. Noun, from the preceding word: "gift, present". Pyr. EAST ⁴⁹ SOUTH ⁵¹ WEST ⁵³ NORTH ⁵⁵

dûa. Noun: "star". In the phrase nuterti dûa "the morning-star". S EAST ⁶⁵

dem·t. Noun, from the preceding word: "completeness, totality". N CENT. ⁶⁰

Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu. The second cartouche or the family name of Thothmes III., "the child of Thoth, beautiful in his transformations (or of beautiful form)". S CENT. ⁵⁸ W CENT. ⁶⁰ N CENT. ⁶¹

dedui. Noun, dual of ded "hand", hence: "the two hands". N CENT. ⁶⁰

zeta. Noun, &c.: "eternity; eternal; forever". E CENT. ⁵⁷ S CENT. ⁵⁸ W CENT. ⁶⁰ N CENT. ⁶¹ Pyr. EAST ⁴⁷ SOUTH ⁵⁰ WEST ⁵² NORTH ⁵⁴

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

Transcriptions from the Egyptian are given in heavy type, those from the Greek in Italics.

Ȧaḥḥotep, 17. dyn. 110

Ȧaḥlu. [Elysium] 97 120

Ȧaḥmes I., 18. dyn. 102 110 126 150

Ȧaḥmes II., 26. dyn. 110

Ȧaḥmesnefertȧri, queen 18. dyn. 110

Ȧaḥmessapaȧr. 17. dyn. 110

Ȧanuru. [Elysium] 97 120

Aareq·t. [Philæ] 86 93

Ȧb, 10. dyn. 109

Âb. [Elephantine] 86 93 119

Abd-el-Latîf, Arabic physician. 123

Abd-el-Qurnah. [Thebes] 96

Ȧbdu. [Abydos] 88 93

Ȧbdu·t. [Abydos] 88 93

Ȧbeḥienkhepesh, 15. dyn. 109

Aboccis. [Abusimbel] 93

Âb·t. [Elephantine] 86 93 119

Abuncis. [Abusimbel] 93

Abusimbel. 27 93 113

Âbu·t. [Elephantine] 24 93 119

Abûsîr. 91 93

Abu-Sîr. 92 93 105

Abydos. 88 93

Achæans, Greek tribe. 121

Ad, Arabic tribe. 93

Africa. 4 118

Africanus. 94

Ȧḥtes, 3. dyn. 109

Ȧî, 14. dyn. 109

Ȧî, 18. dyn. 110

Akaüsha (Ȧqaûasha). [Achæans] 121

Akhes, 3. dyn. 109

Akhmîm. [Panopolis] 89 93

Akhoris, 29. dyn. 110

Akhthoes, 10. dyn. 109

Albani Obelisk. 10 93 104 135

Aleksȧndres I. and II. [Alexander III. and IV.] 94 111

Alexander I., 32. dyn., or Alexander III., the Great, of Macedon. 32 91 94 111 142 144

Alexander II., 32. dyn., or Alexander IV., of Macedon. 111

Alexander VII., Pope. 140

Alexandria. viii 8 35 39 40 41 42 43 44 72 73 79 81 82 91 94 95 101 102 105 129 131 141 144 154

Alexandrian Obelisk, in London. 8 10 41 95 130

Alnwick. Alnwick Castle, in England. 95

Alnwick Castle Obelisk. 10 95 147

Alsace. 118

Ȧmen, god. 35 37 38 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 87 88 94 95 96 97 98 122 129 136 138 144 149 150 156 157 175

Ȧmenemȧpt, 21. dyn. 110

Ȧmenemḥât I., 12. dyn. 109 152

Ȧmenemḥât II., 12. dyn. 109

Ȧmenemḥât III., 12. dyn. 90 95 109 119 129 134

Ȧmenemḥât IV., 12. dyn. 109

Ȧmenḥotep I., II., III., and IV., 18. dyn. 110

Ȧmenî Inscription. 127

Ȧmenmeses, 19. dyn. 110

Amenophis, 21. dyn. 110

Amenophis I., 18. dyn. 110

Amenophis II., 18. dyn. 6 10 95 96 110 133 137 151

Amenophis III., 18. dyn. 16 88 96 110 112 130 153

Amenophis IV., 18. dyn. 29 30 89 96 101 (110) 149

Ȧmen-Râ, god. 29 37 88 95 97 100 119 128 133 136 142

Ȧmenrud, 25. dyn. 110

Ȧmenrud [Amyrtæus], 28. dyn. 98 110

Ȧmenti. [Hades] 28 30 97 121

Ammenemes I., II., III., and IV., 12. dyn. 109

{192}Ammon, god. 95

Amosis, 26. dyn. 110

Amosis I., 18. dyn. 110

Amru, Arabic general. 94

Ȧmseth, one of the genii. 97

Amyrtæus, 28. dyn. 10 98 110

Amyrtæus Obelisks. 10 98 106

Amyrteos I. [Amyrtæus], 28. dyn. 110

Ȧn. [Heliopolis] 36 51 52 53 56 58 69 91 96 98 111 123 144 175

Anȧntef, 11. dyn. 109

Ȧnbu-ḥez·t. [Memphis] 132

Ȧndînes. [Antinoüs] 122

Ȧnît. [Esneh] 120

Ȧn-menth. [Hermonthis] 87 99 120

Ȧnpu [Anubis], god. 99

Ȧn·t. [Denderah] 88 99 116

Ȧntarîush (Ȧnthalîûsh) [Darius I.], 27. dyn. 110

Ȧntef I., II., III., IV., and V., 11. dyn. 109

Ȧntef the Great, 11. dyn. 9 11 99 109

Ȧntefâ [Antef the Great], 11. dyn. 99

Ȧnthrîsh [Darius II.], 27. dyn. 110

Antinoüs. 103 122

Antioch, in Syria. 117

Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor. 111

Ȧntuf, 11. dyn. 109

Ȧntufâ, 11. dyn. 109

Anubis, god. 89 97 98 99 100 147 160

Âpeḥutiset, 15. dyn. 109

Apeium. 100

Ȧpepȧ, 15. dyn. 109

Ȧpepȧ, 16. dyn. 110

Aphrodite [Venus], goddess. 123

Apis bull. 94 98 99 100

Apollo, god. 118

Apollinopolis. 118

Apophis, 15. dyn. 109

Apries, 26. dyn. 110

Ȧpiu·t. [Thebes] 88 100

Âqenenrâ, 16. dyn. 110

Arabia. Arabic. 19 79 88 93 94 100 106 114 120 122 123 126 127 133 140 142 149 153

Arabia Felix. 147

Aram. [Syria] 133

Aram-naharayim. [Mesopotamia] 133

Ares [Mars], god. 131

Arles, in France. 10 22 100 101

Arles Obelisk. 10 100

Arses, 31. dyn. 111

Artakhshashs [Artaxerxes], 27. dyn. 110

Artaxerxes I., 27. dyn. 98 110

Artaxerxes II., Persian king. 135

Ȧrunuth. [Orontes] 137

Âseḥrâ, 21. dyn. 110

Asia. Asiatic. 86 96 101 125 128 137 138 146 147 149

Asia Minor. 126 151

Assuân. [Syene] 13 23 24 86 101 119 123 148 152

Assuân Obelisk. 11 101

Assyria. 133 137

Ȧs·t [Isis], goddess. 39 102 105 106 126 136 158

Aswân. [Assuân] 149

Ȧta, 1. dyn. 109

Ȧten, god. 62 63 75 89 96 97 101 149 176

Ȧten-Râ, god. 96 101

Ȧteth, 1. dyn. 109

Athene [Minerva], goddess. 136

Athothis, 1. dyn. 109

Ȧtî, 6. dyn. 109

Atmeidan Obelisk. 9 101

Atrînes [Hadrian], Roman emperor. 122

Ȧtum [Tum], god. 29 51 102

Augustus, Roman emperor. 8 25 32 39 72 73 74 82 102 105 107 111 112 121 141

Augustus, title of Roman emperors. 117 122

Aurelian, Roman emperor. 111

Aurelius, Roman emperor. 111

Aurora, goddess. 153

Autocrator, title of Roman emperors. 39 102 106 111 117 122 136

Avaris. [Pelusium] 92 102 123 139

Baennuter, 2. dyn. 109

Bakenrenf, 24. dyn. 110

Balîkh, river in Syria. 117

Banon, 15. dyn. 109

{193}Barbarus, Roman prefect. 39 73 74 82 103

Barberini [Pope Urban VIII.]. 103

Barberini Obelisk. 9 103 121 134 144

Bashmuric dialect [Coptic]. 113

Bast, goddess. 92 98 103 105 146 158

Bazau, 2. dyn. 109

Bedouins [Arabs]. 126

Bejij [Crocodilopolis]. 5 103 114

Bejij Obelisk. 11 103

Belzoni, explorer. 13 103 114

Benemthesti [Benevento]. 103

Benevento, in Italy. 8 10 103 104

Benevento Obelisks. 10 103

Beni-Hassan. 89 104

Beq·t [Egypt]. 118

Berenice III., Ptolemaic queen. 111

Berlin, in Germany. 10 105 130

Bersheh. 15 89 104

Bêth Shêmesh [Heliopolis]. 2

Binothris, 2. dyn. 109

Boboli Gardens Obelisk. 10 104

Boethos, 2. dyn. 109

Bokkhoris, 24. dyn. 110

Böckh, historian. 108

Bolbitine. 145

Bonomi, Egyptologist. 11 104 147

Book of the Dead. 33 34 98 99 104 118 134 136

Borgian Obelisk. 10 94 104 135

Bosphorus. 105

Boussard, French engineer. 92 105

British Museum. 10 98 135 139 145

Brooklyn Navy Yard. 44 82

Brugsch, H., Egyptologist. 26 105 108 118 119

Bubastis. 92 102 105 110 139 149

Bûlâk [Cairo]. 38 105 139

Bunsen, historian. 108

Busiris. 92 93 105 139

Buto, goddess. 98

Byzantium [Constantinople]. 8 105 113

Cæsar, Julius, Roman dictator. 112

Cæsar, emperor Augustus. 32 39 73 74 82 102 105

Cæsar, title of Roman emperors. 39 105 106 111 117 122

Cæsareum, temple. 39 105

Cairo. 1 5 11 36 38 90 91 105 106 123 131 137

Cairo Obelisk. 11 166

Caligula, Roman emperor. 8 102 106 111 153

Cambyses, 27. dyn. viii 1 106 110

Campensis Obelisk. 9 106 134 141

Campus Martius, in Rome. 107

Canaan [Palestine]. 138

Caracalla, Roman emperor. 102 111

Carkhemish, on the Euphrates. 36 107

Catania, in Sicily. 10 107

Catania Obelisk. 10 107

Cataracts of the Nile. 108

Champollion, Egyptologist. 112 114

Circus Maximus, in Rome. 121

Claudius, Roman emperor. 8 102 104 111 134 148

Clement XI., Pope. 131

Cleopatra II., Ptolemaic queen. 7 111 112 114 140 142

Cleopatra III., Ptolemaic queen. 111 142

Cleopatra VI., Ptolemaic queen. 39 40 111 112

Cleopatra's Needle, in New York. 8 10 41 42 81 112 136

Colossi at Thebes. 16 96 112

Columbia College, in New York. 72

Commodus, Roman emperor. 111

Constantine the Great, emperor. 8 10 22 100 101 111 113 129

Constantinople. 8 9 101 102 105 113 141

Constantius II., emperor. 8 111 113 129

Coptic language. 90 105 113 116 145 149

Coptos. 88 113 129 143

Corfe Castle, in England. 114

Corfe Castle Obelisk. 10 114 140

Crocodilopolis. 5 11 90 103 114 120

Cyriacus Matthæius, Roman senator. 153

Dakkeh, in Nubia. 114

Damascus, in Syria. 36 114

Damietta. 92 105 115 133

Dammêsek [Damascus]. 114

Dareios, 31. dyn. 111

Dareios Hystaspes, 27. dyn. 110

Dareios Xerxes, 27. dyn. 110

{194}Darius I., 27. dyn. 110

Darius II., 27. dyn. 110

Dashûr. 91 115 130

Decius, Roman emperor. 111

Deb·t [Edfu]. 87 115 118

Dedefrâ, 4. dyn. 109

Dedkarâ, 5. dyn. 109

Deḥuti [Thoth], god. 49 56 58 60 61 115 150 151 158 159 161 190

Della Passeggiata Obelisk. 103

Delta. 84 90 93 98 102 115 130

Demotic language. 114 115 116 124 145

Denderah. 88 99 116 149

Denmark. Danish. 154

Denys of Telmahre, Syrian patriarch. 19 117

Dêr-el-Baheri [Thebes]. 88 117

Diana, goddess. 146

Dimashku [Damascus]. 114

Diocletian, emperor. 111 141

Diodorus, Greek geographer. 132

Dionysius Tell-Mahrâyâ. 117

Domitian, Roman emperor. 5 7 8 9 10 22 94 103 104 111 117 139

Dorsetshire, in England. 114

Drah-abul-Neggah [Thebes]. 88 117

Drah-abul-Neggah Obelisks. 9 11 118

Dûamutf, one of the genii. 97

Du en bekhen [Hammamât]. 88

Dümichen, Egyptologist. 61 100 118 133

Dumyât [Damietta]. 115

Ebers, Egyptologist. 118

Ebjij [Crocodilopolis]. 103

Edfu. 31 87 115 118 125 126 138

Edrisi, Arabic geographer. 126

Eileithyia, goddess. 119

Eileithyia, district. 136

Eileithyiapolis. 87 119 136

El-Assasîf [Thebes]. 99

Elephantine. 4 24 29 86 93 109 119 128 137

El·Fatan-ibn-Jârûd, Arabic name. 80

El-Kab [Eileithyiapolis]. 87 119

El-Kâhira [Cairo]. 106

El-Khargeh, oasis. 89 119 127 130

El-Lahoon. 90 119 120 129

El·Thabût-ben-Marrat, Arabic name. 80 119

El-Tîneh [Thinis]. 89 119 150

Elysium. 97 120

England. English. 8 10 11 40 74 81 93 95 104 114 123 147 154

Epiphanes, Ptolemaic title. 111 142 145

Erment [Hermonthis]. 87 120 123

Esdraëlon, in Palestine. 131

Esmeade Obelisk. 11 120 141

Esneh [Latopolis]. 87 120 146

Ethiopia. 110 120 130 137 140 141 152

Etruscans, ancient Italian tribe. 121

Euphrates. 107 117 133 147

Evarts, U. S. Secretary of State. 83

Fayoom. 4 5 89 95 103 114 119 120 129 130 134 146 152

First Cataract. 24 86 101 108 118

Flaminian Obelisk. 9 121 141

Florence, in Italy. 104 121

Florence Obelisks. 10 121

Fort St. Julien. 105

Fostât. 106

France. French. 8 10 22 92 100 105 130

Galba, Roman emperor. 111

Gallienus, emperor. 111

Germany. German. 10 94 129 135

Geta, Roman emperor. 111

Gizeh. 4 91 103 121 122 127 128 130 132

Glyptothek, in Munich, Germany. 94

Gorringe, U. S. Navy. 40 41 43 46 83

Graywacke Knoll, in Central Park, New York. 43 44

Greece. Greek. 12 21 51 72 73 74 84 87 89 90 91 96 97 98 100 103 105 111 112 113 114 118 119 120 121 122 123 125 126 127 128 129 131 132 135 136 137 139 144 145 146 148 149 151 152 153

Hades. 28 30 97 98 121

Hadrian, Roman emperor. 5 7 9 22 103 111 121 122

Hager, 29. dyn. 110

Hammamât. 16 23 88 122 129

Ḥâp [Nile]. 137 158

Harmachis, god. 122 125 148

Harmâ·t [Rome]. 144

Ḥa-Sebek [Crocodilopolis]. 103 114

{195}Ḥashepes (Ḥâ·t-shepes), queen 18. dyn. 122

Hatasu, queen 18. dyn. 6 9 11 19 23 35 117 122 127 131 133 150

Hatasu Obelisks. 122

Ḥa·t-Ḥer [Hathor], goddess. 123 166

Hathor, goddess. 88 98 117 123 166

Ḥa·t-nebes·t [Damietta]. 115

Ḥa·t-ûar·t [Avaris]. 92 102 123

Ḥauinebu [Greeks]. 121

Hayes, U. S. President. 83

Hebrew. 84 133 140

Hegira, flight of Mohammed. 126

Heliopolis. 1 2 4 9 10 19 21 36 38 51 52 53 56 57 58 69 75 76 77 78 82 91 96 98 101 102 104 107 111 121 123 125 131 133 134 141 143 144 151 153 175

Heliopolis Obelisk. 9 123

Heliupolis [Heliopolis]. 111

Ḥep [Apis]. 100

Ḥepî, one of the genii. 97

Ḥeqet (Ḥeq·t), goddess. 98

Heracleopolis. 109

Ḥeremḥeb, 18. dyn. 110

Ḥeremsaf, 6. dyn. 109

Ḥerḥer, 21. dyn. 110

Hermapion, Egyptian priest. 121

Hermonthis. 87 99 120 123

Herodotus, Greek historian. 132

Herschel, astronomer. 13 123

Ḥesepti, 1. dyn. 109

Ḥezef, 2. dyn. 109

Hieratic writing. 34 115 116 124 140

Hittites, nation. 36 37 101 107 125 127 128 139 144 147

Homer, Greek poet. 2 37 125 126 139

Hophra [Apries], 26. dyn. 141

Ḥor (Ḥer) [Horus], god. 29 56 58 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 136 160 161 166 181 184

Ḥor-ḥud·t [Horus of Edfu], god. 31 125

Ḥor-em-khuti, god. 30 122 125

Ḥor-khuti, god. 29 125

Horos, 18. dyn. 110

Ḥor-Râ, god. 30 125 160

Horus, god. 28 30 31 47 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 75 76 77 78 87 97 98 118 122 123 125 126 138 146 157 160 161 181 184

Howara Pyramid. 129

Ḥud·t [Edfu]. 87 118 126

Hyksos. 92 101 102 109 110 126 147 149

Ibn-el-Vardi, Arabic geographer. 79 126

India. 13

Innocent X., Pope. 139

Ipsambul [Abusimbel], in Nubia. 93

Ishmaël, Khedive. 40 111 126 137

Isis, goddess. 86 98 102 106 114 123 125 126 136 138 140 158

Isle of Purbeck, in England. 114

Ismaïl, Khedive. 82 126

Israelites. viii 134 147

Istambûl [Constantinople]. 113

Italy. 8 10 25 103 104 135

Jacobites, sect. 117

Jebel Barkal, in Nubia. 137

Jebel Selseleh [Silsilis]. 86 126 128

Jerablûs, in Syria. 107

Jews. Jewish. 131 134

Joseph, biblical patriarch. 2 127

Josiah, king of Judah. 131

Judah, kingdom in Palestine. 132

Jupiter, god. 95

Kadesh, in Syria. 35 127

Kaiekhos, 2. dyn. 109

Kaîseres [Cæsar], title. 106

Kakau, 2. dyn. 109

Kambyses [Cambyses], 27. dyn. 110

Kames, 17. dyn. 110

Kanâna [Canaan]. 138

Kanrâ, 10. dyn. 109

Karnak [Thebes]. 2 3 6 88 112 121 122 127 149 153

Karnak Obelisks. 9 10 11 19 127

Karukamsha [Carkhemish]. 107

Kembȧthet [Cambyses], 27. dyn. 106 110

Kenemti [El-Khargeh]. 89 119 127

Khabbash, 28. dyn. 110

Khâfrâ, 4. dyn. 109 127

Kharthî, 10. dyn. 109

Kharu, Syrian tribe. 36 101 127 131

Khefren or Khephren, 4. dyn. 91 109 127

{196}Khem [Pan], god. 89 139

Khennu [Silsilis]. 86 128 147

Kheops, 4. dyn. 91 109 122 128

Kheper, god. 28 29 128

Kheperȧ, god. 63 64 75 128 185

Kheper-Râ, god. 98

Kheres, 5. dyn. 109

Kher-nuter [Elysium]. 97

Kheta [Hittites], nation. 36 37 101 125 128

Khittîm [Hittites], nation. 128

Khnum, god. 86 87 98 120 128 158 159

Khnum-ḥotep Tomb. 104

Khnum-Râ, god. 29 128

Khnumu, god. 128

Khshîarush [Xerxes I.], 27. dyn. 110

Khu-en-Ȧten [Amenôphis IV.], 18. dyn. 97

Khu-en-Ȧten [Tel-el-Amarna]. 89

Khufu, 4. dyn. 5 109 128 133 143 148

Kircher, mathematician. 79 129

Kîsers [Cæsar], title. 111 117 122

Kôm-Omboo. 86 129 137

Kossêr, on the Red Sea. 23 88 122 129

Kuft [Coptos]. 88 114 129

Kush [Ethiopia. Nubia]. 137

Labyrinth. 90 95 120 129

Lateran Obelisk. 9 20 23 25 129

Latin. 72 73 74

Latopolis [Esneh]. 120

Lauth, Egyptologist. 108

Lenormant, Orientalist. 128

Lepsius, Egyptologist. 4 5 36 37 99 104 105 108 119 129 130 155

Lepsius Obelisk. 10 118 130

Lesseps, engineer. 148

Leukos-Limen [Kossêr]. 129

Libyan Desert. 59 90 130 137

Lisht Pyramid. 91 130

London. 8 10 36 39 41 81 91 95 102 154

London Obelisk. 8 25 40 59 72 73 130 177

Louis XIV., king of France. 101

Louis Philippe, king of France. 130

Lower Egypt. 1 16 30 31 48 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 75 76 77 78 84 90 94 95 96 97 99 105 106 107 111 113 114 115 117 121 122 123 127 128 130 132 135 136 137 138 140 141 142 144 145 147 149 150 151 152 161 162 168 181 187

Lucilius Lupus. 104

Lucina, goddess. 119 136

Luku (Leka) [Lycians], Greek tribe of Asia Minor. 121

Luxor [Thebes]. 2 4 9 88 112 130 150

Luxor Obelisk, in Paris. 8 10 23 41 130

Luxor Obelisk, in Thebes. 9 130

Lycians, Greek tribe of Asia Minor. 121

Mâ (Maâ), goddess. 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 76 78 87 95 96 98 99 122 130 131 144 147 152 158 177 179

Mââd Boat, of Râ. 22 131

Macedon. Macedonian. 94 111

Mahutean Obelisk. 10 131 139

Mâkarâ [Hatasu], queen 18. dyn. 6 35 100 110 122 131

Mâkethȧ [Megiddo], in Syria. 132

Manetho, Egyptian priest. 108 111 126

Maqdâm-ibn-el·ﻋAmr-ben-abî-Reﻋâl, an Arabic name. 80 131

Mareotis Lake. 91 131 133

Mariette, Egyptologist. 105 108

Mark Antony, Roman triumvir. 112

Mars, god. 61 131 132

Matarîyeh [Heliopolis]. 1 5 36 91 123 131

Mecca, in Arabia. 126

Medîna, in Arabia. 126

Medînet-Habu [Thebes]. 88 113 131

Mediterranean Sea. 90 118 131

Mêdûn [Meydoom]. 133

Megiddo, in Syria. 36 131

Meḥ·t [Lower Egypt]. 90

Memnon, Vocal. 96 153

Memnonium, temple. 16 88 132

Memphi [Memphis]. 90

Memphis. 4 10 19 65 76 90 91 93 100 106 109 113 115 121 127 132 133 142 143 145 151 178

Memphitic dialect [Coptic]. 113

Menȧ, 1. dyn. 109 132

Mendes. 92 132 139

Menephthah I., 19. dyn. 121 134

Menephthes, 19. dyn. 110

{197}Menephthes Siphthas, 19. dyn. 110

Menes, 1. dyn. 89 108 109 132 150

Menkauḥer, 5. dyn. 109

Menkaurâ, 4. dyn. 109 135

Menkheres, 4. dyn. 109

Menkheres, 5. dyn. 109

Men-nefer·t [Memphis]. 90 132

Menthu [Mars], god. 87 120 131 132 133 157

Menthuḥotep I., II., III., and IV., 11. dyn. 109

Menzaleh Lake. 92 115 133

Mephre [Hatasu], queen 18. dyn. 110

Merȧb, prince 4. dyn. 5 133

Merbapen, 1. dyn. 109

Merenḥer, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Merenptaḥ I. and II., 19. dyn. 110

Merî·t [Mareotis Lake]. 91 131 133

Merriam, classical philologist. 72 103

Mer·t [Egypt]. 118

Mer-Tum·t [Meydoom]. 90 133

Mer ûr [Mœris Lake]. 90

Mesopotamia. 36 96 133

Mesphres [Thothmes III.]. 36 133

Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York. 43 72 82

Meydoom or Meydoon. 90 120 130 133

Miebis, 1. dyn. 109

Minerva, goddess. 136

Misr [Egypt]. 118 133

Mîtrahîneh [Memphis]. 91 113 132 133

Mizrayim [Egypt]. 84 133

Mnevis bull. 98 133

Mœris Lake. 90 95 120 134

Môf [Memphis]. 132

Mohammed. 106 126

Mohammedans. viii 79 94 106 118

Monte Cavallo Obelisk. 9 134 148

Monte Citorio Obelisk. 22 25 106 134

Monte Pincio Obelisk. 22 103 134

Moses. viii 2 134 147

Munich, in Germany. 10 94

Mu-qed·t [Red Sea]. 144

Mut, goddess. 99

Mycerinus, 4. dyn. 91 109 135

Nahar [Syria]. 133

Nahasb Obelisk. 11 135

Napata, in Nubia. 137

Naples, in Italy. 10 94 103 104 135

Naples Obelisk. 135

Napoleon I. 105

Napoleon III. 101

Narȧni [Nero]. 136

Naville, Egyptologist. 104

Nebka, 3. dyn. 109

Nebkarâ, 3. dyn. 109

Nebnemrâ, 11. dyn. 109

Neco, 26. dyn. 131

Nectanebo I., 30. dyn. 9 111 135

Nectanebo II., 30. dyn. 111

Neferȧrikarâ, 5. dyn. 109

Neferȧrkarâ, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferḥotep, 14. dyn. 109

Neferka, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkaḥer, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarâ, 2. dyn. 109

Neferkarâ, 3. dyn. 109

Neferkarâ, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarâânnu, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarâkhendu, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarânebî, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarâpepîseneb, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkarâtererel, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkaseker, 2. dyn. 109

Neferkaurâ, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neferkhârâ, 5. dyn. 109

Neferseḥ...., 7.-10. dyn. 109

Neith, goddess. 92 120 136

Nekau, 26. dyn. 110

Nekhao II., 26. dyn. 110

Nekheb or Nekheb·t, goddess. 87 119 136

Nekheb·t [Eileithyiapolis]. 87 119 136

Nekherophes, 3. dyn. 109

Nekhthanebos, 30. dyn. 111

Nekhtharebes, 30. dyn. 111

Nekhtḥerḥeb, 30. dyn. 111 136

Nekhtnebef, 30. dyn. 111

Nepherkheres, 2. dyn. 109

Nepherkheres, 5. dyn. 109

Nephorites I., 29. dyn. 110

Nephthys, goddess. 136

{198}Nero, Roman emperor. 11 102 111 136

Nerva, Roman emperor. 111

Net [Neith], goddess. 136

Netȧqerti, queen 6. dyn. 109

New York. 8 36 40 41 42 43 44 82 91 102

New York Obelisk. 8 20 23 25 39 46 49 72 73 79 81 91 112 136 151 177

Niafâurud, 29. dyn. 110

Nile. 2 4 16 27 84 86 88 90 91 92 93 102 103 105 106 108 115 117 118 119 127 130 137 140 143 145 148 152 158

Nineveh, capital of Assyria. 36 96 137

Nitokris, queen 6. dyn. 109

Nô [Thebes]. 149

Nôf [Memphis]. 132

Northumberland, in England. 95 147

Nubia. 86 93 114 120 137 140

Nubî·t [Ombos]. 86 129 137

Nu·t [Thebes]. 149

Nu·t-Ȧmen [Thebes]. 87 149

Nu·t-â·t [Thebes]. 149

Octavianus [emperor Augustus]. 102

Octavius [emperor Augustus]. 112

Okhos, 31. dyn. 111

Omar, caliph. 94

Omboo [Ombos]. 129

Ombos. 29 86 129 137 146

On [Heliopolis]. 123

Onnos, 5. dyn. 109

Orontes, river in Syria. 36 137 147

Osarkon I., 22. dyn. 38 71 72 75 76 77 78 96 110 128 138 175 185

Osarkon II., 22. dyn. 110

Osarkon III., 23. dyn. 110

Osiris, god. 61 87 88 92 94 97 98 100 105 125 126 138 146 150 156

Osokhor, 21. dyn. 110

Osorkhon I. and II., 22. dyn. 110

Osorkhon III., 23. dyn. 110

Osymandyas [Ramses II.]. 132

Otho, Roman emperor. 111

Othoes, 6. dyn. 109

Padan-aram [Mesopotamia]. 133

Painezem I., II., and III., 21. dyn. 110

Palestine. 35 115 131 138 144 147

Pamaî, 22. dyn. 110

Pamphili [Pope Innocent X.]. 139

Pamphilian Obelisk. 9 139 141

Pan, god. 139

Panopolis. 89 93 139

Pantheon, in Rome. 131

Pantheon Obelisk. 131 139

Parakhistæ, embalmers. 134

Paris, in France. 8 10 23 41 130

Pasebkhânu I. and II., 21. dyn. 110

Pasht [Bast], goddess. 92 103 139 146

Pa ta merȧ·t [Delta]. 90 115

Pa ta res [Upper Egypt]. 84

Pedusabast, 23. dyn. 110

Pelusium. 92 102 123 139

Pentaûr, scribe. 37 139

Pepî I. and II., 6. dyn. 109

Perȧbsen, 2. dyn. 109

Per-ba-neb-ded·t [Mendes]. 92 139

Per-Bas·t [Bubastis]. 92 105 139

Per-khem·t [Panopolis]. 89 139

Persia. Persians. 94 98 106 110 111 127 135

Per-Usȧr·t [Busiris]. 92 105 139

Peserk·t [Pselcis], in Nubia. 114

Petsybastis, 23. dyn. 110

Pharos of Alexandria. 94

Philæ. 4 7 9 10 22 84 86 93 108 112 114 140

Philæ Obelisk. 9 112 140

Philip II., king of Macedon. 94

Philippus Aridæus, 32. dyn. 111

Phiops I. and II., 6. dyn. 109

Phîulîupûs, 32. dyn. 111

Phusemes, 21. dyn. 110

Piânkhî I., 24. dyn. 21 110 140

Piânkhî II., 24. dyn. 110

Piazza della Minerva Obelisk. 10 140

Piazza del Popolo Obelisk. 141 145

Piazza di San Pietro, in Rome. 153

Piazza Navona Obelisk. 22 139 141

Pî-Bêseth [Bubastis]. 105

Pireq [Philæ]. 86

Pius VI., Pope. 107 134 145

Pius VII., Pope. 103

Place de Concorde, in Paris. 130

Pliny, Roman author. 36 133 141

Pompeius, Roman prefect. 141

Pompey's Pillar, in Alexandria. 91 94 141

{199}Pontius, architect. 39 73 74 82 141

Poole, R. S., archæologist. 108

Porta del Popolo, in Rome. 11 120 141

Præneste, in Italy. 104 135

Prioli Obelisk. 9 141

Probus, emperor. 111

Psametik I., 26. dyn. 110 115 141

Psametik II., 26. dyn. 7 9 10 22 107 110 140 141 153

Psametik III., 26. dyn. 106 110

Psametikhos I., II., and III., 26. dyn. 110

Psamuthis, 29. dyn. 110

Pselcis, in Nubia. 114

Psemthek, 26. dyn. 141

Psimut, 29. dyn. 110

Psinakhes, 21. dyn. 110

Ptaḥ, god. 39 65 69 76 78 90 98 100 102 105 106 132 136 142 146 147 156 178

Ptaḥ-Seker-Usȧr, god. 142

Ptah-Sokar-Osiris, god. 29 142 145

Ptaḥ-tathunen, god. 65 142 149 178

Ptolemies, the 33. dyn. 9 21 22 81 94 111 114 124 142

Ptolemy I. Sotêr I., 33. dyn. 111 142

Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy III. Euergetes I., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy IV. Philopator I., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, 33. dyn. 111 145

Ptolemy VI. Eupator, 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy VII. Philometor, 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II., 33. dyn. 7 10 111 112 114 140 142

Ptolemy X. Sotêr II., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy XI. Alexander I., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy XII. Alexander II., 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy XIII. Neos Dionysius, 33. dyn. 111

Ptolemy XIV., 33. dyn. 112

Ptolemy XV., 33. dyn. 112

Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion, 33. dyn. 111 112

Ptûlmîs [Ptolemy], 33. dyn. 142

Publius Rubrius Barbarus, Roman prefect. 39 73 74 82 103

Pun·t [Arabia]. 100 142

Pusiri [Busiris]. 105

Pyramids. 12 27 91 120 143

Qebeḥ, 1. dyn. 109

Qebeḥsenef, one of the genii. 97

Qebti·t [Coptos]. 88 114 143

Qedesh [Kadesh], in Syria. 127

Qem·t [Egypt]. 61 66 70 84 118 143 188

Qerti, cataracts of Elephantine. 119

Qertus Dabȧrsa [Claudius Tiberius]. 111

Qîsers [Cæsar]. 102

Qlûpedra·t [Cleopatra II.]. 112

Qlûpeter [Cleopatra VI.]. 39 112

Quirinal, in Rome. 134

Qurnah [Thebes]. 88 143

Râ, god. 21 22 27 30 31 36 37 38 39 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 75 76 77 78 87 91 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 102 106 107 111 117 122 123 127 128 130 131 132 133 135 136 138 140 141 142 143 146 147 150 151 152 157 160 164 175 177 179 182 183 185 186

Râ-Ḥor, god. 160

Râ-Ḥor-khuti, god. 28 29 30 46 47 49 55 58 59 60 75 76 77 78 144 183 184 185

Rameseum, temple. 132

Ramesses I., 19. dyn. 110

Ramesses III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., XIII., and XIV., 20. dyn. 110

Ramesses Miammun [Ramses II.], 19. dyn. 110

Ramses I., 19. dyn. 110

Ramses II., 19. dyn. viii 4 7 8 9 10 11 16 36 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 75 76 77 78 88 91 93 96 104 110 112 113 117 121 127 128 130 131 132 134 139 140 143 144 145 146 147 148 152 153 175 177

Ramses III., 20. dyn. 110 112 117 131 144

Ramses IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., and XIII., 20. dyn. 110

Rânuser, 5. dyn. 109

Râqedî·t [Alexandria]. 91 144

{200}Rathures, 5. dyn. 109

Redesieh. 86 144

Red Sea. 86 88 122 129 144 148

Rehoboam, king of Judah. 132

Rethennu, Syrian tribe. 145

Rhakotis [Alexandria]. 91 94 144

Rhoda, island in the Nile. 137

Romans. viii 4 5 7 10 11 20 22 24 25 48 51 61 81 82 93 94 95 102 103 105 106 108 111 113 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 131 132 136 139 140 141 143 145 153

Rome. 5 7 8 9 11 20 22 23 25 93 103 104 107 111 120 121 129 131 134 139 140 141 144 145 148 153 154

Rosetta. 91 145

Rosetta Stone. 105 116 121 145

Rotennu, Syrian tribe. 36 101 145

Ru-âu·t [Troy in Egypt]. 151

Ru-ḥun·t [El-Lahoon]. 119

Rupu ruḥun [Labyrinth]. 129

Ruseti [Hades]. 97

Sabina, queen. 121

Sâbîna·t [Sabina]. 121

Saccarah [Memphis]. 91 132 145

Sa-el-Hajar [Saïs]. 92 145

Sahidic dialect [Coptic]. 113

Saḥurâ, 5. dyn. 93 109

Saï [Saïs]. 145

St. Anthony's Cross. 99

St. Ephraim Syrus, Syrian patriarch. 19 148

Saïs. 4 10 92 110 140 145 146

Saîu·t [Sioot]. 89 145 147

Sallustian Obelisk. 9 145

Samenthu, 21. dyn. 110

Sân [Tanis]. 145 146 149

Sân Obelisks. 11 146

San Giovanni in Laterano, church in Rome. 129

Santa Maria Maggiore, church in Rome. 148

Santa Maria Maggiore Obelisk. 9 134 148

Santa Trinita dei Monte, church in Rome. 145

Sâqanekhtkheperurâ, 18. dyn. 110

Sarâȧnâ, 11. dyn. 109

Sardinians, tribe. 121

Sarbut-el-Khedem, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. 9 146

Sa·t [Saïs]. 92 145 146

Sebek, god. 90 98 103 120 129 146 162

Sebekḥotep I., II., III., IV., V., VI., VII., and VIII., 14. dyn. 109

Sebekkarâ, 4. dyn. 109

Sebekneferurâ, 12. dyn. 109

Sebeknophris, 12. dyn. 109

Sebek-Râ, god. 29 86 146

Sebennytus. 111

Seberkheres, 4. dyn. 109

Sebikhos, 25. dyn. 110

Sebitikhos, 25. dyn. 110

Sekhet, goddess. 98 103 139 146 158

Sekti or Sektet Boat, of Tum. 22 131 146

Selq, goddess. 98 114

Semempses, 1. dyn. 109

Semenptaḥ, 1. dyn. 109

Sendȧ, 2. dyn. 109

Seneferka, 7.-10. dyn. 109

Seneferkarâ, 11. dyn. 109

Seni·t [Esneh]. 87 120 146

Sephres, 5. dyn. 109

Seqenenrâ I., II., and III., 17. dyn. 110

Serapeum, temple. 100

Serapis, god. 94

Sesokhris, 2. dyn. 109

Sesonkhis I., II., III., and IV., 22. dyn. 110

Sesortasis I., II., and III., 12. dyn. 109

Sesostris [Seti I.]. 147

Set, god. 87 125 126 138 146 147 157 160

Sethenes, 2. dyn. 109

Sethnekhthes, 19. dyn. 110

Sethos I. and II., 19. dyn. 110

Setî I., 19. dyn. 6 9 86 87 88 110 117 121 127 128 131 133 137 143 144 145 147 148

Setî II., 19. dyn. 110

Setnekht, 19. dyn. 110

Sevênêh [Syêne]. 149

Severus, Roman emperor. 111

Sextus, Roman name. 94

{201}Sezes, 3. dyn. 109

Shabaka, 25. dyn. 110

Shabataka, 25. dyn. 110

Shakalusha [Sicilians], tribe. 121

Shamy and Damy, colossi of Thebes. 153

Sharutana (Sharudana) [Sardinians], tribe. 121

Shekh-abd-el-Qurnah [Thebes]. 132

Shepherd Kings [Hyksos]. 92 146 147

Shepseskaf, 4. dyn. 109

Shepseskarâ, 5. dyn. 109

Sheshenq I., II., III., and IV., 22. dyn. 110

Sheshonq I., 22. dyn. 132

Shishak, 22. dyn. 110

Shu, god. 156

Sicily. Sicilians. 10 108 121

Silsilis. 86 128 147

Sinai, Mount. 146

Sinaitic Peninsula. 1 4 9 11 135 146 147

Sion House Obelisk. 10 95 147

Sioot. 89 145 147

Sisires, 5. dyn. 109

Sixtus V., Pope. 121 129 148 153

Smendes, 21. dyn. 110

Snefru, 4. dyn. 109 133

Somali Coast, in Africa. 122

Sophris, 4. dyn. 109

Soris, 4. dyn. 109

Soughton Hall Obelisk. 11 147

Sphinx, the Great. 121 122 148

Staten Island, N. Y. 44

Strabo, Greek geographer. 120 129

Strassburg, in Germany. 118

Stuart, Villiers, traveler. 2 148

Sûan [Syene]. 149

Sublime Porte. 53 148

Suez. 135 146

Suez Canal. 40 126 133 148

Sun·t [Syene]. 24 86 101 148 149

Suphis, 4. dyn. 109

Sutekh, god. 126 146

Syene. 5 13 16 23 24 36 82 86 101 108 139 141 148 149

Syria. Syrians. 36 114 117 126 127 131 133 137 144 145 147 148 149

Tacitus, Roman name. 94

Ta-en-ta-rer·t [Denderah]. 88 116 149

Taharqa, 25. dyn. 110

Taḥer, 30. dyn. 111

Takelot I. and II., 22. dyn. 110

Takelothis I. and II., 22. dyn. 110

Ta meḥî·t [Lower Egypt]. 90

Tanis. 4 11 45 92 110 145 146 149 154

Tankheres, 5. dyn. 109

Tarakheutæ, embalmers. 134

Ta-rer·t [Denderah]. 117

Tarîm, mountain. 80

Ta-Ru-âu·t [Troy in Egypt]. 151

Ta-sheti [Fayoom]. 90

Tathunen, name of Ptah. 149

Taûr·t, goddess. 98

Tearkhos, 25. dyn. 110

Tel-Basta [Bubastis]. 92 105 149

Tel-el-Amarna. 29 89 96 149

Tell-Mahrê, in Syria. 117

Tentyra [Denderah]. 117

Teos, 30. dyn. 111

Terînus [Trajan]. 122

Tetȧ, 1. dyn. 109

Tetȧ, 3. dyn. 109

Tetȧ, 6. dyn. 109

Thebes. 2 3 4 9 10 11 16 23 29 48 49 50 53 55 56 57 59 60 75 76 77 78 87 88 89 95 96 97 99 100 109 110 112 117 118 119 127 129 130 131 132 133 143 149 153 176

Themesqu [Damascus]. 115

Theni·t [Thinis]. 89 120 150

Theodosius the Great, emperor. 102 111

Thiî, queen 18. dyn. 101

Thinis. 89 108 109 119 150

This [Thinis]. 150

Thoth, god. 49 56 57 75 97 98 115 150 151 158 159 161 190

Thothmes I., 18. dyn. 5 9 10 110 127 150 151

Thothmes II., 18. dyn. 6 110 131 150

Thothmes III., 18. dyn. viii 6 7 9 10 19 31 35 36 37 38 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 75 76 77 78 82 96 101 110 115 117 122 127 129 131 132 133 137 138 150 153 179 190

{202}Thothmes IV., 18. dyn. 6 9 19 96 110 129 151

Tiberius, Roman emperor. 102 111

Tigris, river in Asia. 36 133

Titus, Roman emperor. 111. Name. 104

Tosertasis, 3. dyn. 109

Tosorthros, 3. dyn. 109

Trajan, Roman emperor. 102 111

Troja, in Asia Minor. 151

Troja, in Egypt. 91 151

Troy, in Asia Minor. 126 151

Troy, in Egypt. 91 151

Tum, god. 22 27 28 29 46 51 53 56 57 58 67 75 76 77 90 98 102 123 131 133 146 147 151 189

Tumtînes [Domitian]. 117

Tura [Troy in Egypt]. 91 151

Turin, in Italy. 104

Turkey. Turkish. 53 113 148

Tursha [Etruscans], tribe. 121

Tutânkhȧmen, 18. dyn. 110

Tuthmosis I., II., III., and IV., 18. dyn. 110

Ûaḥȧbrâ, 26. dyn. 110

Uaphris, 26. dyn. 110

Ûaznes, 2. dyn. 109

Ûaz-ûr [Mediterranean Sea]. 131

Unȧs, 5. dyn. 109

Unger, historian. 108

United States. 10 41 44 82 83

Upper Egypt. 2 3 30 31 48 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 75 76 77 78 84 89 93 94 95 96 97 99 103 104 106 107 111 113 114 116 117 118 119 120 122 127 128 129 132 133 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 144 147 148 149 150 151 152 161 162 168 181 185 187

Urban VIII., Pope. 103

Usaphais, 1. dyn. 109

Usȧr [Osiris], god. 138

Ûrsarken [Osarkon I.]. 38 72 96 138 175

Userenrâ or Rânuser, 5. dyn. 93 109

Userenrâ, 11. dyn. 109

Userkaf, 5. dyn. 109

Userkheres, 5. dyn. 109

Usertesen I., 12. dyn. 5 9 11 36 91 103 109 123 152

Usertesen II., 12. dyn. 109 119

Usertesen III., 12. dyn. 109

Us or Us·t [Thebes]. 48 49 50 53 55 56 59 87 96 149 153 176

Vanderbilt, W. H. 40 41 44 45 83

Vatican, in Rome. 153

Vatican Obelisk. 9 153

Velletri, in Italy. 104 135

Venus, goddess. 117 123

Veranian Obelisk. 103

Verus, Roman emperor. 111

Vespasian, Roman emperor. 111

Villa Albani, near Rome. 93

Villa Celimontana, in Rome. 153

Villa Mattei, in Rome. 153

Villa Mattei Obelisk. 10 153

Vocal Memnon. 96 112 153

Wâdi Nasb, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. 135

Wanstead, near London, England. 154

Wanstead Obelisk. 11 154

Washington, D. C. 18

Wilkinson, Egyptologist. 14 108 154

Wilson, Erasmus, professor. 95

Xerxes I., 27. dyn. 110

Xois, city in the Delta. 109

Yaﻋmer-ben-Shaddâd, Arabic name. 80 154

Zahi, Asiatic tribe. 101

Zân·t [Tanis]. 92 149 154

Zazaî, 3. dyn. 109

Zeser, 3. dyn. 109

Zesertetȧ, 3. dyn. 109

Zoëga, archæologist. 11 100 154

Chapter I. Obelisks—where found, and when, and by whom erected.	1—11
§1. The present site of obelisks. 1-5. §2. By whom obelisks were erected. 5-7. §3. By whom obelisks were transported. 7-8. §4. List of obelisks. 8-11. I. Erect Obelisks. 9-10. II. Prostrate Obelisks. 10-11.
Chapter II. The quarrying, transporting, and raising of obelisks.	12—17
§1. How obelisks were quarried. 12-15. §2. How obelisks were transported. 15-17. §3. How obelisks were raised. 17.
Chapter III. The form, name, dimensions, invention, material, and use of obelisks.	18—25
§1. The form of the obelisk and the pyramidion. 18-21. §2. The derivation of the name "obelisk". 21-22. §3. The dimensions of obelisks. 22-23. §4. The material of obelisks. 23-24. §5. The invention of obelisks and the use they were put to. 24-25.
Chapter IV. The signification of the obelisk and the worship of the sun.	26—34
Chapter V. The history of the New York Obelisk, and its removal from Alexandria.	35—45
§1. History of the New York Obelisk. 35-40. §2. The removal of the obelisk to New York City. 40-45.
Chapter VI. The inscriptions of the New York Obelisk.	46—78
I. Inscriptions of Thothmes III. 46-61. The Pyramidion. 46-55. The Obelisk Proper. 56-61. {iv} II. Inscriptions of Ramses II. 62-71. Vertical columns. 62-70. The base. 71. III. Inscriptions of Osarkon I. 71-72. IV. Inscriptions of Augustus. 72-74. The full translation of the obelisk. 74-78.
Chapter VII. Notes on the translation and the crabs.	79—83
§1. Arabic and other translations of the New York Obelisk. 79-81. §2. The crabs of the obelisk and the inscriptions on them. 81-83.
Chapter VIII. Egypt: its geographical divisions and its cities.	84—92
Upper Egypt. 84-90. Lower Egypt. 90-92.
A Glossary of names and terms occurring in this book and pertaining to Egyptological subjects.	93—154
List of the Egyptian dynasties. 108-111. The Coptic alphabet. 113. The Demotic alphabet. 116. The Hieratic alphabet. 124.
A Glossary of hieroglyphs occurring in this book, together with their pronunciation and determinative value.	155—173
A Glossary of the Egyptian words occurring on the New York Obelisk.	174—190
Index of Proper Names.	191—202


Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu	Deḥuti-meses-ḥeq-Us	Deḥuti-mes
Thoth's child, of beautiful form.	Thoth's child, lord of Thebes.	Thoth's child.


Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu	Deḥuti-meses-ḥeq-Us
Thoth's child, of beautiful form.	Thoth's child, lord of Thebes.


nuter	nefer	ḥeq	Ȧn	suten kaut?	neb
The god ·	gracious ·	prince of ·	Heliopolis ·	king of Upper and Lower Egypt ·	lord (of ·


suten kaut?	neb	taui
king of Upper and Lower Egypt ·	lord (of ·	the) two countries ·

THE NEW YORK OBELISK

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PREFATORY.

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII

CHAPTER VIII.

A GLOSSARY

A GLOSSARY

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

NOTES.

I. ERECT OBELISKS.
	Where erected:	By whom erected:	Height:
In Egypt:
01. Karnak	Thebes	Thothmes I.	71	ft.	7	in.
02. Karnak	Thebes	Hatasu	97	"	6	"
03. Luxor	Thebes	Ramses II.	82	"	-	"
04. Heliopolis	Heliopolis	Usertesen I.	67	"	-	"
05. Philæ [frag.]	Philæ	Ptolemies	33	"	-	"
06. 7. Karnak	Thebes	Thothmes III.	19	"	-	"
08. Sarbut-el-Khedem [?]	Sinaitic Peninsula	?		?
09. Drah-abul-Neggah	Thebes	Antef [XI. dyn.]	11	"	-	"
In Constantinople:
10. Atmeidan	Heliopol. ?	Thothmes III.	55	"	4	"
11. Prioli	?	Nectanebo I. ?	35	"	-	"
In Rome:
12. Lateran	Thebes	Th'th. III. IV.	105	"	6	"
13. Vatican	not inscribed.		83	"	1½	"
14. Flaminian	Heliopolis	Seti I.	78	"	6	"
15. Campensis	Heliopolis	Psametik II. ?	71	"	5	"
16. Pamphilian	Rome	Domitian	54	"	3	"
17. S^a. Maria Magg.	Heliopol. ?	not inscribed.	48	"	5	"
18. Mt. Cavallo	Heliopol. ?	not inscribed.	45	"	-	"
19. Sallustian	Rome	Copy of Seti I.	43	"	6	"
20. Barberini	Rome	Hadrian	30	"	-	"
{10} 21. Mahutean	Heliopolis	Ramses II.	20	"	-	"
22. Piazza della Minerva	Sais?	Psametik II.?	17	"	7	"
23. Villa Mattei	?	Ramses II.	8	"	3	"
In other parts of Italy and Sicily:
24. Boboli Gardens, Florence	Heliopolis	Ramses II.?	16	"	1	"
25. Florence	?	?	7	"	-	"
26. Florence	?	?	5	"	10	"
27. 28. Benevento	Benevento	Domitian	9	"	-	"
29. Borgian, Naples	?	Domitian?	6	"	7	"
30. Catania	Catania	Roman copy?	12	"	4	"
In France:
31. Luxor, [Paris]	Thebes	Ramses II.	74	"	11	"
32. Arles	Arles	Constantine?	56	"	9	"
In England:
33. Alexandrian [in London]	Heliopolis	Thothmes III.	68	"	5½	"
34. Alnwick Castle or Sion House?	?	Amenophis II.	7	"	3	"
35. 36. Amyrtæus British Mus.	?	Amyrtæus [465]	19	"	9	"
37. Corfe Castle	Philæ	Ptol. Euerg. II.	22	"	1½	"
In Germany:
38. Albani Munich	?	Domitian?		?
39. Lepsius Berlin	Memphis	IV. or V. dyn.	2	"	1½	"
In the United States:
40. Cleopatra's Needle	Heliopolis	Thothmes III.	69	"	6	"
II. PROSTRATE OBELISKS.
01. Karnak	Thebes	Thothmes I.		?
{11} 02. Karnak	Thebes	Hatasu		?
03. Bejij	Crocodilop.	Usertesen I.	42	"	9	"
04-7. Sân	Tanis	Ramses II.		?
08. Assuân	still in the quarry.		95	"	-	"
09. Nahasb	Sinaitic Peninsula	?	7	"	11	"
10. 11. Drah-abul-Neggah	Thebes	Antef [XI. dyn.]		?


Kheper, the night-sun: winter solstice.	Ra-Hor-Khuti, the morning-sun: vernal equinox.


Tum, the evening-sun: autumnal equinox.	Horus, the noon-sun: summer solstice.


qa	nekht	khâ	em	Us	sa	Râ	Men-kheper-Râ
The bull · powerful · glorious · in · Thebes · son (of) · Râ · Thothmes III.


du	ânkh·	f	neb	Râ-Ḥor-khuti	nuter	â	neb taui (neb ta neb ta)
giving · life · him · all · Râ-Hor-Khuti · the god · great · lord (of the) two countries.


nuter	â	neb taui (neb ta neb ta)
the god · great · lord (of the) two countries.


nuter	â	neb	ḥa·t
the god · great · lord (of · the) temple.


taui	Men-kheper-Râ	du	ânkh	zeta
the) two countries ·	Thothmes III. ·	giving ·	life ·	forever.


er	du·t	qebeḥ	ȧr	ef	du	ânkh
For ·	a gift ·	libation ·	to make ·	him ·	give ·	life.


nuter	nefer	neb	ȧr	khet	suten kaut?	neb
The god ·	gracious ·	lord ·	maker of ·	things ·	king of Upper and Lower Egypt ·	lord (of ·


Sebek-Ra.	Khnum-Ra.


meses	sa	en	kha·t	ef	meses	nef	Deḥuti	qema	en
begotten ·	son ·	of ·	womb ·	his ·	born ·	him ·	Thoth ·	created ·	by ·


du	ânkh	ef	neb	Râ-Ḥor-	khuti	neb	taui
Giving ·	life ·	him ·	all ·	Râ-Horus	in the horizon ·	lord (of ·	the) two countries.


Ḥor-pet	qa	nekht	khâ	em	Us	neb mut or sheta neb ârâ or meḥen·t
The heavenly Horus ·	bull ·	powerful ·	glorious ·	in ·	Thebes ·	lord of the Vulture diadem lord of the Uræus-snake diadem ·


ûaḥ	suten	ma	Râ	em	pet	Tum	neb·t	en	Ȧn
placed ·	king ·	like ·	Râ ·	in ·	heaven ·	Tum ·	lord ·	of ·	Heliopolis ·


sen	em	ḥat-â	em	neferu	ḥâu	sen	rekh	enti	ȧr·f
them ·	in ·	great-temple ·	in ·	beauty of ·	limbs ·	their ·	knowing ·	what ·	he should do ·


sutenî·t	ûaḥ	kher	neḥeḥ	suten-kaut?	Men-kheper-Râ
kingdom ·	placed ·	for ·	eternity ·	king of Upper and Lower Egypt ·	Thothmes III.


Tum	nuter	â	ḥenâ	pau·t	nuteru·	f	merî	du	ânkh
Tum ·	god ·	great ·	with ·	circle ·	(of) gods ·	his ·	beloved ·	giving ·	life ·


ded	us	neb	ma	Râ	zeta
stability ·	strength ·	all ·	like ·	Râ ·	forever.


Men-kheper-Râ	ȧr	nef	em	mennu·	f	en	tef	neb
Thothmes III. ·	made ·	by him ·	for ·	monument ·	his ·	for ·	father ·	lord of ·


Ȧn	s·âḥâ	nef	tekhenui	ûrui	benben·t	em
Heliopolis ·	caused to erect ·	by him ·	two obelisks ·	large ·	the pyramidion ·	of ·


usem	em	sep	tep	sed-ḥeb	..........	nen
gold-metal ·	at ·	time ·	first (of) ·	the thirty-year-period ·	... illegible! ... ·	not ·


ȧr nef	sa Râ	Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu	Râ-Ḥor-khuti	merî	zeta
(as) done by him ·	the son of Râ ·	Thothmes III. ·	Râ-Hor-Khuti ·	beloved ·	forever.


sed-ḥe	..........	nen	ȧr nef
the thirty-year-period ·	... illegible! ... ·	not ·	(as) done by him ·


Men-kheper-Râ	s·menkh	per	en	meses	ȧm ·	f
Thothmes III. ·	causing to be adorned ·	the house ·	of ·	birth ·	there ·	his ·


..........	sa	Râ
..........illegible!.......... ·	the son of Râ ·


Ḥor-pet	ḥez	qa	Râ	mer	suten-kaut?
The heavenly Horus ·	the white crown ·	lifting ·	Râ ·	beloved ·	king of Upper and Lower Egypt ·


Men-kheper-Râ	Ḥor-nub	har	nekht
Thothmes III. ·	the golden Horus ·	rejoicing in ·	strength ·


ḥu	ḥequ	men·tu?	peḥu	su	khatf	utu	nef
smiting ·	the princes (of) ·	the countries ·	distant ·	they ·	because ·	ordered ·	for him ·


tef	Râ	nekhtu	er	ta	neb	dem·t	ent	khepesh	em
father ·	Râ ·	victories ·	over ·	land ·	all ·	completeness ·	of ·	power ·	at ·


ru	dedui·	f	er	s·usekh	tash·tu
the end of ·	the two hands ·	his ·	in order to ·	cause to be extended ·	the boundaries of ·


Qem·t	sa	Râ	Deḥuti-meses-nefer-kheperu du		ânkh	neb	zeta
Egypt ·	the son of ·	Râ ·	Thothmes III. ·	giving ·	life ·	all ·	forever.