The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifteen Institute Lessons in Language, Arithmetic, and U.S. History, by W. F. L. Sanders This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Fifteen Institute Lessons in Language, Arithmetic, and U.S. History Author: W. F. L. Sanders Release Date: June 28, 2016 [EBook #52429] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTEEN INSTITUTE LESSONS *** Produced by Charlene Taylor, ellinora and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
The teacher should ask questions about the objects and incidents of the reading lesson; the most difficult words of the lesson should be placed on the board and used as an exercise in rapid pronunciation and spelling; let the pupils pass rapidly through a paragraph, pronouncing the words of two-syllables, three-syllables, etc.; and, as soon as the advancement of the class will permit, the pupil should pass through a paragraph naming the parts of speech, the phrases, the propositions, and the sentences, now and then classifying them.
Frequently, as a pupil reads, the rest of the class should be required to close their books and turn their attention directly to what is being read; when the reader is through, the teacher should question the listeners carefully until every point of what was read is brought out clearly,—the reading itself to be properly criticised. Rules of punctuation, and those concerning the use of capitals should be deduced from the reading matter, and frequently recited. Quotation marks, the hyphen, and the apostrophe must receive their share of attention.
Geographical terms, allusions, and figures of speech should be noted; let the places mentioned be located and described as in geography. If prominent men are mentioned, let brief biographical sketches be given.
Before beginning the recitation, the teacher should question the class closely in regard to what is set forth or told in the lesson. Give careful attention to position, voice, emphasis, tone, etc. Good reading should strike our attention as being very like good conversation.
As soon as practicable, the pupils should be required to write out as a composition the thoughts and incidents of the lesson. Occasional exercises in parsing and analysis may be given from the reading lesson.
Stories, extracts, etc., should often be read to the class, to be written out by them in their own language. Let attention to the use of correct language be a prominent feature of every recitation. Transformations of easy poems into prose, and descriptions of scenes, real or imaginary, may be used in composition work. Oral and written reproductions of reading lesson must occur frequently. Conversations about familiar and interesting objects will give the teacher an opportunity to correct bad language.
From time to time, as opportunity offers, supplementary reading matter may be used. Throughout the grades, two or three times a week, the pupils should be required to commit choice quotations and to recite them clearly and effectively.
1. Use each of the numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, &c.) one at a time, and devise many different ways of illustrating and using each objectively. First, the perception of the number as a whole—then, the analysis of the number. Part of the work should involve subtraction.
2. Each number may be illustrated in many ways by large dots variously grouped on cards. With these cards drill the perception in quickness. Let each pupil arrange a certain number of “counters” in several ways of regular form.
3. On each number, ask every possible variety of question. Let the pupils make problems. Let some be made that are to have a certain given answer.
4. As each number is used, let its script form be learned and made by the pupils. After progressing in this way as far as 4 or 5 (some say to 9) teach the figures. Practice counting objects as far as 20.
5. The exercises for slate work should progress very gradually. A higher number should be introduced only after the pupils can use, with readiness, those below it, in their many and varied combinations. Let there be oral work consisting of easy objective problems illustrative of the slate work.
6. In the black-board work the teacher should use a pointer and call for ready and correct mental recitations, as he points to the various problems.
7. The exercises for slate work may be of several different kinds: as,
The columns of (e) may contain from three to nine figures. The teacher must not lengthen them at any time beyond the ability of the pupils.
The upper figure is the same in each: the lower figures are different and are arranged miscellaneously. In the advancement, increase the upper row a unit at a time, as far as 11.
8. Teach the use of the signs ×, -, and =, and let the pupils have slate work similar to the following:—
9. Practice counting objects as far as 100, after which drill frequently in writing and reading the numbers, from the black-board, as far as 100.
910. Use exercises similar to the following:—
Let every possible combination be learned so well that the result can be given instantly.
11. For variety, along with the preceding, there may be used exercises similar to the following:—
“Carrying” may now be taught.
12. Practice writing and reading numbers of three, and four, figures. The pupils at the same time may be given exercises similar to the following:—
Take the last example: the pupil should be taught to think through it rapidly, as follows:—4, 10, 17, 25, 34—write the 4 and carry the 3; 3, 12, 20, 29, 34, 40,—write the 0 and carry the 4; 4, 9, 16, 24, 31, 38; write the whole result.
13. Let the pupils learn to read numbers as high as millions. For a few examples, at first, in subtraction, let the numbers in each order of the minuend be greater than the corresponding ones in the subtrahend; as,
Use practical problems.
14. Next, those examples necessitating “borrowing” or “carrying” may be given; as,
The method involving “carrying” is the better one. If equals be added to two numbers, their difference is not changed. In the last example, if 10 is added to 5, to equalize it add 1 to 7, for 10 units of one order equal one unit of the next higher. Adding the 1 to the 7 is called “carrying.”
Let the pupils recite the tables orally. Use for drill the following problems:—
With the problem on the board let the pupil recite without the aid of the answer. Similarly use the 3’s, 4’s, 5’s, &c. Along with this part of the work, how to multiply by a number of two or more figures may be taught. Placing the multiplication table in the compact rectangular form found in some arithmetics will be profitable and interesting work.
16. Teach the Roman notation to C; how to tell the time of day; how to make change with money; and how to solve easy exercises in pt., qt., pk., and bu.,—gi., pt., qt., and gal.—and in., ft., and yd.
17. The teacher, using a pointer, should drill the pupils thoroughly on the following table. (Try to acquire speed and correctness).
2 × 2 | 3 × 7 | 8 × 5 |
3 × 2 | 8 × 3 | 5 × 9 |
2 × 4 | 3 × 9 | 6 × 6 |
5 × 2 | 4 × 4 | 7 × 6 |
2 × 6 | 5 × 4 | 6 × 8 |
7 × 2 | 4 × 6 | 9 × 6 |
2 × 8 | 7 × 4 | 7 × 7 |
9 × 2 | 4 × 8 | 8 × 7 |
3 × 3 | 9 × 4 | 7 × 9 |
4 × 3 | 5 × 5 | 8 × 8 |
3 × 5 | 6 × 5 | 9 × 8 |
6 × 3 | 5 × 7 | 9 × 9 |
These constitute the multiplication table with the duplicate combinations cut out, leaving but 36 products to learn in the entire field of the common multiplication table.
18. Let the division tables now be learned.
Let the pupils fill the blanks. Let them learn how often 2 is contained in 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19. Also, when the 3’s, 4’s, etc., are learned, use the intermediate numbers that give remainders. Drill in mental work. Give examples after each table is learned; as
Show how to write the remainder fractionally. Teach the meaning of ½, ⅓, and ¼.
19. Teach long division using easy graded examples.
1120. Learn the divisors of numbers as high as 100. Method of recitation: Suppose the lesson consists of the numbers 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29.
The pupils, with their knowledge of the multiplication table, by experimental work, and from suggestions by the teacher,—prepare their slate work as follows:
In the oral recitation, the first pupil, without referring to his slate, recites as follows:—
The divisors of 24 are 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12; 2 twelves are 24, 3 eights are 24, 4 sixes are 24, 6 fours are 24, 8 threes are 24, and twelve twos are 24.
The next pupil recites as follows: The divisor of 25 is 5; 5 fives are 25.
The third recites: The divisors of 26 are 2 and 13; 2 thirteens are 26, 13 twos are 26.
The fourth recites: The divisors of 27 are 3 and 9; 3 nines are 27, 9 threes are 27.
The fifth recites: The divisors of 28 are 2, 4, 7, and 14; 2 fourteens are 28, 4 sevens are 28, 7 fours are 28, and 14 twos are 28.
The sixth recites: 29 has no divisors; it is a prime number—a number that can be exactly divided only by itself and unity.
Most pupils are slow in learning how to study History. The plan here set forth will lead them to understand how closely and intently the eyes of the mind must scan each line, if nothing is to escape their vision.
The teacher selects from the lesson words and expressions indicative of the prominent ideas, and classifies them into those of times, places, persons and miscellaneous items; the most difficult words, for “dictionary work”; and general topics, of which the preceding divisions are analytic elements. These elements thoroughly learned, recited, and properly combined bring into use, language and understanding to help form a foundation for mastering and reciting the general topics. The teacher’s analysis is placed upon the board. From this (or a copy of their own) the pupils may prepare the lesson. First, the pupil is to read (study) his lesson through once or twice, and then test his work by noting how many of the elements of the lesson he can “recite.” To recite an element, a pupil states how (or why) the author has used it, or in what connection it occurs in the lesson. If it denotes a person to tell who he was; if a place to tell where it is; &c.
This recitation is necessarily short, but it brings into use language and understanding to form a foundation for mastering and reciting the general topics.
Model for Teacher. From the First Five Paragraphs of the Eclectic U. S. History.
TIMES.—400 yrs.
PLACES.—American continent, Mississippi River, Great Lakes, four cities, Mexico, Yucatan, Adams Co., O., Marietta, Mississippi Valley, Central America, Atlantic, Iceland.
PERSONS.—Tribes, mound-builders, Frenchmen, Indians, ancestors, sailors.
MISCELLANEOUS.—Dark-skinned hunters, an empty continent, burial-mounds, 164 ft., 5000 people, island of frost and flame.
DICTIONARY WORK.—Wigwams, area, maize, bananas, tropical, solitary, basins. (Give meaning, and tell how each happens to be used.)
GENERAL TOPICS.—A Lonely Land, The Mound-builders, Wares from Ancient Workshops, Origin of the Early Inhabitants of America.
FEDERAL. | REPUBLICAN. |
---|---|
18 | 01 |
Pres. Jefferson called an atheist; a fanatic in politics; and his party called disorganizers and revolutionists. | Thom. Jefferson______Pres. Aaron Burr______Vice Pres. Simple Ceremonials. Lenient towards France. Hostile towards Eng. |
7th | C. |
Reduction in the army, navy, taxes, and duties. | |
Nat. Law of ’95 restored. | |
18 | 02 |
Unsuccessful attempt to fasten a charge of mismanagement upon the Treasury Department. | Judiciary Law repealed. Unsuccessful attempt to abolish the “Mint.” The “Burrites” a faction of the Reps. |
18 | 03 |
Some of the Feds. contemplate “Secession.” } _____ | _____ { Purchase of La. |
8th | C. |
French Treaty ratified. | |
18 | 04 |
Judge Chase impeached. | |
Opp. by New Eng. members _____ | _____ XIIth Amend. passed. |
Presidential Candidates. | |
C. C. Pinckney & R. King _____ | _____ Jefferson & Geo. Clinton |
Presidential Election; 17 States vote. | |
Elec. Vote:—P. & K. (14) _____ | _____ J. & C. (162). |
The Federals espouse the cause of Judge Chase, who is acquitted. | Trial of Judge Chase, Burr presiding. |
FEDERAL. | DEMOCRATIC. REPUBLICAN. |
---|---|
17 | 93 |
Geo. Washington. Pres. | |
John Adams, V. Pres. | |
Trouble with France. | |
Neutrality Proclamation. ____ | ____ Opposed, as nullifying Treaty of 1778, with Fr. |
The treaty regarded as nullified by the change of government in France. | “Democratic Clubs” encourage Genet and denounce Wash. |
3rd | C. |
BRITISH PARTY. | FRENCH PARTY. |
Jeff. leaves the Cabinet, Dec. 31. | |
17 | 94 |
Embargo, 60d. | Friendly to Fr.; hostile to Eng. |
Jay app. E. E. to Eng. | |
Indirect taxation voted ____ | ____ Opposed; direct tax favored. |
XIth Amend. passed. | |
Whisky Insurrection. | |
17 | 95 |
Hamilton resigns. | |
Debate on Jay’s Treaty. | |
Jay’s Treaty ratified. | Jay hung in Effigy. |
Naturalization Law. | Washington accused of incapacity and embezzlement, and called the “Stepfather of his Country!” |
4th | C. |
17 | 96 |
Pres. Proc. legalizing Jay’s Treaty. House Resolution for carrying Treaty into effect; another debate. |
An increase of duties successfully opposed. |
Fisher Ames. _____ | _____ Albert Gallatin. |
Washington’s “Farewell Address.” | Party name shortened to |
REPUBLICAN. | |
The Federals claim to be— | The Republicans claim to be— |
(a) The authors of the Gov. | (a) The advocates of economy. |
(b) The friends of neutrality, peace, and prosperity. | (b) The friends of liberty and of the rights of man. |
(c) The direct inheritors of Washington’s policy. | (c) The protectors of the rights of the States. |
Presidential Candidates. | |
John Adams; T. Pinckney. | T. Jefferson; Aaron Burr. |
Presidential Election; 16 States vote; 1st Presidential contest. | |
Elec. Vote:—A. (71); P. (59) _____ | _____ J. (68); B. (30). |
FEDERAL. | REPUBLICAN. |
---|---|
17 | 97 |
John Adams, President. | Thomas Jefferson, V. P. |
5th | C. |
President’s Address to Cong. | |
Envoys sent to France. | |
Treaties with Fr. annulled. | |
17 | 98 |
X. Y. Z. letters published. | |
Preparations for war. _____ | _____ Vehement protestations against war measures. |
Naturalization Law made more rigid. | |
The “Alien Law.” _________ | } _____ Opposed as violations of the 1st Amend. |
The “Sedition Law.” _______ | |
Ky. Resolutions (Jeff.) | |
Vir. Resolutions (Mad.) | |
17 | 99 |
Three Envoys sent to Fr. | Ky.’s Null. Resolutions. |
Quarrel between Adams & Ham. | |
18 | 00 |
Treaty with Napoleon, | N. Y. elects a Rep. legislature. |
September 17, 1800. | |
The Federals claim to be the authors of the Government; the friends of neutrality, peace, and prosperity; and the direct inheritors of Washington’s policy. | Caucus nomination of presidential candidates. Republican Platform:—Free Speech, Religion, Press, Trade. No Standing Army. Specie Currency. Liberal Nat. Laws. State Sov. Economy. Strict Construction of the Constitution. |
Presidential Candidates. | |
J. Adams; C. C. Pinckney. | T. Jefferson; A. Burr. |
Presidential election; 16 States vote; partisan contest. | |
Elec. vote:—A. (65); P. (64) ____ | ____ J. (73); B. (73). |
The undecided election causes much excitement. | |
Many Feds. favor Burr. | |
House Votes:—Burr, 4; Jeff., 10; two blanks. | |
Judiciary Law enacted. | Opposed, (why?) |
FEDERAL. | ANTI-FEDERAL. |
---|---|
17 | 89 |
Geo. Washington, Pres. | |
John Adams, V. P. | |
{ Alex. Hamilton ______ | ____ Thom. Jefferson. |
Cabinet: { Henry Knox ________ | ____ Edmund Randolph. |
PROMINENT FEDERALS. | PROMINENT ANTI-FEDS. |
John Jay, Ben. Franklin, Rufus King, Gouverneur Morris, Roger Sherman, Robt. Morris, C. C. Pinckney, John Marshall, Jam. Wilson, Jam. Madison. | Patrick Henry, Albert Gallatin, Geo. Clinton, Jam. Monroe, Geo. Mason, John Hancock, Elbridge Gerry, Aaron Burr, Sam. Adams, R. H. Lee. |
1st | C. |
Protective Tariff Bill passed. | F. M. Muhlenberger, Sp. |
Ten Amendments adopted. | |
N. C. enters the Union, Nov. | |
17 | 90 |
Assumption Bill passed _____ | _____ Opposed, as destructive of State Supremacy. |
R. I. enters the Union, May. | |
17 | 91 |
National Bank chartered. | James Madison sides with the Anti-Feds. |
Excise Law Passed ____ | ____ Opposed violently, especially in Western Pa. |
Stormy Sectional Debate in the House, on Slavery. | |
2nd | C. |
Jonathan Trumbull, of Conn., Sp. | |
17 | 92 |
Army and Tariff increased _________ | ____ Anti-Feds charge the Feds with aiming at Monarchy. |
Party name changed to | |
Democratic-Republican. | |
Presidential Candidates. | |
Washington; John Adams. | ____________; Geo. Clinton. |
Presidential Election; 15 States vote; contest only on Vice Pres. | |
17 | 93 |
Elec. Vote:—W. (132); A. (77) ____ | ____________ C. (50). |
First Fugitive Slave Law passed, Feb. 12. |
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fifteen Institute Lessons in Language, Arithmetic, and U.S. History, by W. F. L. Sanders *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIFTEEN INSTITUTE LESSONS *** ***** This file should be named 52429-h.htm or 52429-h.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/2/52429/ Produced by Charlene Taylor, ellinora and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.