Project Gutenberg's A Check-List of the Birds of Idaho, by M. Dale Arvey This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Check-List of the Birds of Idaho Author: M. Dale Arvey Editor: E. Raymond Hall H. H. Lane Edward H. Taylor Release Date: April 26, 2011 [EBook #35968] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF IDAHO *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net A Check-List of the Birds of Idaho BY M. DALE ARVEY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 1, No. 10, pp. 193-216 November 29, 1947 University of Kansas LAWRENCE 1947 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor Volume 1, No. 10, pp. 193-216 Published November 29, 1947 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1947 21-6960 A Check-list of the Birds of Idaho By M. DALE ARVEY There is comparatively little literature dealing with the avifauna of Idaho, mostly because relatively few persons have done field work in the state. In the ornithological literature, there is nothing even comparable to a "state list," so that when birds supposedly unreported previously from Idaho are found, it is difficult to know whether or not they should be recorded as "new" to the state. The present paper has been prepared in the hope that it will stimulate additions to, and corrections of, the list. It is, admittedly, a beginning. Material for the present article was obtained from personal collecting in the five years and ten months in which I resided in the state (October, 1938-September, 1944). Also, the published reports that could be found have been drawn upon; these publications are listed in the appended bibliography. Taxonomic problems, of which many are unsolved, are not here considered, since this is merely a list indicating whether or not the species or subspecies, as now understood, is known to be present, whether it is common, and where it might be found. The nomenclature is that of the Fourth Edition of the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list and its supplements, except where a revision has been made that is seemingly valid but which has not yet been acted upon by the A. O. U. Committee. For each species or subspecies the objective is to give at least one reference to occurrence, as to date and place, as accurately as possible. Reference is made to southern, central, and northern Idaho. These references denote the Snake River Plains, characterized by sagebrush desert; the wooded regions immediately to the north of this and in the foothills, extending to Idaho County in the west; and the so-called Panhandle, respectively. In all, 292 kinds of birds are recorded in the following list. LIST OF SPECIES _Gavia immer elasson_ Bishop. Lesser Loon. Uncommon resident in the lakes of northern Idaho, and generally distributed. Merrill (1897:350) states that the species is common and resident at Fort Sherman. _Gavia stellata_ (Pontopiddan). Red-throated Loon. Davis (1935b:234) records specimens taken in migration in Minidoka County at the Minidoka Irrigation Project, and Rust (1915:121) states that this species is rare in Kootenai County. _Colymbus grisegena holboellii_ (Reinhardt). Holboell Grebe. Merrill (1897:349) records this species as common in migration at Fort Sherman. _Colymbus auritus_ Linnaeus. Horned Grebe. Uncommon resident. Davis (1935b:234) records the bird as a summer visitant at the Minidoka Project. _Colymbus nigricollis californicus_ (Heermann). Eared Grebe. Fairly common resident along rivers and in lakes. Rust (1915:121) records one specimen taken on Lake Coeur d'Alene in October, 1912. _Aechmophorus occidentalis_ (Lawrence). Western Grebe. Uncommon resident. Merrill (1897:349) records one specimen from Fort Sherman. _Podilymbus podiceps podiceps_ (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe. Common resident. Merrill (1897:350) states that it is common at Fort Sherman in the spring and autumn. _Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_ Gmelin. White Pelican. Resident along the Snake River; large nesting colonies are to be found in Bear Lake County. See Davis (1935b:234) for nesting dates. _Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus_ Ridgway. Farallon Cormorant. Davis (1935b:234) records this bird in the Minidoka Project as a regular migrant and gives dates of occurrence. The resident population at the Bear Lake Refuge has been reported as subspecies _auritus_ by Behle (1944:68), but probably is _albociliatus_. _Ardea herodias treganzai_ Court. Treganza Great Blue Heron. Common resident in suitable localities. (Dale Arvey 1505, 7 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, Idaho, February 19, 1940.) _Leucophoyx thula brewsteri_ (Thayer and Bangs). Brewster Egret. Davis (1935b:234) records one specimen from the Minidoka Project, taken on September 16, 1919, and Hayward (1934:39) reports the species as breeding at Bear Lake Valley in Bear Lake County. _Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli_ (Gmelin). Black-crowned Night Heron. Common locally. Hayward (1934:39) reports the bird as resident in Bear Lake Valley. _Botaurus lentiginosus_ (Montagu). American Bittern. Fairly common resident in suitable localities. Merrill (1897:351) records the American Bittern as rather common at Fort Sherman. _Plegadis mexicana_ (Gmelin). White-faced Glossy Ibis. Vagrant. Recorded as common at the Minidoka Project by Kenagy (1914:122). _Cygnus columbianus_ (Ord). Whistling Swan. Resident in the winter in the larger lakes, and transient along the Snake River. (D. A. 1783, 1 mi. S Hagerman, Gooding County, February 1, 1940.) _Cygnus buccinator_ Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. Merriam (1891:91) states that Bendire found this swan breeding on Henry Lake in 1877, and that two were collected in August of that year. Rust (1915:123) records the species as a rare fall migrant on Lake Coeur d'Alene. There are no recent records. _Branta canadensis_ (Linnaeus). Canada Goose. Fairly common resident. See Aldrich (1946b) for records of each subspecies. a. _moffitti_ Aldrich. Great Basin Canada Goose. This is the resident race. b. _occidentalis_ (Baird). White-cheeked Goose. Migrant. c. _leucopareia_ (Brandt). Lesser Canada Goose. Migrant. _Branta hutchinsii hutchinsii_ (Richardson). Hutchins Cackling Goose. Migrant. See Aldrich (1946b) for the status of this goose. _Branta bernicla nigricans_ (Lawrence). Black Brant. Davis (1935b:234) records this species as a regular migrant in Minidoka County, and indicates that some remain all winter. _Anser albifrons albifrons_ (Scopoli). White-fronted Goose. Uncommon migrant. Jones (1943:120) records a specimen from "about 10 mi. north Pocatello, Bingham County." _Chen hyperborea hyperborea_ (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose. Fairly common transient along the Snake River. Two specimens are in the State Game Department's mounted collection from the Snake River, probably from near Payette, Payette County. _Chen rossi_ (Cassin). Ross Goose. Transient along the Snake River. The Game Department collection has two mounted skins from "along the Snake River." _Anas platyryhnchos platyryhnchos_ Linnaeus. Mallard. Very common resident. (D. A. 1753, Boise River, 1 mi. S Middleton, Canyon County, November 24, 1940.) _Anas acuta tzitzihoa_ (Vieillot). American Pintail. Resident and common during migration. (D. A. 1752, Snake River, 1 mi. S Hammett, Elmore County, November 16, 1940.) _Anas carolinensis_ Gmelin. Green-winged Teal. Common resident. (D. A. 1261, Thorn Creek, 7 mi. S Moscow, Latah County, October 30, 1938.) _Anas discors_ Linnaeus. Blue-winged Teal. Rare resident. Merriam (1891:90) records two shot on Saw Tooth Lake (=Alturas Lake, Blaine County), about October 1. _Anas cyanoptera_ Vieillot. Cinnamon Teal. Uncommon resident. I observed a female with four young in Bellevue, Blaine County, in July, 1942, and Merrill (1897:350) records a female with young on June 11 at Fort Sherman. _Anas strepera_ Linnaeus. Gadwall. Resident locally; fairly common in migration. (D. A. 1310, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW Pocatello, Power County, January 2, 1939.) _Mareca americana_ (Gmelin). Baldpate. Common during migration, and resident along the Snake River. (D. A. 1747, 1 mi. W Bowman Ranch on Boise River, Canyon County, October 26, 1940.) _Spatula clypeata_ (Linnaeus). Shoveller. Common in migration, and breeds locally. (D. A. 1492, Wallace, Shoshone County, October 22, 1939.) _Aix sponsa_ (Linnaeus). Wood Duck. Fairly common in migration, and resident locally. Merrill (1897:350) records it as a summer resident at Fort Sherman. _Aythya americana_ (Eyton). Redhead. Fairly common migrant. Recorded by Merrill (1897:350) at Fort Sherman. _Aythya collaris_ (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck. Uncommon transient. Merrill (1897:350) records it at Fort Sherman. _Aythya valisineria_ (Wilson). Canvas-back. Fairly common in migration, and recorded by Low and Nelson (1945:131) as breeding in Bonneville and Caribou counties. _Aythya marila_ (Linnaeus). Greater Scaup Duck. Fairly common migrant. Davis (1935b:236) records one bird from the Minidoka Project taken on March 28, 1920. _Aythya affinis_ (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck. Common during migration. Davis (1935b:235) lists this bird as a regular winter visitant in Minidoka County from October 30 to May 31. _Glaucionetta clangula americana_ (Bonaparte). American Golden-eye. Common resident. (D. A. 1476, Bellevue, Blaine County, June 28, 1939.) _Glaucionetta islandica_ (Gmelin). Barrow Golden-eye. Uncommon transient. Davis (1935b:234) records one specimen taken at the Minidoka Project. _Glaucionetta albeola_ (Linnaeus). Buffle-head. Common migrant. (D. A. 1852, Snake River, 1 mi. S Hammett, Elmore County, November 15, 1941.) _Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus_ Brooks. Western Harlequin Duck. Uncommon. Rust (1915:122) records one specimen taken on the marshes of the St. Joseph River in Kootenai County, and Merrill (1897:350) states that it is occasionally taken on the St. Joseph and Coeur d'Alene rivers. _Melanitta fusca_ subsp.?. White-winged Scoter. Rust (1915:122) records this bird as common on Lake Coeur d'Alene in the winter of 1913. _Melanitta perspicillata_ (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter. Rust (1915:122) states that this is a rare fall migrant in Kootenai County. _Oxyura jamaicensis rubida_ (Wilson). Ruddy Duck. Common migrant on the Snake River. Merrill (1897:350) records this duck as "not uncommon in the spring and autumn" at Fort Sherman. _Lophodytes cucullatus_ (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. Common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1389, Lewiston, Nezperce County, April 2, 1939.) _Mergus merganser americanus_ Cassin. American Merganser. Common resident. Merrill (1897:350) states that the bird is common in fall and winter at Fort Sherman. _Mergus serrator_ Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser. Uncommon. Merrill (1897:350) records one specimen taken "near Fort Sherman." _Cathartes aura teter_ Friedmann. Western Turkey Vulture. Common resident in southern Idaho, and transient elsewhere. Merrill (1897:352) records it as a summer resident at Fort Sherman. _Accipiter gentilis striatulus_ (Ridgway). Western Goshawk. Fairly common migrant, and possibly resident. Hand (1933b:36) reports it as resident in northern Idaho. (D. A. 1317, 1318, Nezperce, Lewis County, January 9 and 12, 1939.) _Accipiter striatus velox_ (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk. Common resident. (D. A. 1296, 4-1/2 mi. NE Genessee, Latah County, November 27, 1938.) _Accipiter cooperii_ (Bonaparte). Cooper Hawk. Common resident in the forests. (D. A. 1450, Sandpoint, Bonner County, May 24, 1939.) _Buteo jamaicensis calurus_ Cassin. Western Red-tailed Hawk. Common resident. (D. A. 1352, Moscow, Latah County, March 18, 1939.) _Buteo platypterus platypterus_ (Vieillot). Broad-winged Hawk. Davis (1936:86) records one specimen of this hawk taken on May 23, 1935, at Castle Creek, 8 mi. S Oreana, Owyhee County. _Buteo swainsoni_ Bonaparte. Swainson Hawk. Common resident. (D. A. 1451, Moscow, Latah County, May 21, 1939.) _Buteo lagopus s. johannis_ (Gmelin). American Rough-legged Hawk. Common migrant and possibly resident. (D. A. 1301, 11 mi. SE Genessee, Nezperce County, November 27, 1938.) _Buteo regalis_ (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg. Uncommon migrant. (D. A. 1326, 4 mi. N Minidoka Power Plant, Minidoka County, January 27, 1939.) _Aquila chrysaetos canadensis_ (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. Uncommon resident. Merrill (1897:353) stated that the species occurred "sparingly" at Fort Sherman. _Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis_ (Audubon). Northern Bald Eagle. Uncommon resident in northern Idaho, Merrill (1897:353) stated that a few pairs bred about Lake Coeur d'Alene. _Circus cyaneus hudsonius_ (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk. Very common resident. (D. A. 1371, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW Pocatello, Power County, April 1, 1939.) _Pandion haliaetus carolinensis_ (Gmelin). Osprey. Uncommon resident. Merrill (1897:353) reported the bird as frequent in the summer at Fort Sherman. _Falco mexicanus_ Schlegel. Prairie Falcon. Fairly common resident. (D. A. 1319, American Falls, Bingham County, January 16, 1939.) _Falco peregrinus anatum_ Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. Uncommon resident. Bond (1946:104) lists this bird as a rare breeder in Idaho. _Falco columbarius bendirei_ Swann. Western Pigeon Hawk. Rust (1915:124) records one specimen from Coeur d'Alene as subspecies _columbarius_; although the skin has not been checked by me, it would seem to be more likely of subspecies _bendirei_, corresponding to others taken in northern Idaho. _Falco sparverius sparverius_ Linnaeus. Eastern Sparrow Hawk. Common resident. (D. A. 1267, Little Bear Ridge, 5 mi. SW Troy, Latah County, November 2, 1939.) _Dendragapus obscurus_ (Say). Blue Grouse. Common resident. a. _obscurus_ (Say). Dusky Grouse. Specimens from southeastern Idaho are referable to this race. b. _richardsonii_ (Douglas). Richardson Grouse. This is the resident race of southwestern Idaho north to Idaho County, where intergradation occurs with the next form. (D. A. 1431, 1432, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, May 14, 1939.) c. _pallidus_ Swarth. Oregon Dusky Grouse. Birds in the northern portion of the state are of this race. _Canachites franklinii_ (Douglas). Franklin Grouse. Uncommon resident. I have observed the birds in the Selway National Forest, in Idaho County, and specimens have been taken in Bonner County. (D. A. 1336, 1337, 6 mi. S Coolin, Bonner County, February 19, 1939.) _Bonasa umbellus_ (Linnaeus). Ruffed Grouse. Common resident. See Aldrich and Friedman (1943) for ranges of the following races. a. _phaia_ Aldrich and Friedmann. Idaho Ruffed Grouse. This is the race resident in southwestern Idaho, and it intergrades with the two following forms. b. _umbelloides_ (Douglas). Gray Ruffed Grouse. Resident in northern Idaho. c. _incanus_ Aldrich and Friedmann. Hoary Ruffed Grouse. Resident in southeastern Idaho. _Lagopus leucurus altipetens_ Osgood. Southern White-tailed Ptarmigan. Several specimens of this bird are mounted in a collection in Idaho City, having been collected "in the vicinity." _Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus_ (Ord). Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse. One specimen was sent me from Bonner County, where the species was said to be fairly abundant. (D. A. 1513, 15 mi. N Priest River, Bonner County, April 1, 1940.) _Centrocercus urophasianus_ (Bonaparte). Sage Grouse. Common locally. Previously numerous, and now recovering from a severe decline in numbers. Merriam (1891:93) speaks of using these birds for fresh meat during much of his trip. _Perdix perdix perdix_ (Linnaeus). European Partridge. Common since its introduction. _Colinus virginianus texanus_ (Lawrence). Texas Bob-white. Common resident in southern Idaho. Merriam (1891:92) states that the birds were first introduced at Boise, Ada County. _Lophortyx californica brunnescens_ Ridgway. California Quail. Introduced into southern Idaho; not numerous but establishing itself in the foothills. _Oreortyx picta picta_ (Douglas). Plumed Quail. Common resident. Wyman (1912c:538) states that this species was not present in Idaho prior to about 1900, having at that time extended its range from Oregon. _Phasianus colchicus_ Linnaeus. Ring-necked Pheasant. Common resident since its introduction; there is considerable admixture of races in the stock. _Grus canadensis tabida_ (Peters). Sandhill Crane. Uncommon resident. Merriam (1891:91) reports the bird breeding near Fort Lapwai, Nezperce County, in June 1871, and Davis (1935b:234) states that it is a regular migrant at the Minidoka Project. _Rallus limicola limicola_ Vieillot. Virginia Rail. Davis (1923) states that this rail is uncommon at the Minidoka Project, but that it was abundant in earlier years. _Porzana carolina_ (Linnaeus). Sora. Uncommon resident. Merriam (1891:91) recorded this species from Big Lost River, "about 8 mi. above Arco," Butte County, on July 26. _Fulica americana_ Gmelin. American Coot. Common resident. (D. A. 1745, Notus, Canyon County, October 20, 1940.) _Charadrius vociferus vociferus_ Linnaeus. Killdeer. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. Rust (1915:123) records the earliest arrival date for the bird in Kootenai County as March 9, 1913, and says that it leaves by September 1. _Pluvialis dominica fulva_ (Gmelin). Pacific Golden Plover. Sloanaker (1925:73) records one specimen of this bird, shot from a flock of four near Coeur d'Alene on Lake Chactolet on October 1, 1923. _Squatarola squatarola_ (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. Rust (1915:123) records one specimen of this bird taken on the St. Joseph marshes, Kootenai County. _Capella gallinago delicata_ (Ord). Wilson Snipe. Fairly common resident. (D. A. 1739, Boise River, 3 mi. W Boise, Ada County, October 17, 1940.) _Numenius americanus_ Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. Uncommon resident. See Oberholser (1918) for ranges of the following subspecies. a. _americanus_ Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. Resident in southern Idaho. b. _parvus_ Bishop. Northern Curlew. The resident population in northern Idaho is referable to this subspecies. _Actitis macularia_ (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. Common resident in the Canadian Life-zone. (D. A. 1807, junction of Simmon's Cr. and Boise River, Boise County, July 5, 1941.) _Tringa solitaria cinnamomea_ (Brewster). Western Solitary Sandpiper. Davis (1935b:236) took one specimen on April 9, 1920 at the Minidoka Project, and records the bird as erratic in occurrence. _Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus_ (Brewster). Western Willet. Davis (1935b:235) records this bird as a summer visitant at the Minidoka Project, and gives dates of its occurrence there. _Totanus melanoleucus_ (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. Davis (1935b:234) records this bird at the Minidoka Project in migration. _Totanus flavipes_ (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. Fairly common in migration. (D. A. 1742, Notus, Canyon County, October 20, 1940.) _Erolia melanotos_ (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Merrill (1897:351) records this bird as common in 1896 from August to October at Fort Sherman, and a number of specimens were taken. _Erolia minutilla_ (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. Fairly common migrant. Davis (1935b:234) gives dates of migration of this bird at the Minidoka Project. _Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus_ (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Merrill (1897:351) collected five specimens on September 12 on the St. Joseph marshes. _Micropalama himantopus_ (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. Davis (1935b:234) collected one bird at the Minidoka Project on May 13, 1919, and stated that the species was erratic in occurrence. _Ereunetes mauri_ Cabanis. Western Sandpiper. Rust (1917:32) recorded this bird on August 27 near Spencer, Fremont County, and also at Henry Lake. _Limosa fedoa_ (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. Davis (1935b:236) records one specimen taken on August 1, 1920, at the Minidoka Project. _Limosa haemastica_ (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. Davis (1935b:236) records one bird taken at the Minidoka Project on July 7, 1919. _Crocethia alba_ (Pallas). Sanderling. Davis (1935b:236) records this bird from the Minidoka Project in migration, and he took one specimen on May 19, 1921. _Recurvirostra americana_ Gmelin. Avocet. Uncommon resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1631, Snake River at Hagerman, Gooding County, June 16, 1940.) _Himantopus mexicanus_ (Mueller). Black-necked Stilt. Davis (1935b:235) records this bird from Minidoka as a summer visitant, and gives dates of its occurrence. _Phalaropus fulicarius_ (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. Hand (1935:180) reports one bird of this species in October on the St. Joseph River at St. Maries, Benewah County. _Steganopus tricolor_ Vieillot. Wilson Phalarope. Uncommon. Davis (1935b:236) took one specimen at the Minidoka Project on May 13, 1919. _Lobipes lobatus_ (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. Uncommon resident. Davis (1935b:236) reports the species as erratic at the Minidoka Project, where he took one specimen on May 13, 1919. _Stercorarius pomarinus_ (Temminck). Pomarine Jaeger. Davis (1935b:236) took one bird "on the Snake River," on September 4, 1919. _Larus argentatus thayeri_ Brooks. Thayer Gull. Merrill (1897:350) records several birds of this species taken in the fall and winter on Lake Coeur d'Alene. _Larus californicus_ Lawrence. California Gull. Common in the winter, and possibly breeds along the Snake River. Davis (1935b:235) records this bird as a common summer visitant at the Minidoka Project. _Larus delawarensis_ Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Uncommon straggler. Merrill (1897:350) records it in the winter at Fort Sherman. _Larus pipixcan_ Wagler. Franklin Gull. Late winter and spring straggler. See Slipp (1942). _Larus philadelphia_ (Ord). Bonaparte Gull. This gull is recorded by Merrill (1897:350) as taken at Fort Sherman in November. _Sterna forsteri_ Nuttall. Forster Tern. Davis (1935b:235) lists this bird as a summer visitant in Minidoka County, and gives dates of its occurrence there. _Sterna hirundo hirundo_ Linnaeus. Common Tern. Rust (1915:121) states that this tern is rare in Kootenai County. _Hydroprogne caspia_ (Pallas). Caspian Tern. Common during migration. Davis (1935b:234) records the species as common in migration at the Minidoka Project, and gives dates of its occurrence. _Chlidonias nigra surinamensis_ (Gmelin). Black Tern. Fairly common on lakes; evidently resident. Rust (1915:121) records this bird as common in June, 1914, on the St. Joseph Marshes. _Columba fasciata fasciata_ Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Rare at present. Merrill (1897:349) states that Cooper listed this bird in what is now Idaho. _Zenaidura macroura marginella_ (Woodhouse). Western Mourning Dove. Common summer resident, frequently remaining in winter. Rust (1915:123) lists the bird as a fairly common summer resident in Kootenai County. _Ectopistes migratorius_ (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. Extinct. Merrill (1897:349) states that Cooper listed this species from Montana and from what is now Idaho. _Coccyzus americanus occidentalis_ Ridgway. California Cuckoo. This bird was reported by Davis (1935b:236), as taken May 16, 1918 at the Minidoka Project, and he says that nests have been taken near Rupert by Kenagy. _Coccyzus erythropthalmus_ (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. One breeding bird of this species was reported by Arvey (1941:291), taken at Slide Gulch on the Boise River, Boise County, on July 10, 1941. Since this time I have observed the bird twice in Boise, Ada County, in the summer. _Tyto alba pratincola_ (Bonaparte). Barn Owl. Uncommon resident. One specimen in the University of Idaho collection of mounted birds was taken near Moscow, Latah County. _Otus asio_ (Linnaeus). Screech Owl. Common resident. a. _macfarlanei_ (Brewster). MacFarlane Screech Owl. Resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1861, Boise, Ada County, April 11, 1942.) b. _brewsteri_ Ridgway. Brewster Screech Owl. Resident in northern Idaho. (D. A. 1312, Lapwai, Nezperce County, December 25, 1938.) _Otus flammeolus flammeolus_ (Kaup). Flammulated Screech Owl. Rare resident. Specimens have been taken in two localities. Merriam (1891:96) took one specimen on the west side of Big Wood River, "only a few miles north of Ketchum, September 22," 1890. The record from Blaine County and the one of Rust (1915:125), near Fernan Lake, September 28, 1914, are the only two positive records of this species to my knowledge. _Bubo virginianus_ (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl. Common resident. See A. O. U. Check-list (1931). a. _wapacuthu_ (Gmelin). Arctic Horned Owl. Migrant. b. _occidentalis_ Stone. Montana Horned Owl. Resident in central and southeastern Idaho. c. _lagophonus_ (Oberholser). Northwestern Horned Owl. Resident in western and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1486, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, September 15, 1939.) _Nyctea scandiaca_ (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Casual migrant. Merrill (1897:352) stated that there was an invasion of owls of this species in the winter of 1896-'97, and many were observed during that time at Fort Sherman. _Surnia ulula caparoch_ (Mueller). American Hawk Owl. Uncommon. Hand (1933a:32) reports one specimen of this owl taken at Stanley Butte, 10 mi. S Lochsa River, Idaho County, on November 3, 1925, and mentions one other observed in the summer. He suggests that the bird breeds in northern Idaho. _Glaucidium gnoma californicum_ Sclater. California Pygmy Owl. Fairly common resident in the Canadian Life-zone. Specimens seem referable to subspecies _pinicola_, recently synonymized by the A. O. U. Committee. (D. A. 1311, Priest River, Bonner County, January 3, 1939.) _Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea_ (Bonaparte). Western Burrowing Owl. Fairly common local resident. (D. A. 1388, 10 mi. W Boise, Ada County, April 2, 1939.) _Strix nebulosa nebulosa_ Forster. Great Gray Owl. Vagrant. A specimen, D. A. 1303, taken on December 8, 1938, was sent me from 9 mi. NE Grangeville, Idaho County, December 8, 1938. _Asio otus wilsonianus_ (Lesson). Long-eared Owl. Fairly common resident. (D. A. 1532, 5 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, April 29, 1940.) _Asio flammeus flammeus_ (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl. Very common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1346, 2 mi. S Moscow, Latah County, March 7, 1939.) _Aegolius funereus_ richardsoni (Bonaparte). Richardson Owl. Rust (1915:125) records this bird as a rare winter visitor in Kootenai County, and Merrill (1897:353) lists two specimens taken "early in the spring of 1894 ... about seven miles from the fort." _Aegolius acadicus acadicus_ (Gmelin). Saw-whet Owl. Rare. Davis (1935b:235) says that this is a regular winter visitor at the Minidoka Project, and Merrill (1897:353) lists one specimen taken at Fort Sherman, on January 19. _Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii_ (Audubon). Nuttall Poorwill. Uncommon resident. Merriam (1891:98) records this species from "the lava beds west of Blackfoot" on July 17, 1872. _Chordeiles minor hesperis_ Grinnell. Pacific Nighthawk. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1468, 2 mi. S Hailey, on Wood River, Blaine County, June 25, 1939.) _Chaetura vauxi vauxi_ (Townsend). Vaux Swift. Merrill (1897:354) reports this bird as resident at Fort Sherman, as does Burleigh (1923:658) at Clark's Fork, Bonner County. _Aeronautes saxatalis saxatalis_ (Woodhouse). White-throated Swift. Fairly common resident in suitable localities. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has one specimen of this bird taken on Salmon Creek, 8 mi. W Rogerson, Twin Falls County. _Archilochus alexandri_ (Boucier and Mulsant). Black-chinned Hummingbird. Rust (1915:125) records this species as resident in Kootenai County. _Selasphorus platycercus platycercus_ (Swainson). Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Common resident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:236) states that the bird is of erratic occurrence at the Minidoka Project. _Selasphorus rufus_ (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. Fairly common resident. Merrill (1897:355) states that this species is common in spring at Fort Sherman. _Stellula calliope_ (Gould). Calliope Hummingbird. Common resident. (D. A. 1541, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, May 10, 1940.) _Megaceryle alcyon caurina_ (Grinnell). Western Belted Kingfisher. Common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1518, 7 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, April 19, 1940.) _Colaptes cafer_ (Gmelin). Red-shafted Flicker. Common resident. a. _collaris_ Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. Resident in southwestern and northern Idaho. Many specimens show yellow remiges and rectrices, and are perhaps hybrids with the species _auratus_. (D. A. 1731, Owl Creek, in Blaine County, September 8, 1940.) b. _canescens_ Brodkorb. Red-shafted Flicker. Resident in southeastern Idaho. See Brodkorb (1935a:1). _Hylatomus pileatus picinus_ (Bangs). Western Pileated Woodpecker. Fairly common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1498, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, November 18, 1939.) _Asyndesmus lewis_ Gray. Lewis Woodpecker. Common resident. Merrill (1897:354) records this bird as common "around Fort Sherman." _Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis_ Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker. Fairly common resident. (D. A. 1485, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, September 15, 1939.) _Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus_ (Cassin). Williamson Sapsucker. Uncommon resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has one specimen taken on the W rim Copenhagen Basin, 8400 ft., Wasatch Mountains, Bear Lake County. _Dendrocopos villosus monticola_ Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker. Common resident. (D. A. 1662, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, July 1, 1940.) _Dendrocopos pubescens leucurus_ (Hartlaub). Batchelder Woodpecker. Common resident. (D. A. 1495, Potlatch, Latah County, November 3, 1939.) _Dendrocopos albolarvatus albolarvatus_ (Cassin). Northern White-headed Woodpecker. Uncommon resident. (D. A. 1434, 10 mi. SW Riggins, Idaho County, May 14, 1939.) _Picoides arcticus_ (Swainson). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Uncommon resident in northern Idaho. Merrill (1897:354) reports these birds as resident at Fort Sherman. _Picoides tridactylus_ (Linnaeus). Uncommon resident. a. _dorsalis_ Baird. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. Resident in southern Idaho; the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens taken at W rim Copenhagen Basin, 8400 ft., Wasatch Mountains, Bear Lake County. b. _fasciatus_ Baird. Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker. Resident in northern Idaho. There are specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology taken at Coolin, Priest Lake, Kootenai County. _Tyrannus tyrannus_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. Common resident in northern Idaho; casual in southern portion. (Univ. Idaho, No. 39, Moscow, Latah County, May 19, 1937.) _Tyrannus verticalis_ Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Common resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1794, Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise County, June 15, 1941.) _Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens_ (Lawrence). Ash-throated Flycatcher. Uncommon resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1837, Head Taylor Creek, Boise National Forest, Boise County, August 7, 1941.) _Sayornis saya saya_ (Bonaparte). Say Phoebe. Fairly common resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1720, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County.) _Empidonax traillii brewsteri_ Oberholser. Little Flycatcher. Fairly common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 121, Moscow Mountain, Latah County, June 15, 1938.) _Empidonax hammondii_ (Xantus). Hammond Flycatcher. Uncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 62, Avery, Latah County, July 10, 1937.) _Empidonax wrightii_ Baird. Wright Flycatcher. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1560, Robinson's Lake, 10 mi. E Moscow, Latah County, May 16, 1940.) _Empidonax griseus_ Brewster. Gray Flycatcher. Davis (1934) records one specimen of this species taken June 3, 1934, at Riddle, Owyhee County. _Contopus richardsonii richardsonii_ (Swainson). Western Wood Pewee. Common resident. (D. A. 1617, 9 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, June 5, 1940.) _Nuttallornis borealis_ (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Uncommon resident. (D. A. 1786, Idaho City, Boise County, May 23, 1941.) _Eremophila alpestris_ (Linnaeus). Horned Lark. Common resident. See Behle (1942) for ranges of the following races. a. _lamprochroma_ Oberholser. Oregon Horned Lark. Southwestern Idaho, and intergrading with the next two races. b. _utahensis_ Behle. Great Salt Lake Horned Lark. Resident in central and southeastern Idaho. c. _merrilli_ Dwight. Dusky Horned Lark. Northern Idaho. _Tachycineta thalassina lepida_ Mearns. Violet-green Swallow. Common resident. (D. A. 1654, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, June 27, 1940.) _Iridoprocne bicolor_ (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Fairly common resident. Burleigh (1923:655) records the birds at Clark's Fork, Bonner County. _Riparia riparia riparia_ (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. Fairly common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1453, 4-1/2 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, May 26, 1939.) _Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis_ (Audubon). Rough-winged Swallow. Low (1945:132) records a colony of these birds and Bank Swallows nesting together at Gray's Lake, in Caribou County. _Hirundo rustica erythrogaster_ Boddaert. Barn Swallow. Common resident. (D. A. 1420, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.) _Petrochelidon pyrronota albifrons_ (Rafinesque). Northern Cliff Swallow. Common resident. (D. A. 1415, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.) _Perisoreus canadensis bicolor_ A. H. Miller. Idaho Jay. Common resident in central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1344, Blue Creek, 8 mi. NE Priest Lake, Bonner County, March 5, 1939.) _Cyanocitta stelleri annectens_ (Baird). Black-headed Jay. Common resident. (D. A. 1257, Moscow Mountain, Latah County, October 25, 1938.) _Aphelocoma coerulescens woodhousei_ (Baird). Woodhouse Jay. Uncommon resident in southern Idaho. The A. O. U. Check-list records this species from southern Idaho; it is resident in the pinon-juniper association. _Pica pica hudsonia_ (Sabine). American Magpie. Common resident. (D. A. 1782, Star, Canyon County, May 1, 1940.) _Corvus corax sinuatus_ Wagler. American Raven. Common resident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:235) lists the bird as a regular winter visitant at the Minidoka Project. _Corvus brachyrynchos hesperis_ Ridgway. Western Crow. Common resident. Davis (1935b:235) lists the bird as a winter visitant at the Minidoka Project. _Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus_ Wied. Pinon Jay. Resident locally in pinon-juniper association. Davis (1935b:235) states that this is a regular winter visitant in Minidoka County. _Nucifraga columbiana_ (Wilson). Clark Nutcracker. Common resident of forested areas of central and northern Idaho. See Burleigh (1923:655). _Parus atricapillus_ Linnaeus. Black-capped Chickadee. Very common resident. See Duvall (1945) for ranges of the following races. a. _septentrionalis_ Harris. Long-tailed Chickadee. Resident in eastern Idaho; intergrades with the next two races. b. _nevadensis_ (Linsdale). Pallid Black-capped Chickadee. Resident in southwestern and south-central Idaho. c. _fortuitus_ (Davison and Bowles). Columbian Black-capped Chickadee. Resident in northern and central Idaho. _Parus gambeli_ Ridgway. Mountain Chickadee. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. a. _grinnelli_ (van Rossem). Grinnell Chickadee. Resident in central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1508, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, March 18, 1940.) b. _inyoensis_ (Grinnell). Inyo Chickadee. Resident in southeastern Idaho. (D. A. 1361, Havenor's, 7 mi. NW Pocatello, Power County, April 1, 1939.) _Parus rufescens rufescens_ Townsend. Chestnut-backed Chickadee. Resident in central and northern Idaho. Rust (1915:129) records the bird from Fernan Lake, Kootenai County. _Parus inornatus griseus_ (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. Fairly common resident in southeastern Idaho in the pinon-juniper association. (D. A. 1366, Pocatello Creek, 3 mi. E Pocatello, Bannock County, April 2, 1939.) _Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus_ (Baird). Lead-colored Bush-tit. Uncommon resident in the pinon-juniper association of southern Idaho. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens collected by me at S Fork Owyhee River, 12 mi. N Nevada line, Owyhee County. _Sitta carolinensis tenuissima_ Grinnell. Inyo Nuthatch. Fairly common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1286, 3 mi. NE Princeton, Latah County, November 20, 1938.) _Sitta canadensis_ Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1905, 11 mi. SSW Idaho City, Boise County, October 20, 1946.) _Sitta pygmaea melanotis_ van Rossem. Black-eared Nuthatch. Fairly common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1552, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, May 11, 1940.) _Certhia familiaris caurina_ Aldrich. Northwestern Creeper. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1304, Paradise Ridge, 3 mi. S Moscow, Latah County, December 10, 1938.) _Cinclus mexicanus unicolor_ Bonaparte. Dipper. Common resident. Rust (1915:128) reports that this bird is regularly seen along mountain streams in Kootenai County. _Troglodytes aedon parkmanii_ Audubon. Western House Wren. Common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 50, Moscow, Latah County, May 25, 1937.) _Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus_ Baird. Western Winter Wren. Uncommon resident in the Canadian Life-zone of central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1269, Lochsa River, at Van Camp, Idaho County, November 5, 1939.) _Telmatodytes palustris pulverius_ Aldrich. Northwestern Long-billed Marsh Wren. Common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1769, 2 mi. SW Notus, Canyon County, February 20, 1941.) _Catherpes mexicanus griseus_ Aldrich. Northern Canyon Wren. Uncommon resident in southern Idaho, extending north at least to Idaho County. (D. A. 1702, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, July 15, 1940.) _Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus_ (Say). Common Rock Wren. Resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1799, Boise, Ada County, June 24, 1941.) _Dumetella carolinensis ruficrissa_ Aldrich. Western Catbird. Common resident in northern Idaho, and possibly in the southern portion of the state. (D. A. 1467, 2 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, June 2, 1939.) _Oreoscoptes montanus_ (Townsend). Sage Thrasher. Resident in the sagebrush area from Idaho County south. (D. A. 1645, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, June 25, 1940.) _Turdus migratorius_ Linnaeus. Robin. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. a. _caurinus_ (Grinnell). Northwestern Robin. Common migrant. (Univ. Idaho No. 216, Moscow, Latah County, August 25, 1937.) b. _propinquus_ Ridgway. Western Robin. Resident. (D. A. 1893, Boise, Ada County, May 1, 1944.) _Ixoreus naevius meruloides_ (Swainson). Northern Varied Thrush. Uncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1231, Moscow, Latah County, October 7, 1938.) _Hylocichla guttata_ (Pallas). Hermit Thrush. Fairly common resident. a. _guttata_ (Pallas). Alaska Hermit Thrush. The A. O. U. Check-list (1931) states that these birds migrate through Idaho. b. _auduboni_ (Baird). Audubon Hermit Thrush. Resident. (D. A. 1230, Moscow, Latah County, October 1, 1938.) _Hylocichla ustulata almae_ Oberholser. Western Olive-backed Thrush. Fairly common resident. (D. A. 1616, 9 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, June 5, 1940.) _Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola_ Ridgway. Willow Thrush. Fairly common resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has specimens of this species, taken at Castle Creek Ranger Station, Idaho County, 7 mi. SE Murphy, Owyhee County, and 3 mi. W Swan Valley, Bonneville County. _Sialia mexicanus occidentalis_ Townsend. Western Bluebird. Resident in northern Idaho. Rust (1915:129) states that the species is fairly common at Coeur d'Alene Lake. _Sialia currucoides_ (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird. Very common resident. (D. A. 1789, Black Creek, 12 mi. SE Boise, Ada County, March 7, 1941.) _Myadestes townsendi_ (Audubon). Townsend Solitaire. Uncommon resident in the boreal zones. (D. A. 1294, 7 mi. E Genessee, Latah County, November 27, 1938.) _Polioptila caerulea amoenissima_ Grinnell. Western Gnatcatcher. Brodkorb (1935b:312) records one specimen of this bird taken at 6,000 ft. "about eight miles southwest of Raymond, Bear Lake County," on October 7, 1932. _Regulus satrapa olivaceus_ Baird. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. Resident; fairly common in winter. (D. A. 1229, Moscow, Latah County, October 1, 1938.) _Regulus calendula cineraceus_ Grinnell. Western Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Resident; one of the most common winter birds. (D. A. 1902, Cottonwood Creek, 5 mi. NNE Boise, Ada County, October 5, 1946.) _Anthus spinoletta pacificus_ Todd. Western Pipit. Common migrant. (D. A. 1849, Black Creek Reservoir, 12 mi. SE Boise, Ada County, October 11, 1941.) _Bombycilla garrulus pallidiceps_ Reichenow. Bohemian Waxwing. Common sporadically in winter. Taylor (1918:226) reported this bird breeding near Sandpoint, Bonner County. _Bombycilla cedrorum_ Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. Very common in winter, often with the preceding species; resident in Kootenai and Bonner counties, and probably elsewhere in the State. Rust (1915:128) records a nest with three fresh eggs on June 28 at Fernan Creek, Kootenai County. _Lanius excubitor invictus_ Grinnell. Northwestern Shrike. Casual migrant. (D. A. 1875, Boise, Ada County, February 3, 1943.) _Lanius ludovicianus gambeli_ Ridgway. California Shrike. Miller (1931:79) states that the resident population of this species is referred to this race. Common resident in the Sonoran zones. _Sturnus vulgaris_ Linnaeus. Starling. These birds have been reported for several years; specimens were first reported by Jones (1946:142) from Bannock County. _Vireo huttoni huttoni_ Cassin. Hutton Vireo. Very common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1413, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.) _Vireo solitarius cassinii_ Xantus. Cassin Vireo. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has a specimen taken 3 mi. W Payette Lake, Adams County. _Vireo olivaceus_ (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo. Common resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has a specimen of this vireo taken 4 mi. W Meadow Creek, Idaho County. _Vireo gilvus swainsonii_ Baird. Western Warbling Vireo. Very common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 119, Moscow, Latah County, June 14, 1938.) _Vermivora celata orestera_ Oberholser. Rocky Mountain Orange-crowned Warbler. Common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 204, Moscow, Latah County, August 16, 1938.) _Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi_ van Rossem. Calaveras Warbler. Burleigh (1923:662) states that this warbler is fairly common at Clark's Fork, Bonner County, in July and August. _Dendroica petechia morcomi_ Coale. Rocky Mountain Yellow Warbler. Very common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 175, Moscow Mountain, Latah County, July 29, 1938.) _Dendroica auduboni auduboni_ (Townsend). Audubon Warbler. Common resident. (D. A. 1555, 10 mi. NE Moscow, Latah County, May 11, 1940.) _Dendroica nigrescens_ (Townsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler. Fairly common in migration, and probably resident. The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology has a specimen taken at Indian Creek, 12 mi. SE Riddle, Owyhee County. _Dendroica townsendi_ (Townsend). Townsend Warbler. Fairly common in migration. Burleigh (1923:663) states that the bird is resident at Clark's Fork, Bonner County. _Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis_ Ridgway. Grinnell Water-thrush. Merrill (1897:349) records this bird from the State. _Oporornis tolmiei_ (Townsend). Macgillivray Warbler. Common resident. (D. A. 1421, Troy, Latah County, May 6, 1939.) _Geothlypis trichas occidentalis_ Brewster. Western Yellow-throat. Common resident in suitable localities. (D. A. 1863, 2 mi. W Boise, Ada County, May 8, 1942.) _Icteria virens auricollis_ (Lichtenstein). Long-tailed Chat. Common resident. (D. A. 1800, Cinch Creek, Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise County, June 28, 1941.) _Wilsonia pusilla pileolata_ (Pallas). Northern Pileolated Warbler. Burleigh (1923:663) records this bird as a common resident at Clark's Fork, Bonner County; uncommon in southern Idaho. _Setophaga ruticilla_ (Linnaeus). American Redstart. There are some records of casual visitants in southern Idaho, and Burleigh (1923:663) states that it is a summer resident at Clark's Fork, Bonner County. _Passer domesticus_ (Linnaeus). English Sparrow. This cosmopolitan bird can be found wherever there is a human habitation. _Dolichonyx oryzivorus_ (Linnaeus). Bobolink. Resident in northern Idaho. Burleigh (1923:655) states that the bird is resident at Clark's Fork, Bonner County. _Sturnella neglecta_ Audubon. Western Meadowlark. Common resident. (D. A. 1876, Boise, Ada County, May 12, 1943.) _Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus_ (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird. Common resident along the Snake River in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1628, Hagerman, on Snake River, Gooding County, June 16, 1940.) _Agelaius phoeniceus_ (Linnaeus). Red-wing. Common resident. a. _fortis_ Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing. Resident in southeastern Idaho. (D. A. 1624, Hagerman on Snake River, Gooding County, June 16, 1940.) b. _nevadensis_ Grinnell. Nevada Red-wing. Resident in southwestern and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1765, Star, Canyon County, May 1, 1941.) _Icterus bullockii bullockii_ (Swainson). Bullock Oriole. Common resident. (D. A. 1655, 4 mi. NW Pollock, Idaho County, June 27, 1940.) _Euphagus cyanocephalus_ (Wagler). Brewer Blackbird. Common resident. (D. A. 1894, nest and four eggs, Boise, Ada County, May 10, 1944.) _Molothrus ater artemisiae_ Grinnell. Nevada Cowbird. Fairly common bird in the Upper Sonoran Life-zone. (D. A. 1460, 4-1/2 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, May 26, 1939.) _Piranga ludoviciana_ (Wilson). Western Tanager. Very common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1570, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, May 19, 1940.) _Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocephalus_ (Swainson). Rocky Mountain Grosbeak. Resident in the Transition Life-zone. (Univ. Idaho No. 51 Moscow Mountain, Latah County, May 30, 1937.) _Passerina amoena_ (Say). Lazuli Bunting. Very common resident in the Upper Sonoran Life-zone. (D. A. 1802, Cinch Creek, Arrowrock Reservoir, Boise County, June 28, 1941.) _Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi_ Grinnell. Western Evening Grosbeak. Resident in the Transition Life-zone; large flocks of these birds are commonly observed in winter. (D. A. 1527, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, April 20, 1940.) _Carpodacus cassinii_ Baird. Cassin Purple Finch. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1822, Head Crooked River, Sawtooth Range, Boise County, August 6, 1941.) _Carpodacus mexicanus solitudinis_ Moore. Desert House Finch. Common resident. (D. A. 1889, Boise, Ada County, April 24, 1944.) _Pinicola enucleator montana_ Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak. Resident on the boreal summits of the mountains. (D. A. 1321, Moscow Mountain, Latah County, January 26, 1939.) _Leucosticte tephrocotis_ Swainson. Rosy Finch. Resident in the boreal zones; observed casually in winter. Various races of this species are present in the State, but only the following two are here listed until there is further clarification of the status of the other races of the species. a. _littoralis_ Baird. Hepburn Rosy Finch. Winter visitant. (D. A. 1347, 2 mi. N Moscow, Latah County, March 18, 1939.) b. _tephrocotis_ (Swainson). Gray-crowned Rosy Finch. According to the 1931 A. O. U. Check-list, this subspecies breeds in the State. _Leucosticte atrata_ Ridgway. Black Rosy Finch. Resident in the Salmon Mountains. See A. O. U. Check-list (1931) for the range of this species. _Acanthis flammea flammea_ (Linnaeus). Common Redpoll. Rust (1915:127) lists this bird as a winter visitant in Kootenai County, and one specimen was obtained in Bonner County. (D. A. 1334, 6 mi. S Coolin, Bonner County, February 19, 1939.) _Spinus pinus vagrans_ Aldrich. Western Pine Siskin. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1857, Horseshoe Bend, Boise County, December 10, 1941.) _Spinus tristis pallidus_ Mearns. Pale Goldfinch. Common resident. (D. A. 1622, 4 mi. ESE Boise, Ada County, March 14, 1941.) _Loxia curvirostra_ Linnaeus. Red Crossbill. Uncommon resident in the Canadian Life-zone. a. _bendirei_ Ridgway. Bendire Crossbill. Resident. (D. A. 1525, 10 mi. ESE Moscow, Latah County, April 20, 1940.) b. _benti_ Griscom. Bent Crossbill. Winter visitant. (Univ. Idaho No. 94, Moscow, Latah County, December 5, 1937.) _Loxia leucoptera leucoptera_ Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill. Davis (1935b:236) records this bird from the Minidoka Project on December 18, 1919, and Jewett (1912b:193) took one specimen in the Sawtooth Mountains. _Chlorura chlorura_ (Audubon). Green-tailed Towhee. Breeding individuals of this species have been taken at the Minidoka Project by Davis (1930:136). _Pipilo maculatus_ Swainson. Spotted Towhee. Common resident in the Transition Life-zone. a. _arcticus_ (Swainson). Arctic Towhee. Resident in northern Idaho. (Univ. Idaho No. 163, Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai County, July 20, 1938.) b. _curtatus_ Grinnell. Nevada Towhee. Resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1804, Dutch Creek and Boise River, Boise County, July 4, 1941.) _Calamospiza melanocorys_ Stejneger. Lark Bunting. Davis (1935b:236) records this species as erratic at the Minidoka Project, where he took a specimen on May 29, 1921. _Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis_ Grinnell. Nevada Savannah Sparrow. Common resident. (Univ. Idaho No. 57, Moscow, Latah County, September 25, 1937.) _Pooecetes gramineus confinis_ Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow. Common resident. (D. A. 1391, Moscow, Latah County, April 16, 1939.) _Chondestes grammacus strigatus_ Swainson. Western Lark Sparrow. Common resident. (D. A. 1579, 3 mi. SW Moscow, Latah County, May 21, 1940.) _Amphispiza belli nevadensis_ (Ridgway). Northern Sage Sparrow. Resident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:236) took one specimen in Minidoka on May 19, 1921. _Junco hyemalis cismontanus_ Dwight. Slate-colored Junco. Fairly common winter visitant with other juncos. See Miller (1941:329) for records of these birds. _Junco oreganus_ Townsend. Oregon Junco. Common resident. See Miller (1941:238) for ranges of the following subspecies. a. _mearnsi_ Ridgway. Pink-sided Junco. Resident in Custer and Fremont counties. b. _montanus_ Ridgway. Montana Junco. Resident in northern and western Idaho. _Junco caniceps caniceps_ (Woodhouse). Gray-headed Junco. Miller (1941:180) states that some hybridization occurs between this species and _oreganus_ in Bannock and Cassia counties. It is resident in southeastern Idaho. _Spizella arborea ochracea_ Brewster. Western Tree Sparrow. Fairly common resident in central and northern Idaho. (D. A. 1516, nest and eggs, Moscow, Latah County, April 6, 1940.) _Spizella passerina arizonae_ Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. Very common resident in the Transition Life-zone. (D. A. 1805, junction of Dutch Creek and Boise River, Boise County, July 4, 1941.) _Spizella breweri breweri_ Cassin. Brewer Sparrow. Resident in southern Idaho. Davis (1935b:235) records the bird as a summer resident at the Minidoka Project. _Zonotrichia querula_ Nuttall. Harris Sparrow. Wyman (1911a:267) records this bird from Nampa, Valley County, in winter. _Zonotrichia leucophrys_ (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Common resident. a. _gambeli_ (Nuttall). Gambel Sparrow. Migrant. (Univ. Idaho No. 6, Moscow, Latah County, September 26, 1936.) b. _leucophrys_ (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Resident in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones. See A. O. U. Check-list (1931) for range of this subspecies. _Zonotrichia albicollis_ (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow. Wyman (1912b:247) reported this bird from Nampa, Valley County, in winter. _Passerella iliaca schistacea_ Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. Uncommon resident in the Transition Life-zone, and fairly common in migration. (D. A. 1365, Pocatello Creek, 3 mi. E Pocatello, Bannock County, April 2, 1939.) _Melospiza lincolnii alticola_ (Miller and McCabe). Montane Lincoln Sparrow. Resident in the boreal zones, and fairly common in migration. See Miller and McCabe (1935:149) for range of this subspecies. _Melospiza melodia_ (Wilson). Song Sparrow. Common resident. a. _fallax_ (Baird). Mountain Song Sparrow. Resident in southern Idaho. (D. A. 1839, Head Taylor Creek, Boise County, August 7, 1941.) b. _merrilli_ Brewster. Merrill Song Sparrow. Resident in central and northern Idaho. (Univ. Idaho No. 103, Moscow, Latah County, February 22, 1938.) _Calcarius lapponicus alascensis_ Ridgway. Alaska Longspur. Uncommon migrant. Merrill (1898:15) records one specimen of this species taken at Fort Sherman on November 13, 1896. _Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis_ (Linnaeus). Eastern Snow Bunting. Uncommon migrant. Rust (1915:127) records the bird as rare in migration in Kootenai County, and Merrill (1898:15) states that it is irregular in winter at Fort Sherman. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALDRICH, J. W. 1944. Notes on the races of the white-breasted nuthatch. Auk, 61:592-604. 1946a. New subspecies of birds from western North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 59:129-136. 1946b. Speciation in the white-cheeked geese. Wilson Bull., 58:94-103. ALDRICH, J. W. AND FRIEDMANN, H. 1943. A revision of the ruffed grouse. Condor, 45:85-103. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE. 1931. Check-list of North American birds. Lancaster Press. 1944. Nineteenth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 61:441-464. 1945. Twentieth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 62:436-449. 1946. Twenty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 63:428-432. 1947. Twenty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk, 64:445-452. ARVEY, M. D. 1941. Black-billed cuckoo in Idaho. Condor, 43:291. 1944. Eastern blue-jay in Idaho. Condor, 46:205. BEHLE, W. H. 1942. Distribution and variation of the horned larks (_Otocoris alpestris_) of western North America. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 46:205-316. 1944. Check-list of the birds of Utah. Condor, 46:67-87. BENDIRE, C. E. 1877. Birds of southeastern Oregon. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 19:109-149. BOND, R. M. 1946. The peregrine population of western North America. Condor, 48:101-116. BREWSTER, W. 1896. Description of a new warbler and a new song sparrow. Auk, 13:44-47. BRODKORB, P. 1935a. Two new subspecies of the red-shafted flicker. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 314:1-3. 1935b. A new bird for Idaho. Auk, 52:312. BURLEIGH, T. D. 1923. Notes on the breeding birds of Clark's Fork, Bonner County, Idaho, Auk, 40:653-665. COOLE, H. K. 1915. The present status of the trumpeter swan (_Olor buccinator_). Auk, 32:82-90. COUES, E. 1892. Original description of Lewis's woodpecker. Auk, 9:394. DAVIS, W. B. 1923. On the avifauna of Minidoka County, and adjacent territory. Murrelet, 4:3-4. 1930. Meet _Oreospiza chlorura_. Oologist, 47:136. 1934. Bird notes from Owyhee County, Idaho. Murrelet, 15:69-72. 1935a. Noon-day feeding of the Pacific nighthawk. Condor, 37:176. 1935b. An analysis of the bird population in the vicinity of Rupert, Idaho. Condor, 37:233-238. 1936. Broad-winged hawk in Idaho. Condor, 38:86. DAVIS, W. B. AND STEVENSON, J. 1934. The type localities of three birds collected by Lewis and Clark in 1806. Condor, 36:161-163. DUVALL, H. J. 1945. Distribution and taxonomy of the black-capped chickadees of North America. Auk, 62:49-69. EVENDON, F. G., JR., AND EVENDON, J. R. 1944. A house finch census at Mountain Home, Idaho. Condor, 46:209. GRINNELL, J. 1904. The origin and distribution of the chestnut-backed chickadee. Auk, 21:364-382. HAND, R. L. 1933a. The hawk-owl in northern Idaho. Condor, 35:32. 1933b. Summer occurrence of the goshawk in Idaho. Condor, 35:36. 1935. A sight record of the red phalarope (_P. fulicans_) in northern Idaho. Auk, 52:180-181. 1938. Notes on some birds nesting in northern Idaho. Condor, 41:84. HAYWARD, C. L. 1934. Important heron rookeries in southeastern Idaho. Auk, 51:39-41. HURLEY, J. B. 1926. Birds observed in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Murrelet, 7:35-36. JEWETT, S. G. 1912a. Western records of the catbird. Auk, 29:106. 1912b. Some birds of the Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho. Condor, 14:191-194. JONES, V. E. 1943. White-fronted goose in Idaho. Condor, 45:120. 1946. The starling in Idaho. Condor, 48:142-143. KENAGY, F. 1914. A change in fauna. Condor, 16:120-123. LOW, J. B. 1945. Clay bank has multiple use for wildlife. Condor, 47:132-133. LOW, J. B., AND NELSON, M. 1945. Recent records of breeding waterfowl in Utah and southern Idaho. Condor, 47:131-132. MARSHALL, W. H. 1940. An "Eagle Guard" developed in Idaho. Condor, 52:166. MCCABE, T. T., AND MCCABE, E. B. 1933. Hermit thrushes of the northwestern states. Condor, 35:122-123. MERRIAM, C. H. 1891. Results of a biological reconnaisance of south-central Idaho. N. Amer. Fauna, 5:1-108. 1892. The dwarf screech owl (_Megascops flammeolus idahoensis_ Merriam). Auk, 9:169-171. MERRILL, J. C. 1897. Notes on the birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, 14:347-357. 1898. Notes on the birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, 15:14-22. MILLER, A. H. 1931. Systematic revision and natural history of the American shrikes (_Lanius_). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 38:11-242. 1933. The Canada jays of northern Idaho. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7:287-296. 1941. Speciation in the avian genus _Junco_. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 44:173-434. MILLER, A. H. AND MCCABE, T. T. 1935. Racial differentiation in _Passerella (Melospiza) lincolnii_. Condor, 37:144-160. MOORE, R. T. 1939. A review of the house finches of the subgenus Burrica. Condor, 41:177-205. OBERHOLSER, H. C. 1918. Notes on the subspecies of _Numenius americanus_ Bechstein. Auk, 35:188-195. OLSON, A. C., JR. 1943. Starling in northern Idaho. Condor, 45:197. PALMER, R. H. 1928. Relative abundance of bird species in southern Idaho, Fresno County, California, and King County, Washington. Murrelet, 9:28-38. RIDGWAY, R. 1901-1918. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pts. 1-8. RUST, H. J. 1913. Birds new to the vicinity of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai County, Idaho. Condor, 15:41. 1914. Some notes on the nesting of the sharp-shinned hawk. Condor, 16:14-24. 1915. An annotated list of the birds of Kootenai County, Idaho. Condor, 17:118-129. 1916. Additional notes on the birds of Kootenai County, Idaho. Condor, 18:81-82. 1917. An annotated list of the birds of Fremont County, Idaho, as observed during the summer of 1916. Condor, 19:29-43. 1919. A favorite nesting haunt of the Merrill song sparrow. Condor, 21:145-153. 1920. The home life of the western warbling vireo. Condor, 22:85-94. SLIPP, J. W. 1942. Franklin's gull in Idaho. Condor, 44:226-227. SLOANAKER, J. L. 1925. Notes from Spokane. Condor, 27:73-74. SNYDER, J. O. 1900. Notes on a few species of Idaho and Washington birds. Auk, 17:242-245. STONE, W. 1915. Type locality of Lewis's woodpecker and Clarke's nutcracker. Auk, 32:371-372. SUGDEN, J. W. 1937. The status of the sandhill crane in Utah and southern Idaho. Condor, 40:18-22. TAVERNER, P. A. 1914. A new subspecies of _Dendragapus_ (_Dendragapus obscurus flemmingi_) from southern Yukon Territory. Auk, 31:385-388. TAYLOR, W. P. 1918. Bohemian waxwing (_Bombycilla garrula_) breeding within the United States. Auk, 35:226-227. TRACY, H. C. 1910. The bobolink in Idaho. Condor, 12:80. VAN ROSSEM, A. J. 1929. A northern race of the mountain chickadee. Auk, 45:104-105. WYMAN, L. E. 1911a. Harris's sparrow (_Zonotrichia querula_) in southern Idaho. Auk, 28:267-268. 1911b. The bobolink again in Idaho. Condor, 13:75. 1911c. The catbird in southern Idaho. Condor, 13:108. 1912a. Bobolink again in Idaho. Condor, 14:41. 1912b. White-throated sparrow in Idaho. Auk, 29:247. 1912c. _Oreortyx_ in Idaho. Auk, 29:538-539. _Transmitted February 12, 1947._ 21-6960 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Check-List of the Birds of Idaho, by M. Dale Arvey *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF IDAHO *** ***** This file should be named 35968.txt or 35968.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/9/6/35968/ Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at https://gutenberg.org/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at https://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit https://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: https://www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.