The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) Editor: Thomas Davidson Release date: January 10, 2012 [eBook #38538] Most recently updated: January 8, 2021 Language: English Credits: Produced by Colin Bell, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY (PART 2 OF 4: E-M) *** Produced by Colin Bell, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text. * * * * * In this version [=e] signifies "e macron"; [)e] "e breve"; [.e] "e with dot above"; and so forth. CHAMBERS'S TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES, TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED EDITED BY REV. THOMAS DAVIDSON ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA' EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY' LONDON: 47 Paternoster Row W. & R. CHAMBERS, LIMITED EDINBURGH: 339 High Street 1908 EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT. THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORDS.--Every word is given in its _alphabetical_ order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of _Darkness_ are obtained by prefixing the meaning of _ness_, _state of being_, to those of _Dark_. Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary. THE PRONUNCIATION.--The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, _no consonant being employed that has more than one sound_. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of _th_, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in _thick_, but in italics when sounded as in _th_en. _Unmarked vowels_ have always their short sounds, as in _lad_, _led_, _lid_, _lot_, _but_, _book_. The _marked vowels_ are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:-- f[=a]te, fär; m[=e], h[.e]r; m[=i]ne; m[=o]te; m[=u]te; m[=oo]n; _th_en. The vowel _u_ when marked thus, _ü_, has the sound heard in Scotch _bluid_, _gude_, the French _du_, almost that of the German _ü_ in _Müller_. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted. THE SPELLING.--When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:--the dropping of the final or inflexional silent _e_; the restoration of the historical _-t_ after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in _traveler_, &c.; the discarding of _ue_ in words like _demagogue_ and _catalogue_; the uniform levelling of the agent _-our_ into _-or_; the making of _ea = [)e]_ short into _e_ and the long _ie_ into _ee_; the restoration of _some_, _come_, _tongue_, to their old English forms, _sum_, _cum_, _tung_; a more extended use of _z_ in the body of words, as _chozen_, _praize_, _raize_; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as _foreign_, _scent_, _scythe_, _ache_, _debt_, _people_, _parliament_, _court_, _would_, _sceptic_, _phthisis_, _queue_, _schedule_, _twopence-halfpenny_, _yeoman_, _sieve_, _gauge_, _barque_, _buoy_, _yacht_, &c. Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of _-or_ for _-our_, as _color_, _labor_, &c.; of _-er_ for _-re_, as _center_, _meter_, &c.; _-ize_ for _-ise_, as _civilize_, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as _traveler_ for _traveller_; the adoption of _e_ for _oe_ or _æ_ in _hemorrhage_, _diarrhea_, &c. THE MEANINGS.--The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like _Clerk_, _Livery_, _Marshal_, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined. THE ETYMOLOGY.--The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, BAN, BASE, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign--is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix. * * * * * LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY. _aor._ aorist. _abbrev._ abbreviation. _abl._ ablative. _acc._ according. _accus._ accusative. _adj._ adjective. _adv._ adverb. _agri._ agriculture. _alg._ algebra. _anat._ anatomy. _app._ apparently. _arch._ archaic. _archit._ architecture. _arith._ arithmetic. _astrol._ astrology. _astron._ astronomy. _attrib._ attributive. _augm._ augmentative. _B._ Bible. _biol._ biology. _book-k._ book-keeping. _bot._ botany. _c._ (_circa_) about. _c._, _cent._ century. _carp._ carpentry. _cf._ compare. _chem._ chemistry. _cog._ cognate. _coll._, _colloq._ colloquially. _comp._ comparative. _conch._ conchology. _conj._ conjunction. _conn._ connected. _contr._ contracted. _cook._ cookery. _corr._ corruption. _crystal._ crystallography. _dat._ dative. _demons._ demonstrative. _der._ derivation. _dial._ dialect, dialectal. _Dict._ Dictionary. _dim._ diminutive. _dub._ doubtful. _eccles._ ecclesiastical history. _e.g._ for example. _elect._ electricity. _entom._ entomology. _esp._ especially. _ety._ etymology. _fem._ feminine. _fig._ figuratively. _fol._ followed; following. _fort._ fortification. _freq._ frequentative. _fut._ future. _gen._ genitive. _gener._ generally. _geog._ geography. _geol._ geology. _geom._ geometry. _ger._ gerundive. _gram._ grammar. _gun._ gunnery. _her._ heraldry. _hist._ history. _hort._ horticulture. _hum._ humorous. _i.e._ that is. _imit._ imitative. _imper._ imperative. _impers._ impersonal. _indic._ indicative. _infin._ infinitive. _inten._ intensive. _interj._ interjection. _interrog._ interrogative. _jew._ jewellery. _lit._ literally. _mach._ machinery. _masc._ masculine. _math._ mathematics. _mech._ mechanics. _med._ medicine. _metaph._ metaphysics. _mil._ military. _Milt._ Milton. _min._ mineralogy. _mod._ modern. _Mt._ Mount. _mus._ music. _myth._ mythology. _n._, _ns._ noun, nouns. _nat. hist._ natural history. _naut._ nautical. _neg._ negative. _neut._ neuter. _n.pl._ noun plural. _n.sing._ noun singular. _N.T._ New Testament. _obs._ obsolete. _opp._ opposed. _opt._ optics. _orig._ originally. _ornith._ ornithology. _O.S._ old style. _O.T._ Old Testament. _p._, _part._ participle. _p.adj._ participial adjective. _paint._ painting. _paleog._ paleography. _paleon._ paleontology. _palm._ palmistry. _pa.p._ past participle. _pass._ passive. _pa.t._ past tense. _path._ pathology. _perf._ perfect. _perh._ perhaps. _pers._ person. _pfx._ prefix. _phil._, _philos._ philosophy. _philol._ philology. _phon._ phonetics. _phot._ photography. _phrenol._ phrenology. _phys._ physics. _physiol._ physiology. _pl._ plural. _poet._ poetical. _pol. econ._ political economy. _poss._ possessive. _Pr.Bk._ Book of Common Prayer. _pr.p._ present participle. _prep._ preposition. _pres._ present. _print._ printing. _priv._ privative. _prob._ probably. _Prof._ Professor. _pron._ pronoun; pronounced; pronunciation. _prop._ properly. _pros._ prosody. _prov._ provincial. _q.v._ which see. _R.C._ Roman Catholic. _recip._ reciprocal. _redup._ reduplication. _refl._ reflexive. _rel._ related; relative. _rhet._ rhetoric. _sculp._ sculpture. _Shak._ Shakespeare. _sig._ signifying. _sing._ singular. _spec._ specifically. _Spens_. Spenser. _subj._ subjunctive. _suff._ suffix. _superl._ superlative. _surg._ surgery. _term._ termination. _teleg._ telegraphy. _Tenn._ Tennyson. _Test._ Testament. _theat._ theatre; theatricals. _theol._ theology. _trig._ trigonometry. _ult._ ultimately. _v.i._ verb intransitive. _voc._ vocative. _v.t._ verb transitive. _vul._ vulgar. _zool._ zoology. * * * * * Amer. American. Ar. Arabic. A.S. Anglo-Saxon. Austr. Australian. Bav. Bavarian. Beng. Bengali. Bohem. Bohemian. Braz. Brazilian. Bret. Breton. Carib. Caribbean. Celt. Celtic. Chal. Chaldean. Chin. Chinese. Corn. Cornish. Dan. Danish. Dut. Dutch. Egypt. Egyptian. Eng. English. Finn. Finnish. Flem. Flemish. Fr. French. Fris. Frisian. Gael. Gaelic. Ger. German. Goth. Gothic. Gr. Greek. Heb. Hebrew. Hind. Hindustani. Hung. Hungarian. Ice. Icelandic. Ind. Indian. Ion. Ionic. Ir. Irish. It. Italian. Jap. Japanese. Jav. Javanese. L. Latin. Lith. Lithuanian. L. L. Low or Late Latin. M. E. Middle English. Mex. Mexican. Norm. Norman. Norw. Norwegian. O. Fr. Old French. Pers. Persian. Peruv. Peruvian. Pol. Polish. Port. Portuguese. Prov. Provençal. Rom. Romance. Russ. Russian Sans. Sanskrit. Scand. Scandinavian. Scot. Scottish. Singh. Singhalese. Slav. Slavonic. Sp. Spanish. Sw. Swedish. Teut. Teutonic. Turk. Turkish. U.S. United States. W. Welsh. * * * * * CHAMBERS'S TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY. * * * * * E the fifth letter in our own and the cognate alphabets, with four sounds--e.g. _e_ in _e_vil, _i_ in _E_ngland, _u_ in the last syllable of elev_e_n, Italian _e_ in pr_e_y. A subscript _e_ is commonly used to lengthen the previous vowel, as in not, not_e_; bit, bit_e_; (_mus._) the third note or sound of the natural diatonic scale, and the third above the tonic C. EACH, [=e]ch, _adj._ every one in any number separately considered.--_adv._ EACH'WHERE, everywhere. [A.S. _['æ]lc_, supposed to be for _á-ge-líc_, from _á_ (=_aye_), pfx. _ge-_, and _líc_, like--i.e. aye-like.] EADISH, obsolete form of EDDISH. EAGER, [=e]'g[.e]r, _adj._ excited by desire: ardent to do or obtain: (_obs._) earnest: keen, severe, sour, acid, bitter.--_adv._ EA'GERLY.--_n._ EA'GERNESS. [O. Fr. _aigre_--L. _acer_, _acris_, sharp.] EAGER. Same as EAGRE. EAGLE, [=e]'gl, _n._ a name given to many birds of prey in the family _Falconidæ_: a military standard carrying the figure of an eagle: a gold coin of the United States, worth ten dollars.--_adjs._ EA'GLE-EYED, EA'GLE-SIGHT'ED, having a piercing eye: discerning; EA'GLE-FLIGHT'ED, mounting high.--_ns._ EA'GLE-HAWK, a name applied to several eagles of comparatively small size; EA'GLE-OWL, a genus of large owls, the largest in Europe; EA'GLE-STONE, a variety of argillaceous oxide of iron occurring in egg-shaped masses; EA'GLET, a young or small eagle.--_adj._ EA'GLE-WINGED, having an eagle's wings.--_ns._ EA'GLE-WOOD, another name for agalloch or calambac; SPREAD'-EA'GLE (see Spread). [O. Fr. _aigle_--L. _aquila_.] EAGRE, [=e]'g[.e]r, _n._ rise of the tide in a river (same as Bore). [Ety. dub.; hardly from A.S. _égor_, flood.] EALDORMAN. See ALDERMAN. EAN, [=e]n, _v.t._ or _v.i._ (_Shak._) to bring forth young.--_n._ EAN'LING, a young lamb. [A.S. _éanian_.] EAR, [=e]r, _n._ a spike, as of corn.--_v.i._ to put forth ears.--_n._ EAR'-COCK'LE, a disease of wheat.--_adj._ EARED, of corn, having ears. [A.S. _éar_; Ger. _ähre_.] EAR, [=e]r, _v.t._ (_obs._) to plough or till.--_n._ EAR'ING (_obs._), ploughing. [A.S. _erian_; cf. L. _ar[=a]re_, Gr. _aroein_.] EAR, [=e]r, _n._ the organ of hearing, or the external part merely: the sense or power of hearing: the faculty of distinguishing sounds: attention: anything like an ear.--_ns._ EAR'ACHE, an ache or pain in the ear; EAR'BOB, an earring; EAR'-CAP, a covering to protect the ear from cold; EAR'DROP, an ornamental pendant hanging from the ear; EAR'DRUM, the drum or middle cavity of the ear, tympanum (q.v.).--_adj._ EARED, having ears.--_n._ EAR'-HOLE, the aperture of the ear.--_adj._ EAR'-KISS'ING, whispered.--_n._ EAR'LAP, the tip of the ear: an ear-cap.--_adj._ EAR'LESS, wanting ears.--_ns._ EAR'LOCK, a curl near the ear worn by Elizabethan dandies; EAR'MARK, a mark set on the ears of sheep whereby their owners may distinguish them: a distinctive mark.--_v.t._ to put an earmark on.--_n._ EAR'-PICK, an instrument for clearing the ear.--_adj._ EAR'-PIERC'ING, shrill, screaming.--_ns._ EAR'RING, an ornamental ring worn in the ear; EAR'-SHELL, any shell of the family _Haliotidæ_; EAR'SHOT, the distance at which a sound can be heard; EAR'-TRUM'PET, a tube to aid in hearing; EAR'WAX, a waxy substance secreted by the glands of the ear; EAR'WIG, an insect which was supposed to creep into the brain through the ear: a flatterer.--_v.t._ to gain the ear of: to bias: to torment by private importunities (A.S. _éarwicga_, _éare_, ear, _wicga_, earwig).--_n._ EAR'WITNESS, a witness that can testify from his own hearing.--ABOUT ONE'S EARS, said of a house falling, &c.; BE ALL EARS, to give every attention; GIVE EAR, to attend; GO IN AT ONE EAR AND OUT AT THE OTHER, used of words which make no permanent impression; HAVE A PERSON'S EAR, to be secure of his favourable attention; HAVE ITCHING EARS, to be desirous of hearing novelties (2 Tim. iv. 3); LEND AN EAR, to listen; OVER HEAD AND EARS, overwhelmed: deeply engrossed or involved; SET BY THE EARS, to set at strife; SPEAK IN THE EAR, to whisper; TICKLE THE EAR, to flatter; TURN A DEAF EAR, to refuse to listen; WALLS HAVE EARS, a proverbial phrase implying that there may be listeners behind the wall. [A.S. _éare_; cf. L. _auris_, Ger. _ohr_.] [Illustration] EARL, [.e]rl, _n._ an English nobleman ranking between a marquis and a viscount:--_fem._ COUNT'ESS.--_ns._ EARL'DOM, the dominion or dignity of an earl; EARL'-MAR'SHAL, an English officer of state, president of the Heralds' College--the Scotch form _Earl-marischal_. [A.S. _eorl_, a warrior, hero; cf. Ice. _jarl_.] EARLES-PENNY. See ARLES. EARLY, [.e]r'li, _adj._ in good season: at or near the beginning of the day: relating to the beginning: happening in the near future.--_adv._ near the beginning: soon.--_n._ EAR'LINESS.--EARLY AND LATE, at all times; EARLY BIRD, an early riser; EARLY ENGLISH (_archit._), generally applied to the form of Gothic in which the pointed arch was first employed in Britain. The Early English succeeded the _Norman_ towards the end of the 12th century, and merged into the _Decorated_ at the end of the 13th.--KEEP EARLY HOURS, to rise and go to bed betimes; SMALL AND EARLY (_coll._), applied to evening parties; THE EARLY BIRD CATCHES THE WORM, a proverb in favour of early rising. [A.S. _árlíce_--_['æ]r_, before.] EARN, [.e]rn, _v.t._ to gain by labour: to acquire: to deserve.--_n.pl._ EARN'INGS, what one has earned: money saved. [A.S. _earnian_, to earn; cog. with Old High Ger. _aran_, to reap; Ger. _ernte_, harvest.] EARN, [.e]rn, _v.i._ to yearn. [A variant of _yearn_.] EARNEST, [.e]r'nest, _adj._ showing strong desire: determined: eager to obtain: intent: sincere: serious.--_n._ seriousness: reality.--_adv._ EAR'NESTLY.--_n._ EAR'NESTNESS. [A.S. _eornost_, seriousness; Ger. _ernst_.] EARNEST, [.e]r'nest, _n._ money given in token of a bargain made--also EAR'NEST-MON'EY, EAR'NEST-PENN'Y: a pledge: first-fruits. [ETY. obscure; possibly conn. with _arles_.] EARST, obsolete form of ERST. EARTH, [.e]rth, _n._ the name applied to the third planet in order from the sun: the matter on the surface of the globe: soil: dry land, as opposed to sea: the world: the inhabitants of the world: dirt: dead matter: the human body: a fox's hole: (_pl._) the name applied by the alchemists and earlier chemists to certain substances now known to be oxides of metal, which were distinguished by being infusible, and by insolubility in water.--_v.t._ to hide or cause to hide in the earth: to bury.--_v.i._ to burrow: to hide.--_ns._ EARTH'-BAG, a sack of earth used in fortifications; EARTH'-BATH, a bath of earth or mud; EARTH'-BOARD, the board of a plough, or other implement, that turns over the earth.--_adjs._ EARTH'-BORN, born from or on the earth; EARTH'-BOUND, bound or held by the earth, as a tree; EARTH'-BRED, mean, grovelling.--_n._ EARTH'-CLOS'ET, a system consisting of the application of earth to the deodorisation of fæcal matters.--_adjs._ EARTH'-CRE[=A]'TED, made of earth; EARTH'EN, made of earth or clay: earthly.--_ns._ EARTH'ENWARE, crockery; EARTH'-FALL, a landslide.--_adj._ EARTH'-FED, contented with earthly things.--_ns._ EARTH'FLAX, asbestos; EARTH'-HOG (see AARDVARK); EARTH'-HOUSE, the name given to the ancient underground dwellings in Ireland and Scotland, also called _Picts' houses_; EARTH'-HUNG'ER, the passion for acquiring land; EARTH'INESS; EARTH'LINESS; EARTH'LING, a dweller on the earth.--_adjs._ EARTH'LY, belonging to the earth: vile: worldly; EARTH'LY-MIND'ED, having the mind intent on earthly things.--_ns._ EARTH'LY-MIND'EDNESS; EARTH'-NUT, the popular name of certain tuberous roots growing underground; EARTH'-PEA, the hog-peanut; EARTH'-PLATE, a buried plate of metal forming the earth-connection of a telegraph-wire, lightning-conductor, &c.; EARTH'QUAKE, a quaking or shaking of the earth: a heaving of the ground; EARTH'-SHINE, the faint light visible on the part of the moon not illuminated by the sun; EARTH'-TREM'OR, a slight earthquake.--_adv._ EARTH'WARD, toward the earth.--_ns._ EARTH'WORK, a fortification of earth; EARTH'-WORM, the common worm: a mean person, a poor creature.--_adj._ EARTH'Y, consisting of, relating to, or resembling earth: inhabiting the earth: gross: unrefined. [A.S. _eorthe_; cf. Dut. _aarde_, Ger. _erde_.] EASE, [=e]z, _n._ freedom from pain or disturbance: rest from work: quiet: freedom from difficulty: naturalness.--_v.t._ to free from pain, trouble, or anxiety: to relieve: to calm.--_adj._ EASE'FUL, ease-giving: quiet, fit for rest.--_n._ EASE'MENT, relief: assistance: support: gratification.--_adv._ EAS'ILY.--_n._ EAS'INESS.--_adj._ EAS'Y, at ease: free from pain: tranquil: unconstrained: giving ease: not difficult: yielding: not straitened (in circumstances): not tight: not strict, as in 'easy virtue.'--_interj._ EASY! a command to lower, or to go gently, to stop rowing, &c.--_n._ EAS'Y-CHAIR, an arm-chair for ease or rest.--_adj._ EAS'Y-G[=O]'ING, good-natured: indolent.--EASE ONE'S SELF, to relieve nature.--CHAPEL OF EASE (see CHAPEL); FREE AND EASY (see FREE).--HONOURS EASY, when the honours are evenly divided at whist: ILL AT EASE, uncomfortable; STAND AT EASE, used of soldiers, when freed from 'attention;' TAKE IT EASY, to be quite unconcerned: to be in no hurry; TAKE ONE'S EASE, to make one's self comfortable. [O. Fr. _aise_; cog. with It. _agio_; Prov. _ais_, Port. _azo_.] EASEL, [=e]z'l, _n._ the frame on which painters support their pictures while painting. [Dut. _ezel_, or Ger. _esel_, an ass.] EASLE, [=e]s'l, _n._ (_Burns_) hot ashes. [A.S. _ysle_; cf. Ice. _usli_.] EASSEL, a Scotch form for _eastward_, easterly. EAST, [=e]st, _n._ that part of the heavens where the sun first shines or rises: one of the four cardinal points of the compass.--_adj._ toward the rising of the sun.--_ns._ EAST'-END, the eastern part of London, the habitation of the poorer classes; EAST'-END'ER.--_adjs._ EAST'ER, EAST'ERN, toward the east: connected with the east: dwelling in the east.--_n._ EAST'ERLING, a native of the East: a trader from the shores of the Baltic.--_adj._ EAST'ERLY, coming from the eastward: looking toward the east.--_adv._ on the east: toward the east.--_adjs._ EAST'ERNMOST, EAST'MOST, situated farthest east.--_ns._ EAST'-IN'DIAMAN, a vessel used in the East India trade; EAST'ING, the course gained to the eastward: distance eastward from a given meridian; EAST'LAND, the land in the East.--_adv._ EAST'WARD, toward the east.--EAST-BY-SOUTH (NORTH), 11¼ degrees from due east; EAST-SOUTH (NORTH)-EAST, 22½ degrees from due east.--EASTWARD POSITION, the position of the celebrant at the Eucharist, when he stands in front of the altar and facing it, instead of the usual practice of standing at the north end of the altar, facing southward.--ABOUT EAST (_slang_), in proper manner; THE EAST, the countries to the east of Europe; TURNING TO THE EAST, a practice for both clergy and laity during service, esp. while singing the creeds, the _Gloria Patri_, and the _Gloria in Excelsis._ [A.S. _east_; Ger. _ost_; akin to Gr. _[=e][=o]s_, the dawn.] EASTER, [=e]st'[.e]r, _n._ a Christian festival commemorating the resurrection of Christ, held on the Sunday after Good-Friday.--_n._ EAST'ER-DAY, Easter Sunday.--_ns.pl._ EAST'ER-DUES, -OFF'ERINGS, 'customary sums' which from time immemorial have been paid to the parson by his people at Easter.--_ns._ EAST'ER-EGG, eggs stained of various colours, given as presents on Easter; EAST'ERTIDE, Eastertime, either Easter week or the fifty days between Easter and Whitsuntide. [A.S. _éastre_; Ger. _ostern_. Bede derives the word from _Eastre_, a goddess whose festival was held at the spring equinox.] EAT, [=e]t, _v.t._ to chew and swallow: to consume: to corrode.--_v.i._ to take food:--_pr.p._ eat'ing; _pa.t._ ate ([=a]t or et); _pa.p._ eaten ([=e]tn) or (_obs._) eat (et).--_adj._ EAT'ABLE, fit to be eaten.--_n._ anything used as food (chiefly _pl._).--_ns._ EAT'AGE, grass or fodder for horses, &c.: the right to eat; EAT'ER, one who, or that which, eats or corrodes; EAT'ING, the act of taking food.--_p.adj._ that eats: corroding.--_ns._ EAT'ING-HOUSE, a place where provisions are sold ready dressed: a restaurant; GOOD'-EAT'ING, something good for food.--EAT AWAY, to destroy gradually: to gnaw; EAT IN, used of the action of acid; EAT ITS HEAD OFF, used of an animal which costs as much for food as it is worth; EAT ONE'S HEART, to pine away, brooding over misfortune; EAT ONE'S TERMS, to study for the bar, with allusion to the number of times in a term that a student must dine in the hall of an Inn of Court; EAT ONE'S WORDS, to retract: to recant; EAT OUT, to finish eatables: to encroach upon; EAT THE AIR (_Shak._) to be deluded with hopes; EAT UP, to devour: to consume, absorb; EAT WELL, to have a good appetite. [A.S. _etan_; cf. Ger. _essen_, Ice. _eta_, L. _ed[)e]re_, Gr. _edein_.] EATH, [=e]th, _adj._ (_obs._) easy.--_adv._ EATH'LY. [A.S. _éathe_, easily; cf. Old High Ger. _odi_, easy.] EAU, [=o], _n._ the French word for water, used in English in various combinations.--EAU CRÉOLE, a fine Martinique liqueur, made by distilling the flowers of the mammee-apple with spirit of wine; EAU DE COLOGNE (see under COLOGNE-EARTH); EAU DE VIE, brandy. EAVES, [=e]vz, _n.pl._ the projecting edge of the roof: anything projecting.--_ns._ EAVES'DRIP, EAVES'DROP, the water which falls from the eaves of a house: the place where the drops fall.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ EAVES'DROP, to stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house to listen: to listen for secrets.--_ns._ EAVES'DROPPER, one who thus listens: one who tries to overhear private conversation; EAVES'DROPPING. [A.S. _efes_, the clipped edge of thatch; cf. Ice. _ups_.] EBB, eb, _n._ the going back or retiring of the tide: a decline or decay.--_v.i._ to flow back: to sink: to decay.--_n._ EBB'-TIDE, the ebbing or retiring tide. [A.S. _ebba_; Ger. _ebbe_; cog. with _even_.] EBENEZER, eb-en-[=e]z'er, _n._ a memorial stone set up by Samuel after the victory of Mizpeh (1 Sam. vii. 12): a name sometimes applied to a chapel or meeting-house. [Heb., 'stone of help.'] EBIONITE, [=e]'bi-on-[=i]t, _n._ a name applied to Jewish Christians who remained outside the Catholic Church down to the time of Jerome. They held the Mosaic laws binding on Christians, and denied the apostolate of Paul and the miraculous birth of Jesus.--_v.t._ E'BIONISE.--_adj._ EBIONIT'IC.--_ns._ EBION[=I]T'ISM, E'BIONISM. [Heb. _eby[=o]n_, poor.] EBLIS, eb'lis, _n._ the chief of the fallen angels or wicked jinns in Mohammedan mythology.--Also IB'LEES. EBON, eb'on, EBONY, eb'on-i, _n._ a kind of wood almost as heavy and hard as stone, usually black, admitting of a fine polish.--_adj._ made of ebony: black as ebony.--_v.t._ EB'ONISE, to make furniture look like ebony.--_ns._ EB'ONIST, a worker in ebony; EB'ONITE, vulcanite (see under VULCAN). [L.,--Gr. _ebenos_; cf. Heb. _hodn[=i]m_, pl. of _hobni_, _obni_--_eben_, a stone.] ÉBOULEMENT, [=a]-bool'mong, _n._ the falling in of the wall of a fortification: a landslide or landslip. [Fr.] EBRACTEATE, -D, e-brak't[=e]-[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_bot._) without bracts. EBRIATED, [=e]'bri-[=a]t-ed, _adj._ intoxicated.--_n._ EBR[=I]'ETY, drunkenness.--_adj._ E'BRI[=O]SE, drunk.--_n._ EBRIOS'ITY. [L. _ebri[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to make drunk.] ÉBRILLADE, [=a]-br[=e]-lyad', _n._ the sudden jerking of a horse's rein when he refuses to turn. [Fr.] EBULLIENT, e-bul'yent, _adj._ boiling up or over: agitated: enthusiastic.--_ns._ EBULL'IENCE, EBULL'IENCY, a boiling over; EBULLI'TION, act of boiling: agitation: an outbreak. [L. _ebullient-em_, _ebull[=i]re_--_e_, out, and _bull[=i]re_, to boil.] EBURNINE, eb-ur'nin, _adj._ of or like ivory--also EBUR'NEAN.--_ns._ EBURN[=A]'TION, a morbid change of bone by which it becomes very hard and dense; EBURNIFIC[=A]'TION, art of making like ivory. [L. _ebur_.] ÉCARTÉ, [=a]-kär't[=a], _n._ a game for two, played with the thirty-two highest cards, one feature being the right to discard or throw out certain cards for others. [Fr.,--_e_, out, _carte_, a card.] ECAUDATE, [=e]-kaw'd[=a]t, _adj._ tailless. ECBASIS, ek'ba-sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure in which the speaker treats of things according to their consequences.--_adj._ ECBAT'IC, denoting a mere result, not an intention. [Gr.] ECBLASTESIS, ek-blas-t[=e]'sis, _n._ (_bot._) the production of buds within flowers. ECBOLE, ek'bo-l[=e], _n._ (_rhet._) a digression: (_mus._) the raising or sharping of a tone.--_adj._ ECBOL'IC, promoting parturition.--_n._ a drug with this quality. [Gr.] ECCALEOBION, ek-kal-e-[=o]'bi-on, _n._ a machine for the artificial hatching of eggs. [Gr., 'I call out life.'] ECCE, ek'si, Latin word for 'behold.'--ECCE HOMO, behold the man (John, xix. 5)--in art, a Christ crowned with thorns. ECCENTRIC, -AL, ek-sen'trik, -al, _adj._ departing from the centre: not having the same centre as another, said of circles: out of the usual course: not conforming to common rules: odd.--_n._ ECCEN'TRIC, a circle not having the same centre as another: (_mech._) a contrivance for taking an alternating rectilinear motion from a revolving shaft: an eccentric fellow.--_adv._ ECCEN'TRICALLY.--_n._ ECCENTRIC'ITY, the distance of the centre of a planet's orbit from the centre of the sun: singularity of conduct: oddness. [Fr.,--Low L. _eccentricus_--Gr. _ek_, out of, _kentron_, centre.] ECCHYMOSIS, ek-ki-m[=o]'sis, _n._ a discoloration of the surface produced by blood effused below or in the texture of the skin.--_adjs._ EC'CHYMOSED, ECCHYMOT'IC. [Gr.,--_ek_, out of, and _chymos_, juice.] ECCLESIA, e-kl[=e]'zi-a, _n._ a popular assembly, esp. of Athens, where the people exercised full sovereignty, and all above twenty years could vote: applied by the Septuagint commentators to the Jewish commonwealth, and from them to the Christian Church.--_adj._ ECCL[=E]'SIAL.--_ns._ ECCL[=E]'SIARCH, a ruler of the church; ECCL[=E]'SIAST, the preacher--Solomon formerly considered as the author of Ecclesiastes: an ecclesiastic; ECCL[=E]'SIASTES, one of the books of the Old Testament, traditionally ascribed to Solomon; ECCLESIAS'TIC, one consecrated to the church, a priest, a clergyman.--_adjs._ ECCL[=E]'SIASTIC, -AL, belonging to the church.--_adv._ ECCLESIAS'TICALLY, in an ecclesiastical manner.--_ns._ ECCLESIAS'TICISM, attachment to ecclesiastical observances, &c.: the churchman's temper or spirit; ECCLESIAS'TICUS, name of a book of the Apocrypha; ECCLESIOL'ATRY, excessive reverence for church forms and traditions.--_adj._ ECCLESIOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ ECCLESIOL'OGIST, a student of church forms and traditions; ECCLESIOL'OGY, the science of building and decorating churches: the science relating to the church. [Low L.,--Gr. _ekklesia_, an assembly called out of the world, the church--_ek_, out, and _kalein_, to call.] ECCOPROTIC, ek-[=o]-prot'ik, _adj._ laxative, mildly cathartic.--_n._ a laxative. ECCRINOLOGY, ek-ri-nol'[=o]-ji, _n._ the branch of physiology relating to the secretions. ECCRISIS, ek'ri-sis, _n._ expulsion of waste or morbid matter.--_n._ ECCRIT'IC, a medicine having this property. [Gr.] ECDYSIS, ek'di-sis, _n._ the act of casting off an integument, as in serpents. [Gr.] ECHE, [=e]k, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to eke out: to augment. [A.S. _écan_; akin to L. _aug[=e]re_, to increase. See EKE.] ECHELON, esh'e-long, _n._ an arrangement of troops in battalions or divisions placed parallel to one another, but no two on the same alignment, each having its front clear of that in advance. [Fr., from _échelle_, a ladder or stair. See SCALE.] ECHIDNA, ek-id'na, _n._ a genus of Australian toothless burrowing monotremate mammals, armed with porcupine-like spines, laying eggs instead of bringing forth the young.--_n._ ECHID'NINE, serpent-poison. [Formed from Gr. _echidna_, a viper.] ECHINATE, -D, ek'in-[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ prickly like a hedgehog: set with prickles or bristles.--_ns._ ECH[=I]'NITE, a fossil sea-urchin; ECH[=I]'NODERM, one of the ECHINODER'MATA, a class of animals having the skin strengthened by calcareous plates, or covered with spikes.--_adjs._ ECHINODER'MATOUS, relating to the Echinodermata; ECH'INOID, like a sea-urchin.--_n._ one of the ECHINOI'DEA.--_n._ ECH[=I]'NUS, a sea-urchin: (_archit._) the convex projecting moulding of eccentric curve in Greek examples, supporting the abacus of the Doric capital. [Gr. _echinos_, a hedgehog, and _derma_, skin.] ECHO, ek'[=o], _n._ the repetition of sound caused by a sound-wave coming against some opposing surface, and being reflected: a device in verse in which a line ends with a word which recalls the sound of the last word of the preceding line: imitation: an imitator:--_pl._ ECHOES (ek'[=o]z).--_v.i._ to reflect sound: to be sounded back: to resound.--_v.t._ to send back the sound of: to repeat a thing said: to imitate: to flatter slavishly:--_pr.p._ ech'[=o]ing; _pa.p._ ech'[=o]ed.--_ns._ ECH'OISM, the formation of imitative words; ECH'OIST, one who repeats like an echo.--_adj._ ECH'OLESS, giving no echo, unresponsive.--_ns._ ECHOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the length of sounds; ECHOM'ETRY, the art of measuring such.--CHEER TO THE ECHO, to applaud most heartily, so that the room resounds. [L.,--Gr. _[=e]ch[=o]_, a sound.] ÉCLAIRCISSEMENT, ek-l[=a]r-sis'mong, _n._ the act of clearing up anything: explanation.--COME TO AN ÉCLAIRCISSEMENT, to come to an understanding: to explain conduct that seemed equivocal. [Fr. _éclaircir_, pr.p. _-cissant_, _é_--L. _ex_, out, _clair_--L. _clarus_, clear.] ECLAMPSIA, ek-lamp'si-a, _n._ a term often erroneously applied as synonymous with epilepsy, while it is really the equivalent of convulsions, but usually restricted to such as are due to such local or general causes as teething, child-bearing, &c.--also ECLAMP'SY.--_adj._ ECLAMP'TIC. [Formed from Gr. _eklampein_, to shine forth.] ÉCLAT, [=a]-klä', _n._ a striking effect: applause: splendour: social distinction, notoriety. [Fr. _éclat_, from O. Fr. _esclater_, to break, to shine.] ECLECTIC, ek-lek'tik, _adj._ selecting or borrowing: choosing the best out of everything: broad, the opposite of exclusive.--_n._ one who selects opinions from different systems, esp. in philosophy.--_adv._ ECLEC'TICALLY.--_n._ ECLEC'TICISM, the practice of an eclectic: the doctrine of the ECLEC'TICS, a name applied to certain Greek thinkers in the 2d and 1st centuries B.C., later to Leibnitz and Cousin. [Gr. _eklektikos_--_ek_, out, _legein_, to choose.] ECLIPSE, e-klips', _n._ an obscuration of one of the heavenly bodies by the interposition of another, either between it and the spectator, or between it and the sun: loss of brilliancy: darkness.--_v.t._ to hide a luminous body wholly or in part: to darken: to throw into the shade, to cut out, surpass.--_p.adjs._ ECLIPSED', darkened, obscured; ECLIPS'ING, darkening, obscuring.--_n._ ECLIP'TIC, the name given to the great circle of the heavens round which the sun _seems_ to travel, from west to east, in the course of a year: a great circle on the globe corresponding to the celestial ecliptic.--_adj._ pertaining to an eclipse or the ecliptic. [Through O. Fr. and L. from Gr. _ekleipsis_--_ek_, out, _leipein_, to leave.] ECLOGITE, ek'loj-[=i]t, _n._ a crystalline rock, composed of smaragdite and red garnet. [Gr. _eklog[=e]_, selection--_ek_, out, _legein_, to choose.] ECLOGUE, ek'log, _n._ a short pastoral poem like Virgil's _Bucolics_. [L. _ecloga_--Gr. _eklog[=e]_, a selection, esp. of poems--_ek_, out of, _legein_ to choose.] ECONOMY, ek-on'o-mi, _n._ the management of a household or of money matters: a frugal and judicious expenditure of money: a system of rules or ceremonies: a dispensation, as 'the Christian economy:' regular operations, as of nature.--_adjs._ ECONOM'IC, -AL, pertaining to economy: frugal: careful.--_adv._ ECONOM'ICALLY.--_ns._ ECONOM'ICS, the science of household management: political economy; ECONOMIS[=A]'TION, act of economising.--_v.i._ ECON'OMISE, to manage with economy: to spend money carefully: to save.--_v.t._ to use prudently: to spend with frugality.--_ns._ ECONOM[=I]'SER, ECON'OMIST, one who is economical: one who studies political economy.--POLITICAL ECONOMY (see under POLITIC). [L. _oeconomia_--Gr. _oikonomia_--_oikos_, a house, _nomos_, a law.] ÉCORCHÉ, [=a]-kor'sh[=a], _n._ a figure in which the muscles are represented stripped of the skin, for purposes of artistic study. [Fr. _écorcher_, to flay.] ÉCOSSAISE, [=a]-ko-s[=a]z', _n._ a kind of country-dance of Scotch origin, or music appropriate to such.--DOUCHE ÉCOSSAISE, the alternation of hot and cold douches. [Fr., fem. of _Écossais_, Scotch.] ECOSTATE, [=e]-kos't[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) not costate: ribless. ECPHLYSIS, ek'fli-sis, _n._ (_path._) vesicular eruption. ECPHONESIS, ek-f[=o]-n[=e]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure of speech which uses questions, interjections, &c., for variety: in Greek use, the part of the service spoken in an audible tone. ECPHRACTIC, ek-frak'tik, _adj._ (_med._) serving to remove obstructions.--_n._ a drug with such properties. ECRASEUR, [=a]-kra-z[.e]r, _n._ (_surg._) an instrument for removing tumours. [Fr.] ECSTASY, ek'sta-si, _n._ a word applied to states of mind marked by temporary mental alienation and altered or diminished consciousness: excessive joy: enthusiasm, or any exalted feeling.--_v.t._ to fill with joy.--_adjs._ EC'STASIED, enraptured; ECSTAT'IC, causing ecstasy: amounting to ecstasy: rapturous.--_n._ one given to ecstasy: something spoken in a state of ecstasy.--_adv._ ECSTAT'ICALLY. [Through O. Fr. and Low L. from Gr. _ekstasis_--_ek_, aside, _histanai_, to make to stand.] ECTAL, ek'tal, _adj._ (_anat._) outer, external--opp. to _Ental._--_adv._ EC'TAD. [Gr. _ektos_, without.] ECTASIS, ek'ta-sis, _n._ the pronunciation of a vowel as long. ECTHLIPSIS, ek-thlip'sis, _n._ omission or suppression of a letter. [Gr.] ECTHYMA, ek-th[=i]'ma, _n._ a pustular disease of the skin, in which the pustules often reach the size of a pea, and have a red, slightly elevated, hardish base. [Gr., _ek_, _thyein_, to boil.] ECTOBLAST, ek'to-blast, _n._ the outer wall of a cell.--_adj._ ECTOBLAS'TIC. ECTODERM, ek'to-d[.e]rm, _n._ the external germinal layer of the embryo. [Gr. _ektos_, outside, _derma_, skin.] ECTOPARASITE, ek-t[=o]-par'a-s[=i]t, _n._ an external parasite. ECTOPIA, ek-t[=o]'pi-a, _n._ (_path._) morbid displacement of parts.--_adj._ ECTOP'IC. ECTOPLASM, ek'to-plasm, _n._ the exterior protoplasm or sarcode of a cell.--_adjs._ ECTOPLAS'MIC, ECTOPLAS'TIC. ECTOZOA, ek-t[=o]-z[=o]'a, _n.pl._ external parasites generally--opp. to _Entozoa_.--_n._ ECTOZ[=O]'AN, one of the Ectozoa. ECTROPION, -UM, ek-tr[=o]p'i-on, -um, _n._ eversion of the margin of the eyelid, so that the red inner surface is exposed.--_adj._ ECTROP'IC. [Gr. _ek_, out, and _trepein_, to turn.] ECTYPE, ek't[=i]p, _n._ a reproduction or copy.--_adj._ EC'TYPAL.--_n._ ECTYPOG'RAPHY. [Gr. _ek_, out, and _typos_, a figure.] ÉCU, [=a]'kü, or [=a]-k[=u]', _n._ a French silver coin, usually considered as equivalent to the English crown--there were also gold _écus_ weighing about 60 grains: a common name for the five-franc piece. [Fr.,--L. _scutum_, a shield.] ECUMENIC, -AL, ek-[=u]-men'ik, -al, _adj._ general, universal, belonging to the entire Christian Church.--Also OECUMEN'IC, -AL. ECZEMA, ek'ze-ma, _n._ a common skin disease, in which the affected portion of the skin is red, and is covered with numerous small papules, which speedily turn into vesicles.--_adj._ ECZEM'ATOUS. [Gr., from _ekzein_--_ek_, out, _zeein_, to boil.] EDACIOUS, e-d[=a]'shus, _adj._ given to eating: gluttonous.--_adv._ ED[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ ED[=A]'CIOUSNESS; EDAC'ITY. [L. _edax_, _ed[=a]cis_--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.] EDDA, ed'a, _n._ the name of two Scandinavian books--the 'Elder' Edda, a collection of ancient mythological and heroic songs (9th-11th century); and the 'Younger' or prose Edda, by Snorri Sturluson (_c._ 1230), mythological stories, poetics, and prosody. [Ice., 'great-grandmother.'] EDDISH, ed'dish, _n._ pasturage, or the eatable growth of grass after mowing. [Dubiously referred to A.S. _edisc_, a park.] EDDY, ed'i, _n._ a current of water or air running back, contrary to the main stream, thus causing a circular motion: a whirlpool: a whirlwind.--_v.i._ to move round and round:--_pr.p._ edd'ying; _pa.p._ edd'ied.--_n._ EDD'YING, the action of the verb _eddy_. [Prob. from A.S. _ed_, back; cf. Ice. _ida_--_id_, back.] EDELWEISS, [=a]'del-v[=i]s, _n._ a small white composite, with pretty white flower, found growing in damp places at considerable altitudes (5000-7000 feet) throughout the Alps. [Ger. _edel_, noble, _weiss_, white.] EDEMATOSE, -OUS. Same as OEDEMATOSE, -OUS (q.v. under OEDEMA). EDEN, [=e]'den, _n._ the garden where Adam and Eve lived: a paradise.--_adj._ EDEN'IC. [Heb. _[=e]den_, delight, pleasure.] EDENTATE, -D, e-den't[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ without teeth: wanting front teeth--also EDEN'TAL.--_ns._ EDENT[=A]'TA, a Cuvierian order of mammals, having no teeth or very imperfect ones; EDENT[=A]'TION, toothlessness.--_adj._ EDEN'TULOUS, edentate. [L. _edent[=a]tus_, toothless--_e_, out of, _dens_, _dentis_, a tooth.] EDGE, ej, _n._ the border of anything: the brink: the cutting side of an instrument: something that wounds or cuts: sharpness of mind or appetite: keenness.--_v.t._ to put an edge on: to place a border on: to exasperate: to urge on: to move by little and little.--_v.i._ to move sideways.--_n._ EDGE'-BONE, the haunch-bone.--_adjs._ EDGED; EDGE'LESS, without an edge: blunt.--_ns._ EDGE'-RAIL, a rail of such form that the carriage-wheels roll on its edges, being held there by flanges; EDGE'-TOOL, EDGED TOOL, a tool with a sharp edge.--_advs._ EDGE'WAYS, EDGE'WISE, in the direction of the edge: sideways.--_ns._ EDG'INESS, angularity, over-sharpness of outline; EDG'ING, any border or fringe round a garment: a border of box, &c., round a flower-bed.--_adj._ EDG'Y, with edges, sharp, hard in outline.--EDGE IN A WORD, to get a word in with difficulty; EDGE OF THE SWORD, a rhetorical phrase for the sword as the symbol of slaughter.--OUTSIDE EDGE, figure in skating, made on the outer edge of the skate.--PLAY WITH EDGE-TOOLS, to deal carelessly with dangerous matters.--SET ON EDGE, to excite; SET THE TEETH ON EDGE, to cause a strange grating feeling in the teeth; to rouse an instinctive dislike. [A.S. _ecg_; cf. Ger. _ecke_, L. _acies_.] EDIBLE, ed'i-bl, _adj._ fit to be eaten.--_n._ something for food.--_ns._ EDIBIL'ITY, ED'IBLENESS, fitness for being eaten. [L. _edibilis_--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.] EDICT, [=e]'dikt, _n._ something proclaimed by authority: an order issued by a king or lawgiver.--_adj._ EDICT'AL.--_adv._ EDICT'ALLY. [L. _edictum_--_e_, out, _dic[)e]re_, _dictum_, to say.] EDIFY, ed'i-f[=i], _v.t._ to build: to build up the faith of: to strengthen spiritually towards faith and holiness: to comfort: to improve the mind:--_pr.p._ ed'ifying; _pa.p._ ed'ified.--_n._ EDIFIC[=A]'TION, instruction: progress in knowledge or in goodness.--_adj._ ED'IFICATORY, tending to edification.--_n._ ED'IFICE, a large building or house.--_adj._ EDIFIC'IAL, structural.--_n._ ED'IFIER, one who edifies.--_adj._ ED'IFYING, instructive: improving.--_adv._ ED'IFYINGLY. [Fr. _édifier_--L. _ædific[=a]re_--_ædes_, a house, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] EDILE. See ÆDILE. EDIT, ed'it, _v.t._ to prepare the work of an author for publication: to superintend the publication of (a newspaper, &c.): to compile, garble, or cook up materials into literary shape.--_ns._ EDI'TION, the publication of a book: the number of copies of a book printed at a time; ED'ITOR, one who edits a book: one who conducts a newspaper or journal:--_fem._ ED'ITRESS.--_adj._ EDIT[=O]'RIAL, of or belonging to an editor.--_n._ an article in a newspaper written by the editor, a leading article.--_adv._ EDIT[=O]'RIALLY.--_n._ ED'ITORSHIP. [L. _ed[)e]re_, _ed[)i]tum_--_e_, out, _d[)a]re_, to give.] EDUCATE, ed'[=u]-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to bring up children: to train: to teach: to cultivate any power.--_adj._ ED'UCABLE.--_n._ EDUC[=A]'TION, the bringing up or training, as of a child: instruction: strengthening of the powers of body or mind.--_adj._ EDUC[=A]'TIONAL.--_adv._ EDUC[=A]'TIONALLY.--_n._ EDUC[=A]'TIONIST, one skilled in methods of educating or teaching: one who promotes education.--_adj._ ED'UCATIVE, of or pertaining to education: calculated to teach.--_n._ ED'UCATOR. [L. _educ[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_educ[)e]re_--_e_, out, _duc[)e]re_, to lead.] EDUCE, [=e]-d[=u]s', _v.t._ to draw out: to extract: to cause to appear.--_n._ inference.--_adj._ EDUC'IBLE, that may be educed or brought out and shown.--_ns._ E'DUCT, what is educed; EDUC'TION, the act of educing; EDUC'TION-PIPE, the pipe by which the exhaust steam is led from the cylinder of a steam-engine into the condenser or the atmosphere; EDUC'TOR, he who, or that which, educes. [L. _educ[)e]re_, _eductum_--_e_, out, and _duc[)e]re_, to lead.] EDULCORATE, [=e]-dul'k[=o]-r[=a]t, _v.t._ to sweeten: to free from acids, &c.--_adj._ EDUL'CORANT.--_n._ EDULCOR[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EDUL'COR[=A]TIVE.--_n._ EDUL'COR[=A]TOR. EE, [=e], Scotch form of _eye_:--_pl._ EEN. EEL, _n._ a name widely applied in popular usage, but justifiably extended to all the members of the family _Murænidæ_--the body is much elongated, cylindrical or ribbon-shaped.--_ns._ EEL'-BAS'KET, a basket for catching eels; EEL'-POUT, in England, a Burbot (q.v.); in parts of Scotland, a Blenny (q.v.): a well-known fish, with a slimy body, living chiefly in mud; EEL'-SPEAR, an instrument with broad prongs for catching eels. [A.S. _['æ]l_; Ger., Dut. _aal_.] E'EN, [=e]n, a contraction of _even_. E'ER, [=a]r, a contraction of _ever_. EERIE, EERY, [=e]'ri, _adj._ exciting fear: weird: affected with fear: timorous.--_adv._ EE'RILY.--_n._ EE'RINESS (_Scot._). [M. E. _arh_, _eri_--A.S. _earg_, timid.] EFFABLE, ef'a-bl, _adj._ capable of being expressed. [Fr.,--L. _eff[=a]ri_--_ex_, out, _f[=a]ri_, to speak.] EFFACE, ef-f[=a]s', _v.t._ to destroy the surface of a thing: to rub out: to obliterate, wear away.--_adj._ EFFACE'ABLE, that can be rubbed out.--_n._ EFFACE'MENT. [Fr. _effacer_--L. _ex_, out, _facies_, face.] EFFECT, ef-fekt', _n._ the result of an action: impression produced: reality: the consequence intended: (_pl._) goods: property.--_v.t._ to produce: to accomplish.--_ns._ EFFEC'TER, EFFEC'TOR.--_adjs._ EFFEC'TIBLE, that may be effected; EFFEC'TIVE, having power to effect: causing something: powerful: serviceable.--_adv._ EFFEC'TIVELY.--_n._ EFFEC'TIVENESS.--_adjs._ EFFECT'LESS, without effect, useless; EFFEC'TUAL, successful in producing the desired effect: (_Shak._) decisive.--_n._ EFFECTUAL'ITY.--_adv._ EFFEC'TUALLY.--_v.t._ EFFEC'TUATE, to accomplish.--_n._ EFFECTUA'TION.--EFFECTUAL CALLING (_theol._), the invitation to come to Christ which the elect receive.--FOR EFFECT, so as to make a telling impression; GENERAL EFFECT, the effect produced by a picture, &c., as a whole; GIVE EFFECT TO, to accomplish, perform; IN EFFECT, in truth, really: substantially.--LEAVE NO EFFECTS, to die without property to bequeath.--TAKE EFFECT, to begin to operate: to come into force. [Fr.,--L. _effic[)e]re_, _effectum_, to accomplish--_ex_, out, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] EFFEIR, EFFERE, e-f[=e]r', _n._ Scotch form of _affair_. EFFEMINATE, ef-fem'in-[=a]t, _adj._ womanish: unmanly: weak: cowardly: voluptuous.--_n._ an effeminate person.--_v.t._ to make womanish: to unman: to weaken.--_v.i._ to become effeminate.--_n._ EFFEM'INACY, womanish softness or weakness: indulgence in unmanly pleasures.--_adv._ EFFEM'INATELY.--_n._ EFFEM'INATENESS. [L. _effemin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to make womanish--_ex_, out, and _femina_, a woman.] EFFENDI, ef-fen'di, _n._ a Turkish title for civil officials and educated persons generally. [Turk.; from Gr. _authent[=e]s_, an absolute master.] EFFERENT, ef'e-rent, _adj._ conveying outward or away. EFFERVESCE, ef-f[.e]r-ves', _v.i._ to boil up: to bubble and hiss: to froth up.--_ns._ EFFERVES'CENCE; EFFERVES'CENCY.--_adjs._ EFFERVES'CENT, boiling or bubbling from the disengagement of gas; EFFERVES'CIBLE. [L. _effervesc[)e]re_--_ex_, inten., and _ferv[=e]re_, to boil.] EFFETE, ef-f[=e]t', _adj._ exhausted: worn out with age. [L. _eff[=e]tus_, weakened by having brought forth young--_ex_, out, _fetus_, a bringing forth young.] EFFICACIOUS, ef-fi-k[=a]'shus, _adj._ able to produce the result intended.--_adv._ EFFIC[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ EFFIC[=A]'CIOUSNESS; EFFICAC'ITY; EF'FICACY, virtue: energy. [Fr.,--L. _efficax_, _efficacis_--_effic[)e]re_.] EFFICIENT, ef-fish'ent, _adj._ capable of producing the desired result: effective.--_n._ the person or thing that effects.--_ns._ EFFI'CIENCE, EFFI'CIENCY, power to produce the result intended, adequate fitness.--_adv._ EFFI'CIENTLY. [Fr.,--L. _efficiens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _effic[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] EFFIERCE, ef-f[=e]rs', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to make fierce. EFFIGY, ef'fi-ji, _n._ a likeness or figure of a person: the head or impression on a coin: resemblance--(_arch._) EFFIG'IES.--BURN IN EFFIGY, to burn a figure of a person, expressing dislike or contempt. [Fr.,--L. _effigies_--_effing[)e]re_--_ex_, inten., _fing[)e]re_, to form.] EFFLORESCE, ef-flo-res', _v.i._ to blossom forth: (_chem._) to become covered with a white dust: to form minute crystals.--_ns._ EFFLORES'CENCE, EFFLORES'CENCY, production of flowers: the time of flowering: a redness of the skin: the formation of a white powder on the surface of bodies, or of minute crystals.--_adj._ EFFLORES'CENT, forming a white dust on the surface: shooting into white threads. [L. _effloresc[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _floresc[)e]re_, to blossom--_flos_, _floris_, a flower.] EFFLUENT, ef'floo-ent, _adj._ flowing out.--_n._ a stream that flows out of another stream or lake.--_n._ EF'FLUENCE, a flowing out: that which flows from any body: issue. [L. _effluens_, _-entis_, _pr.p._ of _efflu[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _flu[)e]re_, to flow.] EFFLUVIUM, ef-fl[=oo]'vi-um, _n._ minute particles that flow out from bodies: disagreeable vapours rising from decaying matter:--_pl._ EFFLU'VIA.--_adj._ EFFLU'VIAL. [Low L.,--L. _efflu[)e]re_.] EFFLUX, ef'fluks, _n._ act of flowing out: that which flows out.--Also EFFLUX'ION. [L. _efflu[)e]re_, _effluxum_.] EFFODIENT, e-f[=o]'di-ent, _adj._ (_zool._) habitually digging. EFFOLIATION, e-f[=o]-li-[=a]'shun, _n._ the removal or fall of the leaves of a plant. EFFORCE, ef-f[=o]rs', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to compel. [Fr. _efforcer_--Late L. _efforti[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _fortis_, strong.] EFFORT, ef'fort, _n._ a putting forth of strength: attempt: struggle.--_adj._ EF'FORTLESS, making no effort: passive. [Fr.,--L. _ex_, out, _fortis_, strong.] EFFRAY, an obsolete form of _affray_. EFFRONTERY, ef-frunt'[.e]r-i, _n._ shamelessness: impudence: insolence. [O. Fr.,--L. _effrons_, _effrontis_--_ex_, out, _frons_, _frontis_, the forehead.] EFFULGE, ef-fulj', _v.i._ to shine forth: to beam:--_pr.p._ effulg'ing; _pa.p._ effulged'.--_n._ EFFUL'GENCE, great lustre or brightness: a flood of light.--_adj._ EFFUL'GENT, shining forth: extremely bright: splendid.--_adv._ EFFUL'GENTLY. [L. _effulg[=e]re_, to shine out, pr.p. _effulgens_, _-entis_--_ex_, out, _fulg[=e]re_, to shine.] EFFUSE, ef-f[=u]z', _v.t._ to pour out: to pour forth, as words: to shed.--_n._ effusion, loss.--_adj._ loosely spreading, not compact, expanded.--_n._ EFF[=U]'SION, act of pouring out: that which is poured out or forth: quality of being effusive.--_adj._ EFF[=U]'SIVE, pouring forth abundantly: gushing: expressing emotion in a pronounced manner.--_adv._ EFF[=U]'SIVELY.--_n._ EFF[=U]'SIVENESS. [L. _effund[)e]re_, _effusum_--_ex_, out, _fund[)e]re_, to pour.] EFT, eft, _n._ a kind of lizard: a newt. [A.S. _efeta_. Origin obscure. See NEWT.] EFT, eft, _adj._ ready (_Shak._, _Much Ado_, IV. ii. 38). EFT, eft, _adv._ (_Spens._) afterwards, again, forthwith, moreover.--_adv._ EFTSOONS' (_obs._), soon afterwards, forthwith. [A.S. _æft_, _eft_, after, again. See AFT.] EGAD, [=e]-gad', _interj._ a minced oath. [_By God_.] EGAL, [=e]'gal, _adj._ (_Shak._) equal.--_n._ EGAL'ITY, equality. [Fr. _égalité_--_égal_--L. _æquus_, equal.] EGER, [=e]'g[.e]r, _n._ Same as EAGRE. EGENCE, [=e]'jens, _n._ exigence. EGESTION, ej-est'yun, _n._ the passing off of excreta from within the body.--_v.t._ EGEST', to discharge.--_n.pl._ EGEST'A, things thrown out, excrements.--_adj._ EGEST'IVE. [L. _eger[)e]re_--_e_, out, _ger[)e]re_, to carry.] EGG, eg, _n._ an oval body laid by birds and certain other animals, from which their young are produced: anything shaped like an egg.--_ns._ EGG'-APP'LE, or PLANT, the brinjal or aubergine, an East Indian annual with egg-shaped fruit; EGG'-BIRD, a sooty tern; EGG'-C[=O]'SY, a covering put over boiled eggs to keep in the heat after being taken from the pot: EGG'-CUP, a cup for holding an egg at table; EGG'ER, EGG'LER, one who collects eggs; EGG'ERY, a place where eggs are laid; EGG'-FLIP, a hot drink made of ale, with eggs, sugar, spice, &c.; EGG'-GLASS, a small sand-glass for regulating the boiling of eggs; EGG'-NOG, a drink compounded of eggs and hot beer, spirits, &c.; EGG'-SHELL, the shell or calcareous substance which covers the eggs of birds; EGG'-SLICE, a kitchen utensil for lifting fried eggs out of a pan; EGG'-SPOON, a small spoon used in eating eggs from the shell.--A BAD EGG (_coll._), a worthless person; PUT ALL ONE'S EGGS INTO ONE BASKET, to risk all on one enterprise; TAKE EGGS FOR MONEY, to be put off with mere promises of payment; TEACH YOUR GRANDMOTHER TO SUCK EGGS, spoken contemptuously to one who would teach those older and wiser than himself; TREAD UPON EGGS, to walk warily, to steer one's way carefully in a delicate situation. [A.S. _æg_; cf. Ice. _egg_, Ger. _ei_, perh. L. _ovum_, Gr. _[=o]on_.] EGG, eg, _v.t._ to instigate. [Ice. _eggja_--_egg_, an edge; cog. with A.S. _ecg_. See EDGE.] EGIS. See ÆGIS. EGLANDULAR, [=e]-glan'd[=u]-lar, _adj._ having no glands. EGLANTINE, eg'lan-t[=i]n, _n._ a name given to the sweet-brier, and some other species of rose, whose branches are covered with sharp prickles. [Fr.,--O. Fr. _aiglent_, as if from a L. _aculentus_, prickly--_acus_, a needle, and suff. _lentus_.] EGLATERE, eg-la-t[=e]r', _n._ (_Tenn._) eglantine. EGMA, eg'ma, _n._ (_Shak._) a corruption of _enigma_. EGO, [=e]'g[=o], _n._ the 'I,' that which is conscious and thinks.--_ns._ E'G[=O]ISM (_phil._), the doctrine that we have proof of nothing but our own existence: (_ethics_), the theory of self-interest as the principle of morality: selfishness; E'G[=O]IST, one who holds the doctrine of egoism: one who thinks and speaks too much of himself.--_adjs._ EG[=O]IST'IC, -AL, pertaining to or manifesting egoism.--_ns._ EG[=O]'ITY, the essential element of the ego; E'G[=O]THEISM, the deification of self.--_v.i._ E'GOTISE, to talk much of one's self.--_ns._ E'GOTISM, a frequent use of the pronoun I: speaking much of one's self: self-exaltation; E'GOTIST, one full of egotism.--_adjs._ EGOTIST'IC, -AL, showing egotism: self-important: conceited.--_adv._ EGOTIST'ICALLY. [L. _ego_, I.] EGOPHONY, [=e]-gof'o-ni, _n._ a tremulous resonance heard in auscultation in cases of pleurisy.--Also ÆGOPH'ONY. [Gr. _aix_, a goat, _phon[=e]_, voice.] EGREGIOUS, e-gr[=e]'ji-us, _adj._ prominent: distinguished: outrageous: enormous (in bad sense).--_adv._ EGR[=E]'GIOUSLY.--_n._ EGR[=E]'GIOUSNESS. [L. _egregius_, chosen out of the flock--_e_, out, _grex_, _gregis_, a flock.] EGRESS, [=e]'gres, _n._ act of going out: departure: the way out: the power or right to depart.--_n._ EGRES'SION, the act of going out. [L. _egredi_, _egressus_--_e_, out, forth, and _gradi_, to go.] EGRET, [=e]'gret, _n._ a form of _aigrette_. EGYPTIAN, [=e]-jip'shi-an, _adj._ belonging to Egypt.--_n._ a native of Egypt: a gipsy.--_adj._ EGYPTOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ EGYPTOL'OGIST; EGYPTOL'OGY, the science of Egyptian antiquities.--EGYPTIAN DARKNESS, darkness like that of Exod. x. 22. EH, [=a], _interj._ expressing inquiry or slight surprise.--_v.i._ to say 'Eh.' EIDENT, [=i]'dent, _adj._ busy: (_Scot._) diligent. [M. E. _ithen_--Ice. _iðinn_, diligent.] EIDER, [=i]'d[.e]r, _n._ the eider-duck, a northern sea-duck, sought after for its fine down.--_n._ EI'DER-DOWN, the soft down of the eider-duck, used for stuffing quilts. [Prob. through Sw. from Ice. _æðar_, gen. of _æðr_, an eider-duck.] EIDOGRAPH, [=i]'do-graf, _n._ an instrument for copying drawings. [Gr. _eidos_, form, _graphein_, to write.] EIDOLON, [=i]-d[=o]'lon, _n._ an image: a phantom or apparition: a confusing reflection or reflected image:--_pl._ EID[=O]'LA. [Gr. See IDOL.] EIFFEL-TOWER, [=i]f'el-tow'[.e]r, _n._ a colossal building--from the iron structure, 985 feet high, erected (1887-89) in the Champ-de-Mars at Paris by Gustave _Eiffel_. EIGHT, [=a]t, _n._ the cardinal number one above seven: the figure (8 or viii.) denoting eight.--_adj._ noting the number eight.--_adjs._ and _ns._ EIGHT'EEN, eight and ten, twice nine; EIGHT'EENM[=O], same as OCTODECIMO (q.v.); EIGHT'EENTH, the ordinal number corresponding to eighteen.--_n._ EIGHT'FOIL (_her._), an eight-leaved grass.--_adjs._ EIGHT'FOLD, eight times any quantity; EIGHTH, the ordinal number corresponding to eight.--_n._ an eighth part.--_adv._ EIGHTH'LY, in the eighth place.--_adjs._ and _ns._ EIGHT'IETH, the ordinal number corresponding to eighty; EIGHT'Y, eight times ten, fourscore.--AN EIGHT, a crew of a rowing-boat, consisting of eight oarsmen; AN EIGHT-OAR, or simply EIGHT, the boat itself; AN EIGHT DAYS, a week; FIGURE OF EIGHT, a figure shaped like an 8 made in skating; PIECE OF EIGHT, a Spanish coin; THE EIGHTS, annual bumping boat-races which take place in the summer term in Oxford and Cambridge between the various colleges. [A.S. _eahta_; Ger. _acht_, L. _octo_, Gr. _okt[=o]_.] EIGNE, [=a]n, _adj._ first-born. [Corrupt spelling of _ayne_--Fr. _aîné_.] EIKON, [=i]'kon, _n._ Same as ICON. EILD, [=e]ld, _adj._ (_Scot._) not yielding milk. [See YELD.] EILD. Same as ELD (q.v.). EINE, [=e]n, _n.pl._ (_obs._) eyes. [See EEN, under EE.] EIRACK, [=e]'rak, _n._ (_Scot._) a young hen. EIRENICON, [=i]-r[=e]'ni-kon, _n._ a proposal calculated to promote peace.--_adj._ EIR[=E]'NIC. [Gr.,--_eir[=e]n[=e]_, peace.] EIRIE, [=e]'ri, _n._ Same as EERIE. EISTEDDFOD, es-teth'vod, _n._ a congress of Welsh bards and musicians held in various towns for the preservation and cultivation of national poetry and music. [W.; lit. 'session,' _eistedd_, to sit.] EITHER, _[=e]'_th_[.e]r_, or _[=i]'_th_[.e]r_, _adj._ or _pron._ the one or the other: one of two: each of two.--_conj._ correlative to _or_: (_B._) or. [A.S. _['æ]gðer_, a contr. of _['æ]ghthwæðer_=_á_, aye, the pfx. _ge-_, and _hwæther_, the mod. _whether_. See also EACH.] EJACULATE, e-jak'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to eject: to utter with suddenness.--_v.i._ to utter ejaculations.--_n._ EJACUL[=A]'TION, a sudden utterance in prayer or otherwise: what is so uttered.--_adjs._ EJAC'ULATIVE; EJAC'ULATORY, uttered in short, earnest sentences. [L. _e_, out, and _jacul[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_--_jac[)e]re_, to throw.] EJECT, e-jekt', _v.t._ to cast out: to dismiss: to dispossess of: to expel.--_ns._ E'JECT, a coinage of Prof. Clifford for an inferred existence, a thing thrown out of one's own consciousness, as distinguished from _object_, a thing presented in one's consciousness; EJEC'TION, discharge: expulsion: state of being ejected: vomiting: that which is ejected.--_adj._ EJEC'TIVE.--_ns._ EJECT'MENT, expulsion; dispossession: (_law_) an action for the recovery of the possession of land; EJECT'OR, one who ejects or dispossesses another of his land: any mechanical apparatus for ejecting. [L. _eject[=a]re_, freq. of _ejic[)e]re_, _ejectum_--_e_, out, _jac[)e]re_, to throw.] EKE, [=e]k, _v.t._ to add to or increase: to lengthen.--_n._ E'KING, act of adding: what is added.--EKE OUT, to supplement: to prolong. [A.S. _écan_, akin to L. _aug[=e]re_, to increase.] EKE, [=e]k, _adv._ in addition to: likewise. [A.S. _éac_; Ger. _auch_; from root of _eke_, _v.t_.] ELABORATE, e-lab'or-[=a]t, _v.t._ to labour on: to produce with labour: to take pains with: to improve by successive operations.--_adj._ wrought with labour: done with fullness and exactness: highly finished.--_adv._ ELAB'ORATELY.--_ns._ ELAB'ORATENESS; ELABOR[=A]'TION, act of elaborating: refinement: the process by which substances are formed in the organs of animals or plants.--_adj._ ELAB'ORATIVE.--_ns._ ELAB'ORATOR, one who elaborates; ELAB'ORATORY=LABORATORY. [L. _elabor[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _labor[=a]re_--_labor_, labour.] ÉLAN, [=a]-long', _n._ impetuosity, dash. [Fr.] ELANCE, e-lans', _v.t._ to throw out, as a lance. [Fr. _élancer_.] ELAND, [=e]'land, _n._ the South African antelope, resembling the elk in having a protuberance on the larynx. [Dut.; Ger. _elend_, the elk--Lith. _élnis_, the elk.] ELAPSE, e-laps', _v.i._ to slip or glide away: to pass silently, as time.--_n._ ELAP'SION. [L. _elapsus_, _elabi_--_e_, out, away, _labi_, _lapsus_, to slide.] ELASMOBRANCHIATE, e-las-mo-brang'ki-[=a]t, _adj._ pertaining to a class, subclass, or order of fishes including sharks and skates, having lamellar branchiæ or plate-like gills. ELASTIC, e-las'tik, _adj._ having a tendency to recover the original form: springy: able to recover quickly a former state or condition after a shock: flexible: yielding.--_n._ a piece of string, cord, &c. made elastic by having india-rubber woven in it.--_adv._ ELAS'TICALLY.--_ns._ ELASTIC'ITY, springiness: power to recover from depression; ELAS'TICNESS. [Coined from Gr. _elastikos_, _elaunein_, fut. _elasein_, to drive.] ELATE, e-l[=a]t', _adj._ lifted up: puffed up with success: exalted.--_v.t._ to raise or exalt: to elevate: to make proud.--_adv._ ELAT'EDLY.--_ns._ ELAT'EDNESS; EL'ATER, an elastic filament in certain liverworts and scale-mosses: a skip-jack beetle; ELAT[=E]'RIUM, a substance contained in the juice of the fruit of the squirting cucumber, yielding the purgative ELAT'ERIN; EL[=A]'TION, pride resulting from success. [L. _el[=a]tus_, pa.p. of _efferre_--_e_, out, _ferre_, to carry.] ELBOW, el'b[=o], _n._ the joint where the arm bows or bends: any sharp turn or bend.--_v.t._ to push with the elbow: to jostle.--_ns._ EL'BOW-CHAIR, an arm-chair; EL'BOW-GREASE, humorously applied to vigorous rubbing; EL'BOW-ROOM, room to extend the elbows: space enough for moving or acting: freedom.--AT ONE'S ELBOW, close at hand; BE OUT AT ELBOW, to wear a coat ragged at the elbows; UP TO THE ELBOWS, completely engrossed. [A.S. _elnboga_--_el-_, allied to L. _ulna_, the arm, _boga_, a bend--_bugan_, to bend. See ELL; BOW, _n._ and _v.t._] ELCHEE, elt'shi, _n._ an ambassador.--Also EL'CHI, ELT'CHI. [Turk.] ELD, eld, _n._ old age, senility: former times, antiquity. ELDER, eld'[.e]r, _n._ a genus of plants consisting chiefly of shrubs and trees, with pinnate leaves, small flowers (of which the corolla is wheel-shaped and five-cleft), and three-seeded berries--the Common Elder is the Scotch _Bourtree_.--_ns._ ELD'ER-BERR'Y, the acidulous purple-black drupaceous fruit of the elder; ELD'ER-GUN, a popgun made of elder-wood by extracting the pith; ELD'ER-WINE, a pleasant wine made from elder-berries.--ELDER-FLOWER WATER, distilled water, with an agreeable odour, made from the flowers. [A.S. _ellærn_, _ellen_.] ELDER, eld'[.e]r, _adj._ older: having lived a longer time: prior in origin.--_n._ one who is older: an ancestor: one advanced to office on account of age: one of a class of office-bearers in the Presbyterian Church--equivalent to the _presbyters_ of the New Testament.--_n._ ELD'ERLINESS.--_adj._ ELD'ERLY, somewhat old: bordering on old age.--_n._ ELD'ERSHIP, state of being older: the office of an elder.--_adj._ ELD'EST, oldest. [A.S. _eldra_, _yldra_, comp. of _eald_, old.] ELDING, el'ding, _n._ (_prov._) fuel. [Ice.,--_eldr_, fire.] EL DORADO, el d[=o]-rä'd[=o], the golden land of imagination of the Spanish conquerors of America: any place where wealth is easily to be made. [Sp. _el_, the, _dorado_, pa.p. of _dorar_, to gild.] ELDRITCH, el'drich, _adj._ (_Scot._) weird, hideous. [Der. obscure: perh. conn. with _elf_.] ELEATIC, el-e-at'ik, _adj._ noting a school of philosophers, specially connected with _Elea_, a Greek city of Lower Italy, and including Zenophanes, Parmenides, and Zeno.--_n._ one belonging to this school. ELECAMPANE, el'e-kam-p[=a]n', _n._ a composite plant allied to Aster, formerly much cultivated for its medicinal root. [Formed from Low L. _enula campana_.] ELECT, e-lekt', _v.t._ to choose out: to select for any office or purpose: to select by vote.--_adj._ chosen: taken by preference from among others: chosen for an office but not yet in it (almost always after the noun, as 'consul elect').--_n._ one chosen or set apart.--_n._ ELEC'TION, the act of electing or choosing: the public choice of a person for office, usually by the votes of a constituent body: freewill: (_theol._) the exercise of God's sovereign will in the predetermination of certain persons to salvation: (_B._) those who are elected.--_v.i._ ELECTIONEER', to labour to secure the election of a candidate.--_n._ ELECTIONEER'ER.--_n._ and _adj._ ELECTIONEER'ING, the soliciting of votes and other business of an election.--_adj._ ELECT'IVE, pertaining to, dependent on, or exerting the power of choice.--_adv._ ELECT'IVELY.--_ns._ ELECTIV'ITY; ELECT'OR, one who elects: one who has a vote at an election: the title formerly belonging to those princes and archbishops of the German Empire who had the right to elect the Emperor:--_fem._ ELECT'RESS, ELECT'ORESS.--_adjs._ ELECT'ORAL, ELECT[=O]'RIAL, pertaining to elections or to electors: consisting of electors.--_ns._ ELECT'ORATE, the dignity or the territory of an elector: the body of electors; ELECT'ORSHIP.--THE ELECT (_theol._), those chosen by God for salvation. [L. _e_, out, _leg[)e]re_, to choose.] ELECTRIC, e-lek'trik, _adj._ pertaining to or produced by electricity.--_n._ any electric substance: a non-conductor of electricity, as amber, glass, &c.--_adj._ ELEC'TRICAL.--_adv._ ELEC'TRICALLY.--_ns._ ELEC'TRIC-EEL (see GYMNOTUS); ELECTRI'CIAN, one who studies, or is versed in, the science of electricity; ELECTRIC'ITY, name of the cause of certain phenomena of attraction and repulsion: the phenomena themselves: the science which investigates the nature and laws of these phenomena.--_adj._ ELEC'TRIF[=I]ABLE.--_n._ ELECTRIFIC[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ELEC'TRIFY, to communicate electricity to: to excite suddenly: to astonish: to adapt to electricity as the motive power:--_pa.p._ elec'trified.--_n._ ELEC'TRISATION.--_v.t._ ELEC'TR[=I]SE, to electrify.--_ns._ ELEC'TRODE, either of the poles of a galvanic battery; ELEC'TROLIER, a device for suspending a group of incandescent lamps; ELEC'TRUM, amber: an alloy of gold and silver.--ELECTRIC RAILWAY, a railway on which electricity is the motive-power; ELECTRIC SPARK, one of the forms in which accumulated electricity discharges itself; ELECTRIC STORM, a violent disturbance in the electrical condition of the earth. [L. _electrum_--Gr. _elektron_, amber, in which electricity was first observed.] ELECTRO-BIOLOGY, e-lek'tro-b[=i]-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science which treats of the electricity developed in living organisms: that view of animal magnetism according to which the actions, feelings, &c. of a person are controlled by the will of the operator.--_adj._ ELEC'TRO-BALLIS'TIC, of an apparatus for determining by electricity the velocity of a projectile.--_ns._ ELEC'TRO-BIOL'OGIST; ELEC'TRO-CHEM'ISTRY, that branch of chemical science which treats of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes.--_v.t._ ELEC'TROCUTE, to inflict a death penalty by means of electricity.--_ns._ ELECTROC[=U]'TION, capital punishment by electricity; ELEC'TRO-DYNAM'ICS, the branch of physics which treats of the action of electricity; ELEC'TRO-DYNAMOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic action; ELEC'TRO-ENGRAV'ING, an etching process in which the etched plate is placed in an electro-bath to deepen the 'bite;' ELEC'TRO-GILD'ING, electroplating with gold; ELEC'TRO-KINET'ICS, that branch of science which treats of electricity in motion; ELECTROL'OGY, the science of applied electricity.--_v.t._ ELEC'TROLYSE, to subject to electrolysis.--_ns._ ELECTROL'YSIS, the process of chemical decomposition by electricity; ELEC'TROLYTE, a body which admits of electrolysis.--_adj._ ELECTROLYT'IC.--_n._ ELEC'TRO-MAG'NET, a piece of soft iron rendered magnetic by a current of electricity passing through a coil of wire wound round it.--_adj._ ELEC'TRO-MAGNET'IC.--_ns._ ELEC'TRO-MAG'NETISM, a branch of science which treats of the relation of electricity to magnetism; ELEC'TRO-MET'ALLURGY, a name given to certain processes by which electricity is applied to the working of metals, as in electroplating and electrotyping; ELECTROM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the quantity of electricity.--_adjs._ ELECTROMET'RIC, -AL, pertaining to the measurement of electricity.--_ns._ ELECTROM'ETRY, the science of electrical measurements; ELEC'TRO-M[=O]'TION, the passage of an electric current in a voltaic circuit: motion produced by electricity employed as power.--_adjs._ ELEC'TRO-M[=O]'TIVE, pertaining to the motion of electricity or the laws governing it.--_n._ ELEC'TRO-M[=O]'TOR, an apparatus for applying electricity as a motive-power.--_adj._ ELEC'TRO-NEG'ATIVE, appearing, as an element in electrolysis, at the positive electrode: having the property of becoming negatively electrified by contact with a dissimilar substance.--_ns._ ELEC'TROPH[=O]NE, an instrument for producing sounds resembling trumpet-tones by electric currents of high tension; ELECTROPH'ORUS, an instrument for obtaining statical electricity by means of induction; ELEC'TRO-PHYSIOL'OGY, the study of the electric phenomena of living organisms.--_v.t._ ELEC'TROPLATE, to plate or cover with silver by electrolysis.--_n._ ELEC'TROPLATING.--_adjs._ ELEC'TRO-P[=O]'LAR, having, as an electrical conductor, one end or surface positive and the other negative; ELEC'TRO-POS'ITIVE, attracted by bodies negatively electrified, or by the negative pole of a voltaic battery: assuming positive potential when in contact with another substance.--_ns._ ELEC'TROSCOPE, an instrument for detecting the presence of electricity in a body and the nature of it; ELEC'TRO-STAT'ICS, that branch of science which treats of electricity at rest; ELEC'TRO-TINT, a style of etching by means of galvanism; ELEC'TROTYPE, the art of copying an engraving or type on a metal deposited by electricity.--_adj._ ELECTROTYP'IC.--_ns._ ELEC'TROTYPIST; ELEC'TROTYPY, the art of copying.--_adj._ ELEC'TRO-V[=I]'TAL, electrical and dependent upon vital processes. ELECTUARY, e-lek't[=u]-ar-i, _n._ a composition of medicinal powders with honey or sugar. [Low L. _electuarium_--Gr. _ekleikton_--_ekleichein_, to lick up.] ELECTRON. See page 1208. ELEEMOSYNARY, el-e-mos'i-nar-i, _adj._ relating to charity or almsgiving: dependent on charity: given in charity. [Gr. _ele[=e]mosyn[=e]_, compassionateness, alms--_eleos_, pity. See ALMS.] ELEGANT, el'e-gant, _adj._ pleasing to good taste: graceful: neat: refined: nice: richly ornamental.--_ns._ EL'EGANCE, EL'EGANCY, the state or quality of being elegant: the beauty of propriety: refinement: that which is elegant; ELEGANTE (el-e-gangt'), a lady of fashion.--_adv._ EL'EGANTLY. [Fr.,--L. _elegans_, _-antis_--_e_, out, and root of _leg[)e]re_, to choose.] ELEGY, el'e-ji, _n._ a song of mourning: a funeral-song: a poem written in elegiac metre.--_adj._ ELEG[=I]'AC, belonging to elegy: mournful: used in elegies, esp. noting the kind of metre, alternate hexameter and pentameter lines.--_n._ elegiac verse.--_adj._ ELEG[=I]'ACAL.--_ns._ EL[=E]'GIAST, EL'EGIST, a writer of elegies.--_v.i._ EL'EG[=I]SE, to write an elegy.--_v.t._ to write an elegy on. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _elegos_, a lament.] ELEMENT, el'e-ment, _n._ a first principle: one of the essential parts of anything: an ingredient: the proper state or sphere of any thing or being: (_pl._) the rudiments of learning: the bread and wine used in the Eucharist: fire, air, earth, and water, supposed by the ancients to be the foundation of everything: (_chem._) the simplest known constituents of all compound substances: (_astron._) those numerical quantities, and those principles deduced from astronomical observations and calculations, which are employed in the construction of tables exhibiting the planetary motions.--_adj._ ELEMENT'AL, pertaining to elements or first principles: fundamental: belonging to or produced by elements.--_n._ ELEMENT'ALISM, the theory which resolves the divinities of antiquity into the elemental powers.--_adv._ ELEMENT'ALLY.--_adj._ ELEMENT'ARY, of a single element: primary: uncompounded: pertaining to the elements: treating of first principles.--ELEMENTAL SPIRITS, beings in medieval belief who presided over the four 'elements,' living in and ruling them. [Fr.,--L. _elementum_, pl. _elementà_, first principles.] ELEMI, el'em-i, _n._ a fragrant resinous substance, obtained from the Manila pitch-tree, Arbol de la Brea.--_n._ EL'EMIN, the crystallisable portion of elemi. [Cf. Fr. _élémi_, Sp. _elemi_; perh. Ar.] ELENCH, e-lengk', ELENCHUS, e-lengk'us, _n._ refutation: a sophism.--_adjs._ ELENCH'IC, -AL, ELENC'TIC. [L.,--Gr. _elengchos_--_elengchein_, to refute.] ELEPHANT, el'e-fant, _n._ the largest quadruped, having a very thick skin, a trunk, and two ivory tusks: a special size of paper.--_ns._ ELEPHAN'TIAC, one affected with elephantiasis; ELEPHANT[=I]'ASIS, a disease chiefly of tropical climates, consisting of an overgrowth of the skin and connective tissue of the parts affected, with occasional attacks of inflammation resembling erysipelas.--_adjs._ ELEPHANT'INE, pertaining to an elephant: like an elephant: very large or ungainly; ELEPHANT'OID, elephant-like.--_ns._ EL'EPHANT-SEAL, the largest of the seals, the male measuring about 20 feet in length; EL'EPHANT'S-FOOT, a plant of which the root-stock forms a large fleshy mass resembling an elephant's foot, used as food by the Hottentots; EL'EPHANT-SHREW, name applied to a number of long-nosed, long-legged Insectivora, natives of Africa, and notable for their agile jumping over loose sand.--A WHITE ELEPHANT, a gift which occasions the recipient more trouble than it is worth--a white elephant being a common gift of the kings of Siam to a courtier they wished to ruin. [M. E. _olifaunt_--O. Fr. _olifant_--L. _elephantum_, _elephas_, _-antis_--Gr. _elephas_, acc. to some from Heb. _eleph_, _aleph_, an ox.] ELEUSINIAN, el-[=u]-sin'i-an, _adj._ relating to _Eleusis_ in Attica.--ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES, the mysteries of Demeter celebrated at Eleusis. ELEUTHERIAN, el-[=u]-th[=e]'ri-an, _adj._ bountiful. ELEUTHEROMANIA, el-[=u]th-er-o-m[=a]'ni-a, _n._ mad zeal for freedom.--_n._ ELEUTHEROM[=A]'NIAC (_Carlyle_), one possessed with such. [Formed from Gr. _eleutheros_, free, and _mania_.] ELEVATE, el'e-v[=a]t, _v.t._ to raise to a higher position: to raise in mind and feelings: to improve: to cheer: to exhilarate: to intoxicate.--_p.adjs._ EL'EVATE, -D, raised: dignified: exhilarated.--_ns._ ELEV[=A]'TION, the act of elevating or raising, or the state of being raised: exaltation: an elevated place or station: a rising ground: height: (_archit._) a representation of the flat side of a building, drawn with mathematical accuracy, but without any attention to effect: (_astron._, _geog._) the height above the horizon of an object on the sphere, measured by the arc of a vertical circle through it and the zenith: (_gun._) the angle made by the line of direction of a gun with the plane of the horizon; EL'EVATOR, the person or thing that lifts up: a lift or machine for raising grain, &c., to a higher floor: a muscle raising a part of the body.--_adj._ EL'EVATORY, able or tending to raise. [L. _elev[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, up, _lev[=a]re_, to raise--_levis_, light. See LIGHT (2).] ELÈVE, [=a]-lev', _n._ a pupil. [Fr.] ELEVEN, e-lev'n, _n._ the cardinal number next above ten: the figure (11 or xi.) denoting eleven: a team of eleven cricketers.--_adj._ noting the number eleven.--_adj._ and _n._ ELEV'ENTH, the ordinal number corresponding to eleven.--ELEVENTH HOUR, the very last moment, referring to Matt. xx. 6, 9. [A.S. _endleofon_; cf. Goth. _ainlif_.] ELF, elf, _n._ in European folklore, a supernatural being, generally of human form but diminutive size, more malignant than a fairy: a dwarf: a tricky being:--(_pl._) ELVES.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) of the hair, to entangle.--_n._ ELF'-CHILD, a changeling, or a child supposed to have been left by elves in place of one stolen by them.--_adj._ ELF'IN, of or relating to elves.--_n._ a little elf: a child.--_adjs._ ELF'ISH, ELV'AN, ELV'ISH, elf-like, mischievous: tricky: disguised.--_n._ ELF'-LAND, the land of the elves or fairies.--_n.pl._ ELF'-LOCKS (_Shak._) locks of hair clotted together, supposed to have been done by elves.--_ns._ ELF'-SHOT, ELF'-BOLT, ELF'-AR'ROW, an arrow-head of flint or stone. [A.S. _ælf_; cf. Ice. _álfr_, Sw. _elf_.] ELGIN MARBLES. See MARBLE. ELICIT, e-lis'it, _v.t._ to entice: to bring to light: to deduce.--_n._ ELICIT[=A]'TION. [L. _elic[)e]re_, _elicitum_.] ELIDE, e-l[=i]d', _v.t._ to rebut: to cut off, as a syllable.--_n._ ELI'SION, the suppression of a vowel or syllable. [L. _elid[)e]re_, _elisum_--_e_, out, _læd[)e]re_, to strike.] ELIGIBLE, el'i-ji-bl, _adj._ fit or worthy to be chosen: legally qualified: desirable.--_n._ (_coll._) a person or thing eligible.--_ns._ EL'IGIBLENESS, ELIGIBIL'ITY, fitness to be elected or chosen: the state of being preferable to something else: desirableness.--_adv._ EL'IGIBLY. [Fr.,--L. _elig[)e]re_. See ELECT, _v.t._] ELIMINATE, [=e]-lim'in-[=a]t, _v.t._ to thrust out: to remove, cancel: to leave out of consideration.--_adj._ ELIM'INABLE.--_n._ ELIMIN[=A]'TION. [L. _elimin[)a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _limen_, _liminis_, a threshold.] ELIQUATION, same as LIQUATION. See LIQUATE. ELISION. See ELIDE. ELITE, [=a]-l[=e]t, _n._ a chosen or select part: the best of anything. [Fr. _élite_--L. _electa_ (_pars_, a part, understood). See ELECT, _v.t._] ELIXIR, e-liks'[.e]r, _n._ more fully, ELIXIR VITÆ, or ELIXIR OF LIFE, a liquor once supposed to have the power of indefinitely prolonging life or of transmuting metals: the quintessence of anything: a substance which invigorates: (_med._) a compound tincture. [Low L.,--Ar. _al-iks[=i]r_, the philosopher's stone, from _al-_, the, _iks[=i]r_, prob. from Late Gr. _x[=e]rion_, a desiccative powder for wounds--Gr. _x[=e]ros_, dry.] ELIZABETHAN, e-liz-a-beth'an, _adj._ pertaining to Queen _Elizabeth_ (1533-1603) or her time--of dress, manners, literature, &c.--_n._ a poet or dramatist of that age.--ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE, a name applied to the mixed style which sprang up on the decline of Gothic, marked by Tudor bow-windows and turrets decorated with classic cornices and pilasters, long galleries, enormous square windows, large apartments, plaster ceilings wrought into compartments, &c. ELK, elk, _n._ the largest species of deer, found in the north of Europe and in North America.--IRISH ELK, a giant deer now extinct, known from the remains found in the Pleistocene diluvium, esp. of Ireland. [Perh. from the Scand., Ice. _elgr_, Sw. _elg_.] ELL, el, _n._ a measure of length originally taken from the arm: a cloth measure equal to 1¼ yd.--_n._ ELL'WAND, a measuring rod.--GIVE HIM AN INCH AND HE'LL TAKE AN ELL, a proverb, signifying that to yield one point entails the yielding of all. [A.S. _eln_; Dut. _el_, Ger. _elle_, L. _ulna_, Gr. _[=o]len[=e]_.] ELLAGIC, e-laj'ik, _adj._ pertaining to gall-nuts. ELLEBORIN, el'[=e]-b[=o]-rin, _n._ a very acrid resin found in winter hellebore. ELLIPSE, el-lips', _n._ an oval: (_geom._) a figure produced by the section of a cone by a plane passing obliquely through the opposite sides.--_ns._ ELLIP'SIS (_gram._), a figure of syntax by which a word or words are left out and implied:--_pl._ ELLIP'S[=E]S; ELLIP'SOGRAPH, an instrument for describing ellipses; ELLIP'SOID (_math._), a surface every plane section of which is an ellipse.--_adjs._ ELLIPSOI'DAL; ELLIP'TIC, -AL, pertaining to an ellipse: oval: pertaining to ellipsis: having a part understood.--_adv._ ELLIP'TICALLY.--_n._ ELLIPTIC'ITY, deviation from the form of a circle or sphere: of the earth, the difference between the equatorial and polar diameters. [L.,--Gr. _elleipsis_--_elleipein_, to fall short--_en_, in, _leipein_, to leave.] ELLOPS, el'ops, _n._ a kind of serpent or fish. [Gr.] ELM, elm, _n._ a genus of trees of the natural order _Ulmaceæ_, with serrated leaves unequal at the base, and small flowers growing in clusters appearing before the leaves.--_adjs._ ELM'EN, made of elm; ELM'Y, abounding with elms. [A.S. _elm_; Ger. _ulme_, L. _ulmus_.] ELMO'S FIRE, el'm[=o]z f[=i]r, _n._ the popular name of an electric appearance sometimes seen like a brush or star of light at the tops of masts, spars, &c.--Also known as the Fire of St Elias, of St Clara, of St Nicholas, and of Helena, as well as _composite_ or _composant_ (_corpus sanctum_) on the Suffolk sea-board. [Explained as a corr. of _Helena_, name of the sister of Castor and Pollux, or of St Erasmus, a 3d-cent. bishop, Italianised as _Ermo_, _Elmo_.] ELOCUTION, el-o-k[=u]'shun, _n._ the art of effective speaking, more esp. of public speaking, regarding solely the utterance or delivery: eloquence.--_adj._ ELOC[=U]'TIONARY.--_n._ ELOC[=U]'TIONIST, one versed in elocution: a teacher of elocution. [Fr.,--L. _elocution-em_, _eloqui_, _eloc[=u]tus_--_e_, out, _loqui_, to speak.] ÉLOGE, [=a]-l[=o]zh', ELOGIUM, [=e]-l[=o]'ji-um, ELOGY, el'o-ji, _n._ a funeral oration: a panegyric.--_n._ EL'OGIST, one who delivers an éloge. [Fr. _éloge_--L. _elogium_, a short statement, an inscription on a tomb, perh. confused with _eulogy_.] ELOHIM, e-l[=o]'him, _n._ the Hebrew name for God.--_n._ EL[=O]'HIST, the writer or writers of the Elohistic passages of the Old Testament.--_adj._ ELOHIST'IC, relating to Elohim--said of those passages in the Old Testament in which Elohim is used as the name for the Supreme Being instead of Jehovah. [Heb., pl. of _Eloah_--explained by Delitzsch as a plural of intensity.] ELOIN, ELOIGN, e-loin', _v.t._ to convey to a distance, to separate and remove.--_ns._ ELOIN'MENT, ELOIGN'MENT. [O. Fr. _esloignier_ (Fr. _éloigner_)--Low L. _elong[=a]re_. See ELONGATE.] ELONGATE, e-long'g[=a]t, _v.t._ to make longer: to extend.--_p.adjs._ ELONG'ATE, -D.--_n._ ELONG[=A]'TION, act of lengthening out: distance. [Low L. _elong[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _longus_, long.] ELOPE, e-l[=o]p, _v.i._ to escape privately, said esp. of a woman, either married or unmarried, who runs away with a lover: to run away, bolt.--_n._ ELOPE'MENT, a secret departure, esp. of a woman with a man. [Cf. Old Dut. _ontl[=o]pen_, Ger. _entlaufen_, to run away.] ELOQUENT, el'o-kwent, _adj._ having the power of speaking with fluency, elegance, and force: containing eloquence: persuasive.--_n._ EL'OQUENCE, the utterance of strong emotion in correct, appropriate, expressive, and fluent language: the art which produces fine speaking: persuasive speech.--_adv._ EL'OQUENTLY. [L. _eloquens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _eloqui_.] ELSE, els, _pron._ other.--_adv._ otherwise: besides: except that mentioned.--_advs._ ELSE'WHERE, in or to another place; ELSE'WISE, in a different manner: otherwise. [A.S. _elles_, otherwise--orig. gen. of _el_, other; cf. Old High Ger. _alles_ or _elles_.] ELSIN, el'sin, _n._ (_Scot._) an awl. [From Old Dut. _elssene_ (mod. _els_), from same root as _awl_.] ELTCHI. Same as ELCHEE. ELUCIDATE, e-l[=u]'si-d[=a]t, _v.t._ to make lucid or clear: to throw light upon: to illustrate.--_n._ ELUCID[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ EL[=U]'CIDATIVE, EL[=U]'CIDATORY, making clear: explanatory.--_n._ EL[=U]'CIDATOR. [Low L. _elucid[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, inten., _lucidus_, clear.] ELUCUBRATION. Same as LUCUBRATION. ELUDE, e-l[=u]d', _v.t._ to escape by stratagem: to baffle.--_adj._ EL[=U]'DIBLE.--_n._ EL[=U]'SION, act of eluding: evasion.--_adj._ EL[=U]'SIVE, practising elusion: deceptive.--_adv._ EL[=U]'SIVELY.--_n._ EL[=U]'SORINESS.--_adj._ EL[=U]'SORY, tending to elude or cheat: evasive: deceitful. [L. _elud[)e]re_, _elusum_--_e_, out, _lud[)e]re_, to play.] ELUL, [=e]'lul, _n._ the 12th month of the Jewish civil year, and 6th of the ecclesiastical. [Heb.,--_âlal_, to reap.] ELUTRIATE, e-l[=u]'tri-[=a]t, _v.t._ to separate by means of water the finer particles of earth and pigments from the heavier portions.--_ns._ EL[=U]'TION, washing from impurity; ELUTRI[=A]'TION. [L. _elutri[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to wash out, _elu[)e]re_--_e_, out, _lu[)e]re_, to wash.] ELVAN, elv'an, _n._ the miner's name in the south-west of England for a granular crystalline rock, composed of quartz and orthoclase, which forms veins associated with granite.--Also ELV'ANITE. [Prob. Corn. _elven_, spark.] ELVAN, ELVES, ELVISH. See under ELF. ELYSIUM, e-lizh'i-um, _n._ (_myth._) among the Greeks, the abode of the blessed after death: any delightful place.--_adj._ ELYS'IAN, pertaining to Elysium: delightful: glorious. [L.,--Gr. _[=e]lysion_ (_pedion_), the Elysian (plain).] ELYTRUM, el'it-rum, _n._ the fore-wing of beetles, modified to form more or less hard coverings for the hind pair--also EL'YTRON:--_pl._ EL'YTRA.--_adjs._ EL'YTRAL; ELYT'RIFORM; ELYTRIG'EROUS. [Gr. _elytron_, a sheath.] ELZEVIR, el'ze-vir, _adj._ published by the _Elzevirs_, a celebrated family of printers at Amsterdam, Leyden, and other places in Holland, whose small neat editions were chiefly published between 1592 and 1681: pertaining to the type used in their 12mo and 16mo editions of the Latin classics.--_n._ a special form of printing types. EM, em, _n._ the name of the letter M: (_print._) the unit of measurement in estimating how much is printed on a page. 'EM, [.e]m, _pron._ him: (_coll._) them. [Orig. the unstressed form of _hem_, dat. and accus. pl. of _he_; but now used coll. as an abbreviation of _them_.] EMACIATE, e-m[=a]'shi-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make meagre or lean: to deprive of flesh: to waste.--_v.i._ to become lean: to waste away.--_p.adjs._ EM[=A]'CIATE, -D.--_n._ EMACI[=A]'TION, the condition of becoming emaciated or lean: leanness. [L. _emaci[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, inten., _maci[=a]re_, to make lean--_macies_, leanness.] EMANATE, em'a-n[=a]t, _v.i._ to flow out or from: to proceed from some source: to arise.--_adj._ EM'ANANT, flowing from.--_ns._ EMAN[=A]'TION, a flowing out from a source, as the universe considered as issuing from the essence of God: the _generation_ of the Son and the _procession_ of the Spirit, as distinct from the origination of created beings: that which issues or proceeds from some source; EM'ANATIST.--_adjs._ EM'ANATIVE, EM'ANATORY, EMAN[=A]'TIONAL. [L. _eman[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out from, _man[=a]re_, to flow.] EMANCIPATE, e-man'si-p[=a]t, _v.t._ to set free from servitude: to free from restraint or bondage of any kind.--_ns._ EMANCIP[=A]'TION, the act of setting free from bondage or disability of any kind: the state of being set free; EMANCIP[=A]'TIONIST, an advocate of the emancipation of slaves; EMAN'CIPATOR; EMAN'CIPIST, a convict who has served his time of punishment in a penal colony. [L. _emancip[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, away from, _mancip[=a]re_, to transfer property--_manceps_, _-cipis_, one who gets property, from _manus_, the hand, _cap[)e]re_, to take.] EMARGINATE, e-mär'jin-[=a]t, _v.t._ to take away the margin of.--_p.adj._ (_bot._) depressed and notched instead of pointed at the summit, as a leaf: (_min._) having all the edges of the primitive form crossed by a face: (_zool._) having the margin broken by a notch or segment of a circle.--_n._ EMARGIN[=A]'TION. [L. _emargin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _margin[=a]re_, to provide with a margin--_margo_, a margin.] EMASCULATE, e-mas'k[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to deprive of the properties of a male: to castrate: to deprive of masculine vigour: to render effeminate.--_ns._ EMASCUL[=A]'TION; EMAS'CUL[=A]TOR.--_adj._ EMAS'CUL[=A]TORY. [Low L. _emascul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, neg., _masculus_, dim. of _mas_, a male.] EMBACE, em-b[=a]s', _v.t._ (_Spens._). Same as EMBASE. EMBALE, em-b[=a]l', _v.t._ to make up, as into a bale: to bind up: to enclose. [Fr. _emballer_--_em_--L. _in_, _balle_, a bale.] EMBALL, em-bawl', _v.t._ to encircle: ensphere.--_n._ EMBALL'ING. EMBALM, em-bäm', _v.t._ to preserve from decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead body: to perfume: to preserve with care and affection.--_ns._ EMBALM'ER; EMBALM'ING; EMBALM'MENT. [Fr. _embaumer_, from _em_, in, and _baume_. See BALM.] EMBANK, em-bangk', _v.t._ to enclose or defend with a bank or dike.--_n._ EMBANK'MENT, the act of embanking: a bank or mound made to keep water within certain limits: a mound constructed so as to carry a level road or railway over a low-lying place. [Coined from _em_, in, and _bank_.] EMBAR, em-bär', _v.t._ to shut in; to hinder or stop:--_pr.p._ embar'ring; _pa.p._ embarred'.--_n._ EMBAR'RING. EMBARCATION. Same as EMBARKATION. EMBARGO, em-bär'g[=o], _n._ a temporary order from the Admiralty to prevent the arrival or departure of ships: a stoppage of trade for a short time by authority:--_pl._ EMBAR'GOES.--_v.t._ to lay an embargo on: to seize.--_pr.p._ embar'g[=o]ing; _pa.p._ embar'g[=o]ed. [Sp.,--_embargar_, to impede, to restrain--Sp. _em_, in, _barra_, a bar. See BARRICADE and EMBARRASS.] EMBARK, em-bärk', _v.t._ to put on board ship: to engage in any affair.--_v.i._ to go on board ship: to engage in a business: to enlist.--_n._ EMBARK[=A]'TION, a putting or going on board: that which is embarked: (_obs._) a vessel.--_p.adjs._ EMBARKED'; EMBARK'ING.--_n._ EMBARK'MENT. [Fr. _embarquer_, from _em_, in, _barque_, a bark.] EMBARRASS, em-bar'as, _v.t._ to encumber: to involve in difficulty, esp. in money matters: to perplex.--_p.adj._ EMBARR'ASSED, perplexed: constrained.--_n._ EMBARR'ASSMENT, perplexity or confusion: difficulties in money matters.--EMBARRAS DES RICHESSES, a superabundance of materials, an abundance so great that choice is difficult. [Fr. _embarrasser_--_em_, in, _barre_, bar.] EMBASE, em-b[=a]z', _v.t._ (_obs._) to bring down: to degrade.--_p.adj._ EMBASED'.--_n._ EMBASE'MENT. [_Em_ and _base_.] EMBASSY, em'bas-i, _n._ the charge or function of an ambassador: the person or persons sent on an undertaking.--_ns._ EM'BASSADE, EM'BASSAGE (same as AMBASSAGE); EMBASS'ADOR (same as AMBASSADOR). EMBATHE, em-b[=a]_th_' _v.t._ to bathe. EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, _v.t._ to furnish with battlements.--_p.adj._ EMBATT'LED, furnished with battlements: (_her._) having the outline like a battlement.--_n._ EMBATT'LEMENT (same as BATTLEMENT). [_Em_, and O. Fr. _bastiller_, from the same root as _battlement_, _bastille_, and _baste_, to sew. The form of this word is due to a confusion with Eng. _battle_.] EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, _v.t._ to range in order of battle: to arm--_p.adj._ EMBATT'LED, arranged for battle. [O. Fr. _embataillier_--_en_, in, _bataille_, battle.] EMBAY, em-b[=a]', _v.t._ to enclose in a bay: to land-lock.--_n._ EMBAY'MENT, a bay. [_Em_, in, into, and _bay_.] EMBAY, em-b[=a]', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to bathe. [_Em_, in, and Fr. _baigner_. See BAGNIO.] EMBED, em-bed', IMBED, im-, _v.t._ to place in a mass of matter: to lay, as in a bed.--_n._ EMBED'MENT, the act of embedding: state of being embedded. EMBELLISH, em-bel'ish, _v.t._ to make beautiful with ornaments: to decorate: to make graceful: to illustrate pictorially, as a book.--_n._ EMBELL'ISHER.--_adv._ EMBELL'ISHINGLY.--_n._ EMBELL'ISHMENT, act of embellishing or adorning: decoration: ornament. [Fr. _embellir_, _embellissant_--_em_, in, _bel_, _beau_, beautiful.] EMBER, em'b[.e]r, _n._ a live piece of coal or wood: chiefly in _pl._ red-hot ashes: smouldering remains of a fire. [A.S. _['æ]merge_; Ice. _eimyrja_. The _b_ is simply euphonic.] EMBER-DAYS, em'b[.e]r-d[=a]z, _n.pl._ the three Fast-days in each quarter (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday)--following the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsunday, Holy Cross Day (Sept. 14th), and St Lucia's Day (Dec. 13th).--_n._ EM'BER-WEEK, the week in which the ember-days occur. [A.S. _ymbryne_, a circuit--_ymb_, round (Ger. _um_, L. _ambi-_), and _ryne_, a running, from _rinnan_, to run.] EMBER-GOOSE, em'b[.e]r-g[=oo]s, _n._ a kind of sea-fowl, the Great Northern Diver. [Norw. _emmer_; Ger. _imber_.] EMBEZZLE, em-bez'l, _v.t._ to appropriate fraudulently what has been entrusted.--_ns._ EMBEZZ'LEMENT, fraudulent appropriation of another's property by the person to whom it was entrusted; EMBEZZ'LER. [Perh. from root of _imbecile_, the primary sense being to weaken: (_obs._) BEZZ'LE, to squander, from O. Fr. _besiler_, to destroy, is the same word.] EMBITTER, em-bit'[.e]r, _Imbitter_, im-, _v.t._ to make bitter: to increase (ill-feeling).--_p.adj._ EMBITT'ERED, soured.--_n._ EMBITT'ERER.--_p.adj._ EMBITT'ERING.--_n._ EMBITT'ERMENT. EMBLAZON, em-bl[=a]'zn, _v.t._ to deck in blazing colours: (_her._) to blazon or adorn with figures: to depict heraldically.--_v.t._ EMBLAZE', to illuminate.--_ns._ EMBL[=A]'ZONER; EMBL[=A]'ZONMENT, an emblazoning; EMBL[=A]'ZONRY, the art of emblazoning or adorning: devices on shields. [_Em_, and _blaze_, _blazon_.] EMBLEM, em'blem, _n._ a picture representing to the mind something different from itself: a type or symbol: (_Milton_) an inlaid ornament.--_v.t._ to symbolise.--_n._ EMBL[=E]'MA, an inlaid ornament:--_pl._ EMBL[=E]'MATA.--_adjs._ EMBLEMAT'IC, -AL, pertaining to or containing emblems: symbolical: representing.--_adv._ EMBLEMAT'ICALLY.--_v.t._ EMBLEM'ATISE, EM'BLEMISE, to represent by an emblem:--_pr.p._ emblem'at[=i]sing; _pa.p._ emblem'at[=i]sed.--_n._ EMBLEM'ATIST, a writer or inventor of emblems. [L. _embl[=e]ma_--Gr. _em_ (=_en_), in, _ballein_, to cast.] EMBLEMENTS, em'bl-ments, _n.pl._ crops raised by the labour of the cultivator, but not fruits nor grass. [O. Fr. _emblaer_, to sow with corn--Low L. _imblad[=a]re_--_in_, in, _bladum_, wheat.] EMBLOOM, em-bl[=oo]m', _v.t._ to cover with bloom. EMBLOSSOM, em-blos'om, _v.t._ to cover with blossom. EMBODY, em-bod'i, IMBODY, im-, _v.t._ to form into a body: to make corporeal: to make tangible: to express (an idea in words): to organise.--_v.i._ to unite in a body or mass.--_p.adj._ EMBOD'IED.--_n._ EMBOD'IMENT, act of embodying: state of being embodied: that in which something is embodied. [_Em_, in, and _body_.] EMBOGUE, em-b[=o]g', _v.i._ to discharge itself. EMBOIL, em-boil', _v.i._ (_Spens._) to burn with anger.--_v.t._ to cause to burn with anger: to irritate. EMBOLDEN, em-b[=o]ld'n, IMBOLDEN, im-, _v.t._ to make bold or courageous. [_Em_, to make, and _bold_.] EMBOLISM, em'bo-lizm, _n._ the insertion of days in an account of time to produce regularity: an intercalated prayer for deliverance from evil coming after the Lord's Prayer: (_med._) the presence of obstructing clots in the blood-vessels.--_adjs._ EMBOLIS'MAL, EMBOLIS'MIC.--_n._ EM'BOLUS, the clot of fibrin obstructing a blood-vessel, causing embolism. [Fr.,--Gr. _embolismos_--_emballein_, to cast in.] EMBONPOINT, ang-bong-pwang', _adj._ stout, plump, full in figure, mostly of women: well-fed.--_n._ stoutness, plumpness, well-fed condition. [Fr.,--_en bon point_, in good form.] EMBORDER, em-bord'[.e]r, _v.t._ (_Milton_) to border. EMBOSCATA, em-bos-k[=a]'ta, _n._ an erroneous form of It. _imboscáta_, an ambuscade. EMBOSOM, em-booz'um, IMBOSOM, im-, _v.t._ to take into the bosom: to receive into the affections: to enclose or surround. [_Em_, in, into, and _bosom_.] EMBOSS, em-bos', _v.t._ to produce (a raised pattern) by pressure upon sheet-metal, leather, cloth, &c.: to ornament with raised-work: (_Spens._) to cover with armour: to be wrapped in.--_p.adj._ EMBOSSED', formed or covered with bosses: raised, standing out in relief: (_bot._) having a protuberance in the centre.--_ns._ EMBOSS'ER; EMBOSS'MENT, a prominence like a boss: raised-work. [_Em_, in, into, and _boss_.] EMBOSS, em-bos', _v.i._ (_Milton_) to plunge into the depths of a wood.--_v.t._ to make to foam at the mouth. [O. Fr. _embosquer_, _em_--L. _in_, in, _bosc_, a wood. See AMBUSH.] EMBOUCHURE, ang-boo-shür', _n._ the mouth of a river: the mouth-hole of a wind musical instrument. [Fr.,--_em-boucher_, to put to the mouth--_en_, in, _bouche_, a mouth.] EMBOUND, em-bownd', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to bound, enclose. EMBOW, em-b[=o]', _v.t._ and _v.i._ to bow or arch.--_p.adj._ EMBOWED', arched, vaulted: bent like a bow: the heraldic term noting anything bent like a bow--as, e.g., the arm of a man. [_Em_ and _bow_.] EMBOWEL, em-bow'el, _v.t._ properly, to enclose in something else; but also used for disembowel, to remove the entrails from:--_pr.p._ embow'elling; _pa.p._ embow'elled.--_n._ EMBOW'ELMENT. [_Em_, in, into, and _bowel_.] EMBOWER, em-bow'er, IMBOWER, im-, _v.t._ to place in a bower: to shelter, as with trees.--_p.adjs._ EMBOW'ERED; EMBOW'ERING.--_n._ EMBOW'ERMENT. [_Em_, in, and _bower_.] EMBOX, em-boks', _v.t._ to set in a box. [_Em_, in, _box_.] EMBRACE, em-br[=a]s', _v.t._ to take in the arms: to press to the bosom with affection: to take eagerly or willingly: to comprise: to admit, adopt, or receive.--_v.i._ to join in an embrace.--_n._ an embracing: fond pressure in the arms.--_ns._ EMBRACE'MENT; EMBRAC'ER.--_adjs._ EMBRAC'ING, EMBRAC'IVE.--_adv._ EMBRAC'INGLY.--_n._ EMBRAC'INGNESS. [O. Fr. _embracer_ (Fr. _embrasser_)--L. _in_, in, into, _bracchium_, an arm. See BRACE.] EMBRACE, em-br[=a]s', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to brace, to fasten, or bind:--_pr.p._ embrac'ing; _pa.p._ embraced'. [_Em_, in, and _brace_.] EMBRACER, em-br[=a]'ser, _n._ (_law_) one who influences jurors by corrupt means to deliver a partial verdict--also EMBR[=A]'CEOR, EMBR[=A]'SOR.--_n._ EMBRAC'ERY, the offence of an embracer. [O. Fr. _embraceor_, from _embraser_, to set on fire.] EMBRAID, em-br[=a]d', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to braid. EMBRANCHMENT, em-bransh'ment, _n._ a branching off, as an arm of a river, a spur of a mountain, &c. [Fr.] EMBRANGLE, em-brang'gl, IMBRANGLE, im-, _v.t._ to confuse, perplex.--_n._ EMBRAN'GLEMENT. [_Em_, in, and _brangle_.] EMBRASURE (_Shak._)=EMBRACEMENT. EMBRASURE, em-br[=a]'zh[=u]r, _n._ a door or window with the sides slanted on the inside: an opening in a wall for cannon. [Fr.,--O. Fr. _embraser_, to slope the sides of a window, _em_--L. _in_, _braser_, to skew.] EMBRAVE, em-br[=a]v', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to make brave or showy, to decorate: to inspire with bravery. EMBREAD, _v.t._ (_Spens._) embraid. EMBREATHE, em-br[=e]_th_', _v.t._ to breathe into, to inspire with. [_En_ and _breathe_.] EMBROCATE, em'br[=o]-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to moisten and rub, as a sore with a lotion.--_n._ EMBROC[=A]'TION, act of embrocating: the lotion used. [Low L. _embroc[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, from Gr. _embroch[=e]_, a lotion--_embrechein_, to soak in--_em_ (=_en_), in, into, _brechein_, to wet.] EMBROGLIO=IMBROGLIO. EMBROIDER, em-broid'[.e]r, _v.t._ to ornament with designs in needlework, originally on the border.--_ns._ EMBROID'ERER; EMBROID'ERY, the art of producing ornamental patterns by means of needlework on textile fabrics, &c.: ornamental needlework: variegation or diversity: artificial ornaments. [M. E. _embrouderie_--O. Fr. _embroder_, _em_, and _broder_, prob. Celt., acc. to Skeat. Bret. _brouda_, to pierce; confused with Fr. _border_, to border.] EMBROIL, em-broil', _v.t._ to involve in a broil, or in perplexity (_with_): to entangle: to distract: to throw into confusion.--_n._ EMBROIL'MENT, a state of perplexity or confusion: disturbance. [Fr. _embrouiller_--_em_, in, _brouiller_, to break out.] EMBRONZE, em-bronz', _v.t._ to form in bronze. EMBROWN, em-brown', IMBROWN, im-, _v.t._ to make brown: to darken, obscure.--_p.adj._ EMBROWN'ING. EMBRUE, em-br[=oo]', _v.t._ Same as IMBRUE. EMBRYO, em'bri-[=o], EMBRYON, em'bri-on, _n._ the young of an animal in its earliest stages of development: the part of a seed which forms the future plant: the beginning of anything:--_pl._ EM'BRYOS, EM'BRYONS.--_ns._ EMBRYOC'TOMY, destruction of the fetus in the uterus; EMBRYOG'ENY, the formation and development of the embryo; EMBRYOG'RAPHY, description of the embryo.--_adjs._ EMBRYOLOG'IC, -AL, of or pertaining to embryology.--_ns._ EMBRYOL'OGIST; EMBRYOL'OGY, science of the embryo or fetus of animals.--_adjs._ EM'BRYONATE, -D, in the state of an embryo; EMBRYON'IC, EMBRYOT'IC, of or relating to anything in an imperfect state: rudimentary.--_ns._ EMBRYOT'OMY, the division of a fetus to effect delivery; EMBRYUL'CIA, forcible extraction of a fetus. [Low L.,--Gr. _embryon_--_em_ (=_en_), in, _bryein_, to swell.] EME, [=e]m, _n._ (_obs._) an uncle. [A.S. _éam_; Dut. _oom_.] EMEND, e-mend', _v.t._ to remove faults or blemishes from: to correct or improve.--_adj._ EMEND'ABLE, that may be emended.--_n.pl._ EMEND'ALS, funds set apart for repairs in the accounts of the Inner Temple.--_v.t._ EM'ENDATE, to correct errors.--_ns._ EMEND[=A]'TION, removal of an error or fault: correction; EM'END[=A]TOR, a corrector of errors in writings: one who corrects or improves.--_adj._ EMEN'D[=A]TORY, mending or contributing to correction. [L. _emend[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _menda_, a fault.] EMERALD, em'[.e]r-ald, _n._ a very highly esteemed mineral of the same species with the beryl, from which it differs in scarcely anything but its colour, a beautiful velvety green.--_n._ EM'ERALD-COPP'ER (see DIOPTASE).--EMERALD ISLE, a name for Ireland, owing to its greenness; EMERALD TYPE (_print._), a small size of type. [O. Fr. _esmeralde_--L. _smaragdus_--Gr. _smaragdos_.] EMERGE, e-m[.e]rj', _v.i._ to rise out of: to issue or come forth: to reappear after being concealed: to come into view: to result.--_ns._ EMER'GENCE, EMER'GENCY, act of emerging: sudden appearance: an unexpected occurrence: pressing necessity; EMER'GENCY-MAN, a man provided for any special service, esp. in Irish evictions, and in saving the crops and other property of men boycotted.--_adj._ EMER'GENT, emerging: suddenly appearing: arising unexpectedly: urgent.--_adv._ EMER'GENTLY.--_n._ EMER'SION, act of emerging: (_astron._) the reappearance of a heavenly body after being eclipsed by another or by the sun's brightness. [L. _emerg[)e]re_, _emersum_--_e_, out of, _merg[)e]re_, to plunge.] EMERITUS, e-mer'i-tus, _adj._ honourably discharged from the performance of public duty, esp. noting a retired professor.--_n._ one who has been honourably discharged from public duties:--_pl._ EMER'ITI. [L. _emeritus_, having served one's time--_emer[=e]ri_, to deserve, do one's duty--_e_, sig. completeness, and _mer[=e]re_, to deserve.] EMERODS, em'e-rodz, _n.pl._ (_B._) now HEMORRHOIDS. EMERY, em'[.e]r-i, _n._ a very hard mineral, a variety of corundum, used as powder for polishing, &c.--_v.t._ to rub or coat with emery.--_ns._ EM'ERY-P[=A]'PER, paper covered with emery-powder for polishing; EM'ERY-POW'DER, ground emery; EM'ERY-WHEEL, a wheel coated with emery for polishing. [O. Fr. _esmeril_, _emeril_--Low L. _smericulum_--Gr. _sm[=e]ris_--_smaein_, to rub.] EMETIC, e-met'ik, _adj._ causing vomiting.--_n._ a medicine that causes vomiting.--_n._ EM'ESIS, vomiting.--_adj._ EMET'ICAL.--_adv._ EMET'ICALLY.--_n._ EM'ETIN, the alkaloid forming the active principle of ipecacuanha-root, violently emetic.--_adj._ EM'ETO-CATHART'IC, producing both vomiting and purging.--_n._ EMETOL'OGY, the study of emesis and emetics, [Through L., from Gr. _emetikos_--_emeein_, to vomit.] EMEU. See EMU. ÉMEUTE, em-üt', _n._ a popular rising or uproar. [Fr.] EMICANT, em'i-kant, _adj._ beaming forth.--_n._ EMIC[=A]'TION. EMICTION, e-mik'shun, _n._ the discharging of urine: urine.--_adj._ EMIC'TORY, promoting the flow of urine. [L. _eming[)e]re_, _emictum_--_e_, out, _ming[)e]re_, to make water.] EMIGRATE, em'i-gr[=a]t, _v.i._ and _v.t._ to remove from one country to another as a place of abode.--_adj._ EM'IGRANT, emigrating or having emigrated.--_n._ one who emigrates.--_n._ EMIGR[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EMIGR[=A]'TIONAL.--_n._ EMIGR[=A]'TIONIST, an advocate or promoter of emigration.--_adj._ EMIGR[=A]'TORY.--_n._ EMIGRÉ ([=a]-m[=e]-gr[=a]), a royalist who quitted France during the Revolution. [L. _emigr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, from, _migr[=a]re_, to remove.] EMINENT, em'i-nent, _adj._ rising above others: conspicuous: distinguished: exalted in rank or office.--_ns._ EM'INENCE, EM'INENCY, a part eminent or rising above the rest: a rising ground: height: distinction: a title of honour: homage: a title given in 1631 to cardinals, till then styled Most Illustrious.--_adj._ EMINEN'TIAL.--_adv._ EM'INENTLY.--EMINENT DOMAIN (_dominium eminens_), the right by which the supreme authority in a state may compel a proprietor to part with what is his own for the public use. [L. _eminens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _emin[=e]re_--_e_, out, _min[=e]re_, to project.] EMIR, em-[=e]r', or [=e]'mir, _n._ a title given in the East and in the north of Africa to all independent chieftains, and also to all the supposed descendants of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima.--_n._ EM'IRATE, the office of an emir. [Ar. _am[=i]r_, ruler.] EMIT, e-mit', _v.t._ to send out: to throw or give out: in issue: to utter (a declaration):--_pr.p._ emit'ting; _pa.p._ emit'ted.--_n._ EM'ISSARY, one sent out on a secret mission: a spy: an underground channel by which the water of a lake escapes.--_adj._ that is sent forth.--_n._ EMIS'SION, the act of emitting: that which is issued at one time.--_adjs._ EMIS'SIVE, EMIS'SORY, emitting, sending out.--EMISSION THEORY, the theory that all luminous bodies emit with equal velocities a number of elastic corpuscles, which travel in straight lines, are reflected, and are refracted. [L. _emitt[)e]re_, _emissum_--_e_, out of, _mitt[)e]re_, to send.] EMMANUEL, em-an'[=u]-el, IMMANUEL, im-, _n._ the symbolical name of the child announced by Isaiah (Isa. vii. 14), and applied to the Messiah (Matt. i. 23). [Heb.,--_im_, with, _anu_, us, _el_, God.] EMMARBLE, em-mär'bl, _v.t._ to turn to marble, to petrify. [_Em_ and _marble_.] EMMENAGOGUES, em-en'a-gogz, _n.pl._ medicines intended to restore, or to bring on for the first time, the menses.--_adj._ EMMENAGOG'IC (-goj'ik).--_n._ EMMENOL'OGY, knowledge about menstruation. [Gr. _emm[=e]na_, menses, _ag[=o]gos_, drawing forth.] EMMET, em'et, _n._ (_prov._) the ant. [A.S. _['æ]mete_.] EMMETROPIA, em-e-tr[=o]'pi-a, _n._ the normal condition of the refractive media of the eye.--_adj._ EMMETROPI'C. [Gr., _en_, in, _metron_, measure, _[=o]ps_, the eye.] EMMEW, e-m[=u]', _v.t._ to confine.--Also IMMEW'. EMMOVE, em-m[=oo]v', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to move, to excite. EMMOLLIENT, e-mol'yent, _adj._ softening: making supple.--_n._ (_med._) a substance used to soften the textures to which they are applied, as poultices, fomentations, &c.--_n._ EMOLLES'CENCE, incipient fusion.--_v.t._ EMMOLL'IATE, to soften: to render effeminate.--_n._ EMOLLI'TION, the act of softening or relaxing. [L. _emoll[=i]re_, _emollitum_--_e_, inten., _moll[=i]re_, to soften--_mollis_, soft.] EMOLUMENT, e-mol'[=u]-ment, _n._ advantage: profit arising from employment, as salary or fees.--_adj._ EMOLUMEN'TAL. [L. _emolimentum_--_emol[=i]ri_, to work out--_e_, sig. completeness, _mol[=i]re_, to toil.] EMONG, e-mung', _prep._ (_obs._) among.--Also EMONGST'. EMOTION, e-m[=o]'shun, _n._ a moving of the feelings: agitation of mind: (_phil._) one of the three groups of the phenomena of the mind.--_adj._ EM[=O]'TIONAL.--_n._ EM[=O]'TIONALISM, tendency to emotional excitement, the habit of working on the emotions, the indulgence of superficial emotion.--_adv._ EM[=O]'TIONALLY.--_adjs._ EM[=O]'TIONLESS; EM[=O]'TIVE, pertaining to the emotions. [L. _emotion-em_--_emov[=e]re_, _em[=o]tum_, to stir up--_e_, forth, _mov[=e]re_, to move.] EMP-. For words not found under this, see IMP-. EMPÆSTIC, em-p[=e]'stik, _adj._ pertaining to the art of embossing, stamped. [Gr. _empaiein_, to emboss.] EMPACKET, em-pak'et, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to pack up. EMPAIR, em-p[=a]r', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to impair. EMPANEL, em-pan'el, IMPANEL, im-, _v.t._ to enter the names of a jury on a panel.--_n._ EMPAN'ELMENT. EMPANOPLY, em-pan'[=o]-pli, _v.t._ to invest in full armour. EMPATRON, em-p[=a]'trun, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to patronise. EMPEOPLE, em-p[=e]'pl, _v.t._ (_obs._) to fill with people: to form into a people or community. EMPERISH, em-per'ish, _v.t._ (_obs._) to impair. EMPEROR, em'p[.e]r-or, _n._ the head of the Roman Empire: the highest title of sovereignty:--_fem._ EM'PRESS.--_ns._ EM'PEROR-MOTH, except the Death's-head, the largest British moth, its expanse of wings being about three inches; EM'PERORSHIP; EM'PERY, empire, power. [O. Fr. _emperere_--L. _imperator_ (fem. _imperatrix_)--_imper[=a]re_, to command.] EMPHASIS, em'fa-sis, _n._ stress of the voice on particular words or syllables to make the meaning clear: impressiveness of expression or weight of thought: intensity:--_pl._ EM'PHASES (-s[=e]z).--_v.t._ EM'PHAS[=I]SE, to make emphatic.--_adjs._ EMPHAT'IC, -AL, uttered with or requiring emphasis: forcible: impressive.--_adv._ EMPHAT'ICALLY.--_n._ EMPHAT'ICALNESS. [L.,--Gr.,--_em_ (=_en_), in, into, and _phasis_--_phaein_, _phainein_, to show.] EMPHLYSIS, em'fli-sis, _n._ a vesicular tumour. [Gr., _en_, in, _phlysis_--_phlyein_, to break out.] EMPHRACTIC, em-frak'tik, _adj._ stopping the pores of the skin.--_n._ a substance with this property. [Gr., _en_, in, _phrassein_, to stop.] EMPHYSEMA, em-fis-[=e]'ma, _n._ (_med._) an unnatural distention of a part with air.--_adj._ EMPHYSEM'ATOUS. [Gr.,--_emphysaein_, to inflate.] EMPHYTEUSIS, em-fit-[=u]'sis, _n._ in Roman law, a perpetual right in a piece of land, for which a yearly sum was paid to the proprietor.--_adj._ EMPHYTEU'TIC. [L.,--Gr.,--_emphyteuein_, to implant.] EMPIERCE, em-p[=e]rs', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to pierce. EMPIGHT, em-p[=i]t', _p.adj._ (_Spens._) fixed. [_Em_ and _pitch_.] EMPIRE, em'p[=i]r, _n._ supreme control or dominion: the territory under the dominion of an emperor. [Fr.,--L. _imperium_--_imper[=a]re_, to command.] EMPIRIC, -AL, em-pir'ik, -al, _adj._ resting on trial or experiment: known only by experience.--_n._ EMPIR'IC, one who makes trials or experiments: one whose knowledge is got from experience only: a quack.--_adv._ EMPIR'ICALLY.--_ns._ EMPIR'ICISM (_phil._) the system which, rejecting all _a priori_ knowledge, rests solely on experience and induction: dependence of a physician on his _experience_ alone without a regular medical education: the practice of medicine without a regular education: quackery: EMPIR'ICIST, one who practises empiricism.--_adj._ EMPIRIC[=U]T'IC (_Shak._), empirical. [Fr.,--L. _empiricus_--Gr. _empeirikos_--_em_, in, _peira_, a trial.] EMPLACEMENT, em-pl[=a]s'ment, _n._ the act of placing: (_mil._) a platform placed for guns. EMPLASTER, em-plas't[.e]r, _n._ and _v._ same as PLASTER.--_adj._ EMPLAS'TIC, glutinous: adhesive.--_n._ a medicine causing constipation. EMPLECTON, em-plek'ton, _n._ masonry in which the outsides of the walls are ashlar and the insides filled up with rubbish.--Also EMPLEC'TUM. [Gr.] EMPLOY, em-ploy', _v.t._ to occupy the time or attention of: to use as a means or agent: to give work to.--_n._ a poetical form of _employment_.--_adj._ EMPLOY'ABLE, that may be employed.--_ns._ EMPLOY'É, one who is employed:--_fem._ EMPLOY'ÉE; EMPLOY[=EE]', a person employed; EMPLOY'ER; EMPLOY'MENT, act of employing: that which engages or occupies: occupation. [Fr. _employer_--L. _implic[=a]re_, to infold--_in_, in, and _plic[=a]re_, to fold. _Imply_ and _implicate_ are parallel forms.] EMPLUME, em-pl[=oo]m', _v.t._ to furnish with a plume. EMPOISON, em-poi'zn, _v.t._ to put poison in: to poison.--_p.adj._ EMPOI'SONED.--_n._ EMPOI'SONMENT. EMPORIUM, em-p[=o]'ri-um, _n._ a place to which goods are brought from various parts for sale: a shop: a great mart:--_pl._ EMP[=O]'RIA. [L.,--Gr. _emporion_--_emporos_, a trader, _em_ (=_en_), in, _poros_, a way.] EMPOVERISH, em-pov'[.e]r-ish, _v.t._ See IMPOVERISH. EMPOWER, em-pow'[.e]r, _v.t._ to authorise. EMPRESS. See EMPEROR. EMPRESSEMENT, ang-pres'mang, _n._ cordiality. [Fr.] EMPRISE, em-pr[=i]z', _n._ (_Spens._) an enterprise: a hazardous undertaking. [O. Fr. _emprise_--L. _in_, in, _prehend[)e]re_, to take.] EMPTION, emp'shun, _n._ act of buying, purchase.--_adj._ EMP'TIONAL. [L. _em[)e]re_, to buy.] EMPTY, emp'ti, _adj._ having nothing in it: unfurnished: without effect: unsatisfactory: wanting substance: foolish.--_v.t._ to make empty: to deprive of contents.--_v.i._ to become empty: to discharge its contents:--_pa.p._ emp'tied.--_n._ an empty vessel, box, sack, &c.:--_pl._ EMP'TIES.--_ns._ EMP'TIER: EMP'TINESS, state of being empty: want of substance: unsatisfactoriness: inanity.--_adj._ EMP'TY-HAND'ED, carrying nothing, esp. of a gift.--_n._ EMP'TYING.--COME AWAY EMPTY, to come away without having received anything. [A.S. _['æ]metig_--_['æ]metta_, leisure, rest. The _p_ is excrescent.] EMPTYSIS, emp'ti-sis, _n._ hemorrhage from the lungs. EMPURPLE, em-pur'pl, _v.t._ to dye or tinge purple. EMPUSA, em-p[=u]'za, _n._ a goblin or spectre sent by Hecate.--Also EMPUSE'. [Gr. _empousa_.] EMPYEMA, em-pi-[=e]'ma, _n._ a collection of pus in the pleura. [Gr.,--_em_ (=_en_), in, and _pyon_, pus.] EMPYESIS, em-pi-[=e]'sis, _n._ pustulous eruption. [Gr.] EMPYREAL, em-pir'[=e]-al, or em-pir-[=e]'al, _adj._ formed of pure fire or light: pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven: sublime.--_adj._ EMPYREAN (em-pi-r[=e]'an, or em-pir'e-an), empyreal.--_n._ the highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist: the heavens. [Coined from Gr. _empyros_, fiery--_em_ (=_en_), in, and, _pyr_, fire.] EMPYREUMA, em-pir-[=u]'ma, _n._ the burned smell and acrid taste which result when vegetable or animal substances are burned:--_pl._ EMPYREU'MATA.--_adjs._ EMPYREUMAT'IC, -AL.--_v.t._ EMPYREU'MATISE. [Gr.,--_empyreuein_, to kindle.] EMRODS (_obs._), for EMERODS. EMU, EMEU, [=e]'m[=u], _n._ a genus of running birds or _Ratitæ_ in the cassowary family, belonging to Australia.--_n._ E'MU-WREN, a small Australian bird of genus _Stipiturus_. [Port. _ema_, an ostrich.] EMULATE, em'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to strive to equal or excel: to imitate, with a view to equal or excel: to rival.--_adj._ (_Shak._) ambitious.--_n._ EMUL[=A]'TION, act of emulating or attempting to equal or excel: rivalry: competition: contest: (_obs._) jealous rivalry.--_adj._ EM'ULATIVE, inclined to emulation, rivalry, or competition.--_n._ EM'ULATOR:--_fem._ EM'ULATRESS.--_adj._ EM'ULATORY, arising from or expressing emulation.--_v.t._ EM'ULE (_obs_), to emulate.--_adj._ EM'ULOUS, eager to emulate: desirous of like excellence with another: engaged in competition or rivalry.--_adv._ EM'ULOUSLY--_n._ EM'ULOUSNESS. [L. _æmul[=a]ri_, _æmul[=a]tus_--_æmulus_, striving with.] EMULGENT, e-mul'jent, _adj._ milking or draining out, chiefly referring to the action of the kidneys. [L. _emulgens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _emulg[=e]re_, to milk.] EMULSION, e-mul'shun, _n._ a milky liquid prepared by mixing oil and water by means of another substance that combines with both.--_adj._ EMUL'SIC, pertaining to emulsion.--_v.t._ EMUL'SIFY.--_n._ EMUL'SIN, a peculiar ferment present in the bitter and sweet almond, which forms a constituent of all almond emulsions.--_adj._ EMUL'SIVE. [Fr.,--L. _emulg[=e]re_, _emulsum_, to milk out--_e_, out, and _mulg[=e]r_e, to milk.] EMUNCTORY, e-mungk'tor-i, _n._ an organ of the body that carries off waste: an excretory duct.--_v.t._ EMUNGE', to clean. [L. _emung[)e]re_, _emunctum_, to blow the nose, to cleanse.] EMURE, a variant of _immure_. EMYS, em'is, _n._ a genus of marsh tortoises, found in South and Middle Europe, North Africa, and South-west Asia. [Gr. _emys_.] ENABLE, en-[=a]'bl, _v.t._ to make able: to give power, strength, or authority to. ENACT, en-akt', _v.t._ to perform: to act the part of: to establish by law.--_n._ (_Shak._) that which is enacted.--_adjs._ ENACT'ING, ENACT'IVE, that enacts.--_ns._ ENACT'MENT, the passing of a bill into law: that which is enacted: a law; ENACT'OR, one who practises or performs anything: one who forms decrees or establishes laws; ENACT'URE (_Shak._), action. ENALLAGE, en-al'a-j[=e], _n._ (_gram._) the exchange of one case, mood, or tense for another. [Gr.,--_en_, and _allassein_, to change.] ENAMEL, en-am'el, _n._ the name given to vitrified substances applied chiefly to the surface of metals: any smooth hard coating, esp. that of the teeth: anything enamelled.--_v.t._ to coat with or paint in enamel: to form a glossy surface upon, like enamel:--_pr.p._ enam'elling; _pa.p._ enam'elled.--_adj._ EN-AM'ELLAR.--_ns._ ENAM'ELLER, ENAM'ELLIST; ENAM'ELLING. [O. Fr. _enameler_--_en_, in, _esmail_, enamel. Cf. Eng. _Smelt_, _Melt_.] ENAMOUR, en-am'ur, _v.t._ to inflame with love: to charm.--_p.adjs._ ENAM'OURED; ENAM'OURING.--BE ENAMOURED (with _of_, _with_), to be in love. [O. Fr. _enamourer_--_en_, to make, _amour_--L. _amor_, love.] ENANTHESIS, en-an-th[=e]'sis, _n._ an eruption on the skin from internal disease. [Gr.] ENANTIOPATHY, en-an-ti-op'a-thi, _n._ a synonym of allopathy. [Gr. _enantios_, opposite, _pathos_, suffering.] ENANTIOSIS, e-nan-ti-[=o]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) the expression of an idea by negation of its contrary, as 'he is no fool'='he is wise.' [Gr.] ENARCHED, en-ärcht', _adj._ (_her._) arched, like an arch. ENARCHING, a variant of _inarching_. ENARMED, en-ärmed', _adj._ (_her._) having horns, hoofs, &c. of a different colour from the body. ENARRATION, [=e]-na-r[=a]'shun, _n._ narration. ENARTHROSIS, en-ar-thr[=o]'sis, _n._ (_anat._) a joint of 'ball-and-socket' form, allowing motion in all directions.--_adj._ ENARTHR[=O]'DIAL. [Gr.,--_en_, in, and _arthroein_, _arthr[=o]sein_, to fasten by a joint--_arthron_, a joint.] ENATE, [=e]'n[=a]t, _adj._ growing out. ENAUNTER, en-än't[.e]r, _conj._ (_obs._) lest by chance. [Contr. from _in adventure_.] ENCÆNIA, en-s[=e]'ni-a, _n._ the annual commemoration of founders and benefactors at Oxford, held in June.--Also ENC[=E]'NIA. [L.,--Gr. _egkainia_, a feast of dedication--_en_, in, _kainos_, new.] ENCAGE, en-k[=a]j', _v.t._ to shut up in a cage. ENCAMP, en-kamp', _v.t._ to form into a camp.--_v.i._ to pitch tents: to halt on a march.--_n._ ENCAMP'MENT, the act of encamping: the place where an army or company is encamped: a camp. ENCANTHIS, en-kan'this, _n._ a small tumour of the inner angle of the eye. [Gr.] ENCARNALISE, en-kär'nal-[=i]z, _v.t._ to embody: to make carnal. ENCARPUS, en-kar'pus, _n._ a festoon ornamenting a frieze. [Gr.] ENCASE, en-k[=a]s', INCASE, in-, _v.t._ to enclose in a case: to surround, cover.--_n._ ENCASE'MENT, the enclosing substance: a covering. ENCASHMENT, en-kash'ment, _n._ payment in cash of a note, draft, &c. ENCAUSTIC, en-kaws'tik, _adj._ having the colours burned in.--_n._ an ancient method of painting in melted wax.--ENCAUSTIC TILE, a decorative glazed and fired tile, having patterns of different coloured clays inlaid in it and burnt with it. [Fr.,--Gr.,--_egkaiein_, _egkausein_--_en_, in, _kaiein_, to burn.] ENCAVE, en-k[=a]v', _v.t._ to hide in a cave. ENCEINTE, äng-sangt', _n._ (_fort._) an enclosure, generally the whole area of a fortified place. [Fr.,--_enceindre_, to surround--L. _in_, in, _cing[)e]re_, _cinctum_, to gird.] ENCEINTE, äng-sangt', _adj._ pregnant, with child. [Fr.,--L. _incincta_, girt about.] ENCEPHALON, en-sef'al-on, _n._ the brain.--_adj._ ENCEPHAL'IC, belonging to the head or brain.--_ns._ ENCEPHAL[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the brain; ENCEPH'ALOCELE, a protrusion of portion of the brain through the skull, where the bones are incomplete in infancy.--_adj._ ENCEPH'ALOID, resembling the matter of the brain.--_n._ ENCEPHALOT'OMY, dissection of the brain.--_adj._ ENCEPH'ALOUS, cephalous. [Gr.,--_en_, in, _kephal[=e]_, the head.] ENCHAFE, en-ch[=a]f', _v.t._ (_obs._) to make warm. ENCHAIN, en-ch[=a]n', _v.t._ to put in chains: to hold fast: to link together.--_n._ ENCHAIN'MENT [Fr. _enchainer_--_en_, and _chaîne_, a chain--L. _catena_.] ENCHANT, en-chant', _v.t._ to act on by songs or rhymed formulas of sorcery: to charm: to delight in a high degree.--_p.adj._ ENCHANT'ED, under the power of enchantment: delighted: possessed by witches or spirits.--_n._ ENCHANT'ER, one who enchants: a sorcerer or magician: one who charms or delights:--_fem._ ENCHANT'RESS.--_adv._ ENCHANT'INGLY, with the force of enchantment: in a manner to charm or delight.--_n._ ENCHANT'MENT, act of enchanting: use of magic arts: that which enchants. [Fr. _enchanter_--L. _incant[=a]re_, to sing a magic formula over--_in_, on, _cant[=a]re_, to sing.] ENCHARGE, en-chärj', _v.t._ to enjoin: to entrust. [O. Fr. _encharger_. See CHARGE.] ENCHASE, en-ch[=a]s', _v.t._ to fix in a border: to set with jewels: to engrave: to adorn with raised or embossed work.--_p.adj._ ENCHASED'. [Fr. _enchâsser_--_en_, in, _châssis_, _caisse_, a case--L. _capsa_, a case. See CHASE, _n._ CHASE, _v.t._, is a contraction.] ENCHEASON, en-ch[=e]'zn, _n._ (_Spens._) reason, cause, occasion. [O. Fr. _encheson_, _encheoir_, to fall in; influenced by L. _occasio_, occasion.] ENCHEER, en-ch[=e]r', _v.t._ to cheer, comfort. ENCHIRIDION, en-ki-rid'i-on, _n._ a book to be carried in the hand for reference: a manual. [Gr. _encheiridion_--_en_, in, and _cheir_, the hand.] ENCHONDROMA, en-kon-dr[=o]'ma, _n._ (_path._) an abnormal cartilaginous growth. [Formed from Gr. _en_, in, _chondros_, cartilage.] ENCHORIAL, en-k[=o]'ri-al, _adj._ belonging to or used in a country: used by the people, noting esp. the written characters used by the common people in Egypt as opposed to the hieroglyphics.--Also ENCHOR'IC. [Gr. _ench[=o]rios_--_en_, in, and _ch[=o]ra_, a place, country.] ENCHYMATOUS, en-kim'a-tus, _adj._ infused, distended by infusion. ENCINCTURE, en-singk't[=u]r, _v.t._ to surround with a girdle.--_n._ an enclosure. ENCIRCLE, en-s[.e]rk'l, _v.t._ to enclose in a circle: to embrace: to pass round.--_n._ ENCIRC'LING. ENCLASP, en-klasp', _v.t._ to clasp. ENCLAVE, en-kl[=a]v', or äng-kl[=a]v', _n._ a territory entirely enclosed within the territories of another power.--_v.t._ to surround in this way. [Fr.,--Late L. _inclav[=a]re_--L. _in_, and _clavis_, a key.] ENCLITIC, en-klit'ik, _adj._ that inclines or leans upon.--_n._ (_gram._) a word or particle which always follows another word, so united with it as to seem a part of it.--_n._ EN'CLISIS.--_adv._ ENCLIT'ICALLY. [Gr. _engklitikos_--_en_, in, _klinein_, to bend.] ENCLOISTER, en-klois't[.e]r, _v.t._ to immure. ENCLOSE, en-kl[=o]z', INCLOSE, in-, _v.t._ to close or shut in: to confine: to surround: to put in a case, as a letter in an envelope, &c.: to fence, esp. used of waste land.--_ns._ ENCLOS'ER; ENCLOS'URE, the act of enclosing: state of being enclosed: that which is enclosed: a space fenced off: that which encloses: a barrier. [Fr.,--L. _includ[)e]re_, _inclusum_--_in_, in, _claud[)e]re_, to shut.] ENCLOTHE, en-kl[=o]_th_', _v.t._ to clothe. ENCLOUD, en-klowd', _v.t._ to cover with clouds. ENCOLOUR, en-kul'ur, _v.t._ to colour, tinge. ENCOLPION, en-kol'pi-on, _n._ an amulet: a Greek pectoral cross.--Also ENCOL'PIUM. [Gr.] ENCOLURE, engk-ol-[=u]r', _n._ (_Browning_) a horse's mane. ENCOMIUM, en-k[=o]'mi-um, _n._ high commendation: a eulogy:--_pl._ ENC[=O]'MIUMS.--_n._ ENC[=O]'MIAST, one who utters or writes encomiums: a praiser.--_adjs._ ENCOMIAS'TIC, -AL, bestowing praise.--_adv._ ENCOMIAS'TICALLY. [L.,--Gr. _egk[=o]mion_, a song of praise--_en_, in, _k[=o]mos_, festivity.] ENCOMPASS, en-kum'pas, _v.t._ to surround or enclose: (_obs._) to go round.--_n._ ENCOM'PASSMENT. ENCORE, äng-k[=o]r', _adv._ again: once more.--_n._ a call for the repetition of a song, &c.: the repetition of a song, &c.--_v.t._ to call for a repetition of. [Fr. (It. _ancora_)--perh. from L. (_in_) _hanc horam_, till this hour, hence=still.] ENCOUNTER, en-kown'ter, _v.t._ to meet face to face, esp. unexpectedly: to meet in contest: to oppose.--_n._ a meeting unexpectedly: an interview: a fight: (_Shak._) behaviour. [O. Fr. _encontrer_--L. _in_, in, _contra_, against.] ENCOURAGE, en-kur'[=a]j, _v.t._ to put courage in: to inspire with spirit or hope: to incite: to patronise: to cherish.--_ns._ ENCOUR'AGEMENT, act of encouraging: that which encourages; ENCOUR'AGER,--_p.adj._ ENCOUR'AGING, giving ground to hope for success.--_adv._ ENCOUR'AGINGLY. [O. Fr. _encoragier_ (Fr. _encourager_)--_en_, to make, _corage_, courage.] ENCRADLE, en-kr[=a]'dl, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to lay in a cradle. ENCRATITE, en'kra-t[=i]t, _n._ one of a heretical sect in the early church, who abstained from marriage, and from flesh and wine.--_n._ EN'CRATISM. [Formed from Gr. _egkrat[=e]s_, continent--_en_, in, _kratos_, strength.] ENCREASE, obsolete form of _increase_. ENCRIMSON, en-krim'zn, _v.t._ to tinge with a crimson colour.--_p.adj._ ENCRIM'SONED. ENCRINITE, en'kri-n[=i]t, _n._ a common fossil crinoid, found thick in limestone and marble--called also _Stone-lily_.--_adjs._ ENCR[=I]'NAL, ENCRIN'IC, ENCRIN[=I]'TAL, ENCRINIT'IC, relating to or containing encrinites. [Formed from Gr. _en_, in, _krinon_, a lily.] ENCROACH, en-kr[=o]ch', _v.i._ to seize on the rights of others: to intrude: to trespass.--_n._ ENCROACH'ER.--_adv._ ENCROACH'INGLY.--_n._ ENCROACH'MENT, act of encroaching: that which is taken by encroaching. [O. Fr. _encrochier_, to seize--_en-_, and _croc_, a hook.] ENCRUST, en-krust', INCRUST, in-, _v.t._ to cover with a crust or hard coating: to form a crust on the surface of.--_v.i._ to form a crust.--_n._ ENCRUST[=A]'TION, act of encrusting: a crust or layer of anything: an inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c. [Fr.,--L. _incrust[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_in_, on, _crusta_, crust.] ENCUMBER, en-kum'b[.e]r, _v.t._ to impede the motion of: to hamper: to embarrass: to burden: to load with debts.--_ns._ ENCUM'BERMENT, the act of encumbering: the state of being encumbered; ENCUM'BRANCE, that which encumbers or hinders: a legal claim on an estate: one dependent on another--e.g. 'a widow without encumbrances'=a widow without children; ENCUM'BRANCER. [O. Fr. _encombrer_, from _en-_, and _combrer_.] ENCURTAIN, en-kur'tin, _v.t._ to curtain, to veil. ENCYCLICAL, en-sik'lik-al, _adj._ sent round to many persons or places.--_n._ a letter addressed by the pope to all his bishops condemning current errors or advising the Christian people how to act in regard to great public questions.--Also ENCYC'LIC. [Gr. _engkyklios_--_en_, in, _kyklos_, a circle.] ENCYCLOPÆDIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA, en-s[=i]-klo-p[=e]'di-a, _n._ the circle of human knowledge: a work containing information on every department, or on a particular department, of knowledge, generally in alphabetical order: a name specially given to the work of the French writers Diderot, D'Alembert, and others in the third quarter of the 18th century.--_adjs._ ENCYCLOPÆ'DIAN, embracing the whole circle of learning; ENCYCLOPÆ'DIC, -AL, pertaining to an encyclopædia: full of information.--_ns._ ENCYCLOPÆ'DISM, knowledge of everything; ENCYCLOPÆ'DIST, the compiler, or one who assists in the compilation, of an encyclopædia: esp. a writer for the French Encyclopédie (1751-65). [Formed from Gr. _engkyklopaideia_--_engkyklios_, circular, _paideia_, instruction.] ENCYST, en-sist', _v.t._ or _v.i._ to enclose or become enclosed in a cyst or vesicle.--_ns._ ENCYST[=A]'TION, ENCYST'MENT.--_adj._ ENCYST'ED. [Illustration] END, end, _n._ the last point or portion: termination or close: death: consequence: object aimed at: a fragment.--_v.t._ to bring to an end: to destroy.--_v.i._ to come to an end: to cease.--_n._ END'-ALL, that which ends all.--_adj._ END'ED, brought to an end: having ends.--_n._ END'ING, termination: conclusion: that which is at the end: (_gram._) the terminating syllable or letter of a word.--_adj._ END'LESS, without end: everlasting: objectless.--_adv._ END'LESSLY.--_n._ END'LESSNESS.--_adv._ END'LONG, lengthwise: continuously: on end.--_adj._ END'MOST, farthest.--_n._ END'SHIP (_obs._) a village.--_advs._ END'WAYS, END'WISE, on the end: with the end forward.--END FOR END, with the position of the ends reversed; ENDLESS SCREW, an arrangement for producing slow motion in machinery, consisting of a screw whose thread gears into a wheel with skew teeth; END ON, having the end pointing directly to an object--(_naut._) opp. to _Broadside on_: (_min._) opp. to _Face on_.--A SHOEMAKER'S END, a waxed thread ending in a bristle.--AT LOOSE ENDS, in disorder; AT ONE'S WITS' END, at the end of one's ability to decide or act.--BEGIN AT THE WRONG END, to manage badly; BE THE END OF, to cause the death of.--COME TO THE END OF ONE'S TETHER, to go as far as one's powers permit.--HAVE AT ONE'S FINGER-ENDS, to be thoroughly acquainted, to have in perfect readiness.--IN THE END, after all: at last.--LATTER END, the end of life.--MAKE BOTH ENDS MEET, to live within one's income (both ends meaning both ends of the year).--NO END (_coll._), very much, a great deal.--ON END, erect.--ROPE'S END (see ROPE). [A.S. _ende_; cf. Ger. and Dan. _ende_, Goth. _andeis_; Sans. _ánta_.] ENDAMAGE, en-dam'[=a]j, _v.t._ same as DAMAGE.--_n._ ENDAM'AGEMENT, damage, injury, loss. ENDANGER, en-d[=a]n'j[.e]r, _v.t._ to place in danger: to expose to loss or injury.--_ns._ ENDAN'GERER; ENDAN'GERMENT, hazard, peril. ENDEAR, en-d[=e]r', _v.t._ to make dear or more dear.--_adjs._ ENDEARED', beloved; ENDEAR'ING.--_adv._ ENDEAR'INGLY.--_n._ ENDEAR'MENT, act of endearing: state of being endeared: that which excites or increases affection: a caress. ENDEAVOUR, en-dev'ur, _v.i._ to strive to accomplish an object: to attempt or try.--_v.t._ to attempt.--_n._ an exertion of power towards some object: attempt or trial.--_n._ ENDEAV'OURMENT (_Spens._), endeavour.--DO ONE'S ENDEAVOUR, to do one's utmost. [Fr. _en devoir_--_en_, in (with force of 'to do' or 'make,' as in _en-amour_, _en-courage_), and _devoir_, duty.] ENDECAGON, en-dek'a-gon, _n._ a plane figure of eleven sides--also HENDEC'AGON.--_adjs._ ENDECAG'YNOUS, having eleven pistils; ENDECAPHYL'LOUS, having eleven leaflets; ENDECASYLLAB'IC, having eleven syllables. ENDEICTIC, en-d[=i]k'tik, _adj._ showing, exhibiting.--_n._ ENDEIX'IS, an indication. [Gr.] ENDEMIC, -AL, en-dem'ik, -al, ENDEMIAL, en-d[=e]'mi-al, _adj._ peculiar to a people or a district, as a disease.--_n._ ENDEM'IC, a disease affecting a number of persons simultaneously, in such manner as to show a distinct connection with certain localities.--_adv._ ENDEM'ICALLY.--_ns._ ENDEMI'CITY, state of being endemic; ENDEMIOL'OGY, knowledge of endemic diseases. [Gr. _end[=e]mios_--_en_, in, and _d[=e]mos_, a people, a district.] ENDENIZEN, en-den'i-zn, _v.t._ to naturalise, to make a denizen. ENDERMIC, -AL, en-d[.e]rm'ik, -al, _adj._ through or applied directly to the skin--also ENDERMAT'IC.--_n._ EN'DERON, the corium, derma, or true skin. [Gr. _en_, in, and _derma_, the skin.] ENDEW, en-d[=u]', _v.t._ (_obs._) to endow.--Also ENDUE'. ENDIRON. See ANDIRON. ENDITE, obsolete form of _indite_. ENDIVE, en'div, _n._ an annual or biennial plant of the same genus as chicory, used as a salad. [Fr.,--L. _intubus_.] ENDOCARDIUM, en-do-kar'di-um, _n._ the lining membrane of the heart.--_adjs._ ENDOCAR'DIAC, ENDOCAR'DIAL.--_n._ ENDOCARD[=I]'TIS, disease of the internal surface of the heart, resulting in the deposit of fibrin on the valves. [Gr. _endon_, within, _kardia_, heart.] ENDOCARP, en'do-kärp, _n._ the inner coat or shell of a fruit. [Gr. _endon_, within, and _karpos_, fruit.] ENDOCHROME, en'd[=o]-kr[=o]m, _n._ the colouring matter, other than green, of vegetable cells, esp. of algæ: (_zool._) the coloured endoplasm of a cell. [Gr. _endon_, within, _chr[=o]ma_, colour.] ENDODERM, en'do-derm, _n._ the inner layer of the Blastoderm (q.v.). [Gr. _endon_, within, _derma_, skin.] ENDOGAMY, en-dog'am-i, _n._ the custom forbidding a man to marry any woman who is not of his kindred.--_adj._ ENDOG'AMOUS. [Gr. _endon_, within, _gamos_, marriage.] ENDOGEN, en'do-jen, _n._ a plant that grows from within, or by additions to the inside of the stem, as the palm, grasses, &c.--_adj._ ENDOG'ENOUS, increasing by internal growth. [Gr. _endon_, within, and _gen[=e]s_, born.] ENDOLYMPH, en'd[=o]-limf, _n._ the fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the ear. ENDOMORPH, en'do-morf, _n._ a mineral enclosed within another mineral, the latter being termed a _perimorph_. [Gr. _endon_, within, _morph[=e]_, form.] ENDOPHAGY, en-d[=o]'faj-i, _n._ in cannibalism, the practice of eating one of the same stock. [Gr. _endon_, within, _phagos_, an eater.] ENDOPARASITE, en-d[=o]-par'a-s[=i]t, _n._ an internal parasite. ENDOPHLOEUM, en-d[=o]-fl[=e]'um, _n._ (_bot._) the inner bark. ENDOPHYLLOUS, en-d[=o]-fil'us, _adj._ (_bot._) being or formed within a sheath, as the young leaves of monocotyledons. ENDOPLASM, en'd[=o]-plazm, _n._ (_bot._) the granular and fluid part of the protoplasm of a cell--opp. to _Ectoplasm_: (_zool._) the interior protoplasm of a protozoan.--Also EN'DOSARC. ENDOPLEURA, en-d[=o]-pl[=oo]'ra, _n._ (_bot._) the innermost coat of a seed. ENDORHIZAL, en-d[=o]-r[=i]'zal, _adj._ (_bot._) having the radicle of the embryo enclosed within a sheath, as in endogenous plants.--Also ENDORH[=I]'ZOUS. ENDORSE, en-dors', INDORSE, in-, _v.t._ to write one's name on the back of: to assign by writing on the back of: to give one's sanction to: to lay on the back, to load.--_adj._ ENDORS'ABLE.--_ns._ ENDORS[=EE]', the person to whom a bill, &c., is assigned by endorsement; ENDORSE'MENT, act of endorsing: that which is written on a bill: sanction; ENDORS'ER. [Changed from M. E. _endosse_ under the influence of Low L. _indors[=a]re_--_in_, on, _dorsum_, the back.] ENDOSKELETON, en-d[=o]-skel'e-ton, _n._ the internal skeleton or framework of the body.--_adj._ ENDOSKEL'ETAL. ENDOSMOSIS, en-dos-m[=o]'sis, _n._ the passage of a fluid inwards through an organic membrane, to mix with another fluid inside--also EN'DOSMOSE.--_n._ ENDOSMOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring endosmotic action.--_adjs._ ENDOSMOMET'RIC; ENDOSMOT'IC, pertaining to or of the nature of endosmosis.--_adv._ ENDOSMOT'ICALLY. [Gr. _endon_, within, and _[=o]smos_.] ENDOSOME, en'd[=o]-s[=o]m, _n._ the innermost part of the body of a sponge.--_adj._ EN'DOS[=O]MAL. ENDOSPERM, en'd[=o]-sperm, _n._ (_bot._) the albumen of a seed.--_adj._ ENDOSPER'MIC. ENDOSS, en-dos', _v.t._ (_obs._) to endorse: (_Spens._) to write. [M. E. _endosse_--O. Fr. _endosser_.] ENDOSTEUM, en-dos't[=e]-um, _n._ (_anat._) the internal periosteum.--_adj._ ENDOS'T[=E]AL.--_n._ ENDOST[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the endosteum. ENDOSTOME, en'd[=o]-st[=o]m, _n._ (_bot._) the foramen of the inner integument of an ovule: the inner peristome of mosses. ENDOW, en-dow', _v.t._ to give a dowry or marriage-portion to: to settle a permanent provision on: to enrich with any gift or faculty: to present.--_ns._ ENDOW'ER; ENDOW'MENT, act of endowing: that which is settled on any person or institution: a quality or faculty bestowed on any one. [Fr. _en_ (=L. _in_), _douer_, to endow--L. _dot[=a]re_--_dos_, _dotis_, a dowry.] ENDUE, en-d[=u]', INDUE, in-, _v.t._ to put on, as clothes: to invest or clothe with: to supply with.--_n._ ENDUE'MENT, adornment. [O. Fr. _enduire_--L. _induc[)e]re_--_in_, into, _duc[)e]re_, to lead. In certain senses the word is closely related to _indu[)e]re_, to put on.] ENDURE, en-d[=u]r', _v.t._ to remain firm under: to bear without sinking: to tolerate.--_v.i._ to remain firm: to last.--_adj._ ENDUR'ABLE, that can be endured or borne.--_n._ ENDUR'ABLENESS.--_adv._ ENDUR'ABLY.--_ns._ ENDUR'ANCE, state of enduring or bearing: continuance: a suffering patiently without sinking: patience; ENDUR'ER.--_adv._ ENDUR'INGLY. [O. Fr. _endurer_--L. _indur[=a]re_--_in_, in, _durus_, hard.] ENDYMION, en-dim'i-on, _n._ a beautiful youth whom Selene (the moon) wrapped in perpetual sleep that she might kiss him without his knowledge. ENE, [=e]n, _adv._ (_Spens._) once. [A.S. _['æ]ne_--_án_, one.] ENEID, e-n[=e]'id, _n._ Same as ÆNEID. ENEMA, en'e-ma, or e-n[=e]'ma, _n._ a liquid medicine thrown into the rectum: an injection. [Gr.,--_enienai_, to send in--_en_, in, and _hienai_, to send.] ENEMY, en'e-mi, _n._ one who hates or dislikes: a foe: a hostile army.--_adj._ (_obs._) hostile.--HOW GOES THE ENEMY? (_slang_) what o'clock is it?--THE ENEMY, THE OLD ENEMY, the Devil; THE LAST ENEMY, death. [O. Fr. _enemi_ (mod. Fr. _ennemi_)--L. _inimicus_--_in_, neg., _amicus_, a friend.] ENEMY, a prov. form of _anemone_. ENERGUMEN, en-er-g[=u]'men, _n._ one possessed: a demoniac. [Low L.,--Gr. _energoumenos_--_energein_--_en_, in, _ergon_, work.] ENERGY, en'[.e]r-ji, _n._ power of doing work: power exerted: vigorous operation: strength: (_physics_) the term, as applied to a material system, used to denote the power of doing work possessed by that system.--_adjs._ ENERGET'IC, -AL, having or showing energy: active: forcible: effective.--_adv._ ENERGET'ICALLY.--_n.pl._ ENERGET'ICS, the science of the general laws of energy.--_adj._ ENER'GIC, exhibiting energy.--_v.t._ EN'ERGISE, to give strength or active force to.--_v.i._ to act with force:--_pr.p._ en'erg[=i]sing; _pa.p._ en'erg[=i]sed.--CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (see CONSERVATION). [Gr. _energeia_--_en_, in, _ergon_, work.] ENERVATE, en-[.e]r'v[=a]t, _v.t._ to deprive of nerve, strength, or courage: to weaken.--_adj._ weakened: spiritless.--_n._ ENERV[=A]'TION.--_adj._ ENER'VATIVE.--_v.t._ ENERVE' (_obs._), to enervate. [L. _enerv[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out of, _nervus_, a nerve.] ENEW, e-n[=u]', _v.t._ in falconry, to drive back to the water: to pursue. [O. Fr. _enewer_--_en_, in, _eau_, water.] ENFEEBLE, en-f[=e]'bl, _v.t._ to make feeble: to weaken.--_n._ ENFEE'BLEMENT, weakening: weakness. ENFELON, en-fel'on, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to make fierce. ENFEOFF, en-fef', _v.t._ to give a fief to: to invest with a possession in fee: to surrender.--_n._ ENFEOFF'MENT, act of enfeoffing: the deed which invests with the fee of an estate. [O. Fr. _enfeffer_--_en-_, and _fief_. See FIEF, FEOFF.] ENFEST, en-fest, _v.t._ (_Spens._). Same as INFEST. ENFETTER, en-fet'[.e]r, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to bind in fetters. ENFIERCE, en-f[=e]rs', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to make fierce. ENFILADE, en-fi-l[=a]d', _n._ a number of rooms with the doors opening into a common passage: a fire that rakes a line of troops, &c., from end to end; a situation or a body open from end to end.--_v.t._ to rake with shot through the whole length of a line. [Fr.,--_enfiler_--_en_ (=L. _in_), and _fil_, a thread. See FILE, a line or wire.] ENFILED, en-f[=i]ld', _p.adj._ (_her._) thrust through with a sword. [See ENFILADE.] ENFIRE, en-f[=i]r', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to set on fire, inflame. ENFLESH, en-flesh', _v.t._ to turn into flesh. ENFLOWER, en-flow'[.e]r, _v.t._ to cover with flowers. ENFOLD, en-f[=o]ld', INFOLD, in-, _v.t._ to wrap up.--_n._ ENFOLD'MENT, act of enfolding: that which enfolds. ENFORCE, en-f[=o]rs', _v.t._ to gain by force: to give force to: to put in force: to give effect to: to urge: (_Spens._) to attempt.--_adj._ ENFORCE'ABLE.--_adv._ ENFORC'EDLY, by violence, not by choice.--_n._ ENFORCE'MENT, act of enforcing: compulsion: a giving effect to: that which enforces. [O. Fr. _enforcer_--_en_ (=L. _in_), and _force_.] ENFOREST, en-for'est, _v.t._ to turn into forest. ENFORM, en-form', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to fashion. ENFOULDERED, en-fowl'd[.e]rd, _p.adj._ (_Spens._) mixed with lightning or fire. [_En_, in, and O. Fr. _fouldre_ (Fr. _foudre_)--L. _fulgur_, lightning, _fulg[)e]re_, to flash.] ENFRAME, en-fr[=a]m', _v.t._ to put in a frame. ENFRANCHISE, en-fran'chiz, _v.t._ to set free: to give a franchise or political privileges to.--_n._ ENFRAN'CHISEMENT, act of enfranchising: liberation: admission to civil or political privileges. [O. Fr. _enfranchir_--_en_, and _franc_, free. See FRANCHISE.] ENFREE, en-fr[=e]', ENFREEDOM, en-fr[=e]'dum, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to set free, to give freedom to. ENFREEZE, en-fr[=e]z', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to freeze: turn to ice:--_pr.p._ enfreez'ing: _pa.p._ enfr[=o]z'en, enfr[=o]z'ened. ENGAGE, en-g[=a]j', _v.t._ to bind by a gage or pledge: to render liable: to gain for service: to enlist: to gain over: to betroth: (_archit._) to fasten: to win: to occupy: to enter into contest with: (_obs._) to entangle.--_v.i._ to pledge one's word: to become bound: to take a part: to enter into conflict.--_p.adj._ ENGAGED', pledged: promised, esp. in marriage: greatly interested: occupied: (_archit._) partly built or sunk into, or so appearing: geared together, interlocked.--_n._ ENGAGE'MENT, act of engaging: state of being engaged: that which engages: betrothal: promise: employment: a fight or battle.--_p.adj._ ENGAG'ING, winning: attractive.--_adv._ ENGAG'INGLY.--ENGAGE FOR, to answer for. [Fr. _engager_--_en gage_, in pledge. See GAGE.] ENGAOL, en-j[=a]l', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to put in gaol. ENGARLAND, en-gär'land, _v.t._ to put a garland round. ENGARRISON, en-gar'i-sn, _v.t._ to establish as a garrison. ENGENDER, en-jen'd[.e]r, _v.t._ to beget: to bear: to breed: to sow the seeds of: to produce.--_v.i._ to be caused or produced.--_ns._ ENGEN'DRURE, ENGEN'DURE, act of engendering: generation. [Fr. _engendrer_--L. _ingener[=a]re_--_in_, and _gener[=a]re_, to generate.] ENGILD, en-gild', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to gild. ENGINE, en'jin, _n._ a complex and powerful machine, esp. a prime mover: a military machine: anything used to effect a purpose: a device: contrivance: (_obs._) ability, genius.--_v.t._ to contrive: to put into action.--_ns._ EN'GINE-DRIV'ER, one who manages an engine, esp. who drives a locomotive; ENGINEER', an engine maker or manager: one who directs works and engines: a soldier belonging to the division of the army called Engineers, consisting of men trained to engineering work.--_v.i._ to act as an engineer.--_v.t._ to arrange, contrive.--_ns._ ENGINEER'ING, the art or profession of an engineer; EN'GINE-MAN, one who drives an engine; EN'GINE-ROOM, the room in a vessel in which the engines are placed; EN'GINERY, the art or business of managing engines: engines collectively: machinery; EN'GINE-TURN'ING, a kind of ornament made by a rose-engine, as on the backs of watches, &c.--CIVIL ENGINEER (see CIVIL). [O. Fr. _engin_--L. _ingenium_, skill. See INGENIOUS.] ENGIRD, en-g[.e]rd', _v.t._ to gird round. ENGIRDLE, en-g[.e]rd'l, ENGIRT, en-g[.e]rt', _v.t._ to surround, as with a girdle: to encircle. ENGLISH, ing'glish, _adj._ belonging to _England_ or its inhabitants.--_n._ the language of the people of England.--_v.t._ to translate a book into English: to make English.--_ns._ ENG'LANDER, an Englishman; ENG'LISHER, ENG'LISHMAN, a native or naturalised inhabitant of England; ENG'LISHRY, the fact of being an Englishman; in Ireland, the population of English descent.--OLD ENGLISH, or _Anglo-Saxon_, the language spoken in England from 450 till about 1150; MIDDLE ENGLISH till 1500; MODERN ENGLISH from 1500 onwards (EARLY ENGLISH often means Early Middle English; (_archit._), see EARLY).--PRESENTMENT OF ENGLISHRY, the offering of proof that a person murdered belonged to the English race, to escape the fine levied on the hundred or township for the murder of a Norman. [A.S. _Englisc_, from _Engle_, _Angle_, from the Angles who settled in Britain.] ENGLOBE, en-gl[=o]b', _v.t._ to enclose as in a globe. ENGLOOM, en-gl[=oo]m', _v.t._ to make gloomy. ENGLUT, en-glut', _v.t._ to glut, to fill: to swallow. ENGORE, en-g[=o]r', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to gore: to wound. ENGORGE, en-gorj', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to devour, to glut.--_v.i._ (_Milton_) to feed voraciously.--_adj._ ENGORGED', filled to excess with blood.--_n._ ENGORGE'MENT, the act of swallowing greedily: (_med._) an obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system. ENGOUEMENT, ang-g[=oo]'mang, _n._ excessive fondness. [Fr.] ENGOULED, en-g[=oo]ld', _adj._ (_her._) of bends, crosses, &c., the extremities of which enter the mouths of animals.--Also ENGOUL'EE. ENGRACE, en-gr[=a]s', _v.t._ to put grace into. ENGRAFF, obsolete form of _engraft_. ENGRAFT, en-graft', INGRAFT, in-, _v.t._ to graft (a shoot of one tree) into another: to introduce something: to fix deeply.--_ns._ ENGRAFT[=A]'TION, act of engrafting: ENGRAFT'MENT, engrafting: the thing engrafted: a scion. ENGRAIL, en-gr[=a]l', _v.t_ (_her._) to make a border composed of a series of little semicircular indents: to make rough.--_v.i._ to form an edging or border: to run in indented lines.--_n._ ENGRAIL'MENT, the ring of dots round the edge of a medal: (_her._) indentation in curved lines. [O. Fr. _engresler_ (Fr. _engrêler_)--_gresle_, hail. See GRAIL.] ENGRAIN, en-gr[=a]n', INGRAIN, in-, _v.t._ to dye of a fast or lasting colour: to dye in the raw state: to infix deeply.--_n._ ENGRAIN'ER. [Orig. 'to dye in grain' (meaning _with grain_)--i.e. cochineal.] ENGRASP, en-grasp', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to grasp. ENGRAVE, en-gr[=a]v', _v.t._ to cut out with a graver a representation of anything on wood, steel, &c.: to imprint: to impress deeply.--_ns._ ENGRAV'ER; ENGRAV'ERY, the art of the engraver; ENGRAV'ING, act or art of cutting or incising designs on metal, wood, &c., for the purpose of printing impressions from them in ink on paper, or other similar substance--in metal, the lines to be printed are sunk or incised; in wood, the lines to be printed appear in relief, the wood between them being cut away: an impression taken from an engraved plate: a print. [Fr. _en_ (=L. _in_), and _grave_, _v._] ENGRAVE, en-gr[=a]v', _v.t._ to deposit in the grave. ENGRIEVE, en-gr[=e]v', _v.i._ (_Spens._) to grieve. ENGROOVE, en-gr[=oo]v', INGROOVE, in-, _v.t._ to cut a groove or furrow in: to make into a groove. ENGROSS, en-gr[=o]s', _v.t._ to occupy wholly, monopolise: to absorb: to copy a writing in a large hand or in distinct characters: to write in legal form: to make gross.--_ns._ ENGROSS'ER; ENGROSS'ING, the conduct of those who buy merchandise in large quantities to obtain command of the market; ENGROSS'MENT, act of engrossing: that which has been engrossed: a fair copy.--ENGROSSING A DEED, the writing it out in full and regular form on parchment or paper for signature. [From Fr. _en gros_, in large--L. _in_, in, _grossus_, large. See GROSS.] ENGUARD, en-gärd', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to guard or defend. ENGUICHÉ, äng-g[=e]-sh[=a]', _adj._ (_her._) having a different tincture inside the mouth, of trumpets, &c. [Fr.] ENGULF, en-gulf', INGULF, in-, _v.t._ to swallow up wholly, as in a gulf: to cast into a gulf: to overwhelm.--_n._ ENGULF'MENT. ENGYSCOPE, en'ji-sk[=o]p, _n._ a kind of reflecting microscope.--Also EN'GISCOPE. [Gr. _enggys_, near, _skopein_, to view.] ENHALO, en-h[=a]'l[=o], _v.t._ to surround with a halo. ENHANCE, en-hans', _v.t._ to heighten: to add to, increase.--_n._ ENHANCE'MENT, act of enhancing: state of being enhanced: aggravation. [Prob. from O. Fr. _enhaucer_--L. _in_, and _altus_, high.] ENHARMONIC, -AL, en-har-mon'ik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to music constructed on a scale containing intervals less than a semitone: pertaining to that scale of music current among the Greeks, in which an interval of 2½ tones was divided into two quarter tones and a major third.--_adv._ ENHARMON'ICALLY. [L.,--Gr.,--_en_, in, _harmonia_, harmony.] ENHEARSE, en-h[.e]rs', INHEARSE, in-, _v.t._ to put in a hearse. ENHEARTEN, en-härt'n, _v.t._ to encourage: to cheer. ENHUNGER, en-hung'g[.e]r, _v.t._ to make hungry. ENHYDROUS, en-h[=i]'drus, _adj._ containing water or other fluid.--_n._ ENHY'DRITE, a mineral containing water. [Gr. _en_, in, and _hyd[=o]r_, water.] ENHYPOSTATIC, en-h[=i]-p[=o]-stat'ik, _adj._ possessing substantial or personal existence, possessing personality not independently but by union with a person.--_n._ ENHYPOST[=A]'SIA.--_v.t._ ENHYPOS'TATISE. ENIGMA, en-ig'ma, _n._ a statement with a hidden meaning to be guessed: anything very obscure: a riddle.--_adjs._ ENIGMAT'IC, -AL, relating to, containing, or resembling an enigma: obscure: puzzling.--_adv._ ENIGMAT'ICALLY.--_v.t._ ENIG'MATISE, to utter or deal in riddles.--_ns._ ENIG'MATIST, one who enigmatises; ENIGMATOG'RAPHY, science of enigmas and their solution. [L. _ænigma_--Gr. _ainigma_--_ainissesthai_, to speak darkly--_ainos_, a fable.] ENISLE, en-[=i]l', INISLE, in-, _v.t._ to isolate. ENJAMBMENT, en-jamb'ment, _n._ in verse, the continuation of a sentence beyond the end of the line. [Fr.,--_enjamber_--_en_, in, _jambe_, leg.] ENJOIN, en-join', _v.t._ to lay upon, as an order: to order or direct with authority or urgency.--_n._ ENJOIN'MENT. [Fr. _enjoindre_--L. _injung[)e]re_--_in_, and _jung[)e]re_, to join.] ENJOY, en-joi', _v.t._ to joy or delight in: to feel or perceive with pleasure: to possess or use with satisfaction or delight: to have the use of: to have sexual intercourse with.--_adj._ ENJOY'ABLE, capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy.--_n._ ENJOY'MENT, state or condition of enjoying: satisfactory possession or use of anything; pleasure: happiness. [O. Fr. _enjoier_, to give joy to--_en_ (=L. _in_), and _joie_, joy; or O. Fr. _enjoir_, to enjoy--_en_, and _joir_--L. _gaud[=e]re_, to rejoice.] ENKERNEL, en-k[.e]r'nel, _v.t._ to enclose in a kernel. ENKINDLE, en-kin'dl, _v.t._ to kindle or set on fire: to inflame: to rouse.--_p.adj._ ENKIN'DLED. ENLACE, en-l[=a]s', _v.t._ to encircle, surround: to embrace.--_n._ ENLACE'MENT. ENLARD, en-lärd', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to grease, to baste. ENLARGE, en-lärj', _v.t._ to make larger: to increase in size or quantity: to expand: to amplify discourse: to set free.--_v.i._ to grow large or larger: to be diffuse in speaking or writing: to expatiate.--_adj._ ENLARGED'.--_adv._ ENLAR'GEDLY.--_ns._ ENLAR'GEDNESS; ENLARGE'MENT, act of enlarging: state of being enlarged: increase: extension: diffuseness of speech or writing: a setting at large: release. [O. Fr. _enlarger_--_en_ (=L. _in_), _large_, large.] ENLEVEMENT, en-l[=e]v'ment, _n._ (_Scots law_) abduction of a woman or child. ENLIGHTEN, en-l[=i]t'n, _v.t._ to lighten or shed light on: to make clear to the mind: to impart knowledge to: to elevate by knowledge or religion--(_obs._) ENLIGHT'.--_n._ ENLIGHT'ENMENT, act of enlightening: state of being enlightened: the spirit of the French philosophers of the 18th century. ENLINK, en-lingk', _v.t._ to connect closely. ENLIST, en-list', _v.t._ to enrol: to engage as a soldier, &c.: to employ in advancing an object.--_v.i._ to engage in public service, esp. as a soldier: to enter heartily into a cause.--_n._ ENLIST'MENT, act of enlisting: state of being enlisted. ENLIVEN, en-l[=i]v'n, _v.t._ to put life into: to excite or make active: to make sprightly or cheerful: to animate.--_ns._ ENLIV'ENER; ENLIV'ENMENT. ENLOCK, en-lok', _v.t._ to lock up, enclose. ENLUMINE, en-l[=oo]'min, _v.t._ (_Spens._). See ILLUMINE. ENMARBLE, en-mär'bl, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to turn to marble, to harden. ENMESH, en-mesh', EMMESH, em-, IMMESH, im-, _v.t._ to catch in a mesh or net, to entangle. ENMEW, en-m[=u]', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to coop up, as in a cage. ENMITY, en'mi-ti, _n._ the quality of being an enemy: unfriendliness: ill-will: hostility. [O. Fr. _enemistié_--L. _inimicus_. See ENEMY.] ENMOSSED, en-most', _p.adj._ covered with moss. ENMOVE, en-m[=oo]v', _v.t._ Same as EMMOVE. ENMURE. Same as IMMURE. ENNEA, en'[=e]-a, a prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying nine.--_n._ EN'NEAD, the number nine, a system of nine objects.--_adj._ ENNEAD'IC.--_n._ EN'NEAGON, a polygon with nine angles.--_adjs._ ENNEAG'ONAL; ENNEAG'YNOUS, having nine pistils or styles; ENNEAH[=E]'DRAL, having nine faces.--_n._ ENNEAN'DRIA, the ninth Linnæan class of plants, with nine stamens.--_adjs._ ENNEAN'DRIAN; ENNEAPHYL'LOUS, nine-leaved; ENNEASPER'MOUS, having nine seeds. ENNOBLE, en-n[=o]'bl, _v.t._ to make noble: to elevate, distinguish: to raise to nobility.--_n._ ENN[=O]'BLEMENT, the act of making noble: that which ennobles. [Fr. _ennoblir_--Fr. _en_ (=L. _in_), and _noble_.] ENNUI, äng-nw[=e]', _n._ a feeling of weariness or disgust from satiety, &c.: the occasion of ennui.--_v.t._ to weary: to bore.--_adj._ ENNUYÉ (äng-nw[=e]-y[=a]'), bored. [Fr.,--O. Fr. _anoi_--L. _in odio_, as _in odio habeo_, lit. 'I hold in hatred,' i.e. I am tired of. See ANNOY.] ENODAL, [=e]-n[=o]'dal, _adj._ without nodes. ENOMOTY, e-nom'[=o]-ti, _n._ a band of sworn soldiers, esp. the smallest Spartan subdivision. [Gr.] ENORMOUS, e-nor'mus, _adj._ excessive: immense: atrocious--(_obs._) ENORM'.--_n._ ENOR'MITY, state or quality of being enormous: that which is enormous: a great crime: great wickedness.--_adv._ ENOR'MOUSLY.--_n._ ENOR'MOUSNESS. [L. _enormis_--_e_, out of, _norma_, rule.] ENORTHOTROPE, en-or'th[=o]-tr[=o]p, _n._ a toy consisting of a card on which confused objects are transformed into various pictures, by causing it to revolve rapidly. [Gr. _en_, in, _orthos_, upright, _tropos_, turning.] ENOUGH, e-nuf', _adj._ sufficient: giving content: satisfying want.--_adv._ sufficiently.--_n._ sufficiency: as much as satisfies desire or want. [A.S. _ge-nóh_, _ge-nóg_; Goth. _ga-nóhs_; Ger. _ge-nug_; Ice. _g-nóg-r_.] ENOUNCE, e-nowns', _v.t._ to enunciate: to proclaim: to utter or articulate. [Fr. _énoncer_--L. _enunti[=a]re_.] ENOW=ENOUGH, but often used as its plural. ENOW, e-now', _adv._ just now: (_Scot._) soon. [Contr. from 'even now.'] EN PASSANT, äng pas'ang, _adv._ in passing: by the way. [Fr.] ENQUIRE. See INQUIRE. ENRACE, en-r[=a]s', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to give race or origin to. ENRAGE, en-r[=a]j', _v.t._ to make angry.--_p.adj._ ENRAGED', angered: furious.--_n._ ENRAGE'MENT, act of enraging, state of being enraged, excitement. [O. Fr. _enrager_--_en_ (=L. _in_), and _rage_, rage.] ENRANGE, en-r[=a]nj', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to arrange: to rove over. ENRANK, en-rangk', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to place in order. ENRAPTURE, en-rap't[=u]r, _v.t._ to put in rapture: to transport with pleasure or delight.--_p.adjs._ ENRAP'TURED, ENRAPT', delighted: transported. ENRAVISH, en-rav'ish, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to enrapture. ENREGIMENT, en-rej'i-ment, _v.t._ to form in a regiment. ENREGISTER, en-rej'is-t[.e]r, _v.t._ to register: to enrol. ENRICH, en-rich', _v.t._ to make rich: to fertilise: to adorn: to enhance.--_n._ ENRICH'MENT, act of enriching; that which enriches. ENRIDGE, en-rij', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to form into ridges. ENRING, en-ring', _v.t._ to encircle: to put a ring on. ENROBE, en-r[=o]b', _v.t._ to dress, clothe, or invest. ENROL, ENROLL, en-r[=o]l', _v.t._ to insert in a roll or register: to enlist: to record: to leave in writing:--_pr.p._ enr[=o]l'ling; _pa.p._ enr[=o]lled'.--_ns._ ENROL'LER; ENROL'MENT, act of enrolling: that in which anything is enrolled: a register. [O. Fr. _enroller_ (Fr. _enrôler_)--_en_, and _rolle_, roll.] ENROOT, en-r[=oo]t', _v.t._ to fix by the root: to implant firmly: (_Shak._) to join firmly, as root by root. ENROUGH, en-ruf', _v.t._ to make rough. ENROUND, en-rownd', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to surround. ENS, enz, _n._ an entity, as opposed to an attribute. [A late _pr.p._ form, from L. _esse_, to be.] ENSAMPLE, en-sam'pl, _n._ example.--_v.t._ to give an example of. [O. Fr. _essample_. See EXAMPLE.] ENSANGUINE, en-sang'gwin, _v.t._ to stain or cover with blood.--_p.adj._ ENSAN'GUINED, bloody. ENSATE, en's[=a]t, _adj._ ensiform. ENSCHEDULE, en-shed'[=u]l, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to insert in a schedule. ENSCONCE, en-skons', _v.t._ to cover or protect as with a sconce or earth-work: to hide safely. ENSEAL, en-s[=e]l', _v.t._ to put one's seal to: to seal up. ENSEAM, en-s[=e]m', _v.t._ to mark as with a seam. ENSEAM, en-s[=e]m', _v.t._ to cover with grease. [_Seam_, grease.] ENSEAM, en-s[=e]m', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to contain. [Der. obscure; cf. Ice. _semja_, to put together.] ENSEAR, en-s[=e]r', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to dry up. ENSEMBLE, äng-sangb'l, _n._ all the parts of a thing taken together.--TOUT ENSEMBLE, general appearance or effect. [Fr. _ensemble_, together--L. _in_, in, _simul_, at the same time.] ENSEPULCHRE, en-sep'ul-k[.e]r, _v.t._ to put in a sepulchre. ENSEW (_Spens._). Same as ENSUE. ENSHIELD, en-sh[=e]ld', _v.t._ to shield or protect.--_adj._ (_Shak._) shielded or protected. ENSHRINE, en-shr[=i]n', _v.t._ to enclose in or as in a shrine: to preserve with affection. ENSHROUD, en-shrowd', _v.t._ to cover with a shroud: to cover up. ENSIFORM, en'si-form, _adj._ having the shape of a sword. [L. _ensis_, a sword, and _forma_, form.] ENSIGN, en's[=i]n, _n._ a sign or mark: the sign or flag distinguishing a nation or a regiment: one who carries the colours: until 1871, the title given to officers of the lowest commissioned rank in the British infantry.--_ns._ EN'SIGN-BEAR'ER; EN'SIGNCY, EN'SIGNSHIP, the rank or commission of an ensign in the army. [O. Fr. _enseigne_--L. _insignia_, pl. of _insigne_, a distinctive mark--_in_, and _signum_, a mark.] ENSILAGE, en'sil-[=a]j, _n._ the storing of green fodder, &c., in pits.--_v.t._ EN'SILE, to store by ensilage. [Fr.,--Sp. _en_, and _silo_--L.,--Gr. _siros_, pit for corn.] ENSKY, en-sk[=i]', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to place in the sky. ENSLAVE, en-sl[=a]v', _v.t._ to make a slave of: to subject to the influence of.--_p.adj._ ENSLAVED'.--_ns._ ENSLAVE'MENT, act of enslaving: state of being enslaved: slavery: bondage; ENSLAV'ER. ENSNARE, en-sn[=a]r', INSNARE, in-, _v.t._ to catch in a snare: to entrap: to entangle. ENSNARL, en-snärl', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to entangle. ENSORCELL, en-s[=o]r'sel, _v.t._ to bewitch. [O. Fr. _ensorceler_--_en_, and _sorcier_, a sorceror.] ENSOUL, en-s[=o]l', INSOUL, in-, _v.t._ to join with the soul: to animate as a soul. ENSPHERE, en-sf[=e]r', INSPHERE, in-, _v.t._ to enclose in a sphere: to give a spherical form. ENSTAMP, en-stamp', _v.t._ to mark as with a stamp. ENSTEEP, en-st[=e]p', _v.t._ to steep: to lay under water. ENSTYLE, en-st[=i]l', _v.t._ to style, call. ENSUE, en-s[=u]', _v.i._ to follow, to come after: to result (with _from_).--_v.t._ (_B._, _arch._) to follow after:--_pr.p._ ens[=u]'ing; _pa.p._ ens[=u]ed'. [O. Fr. _ensuir_ (Fr. _ensuivre_)--L. _in_, after, _sequi_, to follow.] ENSURE, en-sh[=oo]r', _v.t._ to make sure. [See INSURE.] ENSWATHE, en-sw[=a]th', INSWATHE, in-, _v.t._ to wrap in a swathe.--_n._ ENSWATHE'MENT. ENSWEEP, en-sw[=e]p', _v.t._ to sweep over. ENTABLATURE, en-tab'lat-[=u]r, _n._ that part of a design in classic architecture which surmounts the columns and rests upon the capitals. [Prob. through Fr. from It. _intavolatura_--_in_, in, _tavola_, a table.] ENTAIL, en-t[=a]l', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to carve. [O. Fr. _entailler_--Low L. _en_, into, _tale[=a]re_, to cut.] ENTAIL, en-t[=a]l', _v.t._ to settle an estate on a series of heirs, so that the immediate possessor may not dispose of it: to bring on as an inevitable consequence:--_pr.p._ entail'ing; _pa.p._ entailed'.--_n._ an estate entailed: the rule of descent of an estate.--_ns._ ENTAIL'ER; ENTAIL'MENT, act of entailing: state of being entailed. [O. Fr. _entailler_, to cut into--_en_, in, into, _tailler_, to cut--L. _talea_, a twig.] ENTAL, en'tal, _adj._ internal. [Gr. _entos_, within.] ENTAME, en-t[=a]m', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to tame. ENTANGLE, en-tang'gl, _v.t._ to twist into a tangle, or so as not to be easily separated: to involve in complications: to perplex: to ensnare.--_n._ ENTANG'LEMENT, a confused state: perplexity. ENTASIS, en'ta-sis, _n._ (_archit._) the swelling outline of the shaft of a column--also ENT[=A]'SIA: constrictive or tonic spasm.--_adj._ ENTAS'TIC. [Gr.,--_en_, in, _teinein_, to stretch.] ENTELECHY, en-tel'ek-i, _n._ (_phil._) actuality: distinctness of realised existence. [Gr. _entelecheia_--_en_, in, _telos_, perfection, _echein_, to have.] ENTELLUS, en-tel'us, _n._ the hanuman of India. ENTENDER, en-tend'[.e]r, _v.t._ to make tender: to weaken. ENTER, en't[.e]r, _v.i._ to go or come in: to penetrate: to engage in: to form a part of.--_v.t._ to come or go into: to join or engage in: to begin: to put into: to enrol or record: to cause to be inscribed, as a boy's name at school, a horse for a race, &c.--_n._ (_Shak._) ingoing.--_adj._ EN'TERABLE.--_ns._ EN'TERCLOSE, a passage between two rooms; EN'TERER; EN'TERING.--ENTER A PROTEST, to write it in the books: thence simply, to protest; ENTER INTO, to become a party to: to be interested in: to be part of; ENTER ON, to begin: to engage in. [Fr. _entrer_--L. _intrare_, to go into, related to _inter_, between.] ENTERDEAL, obsolete form of _interdeal_. ENTERIC, en-ter'ik, _adj._ of or pertaining to the intestines.--_ns._ ENTERADENOG'RAPHY, description of the intestinal glands; ENTERADENOL'OGY, the branch of anatomy relating to the intestinal glands; ENTERAL'GIA, intestinal neuralgia; ENTER[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the intestines; EN'TEROCELE, a hernial tumour containing part of the intestines; ENTEROGASTR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the stomach and bowels; EN'TEROLITE, EN'TEROLITH, an intestinal concretion or calculus; ENTEROL'OGY, a treatise on the internal parts of the body; EN'TERON, the entire intestine or alimentary canal:--_pl._ EN'TERA; ENTEROP'ATHY, disease of the intestines; ENTEROPNEUST'A, a class of worm-like animals, having the paired respiratory pouches opening from the front part of the alimentary canal; ENTEROT'OMY, dissection or incision of the intestines. [Gr. _enterikos_--_enteron_, intestine.] ENTERPRISE, en't[.e]r-pr[=i]z, _n._ that which is attempted: a bold or dangerous undertaking: an adventure: daring.--_v.t._ to undertake.--_n._ EN'TERPRISER, an adventurer.--_p.adj._ EN'TERPRISING, forward in undertaking: adventurous.--_adv._ EN'TERPRISINGLY. [O. Fr. _entreprise_, pa.p. of _entreprendre_--_entre_, in, _prendre_--L. _prehend[)e]re_, to seize.] ENTERTAIN, en-t[.e]r-t[=a]n', _v.t._ to receive and treat hospitably: to hold the attention of and amuse by conversation: to amuse: to receive and take into consideration: to keep or hold in the mind: to harbour.--_n._ ENTERTAIN'ER.--_p.adj._ ENTERTAIN'ING, affording entertainment: amusing.--_adv._ ENTERTAIN'INGLY.--_n._ ENTERTAIN'MENT, act of entertaining: hospitality at table: that which entertains: the provisions of the table: a banquet: amusement: a performance which delights. [Fr. _entretenir_--L. _inter_, among, _ten[=e]re_, to hold.] ENTERTAKE, en-t[.e]r-t[=a]k', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to entertain. ENTERTISSUE. See INTERTISSUE. ENTHEASM, en'th[=e]-azm, _n._ divine inspiration, ecstasy.--_adj._ ENTHEAS'TIC.--_adv._ ENTHEAS'TICALLY. ENTHELMINTHA, en-thel-min'tha, _n.pl._ a general name of intestinal worms. ENTHRAL, en-thrawl', INTHRAL, in-, _v.t._ to bring into thraldom or bondage: to enslave: to shackle.--_ns._ ENTHRAL'DOM, condition of being enthralled; ENTHRAL'MENT, act of enthralling: slavery. ENTHRONE, en-thr[=o]n', _v.t._ to place on a throne: to exalt to the seat of royalty: to install as a bishop: to exalt.--_ns._ ENTHRONE'MENT, ENTHRONIS[=A]'TION, the act of enthroning or of being enthroned.--_v.t._ ENTHR[=O]'NISE, to enthrone, as a bishop: to exalt. ENTHUSIASM, en-th[=u]'zi-azm, _n._ intense interest: intensity of feeling: passionate zeal.--_n._ ENTH[=U]'SIAST, one inspired by enthusiasm: one who admires or loves intensely.--_adjs._ ENTHUSIAS'TIC, -AL, filled with enthusiasm; zealous: ardent.--_adv._ ENTHUSIAS'TICALLY. [Through L., from Gr. _enthusiasmos_, a god-inspired zeal--_enthousiazein_, to be inspired by a god--_en_, in, _theos_, a god.] ENTHYMEME, en'thi-m[=e]m, _n._ (_rhet._) an argument consisting of only two propositions, an antecedent and a consequent: a syllogism in which the major proposition is suppressed.--_adj._ ENTHYMEMAT'ICAL. [From L. from Gr. _enthym[=e]ma_, a consideration--_enthymeesthai_, to consider--_en_, in, _thymos_, the mind.] ENTICE, en-t[=i]s', _v.t._ to induce by exciting hope or desire: to tempt: to lead astray.--_adj._ ENTICE'ABLE.--_ns._ ENTICE'MENT, act of enticing: that which entices or tempts: allurement; ENTIC'ER.--_p.adj._ ENTIC'ING.--_adv._ ENTIC'INGLY. [O. Fr. _enticier_, provoke; prob. related to L. _titio_, a firebrand.] ENTIRE, en-t[=i]r', _adj._ whole: complete: unmingled: not castrated, specially of a horse.--_n._ the whole: completeness: a stallion: porter or stout as delivered from the brewery.--_adv._ ENTIRE'LY.--_ns._ ENTIRE'NESS, ENTIRE'TY, completeness: the whole.--IN ITS ENTIRETY, in its completeness. [O. Fr. _entier_--L. _integer_, whole, from _in_, not, _tang[)e]re_, to touch.] ENTITLE, en-t[=i]'tl, _v.t._ to give a title to: to style: to give a claim to. [O. Fr. _entiteler_--Low L. _intitul[=a]re_--_in_, in, _titulus_, title.] ENTITY, en'ti-ti, _n._ being: existence: a real substance. [Low L. _entitat-em_--_ens_ (q.v.).] ENTOBLAST, en't[=o]-blast, _n._ the nucleolus of a cell. ENTOCELE, en't[=o]-s[=e]l, _n._ morbid displacement of parts. ENTOIL, en-toil', _v.t._ to entangle or ensnare. ENTOMB, en-t[=oo]m', _v.t._ to place in a tomb: to bury.--_n._ ENTOMB'MENT, burial. [O. Fr. _entoumber_--_en_, in, _tombe_, a tomb.] ENTOMOLOGY, en-to-mol'o-ji, _n._ the science which treats of insects.--_adjs._ ENTOM'IC, -AL, relating to insects.--_n._ ENTOMOG'RAPHY, descriptive entomology.--_adj._ EN'TOMOID, insect-like.--_n._ ENTOM'OLITE, a fossil insect.--_adj._ ENTOMOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ENTOMOLOG'ICALLY.--_v.t._ ENTOMOL'OGISE.--_ns._ ENTOMOL'OGIST, one learned in entomology.--_n.pl._ ENTOMOPH'AGA, a sub-section of _Hymenoptera terebrantia_, or boring hymenopterous insects.--_adjs._ ENTOMOPH'AGAN, ENTOMOPH'AGOUS, insectivorous; ENTOMOPH'ILOUS, insect-loving--of such flowers as are specially adapted for fertilisation by the agency of insects.--_ns._ EN'TOMOTAXY, preparation of insects for preservation; ENTOMOT'OMIST; ENTOMOT'OMY, dissection of insects. [Gr. _entoma_, insects, _logia_, a discourse, _phagein_, to eat, _philein_, to love, _taxis_, arrangement, _temnein_, to cut.] ENTOMOSTOMATA, en-to-mo-stom'a-ta, _n.pl._ a family of mollusca. [Gr. _entomos_, cut into--_en_, in, _temnein_, to cut, _stoma_, a mouth.] ENTOMOSTRACA, en-to-mos'tra-ka, _n.pl._ a general name for the lower orders of crustacea--_Phyllopods_, _Ostracods_, _Copepods_, and _Cirripedes_:--_sing._ ENTOMOS'TRACAN.--_adj._ ENTOMOS'TRACOUS. [Gr. _entomos_, cut in--_en_, in, _temnein_, to cut, _ostrakon_, a shell.] ENTONIC, en-ton'ik, _adj._ showing high tension. ENTOPERIPHERAL, en-t[=o]-pe-rif'e-ral, _adj._ situated or originated within the periphery or external surface of the body. ENTOPHYTE, en'to-f[=i]t, _n._ a parasitic plant which grows in a living animal.--_adj._ ENTOPHYT'IC.--_adv._ ENTOPHYT'ICALLY.--_adj._ EN'TOPHYTOUS. [Gr. _enton_, within, and _phyton_, a plant.] ENTOTIC, en-tot'ik, _adj._ of the interior of the ear. ENTOURAGE, äng-t[=oo]-razh', _n._ surroundings: followers. [Fr.,--_entourer_, to surround--_en_, in, _tour_, a circuit.] ENTOZOA, en-to-z[=o]'a, _n.pl._ animals that live inside of other animals: internal parasites such as Tapeworms (q.v.):--_sing._ ENTOZ[=O]'ON.--_adjs._ ENTOZ[=O]'AL, ENTOZ[=O]'IC.--_ns._ ENTOZOOL'OGIST; ENTOZOOL'OGY.--_adj._ ENTOZOOT'IC. [Gr. _entos_, within, _z[=o]on_, an animal.] ENTR'ACTE, äng-trakt', _n._ the time between two acts in a play: (_mus._) an instrumental piece performed between acts. [Fr., _entre_, between, _acte_, an act.] ENTRAIL, en-tr[=a]l', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to interlace, entwine.--_n._ (_Spens._) twisting, entanglement. [O. Fr. _entreillier_--_en_, and _treille_, trellis-work.] ENTRAILS, en'tr[=a]lz, _n.pl._ the internal parts of an animal's body, the bowels: the inside of anything: (_obs._) the seat of the emotions. [O. Fr. _entraille_--Low L. _intralia_--_inter_, within.] ENTRAIN, en-tr[=a]n', _v.t._ to put into a railway train, esp. used of troops. ENTRAIN, en-tr[=a]n', _v.t._ to draw after. [Fr. _entraîner_.] ENTRAMMEL, en-tram'el, _v.t._ to trammel, fetter. ENTRANCE, en'trans, _n._ act of entering: power or right to enter: the place for entering, the door: the beginning.--_n._ EN'TRANT, one who, or that which, enters. [Fr. _entrer_--L. _intr[=a]re_, to enter.] ENTRANCE, en-trans', _v.t._ to put into a trance: to fill with rapturous delight.--_n._ ENTRANCE'MENT, state of trance or of excessive joy.--_p.adj._ ENTRANC'ING, charming, transporting. ENTRAP, en-trap', _v.t._ to catch, as in a trap: to ensnare: to entangle.--_ns._ ENTRAP'MENT, act of entrapping: the state of being entrapped: ENTRAP'PER. [O. Fr. _entraper_--_en_, in, _trappe_, a trap.] ENTREASURE, en-trezh'[=u]r, _v.t._ to lay up, as in a treasury. ENTREAT, en-tr[=e]t', _v.t._ to ask earnestly: to beseech: to pray for: (_orig._) to treat, to deal with--so in _B._--_v.i._ to pray.--_adjs._ ENTREAT'ABLE; ENTREAT'FUL (_Spens._); ENTREAT'ING, that entreats.--_adv._ ENTREAT'INGLY, in an entreating manner: with solicitation.--_adj._ ENTREAT'IVE, pleading.--_ns._ ENTREAT'MENT, act of entreating: (_Shak._) discourse; ENTREAT'Y, act of entreating; earnest prayer. [O. Fr. _entraiter_--_en_, and _traiter_, to treat.] ENTRÉE, äng-tr[=a]', _n._ entry, freedom of access, admittance: a made dish served at dinner between the chief courses: (_mus._) an introduction or prelude: the act of entering, a formal entrance. [Fr.] ENTREMETS, äng-tr'm[=a]', _n._ any dainty served at table between the chief courses--formerly ENTREMES, ENTREMESSE. [O. Fr. _entremes_--_entre_, between, _mes_ (mod. _mets_), a dish.] ENTRENCH, en-trensh', INTRENCH, in-, _v.t._ to dig a trench around: to fortify with a ditch and parapet.--_v.i._ to encroach.--_n._ ENTRENCH'MENT, an earthen parapet thrown up to give cover against an enemy's fire and the ditch or trench from which the earth is obtained: any protection: an encroachment.--ENTRENCH UPON, to encroach upon. ENTREPAS, äng'tr'pä, _n._ a gait between a walk and a trot, an amble. [Fr.] ENTREPÔT, äng'tr'p[=o], _n._ a storehouse: a bonded warehouse: a seaport through which exports and imports pass. [Fr.] ENTRESOL, en'ter-sol, or äng'tr'sol, _n._ a low story between two main stories of a building, generally above the first story; in London, usually between the ground-floor and the first story. [Fr.,--_entre_, between, _sol_, the ground.] ENTROCHITE, en'tr[=o]-k[=i]t, _n._ a wheel-like joint of an encrinite or fossil crinoid--also EN'TROCHUS.--_adj._ EN'TROCHAL. [Gr. _en_, in, _trochos_, a wheel.] ENTROPION, -UM, en-tr[=o]'pi-on, -um, _n._ inversion of the edge of the eyelid. [Gr. _entrop[=e]_.] ENTROPY, en'trop-i, _n._ a term in physics signifying 'the available energy.' ENTRUST, en-trust', INTRUST, in-, _v.t._ to give in trust: to commission: to commit to another, trusting his fidelity.--_n._ ENTRUST'MENT. ENTRY, en'tri, _n._ act of entering: a passage into a short lane leading into a court: act of committing to writing: the thing written: (_law_) the taking possession of.--_n._ EN'TRY-MON'EY, the money paid on entering a society, club, &c.--PORT OF ENTRY (see PORT). ENTWINE, en-tw[=i]n', _v.t._ to interlace: to weave. ENTWIST, en-twist', _v.t._ to twist round. ENUBILATE, [=e]-n[=u]'bi-l[=a]t, _v.t._ to clear from clouds.--_adj._ EN[=U]'BILOUS. ENUCLEATE, en-[=u]'kle-[=a]t, _v.t._ to lay bare, explain: to extract.--_n._ ENUCLE[=A]'TION. [L. _enucle[=a]re_--_e_, out, _nucleus_, a kernel.] ENUMERATE, e-n[=u]'mer-[=a]t, _v.t._ to count the number of: to name over.--_n._ ENUMER[=A]'TION, act of numbering: a detailed account: a summing up.--_adj._ EN[=U]'MERATIVE.--_n._ EN[=U]'MERATOR, one who enumerates. [L. _e_, out, _numer[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to number.] ENUNCIATE, e-nun'shi-[=a]t, _v.t._ to state formally: to pronounce distinctly.--_adj._ ENUN'CIABLE, capable of being enunciated.--_n._ ENUNCI[=A]'TION, act of enunciating: manner of uttering or pronouncing: a distinct statement or declaration: the words in which a proposition is expressed.--_adjs._ ENUN'CI[=A]TIVE, ENUN'CI[=A]TORY, containing enunciation or utterance: declarative.--_n._ ENUN'CI[=A]TOR, one who enunciates. [L. _enunti[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _nunti[=a]re_, to tell--_nuntius_, a messenger.] ENURE, e-n[=u]r', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to practise.--_v.i._ to belong. [_En-_, and _ure_--O. Fr. _oeuvre_--work.] ENURESIS, en-[=u]-r[=e]'sis, _n._ incontinence of urine. ENVASSAL, en-vas'al, _v.t._ to reduce to vassalage. ENVAULT, en-vawlt', _v.t._ to enclose in a vault. ENVEIGLE. See INVEIGLE. ENVELOP, en-vel'up, _v.t._ to cover by wrapping: to surround entirely: to hide.--_n._ ENVELOPE (en'vel-[=o]p, sometimes, but quite unnecessarily, äng'vel-[=o]p), that which envelops, wraps, or covers, esp. the cover of a letter.--_adj._ ENVEL'OPED (_her._), entwined, as with serpents, laurels, &c.--_n._ ENVEL'OPMENT, a wrapping or covering on all sides. [O. Fr. _enveloper_; origin obscure. Skeat refers it to the assumed Teut. root of M. E. _wlappen_, Eng. _lap_.] ENVENOM, en-ven'um, _v.t._ to put venom into: to poison: to taint with bitterness or malice. [O. Fr. _envenimer_--_en_, and _venim_, venom.] ENVERMEIL, en-v[.e]r'mil, _v.t._ (_Milt._) to dye red, to give a red colour to. [O. Fr. _envermeiller_--_en_, in, _vermeil_, red, vermilion.] ENVIRON, en-v[=i]'run, _v.t._ to surround: to encircle: to invest:--_pr.p._ env[=i]'roning; _pa.p._ env[=i]'roned.--_n._ ENV[=I]'RONMENT, a surrounding: conditions influencing development or growth.--_n.pl._ ENVIRONS (en-v[=i]'runz, or en'vi-), the places that environ: the outskirts of a city: neighbourhood. [Fr. _environner_--_environ_, around--_virer_, to turn round; cf. _veer_.] ENVISAGE, en-viz'[=a]j, _v.t._ to face: to consider.--_n._ ENVIS'AGEMENT. [Fr. _envisager_--_en_, and _visage_, the visage.] ENVOY, en'voi, _n._ a messenger, esp. one sent to transact business with a foreign government: a diplomatic minister of the second order.--_n._ EN'VOYSHIP. [For Fr. _envoyé_--_envoyer_, to send.] ENVOY, ENVOI, en'voi, _n._ the concluding part of a poem or a book: the author's final words, esp. now the short stanza concluding a poem written in certain archaic metrical forms. [O. Fr. _envoye_--_envoiier_, to send--_en voie_, on the way--L. _in_, on, _via_, a way.] ENVY, en'vi, _v.t._ to look upon with a grudging eye: to hate on account of prosperity:--_pr.p._ en'vying; _pa.p._ en'vied.--_n._ grief at the sight of another's success: a wicked desire to supplant one: a desire for the advantages enjoyed by another: (_B._) ill-will.--_adj._ EN'VIABLE, that is to be envied.--_n._ EN'VIABLENESS, the state or quality of being enviable.--_adv._ EN'VIABLY.--_n._ EN'VIER, one who envies.--_adj._ EN'VIOUS, feeling envy: directed by envy: (_Spens._) enviable.--_adv._ EN'VIOUSLY.--_ns._ EN'VIOUSNESS; EN'VYING (_B._), jealousy, ill-will. [Fr. _envie_--L. _invidia_--_in_, on, _vid[=e]re_, to look.] ENWALL, en-wawl', INWALL, in-, _v.t._ to enclose within a wall. ENWALLOW, en-wol'[=o], _v.t._ (_Spens._) to roll about, to wallow. ENWHEEL, en-hw[=e]l', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to encircle. ENWIND, en-w[=i]nd', INWIND, in-, _v.t._ to wind itself round. ENWOMB, en-w[=oo]m', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to make pregnant: (_Shak._) to conceive in the womb: to contain. ENWRAP, en-rap', INWRAP, in-, _v.t._ to cover by wrapping: to perplex: to engross.--_n._ ENWRAP'MENT.--_p.adj._ ENWRAP'PING. ENWREATHE, en-r[=e]_th_', INWREATHE, in-, _v.t._ to wreathe: to encircle as with a wreath. ENZONE, en-z[=o]n', _v.t._ to enclose as with a zone. ENZOOTIC, en-z[=o]-ot'ik, _adj._ endemic among animals in a particular district.--_n._ a disease of this character. ENZYM, ENZYME, en'zim, _n._ any of the unorganised ferments: leavened bread--opp. to _Azym_ (q.v.).--_adj._ ENZYMOT'IC. [Gr. _en_, in, _zym[=e]_, leaven.] EOAN, [=e]-[=o]'an, _adj._ of or pertaining to dawn. [L.,--Gr. _[=e][=o]s_, dawn.] EOCENE, [=e]'[=o]-s[=e]n, _adj._ (_geol._) first in time of the three subdivisions of the Tertiary formation. [Gr. _[=e][=o]s_, daybreak, _kainos_, new.] EOLIAN, EOLIC, EOLIPILE. Same as ÆOLIAN, ÆOLIC, ÆOLIPILE. EON. See ÆON. EOTHEN, [=e]-[=o]'then, _adv._ from the east--the name given by Kinglake to his book of travel in the East (1844). [Gr., lit. 'from morn,' 'at earliest dawn.'] EOZOÖN, [=e]-[=o]-z[=o]'on, _n._ an assumed organism whose remains constitute reefs of rocks in the Archæan system in Canada.--_adj._ EOZ[=O]'IC. [Gr. _[=e][=o]s_, dawn, _z[=o]on_, an animal.] EPACRID, ep'a-krid, _n._ a plant of order _Epacridaceæ_, a small order of heath-like shrubs or small trees. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _akris_, a summit.] EPACT, [=e]'pakt, _n._ the moon's age at the beginning of the year: the excess of the solar month or year above the lunar: (_pl._) a set of nineteen numbers used for fixing the date of Easter and other church festivals, by indicating the age of the moon at the beginning of each civil year in the lunar cycle. [Fr.,--Gr. _epaktos_, brought on--_epi_, on, _agein_, to bring.] EPAGOGE, ep-a-g[=o]'j[=e], _n._ induction, proof by example. EPALPATE, [=e]-pal'p[=a]t, _adj._ having no palps or feeders. EPANADIPLOSIS, ep-a-na-di-pl[=o]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure by which a sentence begins and ends with the same word, as in Phil. iv. 4. [Gr.] EPANALEPSIS, ep-a-na-lep'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) repetition or resumption, as in 1 Cor. xi. 18 and 20. [Gr.] EPANODOS, e-pan'[=o]-dos, _n._ recapitulation of the chief points in a discourse. [Gr.] EPANORTHOSIS, ep-an-or-th[=o]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) the retracting of a statement in order to correct or intensify it, as 'For Britain's guid! for her destruction!' [Gr.] EPANTHOUS, ep-an'thus, _adj._ growing upon flowers. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _anthos_, a flower.] EPARCH, ep'ärk, _n._ the governor of a Greek province.--_n._ EP'ARCHY, the province or territory ruled over by an eparch. [Gr. _eparchos_--_epi_, upon, _arch[=e]_, dominion.] EPAULEMENT, e-pawl'ment, _n._ a side-work of a battery or earthwork to protect it from a flanking fire.--_n._ EPAULE', the shoulder of a bastion. [Fr.,--_épauler_, to protect--_épaule_, shoulder.] EPAULET, EPAULETTE, ep'ol-et, _n._ a shoulder-piece: a badge of a military or naval officer (now disused in the British army): an ornament on the shoulder of a lady's dress. [Fr. _épaulette_--_épaule_, the shoulder.] EPEIRA, ep-[=i]r'a, _n._ a genus of spiders, the type of the _Epeiridæ_, including the common garden spider. [Gr. _epi_, on, _eiros_, wool.] EPENCEPHALON, ep-en-sef'a-lon, _n._ the hindmost of the divisions of the brain.--_adj._ EPENCEPHAL'IC. EPENTHESIS, e-pen'the-sis, _n._ the insertion of a letter or syllable within a word.--_adj._ EPENTHET'IC. [Gr.] EPEOLATRY, ep-e-ol'a-tri, _n._ worship of words. [Gr. _epos_, word, _latreia_, worship.] EPERGNE, e-p[.e]rn', _n._ an ornamental stand for a large dish for the centre of a table. [Perh. from Fr. _épargne_, saving--_épargner_, to save.] EPEXEGESIS, ep-eks-e-j[=e]'sis, _n._ the addition of words to make the sentence more clear.--_adjs._ EPEXEGET'IC, -AL.--_adv._ EPEXEGET'ICALLY. [Gr. _epi_, in addition, _ex[=e]geisthai_, to explain.] EPHA, EPHAH, [=e]'fa, _n._ a Hebrew measure for dry goods. [Heb.; prob. of Egyptian origin.] EPHEBE, ef-[=e]b', _n._ (_Greek antiquities_) a young citizen from 18 to 20 years of age. [L. _eph[=e]bus_--Gr. _eph[=e]bos_--_epi_, upon, _h[=e]b[=e]_, early manhood.] EPHEMERA, ef-em'er-a, _n._ the Mayfly, a genus of short-lived insects: that which lasts a short time.--_adj._ EPHEM'ERAL, existing only for a day: daily: short-lived.--_n._ anything lasting a short time.--_ns._ EPHEMERAL'ITY; EPHEM'ERID, an insect belonging to the group _Ephemeridæ_.--_adj._ EPHEMERID'IAN.--_ns._ EPHEM'ERIS, an account of daily transactions: a journal: an astronomical almanac:--_pl._ EPHEMERIDES (ef-e-mer'i-d[=e]z); EPHEM'ERIST, one who studies the daily motions of the planets; EPHEM'ERON, an insect that lives but a day.--_adj._ EPHEM'EROUS. [Through L.,--Gr. _eph[=e]meros_, living a day--_epi_, for, _h[=e]mera_, a day.] EPHESIAN, ef-[=e]'zi-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to _Ephesus_.--_n._ an inhabitant of Ephesus: (_Shak._) 'a jolly companion.' EPHOD, ef'od, _n._ a kind of linen surplice worn by the Jewish priests: a surplice, generally. [Heb. _aphad_, to put on.] EPHOR, ef'or, _n._ a class of magistrates whose office apparently originated at Sparta, being peculiar to the Doric states.--_n._ EPH'ORALTY. [Gr. _epi_, upon, and root of _horaein_, to see.] EPIBLAST, ep'i-blast, _n._ Same as ECTODERM. EPIC, ep'ik, _adj._ applied to a poem which recounts a great event in an elevated style: lofty: grand.--_n._ an epic or heroic poem: a story comparable to those in epic poems.--_ns._ EP'ICISM; EP'ICIST.--EPIC DIALECT, the Greek in which the books of Homer are written. [L. _epicus_--Gr. _epikos_--_epos_, a word.] EPICALYX, ep-i-k[=a]'liks, _n._ an external or accessory calyx outside of the true calyx, as in _Potentilla_. EPICARP, ep'i-kärp, _n._ (_bot._) the outermost layer of the pericarp or fruit. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _karpos_, fruit.] EPICEDIUM, ep-i-s[=e]'di-um, _n._ a funeral ode.--_adjs._ EPIC[=E]'DIAL, EPIC[=E]'DIAN, elegiac. [L.,--Gr. _epik[=e]deion_--_epi_, upon, _k[=e]dos_, care.] EPICENE, ep'i-s[=e]n, _adj._ and _n._ common to both sexes: (_gram._) of either gender. [Through L.,--Gr. _epikoinos_--_epi_, upon, _koinos_, common.] EPICHEIREMA, ep-i-k[=i]-r[=e]'ma, _n._ a syllogism confirmed in its major or minor premise, or in both, by an incidental proposition. [Gr. _epicheir[=e]ma_, attempt--_epi_, upon, _cheir_, the hand.] EPICLINAL, ep-i-kl[=i]'nal, _adj._ (_bot._) placed on the torus or receptacle of a flower. EPICURE, ep'i-k[=u]r, _n._ a follower of _Epicurus_ (341-270 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, who taught that pleasure was the chief good: one given to sensual enjoyment: one devoted to the luxuries of the table.--_adj._ EPICUR[=E]'AN, pertaining to Epicurus: given to luxury.--_n._ a follower of Epicurus: one given to the luxuries of the table.--_n._ EPICUR[=E]'ANISM, the doctrine of Epicurus: attachment to these doctrines.--_v.i._ EP'ICURISE, to play the epicure, to feast, riot: to profess the philosophy of Epicurus.--_n._ EP'ICURISM, the doctrines of Epicurus: luxury: sensual enjoyment. EPICYCLE, ep'i-s[=i]-kl, _n._ a circle having its centre on the circumference of a greater circle on which it moves.--_adj._ EPICY'CLIC.--_n._ EPICY'CLOID, a curve described by every point in the plane of a circle moving on the convex circumference of another circle.--_adj._ EPICYCLOI'DAL. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _kyklos_, a circle.] EPIDEICTIC, -AL, ep-i-d[=i]k'tik, -al, _adj._ done for show or display. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _deiknynai_, to show.] EPIDEMIC, -AL, ep-i-dem'ik, -al, _adj._ affecting a community at a certain time: general.--_n._ EPIDEM'IC, a disease falling on great numbers in one place, simultaneously or in succession.--_adv._ EPIDEM'ICALLY.--_n._ EPIDEMIOL'OGY, the science of epidemics. [Gr. _epid[=e]mos_, general--_epi_, among, _d[=e]mos_, the people.] EPIDERMIS, ep-i-d[.e]r'mis, _n._ scarf-skin or cuticle, forming an external covering of a protective nature for the true skin or corium.--_adjs._ EPIDER'MATOID; EPIDER'MIC, EPIDER'MAL, EPIDER'MIDAL. [Gr. _epidermis_--_epi_, upon, _derma_, the skin.] EPIDOTE, ep'i-d[=o]t, _n._ a silicate of aluminium, iron, and calcium. EPIGASTRIUM, ep-i-gas'tri-um, _n._ the part of the abdomen which chiefly corresponds to the situation of the stomach, extending from the sternum towards the navel.--_adj._ EPIGAS'TRIC. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _gast[=e]r_, the stomach.] EPIGENE, ep'i-j[=e]n, _adj._ applied to the geological agents of change which affect chiefly the superficial position of the earth's crust, as the atmosphere, water, &c.--_adjs._ EPIG'ENOUS, growing on the surface of a part; EPIG[=E]'OUS, growing on the earth--also EPIG[=E]'AL. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _gennaein_, to produce.] EPIGENESIS, ep-i-jen'e-sis, _n._ the development of the organism by the growth and differentiation of a single germ--i.e. by the division or segmentation of a fertilised egg-cell.--_n._ EPIGEN'ESIST.--_adj._ EPIGENET'IC. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _genesis_, genesis.] EPIGLOTTIS, ep-i-glot'is, _n._ the cartilage at the root of the tongue that partly closes the aperture of the larynx.--_adj._ EPIGLOTT'IC. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _gl[=o]tta_ (_gl[=o]ssa_), the tongue.] EPIGRAM, ep'i-gram, _n._ any concise and pointed or sarcastic saying: a short poem on one subject ending with an ingenious thought.--_adjs._ EPIGRAMMAT'IC, -AL, relating to or dealing in epigrams: like an epigram: concise and pointed.--_adv._ EPIGRAMMAT'ICALLY.--_v.t._ EPIGRAM'MATISE, to make an epigram on.--_n._ EPIGRAM'MATIST, one who writes epigrams. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. _epigramma_--_epi_, upon, _gramma_, a writing--_graphein_, to write.] EPIGRAPH, ep'i-graf, _n._ an inscription, esp. on a building: a citation or motto at the commencement of a book or its parts.--_v.t._ to provide with an epigraph.--_ns._ EPIG'RAPHER, EPIG'RAPHIST.--_adj._ EPIGRAPH'IC.--_n._ EPIG'RAPHY. [Gr. _epi-graph[=e]_--_epi_, upon, _graphein_, to write.] EPIGYNOUS, e-pij'i-nus, _adj._ (_bot._) growing upon the top of the ovary. EPILEPSY, ep'i-lep-si, _n._ a chronic functional disease of the nervous system, manifested by recurring attacks of sudden insensibility or impairment of consciousness, commonly accompanied by peculiar convulsive seizures.--_n._ EPILEP'TIC, an epileptic patient.--_adjs._ EPILEP'TIC, -AL; EPILEP'TOID. [Gr. _epilepsia_--_epi_, upon, _lambanein_, _l[=e]psesthai_, to seize.] EPILOGUE, ep'i-log, _n._ the conclusion of a book: a speech or short poem at the end of a play.--_adjs._ EPILOG'IC (-loj'ik), EPILOGIS'TIC.--_v.i._ EPIL'OGISE ('o-j[=i]z), to write an epilogue. [Fr.--L.--Gr. _epilogos_, conclusion--_epi_, upon, _legein_, to speak.] EPINASTY, ep'i-nas-ti, _n._ (_bot._) curvature of an organ, caused by a more active growth on its upper side.--_adj._ EPINAS'TIC.--_adv._ EPINAS'TICALLY. EPIPERIPHERAL, ep-i-pe-rif'e-ral, _adj._ situated on the periphery or outer surface of the body. EPIPETALOUS, ep-i-pet'a-lus, _adj._ (_bot._) inserted or growing on a petal. EPIPHANY, e-pif'an-i, _n._ a church festival celebrated on Jan. 6, in commemoration of the manifestation of Christ to the wise men of the East: the manifestation of a god. [Gr. _epiphaneia_, appearance--_epi_, to, _phainein_, to show.] EPIPHLOEUM, ep-i-fl[=e]'um, _n._ (_bot._) the corky envelope of the bark next the epidermis. EPIPHRAGM, ep'i-fram, _n._ (_bot._) the dilated apex of the columella in urn-mosses: the disc with which certain molluscs close the aperture of their shell. EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS, ep-i-fil-[=o]-sper'mus, _adj._ (_bot._) bearing fruit on the back of the fronds, as ferns. EPIPHYLLOUS, ep-i-fil'us, _adj._ (_bot._) growing upon a leaf, esp. on its upper surface. EPIPHYSIS, ep-if'i-sis, _n._ any portion of a bone having its own centre of ossification: the pineal gland: a small upper piece of each half of an alveolus of a sea-urchin:--_pl._ EPIPH'YSES. [Gr.] EPIPHYTE, ep'i-f[=i]t, _n._ one of a species of plants attached to trees, and deriving their nourishment from the decaying portions of the bark, and perhaps also from the air.--_adjs._ EPIPHY'TAL, EPIPHYT'IC. [Gr. _epi_, upon, and _phyton_, a plant.] EPIPLASTRON, ep-i-plas'tron, _n._ the anterior lateral one of the nine pieces of which the plastron of a turtle may consist. EPIPLOON, e-pip'l[=o]-on, _n._ the great omentum.--_adj._ EPIPL[=O]'IC. [Gr.] EPIPOLISM, e-pip'[=o]-lizm, _n._ fluorescence.--_adj._ EPIPOL'IC. [Gr.] EPIRHIZOUS, ep-i-r[=i]'zus, _adj._ growing on a root. EPISCOPACY, e-pis'ko-pas-i, _n._ the government of the church by bishops: the office of a bishop: the period of office: the bishops, as a class.--_adj._ EPIS'COPAL, governed by bishops: belonging to or vested in bishops.--_adj._ EPISCOP[=A]'LIAN, belonging to bishops, or government by bishops.--_n._ one who belongs to the Episcopal Church.--_n._ EPISCOP[=A]'LIANISM, episcopalian government and doctrine.--_adv._ EPIS'COPALLY.--_ns._ EPIS'COPANT (_Milt._); EPIS'COPATE, a bishopric: the office of a bishop: the order of bishops.--_v.i._ (_Milt._) to act as a bishop.--_v.t._ EPIS'COP[=I]SE.--_n._ EPIS'COPY (_Milt._), survey, superintendence. [L. _episcopatus_--Gr. _episkopos_, an overseer.] EPISEMON, ep-i-s[=e]'mon, _n._ the characteristic device of a city, &c.: one of three obsolete Greek letters used as numerals--[vau], vau; [koppa], koppa; and [san], san, sampi. EPISODE, ep'i-s[=o]d, _n._ a story introduced into a narrative or poem to give variety: an interesting incident.--_adjs._ EP'IS[=O]DAL, EPIS[=O]'DIAL, EPIS[=O]D'IC, EPIS[=O]D'ICAL, pertaining to or contained in an episode: brought in as a digression.--_adv._ EPIS[=O]D'ICALLY, by way of episode: incidentally. [Gr. _epeisodion_--_epi_, upon, _eisodos_, a coming in--_eis_, into, _hodos_, a way.] EPISPASTIC, ep-i-spas'tik, _adj._ producing a blister on the skin.--_n._ a blister. EPISPERM, ep'i-sp[.e]rm, _n._ the outer integument of a seed. [Gr. _epi_, upon, and _sperma_, seed.] EPISTAXIS, ep-is-tak'sis, _n._ bleeding from the nose. EPISTEMOLOGY, ep-is-t[=e]-mol'oj-i, _n._ the theory of knowledge.--_adj._ EPISTEMOLOG'ICAL. [Gr. _epist[=e]m[=e]_, knowledge, _logia_, discourse.] EPISTERNUM, ep-i-ster'num, _n._ the interclavicle: the epiplastron: the presternum of mammals.--_adj._ EPISTER'NAL. EPISTILBITE, ep-i-stil'b[=i]t, _n._ a whitish hydrous silicate of aluminium, calcium, and sodium. EPISTLE, e-pis'l, _n._ a writing sent to one, a letter: esp. a letter to an individual or church from an apostle, as the Epistles of Paul: the extract from one of the apostolical epistles read as part of the communion service.--_v.i._ (_Milt._) to preface.--_ns._ EPIS'TLER, EPIS'TOLER, a letter-writer; EPIS'TLER, one who reads the liturgical epistle in the communion service.--_adjs._ EPIS'TOLARY, EPIS'TOLATORY, EPISTOL'IC, -AL, pertaining to or consisting of epistles or letters: suitable to an epistle: contained in letters.--_n._ EPIS'TOLET, a short letter.--_v.i._ EPIS'TOLISE, to write a letter.--_ns._ EPIS'TOLIST, a writer of letters; EPISTOLOG'RAPHY, letter-writing. [O. Fr.,--L. _epistola_--Gr. _epistol[=e]_--_epi_, _stellein_, to send.] EPISTROPHE, e-pis'tr[=o]-f[=e], _n._ (_rhet._) a form of repetition in which successive clauses end with the same word, as in 2 Cor. xi. 22: a refrain in music. EPISTYLE, ep'i-st[=i]l, _n._ Same as ARCHITRAVE. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _stylos_, a pillar.] EPITAPH, ep'i-taf, _n._ a commemorative inscription on a tombstone or monument.--_v.t._ to write an epitaph upon.--_adjs._ EPITAPH'IAN, EPITAPH'IC.--_n._ EP'ITAPHIST, a writer of epitaphs. [Gr. _epitaphion_--_epi_, upon, _taphos_, a tomb.] EPITASIS, e-pit'a-sis, _n._ the main action of a Greek drama, leading to the catastrophe--opp. to _Protasis_. EPITHALAMIUM, ep-i-tha-l[=a]'mi-um, _n._ a song or poem in celebration of a marriage.--_adj._ EPITHALAM'IC. [Gr. _epithalamion_--_epi_, upon, _thalamos_, a bedchamber, marriage.] EPITHELIUM, ep-i-th[=e]'li-um, _n._ the cell-tissue which invests the outer surface of the body and the mucous membranes connected with it, and also the closed cavities of the body.--_adj._ EPITH[=E]'LIAL.--_n._ EPITHELI[=O]'MA, carcinoma of the skin.--_adj._ EPITHELIOM'ATOUS. [Gr.,--_epi_, upon, _th[=e]l[=e]_, nipple.] EPITHEM, ep'i-them, _n._ (_med._) a soft external application. [Gr. _epithema_--_epi_, upon, _tithenai_, to place.] EPITHET, ep'i-thet, _n._ an adjective expressing some real quality of the thing to which it is applied, or an attribute expressing some quality ascribed to it: (_Shak._) term, expression.--_v.t._ to term.--_adj._ EPITHET'IC, pertaining to an epithet: abounding with epithets.--_n._ EPITH'ETON (_Shak._), epithet. [Gr. _epithetos_, added--_epi_, on, _tithenai_, to place.] EPITHYMETIC, ep-i-thim-et'ik, _adj._ pertaining to desire. [Gr.,--_epi_, upon, _thymos_, the soul.] EPITOME, e-pit'o-me, _n._ an abridgment or short summary of anything, as of a book.--_adj._ EPITOM'ICAL, like an epitome.--_v.t._ EPIT'OMISE, to make an epitome of: to shorten: to condense.--_ns._ EPIT'OMISER, EPIT'OMIST, one who abridges.--IN EPITOME, on a small scale. [Gr.,--_epi_, _temnein_, to cut.] EPITONIC, ep-i-ton'ik, _adj._ overstrained. [Gr.,--_epi_, upon, _teinein_, to stretch.] EPITRITE, ep'i-tr[=i]t, _n._ (_pros._) a foot made up of three long syllables and one short. [L.,--Gr.,--_epi_, in addition, _tritos_, the third.] EPIZEUXIS, ep-i-z[=u]k'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) the immediate repetition of a word for emphasis. [Gr.] EPIZOON, ep-i-z[=o]'on, _n._ a parasitic animal that lives on the bodies of other animals and derives its nourishment from the skin--also EPIZ[=O]'AN:--_pl._ EPIZ[=O]'A.--_adj._ EPIZOOT'IC, pertaining to epizoa: (_geol._) containing fossil remains: epidemic, as applied to animals. [Gr. _epi_, upon, _z[=o]on_, an animal.] EPOCH, ep'ok, or [=e]'-, _n._ a point of time fixed or made remarkable by some great event from which dates are reckoned: a period remarkable for important events: (_astron._) the mean heliocentric longitude of a planet in its orbit at any given time.--_adjs._ EP'OCHAL; EP'OCH-M[=A]'KING.--MAKE, MARK, AN EPOCH, to begin an important era. [Gr. _epoch[=e]_--_epechein_, to stop--_epi_, upon, _echein_, to hold.] EPODE, ep'[=o]d, _n._ a kind of lyric poem invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one: the last part of a lyric ode, sung after the strophe and antistrophe.--_adj._ EPOD'IC. [Gr. _ep[=o]dos_--_epi_, on, _[=o]d[=e]_, an ode.] EPONYM, ep'o-nim, _n._ a mythical personage created to account for the name of a tribe or people: a special title.--_adj._ EPON'YMOUS. [Gr. _epi_, upon, to, _onoma_, a name.] EPOPEE, ep'o-p[=e], EPOPOEIA, ep-o-p[=e]'ya, _n._ epic poetry: an epic poem. [Formed from Gr. _epopoiia_--_epos_, a word, an epic poem, _poiein_, to make.] EPOPT, ep'opt, _n._ one initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. [Gr. _epi_, upon, and root _op-_, to see.] EPOS, ep'os, _n._ the elementary stage of epic poetry: an epic poem: a series of events such as are treated in epic poetry. [L.,--Gr. _epos_, a word.] EPROUVETTE, ep-roov-et', _n._ a machine for testing the strength of gunpowder. [Fr.,--_éprouver_, to try.] EPSOM, ep'sum, _n._ a useful purgative medicine, acting as a refrigerant, and sometimes as a diuretic.--Also EP'SOM-SALT. [From _Epsom_, a town in Surrey.] EPULOTIC, ep-[=u]-lot'ik, _adj._ cicatrising.--_n._ a cicatrising medicament. EQUABLE, [=e]'kwa-bl, or ek'wa-bl, _adj._ equal and uniform: smooth: not variable: of even temper.--_ns._ EQUABIL'ITY, E'QUABLENESS, the state or condition of being equable.--_adv._ E'QUABLY. [L. _æquabilis_--_æqu[=a]re_--_æquus_, equal.] EQUAL, [=e]'kwal, _adj._ identical: of the same value: adequate: in just proportion: fit: equable: uniform: equitable: evenly balanced: just.--_n._ one of the same age, rank, &c.--_v.t._ to be, or to make, equal to:--_pr.p._ [=e]'qualling; _pa.p._ [=e]'qualled.--_n._ EQUALIS[=A]'TION, the act of making equal: state of being equalised.--_v.t._ E'QUALISE, to make equal.--_adj._ and _n._ EQUALIT[=A]R'IAN, of or pertaining to the equality of mankind.--_n._ EQUAL'ITY, the condition of being equal: sameness: evenness.--_adv._ E'QUALLY.--_n._ E'QUALNESS, the state of being equal: evenness: uniformity.--_v.t._ EQU[=A]TE', to reduce to an average or to a common standard of comparison: to regard as equal:--_pr.p._ equ[=a]t'ing; _pa.p._ equ[=a]t'ed.--_ns._ EQU[=A]'TION, the act of making equal: (_alg._) a statement of the equality of two quantities: reduction to a mean proportion; EQU[=A]'TOR (_geog._), a great circle passing round the middle of the globe and dividing it into two equal parts: (_astron._) the equinoctial.--_adj._ EQUAT[=O]'RIAL, of or pertaining to the equator.--_n._ an instrument for observing and following a celestial body in any part of its diurnal course.--_adv._ EQUAT[=O]'RIALLY, so as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator.--EQUAL TO THE OCCASION, fit or able for an emergency.--EQUATION OF TIME, the reduction from mean solar time to apparent solar time.--AN EQUAL (_Spens._), a state of equality.--PERSONAL EQUATION, any error common to all the observations of some one person, any tendency to error or prejudice due to the personal characteristics of some person for which allowance must be made. [L. _æqualis_--_æqu[=a]re_, to make equal--_æquus_, equal.] EQUANIMITY, [=e]-kwa-nim'i-ti, _n._ equality or evenness of mind or temper.--_adj._ EQUAN'IMOUS.--_adv._ EQUAN'IMOUSLY. [L. _æquanimitas_--_æquus_, equal, _animus_, the mind.] EQUERRY, ek'we-ri, _n._ in the royal household, an official under the Master of the Horse, whose main duty is to accompany the sovereign when riding in state. [Fr. _écurie_--Low L. _scuria_, a stable--Old High Ger. _scûr_ (Ger. _scheuer_), a shed.] EQUESTRIAN, e-kwes'tri-an, _adj._ pertaining to horses or horsemanship: on horseback.--_n._ one who rides on horseback:--_fem._ EQUESTRIENNE'.--_n._ EQUES'TRIANISM, horsemanship. [L. _equester_, _equestris_--_eques_, a horseman--_equus_, a horse.] EQUI-, [=e]'kwi, a prefix meaning equal, from L. _æquus_.--_adj._ EQUIAN'GULAR, consisting of or having equal angles.--_n._ EQUIBAL'ANCE, equal weight.--_adjs._ EQUIDIFF'ERENT, having equal differences; EQUIDIS'TANT, equally distant.--_adv._ EQUIDIS'TANTLY.--_adj._ EQUILAT'ERAL, having all sides equal.--_v.t._ EQUIL[=I]'BR[=A]TE, to balance: to counterpoise.--_ns._ EQUILIBR[=A]'TION; EQUILIB'RITY, EQUILIB'RIUM, equal balancing: equality of weight or force: level position; EQUIMUL'TIPLE, a number multiplied by the same number as another.--_adj._ EQUIP[=E]'DAL, equal-footed.--_ns._ EQUIPEN'DENCY, act of hanging in equipoise; E'QUIPOISE, equality of weight or force: the state of a balance when the two weights are equal.--_v.t._ to counterbalance.--_n._ EQUIS[=O]'NANCE, the consonance which exists between octaves.--_adj._ E'QUIVALVE, having valves equal in size or form. EQUINE, [=e]'kw[=i]n, EQUINAL, [=e]-kw[=i]n'al, _adj._ pertaining to a horse or horses.--_n._ EQUIN'IA, horse-pox, glanders, farcy. [L. _equinus_--_equus_, a horse.] EQUINOX, [=e]'kwi-noks, _n._ the time when the sun crosses the equator, making the night equal in length to the day, about 21st March and 23d Sept.--_adj._ EQUINOC'TIAL, pertaining to the equinoxes, the time of the equinoxes, or to the regions about the equator.--_n._ a great circle in the heavens corresponding to the equator of the earth.--_adv._ EQUINOC'TIALLY, in the direction of the equinox.--EQUINOCTIAL GALES, high gales popularly supposed to prevail about the times of the equinoxes--the belief is unsupported by observation. [L. _æquus_, equal, _nox_, _noctis_, night.] EQUIP, e-kwip', _v.t._ to fit out: to furnish with everything needed for any service or work:--_pr.p._ equip'ping; _pa.p._ equipped'.--_n._ E'QUIP[=A]GE, that with which one is equipped: furniture required for any service, as that of a soldier, &c.: a carriage and attendants, retinue.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to furnish with an equipage.--_n._ EQUIP'MENT, the act of equipping: the state of being equipped: things used in equipping or furnishing: outfit. [Fr. _équiper_, prob. Ice. _skipa_, to set in order, _skip_, a ship.] EQUIPOLLENT, e-kwi-pol'ent, _adj._ having equal power or force: equivalent.--_n._ an equivalent.--_ns._ EQUIPOLL'ENCE, EQUIPOLL'ENCY. [L. _æquus_, equal, _pollens_, _pollentis_, pr.p. of _poll[=e]re_, to be able.] EQUIPONDERATE, [=e]-kwi-pon'd[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.i._ to be equal in weight: to balance.--_adj._ equal in weight.--_n._ EQUIPON'DERANCE.--_adj._ EQUIPON'DERANT. [L. _æquus_, equal, _pondus_, _ponderis_, weight.] EQUISETUM, ek-wi-s[=e]'tum, _n._ a genus of herbaceous plants having leafless articulated and whorled stems and branches--also _Horse-tail_.--_adjs._ EQUISET[=A]'CEOUS; EQUISET'IC; EQUISET'IFORM. [L.,--_equus_, a horse, _seta_, a bristle.] EQUITATION, ek-wi-t[=a]'shun, _n._ the art of riding on horseback.--_adjs._ EQ'UITANT, riding: straddling, overlapping; EQUIV'OROUS, eating horse-flesh. [L.,--_equit[=a]re_--_equus_, a horse.] EQUITY, ek'wi-ti, _n._ right as founded on the laws of nature: moral justice, of which laws are the imperfect expression: the spirit of justice which enables us to interpret laws rightly: fairness.--_adj._ EQ'UITABLE, possessing or showing equity: held or exercised in equity.--_n._ EQ'UITABLENESS.--_adv._ EQ'UITABLY. [Fr. _equité_--L. _æquitas_--_æquus_, equal.] EQUIVALENT, e-kwiv'a-lent, _adj._ equal in value, power, meaning, &c.--_n._ a thing equivalent.--_n._ EQUIV'ALENCE.--_adv._ EQUIV'ALENTLY. [Fr.,--L. _æquus_, equal, _valens_, _valentis_, pr.p. of _val[=e]re_, to be worth.] EQUIVOCAL, e-kwiv'[=o]-kal, _adj._ capable of meaning two or more things: of doubtful meaning: capable of a double explanation: suspicious: questionable.--_adv._ EQUIV'OCALLY.--_n._ EQUIV'OCALNESS.--_v.i._ EQUIV'OC[=A]TE, to use equivocal or doubtful words in order to mislead.--_ns._ EQUIVOC[=A]'TION, act of equivocating or using ambiguous words to mislead; EQUIV'OC[=A]TOR.--_adj._ EQUIV'OC[=A]TORY, containing or characterised by equivocation.--_ns._ E'QUIVOKE, E'QUIVOQUE, an equivocal expression: equivocation: a quibble. [L. _æquus_, equal, _vox_, _vocis_, the voice, a word.] ERA, [=e]'ra, _n._ a series of years reckoned from a particular point, or that point itself: an important date. [Late L. _æra_, a number, orig. 'counters,' pieces of copper used in counting, being the neut.pl. of _æs_, _æris_, copper.] ERADIATE, e-r[=a]'di-[=a]t, _v.i._ to shoot out like a ray of light:--_pr.p._ er[=a]'diating; _pa.p._ er[=a]'diated.--_n._ ERADI[=A]'TION, the act of eradiating; emission of radiance. [L. _e_, out, _radius_, a ray.] ERADICATE, e-rad'i-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to pull up by the roots: to destroy.--_adj._ ERAD'ICABLE, that may be eradicated.--_p.adj._ ERAD'IC[=A]TED, rooted up: (_her._) said of a tree, or part of a tree, torn up by the roots.--_n._ ERADIC[=A]'TION, the act of eradicating: state of being eradicated.--_adj._ ERAD'IC[=A]TIVE, serving to eradicate or drive thoroughly away.--_n._ ERAD'IC[=A]TOR. [L. _eradic[=a]re_, to root out--_e_, out, _radix_, _radicis_, a root.] ERASE, e-r[=a]s', _v.t._ to rub or scrape out: to efface: to destroy.--_adj._ ER[=A]'SABLE.--_p.adj._ ERASED', rubbed out: effaced: (_her._) torn off, so as to leave jagged edges.--_ns._ ER[=A]'SER, one who, or that which, erases, as _ink-eraser_; ER[=A]'SION, ERASE'MENT, ER[=A]'SURE, the act of erasing: a rubbing out: the place where something written has been rubbed out. [L. _erad[)e]re_--_e_, out, _rad[)e]re_, _rasum_, to scrape.] ERASTIAN, e-rast'yan, _n._ a follower of Thomas _Erastus_ (1524-83), a Swiss physician, who denied the church the right to inflict excommunication and disciplinary penalties: one who minimises the spiritual independence of the church, subordinating her jurisdiction to the state--a position not held by Erastus at all.--_adj._ relating to the Erastians or their doctrines.--_n._ ERAST'IANISM, control of church by state. ERATO, er'a-t[=o], _n._ the Muse of lyric poetry. ERBIUM, er'bi-um, _n._ a rare metal, the compounds of which are present in the mineral gadolinite, found at Ytterby in Sweden. [From Ytt_erby_.] ERE, [=a]r, _adv._ before, sooner.--_prep._ before.--_conj._ sooner than.--_advs._ ERELONG', before long: soon; ERENOW', before this time; EREWHILE', formerly: some time before. [A.S. _['æ]r_; cf. Dut. _eer_.] EREBUS, er'e-bus, _n._ (_myth._) the dark and gloomy cavern between earth and Hades: the lower world, hell. [L.,--Gr. _Erebos_.] ERECT, e-rekt', _v.t._ to set upright: to raise: to build: to exalt: to establish.--_adj._ upright: directed upward.--_adj._ ERECT'ED.--_ns._ ERECT'ER, ERECT'OR, one who, or that which, erects or raises: a muscle which assists in erecting a part or an organ: an attachment to a compound microscope for making the image erect instead of inverted.--_adj._ ERECT'ILE, that may be erected.--_ns._ ERECTIL'ITY, quality of being erectile; EREC'TION, act of erecting: state of being erected: exaltation: anything erected: a building of any kind.--_adj._ ERECT'IVE, tending to erect.--_adv._ ERECT'LY.--_n._ ERECT'NESS. [L. _erectus_, _erig[)e]re_, to set upright--_e_, out, _reg[)e]re_, to direct.] EREMACAUSIS, er-e-ma-kaw'sis, _n._ (_chem._) slow combustion or oxidation. [Gr. _erema_, slowly, _kausis_--_kaiein_, to burn.] EREMITE, er'e-m[=i]t, _n._ a recluse who lives apart, from religious motives: a hermit.--_adjs._ EREMIT'IC, -AL.--_n._ ER'EMITISM, state of being an eremite. [Late L.,--Gr. _er[=e]mos_, desert.] ERETHISM, er'e-thizm, _n._ excitement or stimulation of any organ.--_adjs._ ERETHIS'MIC, ERETHIS'TIC, ERETHIT'IC. [Gr.] ERF, erf, _n._ a garden-plot in South Africa. [Dut.] ERG, erg, _n._ the unit of work in the centimetre-gramme-second system--that is, the quantity of work done by a force which, acting for one second upon a mass of one gramme, produces a velocity of one centimetre per second. [Gr. _erg-on_, work.] ERGO, [.e]r'go, _adv._ (_logic_) therefore, used to mark the conclusion of a syllogism.--_v.i._ ER'GOTISE, to wrangle. [L. _ergo_, therefore.] ERGOT, [.e]r'got, _n._ a disease, consisting of a parasitical fungus, found on the seed of certain plants, esp. rye and some other grasses.--_ns._ ER'GOTINE, the active principle of ergot of rye; ER'GOTISM, poisoning caused by eating bread made of rye diseased with ergot; ERGOTIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ER'GOTISE. [Fr.] ERIC, er'ik, _n._ the blood-fine paid by a murderer to his victim's family in old Irish law.--Also ER'IACH, ER'ICK. ERICA, e-r[=i]'ka, _n._ the scientific name for heath.--_adj._ ERIC[=A]'CEOUS, belonging to plants of the genus _Erica_. [L.,--Gr. _ereik[=e]_, heath.] ERINGO. Same as ERYNGO. ERINITE, er'i-n[=i]t, _n._ native arseniate of copper found in Cornwall and Ireland. [_Erin_, old name of Ireland.] ERINYS, e-r[=i]'nis, _n._ one of the Furies:--_pl._ ERINYES (e-rin'i-[=e]z). ERIOMETER, er-i-om'e-ter, _n._ an optical instrument for measuring small diameters of fibres, &c. [Gr. _erion_, wool, _metron_, a measure.] ERISTIC, -AL, er-is'tik, -al, _adj._ of or pertaining to controversy. [Gr. _erizein_, to strive--_eris_, strife.] ERL-KING, [.e]rl'-king, _n._ for German _erl-könig_, a mistranslation (meaning 'alder-king') of the Danish _ellerkonge_ (i. e. _elverkonge_, king of the elves). ERMELIN, [.e]r'me-lin, _n._ (_arch._) ermine. ERMINE, [.e]r'min, _n._ a well-known carnivore belonging to the genus which includes polecat, weasel, ferret, &c.--its white fur often used as an emblem of purity: ermine fur used for the robes of judges and magistrates.--_adj._ ER'MINED, adorned with ermine. [O. Fr. _ermine_ (Fr. _hermine_), perh. from L. (_mus_) _Armenius_, lit. mouse of Armenia, whence it was brought to Rome; but acc. to Skeat from Old High Ger. _harmin_ (Ger. _hermelin_), ermine-fur.] ERNE, [.e]rn, _n._ the eagle. [A.S. _earn_; cf. Ice. _orn_, Dut. _arend_.] ERNE, [.e]rn, _v.i._ obsolete form of _earn_, to yearn. ERODE, e-r[=o]d', _v.t._ to eat away: to wear away.--_n._ ER[=O]'DENT, a caustic drug.--_adj._ ER[=O]SE', gnawed.--_n._ ER[=O]'SION, act or state of eating or being eaten away.--_adj._ ER[=O]'SIVE, having the property of eating away. [L. _e_, out, _rod[)e]re_, _rosum_, to gnaw.] EROSTRATE, e-ros'tr[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) having no beak. EROTESIS, er-[=o]-t[=e]'sis, _n._ (_rhet._) a figure consisting of an oratorical question.--_adj._ EROTET'IC. [Gr.] EROTIC, er-ot'ik, _adj._ pertaining to love: amatory.--_n._ an amatory poem.--_ns._ EROTOM[=A]'NIA, morbid sexual passion; EROTOM[=A]'NIAC, one affected with this. [Gr. _er[=o]tikos_--_er[=o]s_, _er[=o]tos_, love.] ERR, er, _v.i._ to wander from the right way: to go astray: to mistake: to sin.--_adj._ ERR'ABLE, capable of erring.--_n._ ERRAT'IC, a wanderer: an erratic boulder.--_adjs._ ERRAT'IC, -AL, wandering: having no certain course: not stationary: irregular.--_adv._ ERRAT'ICALLY.--_n._ ERR[=A]'TUM, an error in writing or printing, esp. one noted in a list at the end of a book:--_pl._ ERR[=A]'TA.--_adj._ ERR[=O]'NEOUS, erring: full of error: wrong: mistaken: (_obs._) wandering.--_adv._ ERR[=O]'NEOUSLY.--_ns._ ERR[=O]'NEOUSNESS; ERR'OR, a deviation from truth, right, &c.: a blunder or mistake: a fault: sin; ERR'ORIST. [Fr. _errer_--L. _err[=a]re_, to stray; cog. with Ger. _irren_, and _irre_, astray.] ERRAND, er'and, _n._ a message: a commission to say or do something.--A FOOL'S ERRAND, a useless undertaking; GO AN ERRAND, to go with messages; MAKE AN ERRAND, to invent a reason for going. [A.S. _['æ]rende_; Ice. _eyrindi_; prob. conn. with Goth. _áirus_, Ice. _árr_, a messenger.] ERRANT, er'ant, _adj._ wandering: roving: wild: (_obs._) thorough (cf. ARRANT).--_n._ a knight-errant.--_adv._ ERR'ANTLY.--_n._ ERR'ANTRY, an errant or wandering state: a rambling about like a knight-errant. [Fr.,--L. _errans_, _errantis_, pr.p. of _err[=a]re_.] ERRHINE, er'in, _adj._ affecting the nose.--_n._ a sternutatory. [Gr., _en_, in, _rhis_, _rhinos_, the nose.] ERSE, [.e]rs, _n._ the name given by the Lowland Scotch to the language of the people of the West Highlands, as being of Irish origin--now sometimes used for Irish, as opposed to Scotch, Gaelic. [_Irish_.] ERST, [.e]rst, _adv._ at first: formerly.--_adv._ ERST'WHILE, formerly. [A.S. _['æ]rest_, superl. of _['æ]r_. See ERE.] ERUBESCENT, er-[=oo]-bes'ent, _adj._ growing red: blushing.--_ns._ ERUBES'CENCE, ERUBES'CENCY. [L. _erubescens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _erubesc[)e]re_, to grow red--_e_, out, and _rubesc[)e]re_--_rub[=e]re_, to be red. See RUBY.] ERUCTATE, e-ruk't[=a]t, _v.t._ to belch out, as wind from the stomach.--_n._ ERUCT[=A]'TION, the act of belching: a violent ejection of wind or other matter from the earth, as a volcano, &c. [L. _eruct[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _ruct[=a]re_, to belch forth.] ERUDITE, er'[=oo]-d[=i]t, _adj._ learned.--_n._ a learned person.--_adv._ ER'UDITELY.--_n._ ERUDI'TION, state of being erudite or learned: knowledge gained by study: learning, esp. in literature. [L. _erud[=i]re_, _erud[=i]tum_, to free from rudeness--_e_, from, _rudis_, rude.] ERUPT, e-rupt', _v.i._ to break out or through, as a volcano.--_n._ ERUP'TION, a breaking or bursting forth: that which bursts forth: a breaking out of spots on the skin.--_adjs._ ERUP'TIONAL; ERUPT'IVE, breaking forth: attended by or producing eruption: produced by eruption.--_n._ ERUPT'IVENESS. [L. _erump[)e]re_, _eruptum_.--_e_, out, _rump[)e]re_, to break.] ERYNGO, e-ring'go, _n._ a genus of evergreen plants resembling thistles, the young leaves of _E. maritimum_ (sea-holly) being sometimes eaten as a salad. [L. _eryngion_--Gr. _[=e]ryngos_.] ERYSIMUM, er-is'i-mum, _n._ a genus of _Cruciferæ_, allied to Hedge-mustard and Dame's Violet. [Formed through L. from Gr. _erysimon_.] ERYSIPELAS, er-i-sip'e-las, _n._ an inflammatory disease, generally in the face, marked by a bright redness of the skin.--_adj._ ERYSIPEL'ATOUS. [Gr.; prob. from the root of _erythros_, red, _pella_, skin.] ERYTHEMA, er-i-th[=e]'ma, _n._ a name applied to certain skin diseases, but scarcely used by any two writers in exactly the same sense.--_adjs._ ERYTHEMAT'IC, ERYTHEM'ATOUS. [Gr.,--_erythainein_, to redden--_erythros_, red.] ERYTHRITE, e-rith'r[=i]t, _n._ a reddish hydrous arseniate of cobalt.--_adj._ ERYTHRIT'IC. ESCALADE, es-ka-l[=a]d', _n._ the scaling of the walls of a fortress by means of ladders.--_v.t._ to scale: to mount and enter by means of ladders--sometimes written ESCAL[=A]'DO. [Fr.,--Sp. _escalada_--_escala_, a ladder--L. _scala_.] ESCALLOP, es-kal'up, _n._ a variant of _scallop_.--_adj._ ESCALL'OPED. (_her._), covered with scallop-shells. [Illustration] ESCAPE, es-k[=a]p', _v.t._ to free from: to pass unobserved: to evade: to issue.--_v.i._ to flee and become safe from danger: to be passed without harm.--_n._ act of escaping: flight from danger or from prison.--_adj._ ESCAP'ABLE.--_ns._ ESCAP[=A]DE', an escape: a mischievous freak; ESC[=A]PE'MENT, act of escaping: means of escape: part of a timepiece connecting the wheelwork with the pendulum or balance, and allowing a tooth to escape at each vibration; ESCAPE'-VALVE, a valve on a boiler so as to let the steam escape when wanted. [O. Fr. _escaper_ (Fr. _échapper_)--L. _ex cappa_, (lit.) 'out of one's cape or cloak.'] ESCARMOUCHE, e-skär'moosh, _n._ (_obs._) a skirmish. [Fr.] ESCARP, es-kärp', _v.t._ to make into a scarp or sudden slope.--_n._ a scarp or steep slope: (_fort._) the side of the ditch next the rampart.--_n._ ESCARP'MENT, the precipitous side of any hill or rock: escarp. [Fr. _escarper_, to cut down steep, from root of _scarp_.] ESCHALOT, esh-a-lot'. See SHALLOT. ESCHAR, es'kär, _n._ a slough or portion of dead or disorganised tissue, gen. of artificial sloughs produced by the application of caustics.--_adj._ ESCHAROT'IC, tending to form an eschar: caustic.--_n._ a caustic substance. [L.,--Gr. _eschara_, a hearth.] ESCHATOLOGY, es-ka-tol'o-ji, _n._ (_theol._) the doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, the state after death.--_adjs._ ESCHATOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ ESCHATOL'OGIST. [Gr. _eschatos_, last, _logia_, a discourse.] ESCHEAT, es-ch[=e]t', _n._ property which falls to the state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture: (_Spens._) plunder.--_v.t._ to confiscate.--_v.i._ to fall to the lord of the manor or the state.--_adj._ ESCHEAT'ABLE.--_ns._ ESCHEAT'AGE; ESCHEAT'OR. [O. Fr. _eschete_--_escheoir_ (Fr. _échoir_)--Low L.,--L. _ex_, out, _cad[)e]re_, to fall.] ESCHEW, es-ch[=oo]', _v.t._ to shun: to flee from: to abstain from. [O. Fr. _eschever_; cog. with Ger. _scheuen_, to shun.] ESCLANDRE, e-sklang'dr, _n._ notoriety: any unpleasantness. [Fr.,--L. _scandalum_.] ESCORT, es'kort, _n._ a body of men, or a single man, accompanying any one on a journey, for protection, guidance, or merely courtesy: attendance.--_v.t._ ESC[=O]RT', to attend as guide or guard. [Fr. _escorte_--It. _scorta_--_scorgere_, to guide--L. _ex_, out, _corrig[)e]re_, to set right.] ESCOT, es-kot', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to pay a reckoning for, to maintain. [O. Fr. _escoter_, _escot_=_scot_, a tax.] ESCRITOIRE, es-kri-twor', _n._ a writing-desk.--_adj._ ESCRIT[=O]'RIAL. [Fr. _escritoire_--Low L. _scriptorium_--L. _scrib[)e]re_, _scriptum_, to write.] ESCROLL, es-kr[=o]l', _n._ (_her._). Same as SCROLL. ESCUAGE, es'k[=u]-[=a]j, _n._ scutage. ESCULAPIAN, es-k[=u]-l[=a]'pi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Esculapius_, and hence to the art of healing.--Also ÆSCUL[=A]'PIAN. [_Æsculapius_, god of medicine.] ESCULENT, es'k[=u]-lent, _adj._ eatable: fit to be used for food by man.--_n._ something that is eatable. [L. _esculentus_, eatable--_esca_, food--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.] ESCUTCHEON, es-kuch'un, _n._ a shield on which a coat of arms is represented: a family shield: the part of a vessel's stern bearing her name.--_adj._ ESCUTCH'EONED ('und), having an escutcheon.--ESCUTCHEON OF PRETENCE, an escutcheon placed with the arms of an heiress in the centre of her husband's coat.--A BLOT ON THE ESCUTCHEON, a stain on one's good name. [O. Fr. _escuchon_--L. _scutum_, a shield.] ESEMPLASTIC, es-em-plas'tik, _adj._ shaping into one. ESKAR, ESKER. Same as ASAR (q.v.). ESKIMO, es'ki-m[=o], _n._ and _adj._ one of a nation constituting the aboriginal inhabitants of the whole northern coast of America, and spread over the Arctic islands, Greenland, and the nearest Asiatic coast.--_n._ ESKIMO DOG, a half-tamed variety, widely distributed in the Arctic regions, and indispensable for drawing the sledges. [Said by Dr Rink to be from an Indian word=eaters of raw flesh.] ESLOIN, es-loin'. See ELOIN. ESNECY, es'ne-si, _n._ the right of first choice belonging to the eldest. ESOPHAGUS. See OESOPHAGUS. ESOTERIC, es-o-ter'ik, _adj._ inner: secret: mysterious: (_phil._) taught to a select few--opp. to _Exoteric_.--_adv._ ESOTER'ICALLY.--_ns._ ESOTER'ICISM, ESOT'ERISM, the holding of esoteric opinions.--ESOTERIC BUDDHISM (see THEOSOPHY). [Gr. _es[=o]terikos_--_es[=o]ter[=o]_, inner, a comp. form from _es[=o]_, within.] ESPALIER, es-pal'y[.e]r, _n._ a lattice-work of wood on which to train fruit-trees: a fruit-tree trained on stakes: (_obs._) a row of trees so trained.--_v.t._ to train as an espalier. [Fr.,--It. _spalliera_, a support for the shoulders--_spalla_, a shoulder. Cf. EPAULET.] ESPARTO, es-par't[=o], _n._ a strong kind of grass found in the south of Europe, esp. in Spain, used for making baskets, cordage, paper, &c. [Sp.,--L. _spartum_--Gr. _sparton_, a kind of rope.] ESPECIAL, es-pesh'al, _adj._ special: particular: principal: distinguished.--_adv._ ESPEC'IALLY.--IN ESPECIAL, in particular. [O. Fr.,--L. _specialis_--_species_.] ESPERANCE, es'p[.e]r-ans, _n._ (_Shak._) hope. [Fr.,--L. _sperans_, pr.p. of _sper[=a]re_, to hope.] ESPIÈGLE, es-pi-[=a]'gl, _adj._ roguish, frolicsome.--_n._ ESPIÈG'LERIE, raillery: frolicsomeness. [Fr.] ESPIONAGE, es'pi-on-[=a]j, _n._ practice or employment of spies. [Fr.,--_espionner_--_espion_, a spy.] ESPLANADE, es-pla-n[=a]d', _n._ a level space between a citadel and the first houses of the town: any level space for walking or driving in. [Fr.,--Sp. _esplanada_--L. _explan[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _planus_, flat.] ESPOUSE, es-powz', _v.t._ to give in marriage: to take as spouse: to wed: to take with a view to maintain: to embrace, as a cause.--_ns._ ESPOUS'AL, the act of espousing or betrothing: the taking upon one's self, as a cause: (_pl._) a contract or mutual promise of marriage; ESPOUS'ER. [O. Fr. _espouser_ (Fr. _épouser_)--L. _spons[=a]re_--_spond[=e]re_, _sponsum_, to promise.] ESPRIT, es-pr[=e]', _n._ spirit: liveliness.--ESPRIT DE CORPS (es-pr[=e]' d' k[=o]r), regard for the character of that body to which one belongs; ESPRIT FORT (es-pr[=e]' f[=o]r), a person of strong character. [Fr. _esprit_, spirit, _corps_, body, _fort_, strong.] ESPY, es-p[=i]', _v.t._ to watch: to see at a distance: to catch sight of: to observe: to discover unexpectedly.--_n._ ESP[=I]'AL, the act of espying: observation. [O. Fr. _espier_, from root of _spy_.] ESQUIMAU, es'ki-m[=o] (_pl._ ESQUIMAUX, es'ki-m[=o]z). Same as ESKIMO. ESQUIRE, es-kw[=i]r', _n._ (_orig._) a squire or shield-bearer: an attendant on a knight: a landed proprietor: a title of dignity next below a knight: a title given to younger sons of noblemen, &c.: a general title of respect in addressing letters. [O. Fr. _esquier_ (Fr. _écuyer_)--L. _scutarius_--_scutum_, a shield.] ESS, the name of the letter S (q.v.). ESSAY, es'[=a], _n._ a trial: an experiment: a written composition less elaborate than a treatise.--_v.t._ ESSAY', to try: to attempt: to make experiment of:--_pr.p._ essay'ing; _pa.p._ essayed'.--_ns._ ESSAY'ER, ES'SAYIST, one who essays: a writer of essays; ESSAYETTE', ES'SAYKIN, a little essay.--_adjs._ ES'SAYISH; ESSAYIS'TIC. [O. Fr. _essai_--L. _exagium_, weighing--_exag[)e]re_, to try, examine.] ESSE, es'i, _n._ used in phrase IN ESSE, in existence, opposed to _In posse_, in potentiality. [L. _esse_, to be.] ESSENCE, es'ens, _n._ the inner distinctive nature of anything: the qualities which make any object what it is: a being: the extracted virtues of any drug: the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil: a perfume.--_adj._ ESSEN'TIAL, relating to or containing the essence: necessary to the existence of a thing: indispensable or important in the highest degree: highly rectified: pure.--_n._ something necessary: a leading principle.--_n._ ESSENTIAL'ITY, the quality of being essential: an essential part.--_adv._ ESSEN'TIALLY.--_n._ ESSEN'TIALNESS. [Fr.,--L. _essentia_--_essens_, _-entis_, assumed pr.p. of _esse_, to be.] ESSENE, es-s[=e]n', _n._ one of a small religious fraternity among the ancient Jews leading retired ascetic lives and holding property in common.--_n._ ESSEN'ISM. [Bishop Lightfoot prefers the der. from Heb. _ch[=a]sh[=a]_, to be silent, whence _chashsh[=a][=i]m_, 'the silent ones' who meditate on mysteries.] ESSOIN, es-soin', _n._ (_law_) excuse for not appearing in court: (_Spens._) excuse.--_n._ ESSOIN'ER. [O. Fr. _essoine_ (Fr. _exoine_), _es_--L. _ex_, out, _soin_, care.] ESSORANT, es'[=o]-rant, _adj._ (_her._) about to soar. ESTABLISH, es-tab'lish, _v.t._ to settle or fix: to confirm: to prove a point: to ordain: to found: to set up in business: to institute by law as the recognised state church, and to support officially and financially.--_p.adj._ ESTAB'LISHED, fixed: ratified: instituted by law and supported by the state.--_ns._ ESTAB'LISHER; ESTAB'LISHMENT, act of establishing: fixed state: that which is established: a permanent civil or military force: one's residence and style of living: the church established by law.--_adj._ ESTABLISHMENT[=A]R'IAN, maintaining the principle of the established church.--_n._ one who maintains this principle. [O. Fr. _establir_, pr.p. _establissant_--L. _stabil[=i]re_--_stabilis_, firm--_st[=a]re_, to stand.] ESTACADE, es-ta-k[=a]d', _n._ a dike of piles in a morass, river, &c., against an enemy. [Fr.,--Sp.] ESTAFETTE, es-ta-fet', _n._ a military courier or express. [Fr.,--It. _staffetta_--Old High Ger. _stapho_, a step.] ESTAMINET, es-tam-in-[=a]', a restaurant where smoking is allowed. [Fr.] ESTATE, es-t[=a]t', _n._ condition or rank: position: property, esp. landed property: fortune: an order or class of men in the body-politic: (_pl._) dominions: possessions.--_v.t._ to give an estate to: (_arch._) to bestow upon.--_n._ ESTATES'MAN, statesman.--MAN'S ESTATE, the state of manhood; THE ESTATES OF THE REALM are three--Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons; but often misused for the legislature--king, lords, and commons.--The ancient parliament of Scotland consisted of the king and the THREE ESTATES--viz.: (1) archbishops, bishops, abbots, and mitred priors; (2) the barons and the commissioners of shires and stewartries; (3) the commissioners from the royal burghs;--in France, the nobles, clergy, and THIRD ESTATE (_tiers état_) remained separate down to 1789; THE FOURTH ESTATE, often used humorously for the press. [O. Fr. _estat_ (Fr. _état_)--L. _status_, a state.] ESTEEM, es-t[=e]m', _v.t._ to set a high estimate or value on: to regard with respect or friendship: to consider or think.--_n._ high estimation or value: favourable regard.--_p.adj._ ESTEEMED', respected.--_adj._ ES'TIMABLE, that can be estimated or valued: worthy of esteem: deserving our good opinion.--_adv._ ES'TIMABLY.--_v.t._ ES'TIM[=A]TE, to judge of the worth of a thing: to calculate.--_n._ reputation: a valuing in the mind: judgment or opinion of the worth or size of anything: a rough calculation: estimation.--_n._ ESTIM[=A]'TION, act of estimating: a reckoning of value: esteem, honour: importance: conjecture.--_adj._ ES'TIM[=A]TIVE.--_n._ ES'TIM[=A]TOR.--HOLD IN ESTIMATION, to esteem highly.--THE ESTIMATES, accounts given before parliament showing the probable expenditure for the year. [Fr. _estimer_--L. _æstim[=a]re_.] ESTHETIC, ESTHETICS. See ÆSTHETIC, ÆSTHETICS. ESTHONIAN, es-th[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Esthonia_, the most northerly of the Baltic provinces of Russia, or its population, language, or customs.--_ns._ ESTH, an Esthonian of the original Finnish stock; ESTH'LANDER, an Esthonian of the mixed race, in which the German element preponderates. ESTIVAL, ESTIVATION. See ÆSTIVAL, ÆSTIVATION. ESTOP, es-top', _v.t._ to stop or bar: (_law_) to hinder, preclude:--_pr.p._ estop'ping; _pa.p._ estop'ped.--_ns._ ESTOP'P[=A]GE, the state of being estopped; ESTOP'PEL, a conclusive admission, which cannot be denied by the party whom it affects. [O. Fr. _estoper_--_estoupe_--L. _stuppa_, tow. See STOP.] ESTOVERS, es-t[=o]'v[.e]rz, _n.pl._ (_law_) necessaries allowed by law, as wood to a tenant for necessary repairs, &c.--COMMON OF ESTOVERS, the right of taking necessary wood from another's estate for household use and the making of implements of industry. [O. Fr. _estovoir_, necessaries.] ESTRADE, es-träd', _n._ a low platform. [Fr.,--Sp. _estrado_.] ESTRANGE, es-tr[=a]nj', _v.t._ to treat as an alien: to alienate: to divert from its original use or possessor.--_p.adj._ ESTRANGED', alienated: disaffected.--_ns._ ESTRANG'EDNESS; ESTRANGE'MENT; ESTRANG'ER. [O. Fr. _estranger_ (Fr. _étranger_)--L. _extrane[=a]re_--_extraneus_. See STRANGE.] ESTRAY, e-str[=a]', _n._ a beast found within a manor or lordship, and not owned.--_v.i._ to stray. [See ASTRAY.] ESTREAT, e-str[=e]t', _n._ (_law_) a true extract, copy, or note of some original writing or record, esp. of fines and amercements to be levied by bailiffs or other officers.--_v.t._ to extract from the records of a court, as a forfeited recognisance: to levy fines under an estreat. [O. Fr. _estraite_--L. _extrah[)e]re_--_ex_, out, and _trah[)e]re_, to draw. See EXTRACT.] ESTRICH, es'trich, ESTRIDGE, es'trij, _n._ (_obs._) the ostrich. ESTUARY, es't[=u]-ar-i, _n._ the wide lower part of a river where it becomes tidal.--_adjs._ ESTU[=A]'RIAN, ES'T[=U]ARINE. [L. _æstuarium_--_æstus_, tide.] ESURIENT, es-[=u]'ri-ent, _adj._ hungry: penurious.--_n._ ES[=U]'RIENCE, hunger: neediness. [L. _esuriens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _esur[=i]re_, to be hungry--_ed[)e]re_, to eat.] ET CETERA, et set'er-a, usually written ETC. or &C., a phrase meaning 'and so on.'--_n._ something in addition, which can easily be understood. [L. _et_ and, _cetera_, the rest.] ETCH, ech, _v.t._ or _v.i._ to make designs on metal, glass, &c. by eating out the lines with an acid.--_ns._ ETCH'ER, one who etches; ETCH'ING, the act or art of etching or engraving: the impression from an etched plate; ETCH'ING-GROUND, the coating of wax or varnish on a plate prepared for etching; ETCH'ING-NEED'LE, a fine-pointed steel instrument used in etching. [From Ger. _ätzen_, to corrode by acid; from same root as Ger. _essen_. See EAT.] ETERNAL, [=e]-t[.e]r'nal, _adj._ without beginning or end of existence: everlasting: ceaseless: unchangeable--(_arch._) ETERNE'.--_v.t._ ETER'NALISE, ETER'NISE, to make eternal: to immortalise.--_n._ ETER'NALIST, one who thinks that matter has existed from eternity.--_adv._ ETER'NALLY.--_n._ ETER'NITY, eternal duration: the state or time after death.--THE ETERNAL, an appellation of God; THE ETERNITIES, the eternal reality or truth. [Fr. _éternel_--L. _æternus_, _æviternus_--_ævum_--Gr. _aion_, a period of time, an age.] ETESIAN, e-t[=e]'zhan, _adj._ periodical: blowing at stated seasons, as certain winds. [L. _etesius_--Gr. _et[=e]sios_, annual--_etos_, a year.] ETHE, [=e]th, _adj._ (_Spens._) easy. [A.S. _eath._] ETHER, [=e]'th[.e]r, _n._ the clear, upper air: the subtile medium supposed to fill all space: a colourless, transparent, volatile liquid of great mobility and high refractive power, and possessing a fragrant odour and a fiery, passing to a cooling, taste.--_adj._ ETH[=E]'REAL, consisting of ether: heavenly: airy: spirit-like.--_n._ ETHEREALIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ ETH[=E]'REALISE, to convert into ether, or the fluid ether: to render spirit-like.--_n._ ETHEREAL'ITY.--_adv._ ETH[=E]'REALLY.--_adj._ ETH[=E]'REOUS (_Milt._), ethereal.--_n._ ETHERIFIC[=A]'TION.--_adj._ E'THERIFORM.--_n._ ETHERIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ E'THERISE, to convert into ether: to stupefy with ether.--_n._ E'THERISM, the condition induced by using ether. [L.,--Gr. _aith[=e]r_, _aithein_, to light up.] ETHIC, eth'ik, _adj._ relating to morals: treating of morality or duty.--_n._ (more commonly in _pl._ ETH'ICS) the science of morals, that branch of philosophy which is concerned with human character and conduct: a treatise on morals.--_adj._ ETH'ICAL, relating to the science of ethics.--_adv._ ETH'ICALLY.--_n._ ETH'ICIST, one versed in ethics.--ETHICAL DATIVE, the dative of a first or second personal pronoun implying an indirect interest in the fact stated, used colloquially to give a livelier tone to the sentence. [Gr. _[=e]thikos_--_[=e]thos_, custom.] ETHIOPIAN, [=e]-thi-[=o]'pi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Ethiopia_, a name given to the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the negro races.--_n._ a native of Ethiopia: a blackamoor--(_arch._) ETHIOP.--_adj._ ETHIOP'IC.--_n.pl._ [=E]'THIOPS, a term applied by the ancient chemists to certain oxides and sulphides of the metals which possessed a dull, dingy, or black appearance. [Gr. _Aithiops_, sun-burnt, Ethiopian--_aithein_, to burn, _[=o]ps_, the face.] ETHMOID, -AL, eth'moid, -al, _adj._ resembling a sieve.--ETHMOID BONE, one of the eight somewhat cubical bones which collectively form the cranial box. [Gr. _[=e]thmos_, a sieve, and _eidos_, form.] ETHNIC, -AL, eth'nik, -al, _adj._ concerning nations or races: pertaining to the heathen.--_ns._ ETH'NIC, a heathen; ETH'NICISM, heathenism; ETHNOG'RAPHER.--_adj._ ETHNOGRAPH'IC.--_n._ ETHNOG'RAPHY, the scientific description of the races of the earth.--_adj._ ETHNOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ETHNOLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ ETHNOL'OGIST; ETHNOL'OGY, the science that treats of the varieties of the human race. [L.,--Gr. _ethnos_, a nation; Gr. _graph[=e]_, writing, _logia_, discourse.] ETHOLOGY, [=e]-thol'o-ji, _n._ a discourse on ethics: the science of character.--_adjs._ ETHOLOG'IC, -AL, relating to ethology: treating of morality.--_ns._ ETHOL'OGIST, one versed in ethology or ethics; [=E]'THOS, habitual character and disposition: the quality of a work of art which produces a high moral impression. [Gr. _[=e]thos_, custom, _logia_, a discourse.] ETHYL, [=e]'thil, _n._ a colourless, inflammable gas, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol--supposed base of ether. [Gr. _aith[=e]r_, ether, _hyl[=e]_, base.] ETIOLATE, [=e]-ti-o-l[=a]t', _v.t._ (_med._, _bot._) to cause to grow pale from want of light and fresh air.--_v.i._ to become pale from disease or absence of light.--_n._ ETIOL[=A]'TION. [Fr. _étioler_, to become pale, to grow into stubble, _éteule_, stubble--L. _stipula_, a stalk.] ETIOLOGY, [=e]-ti-ol'o-ji, _n._ Same as ÆTIOLOGY. ETIQUETTE, et-i-ket', _n._ forms of ceremony or decorum: ceremony: the unwritten laws of courtesy observed between members of the same profession, as 'medical etiquette.' [Fr. See TICKET.] ETNA, et'na, _n._ a vessel for heating water, &c., at table or in the sick-room, in a cup placed in a saucer is which alcohol is burned.--_adj._ ÆTN[=E]'AN. [From the volcano, Mount _Ætna_.] ETONIAN, et-[=o]n'i-an, _n._ and _adj._ one educated at _Eton_ College.--ETON JACKET, a boy's dress-coat, untailed. ETRURIAN, et-r[=u]'ri-an, _adj._ and _n._ of or belonging to _Etruria_.--_adj._ and _n._ ETRUS'CAN, of or belonging to ancient Etruria or its people, language, art, &c.--sometimes jocularly put for Tuscan. ETTLE, et'l, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to purpose, intend.--_v.t._ to guess.--_n._ purpose, intent. [Ice., _ætla_, to think, from root of Goth. _aha_, understanding.] ÉTUDE, [=a]-tüd', _n._ (_mus._) a composition intended either to train or to test the player's technical skill. [Fr.] ETUI, ETWEE, et-w[=e]', _n._ a small case for holding valuables. [Fr.] ETYMOLOGY, et-i-mol'o-ji, _n._ the investigation of the derivation and original signification of words: the science that treats of the origin and history of words: the part of grammar relating to inflection.--_adjs._ ETYM'IC; ETYMOLOG'ICAL.--_adv._ ETYMOLOG'ICALLY.--_ns._ ETYMOLOG'ICON, -CUM, an etymological dictionary.--_v.t._ ETYMOL'OGISE, to give, or search into, the etymology of a word.--_ns._ ETYMOL'OGIST, one skilled in or who writes on etymology; ET'YMON, the origin of a word: an original root: the genuine or literal sense of a word. [O. Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _etymos_, true, _logia_, an account.] ETYPIC, -AL, [=e]-tip'ik, -al, _adj._ unconformable to type. EUCALYPTUS, [=u]-kal-ip'tus, _n._ the 'gum-tree,' a large Australian evergreen, beneficial in destroying the miasma of malarious districts.--_ns._ EU'CALYPT, a eucalyptus; EUCALYP'TOL, a volatile, colourless, limpid oil. [Coined from Gr. _eu_, well, _kalyptos_, covered--_kalyptein_, to cover.] EUCHARIST, [=u]'ka-rist, _n._ the sacrament of the Lord's Supper: the elements of the sacrament, as 'to receive the Eucharist.'--_adjs._ EUCHARIST'IC, -AL. [Gr. _eucharistia_, thanksgiving--_eu_, well, and _charizesthai_, to show favour--_charis_, grace, thanks.] EUCHLORINE, [=u]-kl[=o]'rin, _n._ a very explosive green-coloured gas, prepared by the action of strong hydrochloric acid on chlorate of potash.--_adj._ EUCHL[=O]'RIC. [Gr. _eu_, well, _chloros_, green.] EUCHOLOGION, [=u]-ko-l[=o]'ji-on, _n._ a formulary of prayers, primarily that of the Greek Church.--Also EUCHOL'OGY. [Gr. _euchologion_--_euch[=e]_, a prayer, _logia_--_legein_, to speak.] EUCHRE, [=u]'k[.e]r, _n._ an American game at cards for two, three, or four persons, with the 32, 28, or 24 highest cards of the pack--if a player fails to make three tricks he is _euchred_, and his adversary scores against him.--_v.t._ to outwit. [Ety. uncertain; prob. Ger., like the term _bower_ (q.v.), used in the game; some have suggested a Sp. _yuca_.] EUCLASE, [=u]'kl[=a]s, _n._ a silicate of aluminium and glucinum occurring in pale-green transparent crystals. [Fr.,--Gr. _eu_, well, _klasis_, breaking.] EUCLIDEAN, [=u]-klid'e-an, or [=u]-kli-d[=e]'an, _adj._ pertaining to Euclid, a mathematician of Alexandria about 300 B.C. EUDEMONISM, EUDÆMONISM, [=u]-d[=e]'mon-izm, _n._ the system of ethics that makes happiness the test of rectitude--whether _Egoistic_, as Hobbes, or _Altruistic_, as Mill.--_ns._ EUD[=E]'MONIST, EUDÆ'MONIST. [Gr. _eudaimonia_, happiness--_eu_, well, _daim[=o]n_, a god.] EUDIOMETER, [=u]-di-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring the purity of, or the quantity of oxygen contained in, the air.--_adjs._ EUDIOMET'RIC, -AL.--_n._ EUDIOM'ETRY. [Gr. _eudios_, clear, _metron_, measure.] EUGE, [=u]'j[=e], _interj._ well! well done! [L.] EUGENIC, [=u]-jen'ik, _adj._ pertaining to race culture.--_n.pl._ EUGEN'ICS, the science of such.--_n._ EU'GENISM. EUGENIN, [=u]'je-nin, _n._ a substance procured from the distilled water of cloves. EUGH, EUGHEN, obsolete forms of _yew_, _yewen_. EUGUBINE, [=u]'g[=u]-bin, _adj._ pertaining to the ancient town of _Eugubium_ or _Iguvium_ (mod. _Gubbio_), or to its famous seven tablets of bronze, the chief monument of the ancient Umbrian tongue. EUHARMONIC, [=u]-har-mon'ik, _adj._ producing perfectly concordant sounds. EUHEMERISM, [=u]-h[=e]'me-rizm, _n._ the system which explains mythology as growing out of real history, its deities as merely magnified men.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ EUH[=E]'MERISE.--_n._ and _adj._ EUH[=E]'MERIST.--_adj._ EUHEMERIS'TIC.--_adv._ EUHEMERIS'TICALLY. [From _Euhemerus_, a 4th-cent. (B.C.) Sicilian philosopher.] EULOGIUM, [=u]-l[=o]'ji-um, EULOGY, [=u]'lo-ji, _n._ a speaking well of: a speech or writing in praise of.--_adjs._ EULOG'IC, -AL, containing eulogy or praise.--_adv._ EULOG'ICALLY.--_v.t._ EU'LOG[=I]SE, to speak well of: to praise.--_n._ EU'LOGIST, one who praises or extols another.--_adj._ EULOGIST'IC, full of praise.--_adv._ EULOGIST'ICALLY. [Late L. _eulogium_--Gr. _eulogion_ (classical _eulogia_)--_eu_, well, _logia_, a speaking.] EUMENIDES, [=u]-men'i-d[=e]z, _n.pl._ the Erinyes or Furies--the euphemistic name for these. [Gr. _eu_, well, _menos_, mind.] EUNOMY, [=u]'n[=o]-mi, _n._ equal, righteous law. [Gr.] EUNUCH, [=u]'nuk, _n._ a castrated man--often employed as chamberlain in the East.--_v.t._ EU'NUCHATE.--_n._ EU'NUCHISM, the state of being a eunuch. [Gr. _eunouchos_--_eun[=e]_, a couch, _echein_, to have charge of.] EUONYM, [=u]'[=o]-nim, _n._ a fitting name for anything. [Gr.] EUPATRID, [=u]-pat'rid, _n._ a member of the Athenian aristocracy. [Gr. _eupatrid[=e]s_--_eu_, well--_pat[=e]r_, father.] EUPEPSY, [=u]-pep'si, _n._ good digestion--opp. to _Dyspepsia_.--_adj._ EUPEP'TIC, having good digestion.--_n._ EUPEPTIC'ITY. [Gr. _eupepsia_--_eu_, well, _pepsis_, digestion--_peptein_, to digest.] EUPHEMISM, [=u]'fem-izm, _n._ a figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is designated by an indirect and milder term.--_v.t._ or _v.i._ EU'PHEMISE, to express by a euphemism: to use euphemistic terms.--_adj._ EUPHEMIST'IC.--_adv._ EUPHEMIST'ICALLY. [Gr. _euph[=e]mismos_--_euph[=e]mos_--_eu_, well, _ph[=e]m[=e]_--_phanaí_, to speak.] EUPHONY, [=u]'fo-ni, _n._ an agreeable sound: a pleasing, easy pronunciation--also EUPH[=O]'NIA.--_adjs._ EUPHON'IC, -AL, EUPH[=O]'NIOUS, pertaining to euphony: agreeable in sound.--_adv._ EUPH[=O]'NIOUSLY.--_v.t._ EU'PHON[=I]SE, to make euphonious.--_n._ EUPH[=O]'NIUM, the bass instrument of the saxhorn family: a variation of the harmonica, invented by Chladni in 1790. [Gr. _euph[=o]nia_--_eu_, well, _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound.] EUPHORBIA, [=u]-for'bi-a, _n._ the _Spurge_ genus.--_n._ EUPHOR'BIUM, a gum resin. [L.,--_Euphorbus_, a physician to Juba, king of Mauritania.] EUPHRASY, [=u]'fra-zi, _n._ (_bot._) the plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. [Gr. _euphrasia_, delight--_euphrainein_, to cheer--_eu_, well, _phr[=e]n_, the heart.] EUPHROSYNE, [=u]-fros'i-n[=e], _n._ one of the three Charities or Graces: merriment. [Gr. _euphr[=o]n_, cheerful.] EUPHUISM, [=u]'f[=u]-izm, _n._ an affected and bombastic style of language: a high-flown expression.--_v.i._ EU'PHUISE.--_n._ EU'PHUIST.--_adj._ EUPHUIST'IC. [From _Euphues_, a popular book by John Lyly (1579-80).--Gr. _euphy[=e]s_, graceful--_eu_, well, _phy[=e]_, growth--_phyesthai_, to grow.] EURASIAN, [=u]-r[=a]'zi-an, _adj._ descended from a European on the one side and an Asiatic on the other: of or pertaining to Europe and Asia taken as one continent. [From the combination of _Europe_ and _Asia_.] EUREKA, [=u]-r[=e]'ka, _n._ a brilliant discovery. [Gr. perf. indic. of _euriskein_, to find; the cry of Archimedes as he ran home naked from the bath, where a method of detecting the adulteration of Hiero's crown had suddenly occurred to him.] EURIPUS, [=u]-r[=i]'pus, _n._ an arm of the sea with strong currents: the water-channel between the arena and cavea of a Roman hippodrome. [Gr.] EUROCLYDON, [=u]-rok'li-don, _n._ the tempestuous wind by which St Paul's ship was wrecked (Acts, xxvii. 14). [Gr., from _euros_, the east wind, _klyd[=o]n_, a wave--_klyzein_, to dash over.] EUROPEAN, [=u]-ro-p[=e]'an, _adj._ belonging to _Europe_.--_n._ a native or inhabitant of Europe. EURUS, [=u]'rus, _n._ the east wind. [L.,--Gr. _euros_, the east wind.] EUSEBIAN, [=u]-s[=e]'bi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Eusebius_ of Cæsarea, father of ecclesiastical history (died 340), or to the Arian _Eusebius_ of Nicomedia (died 342). EUSKARIAN, [=u]s-k[=a]'ri-an, _adj._ Basque. [Basque _Euskara_, the Basque language.] EUSTACHIAN, [=u]-st[=a]'ki-an, _adj._ pertaining to the tube leading from the middle ear to the pharynx, or to the rudimentary valve at the entrance of the inferior vena cava in the heart. [Named from the Italian physician Bartolommeo _Eustachio_ (died 1574).] EUTAXY, [=u]'tak-si, _n._ good order.--_adj._ EUTAXIT'IC. [Gr.] EUTERPEAN, [=u]-t[.e]r'pe-an, _adj._ relating to EUTER'PE, the muse who presided over music--hence relating to music. [Gr. _Euterp[=e]_--_eu_, well, _terpein_, to delight.] EUTHANASIA, [=u]-than-[=a]'zi-a, _n._ an easy mode of death.--Also EUTHAN'ASY. [Gr. _euthanasia_--_eu_, well, _thanatos_, death.] EUTROPHY, [=u]'tr[=o]-fi, _n._ healthy nutrition. [Gr.] EUTYCHIAN, [=u]-tik'i-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to the doctrine of _Eutyches_, a 5th-cent. archimandrite of Constantinople, who held that after the incarnation of Christ all that was human in Him became merged in the divine, and that Christ had but one nature.--_n._ a follower of Eutyches. EVACUATE, e-vak'[=u]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to throw out the contents of: to discharge: to withdraw from.--_adj._ EVAC'UANT, purgative.--_n._ EVACU[=A]'TION, act of emptying out: a withdrawing from: that which is discharged.--_adj._ EVAC'U[=A]TIVE.--_n._ EVAC'U[=A]TOR, one who evacuates: (_law_) one who nullifies or makes void. [L. _e_, out, _vacu[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to empty--_vacuus_, empty.] EVADE, e-v[=a]d', _v.t._ to escape or avoid artfully: to baffle. [L. _evad[)e]re_--_e_, out, _vad[)e]re_, to go.] EVAGATION, e-vag-[=a]'shun, _n._ wandering: a digression. [Fr.,--L. _evag[=a]ri_--_e_, out, _vag[=a]ri_, to wander.] EVAGINATE, [=e]-vaj'i-n[=a]t, _v.t._ to draw from a sheath.--_n._ EVAGIN[=A]'TION. EVALUATE, e-val'[=u]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to determine the value of.--_n._ EVALU[=A]'TION. EVANESCENT, ev-an-es'ent, _adj._ fleeting; imperceptible.--_v.i._ EVANESCE', to fade away.--_n._ EVANES'CENCE.--_adv._ EVANES'CENTLY. [L. _evanescens_, _-entis_--_e_, _vanesc[)e]re_, to vanish--_vanus_, empty.] EVANGEL, e-van'jel, _n._ (_poet._) good news, esp. the gospel: a salutary principle, esp. relating to morals, politics, &c.--_adjs._ EVANGEL'IC, -AL, of or pertaining to the gospel: relating to the four gospels: according to the doctrine of the gospel: maintaining the truth taught in the gospel: Protestant: applied to the school which insists especially on the total depravity of unregenerate human nature, the justification of the sinner by faith alone, the free offer of the gospel to all, and the plenary inspiration and exclusive authority of the Bible.--_n._ EVANGEL'ICAL, one who belongs to the evangelical school.--_adv._ EVANGEL'ICALLY.--_ns._ EVANGEL'ICALNESS; EVANGEL'ICISM, EVANGEL'ICALISM, evangelical principles; EVANGELIS[=A]'TION, act of proclaiming the gospel.--_v.t._ EVAN'GEL[=I]SE, to make known the good news: to make acquainted with the gospel.--_v.i._ to preach the gospel from place to place.--_ns._ EVAN'GELISM; EVAN'GELIST, one who evangelises: one of the four writers of the gospels: an assistant of the apostles: one authorised to preach, but without a fixed charge; EVANGELIS'TARY, a book containing passages from the gospels to be read at divine service--also EVANGELIST[=A]'RION, EVAN'GELIARY.--_adj._ EVANGELIS'TIC, tending or intended to evangelise.--_n._ EVAN'GELY (_obs._), the gospel. [L. _evangelicus_--Gr. _euangelikos_--_eu_, well, _angellein_, to bring news.] EVANISH, e-van'ish, _v.i._ to vanish: to die away.--_ns._ EVAN'ISHMENT, EVANI'TION. [See EVANESCE.] EVAPORATE, e-vap'or-[=a]t, _v.i._ to fly off in vapour: to pass into an invisible state: to depart, vanish.--_v.t._ to convert into steam or gas.--_adj._ EVAP'ORABLE, able to be evaporated or converted into vapour.--_n._ EVAPOR[=A]'TION, act of evaporating or passing off in steam or gas: the process by which a substance changes into the state of vapour.--_adj._ EVAP'OR[=A]TIVE.--_ns._ EVAP'ORATOR; EVAPOROM'ETER. [L. _e_, off, _vapor[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_vapor_, vapour.] EVASION, e-v[=a]-'zhun, _n._ act of evading or eluding: an attempt to escape the force of an argument or accusation: an excuse.--_adjs._ EV[=A]'SIBLE, capable of being evaded; EV[=A]'SIVE, that evades or seeks to evade: not straightforward: shuffling.--_adv._ EV[=A]'SIVELY.--_n._ EV[=A]'SIVENESS. EVE, [=e]v, EVEN, [=e]v'n, _n._ (_poet._) evening: the night before a day of note: the time just preceding a great event. [A.S. _['æ]fen_; Dut. _avond_; Ger. _abend_.] EVECTION, e-vek'shun, _n._ (_astron._) a lunar inequality resulting from the combined effect of the irregularity of the motion of the perigee, and alternate increase and decrease of the eccentricity of the moon's orbit. [L. _evection-em_--_e_, out, _veh[)e]re_, _vectum_, to carry.] EVEN, [=e]v'n, _adj._ flat: level: uniform: (_Shak._) straightforward: parallel: equal on both sides: not odd, able to be divided by 2 without a remainder.--_v.t._ to make even or smooth: to put on an equality: (_Shak._) to act up to.--_adv._ exactly so: indeed: so much as: still.--_n._ EV'EN-CHRIS'TIAN (_obs._), fellow-Christian.--_adj._ EV'EN-DOWN, straight-down (of rain): downright, honest.--_adv._ thoroughly.--_adj._ EV'EN-HAND'ED, with an equal, fair, or impartial hand: just.--_adv._ EV'ENLY.--_adj._ EV'EN-MIND'ED, having an even or calm mind: equable.--_n._ EV'ENNESS.--BE EVEN WITH, to be revenged on: to be quits with. [A.S. _efen_; Dut. _even_, Ger. _eben_.] EVENING, [=e]v'ning, _n._ the close of the daytime: the decline or end of life: an evening party or gathering.--_ns._ EV'ENFALL, early evening, twilight; EVE'NING-DRESS, the dress worn by ladies and gentlemen at evening parties; EVE'NING-PRIM'ROSE, a species of _Oenothera_, native of Virginia, but now naturalised in many parts of Europe on river-banks, in thickets, &c.--eaten after dinner it incites to wine-drinking; EVE'NING STAR, applied to Venus, when seen in the west setting soon after the sun; EV'ENSONG, evening prayer, the Anglican form appointed to be said or sung at evening: the time proper for such; EV'ENTIDE, the time of evening, evening. [A.S. _['æ]fnung_, from _['æ]fen_, even.] EVENT, e-vent', _n._ that which happens: the result: any incident or occurrence: an item in a programme or series of sports.--_adjs._ EVENT'FUL, full of events: momentous; EVENT'[=U]AL, happening as a consequence: final.--_n._ EVENT[=U]AL'ITY, a contingency: (_phren._) the propensity to take notice of events, changes, or facts.--_adv._ EVENT'[=U]ALLY, finally: at length. [L. _eventus_--_even[)i]re_--_e_, out, _ven[=i]re_, to come.] EVENTRATION, e-ven-tr[=a]'shun, _n._ act of opening the belly; protrusion of an organ from the abdomen. EVER, ev'[.e]r, _adv._ always: eternally: at any time: at all times: continually: in any degree.--_n._ EV'ERGLADE, a large shallow lake or marsh: chiefly in _pl._ such a marsh in southern Florida, enclosing thousands of islets covered with dense thickets.--_adj._ EV'ERGREEN, always green.--_n._ a plant that remains green all the year.--_adv._ EVERMORE', unceasingly: eternally.--EVER AND ANON, now and then.--EVERGLADE STATE, Florida.--EVER SO, to any extent; FOR EVER, to all eternity; SELDOM OR EVER, used for seldom if ever, or seldom or never. [A.S. _['æ]fre_, always; der. uncertain; perh. cog. with Goth. _aiws_.] EVERLASTING, ev-[.e]r-last'ing, _adj._ endless: eternal.--_n._ eternity.--_adv._ EVERLAST'INGLY.--_n._ EVERLAST'INGNESS.--EVERLASTING FLOWER, the popular name of certain plants, whose flowers may be kept for years without much diminution of beauty; FROM, or TO, EVERLASTING, from, or to, all eternity; THE EVERLASTING, God. EVERT, e-vert', _v.t._ to turn inside out.--_n._ EVER'SION. [L. _evert[)e]re_--_e_, out, _vert[)e]re_, _versum_, to turn.] EVERY, ev'[.e]r-i, _adj._ each one of a number: all taken separately.--_pron._ EV'ERYBODY, every person.--_adj._ EV'ERYDAY, of or belonging to every day, daily: common, usual: pertaining to week-days, in opposition to Sunday.--_pron._ EV'ERYTHING, all things: all.--_advs._ EV'ERYWAY, in every way or respect; EV'ERYWHEN, at all times; EV'ERYWHERE, in every place.--EVERY BIT, the whole; EVERY NOW AND THEN, or AGAIN, at intervals; EVERY OTHER, every second--e.g. every other day, every alternate day. [A.S. _['æ]fre_, ever, and _['æ]lc_, each.] EVICT, e-vikt', _v.t._ to dispossess by law: to expel from.--_ns._ EVIC'TION, the act of evicting from house or lands: the dispossession of one person by another having a better title of property in land; EVIC'TOR. [L. _evictus_, pa.p. of _evinc[)e]re_, to overcome.] EVIDENT, ev'i-dent, _adj._ that is visible or can be seen: clear to the mind: obvious.--_n._ EV'IDENCE, that which makes evident: means of proving an unknown or disputed fact: information in a law case, as 'to give evidence:' a witness.--_v.t._ to render evident: (_obs._) to attest, prove.--_adjs._ EVIDEN'TIAL, EVIDEN'TIARY, furnishing evidence: tending to prove.--_advs._ EVIDEN'TIALLY; EV'IDENTLY (_N.T._), visibly.--IN EVIDENCE, received by the court as competent evidence: plainly visible, conspicuous--a penny-a-liner's phrase adopted from the Fr. _en evidence_; TURN KING'S (QUEEN'S) EVIDENCE (of an accomplice in a crime), to give evidence against his partners. [L. _evidens_, _-entis_--_e_, out, _vid[=e]re_, to see.] EVIL, [=e]'vl, _adj._ wicked: mischievous: disagreeable: unfortunate.--_adv._ in an evil manner: badly.--_n._ that which produces unhappiness or calamity: harm: wickedness: depravity: sin.--_ns._ E'VIL-DO'ER, one who does evil; E'VIL-EYE, a supposed power to cause evil or harm by the look of the eye.--_adj._ E'VIL-F[=A]'VOURED, having a repulsive appearance: ugly.--_n._ E'VIL-F[=A]'VOUREDNESS (_B._), ugliness: deformity.--_adv._ E'VILLY, in an evil manner: not well.--_adj._ E'VIL-MIND'ED, inclined to evil: malicious: wicked.--_ns._ E'VILNESS, state of being evil: wickedness; E'VIL-SPEAK'ING, the speaking of evil: slander.--_adj._ E'VIL-STARRED (_Tenn._), born under the influence of an unpropitious star, unfortunate.--_n._ E'VIL-WORK'ER, one who works or does evil.--THE EVIL ONE, the devil.--SPEAK EVIL OF, to slander. [A.S. _yfel_; Dut. _euvel_; Ger. _übel_. _Ill_ is a doublet.] EVINCE, e-vins', _v.t._ to prove beyond doubt: to show clearly: to make evident.--_n._ EVINCE'MENT.--_adj._ EVINC'IBLE, that may be evinced or made evident.--_adv._ EVINC'IBLY.--_adj._ EVINC'IVE, tending to evince, prove, or demonstrate. [L. _evinc[)e]re_--_e_, inten., _vinc[)e]re_, to overcome.] EVIRATE, [=e]'vir-[=a]t, _v.t._ to castrate: to render weak or unmanly. [L. _evir[=a]re_--_e_, out, _vir_, a man.] EVISCERATE, e-vis'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to tear out the viscera or bowels: to gut.--_n._ EVISCER[=A]'TION. [L. _e_, out, _viscera_, the bowels.] EVITE, e-v[=i]t', _v.i._ to avoid.--_v.t._ EV'ITATE (_Shak._) to avoid.--_n._ EVIT[=A]'TION, the act of shunning. [L. _evit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _vit[=a]re_, to shun.] EVITERNAL, ev-i-t[.e]r'nal, _adj._ eternal.--_adv._ EVITER'NALLY.--_n._ EVITER'NITY. EVOKE, e-v[=o]k', _v.t._ to call out: to draw out or bring forth.--_v.t._ EV'OCATE, to call up (spirits) from the dead.--_n._ EVOC[=A]'TION. [L. _evoc[=a]re_--_e_, out, and _voc[=a]re_, to call.] EVOLUTION, ev-ol-[=u]'shun, _n._ the act of unrolling or unfolding: gradual working out or development: a series of things unfolded: the doctrine according to which higher forms of life have gradually arisen out of lower: (_arith._, _alg._) the extraction of roots: (_pl._) the orderly movements of a body of troops or of ships of war.--_adjs._ EVOL[=U]'TIONAL, EVOL[=U]'TIONARY, of or pertaining to evolution.--_ns._ EVOL[=U]'TIONISM, the theory of evolution; EVOL[=U]'TIONIST, one skilled in evolutions or military movements: one who believes in evolution as a principle in science.--_adj._ EV'OL[=U]TIVE. [L. _evolutionem_--_evolv[)e]re_.] EVOLVE, e-volv', _v.t._ to unroll: to disclose: to develop: to unravel.--_v.i._ to disclose itself: to result.--_n._ EV'OL[=U]TE (_math._), an original curve from which another curve (the _involute_) is described by the end of a thread gradually unwound from the former.--_adj._ EVOLV'ABLE, that can be drawn out.--_n._ EVOLVE'MENT.--_adj._ EVOLV'ENT. [L. _evolv[)e]re_--_e_, out, _volv[)e]re_, _vol[=u]tum_, to roll.] EVULGATE, e-vul'g[=a]t, _v.t._ to divulge: to publish. [L. _evulg[=a]re_, _[=a]tum_--_e_, out, _vulgus_, the people.] EVULSION, e-vul'shun, _n._ a plucking out by force. [L. _e_, out, _vell[)e]re_, _vulsum_, to pluck.] EWE, [=u], _n._ a female sheep.--_ns._ EWE'-CHEESE, cheese made from the milk of ewes; EWE'-LAMB, a female lamb: a poor man's one possession--used in reference to 2 Sam. xii.; EWE'-NECK, of horses, a thin hollow neck.--_adj._ EWE'-NECKED. [A.S. _eowu_; cf. L. _ovis_, Gr. _oïs_, Sans, _avi_, a sheep.] EWER, [=u]'[.e]r, _n._ a large jug with a wide spout, placed on a washstand to hold water. [Through Fr. from L. _aquarium_--_aqua_, water, whence also Fr. _eau_.] EWEST, [=u]'est, _adj._ (_Scot._) near. EWFT, eft, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as EFT (1). EWHOW, [=a]'hwow, _interj._ (_Scot._) an exclamation of sorrow. EWIGKEIT, [=a]'vih-k[=i]t, _n._ eternity. [Ger.] EX, eks, used adjectively in words like _ex_-emperor, to signify _late_. See Prefixes in Appendix. EXACERBATE, egz-as'[.e]r-b[=a]t, or eks-, _v.t._ to embitter: to provoke: to render more violent or severe, as a disease.--_ns._ EXACERB[=A]'TION, EXACERBES'CENCE, increase of irritation or violence, esp. the increase of a fever or disease: embitterment. [L. _exacerb[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, and _acerb[=a]re_, from _acerbus_, bitter.] EXACT, egz-akt', _v.t._ to force from: to compel full payment of: to make great demands, or to demand urgently: to extort: to inflict.--_v.i._ to practice extortion.--_adj._ precise: careful: punctual: true: certain or demonstrable.--_p.adj._ EXACT'ING, compelling full payment of: unreasonable in making demands.--_ns._ EXAC'TION, act of exacting or demanding strictly: an oppressive demand: that which is exacted, as excessive work or tribute; EXACT'ITUDE, exactness: correctness.--_adv._ EXACT'LY.--_ns._ EXACT'MENT; EXACT'NESS, quality of being exact: accuracy; EXACT'OR, -ER, one who exacts: an extortioner: one who claims rights, often too strictly:--_fem._ EXACT'RESS.--EXACT SCIENCES, the mathematical sciences, of which the results are demonstrable. [L. _exig[)e]re_, _exactum_--_ex_, out, _ag[)e]re_, to drive.] EXAGGERATE, egz-aj'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to magnify unduly: to represent too strongly: to intensify.--_n._ EXAGGER[=A]'TION, extravagant representation: a statement in excess of the truth.--_adjs._ EXAGG'ERATIVE, EXAGG'ERATORY, containing exaggeration or tending to exaggerate.--_n._ EXAGG'ERATOR. [L. _exagger[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, _agger[=a]re_, to heap up--_agger_, a heap.] EXALBUMINOUS, eks-al-b[=u]'min-us, _adj._ (_bot._) without albumen.--Also EXALB[=U]'MINOSE. EXALGIN, eks-al'jin, _n._ an anodyne obtained from coal-tar products. [Gr.,--_ex_, out, _algos_, pain.] EXALT, egz-awlt', _v.t._ to elevate to a higher position: to elate or fill with the joy of success: to extol: (_chem._) to refine or subtilise.--_n._ EXALT[=A]'TION, elevation in rank or dignity: high estate: elation: (_astrol._) the position of a planet in the zodiac where it was supposed to wield the greatest influence.--_p.adj._ EXALT'ED, elevated: lofty: dignified.--_n._ EXALT'EDNESS. [L. _exalt[=a]re_--_ex_, _altus_, high.] EXAMINE, egz-am'in, _v.t._ to test: to inquire into: to question.--_n._ EX[=A]'MEN, examination.--_adj._ EXAM'INABLE.--_ns._ EXAM'INANT, an examiner; EXAM'INATE, one who is examined; EXAMIN[=A]'TION, careful search or inquiry: trial: testing of capacity of pupils, also contracted to EXAM.; EXAMIN[=EE]', one under examination; EXAM'INER, EXAM'IN[=A]TOR, one who examines.--_p.adj._ EXAM'INING, that examines, or is appointed to examine. [Fr.,--L. _examin[=a]re_--_examen_ (=_exagmen_), the tongue of a balance.] EXAMPLE, egz-am'pl, _n._ that which is taken as a specimen of the rest, or as an illustration of the rule, &c.: the person or thing to be imitated or avoided: a pattern: a warning: a former instance.--_v.t._ to exemplify: to instance.--_n._ EXAM'PLAR, a pattern, model.--_adj._ EXAM'PLARY, serving for an example. [O. Fr.,--L. _exemplum_--_exim[)e]re_, to take out--_ex_, out of, _em[)e]re_, _emptum_, to take.] EXANIMATE, egz-an'i-m[=a]t, _adj._ lifeless: spiritless: depressed.--_n._ EXANIM[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXAN'IMOUS [L. _exanim[=a]tus_--_ex_, neg., _animus_, spirit, life.] EXANTHEMA, eks-an-th[=e]'ma, _n._ one of a class of febrile diseases with distinctive eruptions on the skin, appearing at a definite period and running a recognisable course:--_pl._ EXANTH[=E]'MATA.--_adjs._ EXANTHEMAT'IC, EXANTHEM'ATOUS.--_ns._ EXANTHEMATOL'OGY; EXANTH[=E]'SIS, the appearing of an exanthema. [Gr.,--_ex_, out, _antheein_, to blossom.] EXARCH, eks'ärk, _n._ name formerly given to the vicegerent of the Byzantine empire in Italy: a bishop: (_Gr. Church_) an ecclesiastical inspector.--_n._ EXARCH'ATE, the office of an exarch. [Gr. _exarchos_--_ex_, and _archein_, to lead.] EXASPERATE, egz-as'p[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make very angry: to irritate in a high degree.--_p.adj._ irritated.--_adjs._ EXAS'PERATING, EXAS'PERATIVE, provoking.--_ns._ EXASPER[=A]'TION, act of irritating; state of being exasperated: provocation: rage: aggravation; EXAS'PERATOR. [L. _ex_, inten., _asper[=a]re_, to make rough--_asper_, rough.] EXCALIBUR, eks-kal'ib-[.e]r, _n._ the name of King Arthur's sword. [O. Fr. _escalibor_--_caliburn_; cf. Ir. _caladbolg_, a famous sword.] EXCAMBION, eks-kam'bi-on, _n._ legal term for the exchange of lands--also EXCAM'BIUM.--_v.t._ EXCAMB', to exchange. [Low L. _excambi[=a]re_.] EXCAVATE, eks'ka-v[=a]t, _v.t._ to hollow or scoop out: to dig out.--_ns._ EXCAV[=A]'TION, act of excavating: a hollow or cavity made by excavating; EX'CAVATOR, one who excavates: a machine used for excavating. [L. _excav[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _cavus_, hollow.] EXCEED, ek-s[=e]d', _v.t._ to go beyond the limit or measure of: to surpass or excel.--_v.i._ to go beyond a given or proper limit.--_p.adj._ EXCEED'ING, surpassing, excessive.--_adv._ EXCEED'INGLY, very much: greatly. [L. _ex_, beyond, _ced[)e]re_, _cessum_, to go.] EXCEL, ek-sel', _v.t._ to be superior to: to exceed: to surpass.--_v.i._ to have good qualities in a high degree: to perform very meritorious actions: to be superior:--_pr.p._ excel'ling; _pa.p._ excelled'.--_ns._ EX'CELLENCE, EX'CELLENCY, great merit: any excellent quality: worth: greatness: a title of honour given to persons high in rank or office.--_adj._ EX'CELLENT, surpassing others in some good quality: of great virtue, worth, &c.: superior: valuable.--_adv._ EX'CELLENTLY.--_adj._ EXCEL'SIOR (L. _comp._), higher still. [L. _excell[)e]re_--_ex_, out, up, and a word from the root of _celsus_, high.] EXCEPT, ek-sept', _v.t._ to take or leave out: to exclude.--_v.i._ to object.--_prep._ leaving out: excluding: but.--_adj._ and _n._ EXCEPT'ANT.--_prep._ EXCEPT'ING, with the exception of, except.--_n._ EXCEP'TION, the act of excepting: that which is excepted: exclusion: objection: offence.--_adj._ EXCEP'TIONABLE, objectionable.--_adv._ EXCEP'TIONABLY.--_adj._ EXCEP'TIONAL, peculiar.--_adv._ EXCEP'TIONALLY.--_adjs._ EXCEP'TIOUS, disposed to take exception; EXCEPT'IVE, including, making, or being an exception; EXCEPT'LESS (_Shak._), making an exception, usual.--_n._ EXCEPT'OR. [L. _excip[)e]re_, _exceptum_--_ex_, out, _cap[)e]re_, to take.] EXCERPT, ek's[.e]rpt, or ek-s[.e]rpt', _n._ a passage selected from a book, an extract.--_v.t._ EXCERPT', to select: to extract.--_ns._ EXCERPT'ING, EXCERP'TION; EXCERP'TOR. [L. _excerptum_, pa.p. of _excerp[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _carp[)e]re_, to pick.] EXCESS, ek-ses', _n._ a going beyond what is usual or proper: intemperance: that which exceeds: the degree by which one thing exceeds another.--_adj._ EXCES'SIVE, beyond what is right and proper: immoderate: violent.--_adv._ EXCES'SIVELY.--_n._ EXCES'SIVENESS.--CARRY TO EXCESS, to do too much. [L. _excessus_--_exced[)e]re_, _excessum_, to go beyond.] EXCHANGE, eks-ch[=a]nj', _v.t._ to give or leave one place or thing for another: to give and take mutually: to barter.--_n._ the giving and taking one thing for another: barter: the thing exchanged: process by which accounts between distant parties are settled by bills instead of money: the difference between the value of money in different places: the building where merchants, &c., meet for business.--_n._ EXCHANGEABIL'ITY.--_adj._ EXCHANGE'ABLE, that may be exchanged.--_n._ EXCHAN'GER, one who exchanges or practises exchange: (_B._) a money-changer, a banker. [O. Fr. _eschangier_ (Fr. _échanger_)--Low L. _excambi[=a]re_--L. _ex_, out, _camb[=i]re_, to barter.] EXCHEAT, eks-ch[=e]t', _n._ (_Spens._). Same as ESCHEAT. EXCHEQUER, eks-chek'[.e]r, _n._ a superior court which had formerly to do only with the revenue, but now also with common law, so named from the chequered cloth which formerly covered the table, and on which the accounts were reckoned.--_v.t._ to proceed against a person in the Court of Exchequer.--EXCHEQUER BILL, bill issued at the Exchequer, under the authority of acts of parliament, as security for money advanced to the government.--CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (see CHANCELLOR); COURT OF EXCHEQUER, originally a revenue court, became a division of the High Court of Justice in 1875, and is now merged in the Queen's Bench Division. [From root of _check_, _checker_.] EXCIDE, ek-sid', _v.t._ to cut off. [L. _excid[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _cæd[)e]re_, to cut.] EXCIPIENT, ek-sip'i-ent, _n._ a substance mixed with a medicine to give it consistence, or used as a vehicle for its administration. EXCISE, ek-s[=i]z', _n._ a tax on certain home commodities and on licenses for certain trades; the department in the civil administration which is concerned with this tax.--_v.t._ to subject to excise duty.--_adj._ EXCIS'ABLE, liable to excise duty.--_n._ EXCISE'MAN, an officer charged with collecting the excise. [Old Dut. _excijs_--O. Fr. _acceis_, tax--Low L. _accens[=a]re_, to tax--_ad_, to, _census_, tax.] EXCISE, ek-s[=i]z', _v.t._ to cut off or out.--_n._ EXCI'SION, a cutting out or off of any kind: extirpation. [L. _excid[)e]re_, to cut out--_ex_, out, _cæd[)e]re_, to cut.] EXCITE, ek-s[=i]t', _v.t._ to call into activity: to stir up: to rouse: to irritate.--_ns._ EXC[=I]TABIL'ITY, EXC[=I]T'ABLENESS.--_adj._ EXC[=I]T'ABLE, capable of being excited, easily excited.--_ns._ EXCITANT (ek'sit-ant, or ek-s[=i]t'ant), that which excites or rouses the vital activity of the body: a stimulant; EXCIT[=A]'TION, act of exciting: means of excitement: state of excitement.--_adjs._ EXC[=I]T'[=A]TIVE, EXC[=I]T'[=A]TORY, tending to excite.--_p.adj._ EXC[=I]T'ED, agitated.--_ns._ EXCITE'MENT, agitation: that which excites; EXC[=I]T'ER.--_p.adj._ EXC[=I]T'ING, tending to excite.--_adj._ EXC[=I]'TO-M[=O]'TOR, exhibiting muscular contraction. [Fr.,--L. _excit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_exci[=e]re_--_ex_, out, _ci[=e]re_, to set in motion.] EXCLAIM, eks-kl[=a]m', _v.i._ to cry out: to utter or speak vehemently.--_n._ an exclamation, outcry.--_n._ EXCLAM[=A]'TION, vehement utterance: outcry: an uttered expression of surprise, and the like: the mark expressing this (!): an interjection.--_adjs._ EXCLAM'ATIVE, EXCLAM'ATORY, containing or expressing exclamation. [Fr. _exclamer_--L. _exclam[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _clam[=a]re_, to shout.] EXCLAVE, eks'kl[=a]v, _n._ a part of a country, province, &c. disjoined from the main part--opp. to _Enclave_. EXCLUDE, eks-kl[=oo]d', _v.t._ to close or shut out: to thrust out: to hinder from entrance: to hinder from participation: to except.--_ns._ EXCLU'SION, a shutting or putting out: ejection: exception; EXCLU'SIONISM; EXCLU'SIONIST, one who excludes, or would exclude, another from a privilege.--_adj._ EXCLU'SIVE, able or tending to exclude: debarring from participation: sole: not taking into account.--_n._ one of a number who exclude others from their society.--_adv._ EXCLU'SIVELY.--_ns._ EXCLU'SIVENESS; EXCLU'SIVISM.--_adj._ EXCLU'SORY, exclusive.--EXCLUSIVE DEALING, the act of abstaining deliberately from any business or other transactions with persons of opposite political or other convictions to one's own--a euphemism for _boycotting_ (q.v.). [L. _exclud[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _claud[)e]re_, to shut.] EXCOGITATE, eks-koj'i-t[=a]t, _v.t._ to discover by thinking: to think earnestly or laboriously.--_n._ EXCOGIT[=A]'TION, laborious thinking: invention: contrivance. [L. _excogit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _cogit[=a]re_, to think.] EXCOMMUNICATE, eks-kom-[=u]n'i-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to put out of or expel from the communion of the church: to deprive of church privileges.--_adj._ EXCOMMUN'ICABLE.--_ns._ EXCOMMUNIC[=A]'TION, act of expelling from the communion of a church--(_Milt._) EXCOMMUN'ION.--_adj._ EXCOMMUN'ICATORY, of or pertaining to excommunication. [From Late L. _excommunic[=a]re_--L. _ex_, out, _communis_, common.] EXCORIATE, eks-k[=o]'ri-[=a]t, _v.t._ to strip the skin from.--_n._ EXCORI[=A]'TION, the act of excoriating: the state of being excoriated. [L. _excori[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, from, _corium_, the skin.] EXCORTICATE, eks-kor'ti-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to strip the bark off.--_n._ EXCORTIC[=A]'TION. EXCREMENT, eks'kre-ment, _n._ useless matter discharged from the animal system: dung.--_adjs._ EXCREMENT'AL, EXCREMENTI'TIAL, EXCREMENTI'TIOUS, pertaining to or containing excrement. [L. _excrementum_--_excern[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _cern[)e]re_, to sift.] EXCRESCENCE, eks-kres'ens, _n._ that which grows out unnaturally from anything else: an outbreak: a wart or tumour: a superfluous part.--_ns._ EX'CREMENT, an outgrowth; EXCRES'CENCY, state of being excrescent: excrescence.--_adjs._ EXCRES'CENT, growing out: superfluous; EXCRESCEN'TIAL. [Fr.,--L.,--_excresc[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _cresc[)e]re_, to grow.] EXCRETE, eks-kr[=e]t', _v.t._ to separate from: to eject.--_ns.pl._ EXCR[=E]'TA, EXCR[=E]TES', matters discharged from the animal body.--_n._ EXCR[=E]'TION, act of excreting matter from the animal system: that which is excreted.--_adjs._ EXCR[=E]'TIVE, able to excrete; EXCR[=E]'TORY, having the quality of excreting.--_n._ a duct that helps to receive and excrete matter. [L. _ex_, from, _cern[)e]re_, _cretum_, to separate.] EXCRUCIATE, eks-kr[=oo]'shi-[=a]t, _v.t._ to torture: to rack: to pain, grieve.--_p.adj._ EXCRU'CI[=A]TING, extremely painful: racking: torturing: agonising.--_adv._ EXCRU'CIATINGLY.--_n._ EXCRUCI[=A]'TION, torture: vexation. [L. _ex_, out, _cruci[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to crucify--_crux_, _crucis_, a cross.] EXCULPATE, eks-kul'p[=a]t, _v.t._ to clear from the charge of a fault or crime: to absolve: to vindicate.--_n._ EXCULP[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXCUL'PATORY, tending to free from the charge of fault or crime. [L. _ex_, from, _culpa_, a fault.] EXCURSION, eks-kur'shun, _n._ a going forth: an expedition: a trip for pleasure or health: a wandering from the main subject: a digression.--_adj._ EXCUR'RENT (_bot._), projecting beyond the edge or point.--_vs.i._ EXCURSE', to digress; EXCUR'SIONISE, to go on an excursion.--_n._ EXCUR'SIONIST, one who goes on a pleasure-trip.--_adj._ EXCUR'SIVE, rambling: deviating.--_adv._ EXCUR'SIVELY.--_ns._ EXCUR'SIVENESS; EXCUR'SUS, a dissertation on some particular point appended to a book or chapter.--EXCURSION TRAIN, a special train, usually with reduced fares, for persons making an excursion. [L. _excursio_--_ex_, out, _curr[)e]re_, _cursum_, to run.] EXCUSE, eks-k[=u]z', _v.t._ to free from blame or guilt: to forgive: to free from an obligation: to release, dispense with: to make an apology or ask pardon for.--_n._ (eks-k[=u]s') a plea offered in extenuation of a fault: indulgence.--_adj._ EXCUS'ABLE, admitting of justification.--_n._ EXCUS'ABLENESS.--_adv._ EXCUS'ABLY.--_adj._ EXCUS'ATORY, making or containing excuse: apologetic.--EXCUSE ME, an expression used as an apology for any slight impropriety, or for controverting a statement that has been made. [L. _excus[=a]re_--_ex_, from, _causa_, a cause, accusation.] EXEAT, eks'[=e]-at, _n._ formal leave, as for a student to be out of college for more than one night. [L., 'let him go out.'] EXECRATE, eks'e-kr[=a]t, _v.t._ to curse: to denounce evil against: to detest utterly.--_adj._ EX'ECRABLE, deserving execration: detestable: accursed.--_adv._ EX'ECRABLY.--_n._ EXECR[=A]'TION, act of execrating: a curse pronounced: that which is execrated.--_adj._ EX'ECR[=A]TIVE, of or belonging to execration.--_adv._ EX'ECR[=A]TIVELY.--_adj._ EX'ECR[=A]TORY. [L. _exsecr[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_, to curse--_ex_, from, _sacer_, sacred.] EXECUTE, eks'e-k[=u]t, _v.t._ to perform: to give effect to: to carry into effect the sentence of the law: to put to death by law.--_adj._ EXEC'UTABLE, that can be executed.--_ns._ EXEC'UTANT, one who executes or performs; EX'ECUTER; EXEC[=U]'TION, act of executing or performing: accomplishment: completion: carrying into effect the sentence of a court of law: the warrant for so doing: the infliction of capital punishment; EXEC[=U]'TIONER, one who executes, esp. one who inflicts capital punishment.--_adj._ EXEC'UTIVE, designed or fitted to execute: active: qualifying for or pertaining to the execution of the law.--_n._ the power or authority in government that carries the laws into effect: the persons who administer the government.--_adv._ EXEC'UTIVELY.--_n._ EXEC'UTOR, one who executes or performs: the person appointed to see a will carried into effect:--_fem._ EXEC'UTRESS, EXEC'UTRIX.--_adj._ EXECUT[=O]'RIAL.--_n._ EXEC'UTORSHIP.--_adj._ EXEC'UTORY, executing official duties: designed to be carried into effect. [Fr. _exécuter_--L. _exsequi_, _exsecutus_--_ex_, out, _sequi_, to follow.] EXEDRA, eks'e-dra, _n._ a raised platform with steps, in the open air: an apse, recess, niche--also EX'HEDRA:--_pl._ EX'EDRÆ. [L.] EXEGESIS, eks-e-j[=e]'sis, _n._ the science of interpretation, esp. of the Scriptures.--_ns._ EX'EGETE, EXEGET'IST, one who interprets the Scriptures.--_adjs._ EXEGET'IC, -AL, pertaining to exegesis: explanatory.--_adv._ EXEGET'ICALLY.--_n.pl._ EXEGET'ICS, the science of exegesis. [Gr. _ex[=e]gesis_--_ex[=e]geesthai_, to explain--_ex_, out, _h[=e]geesthai_, to guide.] EXEME, eks-[=e]m', _v.t._ (_Scot._) to release, exempt. [L. _exim[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _em[)e]re_, to take.] EXEMPLAR, egz-em'plar, _n._ a person or thing to be imitated: the ideal model of an artist: a type: an example.--_adv._ EX'EMPLARILY.--_ns._ EXEM'PLARINESS, the state or quality of being exemplary; EXEMPLAR'ITY, exemplariness: exemplary conduct.--_adj._ EXEMPLARY (egz-em'plar-i, or egz'em-plar-i), worthy of imitation or notice. [O. Fr. _exemplaire_--Low L. _exemplarium_--_exemplum_, example.] EXEMPLIFY, egz-em'pli-f[=i], _v.t._ to illustrate by example: to make an attested copy of: to prove by an attested copy:--_pr.p._ exem'plifying; _pa.p._ exem'plified.--_adj._ EXEM'PLIF[=I]ABLE.--_n._ EXEMPLIFIC[=A]'TION, act of exemplifying: that which exemplifies: a copy or transcript. [L. _exemplum_, example, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] EXEMPT, egz-emt', _v.t._ to free, or grant immunity (with _from_).--_adj._ taken out: not liable to: released: unaffected by.--_n._ EXEMP'TION, act of exempting: state of being exempt: freedom from any service, duty, &c.: immunity. [Fr.,--L. _exim[)e]re_, _exemptum_--_ex_, out, _em[)e]re_, to buy.] EXENTERATE, eks-en't[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to disembowel.--_p.adj._ disembowelled.--_n._ EXENTER[=A]'TION. [L. _exenter[=a]re_--Gr. _ex_, out, _enteron_, intestine.] EXEQUATUR, eks-e-kw[=a]'tur, _n._ an official recognition of a consul or commercial agent given by the government of the country in which he is to be. [L. _exequatur_='let him execute'--the opening word.] EXEQUY, eks'e-kwi (only in _pl._ EXEQUIES, eks'e-kwiz), _n._ a funeral procession: funeral rites.--_adj._ EX[=E]'QUIAL. [L. _exequiæ_--_ex_, out, _sequi_, to follow.] EXERCISE, eks'[.e]r-s[=i]z, _n._ a putting in practice: exertion of the body for health or amusement: discipline: a lesson, task, academical disputation, &c.: (_Shak._) skill: (_pl._) military drill: an act of worship or devotion: a discourse, the discussion of a passage of Scripture, giving the coherence of text and context, &c.--the _addition_, giving the doctrinal propositions, &c.: the Presbytery itself.--_v.t._ to train by use: to improve by practice: to afflict: to put in practice: to use: to wield.--_adj._ EX'ERCISABLE. [O. Fr. _exercice_--L. _exercitium_--L. _exerc[=e]re_, _-citum_--_ex_, out, _arc[=e]re_, to shut up.] EXERCITATION, egz-er-sit-[=a]'shun, _n._ the putting into practice: employment: exercise: a discourse. [L. _exercit[=a]re_--_exerc[=e]re_, to exercise.] EXERGUE, eks'erg, or egz-erg', _n._ the part on the reverse of a coin, below the main device, often filled up by the date, &c.--_adj._ EXER'GUAL. [Fr.,--Gr. _ex_, out, _ergon_, work.] EXERT, egz-[.e]rt', _v.t._ to bring into active operation: to do or perform.--_n._ EXER'TION, a bringing into active operation: effort: attempt.--_adj._ EXERT'IVE, having the power or tendency to exert: using exertion. [L. _exser[)e]re_, _exsertum_--_ex_, out, _ser[)e]re_, to put together.] EXEUNT, eks'[=e]-unt. See EXIT. EXFOLIATE, eks-f[=o]'li-[=a]t, _v.i._ and _v.t._ to come off, or send off, in scales.--_n._ EXFOLI[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXF[=O]'LIATIVE. [L. _exfoli[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, off, _folium_, a leaf.] EXHALE, egz-h[=a]l', _v.t._ to emit or send out as vapour: to evaporate.--_v.i._ to rise or be given off as vapour.--_adjs._ EXHAL'ABLE, that can be exhaled; EXHAL'ANT, having the quality of exhaling.--_n._ EXHAL[=A]'TION, act or process of exhaling: evaporation: that which is exhaled: vapour: steam. [Fr. _exhaler_--L. _exhal[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _hal[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to breathe.] EXHALE, egz-h[=a]l', _v.t._ to draw out: (_Shak._) to cause to flow. [Pfx. _ex-_, and _hale_, to draw.] EXHAUST, egz-awst', _v.t._ to draw out the whole of: to use the whole strength of: to wear or tire out: to treat of or develop completely.--_n._ the exit of steam from the cylinder when it has done its work in propelling the piston--escaping by the _exhaust-pipe_ and regulated by the _exhaust-valve_.--_p.adj._ EXHAUST'ED, drawn out: emptied: consumed: tired out.--_n._ EXHAUST'ER, he who or that which exhausts.--_adj._ EXHAUST'IBLE, that may be exhausted.--_n._ EXHAUST'ION, act of exhausting or consuming: state of being exhausted: extreme fatigue.--_adjs._ EXHAUST'IVE, tending to exhaust; EXHAUST'LESS, that cannot be exhausted. [L. _exhaur[=i]re_, _exhaustum_--_ex_, out, _haur[=i]re_, to draw.] EXHEREDATE, eks-her'i-d[=a]t, _v.t._ (_rare_) to disinherit.--_n._ EXHERED[=A]'TION. [L. _exhered[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _heres_, _-edis_, heir.] EXHIBIT, egz-ib'it, _v.t._ to hold forth or present to view: to present formally or publicly.--_n._ (_law_) a document produced in court to be used as evidence: something exhibited: an article at an exhibition.--_ns._ EXHIB'ITER, EXHIB'ITOR; EXHIBI'TION, presentation to view: display: a public show, esp. of works of art, manufactures, &c.: that which is exhibited: an allowance or bounty to scholars in a university; EXHIBI'TIONER, one who enjoys an exhibition at a university; EXHIBI'TIONIST.--_adjs._ EXHIB'ITIVE, serving for exhibition: representative; EXHIB'ITORY, exhibiting.--MAKE AN EXHIBITION OF ONE'S SELF, to behave foolishly, exciting ridicule. [L. _exhib[=e]re_, _-itum_--_ex_, out, _hab[=e]re_, _-itum_, to have.] EXHILARATE, egz-il'a-r[=a]t, _v.t._ to make hilarious or merry: to enliven: to cheer.--_adj._ EXHIL'ARANT, exhilarating: exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure.--_n._ an exhilarating medicine.--_p.adj._ EXHIL'AR[=A]TING, cheering: gladdening.--_adv._ EXHIL'AR[=A]TINGLY.--_n._ EXHILAR[=A]'TION, state of being exhilarated: joyousness.--_adjs._ EXHIL'AR[=A]TIVE, EXHIL'AR[=A]TORY. [L. _exhilar[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, inten., _hilaris_, cheerful.] EXHORT, egz-hort', or egz-[=o]rt', _v.t._ to urge strongly to good deeds, esp. by words or advice: to animate: to advise or warn.--_n._ EXHORT[=A]'TION, act of exhorting: language intended to exhort: counsel: a religious discourse.--_adjs._ EXHORT'ATIVE, EXHORT'ATORY, tending to exhort or advise. [L. _exhort[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_--_ex_, inten., _hort[=a]ri_, to urge.] EXHUME, eks-h[=u]m', _v.t._ to take out of the ground or place of burial: to disinter: to bring to light--also EX'HUMATE.--_ns._ EXHUM[=A]'TION, act of exhuming: disinterment; EXHUM'ER, one who exhumes. [L. _ex_, out of, _humus_, the ground.] EXIES, ek'siz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) ecstasy: hysterics. [Perh. from _access_, an attack, a fit.] EXIGENT, eks'i-jent, _adj._ pressing: demanding immediate attention or action.--_n._ end, extremity: (_Browning_) a needed amount.--_adj._ EXIGEANT', exacting.--_n.fem._ EXIGEANTE'.--_ns._ EX'IGENCE, EX'IGENCY, pressing necessity: emergency: distress.--_adj._ EX'IGIBLE, capable of being exacted.--_ns._ EXIG[=U]'ITY, EXIG'UOUSNESS.--_adj._ EXIG'UOUS, small: slender. [L. _exigens_, _-entis_--_exig[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _ag[)e]re_, to drive.] EXILE, eks'[=i]l, or egz'[=i]l, _n._ state of being sent out of one's native country: expulsion from home: banishment: one away from his native country.--_v.t._ to expel from one's native country, to banish.--_n._ EX'[=I]LEMENT, banishment.--_adj._ EXIL'IC, pertaining to exile, esp. that of the Jews in Babylon. [O. Fr. _exil_--L. _exsilium_, banishment--_ex_, out of, and root of _sal[=i]re_, to leap.] EXILITY, eks-il'i-ti, _n._ slenderness, smallness: refinement. [L. _exilis_, slender, contraction for _exigilis_.] EXIMIOUS, eg-zim'i-us, _adj._ excellent, distinguished. [L. _eximius_--_exim[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _em[)e]re_, to take.] EXIST, egz-ist', _v.i._ to have an actual being: to live: to continue to be.--_n._ EXIST'ENCE, state of existing or being: continued being: life: anything that exists: a being.--_adjs._ EXIST'ENT, having being: at present existing; EXISTEN'TIAL. [L. _exist[)e]re_, _exsist[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _sist[)e]re_, to make to stand.] EXIT, eks'it, _n._ a direction in playbooks to an actor to go off the stage: the departure of a player from the stage: any departure: a way of departure: a passage out: a quitting of the world's stage, or life: death:--_pl._ EX'EUNT.--_v.i._ to make an exit. [L. _exit_, he goes out, _exeunt_, they go out--_ex[=i]re_, to go out--_ex_, out, and _[=i]re_, _itum_, to go.] EX LIBRIS, eks l[=i]'bris, _n._ a book-plate--lit. 'from the books of.' [L.] EXODE, ek's[=o]d, _n._ the concluding part of a Greek drama: a farce or afterpiece. [Gr.] EXODUS, eks'o-dus, _n._ a going out or departure, esp. that of the Israelites from Egypt (1491 B.C., Usher): the second book of the Old Testament.--_adj._ EXOD'IC.--_n._ EX'ODIST, one who goes out: an emigrant. [L.,--Gr. _exodos_--_ex_, out, _hodos_, a way.] EXOGAMY, eks-og'a-mi, _n._ the practice of marrying only outside of one's own tribe.--_adj._ EXOG'AMOUS. [Gr. _exo_, out, _gamos_, marriage.] EXOGEN, eks'o-jen, _n._ a plant belonging to the great class that increases by layers growing on the outside of the wood.--_adj._ EXOG'ENOUS (-oj'), growing by successive additions to the outside. [L. _ex[=o]_, outside, and _gen_, root of _gignesthai_, to be produced.] EXOMIS, eks-[=o]'mis, _n._ a sleeveless vest, worn by workmen and slaves--(_Browning_) EX[=O]'MION. [Gr. _ex[=o]mis_--_ex_, out, _[=o]mos_, shoulder.] EXON, eks'on, _n._ one of the four officers of the yeomen of the Royal Guard. [App. intended to express the pronunciation of Fr. _exempt_ (Dr Murray).] EXONERATE, egz-on'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to free from the burden of blame or obligation: to acquit.--_n._ EXONER[=A]'TION, act of exonerating or freeing from a charge or blame.--_adj._ EXON'ERATIVE, freeing from a burden or obligation. [L. _exoner[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, from, _onus_, _oneris_, burden.] EXOPHAGY, eks-of'a-ji, _n._ the custom among cannibals of eating only the flesh of persons not of their own tribe.--_adj._ EXOPH'AGOUS. [Formed from Gr. _ex[=o]_, outside, _phagein_, to eat.] EXORABLE, ek's[=o]-ra-bl, _adj._ capable of being moved by entreaty.--_n._ EXOR[=A]'TION, entreaty. EXORBITANT, egz-or'bi-tant, _adj._ going beyond the usual limits: excessive.--_ns._ EXOR'BITANCE, EXOR'BITANCY, extravagance: enormity.--_adv._ EXOR'BITANTLY.--_v.i._ EXOR'BIT[=A]TE, to stray. [L. _exorbitans_, _-antis_, pr.p. of _exorbit[=a]re_--_ex_, out of, _orbita_, a track--_orbis_, a circle.] EXORCISE, eks'or-s[=i]z, or eks-or'-, _v.t._ to adjure by some holy name: to call forth or drive away, as a spirit: to deliver from the influence of an evil spirit.--_ns._ EX'ORCISM, act of exorcising or expelling evil spirits by certain ceremonies: a formula for exorcising; EX'ORCIST, one who exorcises or pretends to expel evil spirits by adjurations: (_R.C. Church_) the third of the minor orders. [Through Late L., from Gr. _exorkizein_--_ex_, out, _horkos_, an oath.] EXORDIUM, egz-or'di-um, _n._ the introductory part of a discourse or composition.--_adj._ EXOR'DIAL, pertaining to the exordium: introductory. [L. _exord[=i]ri_--_ex_, out, _ord[=i]ri_, to begin.] EXOSKELETON, ek-s[=o]-skel'e-tun, _n._ any structure produced by the hardening of the integument, as the scales of fish, but esp. when bony, as the carapace of the turtle, &c.--_adj._ EXOSKEL'ETAL. [Gr. _ex[=o]_, outside, _skeleton_.] EXOSMOSE, eks'os-m[=o]z, _n._ the passage outward of fluids, gases, &c. through porous media, esp. living animal membranes--also EXOSM[=O]'SIS.--_adj._ EXOSMOT'IC. [L.,--Gr. _ex_, out, _[=o]smos_, pushing.] EXOSTOME, eks'os-t[=o]m, _n._ the small opening in the outer coating of the ovule of a plant. [Gr. _ex[=o]_, without, _stoma_, a mouth.] EXOSTOSIS, eks-os-t[=o]'sis, _n._ (_anat._) morbid enlargement of a bone. [Gr. _ex_, out, _osteon_, a bone.] EXOTERIC, -AL, eks-o-ter'ik, -al, _adj._ external: fit to be communicated to the public or multitude--opp. to _Esoteric_.--_n._ EXOTER'ICISM. [Gr. _ex[=o]terikos_--comp. formed from _ex[=o]_, outside.] EXOTIC, egz-ot'ik, _adj._ introduced from a foreign country--the opposite of _indigenous_.--_n._ anything of foreign origin: something not native to a country, as a plant, a word, a custom.--_ns._ EXOT'ICISM, EX'OTISM. [L.,--Gr. _ex[=o]tikos_--_ex[=o]_, outside.] EXPAND, eks-pand', _v.t._ to spread out: to lay open: to enlarge in bulk or surface: to develop, or bring out in fuller detail.--_v.i._ to become opened: to enlarge.--_ns._ EXPANSE', a wide extent of space: the firmament; EXPANSIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ EXPANS'IBLE, capable of being expanded.--_adv._ EXPANS'IBLY.--_adj._ EXPANS'ILE, capable of expansion.--_n._ EXPAN'SION, act of expanding: state of being expanded: enlargement: that which is expanded: immensity: extension.--_adj._ EXPANS'IVE, widely extended: diffusive.--_adv._ EXPANS'IVELY.--_ns._ EXPANS'IVENESS; EXPANSIV'ITY. [L. _expand[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _pand[)e]re_, _pansum_, to spread.] EX PARTE, eks pär'ti, _adj._ on one side only: partial: prejudiced. [L. _ex_, out, _pars_, _partis_, part.] EXPATIATE, eks-p[=a]'shi-[=a]t, _v.i._ to range at large: to enlarge in discourse, argument, or writing.--_n._ EXPATI[=A]'TION, act of expatiating or enlarging in discourse.--_adjs._ EXP[=A]'TIATIVE, EXP[=A]'TIATORY, expansive.--_n._ EXP[=A]'TIATOR. [L. _exspati[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_--_ex_, out of, _spati[=a]ri_, to roam--_spatium_, space.] EXPATRIATE, eks-p[=a]'tri-[=a]t, _v.t._ to send out of one's native country: to banish, or exile.--_n._ EXPATRI[=A]'TION, act of expatriating: exile, voluntary or compulsory. [Low L. _expatri[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out of, _patria_, fatherland.] EXPECT, eks-pekt', _v.t._ to wait for: to look forward to as something about to happen: to anticipate: to hope.--_n._ (_Shak._) expectation.--_ns._ EXPECT'ANCE, EXPECT'ANCY, act or state of expecting: that which is expected: hope.--_adj._ EXPECT'ANT, looking or waiting for.--_n._ one who expects: one who is looking or waiting for some benefit or office.--_adv._ EXPECT'ANTLY.--_ns._ EXPECT[=A]'TION, act or state of expecting: prospect of future good: that which is expected: the ground or qualities for anticipating future benefits or excellence: promise: the value of something expected: (_pl._) prospect of fortune or profit by a will; EXPECT[=A]'TION-WEEK, the period between Ascension Day and Whitsunday--during this time the Apostles continued praying in expectation of the Comforter.--_adj._ EXPECT'ATIVE, giving rise to expectation: reversionary.--_n._ an expectancy.--_n._ EXPECT'ER (_Shak._), one who waits for a person or thing.--_adv._ EXPECT'INGLY, in a state of expectation. [L. _exspect[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _spect[=a]re_, to look, freq. of _spec[)e]re_, to see.] EXPECTORATE, eks-pek'to-r[=a]t, _v.t._ to expel from the breast or lungs by coughing, &c.: to spit forth.--_v.i._ to discharge or eject phlegm from the throat.--_adj._ EXPEC'TORANT, tending to promote expectoration.--_n._ a medicine which promotes expectoration.--_n._ EXPECTOR[=A]'TION, act of expectorating: that which is expectorated: spittle.--_adj._ EXPEC'TOR[=A]TIVE, having the quality of promoting expectoration. [L. _expector[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out of, from, _pectus_, _pectoris_, the breast.] EXPEDIENT, eks-p[=e]'di-ent, _adj._ suitable: advisable: (_Shak._) hasty.--_n._ that which serves to promote: means suitable to an end: contrivance.--_ns._ EXP[=E]'DIENCE (_Shak._), haste, despatch: expediency; EXP[=E]'DIENCY, fitness: desirableness: self-interest.--_adj._ EXPEDIEN'TIAL.--_adv._ EXP[=E]'DIENTLY. [L. _expediens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _exped[=i]re_.] EXPEDITE, eks'pe-d[=i]t, _v.t._ to free from impediments: to hasten: to send forth: to despatch.--_adj._ free from impediment: unencumbered: quick: prompt.--_adv._ EX'PEDITELY.--_n._ EXPEDI'TION, speed: promptness: any undertaking by a number of persons: a hostile march or voyage: those who form an expedition.--_adjs._ EXPEDI'TIONARY; EXPEDI'TIOUS, characterised by expedition or rapidity: speedy: prompt.--_adv._ EXPEDI'TIOUSLY.--_n._ EXPEDI'TIOUSNESS, quickness.--_adj._ EXPED'ITIVE. [L. _exped[=i]re_, _-itum_--_ex_, out, _pes_, _pedis_, a foot.] EXPEL, eks-pel', _v.t._ to drive out: eject: to discharge: to banish: (_Shak._) to keep off:--_pr.p._ expel'ling; _pa.p._ expelled'. [L. _expell[)e]re_, _expulsum_--_ex_, out, _pell[)e]re_, to drive.] EXPEND, eks-pend', _v.t._ to lay out: to employ or consume in any way: to spend.--_ns._ EXPEND'ITURE, act of expending or laying out: that which is expended: the process of using up: money spent; EXPENSE' (_Shak._), expenditure: outlay: cost: (_pl._) the cost of a lawsuit (_Scots law_).--_adj._ EXPENS'IVE, causing or requiring much expense: extravagant.--_adv._ EXPENS'IVELY.--_n._ EXPENS'IVENESS.--BE AT THE EXPENSE OF, to pay the cost of. [L. _expend[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _pend[)e]re_, _pensum_, to weigh.] EXPERIENCE, eks-p[=e]'ri-ens, _n._ thorough trial of: practical acquaintance with any matter gained by trial: repeated trial: long and varied observation, personal or general: wisdom derived from the changes and trials of life.--_v.t._ to make trial of, or practical acquaintance with: to prove or know by use: to suffer, undergo.--_p.adj._ EXP[=E]'RIENCED, taught by experience: skilful: wise.--_adjs._ EXP[=E]'RIENCELESS, having no experience; EXPERIEN'TIAL, pertaining to or derived from experience.--_ns._ EXPERIEN'TIALISM; EXPERIEN'TIALIST.--EXPERIENCE MEETING, a religious meeting, where those present relate their religious experiences. [Fr.,--L. _experientia_, from _exper[=i]ri_--_ex_, inten., and old verb _per[=i]ri_, to try.] EXPERIMENT, eks-per'i-ment, _n._ a trial: something done to prove some theory, or to discover something unknown.--_v.i._ to make an experiment or trial: to search by trial.--_adj._ EXPERIMENT'AL, founded or known by experiment: taught by experience: tentative.--_v.i._ EXPERIMENT'ALISE.--_ns._ EXPERIMENT'ALIST, EXPER'IMENTIST, one who makes experiments.--_adv._ EXPERIMENT'ALLY.--_n._ EXPERIMENT[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXPERIMENT'ATIVE. [L. _experimentum_, from _exper[=i]ri_, to try thoroughly.] EXPERT, eks-p[.e]rt', _adj._ taught by practice: having a familiar knowledge: having a facility of performance: skilful, adroit.--_n._ EX'PERT, one who is expert or skilled in any art or science: a specialist: a scientific or professional witness.--_adv._ EXPERT'LY.--_n._ EXPERT'NESS. [Fr.,--L. _expertus_--_exper[=i]ri_, to try thoroughly.] EXPIATE, eks'pi-[=a]t, _v.t._ to make complete atonement for: to make satisfaction or reparation for.--_p.adj._ (_Shak._) expired.--_adj._ EX'PIABLE, capable of being expiated, atoned for, or done away.--_ns._ EXPI[=A]'TION, act of expiating or atoning for: the means by which atonement is made: atonement; EX'PI[=A]TOR, one who expiates.--_adj._ EX'PI[=A]TORY, having the power to make expiation or atonement. [L. _expi[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, inten., _pi[=a]re_, to appease, atone for.] EXPIRE, eks-p[=i]r', _v.t._ to breathe out: to emit or throw out from the lungs: to emit in minute particles.--_v.i._ to breathe out the breath of life: to die out (of fire): to die: to come to an end.--_adj._ EXP[=I]'RABLE, that may expire or come to an end.--_ns._ EXP[=I]'RANT, one expiring; EXPIR[=A]'TION, the act of breathing out: (_obs._) death: end: that which is expired.--_adj._ EXP[=I]'RATORY, pertaining to expiration, or the emission of the breath.--_p.adj._ EXP[=I]'RING, dying: pertaining to or uttered at the time of dying.--_n._ EXP[=I]'RY, the end or termination: expiration. [Fr. _expirer_--L. _ex_, out, _spir[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to breathe.] EXPISCATE, eks-pis'k[=a]t, _v.t._ to find out by skilful means or by strict examination.--_n._ EXPISC[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXPIS'CATORY. [L. _expisc[=a]ri_, _expisc[=a]tus_--_ex_, out, _pisc[=a]ri_, to fish--_piscis_, a fish.] EXPLAIN, eks-pl[=a]n', _v.t._ to make plain or intelligible: to unfold and illustrate the meaning of: to expound: to account for.--_adj._ EXPLAIN'ABLE, that may be explained or cleared up.--_ns._ EXPLAIN'ER, one who explains; EXPLAN[=A]'TION, act of explaining or clearing from obscurity: that which explains or clears up: the meaning or sense given to anything: a mutual clearing up of matters.--_adv._ EXPLAN'ATORILY.--_adj._ EXPLAN'ATORY, serving to explain or clear up: containing explanations.--EXPLAIN AWAY, to modify the force of by explanation, generally in a bad sense. [O. Fr. _explaner_--L. _explan[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _plan[=a]re_--_planus_, plain.] EXPLETIVE, eks'ple-tiv, _adj._ filling out: added for ornament or merely to fill up.--_n._ a word or syllable inserted for ornament or to fill up a vacancy: an oath.--_adj._ EX'PLETORY, serving to fill up: expletive. [L. _expletivus_--_ex_, out, _pl[=e]re_, to fill.] EXPLICATE, eks'pli-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to unfold, develop: to lay open or explain the meaning of.--_adj._ EX'PLICABLE, capable of being explicated or explained.--_n._ EXPLIC[=A]'TION, act of explicating or explaining: explanation.--_adjs._ EX'PLIC[=A]TIVE, EX'PLIC[=A]TORY, serving to explicate or explain. [L. _explic[=a]re_, _explic[=a]tum_ or _explicitum_--_ex_, out, _plic[=a]re_, to fold.] EXPLICIT, eks-plis'it, _adj._ not implied merely, but distinctly stated: plain in language: outspoken: clear: unreserved.--_adv._ EXPLIC'ITLY.--_n._ EXPLIC'ITNESS. [L. _explicitus_, from _explic[=a]re_.] EXPLICIT, eks'plis-it, _n._ a term formerly put at the end of a book, indicating that it is finished. [Contr. from L. _explicitus_ est liber, the book is unrolled.] EXPLODE, eks-pl[=o]d', _v.t._ to cry down, as an actor: to bring into disrepute, and reject: to cause to blow up.--_v.i._ to burst with a loud report: to burst into laughter.--_p.adj._ EXPL[=O]'DED, rejected, discarded.--_n._ EXPL[=O]'SION, act of exploding: a sudden violent burst with a loud report: a breaking out of feelings, &c.--_adj._ EXPL[=O]'SIVE, liable to or causing explosion: bursting out with violence and noise.--_n._ something that will explode.--_adv._ EXPL[=O]'SIVELY.--_n._ EXPL[=O]'SIVENESS. [L. _explod[)e]re_, _explosum_--_ex_, out, _plaud[)e]re_, to clap the hands.] EXPLOIT, eks-ploit', _n._ a deed or achievement, esp. an heroic one: a feat.--_v.t._ to work up: to utilise for one's own ends.--_adj._ EXPLOIT'ABLE.--_ns._ EXPLOIT'AGE, EXPLOIT[=A]'TION, the act of successfully applying industry to any object, as the working of mines, &c.: the act of using for selfish purposes. [O. Fr. _exploit_--L. _explicitum_, ended.] EXPLORE, eks-pl[=o]r', _v.t._ to search for the purpose of discovery: to examine thoroughly.--_n._ EXPLOR[=A]'TION, act of searching thoroughly.--_adjs._ EXPLOR'ATIVE, EXPLOR'ATORY, serving to explore: searching out.--_n._ EXPLOR'ER, one who explores.--_p.adj._ EXPLOR'ING, employed in or intended for exploration. [Fr.,--L. _explor[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to search out--prob. from _ex_, out, _plor[=a]re_, to make to flow.] EXPONENT, eks-p[=o]'nent, _n._ he who, or that which, points out, or represents: (_alg._) a figure which shows how often a quantity is to be multiplied by itself, as _a_^3: an index: an example, illustration.--_adj._ EXPONEN'TIAL (_alg._), pertaining to or involving exponents.--_n._ an exponential function.--EXPONENTIAL CURVE, a curve expressed by an exponential equation; EXPONENTIAL EQUATION, one in which the _x_ or _y_ occurs in the exponent of one or more terms, as 5^{_x_} = 800; EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION, a quantity with a variable exponent; EXPONENTIAL SERIES, a series in which exponential quantities are developed; EXPONENTIAL THEOREM gives a value of any number in terms of its natural logarithm, and from it can at once be derived a series determining the logarithm. [L. _exponens_--_ex_, out, _pon[)e]re_, to place.] EXPONIBLE, eks-p[=o]'ni-bl, _adj._ able to be, or requiring to be, explained. EXPORT, eks-p[=o]rt', _v.t._ to carry or send out of a country, as goods in commerce.--_n._ EX'PORT, act of exporting: that which is exported: a commodity which is or may be sent from one country to another, in traffic.--_adj._ EXPORT'ABLE, that may be exported.--_ns._ EXPORT[=A]'TION, act of exporting, or of conveying goods from one country to another; EXPORT'ER, the person who exports, or who ships goods to a foreign or distant country for sale--opp. to _Importer_. [L. _export[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out of, _port[=a]re_, to carry.] EXPOSE, eks-p[=o]z', _v.t._ to lay forth to view: to deprive of cover, protection, or shelter: to make bare: to abandon (an infant): to explain: to make liable to: to disclose: to show up.--_ns._ EXPOSÉ (eks-p[=o]-z[=a]'), an exposing: a shameful showing up: a formal recital or exposition; EXPOS'EDNESS, the act of exposing: the state of being exposed; EXPOS'ER; EXPOSI'TION, act of exposing: a setting out to public view: the abandonment of a child: a public exhibition: act of expounding, or laying open of the meaning of an author: explanation: commentary.--_adj._ EXPOS'ITIVE, serving to expose or explain: explanatory: exegetical.--_n._ EXPOS'ITOR, one who, or that which, expounds: an interpreter:--_fem._ EXPOS'ITRESS.--_adj._ EXPOS'ITORY, serving to explain: explanatory.--_n._ EXP[=O]'SURE (_Shak._, EXPOS'TURE), act of laying open or bare: act of showing up an evil: state of being laid bare: openness to danger: position with regard to the sun, influence of climate, &c. [Fr. _exposer_--L. _expon[)e]re_, to expose.] EXPOSTULATE, eks-post'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct: to remonstrate: (_Shak._) to discuss: (_Milt._) to claim.--_n._ EXPOSTUL[=A]'TION, act of expostulating, or reasoning earnestly with a person against his conduct: remonstrance.--_adjs._ EXPOST'ULATIVE, EXPOST'ULATORY, containing expostulation.--_n._ EXPOST'ULATOR. [L. _expostul[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, inten., _postul[=a]re_, to demand.] EXPOUND, eks-pownd', _v.t._ to expose, or lay open the meaning of: to explain: to interpret: to explain in a certain way.--_n._ EXPOUND'ER, one who expounds: an interpreter. [O. Fr. _espondre_--L. _expon[)e]re_--_ex_, out, _pon[)e]re_, to place.] EXPRESS, eks-pres', _v.t._ to press or force out: to emit: to represent or make known by a likeness or by words: to declare, reveal: to out into words: to state plainly: to designate.--_adj._ pressed or clearly brought out: exactly representing: directly stated: explicit: clear: intended or sent for a particular purpose.--_adv._ with haste: specially: with an express train.--_n._ a messenger or conveyance sent on a special errand: a regular and quick conveyance: (_U.S._) a system organised for the speedy and safe transmission of parcels or merchandise.--_n._ EXPRESS'AGE, the system of carrying by express.--_adj._ EXPRESS'IBLE.--_ns._ EXPRES'SION, act of expressing or forcing out by pressure: act of representing or giving utterance to: faithful and vivid representation by language, art, the features, &c.: that which is expressed: look: feature: the manner in which anything is expressed: tone of voice or sound in music.--_adjs._ EXPRES'SIONAL, of or pertaining to expression; EXPRES'SIONLESS.--_n._ EXPRES'SION-STOP, a stop in a harmonium, by which the performer can regulate the air to produce expression.--_adj._ EXPRES'SIVE, serving to express or indicate: full of expression: vividly representing: emphatic: significant.--_adv._ EXPRES'SIVELY.--_n._ EXPRES'SIVENESS.--_adv._ EXPRESS'LY.--_ns._ EXPRESS'-R[=I]'FLE, a modern sporting rifle for large game at short range, with heavy charge of powder and light bullet; EXPRESS'-TRAIN, a railway-train at high speed and with few stops; EXPRES'SURE, the act of expressing: (_Shak._) expression. [O. Fr. _expresser_--L. _ex_, out, _press[=a]re_, freq. of _prem[)e]re_, _pressum_, to press.] EXPROMISSION, eks-pr[=o]-mish'un, _n._ the intervention of a new debtor, substituted for the former one, who is consequently discharged by the creditor.--_n._ EXPROMIS'SOR. EXPROPRIATE, eks-pr[=o]'pri-[=a]t, _v.t._ to dispossess.--_n._ EXPROPRI[=A]'TION. [L. _expropri[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _proprium_, property.] EXPUGNABLE, eks-pug'na-bl, or eks-p[=u]'-, _adj._ (_rare_) capable of being stormed.--_v.t._ EXP[=U]GN', to overcome.--_n._ EXPUGN[=A]'TION. [Fr.,--L. _expugn[=a]re_.] EXPULSION, eks-pul'shun, _n._ the act of expelling: banishment.--_v.t._ EXPULSE' (_obs._), to expel forcibly, eject.--_adj._ EXPUL'SIVE, able or serving to expel. [L. _expulsio_. See EXPEL.] EXPUNGE, eks-punj', _v.t._ to wipe out: to efface.--_n._ EXPUNC'TION. [L. _expung[)e]re_, to prick out, erase--_ex_, out, _pung[)e]re_, to prick.] EXPURGATE, eks'pur-g[=a]t, or eks-pur'-, _v.t._ to purge out or render pure: to purify from anything noxious or erroneous.--_ns._ EXPURG[=A]'TION, act of expurgating or purifying: the removal of anything hurtful or evil: exculpation; EXPURGATOR (eks'pur-g[=a]-tor, or eks-pur'ga-tor), one who expurgates or purifies.--_adjs._ EXPURGAT[=O]'RIAL, EXPUR'GATORY, tending to expurgate or purify.--_v.t._ EXPURGE', to purify, expurgate. [L. _expurg[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _purg[=a]re_, to purge.] EXQUISITE, eks'kwi-zit, _adj._ of superior quality: excellent: of delicate perception or close discrimination: not easily satisfied: fastidious: exceeding, extreme, as pain or pleasure.--_n._ one exquisitely nice or refined in dress: a fop.--_adv._ EX'QUISITELY.--_n._ EX'QUISITENESS. [L. _exquisitus_--_ex_, out, _quær[)e]re_, _quæsitum_, to seek.] EXSANGUINOUS, eks-sang'gwin-us, _adj._ without blood: anæmic--also EXSANG'UINE, -D, EXSANGUIN'EOUS.--_n._ EXSANGUIN'ITY. [L. _ex_, neg., _sanguis_, blood.] EXSCIND, ek-sind', _v.t._ to cut off. [L. _ex_, off, _scind[)e]re_, to cut.] EXSECT, ek-sekt', _v.t._ to cut out.--_n._ EXSEC'TION. [L. _ex_, out, _sec[=a]re_, to cut.] EXSERT, eks-sert', _v.t._ to protrude.--_p.adj._ EXSERT'ED, projecting.--_adj._ EXSER'TILE.--_n._ EXSER'TION. EXSICCATE, ek'si-k[=a]t, or ek-sik'-, _v.t._ to dry up.--_adj._ EXSICC'ANT.--_n._ EXSICC[=A]'TION.--_adj._ EXSICC'ATIVE.--_n._ EX'SICC[=A]TOR. [L. _exsicc[=a]re_--_ex-_, _siccus_, dry.] EXSPUTORY, ek-sp[=u]'t[=o]-ri, _adj._ that is spit out or rejected. [L. _expu[)e]re_, _exsputum_, to spit out.] EXSTIPULATE, ek-stip'[=u]-l[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) without stipules. EXSUCCOUS, eks-suk'us, _adj._ destitute of sap. EXSUFFLICATE, eks-suf'fli-k[=a]t, _adj._ (_Shak._) puffed out, contemptible, abominable.--_v.t._ EXSUF'FL[=A]TE, to exorcise. [Prob. from L. _ex_, out, and _suffl[=a]re_, to blow out--_sub_, under, _fl[=a]re_, to blow.] EXTANT, eks'tant, _adj._ standing out, or above the rest: still standing or existing. [L. _extans_, _antis_--_ex_, out, _st[=a]re_, to stand.] EXTASY, EXTATIC. Same as ECSTASY, ECSTATIC. EXTEMPORE, eks-tem'po-re, _adv._ on the spur of the moment: without preparation: suddenly.--_adj._ sudden: rising at the moment: of a speech delivered without help of manuscript.--_adjs._ EXTEM'PORAL, EXTEMPOR[=A]'NEOUS, EXTEM'PORARY, done on the spur of the moment: hastily prepared: speaking extempore: done without preparation: off-hand.--_advs._ EXTEMPOR[=A]'NEOUSLY; EXTEM'PORARILY.--_ns._ EXTEM'PORINESS; EXTEMPORIS[=A]'TION, the act of speaking extempore.--_v.i._ EXTEM'PORISE, to speak extempore or without previous preparation: to discourse without notes: to speak off-hand. [L. _ex_, out of, _tempus_, _temporis_, time.] EXTEND, eks-tend', _v.t._ to stretch out: to prolong in any direction: to enlarge, expand: to widen: to hold out: to bestow or impart: (_law_) to seize: to make a valuation of property by the oath of a jury.--_v.i._ to stretch: to be continued in length or breadth.--_adj._ EXTEND'ANT (_her._), displayed.--_adv._ EXTEND'EDLY.--_adjs._ EXTEND'IBLE; EXTENSE' (_obs._), extensive.--_n._ EXTENSIBIL'ITY.--_adjs._ EXTENS'IBLE, EXTENS'ILE, that may be extended.--EXTEN'SION, a stretching out, prolongation, or enlargement: that property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space: (_logic_) a term, opposed to _Intension_, referring to the extent of the application of a term or the number of objects included under it (UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, the enlargement of the aim of a university, in providing instruction for those unable to become regular students).--_adj._ EXTEN'SIONAL.--_ns._ EXTEN'SIONIST; EXTEN'SITY, sensation from which perception of extension is derived.--_adj._ EXTENS'IVE, large: comprehensive.--_adv._ EXTENS'IVELY.--_ns._ EXTENS'IVENESS; EXTEN'SOR, a muscle which extends or straightens any part of the body; EXTENT', the space or degree to which a thing is extended: bulk: compass: scope: the valuation of property: (_law_) a writ directing the sheriff to seize the property of a debtor, for the recovery of debts of record due to the Crown: (_Shak._) seizure, attack: (_Shak._) maintenance: (_Shak._) behaviour.--_adj._ stretched out. [L. _extend[)e]re_, _extentum_, or _extensum_--_ex_, out, _tend[)e]re_, to stretch.] EXTENUATE, eks-ten'[=u]-[=a]t, _v.t._ to lessen: to underrate: to weaken the force of: to palliate.--_p.adj._ EXTEN'UATING, palliating.--_adv._ EXTEN'UATINGLY.--_n._ EXTENU[=A]'TION, act of representing anything as less wrong or criminal than it is: palliation: mitigation.--_adjs._ EXTEN'UATIVE, EXTEN'UATORY, tending to extenuate: palliative.--_n._ EXTEN'UATOR. [L. _extenu[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, inten., _tenuis_, thin.] EXTERIOR, eks-t[=e]'ri-or, _adj._ outer: outward, external: on or from the outside: foreign.--_n._ outward part or surface: outward form or deportment: appearance.--_n._ EXTERIOR'ITY.--_adv._ EXT[=E]'RIORLY, outwardly. [L. _exterior_, comp. of _exter_, outward--_ex_, out.] EXTERMINATE, eks-t[.e]r'mi-n[=a]t, _v.t._ to destroy utterly: to put an end to: to root out.--_adj._ EXTER'MINABLE, that can be exterminated: used in the sense of 'illimitable' by Shelley.--_n._ EXTERMIN[=A]'TION, complete destruction or extirpation.--_adjs._ EXTER'MIN[=A]TIVE, EXTER'MIN[=A]TORY, serving or tending to exterminate.--_n._ EXTER'MIN[=A]TOR.--_v.t._ EXTER'MINE (_Shak._), to exterminate. [L. _extermin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out of, _terminus_.] EXTERNAL, eks-t[.e]r'nal, _adj._ exterior: lying outside: outward: belonging to the world of outward things: that may be seen: not innate or intrinsic: accidental: foreign.--_n._ exterior: (_pl._) the outward parts: outward or non-essential forms and ceremonies.--_n._ EXT[=E]'RIOR, an exterior thing, the outside.--_adj._ EXTERN', external, outward.--_n._ a day-scholar.--_n._ EXTERNALIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ EXTER'NALISE, to give form to.--_ns._ EXTER'NALISM, undue regard to mere externals or non-essential outward forms, esp. of religion; EXTERNAL'ITY, external character: superficiality: undue regard to externals.--_adv._ EXTER'NALLY.--_n._ EXTER'NAT, a day-school. [L. _externus_--_exter_.] EXTERRANEOUS, eks-ter-r[=a]'ne-us, _adj._ belonging to or coming from abroad, foreign.--_adjs._ EXTERRIT[=O]'RIAL, EXTRATERRIT[=O]'RIAL, exempt from territorial jurisdiction. [L. _exterraneus_--_ex_, out of, _terra_, the earth.] EXTERSION, eks-ter'shun, _n._ the act of rubbing out. EXTINCT, eks-tingkt', _adj._ put out: extinguished: no longer existing: dead.--_adj._ EXTINCT'ED, extinguished.--_ns._ EXTINCTEUR (eks-tang'tür, eks-tingk'tür--see EXTINGUISHER); EXTINC'TION, a quenching or destroying: destruction: suppression.--_adj._ EXTINCT'IVE, tending to extinguish.--_n._ EXTINCT'URE (_Shak._), extinction. EXTINE, eks'tin, _n._ (_bot._) the outer coat of the pollen-grain or of a spore. EXTINGUISH, eks-ting'gwish, _v.t._ to quench: to destroy, annihilate: to obscure by superior splendour.--_v.i._ to die out.--_adj._ EXTING'UISHABLE.--_ns._ EXTING'UISHER, one who, or that which, extinguishes: a small hollow conical instrument for putting out a candle--also in Fr. form EXTINCTEUR; EXTING'UISHMENT, the act of extinguishing: (_law_) putting an end to a right by consolidation or union. [L. _extingu[)e]re_, _extinctum_--_ex_, out, _stingu[)e]re_, to quench.] EXTIRPATE, eks't[.e]r-p[=a]t, _v.t._ to root out: to destroy totally: to exterminate--(_obs._) EXTIRP'.--_adj._ EXTIRP'ABLE.--_ns._ EXTIRP[=A]'TION, extermination: total destruction; EXTIRP'ATOR.--_adj._ EXTIRP'ATORY. [L. _exstirp[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, and _stirps_, a root.] EXTOL, eks-tol', _v.t._ to magnify: to praise:--_pr.p._ extolling; _pa.p._ extolled'.--_n._ EXTOL'MENT, the act of extolling: the state of being extolled. [L. _extoll[)e]re_--_ex_, up, _toll[)e]re_, to lift or raise.] EXTORT, eks-tort', _v.t._ to gain or draw from by compulsion or violence.--_p.adj._ wrongfully obtained.--_adj._ EXTORS'IVE, serving or tending to extort.--_adv._ EXTORS'IVELY.--_n._ EXTOR'TION, illegal or oppressive exaction: that which is extorted.--_adjs._ EXTOR'TIONARY, pertaining to or implying extortion; EXTOR'TION[=A]TE, oppressive.--_ns._ EXTOR'TIONER, one who practises extortion; EXTOR'TIONIST.--_adj._ EXTOR'TIONOUS. [L. _extorqu[=e]re_, _extortum_--_ex_, out, _torqu[=e]re_, to twist.] EXTRA, eks'tra, _adj._ beyond or more than the usual or the necessary: extraordinary: additional.--_adv._ unusually.--_n._ what is extra or additional, as an item above and beyond the ordinary school curriculum: something over and above the usual course or charge in a bill, &c.: a special edition of a newspaper containing later news, &c.--_adjs._ EX'TRA-CONDENSED' (_print._), extremely narrow in proportion to the height; EX'TRA-CON'STELLARY, outside of the constellations; EXTRAD[=O]'TAL, not forming part of the dowry; EX'TRA-FOLI[=A]'CEOUS (_bot._), situated outside of or away from the leaves; EX'TRA-FOR[=A]'NEOUS, outdoor; EX'TRA-JUDI'CIAL, out of the proper court, or beyond the usual course of legal proceeding.--_adv._ EX'TRA-JUDI'CIALLY.--_adjs._ EX'TRA-LIM'ITAL, not found within a given faunal area: lying outside a prescribed area--also EXTRALIM'ITARY; EX'TRA-MUN'DANE, beyond the material world; EX'TRA-M[=U]'RAL, without or beyond the walls; EX'TRA-OFFI'CIAL, not being within official rights, &c.; EX'TRA-PAR[=O]'CHIAL, beyond the limits of a parish; EX'TRA-PHYS'ICAL, not subject to physical laws; EX'TRA-PROFES'SIONAL, outside the usual limits of professional duty; EXTR'A-PRO'VINCIAL, outside the limits of a particular province; EX'TRA-REG'ULAR, unlimited by rules; EX'TRA-S[=O]'LAR, beyond the solar system; EX'TRA-TROP'ICAL, situated outside the tropics; EX'TRA-[=U]'TERINE, situated outside the uterus; EXTRAVAS'CULAR, situated outside of the vascular system. [Perh. a contraction for _extraordinary_.] EXTRACT, eks-trakt', _v.t._ to draw out by force or otherwise: to choose out or select: to find out: to distil.--_n._ EX'TRACT, anything drawn from a substance by heat, distillation, &c., as an essence: a passage taken from a book or writing.--_adjs._ EXTRACT'ABLE, EXTRACT'IBLE; EXTRACT'IFORM.--_n._ EXTRAC'TION, act of extracting: derivation from a stock or family: birth: lineage: that which is extracted.--_adj._ EXTRACT'IVE, tending or serving to extract.--_n._ an extract.--_n._ EXTRACT'OR, he who, or that which, extracts.--EXTRACT THE ROOT OF A QUANTITY, to find its root by a mathematical process; EXTRACTIVE MATTER, the soluble portions of any drug. [L. _extrah[)e]re_, _extractum_--_ex_, out, _trah[)e]re_, to draw.] EXTRADITION, eks-tra-dish'un, _n._ a delivering up by one government to another of fugitives from justice.--_adj._ EXTRAD[=I]'TABLE.--_v.t._ EX'TRADITE, to hand over to justice. [L. _ex_, from, _traditio_--_trad[)e]re_, _traditum_, to deliver up.] EXTRADOS, eks-tr[=a]'dos, _n._ the convex surface of an arch or vault. [Fr.] EXTRANEOUS, eks-tr[=a]n'yus, _adj._ external: foreign: not belonging to or dependent on a thing: not essential.--_n._ EXTRAN[=E]'ITY.--_adv._ EXTRAN'EOUSLY. [L. _extraneus_, external, _ex_, from, _extra_, outside.] EXTRAORDINARY, eks-tror'di-nar-i, or eks-trä-or'-, _adj._ beyond ordinary: not usual or regular: wonderful: special or supernumerary, as 'physician extraordinary' in a royal household, and 'extraordinary professor' in a German university, both being inferior to the ordinary official.--_n.pl._ EXTRAOR'DINARIES, things that exceed the usual order, kind, or method.--_adv._ EXTRAOR'DINARILY.--_n._ EXTRAOR'DINARINESS. [L. _extra_, outside, _ordo_--_inis_, order.] EXTRAUGHT, eks-trawt' (_Shak._), _pa.p._ of EXTRACT. EXTRAVAGANT, eks-trav'a-gant, _adj._ wandering beyond bounds: irregular: unrestrained: excessive: profuse in expenses: wasteful.--_ns._ EXTRAV'AGANCE, excess: lavish expenditure: (_Milt._) digression; EXTRAV'AGANCY (_Shak._), vagrancy: extravagance.--_adv._ EXTRAV'AGANTLY.--_v.i._ EXTRAV'AG[=A]TE, to wander: to exceed proper bounds. [L. _extra_, beyond, _vagans_, _-antis_, pr.p. of _vag[=a]ri_, to wander.] EXTRAVAGANZA, eks-trav-a-gan'za, _n._ an extravagant or eccentric piece of music or literary production: extravagant conduct or speech. [It.] EXTRAVASATE, eks-trav'a-s[=a]t, _v.t._ to let out of the proper vessels.--_adj._ let out of its proper vessel: extravasated.--_n._ EXTRAVAS[=A]'TION, act of extravasating: the escape of any of the fluids of the living body from their proper vessels through a rupture in their walls. [L. _extra_, out of, _vas_, a vessel.] EXTREAT, eks-tr[=e]t', _n._ (_Spens._) extraction. EXTREME, eks-tr[=e]m', _adj._ outermost: most remote: last: highest in degree: greatest: excessive: most violent: most urgent: stringent.--_n._ the utmost point or verge: end: utmost or highest limit or degree: great necessity.--_adv._ EXTR[=E]ME'LY.--_ns._ EXTR[=E]'MISM; EXTR[=E]'MIST.--_adj._ EXTREM'ITAL.--_n._ EXTREM'ITY, the utmost limit: the highest degree: greatest necessity or distress: (_pl._) the hands and feet.--EXTREME UNCTION (see UNCTION).--GO TO EXTREMES, to go too far: to use extreme measures.--IN EXTREMIS (L.), at the point of death; IN THE EXTREME, in the last, highest degree: extremely; THE LAST EXTREMITY, the utmost pitch of misfortune: death. [O. Fr. _extreme_--L. _extremus_, superl. of _exter_, on the outside.] EXTRICATE, eks'tri-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to free from hinderances or perplexities: to disentangle: to set free.--_adj._ EX'TRICABLE.--_n._ EXTRIC[=A]'TION, disentanglement: act of setting free. [L. _extric[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _tricæ_, hinderances.] EXTRINSIC, -AL, eks-trin'sik, -al, _adj._ external: not contained in or belonging to a body: foreign: not essential--opp. to _Intrinsic_.--_n._ EXTRINSICAL'ITY.--_adv._ EXTRIN'SICALLY. [Fr.,--L. _extrinsecus_--_exter_, outside, _secus_, beside.] EXTRORSE, eks-trors', _adj._ turned outward.--Also EXTROR'SAL. [L. _extra_, outside, _versus_, turned.] EXTRUDE, eks-tr[=oo]d', _v.t._ to force or urge out: to expel: to drive off.--_n._ EXTRU'SION, act of extruding, thrusting, or throwing out: expulsion.--_adjs._ EXTRU'SIVE, EXTRU'SORY. [L. _extrud[)e]re_, _extrusum_--_ex_, out, _trud[)e]re_, to thrust.] EXUBERANT, eks-[=u]'b[.e]r-ant, _adj._ plenteous: overflowing: happy: lavish.--_ns._ EX[=U]'BERANCE, EX[=U]'BERANCY, quality of being exuberant: an overflowing quantity: superfluousness: outburst.--_adv._ EX[=U]'BERANTLY.--_v.i._ EX[=U]'BER[=A]TE, to be exuberant. [L. _exuberans_, pr.p. of _exuber[=a]re_--_ex_, inten., _uber_, rich.] EXUDE, eks-[=u]d', _v.t._ to discharge by sweating: to discharge through pores or incisions, as sweat, moisture, &c.--_v.i._ to flow out of a body through the pores.--_n._ EXUD[=A]'TION, act of exuding or discharging through pores: that which is exuded. [L. _exud[=a]re_--_ex_, out, _sud[=a]re_, to sweat.] EXUL, eks'ul, _n._ (_Spens._) an exile. EXULCERATE, egz-ul'ser-[=a]t, _v.t._ to exasperate, afflict.--_n._ EXULCER[=A]'TION, ulceration: exasperation. [L. _exculcer[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_ex_, out, _ulcer[=a]re_.] EXULT, egz-ult', _v.i._ to rejoice exceedingly: to triumph.--_ns._ EXULT'ANCE, EXULT'ANCY, exultation: triumph.--_adj._ EXULT'ANT, exulting: triumphant.--_n._ EXULT[=A]'TION, rapturous delight: transport.--_adv._ EXULT'INGLY. [L. _exsult[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, from _exsil[=i]re_--_ex_, out or up, _sal[=i]re_, to leap.] EXUVIÆ, eks-[=u]'vi-[=e], _n.pl._ cast-off skins, shells, or other coverings of animals: (_geol._) fossil shells and other remains of animals.--_adj._ EX[=U]'VIAL.--_v.i._ EX[=U]'VI[=A]TE, to lay aside an old covering or condition for a new one.--_n._ EXUVI[=A]'TION, the act of exuviating. [L., from _exu[)e]re_, to draw off.] EYALET, [=i]'a-let, _n._ a division of the Turkish Empire--_vilayet_. [Turk.,--Ar. _iy[=a]lah[=a]l_, to govern.] EYAS, [=i]'as, _n._ an unfledged hawk.--_adj._ (_Spens._) unfledged.--_n._ EY'AS-MUS'KET, an unfledged male hawk: (_Shak._) a child. [_Eyas_, a corr. of _nyas_--Fr. _niais_--L. _nidus_, nest.] EYE, [=i], _n._ (_obs._) a brood. [For _nye_, _neye_; _a neye_=an eye. See EYAS.] EYE, [=i], _n._ the organ of sight or vision, more correctly the globe or movable part of it: the power of seeing: sight: regard: aim: keenness of perception: anything resembling an eye, as the hole of a needle, loop or ring for a hook, &c.: the seed-bud of a potato: (_pl._) the foremost part of a ship's bows, the hawse-holes.--_v.t._ to look on: to observe narrowly.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to appear:--_pr.p._ ey'ing or eye'ing; _pa.p._ eyed ([=i]d).--_ns._ EYE'-BALL, the ball, globe, or apple of the eye; EYE'-BEAM, a glance of the eye; EYE'BRIGHT, a beautiful little plant of the genus _Euphrasia_, formerly used as a remedy for diseases of the eye (see EUPHRASY); EYE'BROW, the hairy arch above the eye.--_v.t._ to provide with artificial eyebrows.--_adj._ EYE'BROWLESS, without eyebrows.--_p.adj._ EYED, having eyes: spotted as if with eyes.--_ns._ EYE'-DROP (_Shak._), a tear; EYE'-FLAP, a blinder on a horse's bridle; EYE'-GLANCE, a quick look; EYE'GLASS, a glass to assist the sight, esp. such as stick on the nose by means of a spring: the eye-piece of a telescope and like instrument: (_Shak._) the lens of the eye; EYE'LASH, the line of hairs that edges the eyelid.--_adj._ EYE'LESS, without eyes or sight: deprived of eyes: blind.--_ns._ EYE'LET, EYE'LET-HOLE, a small eye or hole to receive a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, &c.: a small hole for seeing through: a little eye.--_v.i._ to make eyelets.--_ns._ EYE'LIAD, obsolete form of _oeillade_; EYE'LID, the lid or cover of the eye: the portion of movable skin by means of which the eye is opened or closed at pleasure; EYE'-[=O]'PENER, something that opens the eyes literally or figuratively, a startling story: a drink, esp. in the morning; EYE'-PIECE, the lens or combination of lenses at the eye-end of a telescope; EYE'-PIT, the socket of the eye; EYE'-SALVE, salve or ointment for the eyes; EYE'-SERV'ANT, a servant who does his duty only when under the eye of his master; EYE'-SERV'ICE, service performed only under the eye or inspection of an employer: formal worship; EYE'-SHOT, the reach or range of sight of the eye: a glance; EYE'SIGHT, power of seeing: view: observation; EYE'SORE, anything that is offensive to the eye or otherwise; EYE'-SPLICE, a kind of eye or loop formed by splicing the end of a rope into itself; EYE'-SPOT, a spot like an eye.--_adj._ EYE'-SPOT'TED (_Spens._), marked with spots like eyes.--_ns._ EYE'-STONE, a small calcareous body used for removing substances from under the eyelid; EYE'-STRING, the muscle which raises the eyelid; EYE'-TOOTH, one of the two canine teeth of the upper jaw, between the incisors and premolars; EYE'-WA'TER, water flowing from the eye: a lotion for the eyes; EYE'-WINK (_Shak._), a rapid lowering and raising of the eyelid: a glance: the time of a wink; EYE'-WIT'NESS, one who sees a thing done.--EYE FOR EYE, _lex talionis_ (Ex. xxi. 24); EYE OF DAY, the sun.--ALL MY EYE (_slang_) unreal; BE ALL EYES, to give all attention; BE A SHEET IN THE WIND'S EYE, to be intoxicated; CLAP, LAY, SET, EYES ON (_coll._), to see; CRY ONE'S EYES OUT, to weep bitterly; CUT ONE'S EYE-TOOTH, to cease to be a child: to be shrewd; GIVE AN EYE TO, to attend to; GREEN EYE, jealousy; HAVE AN EYE TO, to contemplate: to have regard to; IN EYE, in sight; IN ONE'S MIND'S EYE, in contemplation; IN THE EYES OF, in the estimation, opinion, of; IN THE WIND'S EYE, against the wind; KEEP ONE'S EYE ON, to observe closely: to watch; MAKE A PERSON OPEN HIS EYES, to cause him astonishment; MAKE EYES AT, to look at in an amorous way: to ogle; MIND YOUR EYE (_slang_), take care; MY EYE! a mild asseveration; NAKED EYE (see NAKED); OPEN A PERSON'S EYES, to make him see: to show him something of which he is ignorant; PIPE, or PUT THE FINGER IN, THE EYE, to weep; SEE EYE TO EYE, from Is. lii. 8, but used in the sense of 'to think alike;' SEE WITH HALF AN EYE, to see without difficulty; UNDER THE EYE OF, under the observation of; UP TO THE EYES, deeply engaged. [A.S. _éage_; cf. Goth. _augo_, Ger. _auge_, Dut. _oog_, Ice. _auga_.] EYNE, [=i]n, _n.pl._ (_arch._) eyes. EYOT, [=i]'ot, _n._ a little island. [A variant of _ait_.] EYRE, [=a]r, _n._ a journey or circuit: a court of itinerant justices.--JUSTICES IN EYRE, itinerant judges who went on circuit. [O. Fr. _eire_, journey, from L. _iter_, a way, a journey--_[=i]re_, _itum_, to go.] EYRY, EYRIE, old spellings of _aerie_. * * * * * F the sixth letter in the English and Latin alphabets--its sound called a labio-dental fricative, and formed by bringing the lower lip into contact with the upper teeth: (_mus._) the fourth note of the natural diatonic scale of C: as a medieval Roman numeral=40; [=F]=40,000.--THE THREE F'S, fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale. FA', fä, _v._ and _n._ a Scotch form of _fall_. FA'ARD, färd, _adj._ a Scotch form of _favoured_. FABACEOUS, f[=a]-b[=a]'shi-us, _adj._ bean-like. [L. _faba_, a bean.] FABIAN, f[=a]'bi-an, _adj._ delaying, avoiding battle, cautious, practising the policy of delay.--_n._ a member of a small group of Socialists in England, called by this name. [From Q. _Fabius_ Maximus, surnamed Cunctator ('delayer'), from the masterly tactics with which he wore out the strength of Hannibal, whom he dared not meet in battle.] FABLE, f[=a]'bl, _n._ a narrative in which things irrational, and sometimes inanimate, are, for the purpose of moral instruction, feigned to act and speak with human interests and passions: any tale in literary form, not necessarily probable in its incidents, intended to instruct or amuse: the plot or series of events in an epic or dramatic poem: a fiction or myth: a ridiculous story, as in 'old wives' fables,' a falsehood: subject of common talk.--_v.i._ to tell fictitious tales: (_obs._) to tell falsehoods.--_v.t._ to feign: to invent.--_p.adj._ F[=A]'BLED, mythical.--_n._ F[=A]'BLER, a writer or narrator of fictions.--_adj._ FAB'ULAR.--_v.i._ FAB'UL[=I]SE, to write fables, or to speak in fables.--_ns._ FAB'ULIST, one who invents fables; FABULOS'ITY, FAB'ULOUSNESS.--_adj._ FAB'ULOUS, feigned, false: related in fable: immense, amazing.--_adv._ FAB'ULOUSLY. [Fr. _fable_--L. _fabula_, _f[=a]ri_, to speak.] FABLIAU, fab-li-[=o]', _n._ one of a group of over a hundred metrical tales, usually satirical in quality, produced in France from about the middle of the 12th to the end of the 13th century:--_pl._ FAB'LIAUX. [Fr.] FABRIC, fab'rik, or f[=a]'brik, _n._ workmanship: texture: anything framed by art and labour: building, esp. the construction and maintenance of a church, &c.: manufactured cloth: any system of connected parts.--_v.t._ (_Milt._) to construct.--_n._ FAB'RICANT, a manufacturer. [Fr. _fabrique_--L. _fabrica_--_faber_, a worker in hard materials.] FABRICATE, fab'ri-k[=a]t, _v.t._ to put together by art and labour: to manufacture: to produce: to devise falsely.--_n._ FABRIC[=A]'TION, construction: manufacture: that which is fabricated or invented: a story: a falsehood.--_adj._ FAB'RICATIVE.--_n._ FAB'RICATOR. [L. _fabric[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_--_fabrica_, fabric.] FAÇADE, fa-s[=a]d', _n._ the exterior front or face of a building. [Fr.,--_face_, after It. _facciata_, the front of a building--_faccia_, the face.] FACE, f[=a]s, _n._ the front part of the head, including forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and chin: the outside make or appearance: front or surface of anything: the edge of a cutting-tool, &c.: the part of a coal-seam actually being mined: cast of features, any special appearance or expression of the countenance: look, configuration: boldness, effrontery; presence: (_B._) anger or favour.--_v.t._ to meet in the face or in front: to stand opposite to: to resist: to put an additional face or surface on; to cover in front.--_v.i._ to turn the face, as in military tactics--'right face,' &c.--_ns._ FACE'-ACHE, neuralgia in the nerves of the face; FACE'-CARD, a playing-card bearing a face (king, queen, or knave); FACE'-CLOTH, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse.--_adj._ FACED, having the outer surface dressed, with the front, as of a dress, covered ornamentally with another material.--_n._ FACE'-GUARD, a kind of mask to guard or protect the face.--_adj._ FACE'LESS, without a face.--_ns._ FAC'ER, one who puts on a false show: a bold-faced person: (_slang_) a severe blow on the face, anything that staggers one; FAC'ING, a covering in front for ornament or protection.--FACE DOWN, to abash by stern looks; FACE OUT, to carry off by bold looks; FACE THE MUSIC (_U.S. slang_), to accept the situation at its worst; FACE-TO-FACE, in front of, in actual presence of.--ACCEPT ONE'S FACE, to show him favour or grant his request; FLY IN THE FACE OF, to set one's self directly against; HAVE TWO FACES, or BE TWO-FACED, to be disingenuous; ON THE FACE OF IT, on its own showing: palpably plain; PULL A LONG FACE, to look dismal and unhappy; PUT A GOOD FACE ON, to assume a bold or contented bearing as regards; RIGHT FACE! LEFT FACE! RIGHT ABOUT FACE! words of command, on which the soldiers individually turn to the side specified; RUN ONE'S FACE (_U.S. slang_), to obtain things on credit by sheer impudence; SET ONE'S FACE AGAINST, to oppose strenuously; SHOW ONE'S FACE, to appear, to come in view; SHUT THE DOOR IN HIS FACE, to shut the door before him, refusing him admittance; TO HIS FACE, in his presence, openly. [Fr. _face_--L. ''facies'', form, face; perh. from _fac[)e]re_, to make.] FACET, fas'et, _n._ a small surface, as of a crystal.--_v.t._ to cut a facet upon, or cover with facets.--_adj._ FAC'ETED, having or formed into facets. [Fr. _facette_, dim. of _face_.] FACETIOUS, fa-s[=e]'shus, _adj._ witty, humorous, jocose: bawdy--(_obs._ or _arch._) FACETE'.--_n.pl._ FACETIÆ (fa-s[=e]'shi-[=e]), witty or humorous sayings or writings: a bookseller's term for improper books--of all degrees of indecency.--_adv._ FAC[=E]'TIOUSLY.--_n._ FAC[=E]'TIOUSNESS. [Fr., from L. _fac[=e]tia_--_facetus_, merry, witty.] FACIAL, f[=a]'shal, _adj._ of or relating to the face.--_adv._ F[=A]'CIALLY.--FACIAL ANGLE, in craniometry, the angle formed by lines drawn to show to what extent the jaws are protruding and the forehead receding. FACIES, f[=a]'shi-[=e]z, _n._ general aspect of anything: the face, features. [L.] FACILE, fas'il, _adj._ easily persuaded: affable: yielding: easy of access or accomplishment: courteous: easy.--_n._ FAC'ILENESS.--_v.t._ FACIL'IT[=A]TE, to make easy: to lessen difficulty.--_ns._ FACILIT[=A]'TION; FACIL'ITY, quality of being facile; dexterity: easiness to be persuaded: pliancy: easiness of access: affability: (_Scots law_) a condition of mental weakness short of idiocy, but such as makes a person easily persuaded to do deeds to his own prejudice:--_pl._ FACIL'ITIES, means that render anything easily done. [Fr.,--L. _facilis_, easy--_fac[)e]re_, to do.] FACINOROUS, fa-sin'o-rus, _adj._ atrociously wicked.--_n._ FACIN'OROUSNESS. [L. _facinorosus_--_facinus_, a crime--_fac[)e]re_, to do.] FAC-SIMILE, fak-sim'i-l[=e], _n._ an exact copy, as of handwriting, a coin, &c.--_adj._ exactly corresponding.--_v.t._ to make a fac-simile of, to reproduce.--_n._ FAC-SIM'ILIST. [L. _fac_, imper. of _fac[)e]re_, to make, _simile_, neut. of _similis_, like.] FACT, fakt, _n._ a deed or anything done: anything that comes to pass: reality, or a real state of things, as distinguished from a mere statement or belief, a datum of experience: truth: the assertion of a thing done: an evil deed, a sense now surviving only in 'to confess the fact,' 'after' or 'before the fact.'--_adj._ FACT'UAL, pertaining to facts: actual.--_ns._ FACTUAL'ITY; FACT'UM, a thing done, a deed.--AS A MATTER OF FACT, in reality.--THE FACT OF THE MATTER, the plain truth about the subject in question. [L. _factum_--_fac[)e]re_, to make.] FACTION, fak'shun, _n._ a company of persons associated or acting together, mostly used in a bad sense: a contentious party in a state or society: dissension.--_adj._ FAC'TIONAL.--_ns._ FAC'TIONARY, a member of a faction; FAC'TIONIST.--_adj._ FAC'TIOUS, turbulent: disloyal.--_adv._ FAC'TIOUSLY.--_n._ FAC'TIOUSNESS. [L. _factionem_--_fac[)e]re_, to do.] FACTITIOUS, fak-tish'us, _adj._ made by art, in opposition to what is natural or spontaneous: conventional.--_adv._ FACTI'TIOUSLY.--_n._ FACTI'TIOUSNESS.--_adjs._ FAC'TITIVE, causative; FAC'TIVE (_obs._), making. [L. _factitius_--_fac[)e]re_, to make.] FACTOR, fak'tor, _n._ a doer or transactor of business for another: one who buys and sells goods for others, on commission: (_Scot._) an agent managing heritable estates for another: (_math._) one of two or more parts, which, when multiplied together, result in a given number--e.g. 6 and 4 are factors of 24: an element in the composition of anything, or in bringing about a certain result.--_ns._ FAC'TORAGE, the fees or commission of a factor.--_adj._ FACT[=O]'RIAL, of or pertaining to a factor.--_v.t._ FAC'TORISE (_U.S._), to warn not to pay or give up goods: to attach the effects of a debtor in the hands of a third person.--_ns._ FAC'TORSHIP; FAC'TORY, a manufactory: a trading settlement in a distant country.--JUDICIAL FACTOR, a person appointed by the Court to manage the estate of a person under some incapacity. [L.,--_fac[)e]re_.] FACTOTUM, fak-t[=o]'tum, _n._ a person employed to do all kinds of work for another. [Low L.,--L. _fac_, imper. of _fac[)e]re_, to do, _totum_, all.] FACTURE, fak't[=u]r, _n._ the act or the result of making, workmanship. FACULA, fak'[=u]-la, _n._ a spot brighter than the rest of the surface, sometimes seen on the sun's disc:--_pl._ FAC'ULÆ. [L., 'a torch,' dim. of _fax_, torch.] FACULTY, fak'ul-ti, _n._ facility or power to act: any particular ability or aptitude: an original power of the mind: any physical capability or function: personal quality or endowment: right, authority, or privilege to act: license: a department of learning at a university, or the professors constituting it: the members of a profession: executive ability.--_adj._ FAC'ULT[=A]TIVE, optional: of or pertaining to a faculty.--COURT OF FACULTIES, a court established by Henry VIII., whereby authority is given to the Archbishop of Canterbury to grant dispensations and faculties. [Fr.,--L. _facultatem_--_facilis_, easy.] FACUNDITY, fa-kun'di-ti, _n._ (_obs._) eloquence. FAD, fad, _n._ a weak or transient hobby, crotchet, or craze: any unimportant belief or practice intemperately urged.--_adjs._ FAD'DISH, given to fads--also FAD'DY.--_ns._ FAD'DISNNESS; FAD'DISM; FAD'DIST, one who is a slave to some fad. [Ety. dub.] FADAISE, fa-d[=a]z', _n._ a trifling thought or expression. [Fr.] FADDLE, fad'l, _v.i._ (_prov._) to trifle.--_n._ nonsense, trifling--usually in _fiddle-faddle_. FADE, f[=a]d, _v.i._ to lose strength, freshness, or colour gradually: to vanish.--_adj._ insipid: weak.--_adv._ F[=A]'DEDLY.--_adj._ FADE'LESS.--_adv._ FADE'LESSLY.--_n._ F[=A]'DING (_Shak._), the burden of a song.--_adj._ F[=A]'DY, wearing away. [O. Fr. _fader_--_fade_--L. _vapidum_, acc. to Gaston Paris.] FADGE, faj, _v.i._ to agree: to succeed, turn out well. [Ety. dub.; not conn. with A.S. _fégan_, to join.] FÆCES, FECES, f[=e]'s[=e]z, _n.pl._ sediment after infusion or distillation: dregs: the solid excrements.--_adj._ FÆ'CAL, of or pertaining to fæces. [L., pl. of _fæx_, _fæcis_, grounds.] FAERIE, FAERY, f[=a]'[.e]r-i, _n._ (_arch._) the world of fairies, fairyland: (_obs._) a fairy. [A variant of _fairy_.] FAG, fag, _v.i._ to become weary or tired out: to work hard: to be a fag.--_v.t._ to weary: to use as a fag:--_pr.p._ fag'ging; _pa.p._ fagged.--_n._ at Eton, Winchester, &c., a schoolboy forced to do menial offices for one older, who in turn protects him: a tiresome piece of work: drudgery.--_ns._ FAG'GERY, drudgery: fagging; FAG'GING, laborious drudgery: a usage in virtue of which senior boys are authorised to exact a variety of services from the junior boys.--TO FAG OUT, to field, as a fag, in cricket. [Ety. dub.; perh. a corr. of _flag_, to droop, which see.] FAG-END, fag'-end, _n._ the end of a web of cloth that hangs loose: the untwisted end of a rope: the refuse or meaner part of a thing. FAGGOT, FAGOT, fag'ut, _n._ a bundle of sticks for fuel, fascines, &c.: a stick: anything like a faggot: a bundle of pieces of iron or steel cut off into suitable lengths for welding: a soldier numbered on the muster-roll, but not really existing: a voter who has obtained his vote expressly for party purposes, on a spurious or sham qualification.--_adj._ got up for a purpose, as in 'Faggot vote.'--_v.t._ to tie together.--_ns._ FAGG'OTING, FAG'OTING, a kind of embroidery in which some of the cross-threads are drawn together in the middle. [Fr. _fagot_, a bundle of sticks, perh. from L. _fax_, a torch.] FAGOTTO, fag-ot'o, _n._ a bassoon.--_n._ FAGOTT'IST, one who plays on the bassoon. [It.] FAHLERZ, fäl'erts, _n._ gray copper, or gray copper ore. [Ger.] FAHRENHEIT, fä'ren-h[=i]t, or far'en-[=i]t, _n._ the name applied to a thermometer, the freezing-point of which is marked at 32, and the boiling-point at 212 degrees (see THERMOMETER for the relations between the two scales). [Named from the inventor, Gabriel D. _Fahrenheit_ (1686-1736).] FAIENCE, f[=a]'yäns, _n._ a fine kind of pottery, glazed and painted. [Fr.; prob. from _Faenza_ in Italy.] FAIK, f[=a]k, _v.i._ and _v.t._ (_Scot._) to abate: to excuse. FAIL, f[=a]l, _n._ a turf, sod.--_n._ FAIL'-DIKE (_Scot._), a turf-wall. [Perh. from Gael. _fàl_, a sod.] FAIL, f[=a]l, _v.i._ to fall short or be wanting (with _in_): to fall away: to decay: to die: to prove deficient under trial, examination, pressure, &c.: to miss: to be disappointed or baffled: to be unable to pay one's debts.--_v.t._ to be wanting to: not to be sufficient for: to leave undone, omit: to disappoint or desert any one:--_pr.p._ fail'ing; _pa.p._ failed.--_n._ (_Shak._) failure.--_p.adj._ FAILED, decayed, worn out: bankrupt.--_n._ FAIL'ING, a fault, weakness: a foible.--_prep._ in default of.--_n._ FAIL'URE, a falling short, or cessation: omission: decay: bankruptcy.--FAIL OF, to come short of accomplishing any purpose; WITHOUT FAIL, infallibly. [O. Fr. _faillir_--L. _fall[)e]re_, to deceive; cf. Dut. _feilen_, Ger. _fehlen_, Ice. _feila_.] FAIN, f[=a]n, _adj._ glad or joyful: inclined (with _to_): content to accept, for want of better: compelled: (_Spens._) wont.--_v.i._ (_Spens._) to delight.--_adv._ gladly.--_adv._ FAIN'LY, gladly.--_n._ FAIN'NESS, eagerness. [A.S. _fægen_, joyful: cf. Ice. _feginn_, glad.] FAIN, f[=a]n, _v.i._ (_Spens._). Same as FEIGN. FAINÉANT, f[=a]-nyang', _adj._ and _n._ do-nothing, applied esp. to the later Merovingian kings of France, mere puppets, under whom the mayors of the Palace really governed the country.--_ns._ FAI'NEANCE (_Kingsley_), FAI'NEANCY, FAINEANT'ISE. [Fr., _faire_, to do, _néant_, nothing.] FAINT, f[=a]nt, _adj._ wanting in strength: fading: lacking distinctness: not bright or forcible: weak in spirit: lacking courage: depressed: done in a feeble way.--_v.i._ to become feeble or weak: to lose strength, colour, &c.: to swoon: to fade or decay: to vanish: to lose courage or spirit: to become depressed.--_v.t._ (_rare_) to render faint.--_n._ a swoon.--_p.adj._ FAINT'ED (_Milt._), exhausted.--_adjs._ FAINT'-HEART, FAINT'-HEART'ED, cowardly: timorous.--_adv._ FAINT'-HEART'EDLY.--_ns._ FAINT'-HEART'EDNESS; FAINT'ING.--_adj._ FAINT'ISH, slightly faint.--_n._ FAINT'ISHNESS.--_adv._ FAINT'LY.--_n._ FAINT'NESS, want of strength: feebleness of colour, light, &c.: dejection.--_adj._ FAINT'Y, faintish. [O. Fr. _feint_ (Fr. _feindre_), feigned--L. _fing[)e]re_, to feign.] FAIR, f[=a]r, _adj._ bright: clear: free from blemish: pure: pleasing to the eye: beautiful: free from a dark hue: of a light shade: free from clouds or rain: favourable: unobstructed: open: prosperous: frank: impartial: just: pleasing: plausible: hopeful: moderate: pretty good.--_n._ that which is fair: (_arch._) a woman.--_v.t._ to make fair.--_v.i._ to clear up, as the weather from rain.--_adv._ kindly, honestly, clearly: straight: (_Shak._) favourably.--_adjs._ FAIR'-AND-SQUARE, honest--also used adverbially; FAIR'-BOD'ING (_Shak._), auspicious.--_n._ FAIR'-COP'Y, the state of a document copied after final correction.--_adjs._ FAIR'-FACED, with a light complexion: beautiful: specious; FAIR'-HAIRED, having fair or light-coloured hair; FAIR'-HAND, having a fair appearance; FAIR'ISH, somewhat fair: pretty well, pretty drunk.--_adv._ FAIR'LY.--_adj._ FAIR'-MIND'ED, judging fairly.--_ns._ FAIR'NESS; FAIR'-PLAY, honest dealing: justice.--_adjs._ FAIR'-SEEM'ING, appearing fair; FAIR'-SPOK'EN, bland and civil in language and address.--_ns._ FAIR'-TRADE, free-trade: a euphemism for smuggling: a mild form of the protective system, in which the basis of economic policy is supposed to be reciprocity or free-trade only with such nations as grant similar privileges--also used adverbially; FAIR'-WAY, the part of a river, roadstead, &c. by which vessels enter or leave.--_adj._ FAIR'-WEATH'ER, suitable only for fair weather or favourable circumstances.--BE IN A FAIR WAY TO, to be likely to succeed in; KEEP FAIR WITH, to keep on amiable terms with; STAND FAIR WITH, to be in the good graces of.--THE FAIR, THE FAIR SEX, the female sex. [A.S. _fæger_.] FAIR, f[=a]r, _n._ a great periodical market for one kind of merchandise, or for the general sales and purchases of a district: a collection of miscellaneous goods for sale on behoof of charity at a bazaar, &c.--_n._ FAIR'ING, a present given at a fair, any complimentary gift.--A DAY AFTER THE FAIR, too late; GET ONE'S FAIRING (_Scot._), to get one's deserts. [O. Fr. _feire_--L. _feria_, holiday.] FAIRY, f[=a]r'i, _n._ an imaginary being, generally of diminutive and graceful human form, capable of kindly or unkindly acts towards man: fairy-folk collectively: an enchantress, or creature of overpowering charm.--_adj._ like a fairy, fanciful, whimsical, delicate.--_adv._ FAIR'ILY.--_n.pl._ FAIR'Y-BEADS, the separate joints of the stems of fossil crinoids found in carboniferous limestone.--_ns._ FAIR'Y-BUTT'ER, a name applied in northern England to certain gelatinous fungi; FAIR'YDOM; FAIR'YHOOD, FAIR'YISM; FAIR'YLAND, the country of the fairies.--_adj._ FAIR'Y-LIKE, like or acting like fairies.--_n._ FAIR'Y-MON'EY, money given by fairies, which quickly changes into withered leaves, &c.: money found.--_ns.pl._ FAIR'Y-RINGS, -CIR'CLES, spots or circles in pastures, either barer than the rest of the field, or greener--due to the outwardly spreading growth of various fungi.--_ns._ FAIR'Y-STONE, a fossil echinite found abundantly in chalk-pits; FAIR'Y-TALE, a story about fairies: an incredible tale. [O. Fr. _faerie_, enchantment--_fae_ (mod. _fée_). See FAY.] FAITH, f[=a]th, _n._ trust or confidence in any person: belief in the statement of another: belief in the truth of revealed religion: confidence and trust in God: the living reception by the heart of the truth as it is in Christ: that which is believed: any system of religious belief, esp. the religion one considers true--'the faith;' fidelity to promises: honesty: word or honour pledged.--_adjs._ FAITHED (_Shak._), credited; FAITH'FUL, full of faith, believing: firm in adherence to promises, duty, allegiance, &c.: loyal: conformable to truth: worthy of belief: true.--_adv._ FAITH'FULLY, sincerely, truthfully, exactly.--_ns._ FAITH'FULNESS; FAITH'-HEAL'ING, a system of belief based on James, v. 14, that sickness may be treated without any medical advice or appliances, if the prayer of Christians be accompanied in the sufferer by true faith.--_adj._ FAITH'LESS, without faith or belief: not believing, esp. in God or Christianity: not adhering to promises, allegiance, or duty: delusive.--_adv._ FAITH'LESSLY.--_ns._ FAITH'LESSNESS; FAITH'WORTHINESS, trustworthiness.--_adj._ FAITH'WORTHY, worthy of faith or belief.--BAD FAITH, treachery.--FATHER OF THE FAITHFUL, Abraham: the caliph.--IN GOOD FAITH, with sincerity.--THE FAITHFUL, believers. [M. E. _feith_, _feyth_--O. Fr. _feid_--L. _fides_--_fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FAITOR, f[=a]'tor, _n._ an impostor: an evil-doer, a scoundrel.--Often FAI'TOUR. [O. Fr. _faitor_--L. _factor_.] FAKE, f[=a]k, _v.t._ to fold, coil.--_n._ a coil of rope, &c. FAKE, f[=a]k, _v.t._ to steal: to make up an article so as to hide its defects.--_n._ FAKE'MENT, any swindling device. [Prof. Skeat thinks it merely the Mid. Dut. _facken_, to catch; Mr Bradley suggests the earlier _feak_, _feague_, Ger. _fegen_, to furbish up.] FAKIR, fa-k[=e]r', or f[=a]'k[.e]r, _n._ a member of a religious order of mendicants or penitents in India, &c.--_n._ FAKIR'ISM, religious mendicancy. [Ar. _faqîr_, a poor man, _fakr_, _faqr_, poverty.] FA-LA, fä-lä, _n._ an old kind of madrigal. FALBALA, fal'ba-la, _n._ a trimming for women's petticoats: a furbelow. [Ety. dub.; cf. _furbelow_.] FALCADE, fal'k[=a]d', _n._ the motion of a horse when he throws himself on his haunches in a very quick curvet. [Fr.,--L. _fulcatus_, bent.] FALCATE, -D, fal'k[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_astron._, _bot._) bent like a sickle, as the crescent moon, and certain leaves.--_ns._ FALC[=A]'TION; FAL'CULA, a falcate or falciform claw.--_adj._ FAL'CULATE. [L. _falx_, a sickle.] FALCHION, fawl'shun, _n._ a short, broad sword, bent somewhat like a sickle.--_adj._ FAL'CIFORM, sickle-shaped. [O. Fr. _fauchon_, through Low L., from L. _falx_, a sickle.] FALCON, fol'kon, or faw'kn, _n._ a bird of prey formerly trained to the pursuit of game: a kind of cannon.--_ns._ FAL'CONER, one who sports with, or who breeds and trains, falcons or hawks for taking wild-fowl; FAL'CONET, a small field-gun in use till the 16th century.--_adj._ FAL'CON-EYED, keen-eyed.--_ns._ FAL'CON-GEN'TIL, -GEN'TLE, the female and young of the goshawk.--_adj._ FAL'CONINE.--_n._ FAL'CONRY, the art of training or hunting with falcons. [O. Fr. _faucon_--Low L. _falc[=o]n-em_--L. _falx_, a hook or sickle.] FALDAGE, fal'd[=a]j, _n._ the right, often reserved by the lord of a manor, of folding his tenant's sheep in his own fields for the sake of the manure: a fee paid for exemption from the foregoing. FALDERAL, fäl'der-al, _n._ a meaningless refrain in songs: any kind of flimsy trifle--also FOL'DEROL and FAL DE ROL.--FALDERAL IT, to sing unmeaning sounds. FALDETTA, fal-det'a, _n._ a Maltese woman's combined hood and cape. [It.] FALDSTOOL, fawld'st[=oo]l, _n._ a folding or camp stool: a kind of stool for the king at his coronation: a bishop's armless seat: a small desk in churches in England, at which the litany should be sung or said.--_n._ FALD'ISTORY, a bishop's seat within the chancel. [Low L. _faldistolium_--Old High Ger. _faldan_ (Ger. _falten_), to fold, _stuol_ (Ger. _stuhl_), stool.] FALERNIAN, fa-ler'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to a district (_Falernus ager_) in Campania, famous of old for its wine.--_n._ FALER'NE, a modern sweet white wine, produced near Naples. FALL, fawl, _v.i._ to drop down: to descend by the force of gravity: to become prostrate: (of a river) to discharge itself: to slope down: to sink as if dead: to vanish: to die away: to lose strength, subside: to decline in power, wealth, value, or reputation: to be overthrown: to be compelled to yield: to become downcast: to sink into sin, to yield to temptation: to depart from the faith: to become dejected: to pass gently into any state, as 'to fall in love,' 'to fall asleep:' to befall: to issue, occur: to enter upon with haste or vehemence: to rush: to be dropped in birth: to be required or necessary: to fall away:--_pr.p._ fall'ing; _pa.t._ fell; _pa.p._ fallen (faw'ln).--_n._ the act of falling, in any of its senses: descent by gravity, a dropping down: that which falls--a trap-door, &c.: as much as comes down at one time, as 'a fall of snow,' &c.: overthrow: death: descent from a better to a worse position: slope or declivity: descent of water: a cascade: length of a fall: outlet of a river: decrease in value: a sinking of the voice: the time when the leaves fall, autumn: a bout at wrestling: the yielding of a city or stronghold to the enemy: that which falls: a lapse into sin, esp. that of Adam and Eve, called 'the Fall:' a kind of collar worn in the 17th century.--_adj._ FALL'EN, in a degraded state, ruined.--_ns._ FALL'ING, that which falls; FALL'ING-BAND (see BAND); FALL'ING-SICK'NESS, epilepsy; FALL'ING-STAR, a meteor; FALL'ING-STONE, a portion of an exploded meteor; FALL'TRANK, a medicine compounded of certain aromatic and astringent Swiss plants, of repute for accidents; FALL'-TRAP, a trap which operates by falling.--FALL-A, to begin; FALL ACROSS, to meet by chance; FALL AMONG, to come into the midst of; FALL AWAY, to decline gradually, to languish: to grow lean: to revolt or apostatise; FALL BACK, to retreat, give way; FALL BACK, FALL EDGE, no matter what may happen; FALL BACK UPON, to have recourse to some expedient or resource in reserve; FALL BEHIND, to slacken, to be outstripped; FALL FLAT, to fail completely, as a shopman in attracting attention or purchasers, a new book, &c.; FALL FOUL, to come in collision: to quarrel (with _of_); FALL IN (_with_), to concur or agree: to comply: to place themselves in order, as soldiers; FALL OFF, to separate or be broken: to die away, to perish: to revolt or apostatise; FALL ON, to begin eagerly: to make an attack: to meet; FALL ON ONE'S FEET, to come well out of a difficulty, to gain any unexpected good fortune; FALL OUT, to quarrel: to happen or befall; FALL OVER (_Shak._), to go over to the enemy; FALL SHORT, to be deficient (with _of_); FALL THROUGH, to fail, come to nothing; FALL TO, to begin hastily and eagerly: to apply one's self to; FALL UPON, to attack: to attempt: to rush against.--TRY A FALL, to take a bout at wrestling. [A.S. _feallan_; Ger. _fallen_; prob. conn. with L. _fall[)e]re_, to deceive.] FALL, fawl, _n._ the cry given when a whale is sighted, or harpooned: the chase of a whale.--LOOSE FALL, the losing of a whale. [Prob. from the north-eastern Scotch pronunciation of _whale_.] FALLACY, fal'a-si, _n._ something fallacious: deceptive appearance: an apparently genuine but really illogical argument: (_obs._) deception.--_adj._ FALL[=A]'CIOUS, calculated to deceive or mislead: not well founded: causing disappointment: delusive.--_adv._ FALL[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_n._ FALL[=A]'CIOUSNESS. [O. Fr. _fallace_, deceit--L. _fallacia_, from _fallax_, deceptive--_fall[)e]re_, to deceive.] FALLAL, fal'lal', or fal-lal', _n._ a piece of ribbon worn as a streamer, any trifling ornament.--_adj._ foppish, trifling.--_n._ FALLAL'ERY.--_adv._ FALLAL'ISHLY. FALLIBLE, fal'i-bl, _adj._ liable to error or mistake.--_n._ FALLIBIL'ITY, liability to err.--_adv._ FALL'IBLY. [Fr.,--Low L. _fallibilis_, from _fall[)e]re_, to deceive.] FALLOPIAN, fal-l[=o]'pi-an, _adj._ denoting two tubes or ducts through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus in the human subject. [So called because supposed to have been discovered by the Italian anatomist _Fallopius_ (1523-62).] FALLOW, fal'[=o], _adj._ left untilled or unsowed for a time.--_n._ land that has lain a year or more untilled or unsown after having been ploughed.--_v.t._ to plough land without seeding it.--_ns._ FALL'OWNESS, state of being fallow or untilled; GREEN FALL'OW, fallow where land is cleaned by a green crop, as turnips. [Ety. dub.; prob. an assumed A.S. _fealgian_, that may be confounded with the following word, from the reddish colour of unsown land.] FALLOW, fal'[=o], _adj._ of a brownish-yellow colour.--_ns._ FALL'OW-CHAT, FALL'OW-FINCH, the wheatear or stonechat; FALL'OW-DEER, a yellowish-brown deer smaller than the red-deer, with broad flat antlers. [A.S. _falu_; cf. Ger. _fahl_, Ice. _folr_.] FALSE, fawls, _adj._ deceptive or deceiving: untruthful: unfaithful to obligations: untrue: not genuine or real, counterfeit: hypocritical: not well founded, or not according to rule: artificial, as opposed to natural, of teeth, &c.--_adv._ incorrectly: faithlessly.--_n._ (_Shak._) falsehood: untruth.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to betray.--_ns._ FALSE CONCEPTION, a uterine growth consisting of some degenerate mass instead of a foetus; FALSE'FACE, a mask.--_adjs._ FALSE'-FACED (_Shak._), hypocritical; FALSE'-HEART'ED, treacherous, deceitful.--_n._ FALSE'HOOD, state or quality of being false: want of truth: want of honesty: deceitfulness: false appearance: an untrue statement: a lie.--_adv._ FALSE'LY.--_ns._ FALSE'NESS; FALS'ER (_Spens._), a deceiver, a liar.--_adjs._ FALSID'ICAL, deceptive; FALS'ISH, somewhat false.--_ns._ FALS'ISM, a self-evident falsity; FALS'ITY, quality of being false: a false assertion.--PLAY ONE FALSE, to act falsely or treacherously to a person; PUT IN A FALSE POSITION, to bring any one into a position in which he must be misunderstood. [O. Fr. _fals_ (mod. _faux_)--L. _falsus_, pa.p. of _fall[)e]re_, to deceive.] FALSETTO, fawl-set'o, _n._ a forced voice of a range or register above the natural, the head voice. [It. _falsetto_, dim. of _falso_, false.] FALSIFY, fawls'i-f[=i], _v.t._ to forge or counterfeit: to prove untrustworthy: to break by falsehood:--_pr.p._ fals'ifying; _pa.p._ fals'ified.--_adj._ FALS'IF[=I]ABLE, capable of being falsified.--_ns._ FALSIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of making false: the giving to a thing the appearance of something which it is not; FALS'IFIER, one who falsifies. [Fr.,--Low L. _falsific[)a]re_--L. _falsus_, false, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] FALSTAFFIAN, fal'staf-i-an, _adj._ like Shakespeare's _Falstaff_--corpulent, jovial, humorous, and dissolute. FALTER, fawl't[.e]r, _v.i._ to stumble: to fail or stammer in speech: to tremble or totter: to be feeble or irresolute.--_n._ any unsteadiness.--_n._ FAL'TERING, feebleness, deficiency.--_adv._ FAL'TERINGLY, in a faltering or hesitating manner. [Prob. a freq. of _falden_, fold. The conn. with _fault_, in which the _l_ is late, is untenable.] FALX, falks, _n._ a sickle-shaped part or process, as of the dura mater of the skull: a chelicera: a poison-fang of a snake: a rotula of a sea-urchin:--_pl._ FALCES (fal's[=e]z). [L., a sickle.] FAMBLE, fam'bl, _n._ (_slang_) the hand--also FAM.--_v.t._ to feel or handle. [Der. obscure; perh. from the obs. verb _famble_, in its probable original sense, 'to grope, fumble.'] FAME, f[=a]m, _n._ public report or rumour: renown or celebrity, chiefly in good sense.--_v.t._ to report: to make famous.--_n._ F[=A]'MA, report, rumour, fame.--_adjs._ FAMED, renowned; FAME'LESS, without renown.--FAMA CLAMOSA (_Scot._), any notorious rumour ascribing immoral conduct to a minister or office-bearer in a church.--HOUSE OF ILL FAME, a brothel. [Fr.,--L. _fama_, from _f[=a]ri_, to speak; cog. with Gr. _ph[=e]m[=e]_, from _phanai_, to say.] FAMILIAR, fa-mil'yar, _adj._ well acquainted or intimate: showing the manner of an intimate: free: unceremonious: having a thorough knowledge of: well known or understood: private, domestic: common, plain.--_n._ one well or long acquainted: a spirit or demon supposed to attend an individual at call: a member of a pope's or bishop's household: the officer of the Inquisition who arrested the suspected.--_v.t._ FAMIL'IARISE, to make thoroughly acquainted: to accustom: to make easy by practice or study.--_n._ FAMILIAR'ITY, intimate acquaintanceship: freedom from constraint: any unusual or unwarrantable freedom in act or speech toward another, acts of license--usually in _pl._--_adv._ FAMIL'IARLY. [O. Fr. _familier_--L. _familiaris_, from _familia_, a family.] FAMILY, fam'i-li, _n._ the household, or all those who live in one house under one head, including parents, children, servants: the children of a person: the descendants of one common progenitor: race: honourable or noble descent: a group of animals, plants, languages, &c. more comprehensive than a genus.--_ns._ FAM'ILISM, the family feeling; FAM'ILIST, one of the 16th-cent. mystical sect known as the Family of Love, which based religion upon love independently of faith.--FAMILY BIBLE, a large Bible for family worship, with a page for recording family events; FAMILY COACH, a large carriage able to carry a whole family; FAMILY MAN, a man with a family: a domesticated man.--BE IN THE FAMILY WAY, to be pregnant; IN A FAMILY WAY, in a domestic manner. [L. _familia_--_famulus_, a servant.] FAMINE, fam'in, _n._ general scarcity of food: extreme scarcity of anything, as in 'famine prices,' &c.: hunger: starvation. [Fr., through an unrecorded Low L. _famina_, from L. _fames_, hunger.] FAMISH, fam'ish, _v.t._ to starve.--_v.i._ to die or suffer extreme hunger or thirst.--_n._ FAM'ISHMENT, starvation. [Obs. _fame_, to starve--L. _fames_, hunger.] FAMOUS, f[=a]'mus, _adj._ renowned: noted.--_v.t._ to make famous.--_adv._ F[=A]'MOUSLY.--_n._ F[=A]'MOUSNESS. [O. Fr.,--L. _famosus_--_fama_.] FAMULUS, fam'[=u]-lus, _n._ a private secretary or factotum: an attendant, esp. on a magician or scholar.--_n._ FAM'ULIST, a collegian of inferior position (Dr Murray doubts the word). [L. _famulus_, a servant.] [Illustration] FAN, fan, _n._ an instrument for winnowing grain: a broad, flat instrument used by ladies to cool themselves: a wing: a small sail to keep a windmill to the wind: the agitation of the air caused by a fan.--_v.t._ to cool with a fan: to winnow: to ventilate: to remove by waving a fan:--_pr.p._ fan'ning; _pa.p._ fanned.--_ns._ FAN'-BLAST, in ironworks the blast produced by a fan, as distinguished from that produced by a blowing-engine; FAN'-CRICK'ET, the mole-cricket, fen-cricket, or churr-worm.--_adj._ FAN'-NERVED, in entomology, having a fan-like arrangement of the nervures or veins of the wings.--_ns._ FAN'LIGHT, a window resembling in form an open fan; FAN'NER, a machine with revolving fans, used for winnowing grain, &c.; FAN'-PALM, a species of palm 60 or 70 feet high, with fan-shaped leaves, used for umbrellas, tents, &c.; FAN'-TAIL, an artificial fan-tailed variety of the domestic pigeon; FAN'-TR[=A]C'ERY (_archit._), tracery rising from a capital or a corbel, and diverging like the folds of a fan over the surface of a vault; FAN'-WHEEL, a wheel with fans on its rim for producing a current of air. [A.S. _fann_, from L. _vannus_, a fan; cf. Fr. _van_.] FANAL, f[=a]'nal, _n._ (_arch._) a lighthouse, a beacon. [Fr.,--Gr. _phanos_, a lantern, _phainein_, to show.] FANATIC, fa-nat'ik, _adj._ extravagantly or unreasonably zealous, esp. in religion: excessively enthusiastic.--_n._ a person frantically or excessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects.--_adj._ FANAT'ICAL, fanatic, (_Shak._) extravagant.--_adv._ FANAT'ICALLY.--_v.t._ FANAT'ICISE, to make fanatical.--_v.i._ to act as a fanatic.--_n._ FANAT'ICISM, wild and excessive religious enthusiasm. [Fr.,--L. _fanaticus_, belonging to a temple, inspired by a god, _fanum_, a temple.] FANCY, fan'si, _n._ that faculty of the mind by which it recalls, represents, or makes to appear past images or impressions: an image or representation thus formed in the mind: an unreasonable or capricious opinion: a whim: capricious inclination or liking: taste: (_Shak._) love.--_adj._ pleasing to, or guided by, fancy or caprice: elegant or ornamental.--_v.t._ to portray in the mind: to imagine: to have a fancy or liking for: to be pleased with: to breed animals:--_pr.p._ fan'cying; _pa.p._ fan'cied.--_p.adj._ FAN'CIED, formed or conceived by the fancy: imagined.--_n._ FAN'CIER, one who has a special liking for anything, or who keeps a special article for sale: one who is governed by fancy.--_adj._ FAN'CIFUL, guided or created by fancy: imaginative: whimsical: wild.--_adv._ FAN'CIFULLY.--_n._ FAN'CIFULNESS.--_adj._ FAN'CILESS, destitute of fancy.--_ns._ FAN'CY-BALL, a ball at which fancy-dresses in various characters are worn; FAN'CY-DRESS, dress arranged according to the wearer's fancy, to represent some character in history or fiction; FAN'CY-FAIR, a special sale of fancy articles for some charitable purpose.--_adj._ FAN'CY-FREE (_Shak._), free from the power of love.--_n.pl._ FAN'CY-GOODS, fabrics of variegated rather than simple pattern, applied generally to articles of show and ornament.--_n._ FAN'CY-MONG'ER (_Shak._), one who deals in tricks of imagination.--_adj._ FAN'CY-SICK (_Shak._), of distempered mind, love-sick.--_ns._ FAN'CY-STITCH, a more intricate and decorative stitch than _plain-stitch_; FAN'CY-STROKE (_billiards_), an unusual stroke, or one made to show off one's skill; FAN'CY-WORK, ornamental needlework.--THE FANCY, sporting characters generally, esp. pugilists: pugilism. [Contracted from _fantasy_.] FAND, fand (_Spens._), _pa.t._ of FIND. FAND, fand, FOND, fond, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to try, attempt. [A.S. _fandian_.] FANDANGO, fan-dan'go, _n._ an old Spanish dance for two, in ¾ time, with castanets, proceeding gradually from a slow and uniform to the liveliest motion: a gathering for dancing, a ball. [Sp.] FANE, f[=a]n, _n._ (_obs._) a flag: weathercock. [_Vane_.] FANE, f[=a]n, _n._ a temple. [L. _fanum_.] FANFARE, fan-f[=a]r', _n._ a flourish of trumpets or bugles--also FANFARADE'.--_ns._ FAN'FARON, one who uses bravado: a blusterer, braggart; FAN'FARONADE, vain boasting: bluster: ostentation.--_v.i._ to bluster. [Fr. _fanfare_, perh. from the sound.] FANG, fang, _n._ the tooth of a ravenous beast: a claw or talon: the venom-tooth of a serpent: (_Shak._) a grip, catch.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to seize upon, catch.--_adjs._ FANGED, having fangs, clutches, or anything resembling them; FANG'LESS, having no fangs or tusks: toothless.--LOSE THE FANG (of a pump), to be dry, to have no water (_Scot._). [A.S. _fang_, from _fón_, to seize; Ger. _fangen_, to catch, Dut. _vangen_.] FANGLE, fang'gl, _n._ (_Milt._) fancy.--_adj._ FANG'LED (_obs._ save in _newfangled_, q.v.), newly made, new-fashioned: showy, gaudy.--_n._ FANG'LENESS. FANION, fan'yun, _n._ a small marking-flag used at a station in surveying. [O. Fr.,--Low L. _fano_.] FANNEL, fan'el, _n._ a vexillum or banner. FANON, fan'on, _n._ a cloth for handling the holy vessels or the offertory bread: a maniple or napkin used by the celebrant at mass: an orale: a fannel: one of the lappets of a mitre: (_surg._) a fold of linen laid under a splint. [O. Fr.] FANTASIA, fan-tä'zi-a, _n._ a musical composition, not governed by the ordinary musical rules. [It., from Gr. _phantasia_. See FANCY.] FANTASY, PHANTASY, fan'ta-si, _n._ fancy: imagination: mental image: love: whim, caprice.--_v.t._ to fancy, conceive mentally.--_adj._ FAN'TASIED, filled with fancies.--_n._ FAN'TASM (same as PHANTASM).--_adj._ FAN'TASQUE, fantastic.--_ns._ FAN'TAST, a person of fantastic ideas; FANTAS'TIC, one who is fantastical.--_adjs._ FANTAS'TIC, -AL, fanciful: not real: capricious: whimsical: wild.--_adv._ FANTAS'TICALLY.--_n._ FANTAS'TICALNESS.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ FANTAS'TICATE.--_ns._ FANTAS'TICISM; FANTAS'TICO (_Shak._), a fantastic. [O. Fr.,--Low L. _phantasticus_--Gr. _phantastikos_, _phantazein_, to make visible. _Fancy_ is a doublet.] FANTOCCINI, fan-to-ch[=e]'n[=e], _n.pl._ puppets worked by machinery: dramatic performances by puppets. [It., pl. of _fantoccino_, dim. of _fantoccio_, a puppet--_fante_, a boy.] FANTOM, fan'tom, _n._ Same as PHANTOM. FAP, fap, _adj._ (_Shak._) fuddled, drunk. FAQUIR, fak-[=e]r', _n._ Same as FAKIR. FAR, fär, _adj._ remote: more distant of two: remote from or contrary to purpose or design.--_adv._ to a great distance in time, space, or proportion: remotely: considerably or in great part: very much: to a great height: to a certain point, degree, or distance.--_v.t._ (_prov._) to remove to a distance.--_adjs._ FAR'-AWAY', distant: abstracted, absent-minded; FAR'-FETCHED, fetched or brought from a remote place: forced, unnatural--(_obs._) FAR'FET.--_advs._ FAR'-FORTH (_Spens._), very far; FAR'MOST, most distant or remote.--_n._ FAR'NESS, the state of being far: remoteness, distance.--_adj._ and _adv._ FAR'-OFF, distant.--_adjs._ FAR'-REACH'ING, exerting influence to a great distance and for a long time; FAR'-SIGHT'ED, seeing to a great distance: having defective eyesight for near objects; FAR'-SOUGHT, sought for at a distance; FAR'-SPENT, far advanced.--FAR AND AWAY, by a great deal; BY FAR, in a very great degree; I'LL SEE YOU FAR (or FARTHER) FIRST, I will not do it by any means; IN SO FAR AS, to the extent that. [A.S. _feor_; Dut. _ver_; Ice. _fiarre_; Ger. _fern_.] FAR, fär, _n._ (_prov._) a litter of pigs. FARAD, far'ad, _n._ the name of the practical unit of electrical capacity--the capacity of a conductor which when raised to a potential of one volt has a charge of one coulomb.--_adj._ FARAD'IC.--_n._ FARADIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ FAR'ADISE.--_ns._ FAR'ADISM; MICROFAR'AD, the millionth part of a farad. [From Michael _Faraday_ (1791-1867).] FARAND, FARRAND, far'and, _adj._ (_Scot._) having a certain favour or appearance, esp. in such compound forms as _auld-farand_, old-fashioned; _ill-faured_, ill-favoured, &c. [M. E. _farand_, comely. Origin obscure; most prob. the verb _fare_ (q.v.).] FARCE, färs, _n._ a style of comedy marked by low humour and extravagant wit: ridiculous or empty show.--_n._ FAR'CEUR, a joker.--_adj._ FAR'CICAL.--_n._ FARCICAL'ITY, farcical quality.--_adv._ FAR'CICALLY.--_v.t._ FAR'CIFY, to turn into a farce. [Fr. _farce_, stuffing, from L. _farc[=i]re_, to stuff, applied, acc. to H. Bradley, to words put between _Kyrie_ and _Eleison_ in religious services, then to the interpolated _gag_ in a religious play, next a buffoon performance.] FARCE, färs, _v.t._ to cram: to stuff, fill with stuffing: (_Shak._) to swell out.--_n._ FAR'CING, stuffing. [O. Fr. _farsir_--L. _farc[=i]re_, to cram.] FARCY, fär'si, _n._ a disease of horses like glanders--(_obs._) FAR'CIN.--_adj._ FAR'CIED.--_n._ FAR'CY-BUD, a swollen lymphatic gland, as in farcy. [Fr. _farcin_--Low L. _farciminum_.] FARD, färd, _n._ white paint for the face.--_v.t._ to paint with such, to embellish. [Fr., of Teut. origin, Old High Ger. _farwjan_, to colour.] FARDAGE, fär'd[=a]j, _n._ (_naut._) loose wood or other material stowed among the cargo to keep it from shifting, or put under it to keep it above the bilge. [Fr.] FARDEL, fär'del, _n._ a pack: anything cumbersome or irksome.--_adj._ FAR'DEL-BOUND, constipated, esp. of cattle and sheep, by the retention of food in the third stomach. [O. Fr. _fardel_ (Fr. _fardeau_), dim. of _farde_, a burden--Ar. _fardah_, a package (Devic).] FARDING-BAG, fär'ding-bag, _n._ the first stomach of a cow or other ruminant. FARE, f[=a]r, _v.i._ to get on or succeed: to happen well or ill to: to be in any particular state, to be, to go on: to feed.--_n._ the price of passage--(_orig._) a course or passage: those conveyed in a carriage: food or provisions for the table.--_interj._ FAREWELL', may you fare well! a wish for safety or success.--_n._ well-wishing at parting: the act of departure.--_adj._ parting: final. [A.S. _faran_; Ger. _fahren_.] FARINA, fa-r[=i]'na, or fa-r[=e]'na, _n._ ground corn: meal: starch: pollen of plants.--_adjs._ FARIN[=A]'CEOUS, mealy; FARINOSE', yielding farina. [L.,--_far_.] FARL, färl, _n._ (_Scot._) the quarter of a round cake of flour or oatmeal. [_Fardel_, a fourth part.] FARM, färm, _n._ land let or rented for cultivation or pasturage, with the necessary buildings: (_Spens._) habitation: (_Shak._) a lease.--_v.t._ to let out as lands to a tenant: to take on lease: to grant certain rights in return for a portion of what they yield, as to farm the taxes: to cultivate, as land.--_adj._ FARM'ABLE.--_ns._ FARM'-BAI'LIFF; FARM'ER, one who farms or cultivates land: the tenant of a farm: one who collects taxes, &c., for a certain rate per cent.:--_fem._ FARM'ERESS; FARM'ERING, the business of a farmer.--_n.pl._ FARM'ERS-GEN'ERAL, the name given before the French Revolution to the members of a privileged association in France, who leased the public revenues of the nation.--_ns._ FARM'ERY, the buildings of a farm; FARM'-HOUSE, a house attached to a farm in which the farmer lives; FARM'ING, the business of cultivating land; FARM'-L[=A]'BOURER.--_n.pl._ FARM'-OFF'ICES, the offices or outbuildings on a farm.--_ns._ FARM'STEAD, a farm with the buildings belonging to it; FARM'-YARD, the yard or enclosure surrounded by the farm buildings. [A.S. _feorm_, goods, entertainment, from Low L. _firma_--L. _firmus_, firm. The Low L. _firma_ meant a fixed payment, also a signature (whence our 'firm' in business); from 'rent' _farm_ passed to 'lease,' then to 'a tract of land held on lease.' _Farm_ is therefore a doublet of _firm_.] FARO, f[=a]r'o, _n._ a game of chance played by betting on the order in which certain cards will appear when taken singly from the top of the pack. [Perh. from King _Pharaoh_ on one of the cards.] FARRAGO, far-r[=a]'g[=o], _n._ a confused mass.--_adj._ FARR[=A]'GINOUS, miscellaneous, jumbled. [L., _far_, grain.] FARRIER, far'i-[.e]r, _n._ one who shoes horses: one who cures the diseases of horses.--_n._ FARR'IERY, the art of curing the diseases of cattle. [O. Fr. _ferrier_, through Low L. _ferrarius_, from L. _ferrum_, iron.] FARROW, far'[=o], _n._ a litter of pigs.--_v.i._ or _v.t._ to bring forth pigs. [A.S. _fearh_, a pig; Ger. _ferkel_.] FARROW, far'r[=o], _adj._ not producing young in a particular season, said of cows. [Ety. dub.; with _farrow cow_ cf. Flem. _verwekoe_, _varwekoe_.] FARSE, färs, _n._ an explanation of the Latin epistle in the vernacular.--_v.t._ to extend by interpolation. FART, fart, _v.i._ to break wind.--_n._ a noisy expulsion of wind. [A.S. _feortan_; Ger. _farzen_.] FARTHER, fär'_th_[.e]r, _adj._ (_comp._ of FAR) more far or distant: tending to a greater distance: longer: additional.--_adv._ at or to a greater distance; more remotely: beyond: moreover.--_adjs._ and _advs._ FAR'THERMORE, furthermore; FAR'THERMOST, furthermost.--_adj._ FARTHEST (_superl._ of FAR), most far, distant, or remote.--_adv._ at or to the greatest distance. [A rather recent form, comp. of _far_, the euphonic _th_ being inserted from the analogy of _further_.] FARTHING, fär'_th_ing, _n._ the fourth of a penny: anything very small: (_B._) the rendering for two names of coins, one the fourth part of the other--_assarion_, used as the Gr. equivalent of the L. _as_, and _kodrantes_ (L. _quadrans_), a coin equivalent to two _lepta_.--_n._ FAR'THINGFUL. [A.S. _féorthing_, a fourth part--_féortha_, fourth, and dim. _-ing_, or _-ling_.] FARTHINGALE, fär'_th_ing-g[=a]l, _n._ a kind of crinoline of whalebone for distending women's dress. [O. Fr. _verdugale_--Sp. _verdugado_, hooped, _verdugo_, rod.] FASCES, fas'[=e]z, _n.pl._ a bundle of rods with an axe in the middle, borne before the ancient Roman principal magistrates. [L. _fascis_, a bundle.] FASCIA, fash'i-a, _n._ (_archit._) a flat space or band between mouldings: (_anat._) a layer of condensed connective tissue between some muscle and any other tissue.--_adjs._ FAS'CIAL; FAS'CIATED.--_n._ FASCI[=A]'TION (_bot._), a form of monstrosity by the flattening of a single stem, or the lateral union of several stems. [L.] FASCICLE, fas'i-kl, _n._ a little bundle: (_bot._) a close cluster, the flowers crowded together, as in the sweet-william--also FAS'CICULE.--_adjs._ FAS'CICLED, FASCIC'ULAR, FASCIC'ULATE, -D, united as in a bundle.--_n._ FASCIC'ULUS, a fascicle: a part of a book issued in parts. [L. _fasciculus_, dim. of _fascis_, a bundle.] FASCINATE, fas'i-n[=a]t, _v.t._ to control by the glance: to charm: to captivate: to enchant, esp. by the evil eye.--_adj._ FAS'CINATING, charming, delightful.--_n._ FASCIN[=A]'TION, the act of charming: power to harm by looks or spells: mysterious attractive power exerted by a man's words or manner: irresistible power of alluring: state of being fascinated. [L. _fascin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_; perh. allied to Gr. _baskainein_, to bewitch.] FASCINE, fas-s[=e]n', _n._ (_fort._) a brushwood faggot bound together with wire, yarn, or withes, used to fill ditches, &c. [Fr.,--L. _fascina_--_fascis_, a bundle.] FASH, fash, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to trouble, annoy.--_v.i._ to be vexed at, to take trouble or pains.--_n._ pains, trouble.--_adj._ FASH'IOUS, troublesome, vexatious.--_ns._ FASH'IOUSNESS, FASH'ERY. [O. Fr. _fascher_ (Fr. _fâcher_)--L. _fastidium_, _fastidiosus_, fastidious.] FASHION, fash'un, _n._ the make or cut of a thing: form or pattern: prevailing mode or shape of dress: a prevailing custom: manner: genteel society: appearance.--_v.t._ to make: to mould according to a pattern: to suit or adapt.--_adj._ FASH'IONABLE, made according to prevailing fashion: prevailing or in use at any period: observant of the fashion in dress or living: moving in high society: patronised by people of fashion.--_n._ a person of fashion.--_n._ FASH'IONABLENESS.--_adv._ FASH'IONABLY.--_ns._ FASH'IONER; FASH'IONIST.--_adjs._ FASH'IONMONGERING, FASH'IONMONGING (_Shak._), behaving like a fop.--AFTER, or IN, A FASHION, in a way: to a certain extent; IN THE FASHION, in accordance with the prevailing style of dress, &c.--opp. to _Out of fashion_. [O. Fr. _fachon_--L. _faction-em_--_fac[)e]re_, to make.] FAST, fast, _adj._ firm: fixed: steadfast: fortified: (of sleep) sound (_Shak._).--_adv._ firmly, unflinchingly: soundly or sound (asleep): quickly: close, near.--_n._ FAST-AND-LOOSE, the name of a cheating game practised at fairs--called also _Prick-the-garter_.--_adj._ FAST'-HAND'ED, close-fisted.--_adv._ FAST'LY (_Shak._), firmly.--_n._ FAST'NESS, fixedness: a stronghold, fortress, castle.--FAST BY, close to.--PLAY FAST AND LOOSE (from the foregoing), to be unreliable, to say one thing and do another; HARD-AND-FAST (see HARD). [A.S. _fæst_; Ger. _fest_.] FAST, fast, _adj._ quick: rapid: rash: dissipated.--_adv._ swiftly: in rapid succession: extravagantly.--_adj._ FAST'ISH, somewhat fast. [A special use of _fast_, firm, derived from the Scand., in the sense of urgent.] FAST, fast, _v.i._ to keep from food: to go hungry: to abstain from food in whole or part, as a religious duty.--_n._ abstinence from food: special abstinence enjoined by the church: the day or time of fasting.--_ns._ FAST'-DAY, a day of religious fasting: (_Scot._) a day for humiliation and prayer, esp. before celebrations of the Lord's Supper; FAST'ENS, short for _Fastens-eve_ (Scot. _Fasten-e'en_ and _Fastern's-e'en_), _Fastens Tuesday_, Shrove Tuesday; FAST'ER, one who fasts: FAST'ING, religious abstinence. [A.S. _fæstan_, to fast; Ger. _fasten_, to keep: perh. allied with _fast_, firm, in the sense of making strict.] FASTEN, fas'n, _v.t._ to make fast or tight: to fix securely: to attach firmly one thing to another: to confirm.--_v.i._ to fix itself.--_n._ FAS'TENING, that which fastens. FASTI, fas't[=i], _n.pl._ those days among the ancient Romans on which it was lawful to transact legal or public business--opp. to _Nefasti_: an enumeration of the days of the year, a calendar. [L.] FASTIDIOUS, fas-tid'i-us, _adj._ affecting superior taste: over-nice: difficult to please.--_adv._ FASTID'IOUSLY.--_n._ FASTID'IOUSNESS. [L. _fastidiosus_--_fastidium_, loathing--_fastus_, pride, _tædium_, loathing.] FASTIGIATE, fas-tij'i-[=a]t, _adj._ pointed, sloping to a point or edge--also FASTIG'IATED.--_n._ FASTIG'IUM, the apex of a building: the pediment of a portico. [L. _fastig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_fastigium_, a gable-end, roof.] FAT, fat, _adj._ plump, fleshy: fruitful, esp. profitable: gross: thick, full-bodied, esp. of printing-types.--_n._ an oily substance under the skin: solid animal oil: the richest part of anything.--_v.t._ to make fat.--_v.i._ to grow fat:--_pr.p._ fat'ting; _pa.p._ fat'ted.--_adj._ FAT'BRAINED (_Shak._), dull of apprehension.--_ns._ FAT'-HEN (_prov._), any one of various plants of thick succulent foliage, esp. pigweed, orach, and ground-ivy; FAT'LING, a young animal fattened for slaughter.--_adj._ small and fat.--_n._ FAT'-LUTE, a mixture of pipe-clay and linseed-oil, for filling joints, &c.--_adv._ FAT'LY, grossly: in a lumbering manner.--_n._ FAT'NESS, quality or state of being fat: fullness of flesh: richness: fertility: that which makes fertile.--_v.t._ FAT'TEN, to make fat or fleshy: to make fertile.--_v.i._ to grow fat.--_ns._ FAT'TENER, he who, or that which, fattens; FAT'TENING, the process of making fat: state of growing fat; FAT'TINESS.--_adjs._ FAT'TISH, somewhat fat; FAT'-WITTED, dull, stupid; FAT'TY, containing fat or having the qualities of fat.--FAT IMAGES, those in relief.--THE FAT IS IN THE FIRE, things have gone to confusion. [A.S. _fæt_; Ger. _fett_.] FAT, fat, _n._ a vessel for holding liquids: a vat: a dry measure of nine bushels. [See VAT.] FATA MORGANA, fä'tä mor-gä'nä, a striking kind of mirage seen most often in the Strait of Messina. [Supposed to be caused by the fairy (_fata_) _Morgana_ of Arthurian romance.] FATE, f[=a]t, _n._ inevitable destiny or necessity: appointed lot: ill-fortune: doom: final issue: (_pl._) the three goddesses of fate, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who determined the birth, life, and death of men--the FATAL SISTERS.--_adj._ F[=A]T'AL, belonging to or appointed by fate: causing ruin or death: mortal: calamitous.--_ns._ F[=A]T'ALISM, the doctrine that all events are subject to fate, and happen by unavoidable necessity; F[=A]T'ALIST, one who believes in fatalism.--_adj._ F[=A]T'ALISTIC, belonging to or partaking of fatalism.--_n._ FATAL'ITY, the state of being fatal or unavoidable: the decree of fate: fixed tendency to disaster or death: mortality: a fatal occurrence.--_adv._ F[=A]T'ALLY.--_adjs._ F[=A]T'ED, doomed: destined: (_Shak._) invested with the power of destiny: (_Dryden_) enchanted; FATE'FUL, charged with fate.--_adv._ FATE'FULLY.--_n._ FATE'FULNESS. [L. _fatum_, a prediction--_fatus_, spoken--_f[=a]ri_, to speak.] FATHER, fä'_th_[.e]r, _n._ a male parent: an ancestor or forefather: a fatherly protector: a contriver or originator: a title of respect applied to a venerable man, to confessors, monks, priests, &c.: a member of certain fraternities, as 'Fathers of the Oratory,' &c.: the oldest member of any profession or other body: one of a group of ecclesiastical writers of the early centuries, usually ending with Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine: the first person of the Trinity.--_v.t._ to adopt: to ascribe to one as his offspring or production.--_ns._ FA'THERHOOD, state of being a father: fatherly authority; FA'THER-IN-LAW, the father of one's husband or wife; FA'THERLAND, the land of one's fathers--from the Ger. _Vaterland_; FA'THER-LASH'ER, a name applied to two bull-heads found on the British coasts, belonging to the Gurnard family.--_adj._ FA'THERLESS, destitute of a living father: without a known author.--_ns._ FA'THERLESSNESS; FA'THERLINESS.--_adj._ FA'THERLY, like a father in affection and care: paternal.--_n._ FA'THERSHIP.--HOLY FATHER, the Pope.--BE GATHERED TO ONE'S FATHERS (_B._), to die and be buried. [A.S. _fæder_; Ger. _vater_, L. _pater_, Gr. _pat[=e]r_.] FATHOM, fa_th_'um, _n._ a nautical measure=6 feet: depth: (_Shak._) penetration.--_v.t._ to try the depth of: to comprehend or get to the bottom of.--_adjs._ FATH'OMABLE; FATH'OMLESS.--_n._ FATH'OM-LINE, a sailor's line and lead for taking soundings. [A.S. _faethm_; Dut. _vadem_, Ger. _faden_.] FATIDICAL, fa-tid'ik-al, _adj._ having power to foretell future events: prophetical.--_adv._ FATID'ICALLY. [L. _fatidicus_--_fatum_, fate, _dic[)e]re_, to tell.] FATIGUE, fa-t[=e]g', _n._ weariness from labour of body or of mind: toil: military work, distinct from the use of arms.--_v.t._ to reduce to weariness: to exhaust one's strength: to harass.--_pr.p._ fatigu'ing; _pa.p._ fatigued'.--_adj._ FAT'IGATE (_Shak._), fatigued.--_n._ FATIGUE'-D[=U]'TY, the part of a soldier's work distinct from the use of arms--also in _fatigue-dress_, &c.--_adv._ FATIGU'INGLY. [Fr.,--L. _fatig[=a]re_, to weary.] FATISCENT, f[=a]-tis'ent, _adj._ gaping.--_n._ FATIS'CENCE. FATTRELS, fat'relz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) ends of ribbon. [O. Fr. _fatraille_, trumpery.] FATUOUS, fat'[=u]-us, _adj._ silly: imbecile: without reality--also FAT[=U]'ITOUS.--_n._ FAT[=U]ITY, unconscious stupidity: imbecility. [L. _fatuus_.] FAUBOURG, f[=o]'b[=oo]rg, _n._ a suburb just beyond the walls, or a district recently included within a city. [O. Fr. _forbourg_, lit. 'out-town'--_fors_ (Fr. _hors_)--L. _foris_, out of doors, and O. Fr. _bourg_, town.] FAUCES, faw's[=e]z, _n.pl._ the upper part of the throat, from the root of the tongue to the entrance of the gullet.--_adj._ FAU'CAL, produced in the fauces, as certain Semitic guttural sounds. [L.] FAUCET, faw'set, _n._ a pipe inserted in a barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. _fausset_.] FAUGH, faw, _interj._ an exclamation of contempt or disgust. [Prob. from the sound.] FAULCHION, an obsolete form of _falchion_. FAULT, fawlt, _n._ a failing: error: blemish: imperfection: a slight offence: (_geol._, _min._) a displacement of strata or veins: (_tennis_) a stroke in which the player fails to serve the ball into the proper place.--_adj._ FAULT'FUL (_Shak._), full of faults or crimes.--_adv._ FAULT'ILY.--_n._ FAULT'INESS.--_adj._ FAULT'LESS, without fault or defect.--_adv._ FAULT'LESSLY.--_n._ FAULT'LESSNESS.--_adj._ FAULT'Y, imperfect, defective: guilty of a fault: blamable.--AT FAULT, open to blame: (of dogs) unable to find the scent; FIND FAULT (_with_), to censure for some defect. [O. Fr. _faute_, _falte_--L. _fall[)e]re_, to deceive.] FAUNA, fawn'a, _n._ animals collectively, or those of a particular country, or of a particular geological period:--_pl._ FAUN'Æ, FAUN'AS.--_n._ FAUN, a Roman rural deity, protector of shepherds.--_adj._ FAUN'AL.--_n._ FAUN'IST, one who studies a fauna. [L. _faunus_, from _fav[=e]re_, _fautum_, to favour.] FAUTEUIL, f[=o]-tey', _n._ an arm-chair, esp. a president's chair, the seat of one of the forty members of the French Academy. [Fr.] FAUTOR, faw'tor, _n._ a favourer or supporter. [O. Fr. _fauteur_--L. _fautor_--_fav[=e]re_, to favour.] FAVEOLATE, f[=a]-v[=e]'[=o]-l[=a]t, _adj._ honeycombed.--Also FAVOSE'. FAUVETTE, f[=o]-vet', _n._ a name applied to warblers in general. [Fr.] FAVONIAN, fav-[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to the west wind, favourable. [L. _Favonius_, the west wind.] FAVOUR, f[=a]'vur, _n._ countenance: good-will: a kind deed: an act of grace or lenity: indulgence: partiality: advantage: a knot of ribbons worn at a wedding, or anything worn publicly as a pledge of a woman's favour: (_arch._) countenance, appearance: a letter or written communication: (_Shak._) an attraction or grace.--_v.t._ to regard with good-will: to be on the side of: to treat indulgently: to afford advantage to: (_coll._) to resemble.--_adj._ F[=A]'VOURABLE, friendly: propitious: conducive to: advantageous.--_n._ F[=A]'VOURABLENESS.--_adv._ F[=A]'VOURABLY.--_p.adj._ F[=A]'VOURED, having a certain appearance, featured--as in _ill-favoured_, _well-favoured_.--_ns._ F[=A]'VOUREDNESS; F[=A]'VOURER; F[=A]'VOURITE, a person or thing regarded with favour or preference: one unduly loved: a kind of curl of the hair, affected by ladies of the 18th century.--_adj._ esteemed, preferred.--_n._ F[=A]'VOURITISM, the practice of showing partiality.--_adj._ F[=A]'VOURLESS, without favour: (_Spens._) not favouring.--FAVOURS TO COME, favours still expected; CURRY FAVOUR (see CURRY). [O. Fr.,--L. _favor_--_fav[=e]re_, to favour, befriend.] FAVUS, f[=a]v'us, _n._ a disease of the skin, chiefly of the hairy scalp. [L. 'a honeycomb.'] FAW, faw, _n._ a gipsy. [From the surname _Faa_.] FAWN, fawn, _n._ a young deer.--_adj._ resembling a fawn in colour.--_v.i._ to bring forth a fawn. [O. Fr. _faon_, through Low L. from L. _foetus_, offspring.] FAWN, fawn, _v.i._ to cringe, to flatter in a servile way (with _upon_).--_n._ (_rare_) a servile cringe or bow: mean flattery.--_ns._ FAWN'ER, one who flatters to gain favour; FAWN'ING, mean flattery: sycophancy.--_adv._ FAWN'INGLY.--_n._ FAWN'INGNESS. [A variant of _fain_, to rejoice--A.S. _fægen_, glad.] FAY, f[=a], _n._ a fairy. [O. Fr. _fee_--L. _fata_, a fairy--L. _fatum_, fate.] FAY, f[=a], _n._ (_Shak._) faith. FAY, f[=a], _v.i._ to fit, unite closely.--_v.t._ to fit together closely. [A.S. _fégan_; Ger. _fügen_.] FAY, FEY, f[=a], _v.t._ (_prov._) to clean out, as a ditch. FEAGUE, f[=e]g, _v.t._ (_obs._) to whip: to perplex. [Cog. with Dut. _vegen_, Ger. _fegen_.] FEAL, f[=e]'al, _adj._ (_obs._) loyal, faithful. FEAL, f[=e]l, _v.t._ (_prov._) to conceal. FEALTY, f[=e]'al-ti, or f[=e]l'ti, _n._ the vassal's oath of fidelity to his feudal lord: loyalty. [O. Fr. _fealte_--L. _fidelitat-em_--_fidelis_, faithful--_fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FEAR, f[=e]r, _n._ a painful emotion excited by danger: apprehension of danger or pain: alarm: the object of fear: aptness to cause fear: (_B._) deep reverence: piety towards God.--_v.t._ to regard with fear: to expect with alarm: (_B._) to stand in awe of: to venerate: (_obs._) to terrify: to make afraid.--_v.i._ to be afraid: to be in doubt.--_adj._ FEAR'FUL, timorous: exciting intense fear: terrible.--_adv._ FEAR'FULLY.--_n._ FEAR'FULNESS.--_adj._ FEAR'LESS, without fear: daring: brave.--_adv._ FEAR'LESSLY.--_ns._ FEAR'LESSNESS; FEAR'NOUGHT (same as DREADNAUGHT).--_adj._ FEAR'SOME, causing fear, frightful.--_adv._ FEAR'SOMELY. [A.S. _f['æ]r_, fear, _f['æ]ran_, to terrify; cf. Ger. _gefahr_, Ice. _fár_, harm, mischief.] FEAR, f[=e]r, _n._ (_Spens._) a companion. [See FERE.] FEASIBLE, f[=e]z'i-bl, _adj._ practicable.--_ns._ FEAS'IBLENESS, FEASIBIL'ITY.--_adv._ FEAS'IBLY. [Fr. _faisable_, that can be done--_faire_, _faisant_--L. _fac[)e]re_, to do.] FEAST, f[=e]st, _n._ a day of unusual solemnity or joy: a festival in commemoration of some event--_movable_, such as occurs on a specific day of the week succeeding a certain day of the month, as _Easter_; _immovable_, at a fixed date, as Christmas: a rich and abundant repast: rich enjoyment for the mind or heart.--_v.i._ to hold a feast: to eat sumptuously: to receive intense delight.--_v.t._ to entertain sumptuously.--_ns._ FEAST'-DAY; FEAST'ER.--_adj._ FEAST'FUL, festive, joyful, luxurious.--_ns._ FEAST'ING; FEAST'-RITE, a rite or custom observed at feasts.--_adj._ FEAST'-WON (_Shak._), won or bribed by feasting.--FEAST OF FOOLS, FEAST OF ASSES, medieval festivals, held between Christmas and Epiphany, in which a burlesque bishop was enthroned in church, and a burlesque mass said by his orders, and an ass driven round in triumph.--DOUBLE FEAST (_eccles._), one on which the antiphon is doubled. [O. Fr. _feste_ (Fr. _fête_)--L. _festum_, a holiday, _festus_, solemn, festal.] FEAT, f[=e]t, _n._ a deed manifesting extraordinary strength, skill, or courage.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to fashion.--_adj._ neat, deft.--_adj._ FEAT'EOUS, dexterous, neat.--_adv._ FEAT'LY, neatly, dexterously--(_Spens._) FEAT'EOUSLY. [Fr. _fait_--L. _factum_--L. _fac[)e]re_, to do.] FEATHER, fe_th_'[.e]r, _n._ one of the growths which form the covering of a bird: a feather-like ornament: the feathered end of an arrow: nature, kind, as in 'birds of a feather:' birds collectively: anything light or trifling.--_v.t._ to furnish or adorn with feathers.--_ns._ FEATH'ER-BED, a mattress filled with feathers; FEATH'ER-BOARD'ING (same as WEATHER-BOARDING, q.v.).--_p.adj._ FEATH'ERED, covered or fitted with feathers, or anything feather-like: like the flight of a feathered animal, swift: smoothed as with feathers.--_ns._ FEATH'ER-EDGE, an edge of a board or plank thinner than the other edge; FEATH'ER-GRASS, a perennial grass, so called from the feathery appearance of its awns; FEATH'ER-HEAD, FEATH'ER-BRAIN, a frivolous person; FEATH'ERINESS; FEATH'ERING, plumage: the fitting of feathers to arrows: (_archit._) an arrangement of small arcs or foils separated by projecting cusps, frequently forming the feather-like ornament on the inner mouldings of arches; FEATH'ER-STAR, a crinoid of feathery appearance and radiate structure; FEATH'ER-WEIGHT, the lightest weight that may be carried by a racing-horse: a boxer, wrestler, &c., of a class below the light-weights--hence one of small importance or ability.--_adj._ FEATH'ERY, pertaining to, resembling, or covered with feathers.--FEATHER AN OAR, to turn the blade of the oar horizontally as it comes out of the water, thus lessening the resistance of the air; FEATHER ONE'S NEST, to accumulate wealth for one's self while serving others in a position of trust.--A FEATHER IN ONE'S CAP, some striking mark of distinction; BE IN HIGH FEATHER, to be greatly elated or in high spirits; MAKE THE FEATHERS FLY, to throw into confusion by a sudden attack; SHOW THE WHITE FEATHER, to show signs of cowardice--a white feather in a gamecock's tail being considered as a sign of degeneracy. [A.S. _feðer_; Ger. _feder_; L. _penna_, Gr. _pteron_.] FEATURE, f[=e]t'[=u]r, _n._ the marks by which anything is recognised: the prominent traits of anything: the cast of the face: (_pl._) the countenance.--_v.t._ (_coll._) to have features resembling.--_adjs._ FEAT'URED, with features well marked; FEAT'URELESS, destitute of distinct features; FEAT'URELY, handsome. [O. Fr. _faiture_, from fut. part. of L. _fac[)e]re_, to make.] FEBRICULE, feb'ri-k[=u]l, _n._ a slight fever.--_adj._ FEBRI'CULOSE.--_n._ FEBRICULOS'ITY. [L. _febricula_, dim. of _febris_, fever.] FEBRIFIC, fe-brif'ik, _adj._ producing fever, feverish.--Also FEBRIF[=A]'CIENT. [L. _febris_, fever, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] FEBRIFUGE, feb'ri-f[=u]j, _n._ a medicine for removing fever.--_adj._ FEBRIF'UGAL (or feb'-). [L. _febris_, fever, _fug[=a]re_, to put to flight.] FEBRILE, f[=e]'bril, or feb'ril, _adj._ pertaining to fever: feverish.--_n._ FEBRIL'ITY. [Fr.,--L. _febris_, fever.] FEBRONIANISM, feb-r[=o]'ni-an-izm, _n._ a system of doctrine antagonistic to the claims of the Pope and asserting the independence of national churches, propounded in 1763 by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim under the pseudonym 'Justinus _Febronius_.' FEBRUARY, feb'r[=oo]-ar-i, _n._ the second month of the year. [L. _Februarius_ (_mensis_), the month of expiation, _februa_, the feast of expiation.] FECES, FECAL. See FÆCES, FÆCAL. FECIAL. See FETIAL. FECK, fek, _n._ (_Scot._) strength, value, quantity, number: the bulk of anything.--_adj._ FECK'LESS, spiritless.--_adv._ FECK'LY, mostly. [Corr. of _effect_.] FECULA, fek'[=u]-la, _n._ starch obtained as a sediment by breaking down certain plants or seeds in water. [L. _fæcula_, dim. of _fæx_, dregs.] FECULENT, fek'[=u]-lent, _adj._ containing fæces or sediment: muddy: foul.--_ns._ FEC'ULENCE, FEC'ULENCY. FECUND, fek'und, _adj._ fruitful: fertile: prolific.--_v.t._ FEC'UND[=A]TE, FECUND'[=A]TE, to make fruitful: to impregnate.--_ns._ FECUND[=A]'TION, the act of impregnating: the state of being impregnated; FECUND'ITY, fruitfulness: prolificness in female animals. [Fr.,--L. _fecundus_, fruitful.] FED, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of FEED. FEDARY, fed'ar-i (_Shak._). Same as FEDERARY. FEDERAL, fed'[.e]r-al, _adj._ pertaining to or consisting of a treaty or covenant: confederated, founded upon mutual agreement: of a union or government in which several states, while independent in home affairs, combine for national or general purposes, as in the United States (in the American Civil War, _Federal_ was the name applied to the states of the North which defended the Union against the _Confederate_ separatists of the South).--_n._ a supporter of federation: a Unionist soldier in the American Civil War.--_n._ FED'ERACY.--_v.t._ FED'ERALISE.--_ns._ FED'ERALISM, the principles or cause maintained by federalists; FED'ERALIST, a supporter of a federal constitution or union; FED'ERARY (_Shak._), a confederate.--_adj._ FED'ER[=A]TE, united by league: confederated.--_n._ FEDER[=A]'TION, the act of uniting in league: a federal union.--_adj._ FED'ER[=A]TIVE, united in league.--FEDERAL (or COVENANT) THEOLOGY, that first worked out by Cocceius (1603-69), based on the idea of two covenants between God and man--of Works and of Grace (see COVENANT). [Fr. _fédéral_--L. _foedus_, _foederis_, a treaty, akin to _fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FEE, f[=e], _n._ price paid for services, as to a lawyer or physician: recompense, wages: the sum exacted for any special privilege: a grant of land for feudal service: an unconditional inheritance--FEE'-SIM'PLE, possession: ownership.--_v.t._ to pay a fee to: to hire:--_pr.p._ fee'ing; _pa.p._ feed.--_ns._ FEE'-GRIEF (_Shak._), a private grief; FEE'ING-MAR'KET (_Scot._), a fair or market at which farm-servants are hired for the year or half-year following; FEE'-TAIL, an entailed estate, which on failure of heirs reverts to the donor.--BASE FEE, a qualified fee, a freehold estate of inheritance to which a qualification is annexed; CONDITIONAL FEE, a fee granted on condition, or limited to particular heirs: the estate of a mortgagee of land, possession of which is conditional on payment; GREAT FEE, the holding of a tenant of the Crown. [A.S. _feoh_, cattle, property: a special kind of property, property in land; Ger. _vieh_, Ice. _fé_; allied to L. _pecus_, cattle, _pecunia_, money.] FEEBLE, f[=e]'bl, _adj._ weak: wanting in strength of body, energy, or efficiency: showing weakness or incapacity: faint: dull.--_adj._ FEE'BLE-MIND'ED, weak-minded: irresolute.--_n._ FEE'BLENESS--(_Spens._) FE'BLESSE.--_adv._ FEE'BLY. [O. Fr. _foible_, for _floible_--L. _flebilis_, lamentable, from _fl[=e]re_, to weep.] FEED, f[=e]d, _v.t._ to give food to: to nourish: to furnish with necessary material: to foster.--_v.i._ to take food: to nourish one's self by eating:--_pr.p._ feed'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ fed.--_n._ an allowance of provender, esp. to cattle: the motion forward of anything being fed to a machine: (_Milt._) a meal: (_Shak._) pasture land.--_ns._ FEED'ER, he who feeds, or that which supplies: an eater: one who abets another: one who fattens cattle: (_obs._) a parasite; FEED'-HEAD, the cistern that supplies water to the boiler of a steam-engine; FEED'-HEAT'ER, an apparatus for heating the water supplied to a steam-boiler; FEED'ING, act of eating: that which is eaten: pasture: the placing of the sheets of paper in position for a printing or ruling machine; FEED'ING-BOTT'LE, a bottle for supplying liquid food to an infant; FEED'-PIPE, a pipe for supplying a boiler or cistern with water; FEED'-PUMP, a force-pump for supplying a steam-engine boiler with water. [A.S. _fédan_, to feed.] FEE-FAW-FUM, f[=e]'-faw'-fum', _n._ a nursery word for anything frightful. FEEL, f[=e]l, _v.t._ to perceive by the touch: to handle or try by touch: to be conscious of: to be keenly sensible of: to have an inward persuasion of.--_v.i._ to know by the touch: to have the emotions excited: to produce a certain sensation when touched, as to feel hard or hot:--_pr.p._ feel'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ felt.--_n._ the sensation of touch.--_ns._ FEEL'ER, a remark cautiously dropped, or any indirect stratagem, to sound the opinions of others: (_pl._) jointed fibres in the heads of insects, &c., possessed of a delicate sense of touch, termed _antennæ_; FEEL'ING, the sense of touch: perception of objects by touch: consciousness of pleasure or pain: tenderness: emotion: sensibility, susceptibility, sentimentality: opinion as resulting from emotion: (_pl._) the affections or passions.--_adj._ expressive of great sensibility or tenderness: easily affected.--_adv._ FEEL'INGLY.--FEEL AFTER (_B._), to search for. [A.S. _félan_, to feel; Ger. _fühlen_; prob. akin to L. _palp[=a]re_, to quiver.] FEER, f[=e]r, _n._ (_Spens._) a companion, a spouse. [A.S. _ge-féra_, a companion--_ge-féran_, to travel.] FEE-SIMPLE, FEE-TAIL. See under FEE. FEET, f[=e]t, _pl._ of FOOT.--_adj._ FEET'LESS, without feet. FEIGN, f[=a]n, _v.t._ to invent: to imagine: to make a show or pretence of, to counterfeit, simulate.--_adj._ FEIGNED, pretended: simulating.--_adv._ FEIGN'EDLY.--_ns._ FEIGN'EDNESS; FEIGN'ING. [Fr. _feindre_, pr.p. _feignant_, to feign.--L. _fing[)e]re_, _fictum_, to form.] FEINT, f[=a]nt, _n._ a false appearance: a pretence: a mock-assault: a deceptive movement in fencing, boxing, &c.--_v.i._ to make a feint. [Fr., see above.] FELDSPAR, feld'spär, _n._ (_min._) a general term for the most important rock-forming group of minerals--all anhydrous silicates of alumina--divided into those in which the minerals crystallise in _monoclinic_ and in _triclinic_ forms--also FEL'SPAR, FELD'SPATH.--_adjs._ FELDSPATH'IC, FELD'SPATHOSE. [Ger. _feldspath_--_feld_, a field, _spath_, spar.] FELICITY, fe-lis'i-ti, _n._ happiness: delight: a blessing: a happy event.--_v.t._ FELIC'IT[=A]TE, to express joy or pleasure to: to congratulate.--_n._ FELICIT[=A]'TION, the act of congratulating.--_adj._ FELIC'ITOUS, happy: prosperous: delightful: appropriate.--_adv._ FELIC'ITOUSLY. [Fr.,--L. _felicitat-em_, from _felix_, _-icis_, happy.] FELINE, f[=e]'l[=i]n, _adj._ pertaining to the cat or the cat kind: like a cat.--_ns._ FELIN'ITY; F[=E]'LIS, the cats as a genus, the typical genus of family F[=E]'LIDÆ and subfamily F[=E]L[=I]'NÆ. [L. _felinus_--_felis_, a cat.] FELL, fel, _n._ a barren hill. [Ice. _fjall_; Dan. _fjeld_.] FELL, fel, _pa.t._ of FALL. FELL, fel, _v.t._ to cause to fall: to bring to the ground: to cut down.--_adj._ FELL'ABLE.--_n._ FELL'ER, a cutter of wood. [A.S. _fellan_, causal form of _feallan_, to fall.] FELL, fel, _n._ a skin.--_n._ FELL'MONGER, a dealer in skins. [A.S. _fel_; cf. L. _pellis_, Gr. _pella_, Ger. _fell_.] FELL, fel, _n._ (_Spens._) anger, melancholy. [L. _fel_, bile.] FELL, fel, _adj._ cruel: fierce: bloody: deadly: keen, eager, spirited: (_Scot._) very great, huge.--_adj._ FELL'-LURKING (_Shak._), lurking with treacherous purpose.--_n._ FELL'NESS.--_adv._ FELL'Y. [O. Fr. _fel_, cruel--L. _fello_. See FELON.] FELLAH, fel'ä, _n._ an Arabic name applied contemptuously by the Turks to the labouring or agricultural population of Egypt--descendants of the ancient Egyptian, intermingled with Syrians, Arabs, &c.:--_pl._ FELL'AHS, FELL'AHÎN. [Ar., 'tiller of the soil.'] FELLIC, fel'ik, _adj._ obtained from bile--also FELLIN'IC.--_adj._ FELLIF'LUOUS, flowing with gall. [L. _fel_, gall.] FELLOE. See FELLY. FELLONOUS, fel'lon-us, _adj._ (_Spens._) fell.--_adj._ FEL'LONEST, most fell. FELLOW, fel'[=o], _n._ an associate: a companion and equal: one of a pair, a mate: a member of a university who enjoys a fellowship: a member of a scientific or other society: an individual, a person generally: a worthless person.--_ns._ FELL'OW-CIT'IZEN, one belonging to the same city; FELL'OW-COMM'ONER, at Cambridge and elsewhere, a privileged class of undergraduates, dining at the Fellows' table; FELL'OW-CREA'TURE, one of the same race; FELL'OW-FEEL'ING, feeling between fellows or equals: sympathy; FELL'OW-HEIR, a joint-heir.--_adv._ FELL'OWLY (_Shak._), companionable.--_ns._ FELL'OW-MAN, a man of the same common nature with one's self; FELL'OW-SERV'ANT, one who has the same master; FELL'OWSHIP, the state of being a fellow or partner: friendly intercourse: communion: an association: an endowment in a college for the support of graduates called Fellows: the position and income of a fellow: (_arith._) the proportional division of profit and loss among partners.--GOOD FELLOWSHIP, companionableness; RIGHT HAND OF FELLOWSHIP, the right hand given by one minister or elder to another at an ordination in some churches. [M. E. _felawe_--Ice. _félagi_, a partner in goods, from _fé_ (Ger. _vieh_), cattle, property, and _lag_, a laying together, a law. Cf. Eng. FEE, and LAW.] FELLY, fel'[=i], FELLOE, fel'[=o], _n._ one of the curved pieces in the circumference of a wheel: the circular rim of the wheel. [A.S. _felg_; Ger. _felge_.] FELON, fel'on, _n._ one guilty of felony: a convict: a wicked person: an inflamed sore.--_adj._ wicked or cruel.--_adj._ FEL[=O]'NIOUS, wicked: depraved: done with the deliberate intention to commit crime.--_adv._ FEL[=O]'NIOUSLY.--_n._ FEL[=O]'NIOUSNESS, the quality of being felonious.--_adj._ FEL'ONOUS (_Spens._), felonious.--_ns._ FEL'ONRY, a body of felons; FEL'ONY, (_orig._) a crime punished by total forfeiture of lands, &c.: a grave crime, beyond a misdemeanour, as that punishable by penal servitude or death. [O. Fr.,--Low L. _fellonem_, _fello_, a traitor, prob. L. _fel_, gall.] FELSITE, fel's[=i]t, _n._ a fine-grained, compact rock, a variety of quartz-porphyry--also FEL'STONE.--_adj._ FELSIT'IC. [Fr.,--Ger. _fels_, rock.] FELSPAR. Same as FELDSPAR. FELT, felt, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of FEEL. FELT, felt, _n._ a fabric formed without weaving, by means of the natural tendency of the fibres of wool and certain kinds of hair to interlace with and cling to each other.--_v.t._ to make into felt: to cover with felt.--_v.t._ FELT'ER, to mat together like felt.--_n._ FELT'ING, the art or process of making felt: the felt itself. [A.S. _felt_; cf. Dut. _vilt_, Ger. _filz_.] FELUCCA, fe-luk'a, _n._ a class of small merchant-vessels, used in the Mediterranean, with two masts, lateen sails, and often a rudder at each end. [It. _feluca_, which, like Fr. _felouque_, is from Ar. _fulk_, a ship.] FEMALE, f[=e]'m[=a]l, _adj._ of the sex that produces young: pertaining to females: (_bot._) having a pistil or fruit-bearing organ.--_n._ one of the female sex, a woman.--_ns._ FEMAL'ITY, FEMINAL'ITY, the female nature.--_adj._ FEM'INAL.--_n._ FEMIN[=E]'ITY, the quality of being female.--_adj._ FEM'ININE, pertaining to women: tender: womanly: (_gram._) the gender denoting females.--_adv._ FEM'ININELY.--_ns._ FEM'ININENESS; FEMININ'ITY, the nature of the female sex.--FEMALE SCREW, a screw cut upon the inward surface of a cylindrical hole in wood or metal; FEMININE RHYME, a rhyme between words that terminate each in an unaccented syllable. [Fr. _femelle_--L. _femella_, dim. of _femina_, a woman.] FEMERELL, fem'er-el, _n._ a louvre or covering on the roof of a kitchen, &c., to allow the smoke to escape. FEMUR, f[=e]'mer, _n._ the thigh-bone.--_adj._ FEM'ORAL, belonging to the thigh.--FEMORAL ARTERY, the main artery of the thigh. [L. _femoralis_--_femur_, thigh.] FEN, fen, _n._ a kind of low marshy land often, or partially, covered with water: a morass or bog.--_ns._ FEN'-BERR'Y, the cranberry; FEN'-FIRE, the Will-o'-the-wisp.--_adjs._ FEN'NY, FEN'NISH; FEN'-SUCKED (_Shak._), drawn out of bogs. [A.S. _fenn_; Ice. _fen_.] FEN, fen, _v.t._ an exclamatory phrase in boys' games, meaning 'Check!' 'Bar!' [Cf. FEND.] FENCE, fens, _n._ a wall or hedge for enclosing animals or for protecting land: the art of fencing: defence: a receiver of stolen goods, also a receiving-house.--_v.t._ to enclose with a fence: to fortify.--_v.i._ to practise fencing: to conceal the truth by equivocal answers.--_adjs._ FENCED, enclosed with a fence; FENCE'LESS, without fence or enclosure, open.--_n._ FENC'ER, one who practises fencing with a sword.--_adj._ FENC'IBLE, capable of being fenced or defended.--_n.pl._ FENC'IBLES, volunteer regiments raised for local defence during a special crisis: militia enlisted for home service.--_p.adj._ FENC'ING, defending or guarding.--_n._ the act of erecting a fence: the art of attack and defence with a sword or other weapon.--_n._ FENC'ING-MAS'TER, one who teaches fencing.--FENCE THE TABLES, in the ancient usage of Scotland, to debar from partaking in communion those guilty of any known sin.--SIT ON THE FENCE, to be still hesitating as between two opinions; SUNK FENCE, a ditch or water-course. [Abbrev. of _defence_.] FEND, fend, _v.t._ to ward off: to shut out: to defend.--_v.i._ to offer resistance: to make provision for.--_n._ self-support, the shift one makes for one's self.--_adj._ FEND'Y, shifty. [Abbrev. of _defend_.] FENDER, fend'[.e]r, _n._ a metal guard before a fire to confine the ashes: a protection for a ship's side against piers, &c., consisting of a bundle of rope, &c.--_ns._ FEND'ER-BEAM, a fender of wood, protecting a ship's side in dock: a permanent buffer at the end of a railway siding; FEND'ER-BOARD, a board protecting the steps of a carriage from the dust thrown up by the wheels. [_Fend_.] FENESTELLA, fen-es-tel'a, _n._ a niche on the south side of an altar, containing the piscina, and sometimes the credence: a genus of Polyzoa, like the recent 'lace coral,' very common in Palæozoic rocks. [L., dim. of _fenestra_, a window.] FENESTRAL, fe-nes'tral, _adj._ belonging to or like a window: with transparent spots--also FENES'TR[=A]TE.--_n._ FENESTR[=A]'TION, the arrangement of windows in a building. [L. _fenestralis_--_fenestra_, window.] FENGITE, fen'j[=i]t, _n._ a transparent alabaster for window panes. FENIAN, f[=e]'ne-an, _n._ a member of an association of Irishmen founded in New York in 1857 for the overthrow of the English government in Ireland.--_adj._ belonging to the legendary Fenians, or to the modern conspirators.--_n._ F[=E]'NIANISM. [Old Ir. _Féne_, one of the names of the ancient population of Ireland, confused in modern times with _fíann_, the militia of Finn and other ancient Irish kings.] FENKS, fengks, _n._ the refuse of whale-blubber.--Also FINKS. FENNEC, fen'ek, _n._ a little African fox with large ears. [Moorish.] FENNEL, fen'el, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants, allied to Dill, but distinguished by the cylindrical, strongly-ribbed fruit, the flower yellow.--_n._ FENN'EL-FLOW'ER, the _Nigella Damascena_, or ragged lady. [A.S. _finul_--L. _foeniculum_, fennel--_fenum_, hay.] FENT, fent, _n._ (_prov._) a slit, crack: a remnant or odd piece. [O. Fr. _fente_--L. _find[)e]re_, to cleave.] FENUGREEK, fen'[=u]-gr[=e]k, _n._ a genus of leguminous plants, allied to clover and melilot. [L. _fenum-græcum_, 'Greek hay.'] FEOD, FEODAL, FEODARY. Same as FEUD, FEUDAL, FEUDARY. FEOFF, fef, _n._ a fief.--_v.t._ to grant possession of a fief or property in land.--_ns._ FEOFFEE', the person invested with the fief; FEOFF'ER, FEOFF'OR, he who grants the fief; FEOFF'MENT, the gift of a fief or feoff. [O. Fr. _feoffer_ or _fiefer_--O. Fr. _fief_. See FEE.] FERACIOUS, fe-r[=a]'shus, _adj._ fruitful.--_n._ FERAC'ITY (_rare_). [L. _ferax_, _-acis_--_ferre_, to bear.] FER-DE-LANCE, f[=a]r'de-längs', _n._ the lance-headed or yellow viper of tropical America. FERE, f[=e]r, _n._ (_Spens._) a mate, companion, equal. [A.S. _geféra_, a companion, _ge-féran_, to travel.] FERETORY, fer'e-tor-i, _n._ a shrine for relics carried in processions. [L. _feretrum_--_ferre_, to bear.] FERIAL, f[=e]'ri-al, _adj._ pertaining to holidays (_feriæ_), belonging to any day of the week which is neither a fast nor a festival. [Fr.,--L. _feria_, a holiday.] FERINE, f[=e]'rin, _adj._ pertaining to, or like, a wild beast: savage.--_n.pl._ FERÆ (f[=e]'r[=e]), wild animals.--_adj._ F[=E]'RAL, wild, run wild.--_n._ FER'ITY, wildness.--F[=E]RÆ NATURÆ, those animals that are wild or not domesticated, including game animals--deer, hares, pheasants, &c. [L. _ferinus_--_fera_, a wild beast--_ferus_; akin to Gr. _th[=e]r_, Ger. _thier_, a beast.] FERINGHEE, fer-ing'g[=e], _n._ a Hindu name for an Englishman.--Also FARIN'GEE. [A corr. of _Frank_.] FERLY, fer'li, _adj._ fearful: sudden: singular.--_n._ a wonder.--_v.i._ to wonder. [A.S. _f['æ]rlic_, sudden; cf. Ger. _ge-fährlich_, dangerous.] FERM, f[.e]rm, _n._ a farm: (_Spens._) abode, lodging. FERMATA, fer-mä'ta, _n._ (_mus._) a pause or break. [It.] FERMENT, f[.e]r'ment, _n._ what excites fermentation, as yeast, leaven: internal motion amongst the parts of a fluid: agitation: tumult.--_v.t._ FERMENT', to excite fermentation: to inflame.--_v.i._ to rise and swell by the action of fermentation: to work, used of wine, &c.: to be in excited action: to be stirred with anger.--_n._ FERMENTABIL'ITY.--_adj._ FERMENT'ABLE, capable of fermentation.--_n._ FERMENT[=A]'TION, the act or process of fermenting: the change which takes place in liquids exposed to air: the kind of spontaneous decomposition which produces alcohol: restless action of the mind or feelings.--_adj._ FERMENT'ATIVE, causing or consisting in fermentation.--_n._ FERMENT'ATIVENESS.--_adj._ FERMENTES'CIBLE, capable of being fermented. [Fr.,--L. _fermentum_, for _fervimentum_--_ferv[=e]re_, to boil.] FERMETURE, fer'me-t[=u]r, _n._ a mechanism for closing the chamber of a breech-loading gun. [Fr.,--L. _firm[=a]re_, to make fast.] FERN, fern, _n._ one of the beautiful class of higher or vascular cryptogamous plants--the natural order _Filices_.--_ns._ FERN'ERY, a place for rearing ferns; FERN'-OWL, the European goatsucker or night-jar; FERN'-SEED, the spores of ferns, which, properly gathered, render the bearers invisible; FERN'SHAW, a thicket of ferns; FERN'TICLE, a freckle.--_adjs._ FERN'TICLED; FERN'Y. [A.S. _fearn_; Ger. _farn_.] FEROCIOUS, fe-r[=o]'shus, _adj._ savage, fierce: cruel.--_adv._ FER[=O]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ FER[=O]'CIOUSNESS; FEROC'ITY, savage cruelty of disposition: untamed fierceness. [L. _ferox_, _ferocis_, wild--_ferus_, wild.] FERRANDINE, fer'an-din, _n._ a silk and wool or silk and hair cloth.--Also FARR'ANDINE. [Fr.] FERRARA, fer-ä'ra, _n._ a make of sword-blade highly esteemed in Scotland from about the close of the 16th century--often ANDREA FERRARA--said to have been made at Belluno in Venetia by Cosmo, Andrea, and Gianantonio _Ferrara_. [Perh. a native of _Ferrara_, or prob. merely the It. _ferrajo_, a cutler--L. _ferrarius_, a smith.] FERREOUS, fer'e-us, _adj._ pertaining to, or made of, iron. [L. _ferreus_--_ferrum_, iron.] FERRET, fer'et, _n._ ribbon woven from spun silk. [Corr. from It. _fioretto_--L. _flos_, _floris_, a flower.] FERRET, fer'et, _n._ a half-tamed albino variety of the polecat, employed in unearthing rabbits.--_v.t._ to drive out of a hiding-place: to search out cunningly:--_pr.p._ ferr'eting; _pa.p._ ferr'eted.--_n._ FERR'ETER, one who uses a ferret to catch rabbits, &c.: one who searches minutely. [O. Fr. _furet_, a ferret--Low L. _furon-em_, robber--L. _fur_, a thief.] FERRIAGE, fer'ri-[=a]j, _n._ See FERRY. FERRIC, fer'ik, _adj._ pertaining to or obtained from iron: noting an acid compounded of iron and oxygen.--_ns._ FERR'ATE, a salt formed by the union of ferric acid with a base; FERROCYANOGEN (fer-o-s[=i]-an'[=o]-jen), a compound radical supposed by chemists to exist in ferrocyanic acid and the ferrocyanides, the chief of which is potassium ferrocyanide, yielding Prussian blue; FERR'OTYPE, a photographic process in which the negative was developed by a saturated solution of protosulphate of iron. [L. _ferrum_, iron.] FERRIFEROUS, fer-rif'[.e]r-us, _adj._ bearing or yielding iron. [L. _ferrum_, iron, _ferre_, to bear.] FERRUGINOUS, fer-r[=oo]'jin-us, _adj._ of the colour of iron-rust impregnated with iron.--_n._ FERRU'GO, a disease of plants, commonly called rust. [L. _ferrugineus_--_ferrugo_, _-inem_, iron-rust--_ferrum_, iron.] FERRULE, fer'il, or fer'[=oo]l, _n._ a metal ring or cap on a staff, &c., to keep it from splitting.--Also FERR'EL. [O. Fr. _virole_--L. _viriola_, a bracelet.] FERRY, fer'i, _v.t._ to carry or convey over a water in a boat:--_pr.p._ ferr'ying; _pa.p._ ferr'ied.--_n._ a place where one is carried by boat across a water: the right of conveying passengers: the ferry-boat.--_ns._ FERR'IAGE, provision for ferrying: the fare paid for such; FERR'Y-BOAT; FERR'Y-MAN. [A.S. _ferian_, to convey, _faran_, to go; Ger. _fähre_, a ferry--_fahren_, to go, to carry.] FERTILE, f[.e]r'til, _adj._ able to bear or produce abundantly: rich in resources: inventive: fertilising.--_adv._ FER'TILELY.--_n._ FERTILIS[=A]'TION, the act or process of fertilising.--_v.t._ FER'TILISE, to make fertile or fruitful: to enrich.--_ns._ FER'TILISER, one who, or that which, fertilises; FERTIL'ITY, fruitfulness: richness: abundance. [Fr.,--L. _fertilis_--_ferre_, to bear.] FERULE, fer'[=oo]l, _n._ a cane or rod used for striking children in punishment.--_n._ FER'ULA, a staff of command.--_adj._ FERUL[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to canes or reeds. [L. _ferula_, a cane--_fer[=i]re_, to strike.] FERVENT, f[.e]r'vent, _adj._ ardent: zealous: warm in feeling.--_n._ FER'VENCY, eagerness: warmth of devotion.--_adv._ FER'VENTLY.--_adjs._ FERVES'CENT, growing hot; FER'VID, very hot: having burning desire or emotion: zealous.--_n._ FERVID'ITY.--_adv._ FER'VIDLY.--_ns._ FER'VIDNESS; FER'VOUR, heat: heat of mind, zeal. [Fr.,--L. _ferv[=e]re_, to boil.] FESCENNINE, fes'e-nin, _adj._ scurrilous.--FESCENNINE VERSES consisted of dialogues in rude extempore verses, generally in Saturnian measure, in which the parties rallied and ridiculed one another. The style, afterwards popular at Rome, originated in the Etruscan town _Fescennium_. FESCUE, fes'k[=u], _n._ a genus of grasses, very nearly allied to Brome-grass, and including many valuable pasture and fodder grasses: a small straw or wire used to point out letters to children when learning to read. [O. Fr. _festu_--L. _fest[=u]ca_, a straw.] FESSE, FESS, fes, _n._ (_her._) one of the ordinaries--a band over the middle of an escutcheon, one-third its breadth. [Fr. _fasce_--L. _fascia_, a band.] FESTAL, fes'tal, _adj._ pertaining to a feast or holiday: joyous: gay.--_adv._ FES'TALLY.--_n._ FESTIL'OGY, a treatise on ecclesiastical festivals. FESTER, fes't[.e]r, _v.i._ to become corrupt or malignant: to suppurate.--_v.t._ to cause to fester or rankle.--_n._ a wound discharging corrupt matter. [O. Fr. _festre_--L. _fistula_, an ulcer.] FESTINATE, fes'ti-n[=a]t, _v.t._ to accelerate.--_adj._ (_Shak._) hurried, hasty.--_adv._ FES'TINATELY (_Shak._), hastily.--_n._ FESTIN[=A]'TION. [L. _festina[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to hurry.] FESTIVE, fes'tiv, _adj._ festal: mirthful.--_n._ FES'TIVAL, a joyful celebration: a feast.--_adv._ FES'TIVELY.--_n._ FESTIV'ITY, social mirth: joyfulness: gaiety.--_adj._ FES'TIVOUS, festive. [L. _festivus_--_festus_.] FESTOON, fes-t[=oo]n', _n._ a garland suspended between two points: (_archit._) an ornament like a wreath of flowers, &c.--_v.t._ to adorn with festoons.--_n._ FESTOON'-BLIND, a window-blind of cloth gathered into rows of festoons in its width. [Fr. _feston_--Low L. _festo_(_n-_), a garland--L. _festum_.] FET, FETT, fet, _v.t._ obsolete form of _fetch_. FETAL. See FOETUS. FETCH, fech, _v.t._ to bring: to go and get: to obtain as its price: to accomplish in any way: to bring down, to cause to yield: to reach or attain.--_v.i._ to turn: (_naut._) to arrive at.--_n._ the act of bringing: space carried over: a stratagem.--_adj._ FETCH'ING, fascinating.--FETCH AND CARRY, to perform humble services for another; FETCH A PUMP, to pour water in so as to make it draw; FETCH OUT, to draw forth, develop; FETCH TO, to revive, as from a swoon; FETCH UP, to recover: to come to a sudden stop. [A.S. _feccan_, an altered form of _fetian_, to fetch; cf. Ger. _fassen_, to seize.] FETCH, fech, _n._ the apparition, double, or wraith of a living person.--_n._ FETCH'-CAN'DLE, a nocturnal light, supposed to portend a death. [Ety. unknown.] FÊTE, f[=a]t, _n._ a festival: a holiday.--_v.t._ to entertain at a feast.--_n._ FÊTE'-DAY, a birthday.--FÊTE CHAMPÊTRE, an outdoor entertainment. [Fr.] FETIAL, f[=e]'shal, _adj._ pertaining to the Roman _fetiales_, heraldic, ambassadorial.--Also F[=E]'CIAL. FETICH, FETISH, f[=e]'tish, _n._ an object, either natural or artificial, capable of being appropriated by an individual whose possession of it procures the services of a spirit lodged within it.--_ns._ F[=E]'TICHISM, F[=E]'TISHISM, the worship of a fetich: a belief in charms.--_adjs._ FETICHIST'IC, FETISHIST'IC. [Fr. _fétiche_--Port. _feitiço_, magic: a name given by the Portuguese to the gods of West Africa--Port. _feitiço_, artificial--L. _factitius_--_fac[)e]re_, to make.] FETICIDE. See FOETUS. FETID, f[=e]'tid, or fet'id, _adj._ stinking: having a strong offensive odour.--_ns._ F[=E]'TIDNESS, F[=E]'TOR, FOE'TOR. [L. _foetidus_--_foet[=e]re_, to stink.] FETLOCK, fet'lok, _n._ a tuft of hair that grows behind on horses' feet: the part where this hair grows.--_adj._ FET'LOCKED, tied by the fetlock. [History obscure; often explained as compounded of _foot_ and _lock_ (of hair); cf. Ger. _fiszloch_.] FETTER, fet'[.e]r, _n._ a chain or shackle for the feet: anything that restrains--used chiefly in _pl._--_v.t._ to put fetters on: to restrain.--_adjs._ FETT'ERED, bound by fetters: (_zool._) of feet bent backward and apparently unfit for walking; FETT'ERLESS, without fetters, unrestrained.--_n._ FETT'ERLOCK (_her._) a shackle or lock. [A.S. _feter_--_fét_, feet, pl. of _fót_, foot.] FETTLE, fet'l, _v.t._ (_prov._) to arrange, mend.--_v.i._ to potter fussily about.--_n._ preparedness, ready condition. [Prob. A.S. _fetel_, a belt.] FETUS. See FOETUS. FEU, f[=u], _n._ (_Scot._) a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money: a right to the use of land, houses, &c., in perpetuity, for a stipulated annual payment (FEU'-D[=U]'TY).--_v.t._ to vest in one who undertakes to pay the feu-duty--_n._ FEU'AR, one who holds real estate in consideration of a payment called feu-duty. [O. Fr. _feu_. See the variant FEE.] FEUD, f[=u]d, _n._ a war waged by private individuals, families, or clans against one another on their own account: a bloody strife.--RIGHT OF FEUD, the right to protect one's self and one's kinsmen, and punish injuries. [O. Fr. _faide_, _feide_--Low L. _faida_--Old High Ger. _f[=e]hida_. See FOE.] FEUD, f[=u]d, _n._ a fief or land held on condition of service.--_adj._ FEUD'AL, pertaining to feuds or fiefs: belonging to feudalism.--_n._ FEUDALIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ FEUD'ALISE.--_ns._ FEUD'ALISM, the system, during the Middle Ages, by which vassals held lands from lords-superior on condition of military service; FEUD'ALIST; FEUDAL'ITY, the state of being feudal: the feudal system.--_adv._ FEUD'ALLY.--_adjs._ FEUD'ARY, FEUD'ATORY, holding lands or power by a feudal tenure--also _ns._--_ns._ FEUD'IST, a writer on feuds: one versed in the laws of feudal tenure. [Low L. _feudum_, from root of _fee_.] FEUILLETON, f[.e]'lye-tong, _n._ the portion of a newspaper set apart for intelligence of a non-political character--criticisms on art or letters, or a serial story--usually marked off by a line.--_n._ FEUIL'LETONISM, superficial qualities in literature, &c. [Fr. dim. of _feuillet_, a leaf--L. _folium_, a leaf.] FEVER, f[=e]'v[.e]r, _n._ disease marked by great bodily heat and quickening of pulse: extreme excitement of the passions, agitation: a painful degree of anxiety.--_v.t._ to put into a fever.--_v.i._ to become fevered.--_adj._ F[=E]'VERED, affected with fever, excited.--_ns._ F[=E]'VER-FEW, a composite perennial closely allied to camomile, so called from its supposed power as a febrifuge; F[=E]'VER-HEAT, the heat of fever: an excessive degree of excitement.--_adj._ F[=E]'VERISH, slightly fevered: indicating fever: fidgety: fickle: morbidly eager.--_adv._ F[=E]'VERISHLY.--_n._ F[=E]'VERISHNESS.--_adj._ F[=E]'VEROUS, feverish: marked by sudden changes. [A.S. _féfor_--L. _febris_.] FEW, f[=u], _adj._ small in number: not many.--_n._ FEW'NESS.--A FEW, used colloquially for 'a good bit;' A GOOD FEW, a considerable number; IN FEW=in a few (words), briefly; SOME FEW, an inconsiderable number; THE FEW, the minority. [A.S. _féa_, pl. _féawe_; Fr. _peu_; L. _paucus_, small.] FEWTER, f[=u]'t[.e]r, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to set close, to fix in rest, as a spear. [O. Fr. _feutre_--_feutre_, felt.] FEWTRILS, f[=u]'trilz, _n.pl._ (_prov._) little things, trifles. [See FATTRELS.] FEY, FAY, f[=a], _adj._ doomed, fated soon to die, under the shadow of a sudden or violent death--often marked by extravagantly high spirits. [M. E. _fay_, _fey_--A.S. _f['æ]ge_, doomed; cf. Dut. _veeg_, about to die.] FEZ, fez, _n._ a red brimless cap of wool or felt, fitting closely to the head, with a tassel of black or blue, worn in Turkey, Egypt, &c.--in Africa usually called _tarbûsh_. [From _Fez_ in Morocco.] FIACRE, f[=e]-ä'kr, _n._ a hackney-coach. [Fr., from the Hôtel de St _Fiacre_ in Paris, where first used.] FIANCÉE, f[=e]-ong-s[=a]', _n._ a woman betrothed:--_masc._ FIANCÉ. [Fr., _fiancer_, to betroth--L. _fidentia_, confidence, _fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FIARS, f[=i]'arz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) the prices of grain legally _struck_ or fixed for the year at the _Fiars_ Court, so as to regulate the payment of stipend, rent, and prices not expressly agreed upon. [Conn. with _fiar_, the holder of a _fee_ (q.v.).] FIASCO, fi-as'ko, _n._ a failure in a musical performance: a failure of any kind. [It. _fiasco_, bottle, perh. from L. _vasculum_, a little vessel, _vas_, a vessel.] FIAT, f[=i]'at, _n._ a formal or solemn command: a short order or warrant of a judge for making out or allowing processes, letters-patent, &c.--(_Spens._) F[=I]'AUN.--_v.t._ to sanction, [L. 'let it be done,' 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of _fi[)e]ri_, passive of _fac[)e]re_, to do.] FIB, fib, _n._ something said falsely: a mild expression for a lie.--_v.i._ to tell a fib or lie: to speak falsely:--_pr.p._ fib'bing; _pa.p._ fibbed.--_ns._ FIB'BER, one who fibs; FIB'BERY (_rare_), the habit of fibbing; FIB'STER, a fibber. [An abbrev. of _fable_.] FIBRE, f[=i]'b[.e]r, _n._ a conglomeration of thread-like tissue such as exists in animals or vegetables: any fine thread, or thread-like substance: material, substance.--_adjs._ F[=I]'BRED, having fibres; F[=I]'BRELESS, having no fibres; F[=I]'BRIFORM, fibrous in form or structure.--_ns._ F[=I]'BRIL, a small fibre; one of the extremely minute threads composing an animal fibre; FIBRIL'LA, a fibril, filament.--_n.pl._ FIBRIL'LÆ.--_n._ FIBRILL[=A]'TION, the process of becoming fibrillated.--_adj._ F[=I]'BRILLOUS, formed of small fibres.--_ns._ F[=I]'BRIN, a proteid substance which appears in the blood after it is shed, and by its appearance gives rise to the process of coagulation or clotting; FIBRIN[=A]'TION, the process of adding fibrin to the blood.--_adj._ F[=I]'BRINOUS, of or like fibrin.--_n._ FIBROCAR'TILAGE, a firm elastic material like fibrous tissue and cartilage.--_adj._ F[=I]'BROID, of a fibrous character.--_ns._ F[=I]'BROIN, the chief chemical constituent of silk, cobwebs, and the horny skeleton of sponges; FIBR[=O]'MA, a tumour or growth consisting largely of fibrous matter; FIBR[=O]'SIS, a morbid growth of fibrous matter.--_adj._ F[=I]'BROUS, composed of fibres.--_n._ F[=I]'BROUSNESS. [Fr.,--L. _fibra_, a thread.] FIBROLINE, fib'r[=o]-l[=e]n, _n._ a yarn manufactured from the waste in hemp, flax, and jute spinning works, for backs of carpets, &c. FIBULA, fib'[=u]-la, _n._ a clasp or buckle; the outer of the two bones from the knee to the ankle.--_adjs._ FIB'ULAR, FIB'ULATE, FIB'ULOUS. [L.] FICHU, f[=e]-shü', _n._ a three-cornered cape worn over the shoulders, the ends crossed upon the bosom: a triangular piece of muslin, &c., for the neck. [Fr.] FICKLE, fik'l, _adj._ inconstant: changeable.--_n._ FICK'LENESS. [A.S. _ficol_; _gefic_, fraud.] FICO, f[=e]'ko, _n._ (_Shak._) a motion of contempt by placing the thumb between two fingers. [It.,--L.] FICTILE, fik'til, _adj._ used or fashioned by the potter, plastic. [L. _fictilis_--_fing[)e]re_, to form or fashion.] FICTION, fik'shun, _n._ a feigned or false story: a falsehood: romance: the novel, story-telling as a branch of literature: a supposition of law that a thing is true, which is either certainly not true, or at least is as probably false as true.--_adj._ FIC'TIONAL.--_n._ FIC'TIONIST, a writer of fiction.--_adj._ FICTI'TIOUS, imaginary: not real: forged.--_adv._ FICTI'TIOUSLY.--_adj._ FIC'TIVE, fictitious, imaginative.--_n._ FIC'TOR, one who makes images of clay, &c. [Fr.,--L. _fiction-em_--_fictus_, pa.p. of _fing[)e]re_.] FID, fid, _n._ a conical pin of hard wood, used by sailors to open the strands of a rope in splicing: a square bar of wood or iron, with a shoulder at one end, used to support the weight of the topmast or top-gallant-mast when swayed up into place. FIDDLE, fid'l, _n._ a stringed instrument of music, called also a _Violin_.--_v.t._ or _v.i._ to play on a fiddle: to be busy over trifles, to trifle:--_pr.p._ fidd'ling; _pa.p._ fidd'led.--_ns._ FIDD'LE-BLOCK, a long block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane; FIDD'LE-BOW, a bow strung with horse-hair, with which the strings of the fiddle are set vibrating.--_interjs._ FIDD'LE-DE-DEE, FIDD'LESTICK (often _pl._), nonsense!--_v.i._ FIDD'LE-FADD'LE, to trifle, to dally.--_n._ trifling talk.--_adj._ fussy, trifling.--_interj._ nonsense!--_n._ FIDD'LE-FADD'LER.--_adj._ FIDD'LE-FADD'LING.--_ns._ FIDD'LE-HEAD, an ornament at a ship's bow, over the cut-water, consisting of a scroll turning aft or inward; FIDD'LER, one who fiddles: a small crab of genus _Gelasimus_; FIDD'LE-STRING, a string for a fiddle; FIDD'LE-WOOD, a tropical American tree yielding valuable hard wood.--_adj._ FIDD'LING, trifling, busy about trifles.--FIDDLER'S GREEN, a sailor's name for a place of frolic on shore.--PLAY FIRST, or SECOND, FIDDLE, to take the part of the first, or second, violin-player in an orchestra: to take a leading, or a subordinate, part in anything; SCOTCH FIDDLE, the itch. [A.S. _fiðele_; Ger. _fiedel_. See VIOLIN.] FIDELITY, fi-del'i-ti, _n._ faithful performance of duty: faithfulness to a husband or wife: honesty: firm adherence. [L. _fidelitat-em_--_fidelis_, faithful--_fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FIDGET, fij'et, _v.i._ to be unable to rest: to move uneasily:--_pr.p._ fidg'eting; _pa.p._ fidg'eted.--_n._ irregular motion: restlessness: (_pl._) general nervous restlessness, with a desire of changing the position.--_v.i._ FIDGE, to move about restlessly: to be eager.--_n._ FIDG'ETINESS.--_adj._ FIDG'ETY, restless: uneasy. [Perh. related to _fike_ (q.v.).] FIDUCIAL, fi-d[=u]'shi-al, _adj._ showing confidence or reliance: of the nature of a trust.--_adv._ FID[=U]'CIALLY.--_adj._ FID[=U]'CIARY, confident: unwavering: held in trust.--_n._ one who holds anything in trust: (_theol._) one who depends for salvation on faith without works, an Antinomian. [L. _fiducia_, confidence, from _fid[)e]re_, to trust.] FIE, f[=i], _interj._ denoting disapprobation or disgust. [Scand., Ice. _fý_, _fei_, fie! cf. Ger. _pfui_.] FIEF, f[=e]f, _n._ land held of a superior in fee or on condition of military service: a feud. [Fr.,--Low L. _feudum_.] FIELD, f[=e]ld, _n._ country or open country in general: a piece of ground enclosed for tillage or pasture: the range of any series of actions or energies: the locality of a battle: the battle itself: room for action of any kind: a wide expanse: (_her._) the surface of a shield: the background on which figures are drawn: the part of a coin left unoccupied by the main device: those taking part in a hunt: all the entries collectively against which a single contestant has to compete: all the parties not individually excepted, as 'to bet on the field' in a horse-race.--_v.t._ at cricket and base-ball, to catch or stop and return to the fixed place.--_v.i._ to stand in positions so as to catch the ball easily in cricket.--_ns._ FIELD'-ALLOW'ANCE, a small extra payment to officers on active service; FIELD'-ARTILL'ERY, light ordnance suited for active operations in the field; FIELD'-BED, a camp or trestle bedstead; FIELD'-BOOK, a book used in surveying fields.--_n.pl._ FIELD'-COL'OURS, small flags used for marking the position for companies and regiments, also any regimental headquarters' flags.--_n._ FIELD'-DAY, a day when troops are drawn out for instruction in field exercises: any day of unusual bustle.--_adj._ FIELD'ED (_Shak._), encamped.--_ns._ FIELD'ER, one who fields; FIELD'FARE, a species of thrush, having a reddish-yellow throat and breast spotted with black; FIELD'-GLASS, a binocular telescope slung over the shoulder in a case; FIELD'-GUN, a light cannon mounted on a carriage; FIELD'-HAND, an outdoor farm labourer; FIELD'-HOS'PITAL, a temporary hospital near the scene of battle; FIELD'-ICE, ice formed in the polar seas in large surfaces, distinguished from icebergs; FIELD'ING, the acting in the field at cricket as distinguished from batting; FIELD'-MAR'SHAL, an officer of the highest rank in the army; FIELD'-MEET'ING, a conventicle; FIELD'-MOUSE, a species of mouse that lives in the fields; FIELD'-NIGHT, a night marked by some important gathering, discussion, &c.; FIELD'-OFF'ICER, a military officer above the rank of captain, and below that of general; FIELD'PIECE, a cannon or piece of artillery used in the field of battle; FIELD'-PREACH'ER, one who preaches in the open air; FIELD'-PREACH'ING; FIELDS'MAN, a fielder.--_n.pl._ FIELD'-SPORTS, sports of the field, as hunting, racing, &c.--_n._ FIELD'-TRAIN, a department of the Royal Artillery responsible for the safety and supply of ammunition during war.--_advs._ FIELD'WARD, -WARDS, toward the fields.--_n.pl._ FIELD'WORKS, temporary works thrown up by troops in the field, either for protection or to cover an attack upon a stronghold.--FIELD OF VISION, the compass of visual power.--KEEP THE FIELD, to keep the campaign open: to maintain one's ground. [A.S. _feld_; cf. Dut. _veld_, the open country, Ger. _feld_.] FIEND, f[=e]nd, _n._ the devil: one actuated by the most intense wickedness or hate.--_adj._ FIEND'ISH, like a fiend; malicious.--_n._ FIEND'ISHNESS.--_adj._ FIEND'LIKE, like a fiend: fiendish. [A.S. _feónd_, pr.p. of _feón_, to hate; Ger. _feind_, Dut. _vijand_.] FIERCE, f[=e]rs, _adj._ ferocious: violent: angry.--_adv._ FIERCE'LY.--_n._ FIERCE'NESS. [O. Fr. _fers_ (Fr. _fier_)--L. _ferus_, wild, savage.] FIERY, f[=i]r'i, or f[=i]'[.e]r-i, _adj._ ardent: impetuous: irritable.--_adv._ FIER'ILY.--_ns._ FIER'INESS; FIER'Y-CROSS (see CROSS).--_adjs._ FIER'Y-FOOT'ED, swift in motion; FIER'Y-HOT, impetuous; FIER'Y-NEW, hot from newness; FIER'Y-SHORT, short and passionate. FIFE, f[=i]f, _n._ a smaller variety of the flute, usually with only one key.--_v.i._ to play on the fife.--_ns._ FIFE'-M[=A]'JOR (_obs._), the chief fifer in a regiment; FIF'ER, one who plays on a fife; FIFE'-RAIL, the rail round the mainmast for belaying-pins. [Fr. _fifre_, Ger. _pfeife_, both, acc. to Littré, from L. _pip[=a]re_, to chirp.] FIFISH, f[=i]'fish, _adj._ (_Scot._) whimsical, cranky. [_Fife_.] FIFTEEN, fif't[=e]n, _adj._ and _n._ five and ten.--_adj._ FIF'TEENTH, the fifth after the tenth: being one of fifteen equal parts.--_n._ a fifteenth part.--THE FIFTEEN, the Jacobite rising of 1715. [A.S. _fíftyne_--_fíf_, five, _týn_, ten.] FIFTH, fifth, _adj._ next after the fourth.--_n._ one of five equal parts: (_mus._) a tone five diatonic degrees above or below any given tone.--_adv._ FIFTH'LY, in the fifth place.--_ns._ FIFTH'-MON'ARCHISM; FIFTH'-MON'ARCHIST.--FIFTH-MONARCHY MEN, an extreme sect of the time of the Puritan revolution, who looked for the establishment of a new reign of Christ on earth, in succession to Daniel's four great monarchies of Antichrist. [A.S. _fífta_.] FIFTY, fif'ti, _adj._ and _n._ five tens or five times ten.--_adj._ FIF'TIETH, the ordinal of fifty.--_n._ a fiftieth part. [A.S. _fíftig_--_fíf_, five, _tig_, ten.] FIG, fig, _n._ the fig-tree (_Ficus_), or its fruit, growing in warm climates: a thing of little consequence.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to insult by a contemptuous motion of the fingers.--_ns._ FIG'-LEAF, the leaf of the fig-tree: an imitation of such a leaf for veiling the private parts of a statue or picture: any scanty clothing (from Gen. iii. 7): a makeshift; FIG'-TREE, the tree which produces figs. [Fr. _figue_--L. _ficus_, a fig.] FIG, fig, _n._ (_coll._) figure: dress.--_v.t._ to dress, get up.--_n._ FIG'GERY, dressy ornament. FIGARO, fig'ar-o, _n._ a type of cunning and dexterity from the dramatic character, first barber and then valet-de-chambre, in the _Barbier de Seville_ and the _Mariage de Figaro_, by Beaumarchais: the name adopted by a famous Paris newspaper founded 1854. FIGHT, f[=i]t, _v.i._ to strive with: to contend in war or in single combat.--_v.t._ to engage in conflict with: to gain by fight: to cause to fight:--_pr.p._ fight'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ fought (fawt).--_n._ a struggle: a combat: a battle or engagement.--_n._ FIGHT'ER.--_adj._ FIGHT'ING, engaged in or fit for war.--_n._ the act of fighting or contending.--_ns._ FIGHT'ING-COCK, a gamecock, a pugnacious fellow; FIGHT'ING-FISH (_Betta pugnax_), a small Siamese fresh-water fish, kept for its extraordinary readiness for fighting, bets being laid on the issue.--FIGHT IT OUT, to struggle on until the end; FIGHT SHY OF, to avoid from mistrust.--LIVE LIKE FIGHTING-COCKS, to get the best of meat and drink. [A.S. _feohtan_; Ger. _fechten_.] FIGMENT, fig'ment, _n._ a fabrication or invention. [L. _figmentum_--_fing[)e]re_, to form.] FIGULINE, fig'[=u]-lin, _adj._ such as is made by the potter, fictile.--_n._ an earthen vessel:--_pl._ pottery. [L.--_figulinus_--_figulus_, potter.] FIGURE, fig'[=u]r, _n._ the form of anything in outline: the representation of anything in drawing, &c.: a drawing: a design: a statue: appearance: a character denoting a number: value or price: (_rhet._) a deviation from the ordinary mode of expression, in which words are changed from their literal signification or usage: (_logic_) the form of a syllogism with respect to the position of the middle term: steps in a dance: a type or emblem.--_v.t._ to form or shape: to make an image of: to mark with figures or designs: to imagine: to symbolise: to foreshow: to note by figures.--_v.i._ to make figures: to appear as a distinguished person.--_n._ FIGURABIL'ITY, the quality of being figurable.--_adjs._ FIG'URABLE; FIG'URAL, represented by figure.--_n._ FIG'URANTE, a ballet dancer, one of those dancers who dance in troops, and form a background for the solo dancers:--_masc._ FIG'URANT.--_adj._ FIG'URATE, of a certain determinate form: (_mus._) florid.--_n._ FIGUR[=A]'TION, act of giving figure or form: (_mus._) mixture of chords and discords.--_adj._ FIG'URATIVE (_rhet._), representing by, containing, or abounding in figures: metaphorical: flowery: typical.--_adv._ FIG'URATIVELY.--_ns._ FIG'URATIVENESS, state of being figurative; FIG'URE-CAST'ER, an astrologer; FIG'URE-CAST'ING, the art of preparing casts of animal or other forms.--_adj._ FIG'URED, marked or adorned with figures.--_ns._ FIG'URE-DANCE, a dance consisting of elaborate figures; FIG'UREHEAD, the figure or bust under the bowsprit of a ship; FIG'URE-WEAV'ING, the weaving of figured fancy fabrics; FIG'URINE, a small carved or sculptured figure, often specially such as are adorned with painting and gilding; FIG'URIST, one who uses or interprets figures.--FIGURATE NUMBERS, any series of numbers beginning with unity, and so formed that if each be subtracted from the following, and the series so formed be treated in the same way, by a continuation of the process, equal differences will be obtained. [Fr.,--L. _figura_, _fing[)e]re_, to form.] FIKE, f[=i]k, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to fidget restlessly.--_n._ restlessness: any vexatious requirement or detail in work.--_n._ FIK'ERY, fuss.--_adj._ FIK'Y. [Prob. Ice. _fíkja_.] FILACEOUS, fil-[=a]'shus, _adj._ composed of threads. [L. _filum_, a thread.] FILACER, fil'[=a]-ser, _n._ an officer in the Court of Common Pleas who formerly filed original writs and made out processes on them.--Also FIL'AZER. [O. Fr. _filacier_--_filace_, a file for papers--L. _filum_.] FILAMENT, fil'a-ment, _n._ a slender or thread-like object: a fibre: (_bot._) the stalk of the stamen which supports the pollen-containing anther.--_adjs._ FILAMENT'ARY, FILAMENT'OSE; FILAMENT'OID, like a filament; FILAMENT'OUS, thread-like. [Fr.,--L. _filum_, a thread.] FILANDERS, fil-an'd[.e]rz, _n.pl._ a disease in hawks caused by a small intestinal worm, the _filander_. [Fr. _filandres_--L. _filum_.] FILAR, f[=i]'lar, _adj._ pertaining to a thread. FILATURE, fil'a-t[=u]r, _n._ the reeling of silk, or the place where it is done.--_n._ FIL'ATORY, a machine for forming or spinning threads. [Fr.,--L. _filum_, a thread.] FILBERT, fil'bert, _n._ the nut of the cultivated hazel--(_obs._) FIL'BERD. [Prob. from St _Philibert_, whose day fell in the nutting season, Aug. 22 (O.S.).] FILCH, filch, _v.t._ to steal: to pilfer.--_n._ FILCH'ER, a thief.--_adv._ FILCH'INGLY. [Ety. unknown.] FILE, f[=i]l, _n._ a line or wire on which papers are placed in order: the papers so placed: a roll or list: a line of soldiers ranged behind one another: the number of men forming the depth of a battalion.--_v.t._ to put upon a file: to arrange in an orderly manner: to put among the records of a court: to bring before a court.--_v.i._ to march in a file.--_n._ FILE'-LEAD'ER.--FILE OFF, to wheel off at right angles to the first direction; FILE WITH, to rank with, to be equal to.--SINGLE FILE, INDIAN FILE, of men marching one behind another. [Fr. _file_--L. _filum_, a thread.] FILE, f[=i]l, _n._ a steel instrument with sharp-edged furrows for smoothing or rasping metals, &c.: any means adopted to polish a thing, as a literary style: a shrewd, cunning person, a deep fellow: a pickpocket.--_v.t._ to cut or smooth with, or as with, a file: to polish, improve.--_n._ FILE'-CUT'TER, a maker of files.--_adj._ FILED, polished, smooth.--_ns._ FILE'-FISH, a fish of genus _Balistes_, the skin granulated like a file; FIL'ER, one who files; FIL'ING, a particle rubbed off with a file. [A.S. _feól_; Ger. _feile_; Dut. _vijl_.] FILE, f[=i]l, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to defile, pollute. FILEMOT, fil'e-mot, _adj._ of a dead-leaf colour--also _n._ the colour itself. [Fr. _feuillemorte_, a dead leaf.] FILIAL, fil'yal, _adj._ pertaining to or becoming a son or daughter: bearing the relation of a child.--_adv._ FIL'IALLY. [Fr.,--Low L. _filialis_--L. _filius_, a son.] FILIATE, FILIATION. Same as AFFILIATE, AFFILIATION. FILIBUSTER, FILLIBUSTER, fil'i-bus-t[.e]r, _n._ a lawless military or piratical adventurer, as in the West Indies: a buccaneer.--_v.i._ to obstruct legislation wantonly by endless speeches, motions, &c.--_n._ FIL'IBUSTERISM, the character or actions of a filibuster. [Sp. _filibustero_, through Fr. _flibustier_, _fribustier_, from Dut. _vrijbueter_, _vrijbuiter_ (cf. Eng. _freebooter_, Ger. _freibeuter_), from _vrij_, free, _buit_, booty.] FILICES, fil'i-sez, _n.pl._ the ferns.--_adjs._ FIL'ICAL; FILIC'IFORM; FIL'ICOID. FILIFORM, fil'i-form, _adj._ having the form of a filament: long and slender. [L. _filum_, thread, _forma_, form.] FILIGREE, fil'i-gr[=e], _n._ a kind of ornamental metallic lacework of gold and silver, twisted into convoluted forms, united and partly consolidated by soldering--earlier forms, FIL'IGRAIN, FIL'IGRANE.--_adj._ FIL'IGREED, ornamented with filigree. [Fr. _filigrane_--It. _filigrana_--L. _filum_, thread, _granum_, a grain.] FILIOQUE, fil-i-[=o]'kwe, _n._ the clause inserted into the Nicene Creed at Toledo in 589, which asserts that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son, as well as from the Father--not accepted by the Eastern Church. [L., 'and from the son.'] FILL, fil, _v.t._ to make full: to put into until all the space is occupied: to supply abundantly: to satisfy: to glut: to perform the duties of: to supply a vacant office.--_v.i._ to become full: to become satiated.--_n._ as much as fills or satisfies: a full supply: a single charge of anything.--_ns._ FILL'ER, he who, or that which, fills: a vessel for conveying a liquid into a bottle; FILL'ING, anything used to fill up, stop a hole, to complete, &c., as the woof, in weaving: supply. [A.S. _fyllan_, _fullian_--_ful_, full.] FILL, fil, _n._ (_Shak._) the thill or shaft of a cart or carriage. [See THILL.] FILLET, fil'et, _n._ a little string or band, esp. to tie round the head: meat or fish boned and rolled, roasted or baked: a piece of meat composed of muscle, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh: (_archit._) a small space or band used along with mouldings.--_v.t._ to bind or adorn with a fillet:--_pr.p._ fill'eting; _pa.p._ fill'eted. [Fr. _filet_, dim. of _fil_, from L. _filum_, a thread.] FILLIBEG, PHILIBEG, fil'i-beg, _n._ the kilt, the dress or petticoat reaching nearly to the knees, worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael. _feileadhbeag_--_feileadh_, plait, fold, _beag_, little.] FILLIP, fil'ip, _v.t._ to strike with the nail of the finger, forced from the ball of the thumb with a sudden jerk: to incite, drive:--_pr.p._ fill'iping; _pa.p._ fill'iped.--_n._ a jerk of the finger from the thumb: anything which excites. [A form of _flip_.] FILLISTER, fil'is-ter, _n._ a rabbeting plane used in making window-sashes. FILLY, fil'i, _n._ a young mare: a lively, wanton girl. [Dim. of _foal_.] FILM, film, _n._ a thin skin or membrane: a very slender thread: the coating on a plate prepared to act as a medium for taking a picture.--_v.t._ to cover with a film, or thin skin.--_n._ FILM'INESS.--_adj._ FILM'Y, composed of film or membranes. [A.S. _filmen_, extended from _fell_, a skin.] FILOPLUME, f[=i]'lo-pl[=oo]m, _n._ a long slender feather. [Formed from L. _filum_, thread, _pluma_, a feather.] FILOSE, f[=i]'l[=o]s, _adj._ ending in a thread-like process.--_n._ FILOSELLE', ferret or floss silk. [L. _filum_, thread.] FILTER, fil'ter, _n._ a contrivance arranged for purifying a liquid of solid insoluble matter by passing it through some porous substance which does not allow the solid particles to pass through.--_v.t._ to purify liquor by a filter.--_v.i._ to pass through a filter: to percolate.--_ns._ FIL'TER-P[=A]'PER, porous paper for use in filtering; FIL'TER-PUMP, a contrivance devised by the chemist Bunsen for accelerating the filtering process. [O. Fr. _filtre_--Low L. _filtrum_, felt.] FILTH, filth, _n._ foul matter: anything that defiles, physically or morally.--_adv._ FILTH'ILY.--_n._ FILTH'INESS.--_adj._ FILTH'Y, foul: unclean: impure. [A.S. _fýldh_--_fúl_, foul.] FILTRATE, fil'tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to filter or percolate.--_n._ FILTR[=A]'TION, act or process of filtering. FIMBLE, fim'bl, _n._ the male plant of hemp, yielding a weaker and shorter fibre than the _Carl hemp_ or female plant. [Dut. _femel_.] FIMBRIATE, -D, fim'bri-[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ fringed.--_n._ FIM'BRIA, a fringing filament.--_v.t._ FIM'BRIATE, to fringe: to hem.--_adj._ FIM'BRICATE, fimbriate. [L. _fimbri[=a]tus_--_fimbriæ_, fibres.] FIMETARIOUS, fim-[=e]-t[=a]'ri-us, _adj._ growing on dung. [Illustration] FIN, fin, _n._ the organ by which a fish balances itself and swims.--_n._ FIN'-BACK, a finner or fin-whale.--_adjs._ FIN'-FOOT'ED, having feet with toes connected by a membrane; FINNED, having fins; FIN'NY, furnished with fins.--_n._ FIN'-RAY, one of the rods or rays supporting a fish's fin.--_adj._ FIN'-TOED, having feet with membranes connecting the toes, as aquatic birds. [A.S. _finn_; L. _pinna_, a fin.] FINABLE, f[=i]n'a-bl, _adj._ liable to a fine. FINAL, f[=i]'nal, _adj._ last: decisive, conclusive: respecting the end or motive: of a judgment ready for execution.--_ns._ F[=I]'NALISM; F[=I]'NALIST; FINAL'ITY, state of being final: completeness or conclusiveness.--_adv._ F[=I]'NALLY.--FINAL CAUSE (see CAUSE). [Fr.,--L. _finalis_--_finis_, an end.] FINALE, fi-nä'l[=a], _n._ the end: the last passage in a piece of music: the concluding piece in a concert. [It. _finale_, final--L. _finis_.] FINANCE, fi-nans', _n._ money affairs or revenue, esp. of a ruler or state: public money: the art of managing or administering the public money.--_v.t._ to manage financially, to furnish with sums of money.--_adj._ FINAN'CIAL, pertaining to finance.--_n._ FINAN'CIALIST, a financier.--_adv._ FINAN'CIALLY.--_n._ FINANCIER', one skilled in finance: an officer who administers the public revenue.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to finance. [Fr.,--Low L. _financia_--Low L. _fin[=a]re_, to pay a fine--_finis_. See FINE (2).] FINCH, finsh, _n._ a name applied to many Passerine birds, esp. to those of the genus _Fringilla_ or family _Fringillidæ_--_bullfinch_, _chaffinch_, _goldfinch_, &c.--_adjs._ FINCH'-BACKED, FINCHED, striped or spotted on the back. [A.S. _finc_; Ger. _fink_.] FIND, f[=i]nd, _v.t._ to come upon or meet with: to discover or arrive at: to perceive: to experience: to supply: to determine after judicial inquiry:--_pr.p._ f[=i]nd'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ found.--_ns._ FIND'ER; FIND'-FAULT (_Shak._), one who finds fault with another; FIND'ING, act of one who finds: that which is found: a judicial verdict: (_pl._) the appliances which some workmen have to supply, esp. of shoemakers--everything save leather.--FIND ONE IN (something), to supply one with something; FIND ONE'S ACCOUNT (in anything), to find satisfactory profit or advantage in it; FIND ONE'S LEGS, to rise, or to recover the use of one's legs, as after being drunk, &c.; FIND ONE'S SELF, to feel, as regards health, happiness, &c.; FIND OUT, to discover. [A.S. _findan_; Ger. _finden_.] FINDON-HADDOCK. See FINNAN-HADDOCK. FINE, f[=i]n, _adj._ excellent: beautiful: not coarse or heavy: subtle: thin: slender: exquisite: nice: delicate: overdone: showy: splendid: striking or remarkable (often _ironically_): pure, refined: consisting of small particles; sharp, keen.--_v.t._ to make fine: to refine: to purify: to change by imperceptible degrees.--_adv._ (_Scot._) for finely, well.--_v.t._ FINE'-DRAW, to draw or sew up a rent so finely that it is not seen.--_p.adj._ FINE'-DRAWN, drawn out too finely.--_adj._ FINE'ISH, somewhat fine.--_adv._ FINE'LY.--_ns._ FINE'NESS; FIN'ER (same as REFINER); FIN'ERY, splendour, fine or showy things: a place where anything is fined or refined: a furnace for making iron malleable.--_adjs._ FINE'-SPOK'EN, using fine phrases; FINE'-SPUN, finely spun out: artfully contrived.--FINE ARTS, as painting, sculpture, music, those chiefly concerned with the beautiful--opp. to the _Useful_ or _Industrial arts_. [Fr.,--L. _finitus_, finished, from _fin[=i]re_, to finish, _finis_, an end.] FINE, f[=i]n, _n._ a composition: a sum of money imposed as a punishment.--_v.t._ to impose a fine on: to punish by fine: (_Shak._) to pledge or pawn.--_adj._ FINE'LESS (_Shak._), endless.--IN FINE, in conclusion. [Low L. _finis_, a fine--L. _finis_, an end.] FINEER, fi-n[=e]r', _v.i._ to get goods on credit by fraudulent artifice. [Prob. Dut.; cog. with FINANCE.] FINESSE, fi-nes', _n._ subtlety of contrivance: artifice: an endeavour by a player holding (say) queen and ace to take the trick with the lower card.--_v.i._ to use artifice.--_ns._ FINES'SER; FINES'SING. [Fr.] FINGER, fing'g[.e]r, _n._ one of the five terminal parts of the hand: a finger-breadth: skill in the use of the hand or fingers: execution in music.--_v.t._ to handle or perform with the fingers: to pilfer: to toy or meddle with.--_v.i._ to use lightly with the fingers, as a musical instrument.--_ns._ FING'ER-AL'PHABET, a deaf and dumb alphabet; FING'ER-BOARD, the board, or part of a musical instrument, on which the keys for the fingers are placed; FING'ER-BOWL, -GLASS, a bowl for holding the water used to cleanse the fingers after a meal; FING'ER-BREADTH, the breadth of a finger, the fourth part of a palm, forming 1/16 of a foot.--_adj._ FING'ERED, having fingers, or anything like fingers.--_ns._ FING'ER-GRASS, grass of genus _Digitaria_; FING'ER-HOLE, a hole in the side of the tube of a flute, &c., capable of being closed by the player's finger to modify the pitch of tone; FING'ERING, act or manner of touching with the fingers, esp. a musical instrument: a thick woollen yarn for stockings; FING'ERLING, a very diminutive being: the parr; FING'ER-MARK, a mark, esp. a soil made by the finger; FING'ER-PLATE, a thin plate of metal or porcelain laid along the edge of a door at the handle, to prevent soiling by the hand; FING'ER-POST, a post with a finger pointing, for directing passengers to the road; FING'ER-STALL, a covering of leather for protecting the finger.--FINGER-AND-TOE (see ANBURY).--A FINGER IN THE PIE, a share in the doing of anything, often of vexatious meddling; HAVE AT ONE'S FINGER-ENDS, to be perfect master of a subject; HAVE ONE'S FINGERS ALL THUMBS, to have awkward fingers. [A.S. _finger_; Ger. _finger_.] [Illustration] FINIAL, fin'i-al, _n._ the bunch of foliage, &c., at the termination of the pinnacles, gables, spires, &c., in Gothic architecture. [From L. _fin[=i]re_--_finis_.] FINICAL, fin'i-kal, _adj._ affectedly fine or precise in trifles: nice: foppish.--_n._ FINICAL'ITY, state of being finical: something finical.--_adv._ FIN'ICALLY.--_ns._ FIN'ICALNESS, the quality of being finical: foppery; FIN'ICKING, fussiness and fastidiousness.--_adjs._ FIN'ICKING, FIN'IKIN, particular about trifles. FINING, f[=i]n'ing, _n._ process of refining or purifying.--_n._ FIN'ING-POT, a pot or vessel used in refining. FINIS, f[=i]'nis, _n._ the end: conclusion. [L.] FINISH, fin'ish, _v.t._ to end or complete the making of anything: to perfect: to give the last touches to: to put an end to, to destroy.--_n._ that which finishes or completes: the end of a race, hunt, &c.: last touch, careful elaboration, polish: the last coat of plaster to a wall.--_p.adj._ FIN'ISHED, brought to an end or to completion: complete: perfect.--_n._ FIN'ISHER, one who finishes, completes, or perfects: in bookbinding, the one who puts the last touches to the book in the way of gilding and decoration. [Fr. _finir_, _finissant_--L. _fin[=i]re_--_finis_, an end.] FINITE, f[=i]'n[=i]t, _adj._ having an end or limit: subject to limitations or conditions, as time, space--opp. to _Infinite_ (q.v.).--_adj._ F[=I]'N[=I]TELESS, without end or limit.--_adv._ F[=I]'N[=I]TELY.--_ns._ F[=I]'N[=I]TENESS, FIN'IT[=U]DE. [L. _fin[=i]tus_, pa.p. of _fin[=i]re_.] FINN, fin, _n._ a native of _Finland_ in the north-west of Russia.--_adjs._ FIN'NIC, FIN'NISH, pertaining to the Finns in the widest sense. FINNAN-HADDOCK, fin'an-had'uk, _n._ a kind of smoked haddock, esp. that prepared at _Findon_, near Aberdeen.--Also FIN'DON-HADD'OCK. FIORD, FJORD, fyord, _n._ name given in Scandinavia to a long, narrow, rock-bound inlet. [Norw.] FIORIN, f[=i]'o-rin, _n._ a species of creeping bent-grass. FIORITE, f[=i]-[=o]'r[=i]t, _n._ a kind of siliceous incrustation found in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. [From Santa _Fiore_ in Tuscany.] FIR, f[.e]r, _n._ the name of several species of cone-bearing, resinous trees, valuable for their timber.--_adj._ FIR'RY, abounding in firs. [A.S. _furh_ (_wudu_); cf. Ger. _föhre_.] FIRE, f[=i]r, _n._ the heat and light caused by burning: flame: anything burning, as fuel in a grate, &c.: a conflagration: torture or death by burning: severe trial: anything inflaming or provoking: ardour of passion: vigour: brightness of fancy: enthusiasm: sexual passion.--_v.t._ to set on fire: to inflame: to irritate: to animate: to cause the explosion of: to discharge.--_v.i._ to take fire: to be or become irritated or inflamed: to discharge firearms.--_n._ FIRE'-ALARM', an alarm of fire, an apparatus for giving such.--_n.pl._ FIRE'ARMS, arms or weapons which are discharged by fire exploding gunpowder.--_ns._ FIRE'-AR'ROW, a small iron dart or arrow furnished with a combustible for setting fire to ships; FIRE'BALL, a ball filled with combustibles to be thrown among enemies: a meteor; FIRE'-BALLOON', a balloon carrying a fire placed in the lower part for rarefying the air to make itself buoyant: a balloon sent up arranged to ignite at a certain height; FIRE'-BAS'KET, a portable grate for a bedroom; FIRE'-BLAST, a blast or blight affecting plants, in which they appear as if scorched by the sun; FIRE'-BOAT, a steamboat fitted up to extinguish fires in docks; FIRE'BOX, the box or chamber (usually copper) of a steam-engine, in which the fire is placed; FIRE'BRAND, a brand or piece of wood on fire: one who inflames the passions of others; FIRE'BRICK, a brick so made as to resist the action of fire, used for lining furnaces, &c.; FIRE'-BRIGADE', a brigade or company of men for extinguishing fires or conflagrations; FIRE'-BUCK'ET, a bucket for carrying water to extinguish a fire; FIRE'CLAY, a kind of clay, capable of resisting fire, used in making firebricks; FIRE'COCK, a cock or spout to let out water for extinguishing fires; FIRE'DAMP, a gas, carburetted hydrogen, in coal-mines, apt to take fire and explode when mixed with atmospheric air; FIRE'-DOG (same as ANDIRON); FIRE'-DRAKE, a fiery meteor, a kind of firework; FIRE'-EAT'ER, a juggler who pretends to eat fire: one given to needless quarrelling, a professed duellist; FIRE'-EN'GINE, an engine or forcing-pump used to extinguish fires with water; FIRE'-ESCAPE', a machine used to enable people to escape from fires.--_adj._ FIRE'-EYED (_Shak._), having fiery eyes.--_ns._ FIRE'-FLAG (_Coleridge_), FIRE'FLAUGHT (_Swinburne_), a flash of lightning; FIRE'-FLY, a name applied to many phosphorescent insects, all included with the _Coleoptera_ or beetles, some giving forth a steady light, others flashing light intermittently (glow-worms, &c.); FIRE'-GUARD, a framework of wire placed in front of a fireplace.--_n.pl._ FIRE'-[=I]'RONS, the irons--poker, tongs, and shovel--used for a fire.--_ns._ FIRE'LIGHT'ER, a composition of pitch and sawdust, or the like, for kindling fires; FIRE'LOCK, a gun in which the fire is caused by a lock with steel and flint; FIRE'MAN, a man whose business it is to assist in extinguishing fires: a man who tends the fires, as of a steam-engine; FIRE'-MAS'TER, the chief of a fire-brigade.--_adj._ FIRE'-NEW, new from the fire: brand new: bright.--_ns._ FIRE'-PAN, a pan or metal vessel for holding fire; FIRE'PLACE, the place in a house appropriated to the fire: a hearth; FIRE'PLUG, a plug placed in a pipe which supplies water in case of fire; FIRE'-POL'ICY, a written instrument of insurance against fire up to a certain amount; FIRE'-POT, an earthen pot filled with combustibles, used in military operations.--_adj._ FIRE'PROOF, proof against fire.--_ns._ FIRE'-PROOFING, the act of rendering anything fireproof: the materials used; FIR'ER, an incendiary; FIRE'-RAIS'ING, the crime of arson.--_adj._ FIRE'-ROBED (_Shak._), robed in fire.--_ns._ FIRE'-SCREEN, a screen for intercepting the heat of the fire; FIRE'-SHIP, a ship filled with combustibles, to set an enemy's vessels on fire; FIRE'SIDE, the side of the fireplace: the hearth: home.--_adj._ homely, intimate.--_ns._ FIRE'-STICK, the implement used by many primitive peoples for obtaining fire by friction; FIRE'STONE, a kind of sandstone that bears a high degree of heat; FIRE'-WA'TER, ardent spirits; FIRE'WOOD, wood for burning.--_n.pl._ FIRE'WORKS, artificial works or preparations of gunpowder, sulphur, &c., to be fired chiefly for display or amusement.--_ns._ FIRE'-WOR'SHIP, the worship of fire, chiefly by the Parsees in Persia and India; FIRE'-WOR'SHIPPER; FIR'ING, a putting fire to: discharge of guns: firewood: fuel: cauterisation; FIR'ING-PAR'TY, a detachment told off to fire over the grave of one buried with military honours, or to shoot one sentenced to death; FIR'ING-POINT, the temperature at which an inflammable oil will take fire spontaneously.--FIRE OFF, to discharge a shot; FIRE OUT (_Shak._), to expel; FIRE UP, to start a fire: to fly into a passion.--SET THE THAMES ON FIRE, to do something striking; TAKE FIRE, to begin to burn: to become aroused about something. [A.S. _fýr_; Ger. _feuer_; Gr. _pyr_.] FIRK, f[.e]rk, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to whip or beat: to rouse. FIRKIN, f[.e]r'kin, _n._ a measure equal to the fourth part of a barrel: 9 gallons: 56 lb. of butter. [With dim. suff. _-kin_, from Old Dut. _vierde_, fourth.] FIRLOT, f[.e]r'lot, _n._ an old Scotch dry measure, the fourth part of a boll. FIRM, f[.e]rm, _adj._ fixed: compact: strong: not easily moved or disturbed: unshaken: resolute: decided.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to fix, establish, confirm.--_adj._ FIRM'LESS, wavering.--_adv._ FIRM'LY.--_n._ FIRM'NESS. [O. Fr. _ferme_--L. _firmus_.] FIRM, f[.e]rm, _n._ the title under which a company transacts business: a business house or partnership. [It. _firma_, from L. _firmus_. See FARM.] FIRMAMENT, f[.e]r'ma-ment, _n._ the solid sphere in which the stars were thought to be fixed: the sky.--_adj._ FIRMAMENT'AL, pertaining to the firmament: celestial. [Fr.,--L. _firmamentum_--_firmus_, firm.] FIRMAN, f[.e]r'man, or fer-män', _n._ any decree emanating from the Turkish government. [Pers. _fermán_; Sans. _pramâna_, command.] FIRN, firn, or fern, _n._ snow on high glaciers while still granular--the French _névé_. [Ger. _firn_, of last year; cf. obs. Eng. _fern_, former.] FIRST, f[.e]rst, _adj._ foremost: preceding all others in place, time, or degree: most eminent: chief.--_adv._ before anything else, in time, space, rank, &c.--_adjs._ FIRST'-BEGOT'TEN, begotten or born first: eldest; FIRST'-BORN, born first.--_n._ the first in the order of birth: the eldest child.--_adj._ FIRST'-CLASS, of the first class, rank, or quality.--_ns._ FIRST'-DAY, Sunday; FIRST'-FLOOR (see FLOOR); FIRST'-FOOT (_Scot._), the first person to enter a house after the beginning of the new year; FIRST'-FRUIT, FIRST'-FRUITS, the fruits first gathered in a season: the first profits or effects of anything, bishoprics, benefices, &c.--_adj._ FIRST'-HAND, obtained without the intervention of a second party.--_n._ FIRST'LING, the first produce or offspring, esp. of animals.--_adv._ FIRST'LY, in the first place.--_adjs._ FIRST'-RATE, of the first or highest rate or excellence: pre-eminent in quality, size, or estimation; FIRST'-WA'TER, the first or highest quality, purest lustre--of diamonds and pearls. [A.S. _fyrst_; the superl. of _fore_ by adding _-st_.] FIRTH, f[.e]rth. Same as FRITH. FISC, fisk, _n._ the state treasury: the public revenue: one's purse.--_adj._ FISC'AL, pertaining to the public treasury or revenue.--_n._ a treasurer: a public prosecutor, the chief law officer of the crown under the Holy Roman Empire: (_Scot._) an officer who prosecutes in petty criminal cases--fully, _Procurator-fiscal_. [O. Fr.,--L. _fiscus_, a purse.] FISGIG. See FIZGIG. [Illustration] FISH, fish, _n._ a vertebrate that lives in water, and breathes through gills: the flesh of fish: a piece of wood fixed alongside another for strengthening:--_pl._ FISH, or FISH'ES.--_v.t._ to search for fish: to search by sweeping: to draw out or up: (_naut._) to strengthen, as a weak spar: to hoist the flukes of: to seek to obtain by artifice.--_ns._ FISH'-BALL, -CAKE, a ball of chopped fish and mashed potatoes, fried.--_adj._ FISH'-BELL'IED, swelled out downward like the belly of a fish.--_ns._ FISH'-CARV'ER, a large flat implement for carving fish at table--also _Fish'-knife_, _Fish'-slice_, and _Fish'-trow'el_; FISH'-COOP, a square box with a hole in its bottom, used in fishing through a hole in the ice; FISH'-CREEL, an angler's basket, a wicker-basket used for carrying fish; FISH'-DAY, a day on which fish is eaten instead of meat; FISH'ER, one who fishes, or whose occupation is to catch fish: a North American carnivore--a kind of marten or sable, the pekan or wood-shock; FISH'ERMAN, a fisher; FISH'ERY, the business of catching fish: a place for catching fish; FISH'-FAG, a woman who sells fish; FISH'-GARTH, an enclosure on a river for the preserving or taking of fish--also FISH'-WEIR; FISH'-GOD, a deity in form wholly or partly like a fish, like the Philistine Dagon; FISH'-HOOK, a barbed hook for catching fish.--_v.t._ FISH'IFY (_Shak._), to turn to fish.--_n._ FISH'INESS.--_adj._ FISH'ING, used in fishery.--_n._ the art or practice of catching fish.--_ns._ FISH'ING-FROG, the angler-fish; FISH'ING-ROD, a long slender rod to which a line is fastened for angling; FISH'ING-TACK'LE, tackle--nets, lines, &c.--used in fishing; FISH'-JOINT, a joint or splice made with fish-plates; FISH'-KETT'LE, a long oval dish for boiling fish; FISH'-LADD'ER, FISH'-WAY, an arrangement for enabling a fish to ascend a fall, &c.; FISH'-LOUSE, a name widely applied to any of the Copepod crustaceans which occur as external parasites, both on fresh-water and marine fishes; FISH'-MEAL (_Shak._), a meal of fish: abstemious diet; FISH'MONGER, a dealer in fish; FISH'-PACK'ING, the process of packing or canning fish for the market; FISH'-PLATE, an iron plate fitted to the web of a rail, used in pairs, one on each side of the junction of two rails; FISH'-POND, a pond in which fish are kept; FISH'-SALES'MAN, one who receives consignments of fish for sale by auction to retail dealers; FISH'-SAUCE, sauce proper to be eaten with fish, as anchovy, &c.; FISH'-SCRAP, fish or fish-skins from which oil or glue has been extracted; FISH'-SPEAR, a spear or dart for striking fish; FISH'-STRAIN'ER, a metal colander for taking fish from a boiler.--_adj._ FISH'-TAIL, shaped like the tail of a fish.--_ns._ FISH'-TORP[=E]'DO, a self-propelling torpedo; FISH'-WIFE, FISH'-WOM'AN, a woman who sells fish about the streets.--_adj._ FISH'Y, consisting of fish: like a fish: abounding in fish: dubious, as a story: equivocal, unsafe.--_ns._ BAIT'-FISH, such fish as are used for bait, fish that may be caught with bait; BOTT'OM-FISH, those that feed on the bottom, as halibut, &c.--FISH FOR, to seek to gain by cunning or indirect means; FISHERMAN'S LUCK, getting wet and catching no fish; FISHERMAN'S RING, a signet-ring with the device of St Peter fishing, used in signing papal briefs.--A QUEER FISH, a person of odd habits; BE NEITHER FISH NOR FLESH, or NEITHER FISH, FLESH, NOR FOWL, to be neither one thing nor another, in principle, &c.; HAVE OTHER FISH TO FRY, to have something else to do, or to take up one's mind; MAKE FISH OF ONE AND FLESH (or FOWL) OF ANOTHER, to make invidious distinctions, show undue partiality. [A.S. _fisc_; Ger. _fisch_; Ice. _fiskr_; L. _piscis_; Gr. _ichthys_; Gael. _iasg_.] FISKERY, fisk'er-i, _n._ (_Carlyle_) friskiness.--_v.i._ FISK (_obs._), to jump about. [Prob. a freq. of A.S. _fýsan_, to hurry, or of _fésian_, to feeze; Sw. _fjäska_, to fidget.] FISSILE, fis'il, _adj._ that may be cleft or split in the direction of the grain.--_adjs._ FISSICOS'TATE, having the ribs divided; FISSILING'UAL, having the tongue cleft.--_ns._ FISSIL'ITY, cleavableness; FIS'SION, a cleaving or breaking up into two parts.--_adj._ FISS'IVE. [L. _fissilis_, from _find[)e]re_, _fissum_, to cleave.] FISSIPAROUS, fis-sip'a-rus, _adj._ propagated by spontaneous fission or self-division.--_ns._ FISSIP'ARISM, FISSIPA'RITY.--_adv._ FISSIP'AROUSLY. [L. _fissus_, pa.p. of _find[)e]re_, to cleave, _par[)e]re_, to bring forth.] FISSIPED, fis'i-ped, _adj._ cloven-footed--also _n._ FISSIROSTRAL, fis-i-ros'tral, _adj._ having a deeply cleft or gaping beak, as swallows, &c. [L. _fissus_, cleft, _rostrum_, a beak.] FISSLE, fis'l, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to rustle: to whistle. FISSURE, fish'[=u]r, _n._ a narrow opening or chasm: a cleft, slit, or furrow: any groove or sulcus, esp. one of the furrows on the surface of the brain, as the longitudinal fissure separating the hemispheres.--_adj._ FISS'[=U]RED, cleft, divided. [Fr.,--L. _fiss[=u]ra_, from _find[)e]re_, _fissum_, to cleave.] FIST, fist, _n._ the closed or clenched hand.--_v.t._ to strike or grip with the fist.--_n._ FISTI[=A]'NA, anecdotes about boxing and boxers.--_adj._ FIST'IC (_Dickens_), pugilistic.--_ns._ FIST'ICUFF, a blow with the fist: (_pl._) boxing, blows; FIST'-LAW, the law of brute force.--_adj._ FIST'Y. [A.S. _fýst_; Ger. _faust_.] FISTULA, fist'[=u]-la, _n._ a narrow passage or duct: the tube through which the wine of the eucharist was once sucked from the chalice--also _Calamus_.--_adjs._ FIST'ULAR, hollow like a pipe; FIST'ULATE, -D, hollowed like a fistula.--_v.i._ FIST'ULATE, to assume such a form.--_adjs._ FIST'ULIFORM; FIST'ULOSE, FIST'ULOUS, of the form of a fistula. [L. _fistula_, a pipe.] FIT, fit, _adj._ adapted to any particular end or standard, prepared for: qualified: convenient: proper: properly trained and ready, as for a race.--_v.t._ to make fit or suitable: to suit one thing to another: to be adapted to: to qualify.--_v.i._ to be suitable or becoming:--_pr.p._ fit'ting; _pa.p._ fit'ted.--_advs._ FIT'LIEST (_Milt._), most fitly; FIT'LY.--_ns._ FIT'MENT (_Shak._), something fitted to an end; FIT'NESS; FIT'TER, he who, or that which, makes fit.--_adj._ FIT'TING, fit: appropriate.--_n._ anything used in fitting up, esp. in _pl._--_adv._ FIT'TINGLY.--_ns._ FIT'TING-OUT, a supply of things, fit and necessary; FIT'TING-SHOP, a shop in which pieces of machinery are fitted together.--FIT OUT, to furnish, supply with stores, as a ship; FIT UP, to provide with things suitable.--NOT FIT TO HOLD A CANDLE TO (see CANDLE). [First recorded about 1440; app. cog. with FIT, _n._] FIT, fit, _n._ a sudden attack by convulsions, as apoplexy, epilepsy, &c.: convulsion or paroxysm: a temporary attack of anything, as laughter, &c.: a sudden effort or motion: a passing humour.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to wrench, as by a fit.--_adj._ FIT'FUL, marked by sudden impulses: spasmodic.--_adv._ FIT'FULLY.--_n._ FIT'FULNESS.--FIT OF THE FACE, a grimace; FITS AND STARTS, spasmodic and irregular bursts of activity; BY FITS, irregularly. [A.S. _fitt_, a struggle--prob. orig. 'juncture,' 'meeting;' cf. Ice. _fitja_, to knit, Dut. _vitten_, to accommodate.] FIT, fit, _n._ a song, or part of a song or ballad.--Also FITT, FITTE, FYTTE. [A.S. _fitt_, a song.] FITCH, fich, _n._ now _vetch_: (_B._) Isa. xxviii. 25, black cummin (_Nigella sativa_): in Ezek. iv. 9, a kind of bearded wheat, spelt. [See VETCH.] FITCHÉ, FITCHÉE, fich'[=a], _adj._ (_her._) cut to a point. [Fr. _ficher_, to fix.] FITCHEW, fich'[=oo], _n._ a polecat.--Also FITCH'ET. [O. Fr. _fissel_, from root of Dut. _visse_, nasty.] FITZ, fits, _n._ (a prefix) son of: used in England, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes, as _Fitzclarence_, &c. [Norman Fr. _fiz_ (Fr. _fils_)--L. _filius_.] FIVE, f[=i]v, _adj._ and _n._ four and one.--_n._ FIVE'-FING'ER, a name for various plants (cinque-foil, oxlip, &c.): a species of starfish.--_adj._ FIVE'FOLD, five times folded, or repeated in fives.--_ns._ FIV'ER (_coll._), a five-pound note; FIVE'-SQUARE (_B._), having five corners or angles.--FIVE ARTICLES, FIVE POINTS, statements of the distinctive doctrines of the Arminians and Calvinists respectively--the former promulgated in 1610, the latter sustained by the Synod of Dort in 1619 (see CALVINISM).--BUNCH OF FIVES, the fist. [A.S. _fíf_; Ger. _fünf_; Goth. _fimf_; W. _pump_; L. _quinque_; Gr. _pente_, _pempe_; Sans. _pancha_.] FIVES, f[=i]vz, _n._ (_Shak._) vives, a disease of horses. FIVES, f[=i]vz, _n.pl._ a game of handball played in a roomy court against a wall, chiefly at the great public schools of England. FIX, fiks, _v.t._ to make firm or fast: to establish: to drive into: to settle: to put into permanent form: to establish as a fact: to direct steadily: to regulate: to deprive of volatility.--_v.i._ to settle or remain permanently: to become firm: to congeal.--_n._ (_coll._) a difficulty: a dilemma.--_adj._ FIX'ABLE, capable of being fixed.--_ns._ FIX[=A]'TION, act of fixing, or state of being fixed: steadiness, firmness: state in which a body does not evaporate; FIX'ATIVE, that which fixes or sets colours; FIX'ATURE, a gummy preparation for fixing the hair.--_adj._ FIXED, settled: not apt to evaporate: steadily directed towards: fast, lasting, permanent: substantively for fixed stars (_Par. Lost_, III. 481).--_adv._ FIX'EDLY.--_ns._ FIX'EDNESS; FIX'ER; FIXID'ITY, FIX'ITY, fixedness.--_n.pl._ FIX'INGS, things needed for putting in order, arrangement.--_adj._ FIX'IVE.--_ns._ FIX'TURE, a movable that has become fastened to anything, as to land or to a house: a fixed article of furniture: a fixed or appointed time or event, as a horse-race; FIX'URE (_Shak._), stability, position, firmness.--FIXED AIR, the name given by Dr Joseph Black in 1756 to what in 1784 was named by Lavoisier carbonic acid; FIXED BODIES (_chem._), a term applied to those substances which remain fixed, and are not volatilised at moderately high temperatures; FIXED OILS, those which, on the application of heat, do not volatilise without decomposition; FIXED STARS, stars which appear always to occupy the same position in the heavens--opp. to _Planets_. [L., _fixus_, _fig[)e]re_, to fix, prob. through O. Fr. _fix_, or Low L. _fix[=a]re_.] FIZGIG, fiz'gig, _n._ a giddy girl: a firework of damp powder: a gimcrack: a crotchet.--Also FIS'GIG. FIZZ, fiz, _v.i._ to make a hissing or sputtering sound.--_n._ any frothy drink, as soda-water, or esp. champagne.--_adj._ FIZ'ZENLESS (_Scot._), pithless--also F[=U]'SIONLESS.--_v.i._ FIZ'ZLE, to hiss or sputter: to come to a sudden stop, to fail disgracefully.--_n._ a state of agitation or worry: an abortive effort.--_adj._ FIZ'ZY, given to fizz. [Formed from the sound.] FLABBERGAST, flab'[.e]rgast, _v.t._ (_coll._) to stun, confound. [Prob. conn. with _flabby_, and _gast_, to astonish.] FLABBY, flab'i, _adj._ easily moved: soft, yielding: hanging loose.--_n._ FLABB'INESS. [From _flap_.] FLABELLATE, flä-bel'[=a]t, _adj._ fan-shaped--also FLABELL'IFORM.--_ns._ FLABELL[=A]'TION, the action of fanning; FLAB'ELLUM (_eccles._), a fan, anciently used to drive away flies from the chalice during the celebration of the eucharist. [L., a fan.] FLACCID, flak'sid, _adj._ flabby: lax: easily yielding to pressure: soft and weak.--_adv._ FLAC'CIDLY.--_ns._ FLAC'CIDNESS, FLACCID'ITY, want of firmness. [Fr.,--L. _flaccidus_--_flaccus_, flabby.] FLACK, flak, _v.i._ (_prov._), to flap, flutter.--_v.t._ to flap or flick with something. FLACKER, flak'[.e]r, _v.i._ (_prov._) to flap, flutter. FLACKET, flak'et, _n._ a flask, bottle. FLACON, flak-ong', _n._ a scent-bottle, &c. [Fr.] FLAFF, flaf, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to flap: to pant.--_n._ a flutter of the wings: a puff.--_v.i._ FLAF'FER, to flutter. [Imit.] FLAG, flag, _v.i._ to grow languid or spiritless.--_pr.p._ flag'ging; _pa.p._ flagged.--_n._ FLAG'GINESS.--_adj._ FLAG'GY, limp, flabby. [Perh. O. Fr. _flac_--L. _flaccus_; prob. influenced by imit. forms as _flap_.] FLAG, flag, _n._ a popular name for many plants with sword-shaped leaves, mostly growing in moist situations, sometimes specially the species of iris or flower-de-luce--esp. the yellow flag: the acorus or sweet flag: (_B._) reed-grass.--_ns._ FLAG'-BAS'KET, a basket made of reeds for carrying tools; FLAG'GINESS.--_adj._ FLAG'GY, abounding in flags.--_n._ FLAG'-WORM, a worm or grub bred among flags or reeds. [Ety. obscure; cf. Dut. _flag_.] FLAG, flag, _n._ the ensign of a ship or of troops: a banner.--_v.t._ to decorate with flags: to inform by flag-signals.--_ns._ FLAG'-CAP'TAIN, in the navy, the captain of the ship which bears the admiral's flag; FLAG'-LIEUTEN'ANT, an officer in a flag-ship, corresponding to an aide-de-camp in the army; FLAG'-OFF'ICER, a naval officer privileged to carry a flag denoting his rank--admiral, vice-admiral, rear-admiral, or commodore; FLAG'-SHIP, the ship in which an admiral sails, and which carries his flag; FLAG'STAFF, a staff or pole on which a flag is displayed.--FLAG OF DISTRESS, a flag displayed as a signal of distress--usually upside down or at half-mast; FLAG OF TRUCE, a white flag displayed during war when some pacific communication is intended between the hostile parties; BLACK FLAG, a pirate's flag, pirates generally; DIP THE FLAG, to lower the flag and then hoist it--a token of respect; HANG OUT THE RED FLAG, to give a challenge to battle; STRIKE, or LOWER, THE FLAG, to pull it down as a token of respect, submission, or surrender; WHITE FLAG, an emblem of peace; YELLOW FLAG, hoisted to show pestilence on board, also over ships, &c., in quarantine, and hospitals, &c., in time of war. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. _flag_; Dut. _vlag_, Ger. _flagge_.] FLAG, flag, _n._ a stone that separates in flakes or layers: a flat stone used for paving--also FLAG'STONE.--_v.t._ to pave with flagstones.--_n._ FLAG'GING, flagstones: a pavement of flagstones. [A form of _flake_; Ice. _flaga_, a flag or slab.] FLAGELLATE, flaj'el-[=a]t, _v.t._ to whip or scourge.--_ns._ FLAGEL'LANTISM; FLAGELL[=A]'TION; FLAG'ELL[=A]TOR, FLAGEL'LANT (also flaj'-), one who scourges himself in religious discipline.--_adjs._ FLAG'ELLATORY; FLAGELLIF'EROUS; FLAGEL'LIFORM.--_n._ FLAGEL'LUM, a scourge: (_bot._) a runner: (_biol._) a large cilium or appendage to certain infusorians, &c. [L. _flagell[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_flagellum_, dim. of _flagrum_, a whip.] FLAGEOLET, flaj'o-let, _n._ the modern form of the old flute-à-bec, or straight flute, the simplest kind of which is the tin whistle with six holes. [Fr., dim. of O. Fr. _flageol_, _flajol_, a pipe; not through a supposed Low L. _flaut[=i]olus_--from _flauta_, a flute.] FLAGITATE, flaj'i-t[=a]t, _v.t._ (_Carlyle_) to entreat, importune.--_n._ FLAGIT[=A]'TION. FLAGITIOUS, fla-jish'us, _adj._ grossly wicked: guilty of enormous crimes.--_adv._ FLAGI'TIOUSLY.--_n._ FLAGI'TIOUSNESS. [L. _flagitiosus_--_flagitium_, a disgraceful act--_flagr[=a]re_, to burn.] FLAGON, flag'un, _n._ a vessel with a narrow neck for holding liquids. [Fr. _flacon_ for _flascon_--Low L. _flasco_. See FLASK.] FLAGRANT, fl[=a]'grant, _adj._ glaring: notorious: enormous.--_ns._ FL[=A]'GRANCE, FL[=A]'GRANCY.--_adv._ FL[=A]'GRANTLY. [L. _flagrans_, _pr.p._ of _flagr[=a]re_, to burn.] FLAIL, fl[=a]l, _n._ an implement for threshing corn, consisting of a wooden bar (the _swingle_) hinged or tied to a handle: a medieval weapon with spiked iron swingle.--_v.t._ to strike with, or as if with, a flail. [A.S. _fligel_, prob. from L. _flagellum_, a scourge.] FLAIR, fl[=a]r, _n._ perceptiveness, discernment. [Fr.] FLAKE, fl[=a]k, _n._ a small flat layer or film of anything: a very small loose mass, as of snow or wool.--_v.t._ to form into flakes.--_ns._ FLAKE'-WHITE, the purest white-lead for painting, in the form of scales or plates; FLAK'INESS.--_adj._ FLAK'Y. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. _flóke_, flock of wool; Old High Ger. _floccho_.] FLAKE, fl[=a]k, _n._ (_Scot._) a movable hurdle for fencing; (_naut._) a stage hung over a ship's side for caulking, &c. [Scand.; cf. Ice. _flake_; Dut. _vlaak_.] FLAM, flam, _n._ a whim: an idle fancy: a falsehood.--_v.t._ to impose upon with such. [Prob. from _flim-flam_ or _flamfew_, a trifle, a corr. of Fr. _fanfelue_.] FLAMBEAU, flam'b[=o], _n._ a flaming torch:--_pl._ FLAM'BEAUX ('b[=o]z). [Fr., _flambe_--L. _flamma_.] FLAMBOYANT, flam-boi'ant, _adj._ of the latest style of Gothic architecture which prevailed in France in the 15th and 16th centuries, corresponding to the Perpendicular in England--from the flame-like forms of the tracery of the windows, &c.: of wavy form: gorgeously coloured. [Fr. _flamboyer_, to blaze.] FLAME, fl[=a]m, _n._ gaseous matter undergoing combustion: the gleam or blaze of a fire: rage: ardour of temper: vigour of thought: warmth of affection: love: (_coll._) the object of love.--_v.i._ to burn as flame: to break out in passion.--_adjs._ FL[=A]ME'-COL'OURED (_Shak._), of the colour of flame, bright yellow; FL[=A]ME'LESS.--_n._ FL[=A]ME'LET, a small flame.--_adj._ FL[=A]M'ING, red: gaudy: violent.--_adv._ FL[=A]M'INGLY.--_n._ FLAMMABIL'ITY.--_adjs._ FLAMMIF'EROUS, producing flame; FLAMMIV'OMOUS, vomiting flames.--_n._ FLAM'MULE, the flames in pictures of Japanese deities.--_adj._ FL[=A]M'Y, pertaining to, or like, flame. [O. Fr. _flambe_--L. _flamma_--_flagr[=a]re_, to burn.] FLAMEN, fl[=a]'men, _n._ a priest in ancient Rome devoted to one particular god.--_adj._ FLAMIN'ICAL. [L., from same root as _fla-gr[=a]re_, to burn.] FLAMINGO, fla-ming'g[=o], _n._ a tropical bird of a flaming or bright-red colour, with long legs and neck. [Sp. _flamenco_--L. _flamma_, a flame.] FLANCH, flansh, _n._ a flange: (_her._) an ordinary formed on each side of a shield by the segment of a circle.--_adj._ FLANCHED, charged with a pair of flanches. [Prob. related to _flank_.] FLANCONADE, flang-ko-n[=a]d', _n._ (_fencing_) a thrust in the flank or side. [Fr., from _flanc_, the side.] FLÂNEUR, flä-nür', _n._ one who saunters about with gossip.--_n._ FLÂN'ERIE. [Fr. _flâner_, to lounge.] FLANGE, flanj, _n._ a projecting or raised edge or flank, as of a wheel or of a rail.--_adj._ FLANGED.--_n._ FLANGE'-RAIL, a rail having a flange on one side to prevent wheels running off. [Corr. of _flank_.] FLANK, flangk, _n._ the side of an animal from the ribs to the thigh: the side or wing of anything, esp. of an army or fleet: a body of soldiers on the right and left extremities.--_v.t._ to attack or pass round the side of: to protect the flanks of one's own army by detached bodies of troops, or field-works, or to threaten those of the enemy by directing troops against them.--_v.i._ to be posted on the side: to touch.--_n._ FLANK'ER, a fortification which commands the flank of an assailing force.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to defend by flankers: to attack sideways.--FLANK COMPANY, the company on the right or left when a battalion is in line; FLANK FILES, the soldiers marching on the extreme right and left of a company, &c. [Fr. _flanc_, perh. L. _flaccus_, flabby.] FLANNEL, flan'el, _n._ a soft woollen cloth of loose texture for undergarments, &c.: the garment itself: (_pl._) the garb of cricketers, &c.--_v.t._ to wrap in or rub with flannel.--_n._ FLANNELETTE', a cotton fabric, made in imitation of flannel.--_adjs._ FLANN'ELLED; FLANN'ELLY. [Orig. _flannen_, acc. to Skeat, from W. _gwlanen_--_gwlan_, wool; acc. to Diez, the equivalent Fr. _flanelle_ is from the O. Fr. _flaine_, a pillow-case.] FLAP, flap, _n._ the blow or motion of a broad loose object: anything broad and flexible hanging loose, as the tail of a coat: a portion of skin or flesh detached from the underlying part for covering and growing over the end of an amputated limb.--_v.t._ to beat or move with a flap.--_v.i._ to move, as wings: to hang like a flap:--_pr.p._ flap'ping; _pa.p._ flapped.--_ns._ FLAP'DOODLE, the food of fools: transparent nonsense, gross flattery, &c.; FLAP'-DRAG'ON, a play in which small edibles, as raisins, are snatched from burning brandy, and swallowed.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to swallow or devour, as in flap-dragon.--_adj._ FLAP'-EARED (_Shak._), having ears hanging like a flap.--_n._ FLAP'-JACK (_Shak._), a kind of broad, flat pancake.--_adj._ FLAP'-MOUTHED.--_n._ FLAP'PER. [Prob. imit.] FLARE, fl[=a]r, _v.i._ to burn with a glaring, unsteady light: to glitter or flash: to display glaringly.--_n._ an unsteady light.--_p.adj._ FL[=A]'RING, giving out an unsteady light: gaudy.--_adv._ FL[=A]'RINGLY.--_adj._ FL[=A]'RY. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Norw. _flara_, to blaze.] FLASH, flash, _n._ a momentary gleam of light: a sudden burst, as of merriment: a short transient state.--_v.i._ to break forth, as a sudden light: to break out into intellectual brilliancy: to burst out into violence.--_v.t._ to cause to flash: to expand, as blown glass, into a disc: to send by some startling or sudden means.--_n._ FLASH'-HOUSE, a brothel.--_adv._ FLASH'ILY.--_ns._ FLASH'INESS; FLASH'ING, the act of blazing: a sudden burst, as of water; FLASH'-POINT, the temperature at which an inflammable liquid takes fire--in the case of petroleum, &c., ascertained by placing oil in a vessel called a tester (used open and closed), and heating it up to a point at which sufficient vapour is generated as to give off a small flash when a light is applied to it.--_adj._ FLASH'Y, dazzling for a moment: showy but empty: (_Milt._) vapid: gay--also FLASH, vulgarly showy, gay but tawdry: pertaining to thieves, vagabonds, &c., as the '_flash_ language'=thieves' cant or slang: '_flash_ notes'=counterfeit notes.--FLASH IN THE PAN (see PAN). [Prob. imit.; cf. Sw. prov. _flasa_, to blaze.] FLASK, flask, _n._ a narrow-necked vessel for holding liquids: a bottle: a pocket-bottle: a horn or metal vessel for carrying powder.--_n._ FLASK'ET, a vessel in which viands are served: (_Spens._) a basket.--FLORENCE FLASK, a narrow-necked globular glass bottle of thin glass, as those in which olive-oil is brought from Italy. [A.S. _flasce_; Ger. _flasche_; prob. not Teut. acc. to Diez, but from Low L. _flasco_--L. _vasculum_, a flask.] FLAT, flat, _adj._ smooth: level: wanting points of prominence and interest: monotonous: vapid, insipid: dejected: unqualified, positive: (_mus._) opposite of sharp.--_n._ a level plain: a tract covered by shallow water: something broad: a story or floor of a house, esp. when fitted up as a separate residence for a family: a simpleton, a gull: (_mus._) a character (b) which lowers a note a semitone.--_ns._ FLAT'BOAT, a large flat-bottomed boat for floating goods down the Mississippi, &c.; FLAT'-FISH, a name applied to marine bony fishes that have a flat body, such as the flounder, turbot, &c.--_adj._ FLAT'-FOOT'ED, having flat feet: resolute.--_adj._ and _n._ FLAT'-HEAD, having an artificially flattened head, as some American Indians of the Chinooks--the name is officially but incorrectly applied to the Selish Indians in particular.--_n._ FLAT'-[=I]'RON, an iron for smoothing cloth.--_advs._ FLAT'LING, FLAT'LONG (_Spens._, _Shak._), with the flat side down: not edgewise; FLAT'LY.--_ns._ FLAT'NESS; FLAT'-RACE, a race over open or clear ground.--_v.t._ FLAT'TEN, to make flat.--_v.i._ to become flat.--_n._ FLAT'TING, a mode of house-painting in which the paint is left without gloss.--_adj._ FLAT'TISH, somewhat flat.--_adj._ or _adv._ FLAT'WISE, flatways, or with the flat side downward.--_n._ FLAT'-WORM, a tapeworm. [From a Teut. root found in Ice. _flatr_, flat, Sw. _flat_, Dan. _flad_, Old High Ger. _flaz_.] FLATTER, flat'[.e]r, _v.t._ to soothe with praise and servile attentions: to please with false hopes or undue praise.--_n._ FLATT'ERER.--_adj._ FLATT'ERING, uttering false praise: pleasing to pride or vanity.--_adv._ FLATT'ERINGLY.--_n._ FLATT'ERY, false praise. [O. Fr. _flater_ (Fr. _flatter_); Teut.; cf. Ice. _fladhra_.] FLATULENT, flat'[=u]-lent, _adj._ affected with air in the stomach: apt to generate such: empty: vain.--_ns._ FLAT'ULENCE, FLAT'ULENCY, distension of the stomach or bowels by gases formed during digestion: windiness, emptiness.--_adv._ FLAT'ULENTLY.--_n._ FL[=A]'TUS, a puff of wind: air generated in the stomach or intestines. [Fr.,--Low L. _flatulentus_--L. _fl[=a]re_, _flatum_, to blow.] FLAUGHT, flaht, _n._ (_Scot._) a flight, a flapping.--_n._ FLAUGH'TER, a fluttering motion.--_v.i._ to flutter, flicker. [See FLIGHT.] FLAUNT, flawnt, _v.i._ to fly or wave in the wind: to move or display ostentatiously: to carry a gaudy or saucy appearance.--_n._ (_Shak._) anything displayed for show.--_n._ FLAUNT'ER.--_adj._ FLAUNT'ING.--_adv._ FLAUNT'INGLY, in a flaunting or showy manner.--_adj._ FLAUNT'Y, showy. [Prob. imit.; Skeat suggests Sw. prov. _flanka_, to waver.] FLAUTIST. Same as FLUTIST. FLAVESCENT, fla-ves'ent, _adj._ yellowish or turning yellow. [L. _flavescens_, _-entis_, pr.p. of _flavesc[)e]re_, to become yellow--_flavus_, yellow.] FLAVIAN, fl[=a]v'i-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to the Flavian emperors of Rome--_Flavius_ Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian (69-96 A.D.). FLAVINE, fl[=a]'vin, _n._ a concentrated preparation of quercitron bark, till recently an important yellow dye. [L. _flavus_, yellow.] FLAVOUR, fl[=a]'vur, _n._ that quality of anything which affects the smell or the palate: a smack or relish.--_v.t._ to impart flavour to.--_adj._ FL[=A]'VOROUS.--_n._ FL[=A]'VOURING, any substance used to give a flavour.--_adj._ FL[=A]'VOURLESS. [O. Fr. _flaur_; prob. related to L. _fragr[=a]re_ or to _fl[=a]re_.] FLAW, flaw, _n._ a gust of wind: a sudden rush, uproar. [Cf. Dut. _vlaag_, Sw. _flaga_.] FLAW, flaw, _n._ a break, a crack: a defect.--_v.t._ to crack or break.--_adjs._ FLAW'LESS; FLAW'Y. [Ice. _flaga_, a slab.] FLAWN, flawn, _n._ a custard, pancake. [O. Fr. _flaon_--Low L. _fladon-em_--Old High Ger. _flado_.] FLAX, flax, _n._ the fibres of the plant Linum, which are woven into linen cloth: the flax-plant.--_ns._ FLAX'-COMB, a toothed instrument or heckle for cleaning the fibres of flax; FLAX'-DRESS'ER, one who prepares flax for the spinner by the successive processes of rippling, retting, grassing, breaking, and scutching.--_adj._ FLAX'EN, made of or resembling flax: fair, long, and flowing.--_ns._ FLAX'-MILL, a mill for working flax into linen; FLAX'-SEED, linseed; FLAX'-WENCH, a female who spins flax.--_adj._ FLAX'Y, like flax: of a light colour.--NEW ZEALAND FLAX, a valuable fibre, quite different from common flax, obtained from the leaf of _Phormium tenax_, the flax lily or flax bush. [A.S. _fleax_; Ger. _flachs_.] FLAY, fl[=a], _v.t._ to strip off the skin:--_pr.p._ flay'ing; _pa.p._ flayed.--_ns._ FLAY'ER; FLAY'-FLINT, a skinflint. [A.S _fléan_; Ice. _flá_, to skin.] FLEA, fl[=e], _n._ a well-known wingless insect of great agility, ectoparasitic on warm-blooded animals.--_ns._ FLEA'-BANE, a genus of plants which emit a strong smell said to have the power of driving away fleas; FLEA'-BITE, the bite of a flea: a small mark caused by the bite: (_fig._) a trifle.--_adj._ FLEA'-BIT'TEN, bitten by fleas: (_fig._) mean: having small reddish spots on a lighter ground, of horses.--A FLEA IN ONE'S EAR, a caution, rebuff, anything specially irritating. [A.S. _fléah_; cf. Ger. _floh_, Dut. _vloo_.] FLEAM, fl[=e]m, _n._ an instrument for bleeding cattle. [Fr. _flamme_--Gr. _phlebotomon_, a lancet--_phleps_, _phlebos_, a vein, and _tem-nein_, to cut.] FLÈCHE, fl[=a]sh, _n._ a spire generally: the slender spire rising from the intersection of the nave and transepts in some large churches: (_fort._) a parapet with two faces forming a salient angle at the foot of a glacis. [Fr., 'an arrow.'] FLECK, flek, _n._ a spot or speckle: a little bit of a thing.--_vs.t._ FLECK, FLECK'ER, to spot: to streak.--_adjs._ FLECKED, spotted, dappled; FLECK'LESS, without spot. [Ice. _flekkr_, a spot; Ger. _fleck_, Dut. _vlek_.] FLECTION. Same as FLEXION. FLED, fled, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of FLEE. FLEDGE, flej, _v.t._ to furnish with feathers or wings.--_v.i._ to acquire feathers for flying.--_n._ FLEDG'LING, a little bird just fledged.--_adj._ FLEDG'Y (_Keats_), feathery. [M. E. _fligge_, _flegge_--A.S. _flycge_, fledged (cf. Ger. _flügge_)--_fléogan_, to fly (Ger. _fliegen_).] FLEE, fl[=e], _v.i._ to run away, as from danger: to disappear.--_v.t._ to keep at a distance from:--_pr.p._ flee'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ fled.--_n._ FL[=E]'ER. [A.S. _fléon_, akin to _fléogan_, to fly; Ger. _fliehen_, akin to _fliegen_, to fly.] FLEECE, fl[=e]s, _n._ the coat of wool shorn from a sheep at one time: anything like a fleece.--_v.t._ to clip wool from: to plunder: to cover, as with wool.--_adjs._ FLEECED, having a fleece; FLEECE'LESS.--_ns._ FLEE'CER, one who strips or plunders; FLEECE'-WOOL, that shorn from the living animal.--_adj._ FLEEC'Y, woolly. [A.S. _fléos_; Dut. _vlies_, Ger. _fliess_.] FLEECH, fl[=e]ch, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to flatter, coax, beg.--_ns._ FLEECH'ING, FLEECH'MENT. FLEER, fl[=e]r, _v.t._ or _v.i._ to make wry faces in contempt, to mock.--_n._ mockery.--_n._ FLEER'ING.--_adv._ FLEER'INGLY. [Cf. Norw. _flira_, Sw. _flissa_, to titter.] FLEET, fl[=e]t, _n._ a number of ships in company, esp. ships of war: a division of the navy, commanded by an admiral. [A.S. _fléot_, a ship--_fléotan_, to float; conn. with Dut. _vloot_, Ger. _flotte_.] FLEET, fl[=e]t, _adj._ swift: nimble: transient: (_prov._) shallow.--_adjs._ FLEET'-FOOT (_Shak._), fleet or swift of foot; FLEET'ING, passing quickly: temporary.--_advs._ FLEET'INGLY; FLEET'LY.--_n._ FLEET'NESS. [Prob. Ice. _fliótr_, swift; but ult. cog. with succeeding word.] FLEET, fl[=e]t, _v.i._ to flit, pass swiftly.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to make to pass quickly:--_pr.p._ fleet'ing; _pa.p._ fleet'ed. [A.S. _fléotan_, to float.] FLEET, fl[=e]t, _n._ a shallow creek or bay, as in North_fleet_, _Fleet_-ditch, &c.--THE FLEET, or FLEET PRISON, a London gaol down to 1842, long a place of confinement for debtors--clandestine marriages were solemnised here down to 1754 by broken-down clergymen confined for debt. [A.S. _fléot_, an inlet.] FLEMISH, flem'ish, _adj._ of or belonging to the _Flemings_ or people of Flanders, or their language.--_n._ FLEM'ING, a native of Flanders.--FLEMISH SCHOOL, a school of painting formed by the brothers Van Eyck, reaching its height in Rubens, Vandyck, and Teniers; FLEMISH STITCH, a stitch used in making certain kinds of point-lace. [Dut. _Vlaamsch_.] FLENCH, flensh, _v.t._ to cut up the blubber of, as a whale.--Also FLENSE, FLINCH. [Dan. _flense_.] FLESH, flesh, _n._ the soft substance which covers the bones of animals: animal food: the bodies of beasts and birds, not fish: the body, not the soul: animals or animal nature: mankind: kindred: bodily appetites: the present life: the soft substance of fruit: the part of a fruit fit to be eaten: (_B._) man's visible nature (as opposed to _Pneuma_ or _Spirit_), his human or bodily nature, the seat of sin, but not originally or necessarily evil.--_v.t._ to train to an appetite for flesh, as dogs for hunting: to accustom: to glut: to use upon flesh, as a sword, esp. for the first time.--_ns._ FLESH'-BROTH, broth made by boiling flesh; FLESH'-BRUSH, a brush used for rubbing the skin to excite circulation; FLESH'-COL'OUR, pale red, like the normal colour of the cheek of a child.--_adj._ FLESHED (flesht), having flesh: fat.--_ns._ FLESH'ER (_Scot._), a butcher; FLESH'-FLY, a fly that deposits its eggs in and feeds on flesh; FLESH'HOOD (_Mrs Browning_), the state of being in the flesh; FLESH'-HOOK, a hook for drawing flesh from a pot; FLESH'INESS.--_n.pl._ FLESH'INGS, thin flesh-coloured dress worn by dancers, actors, &c.--_adj._ FLESH'LESS, without flesh: lean.--_ns._ FLESH'LINESS; FLESH'LING (_Spens._), one wholly devoted to sensuality.--_adj._ FLESH'LY, corporeal: carnal: not spiritual--also _adv._ FLESH'LY-MIND'ED, given to sensual pleasures: carnally-minded.--_ns._ FLESH'-MEAT, flesh of animals used for food; FLESH'MENT (_Shak._), act of fleshing or initiating, excitement arising from success; FLESH'MONGER, one who deals in flesh: (_Shak._) a procurer, a pimp; FLESH'-POT, a pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked: (_fig._) abundance of flesh, high living; FLESH'-POTTERY, sumptuous living; FLESH'-TINT, the tint or colour that best represents the human body; FLESH'-WORM, a worm that feeds on flesh; FLESH'-WOUND, a wound not reaching beyond the flesh.--_adj._ FLESH'Y, fat: pulpy: plump.--AN ARM OF FLESH, human strength or help; IN THE FLESH, in life, alive: (_B._) under control of the lower nature. [A.S. _fl['æ]sc_; cog. forms in all Teut. languages; Ger. _fleisch_, &c.] FLETCH, flech, _v.i._ to feather.--_n._ FLETCH'ER, one who makes arrows. [Fr. _flèche_, an arrow.] [Illustration] FLEUR-DE-LIS, fl[=oo]r'-de-l[=e]', _n._ the flower of the lily: (_her._) a bearing explained as representing three flowers of the white lily joined together, or the white iris--commonly called _Flower-de-luce_:--_pl._ FLEURS'-DE-LIS'--the arms of the Bourbons and of France.--_ns._ FLEUR'ET, an ornament like a small flower: a fencing-foil; FLEUR'Y (_her._), decorated with a fleur-de-lis, or with the upper part only. [Fr., _lis_ being for L. _lilium_, a lily.] FLEW, fl[=oo], _pa.t._ of FLY. FLEWED, fl[=oo]d, _adj._ (_Shak._) having large chops (of dogs). [Ety. unknown.] FLEXIBLE, fleks'i-bl, FLEXILE, fleks'il, _adj._ easily bent: pliant: docile.--_v.t._ FLEX, to bend or make a flexure of.--_adjs._ FLEXAN'IMOUS, influencing the mind; FLEXED, bent.--_ns._ FLEX'IBLENESS, FLEXIBIL'ITY, pliancy: easiness to be persuaded.--_adv._ FLEX'IBLY.--_ns._ FLEX'ION, FLEC'TION, a bend: a fold: the action of a flexor muscle; FLEX'OR, a muscle which bends a joint, as opposed to _Extensor_.--_adjs._ FLEX'[=U]OUS, FLEX'[=U]OSE, of windings and turnings: variable.--_n._ FLEX'[=U]RE, a bend or turning: (_math._) the curving of a line or surface: the bending of loaded beams: (_Shak._) obsequious bowing. [L. _flexibilis_, _flexilis_--_flect[)e]re_, _flexum_, to bend.] FLEY, FLAY, fl[=a], _v.t._ to cause to fly: to frighten.--_v.i._ to be frightened. [M. E. _flayen_--A.S. _flégan_, _fléogan_, to fly; Ice. _fleyja_, Goth. _flaugjan_.] FLIBBERTIGIBBET, flib'er-ti-jib'et, _n._ a flighty person: an imp. [Most prob. jargon.] FLICK, flik, _v.t._ to strike lightly.--_n._ a flip. FLICKER, flik'[.e]r, _v.i._ to flutter and move the wings, as a bird: to burn unsteadily, as a flame.--_n._ an act of flickering, a flickering movement.--_v.i._ FLICHT'ER, (_Scot._), to flutter, quiver.--_adv._ FLICK'ERINGLY. [A.S. _flicorian_; imit.] FLIER, FLYER, fl[=i]'[.e]r, _n._ one who flies or flees: a part of a machine with rapid motion. FLIGHT, fl[=i]t, _n._ a passing through the air: a soaring: excursion: a sally: a series of steps: a flock of birds flying together: the birds produced in the same season: a volley or shower: act of fleeing: hasty removal.--_adj._ FLIGHT'ED (_Milt._), flying.--_adv._ FLIGHT'ILY.--_n._ FLIGHT'INESS.--_adj._ FLIGHT'Y, fanciful: changeable: giddy. [A.S. _flyht_--_fléogan_.] FLIM-FLAM, flim'-flam, _n._ a trick. [Formed like _skimble-skamble_, _whim-wham_, &c.] FLIMP, flimp, _v.t._ (_slang_) to snatch a watch while a confederate prods the victim in the back. FLIMSY, flim'zi, _adj._ thin: without solidity, strength, or reason: weak.--_n._ transfer-paper: (_slang_) a bank-note: reporters' copy written on thin paper.--_adv._ FLIM'SILY, in a flimsy manner.--_n._ FLIM'SINESS. [First in 18th century. Prob. an onomatopoeic formation suggested by _film_.] FLINCH, flinsh, _v.i._ to shrink back: to fail.--_ns._ FLINCH'ER; FLINCH'ING, the act of flinching or shrinking.--_adv._ FLINCH'INGLY. [M. E. _flecchen_--O. Fr. _fléchir_, prob. from L. _flect[)e]re_, to bend.] FLINDER, flin'der, _n._ a splinter or small fragment--usually in _pl._ [Norw. _flindra_, a splinter.] FLINDERSIA, flin-der'si-a, _n._ a genus of Australian and African trees, yielding African and Madeira mahogany, or Calcedra wood. [From the Australian explorer, Captain Matthew _Flinders_, 1774-1814.] FLING, fling, _v.t._ to strike or throw from the hand: to dart: to send forth: to scatter: to throw (of a horse).--_v.i._ to act in a violent and irregular manner: to kick out with the legs: to upbraid: to sneer:--_pr.p._ fling'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ flung.--_n._ a cast or throw: a taunt: complete freedom, full enjoyment of pleasure: a lively Scotch country-dance.--FLING OUT, to speak or act recklessly.--FULL FLING, at the utmost speed, recklessly. [Ice. _flengja_; Sw. _flänga_.] FLINT, flint, _n._ a hard mineral, a variety of quartz, from which fire is readily struck with steel: anything proverbially hard.--_adj._ made of flint, hard.--_n._ FLINT'-GLASS, a very fine and pure kind of glass, so called because originally made of calcined flints.--_adjs._ FLINT'-HEART, -ED (_Shak._), having a hard heart.--_v.t._ FLINT'IFY, to turn to flint.--_ns._ FLINT'INESS; FLINT'-LOCK, a gun-lock having a flint fixed in the hammer for striking fire and igniting the priming.--_adj._ FLINT'Y, consisting of or like flint: hard: cruel.--FLINT IMPLEMENTS, arrow, axe, and spear heads, &c. made by man before the use of metals, commonly found in prehistoric graves, &c. [A.S. _flint_; Dan. _flint_; Gr. _plinthos_, a brick.] FLIP, flip, _n._ a hot drink of beer and spirits sweetened. FLIP, flip, _v.t._ to fillip, to touch lightly: to toss up with a motion of the thumb.--_v.i._ to flap.--_n._ a fillip, a snap.--_adv._ FLIP'-FLAP, with a repeated flapping movement.--_n._ a coster's dance: a form of somersault: a cracker.--_ns._ FLIP'-FLOP, the sound of a regular footfall; FLIP'PER, a fin: (_slang_) hand.--_adj._ FLIP'PERTY-FLOP'PERTY, that goes flip-flap, loose, dangling. [Attenuated from _flap_.] FLIPE, fl[=i]p, _v.t._ to fold back, as a sleeve. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Dan. _flip_, a flap.] FLIPPANT, flip'ant, _adj._ quick and pert of speech: thoughtless.--_ns._ FLIPP'ANCY, FLIPP'ANTNESS, pert fluency of speech: pertness.--_adv._ FLIPP'ANTLY. [Skeat explains as for _flipp_ _-and_ (Old Northumbrian _pr.p._ ending)--Ice. _fleipa_, to prattle.] FLIRT, fl[.e]rt, _v.t._ to move about quickly like a fan, to flick, rap.--_v.i._ to trifle with love: to play at courtship: to move briskly about.--_n._ a pert, giddy girl: one who coquets for amusement, usually of a woman.--_n._ FLIRT[=A]'TION the act of flirting.--_adj._ FLIRT[=A]'TIOUS (_coll._), giving to flirting.--_ns._ FLIRT'-GILL (_Shak._), a pert or wanton woman; FLIRT'ING.--_adv._ FLIRT'INGLY, in a flirting manner.--_adj._ FLIRT'ISH, betokening a flirt. [Onomatopoeic, like _flick_, _flip_, _flirk_ (a jerk), _spurt_, _squirt_.] FLISK, flisk, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to skip or caper about: to fret at the yoke.--_n._ a whim: a large-tooth comb.--_adj._ FLISK'Y. [Onomatopoeic.] FLIT, flit, _v.i._ to flutter on the wing: to fly quickly: to be unsteady or easily moved: (_Scot._) to remove from place to place:--_pr.p._ flit'ting; _pa.p._ flit'ted.--_n._ FLIT'TING, a removal from one house to another: a wandering. [Ice. _flytja_; Sw. _flytta_.] FLITCH, flich, _n._ the side of a hog salted and cured. [A.S. _flicce_; Ice. _flikki_.] FLITTER, flit'[.e]r, _v.i._ to flutter.--_n._ FLITT'ER-MOUSE, a bat. FLITTERN, flit'ern, _n._ (_prov._) a young oak. FLITTERS, flit'ers, _n.pl._ fragments, tatters. FLIX, fliks, _n._ fur, beaver-down. FLOAT, fl[=o]t, _v.i._ to swim on a liquid: to be buoyed up: to move lightly and irregularly: to circulate, as a rumour: to drift about aimlessly.--_v.t._ to cause to swim: to cover with water: to set agoing.--_n._ anything swimming on water: a raft: the cork or quill on a fishing-line: a plasterer's trowel.--_adj._ FLOAT'ABLE.--_ns._ FLOAT'AGE, FLOT'AGE, the floating capacity of a thing: anything that floats; FLOAT'-BOARD, a board on the rim of an undershot water-wheel on which the water acts and moves the wheel; FLOAT'ER.--_adj._ FLOAT'ING, swimming: not fixed: circulating.--_n._ action of the verb _float_: the spreading of plaster on the surface of walls.--_ns._ FLOAT'ING-BATT'ERY, a vessel or hulk heavily armed, used in the defence of harbours or in attacks on marine fortresses; FLOAT'ING-BRIDGE, a bridge of rafts or beams of timber lying on the surface of the water; FLOAT'ING-DOCK (see DOCK); FLOAT'ING-IS'LAND, an aggregation of driftwood, roots, &c., capable of bearing soil, floated out from a river delta or the like; FLOAT'ING-LIGHT, a ship, bearing a light, moored on sunken rocks, to warn seamen of danger.--_adv._ FLOAT'INGLY.--_n._ FLOAT'-STONE, a porous, sponge-like variety of quartz, so light as to float for a while on water.--_adj._ FLOAT'Y. [A.S. _flotian_, to float; Ice. _flota_.] FLOCK, flok, _n._ a company of animals, as sheep, birds, &c.: a company generally: a Christian congregation.--_v.i._ to gather in flocks or in crowds.--_n._ FLOCK'-MAS'TER, an owner or overseer of a flock. [A.S. _flocc_, a flock, a company; Ice. _flokkr_.] FLOCK, flok, _n._ a lock of wool.--_n._ FLOCCILL[=A]'TION, a delirious picking of the bed-clothes by a patient.--_adjs._ FLOC'COSE, woolly; FLOC'C[=U]LAR; FLOC'C[=U]LATE.--_n._ FLOC'C[=U]LENCE.--_adj._ FLOC'C[=U]LENT, woolly, flaky.--_ns._ FLOC'C[=U]LUS, a small flock or tuft: a small lobe of the inferior surface of the cerebellum; FLOC'CUS, a flock or tuft of wool or wool-like hairs: the downy plumage of unfledged birds:--_pl._ FLOCCI (flok'si); FLOCK'-BED, a bed stuffed with flock or refuse wool; FLOCK'-P[=A]'PER, wall-paper covered with a rough surface formed of flock.--_adj._ FLOCK'Y. [O. Fr. _floc_--L. _floccus_, a lock of wool.] FLOE, fl[=o], _n._ a field of floating ice. [Prob. Norse _flo_, layer. The usual Danish word is _flage_.] FLOG, flog, _v.t._ to beat or strike: to lash: to chastise with blows:--_pr.p._ flog'ging; _pa.p._ flogged.--_n._ FLOG'GING. [Late; prob. an abbrev. of _flagellate_.] FLOOD, flud, _n._ a great flow of water: (_B._) a river: an inundation: a deluge: the rise or flow of the tide: any great quantity.--_v.t._ to overflow: to inundate: to bleed profusely, as after parturition:--_pr.p._ flood'ing; _pa.p._ flood'ed.--_ns._ FLOOD'-GATE, a gate for letting water flow through, or to prevent it: an opening or passage: an obstruction; FLOOD'ING, an extraordinary flow of blood from the uterus; FLOOD'MARK, the mark or line to which the tide rises; FLOOD'-TIDE, the rising or inflowing tide.--THE FLOOD, the deluge in the days of Noah. [A.S. _flód_; Dut. _vloed_, Ger. _fluth_. Cog. with _flow_.] FLOOR, fl[=o]r, _n._ the part of a room on which we stand: a platform: the rooms in a house on the same level, a story: any levelled area.--_v.t._ to furnish with a floor: (_coll._) to vanquish, stump.--_ns._ FLOOR'CLOTH, a covering for floors made of canvas oil-painted on both sides; FLOOR'ER, a knock-down blow; a decisive retort, &c.: an examination question one cannot answer; FLOOR'ING, material for floors: a platform.--_n.pl._ FLOOR'-TIM'BERS, the timbers placed immediately across a ship's keel, on which her bottom is framed.--_ns._ FIRST'-FLOOR, the floor in a house above the ground-floor--in United States mostly identical with GROUND-FLOOR, the floor of a house on a level with the ground. [A.S. _flór_; Dut. _vloer_, a flat surface, Ger. _flur_, flat land; W. _llawr_.] FLOP, flop, _v.t._ to cause to hang down.--_v.i._ to plump down suddenly: to break down.--_n._ a fall plump on the ground.--_adv._ FLOP'PILY.--_n._ FLOP'PINESS.--_adj._ FLOP'PY. [A form of _flap_.] FLORA, fl[=o]'ra, _n._ the collective plants or vegetable species of a region, country, or district: a work containing a descriptive enumeration of these.--_adj._ FL[=O]'RAL, pertaining to Flora or to flowers: (_bot._) containing the flower.--_adv._ FL[=O]'RALLY.--_n._ FLORÉAL (fl[=o]-r[=a]-al'), the 8th month of the French revolutionary calendar, April 20-May 20.--_adj._ FL[=O]'RE[=A]TED, decorated with floral ornament.--_n._ FLORES'CENCE, a bursting into flower: (_bot._) the time when plants flower.--_adj._ FLORES'CENT, bursting into flowers.--_n._ FL[=O]'RET (_bot._), the flowers of any small and closely crowded inflorescence which resembles at first sight a single flower--e.g. composites, teasels, grasses, &c.--_adj._ FL[=O]RICUL'TURAL.--_ns._ FL[=O]'RICULTURE, the culture of flowers or plants; FL[=O]RICUL'TURIST, a florist.--_adj._ FLOR'ID, bright in colour: flushed with red: containing flowers of rhetoric or lively figures: richly ornamental.--_adv._ FLOR'IDLY.--_n._ FLOR'IDNESS.--_adjs._ FL[=O]RIF'EROUS, bearing or producing flowers; FL[=O]'RIFORM, flower-shaped.--_ns._ FL[=O]RIL[=E]'GIUM, an anthology or collection of choice extracts; FLOR'IST, a cultivator of flowers: one who writes an account of plants. [L. _Flora_, the goddess of flowers.] FLORENTINE, flor'en-tin, _adj._ pertaining to _Florence_ in Tuscany.--_n._ a native or inhabitant thereof: a durable silk textile fabric--also FLOR'ENCE: a pie with no crust beneath the meat. FLORIN, flor'in, _n._ an English silver coin worth 2s., first minted in 1849: in Austria the unit of account, otherwise called _gulden_, with a value about 2s.: in Holland sometimes called _guilder_, and worth about 1s. 8d.: (_orig._) a Florentine gold coin with a lily stamped on one side, first struck in the 11th century. [Fr., from It. _fiorino_--_fiore_, a lily--L. _flos_.] FLORUIT, fl[=o]'r[=u]-it, _n._ the period during which a person flourished. [L., 3d pers. sing. perf. of _flor[=e]re_, to flourish.] FLOSCULE, flos'k[=u]l, _n._ a floret.--_adjs._ FLOS'CULAR, FLOS'CULOUS, composed of many floscules or tubular florets. [L. _flosculus_, dim. of _flos_, a flower.] FLOSS, flos, _n._ the loose downy or silky substance in the husks of certain plants, as the bean--also FLOSH.--_n._ FLOSS'-SILK, very fine silk fibre extremely soft and downy and with a high lustre, used chiefly for embroidery.--_adj._ FLOSS'Y. [Prob. O. Fr. _flosche_, down: or from some Teut. word cog. with _fleece_--cf. Ice. _flos_, nap.] FLOTA, fl[=o]'ta, _n._ a commercial fleet: formerly the fleet which annually conveyed the produce of America to Spain. [Sp., 'a fleet.'] FLOTAGE. See FLOATAGE. FLOTANT, fl[=o]t'ant, _adj._ (_her._) floating in air or in water. FLOTATION, flo-t[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of floating: the science of floating bodies: act of floating a company or commercial enterprise.--PLANE, or LINE, OF FLOTATION, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. FLOTILLA, flo-til'a, _n._ a fleet of small ships. [Sp., dim. of _flota_, a fleet.] FLOTSAM, flot'sam, _n._ goods lost by shipwreck, and found floating on the sea (see JETSAM). [Anglo-Fr. _floteson_ (Fr. _flottaison_)--O. Fr. _floter_, to float.] FLOUNCE, flowns, _v.i._ to move abruptly or impatiently--_n._ an impatient gesture. [Prob. cog. with Norw. _flunsa_, to hurry, Sw. prov. _flunsa_, to souse.] FLOUNCE, flowns, _n._ a plaited strip sewed to the skirt of a dress.--_v.t._ to furnish with flounces.--_n._ FLOUN'CING, material for flounces. [Earlier form _frounce_--O. Fr. _fronce_, _fronche_, prob. from L. _frons_, forehead; or Old High Ger. _runza_, a wrinkle, Ger. _runze_.] FLOUNDER, flown'd[.e]r, _v.i._ to struggle with violent and awkward motion: to stumble helplessly in thinking or speaking. [Prob. an onomatopoeic blending of the sound and sense of earlier words like _founder_, _blunder_. Skeat compares Dut. _flodderen_, to splash.] FLOUNDER, flown'd[.e]r, _n._ a small flat-fish, generally found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. [Anglo-Fr., _floundre_, O. Fr. _flondre_, most prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Ice. _flyðra_, Sw. _flundra_.] FLOUR, flowr, _n._ the finely-ground meal of wheat or other grain: the fine soft powder of any substance.--_v.t._ to reduce into or sprinkle with flour.--_v.i._ to break up into fine globules of mercury in the amalgamation process.--_ns._ FLOUR'-BOLT, a machine for bolting flour; FLOUR'-MILL, a mill for making flour.--_adj._ FLOUR'Y, covered with flour. [Fr. _fleur_ (_de farine_, of meal), fine flour--L. _flos_, _floris_, a flower.] FLOURISH, flur'ish, _v.i._ to thrive luxuriantly: to be prosperous: to use copious and flowery language: to move in fantastic figures: to display ostentatiously: (_mus._) to play ostentatious passages, or ostentatiously: to play a trumpet-call: to make ornamental strokes with the pen: to boast or brag.--_v.t._ to adorn with flourishes or ornaments: to swing about by way of show or triumph: (_Shak._) to gloss over.--_n._ decoration: showy splendour: a figure made by a bold stroke of the pen: the waving of a weapon or other thing: a parade of words: a musical prelude: a trumpet-call.--_adjs._ FLOUR'ISHED, decorated with flourishes; FLOUR'ISHING, thriving: prosperous: making a show.--_adv._ FLOUR'ISHINGLY.--_adj._ FLOUR'ISHY, abounding in flourishes.--FLOURISH OF TRUMPETS, a trumpet-call sounded on the approach of great persons; any ostentatious introduction. [O. Fr. _florir_, L. _flos_, flower.] FLOUSE, flows, _v.t._ and _v.i._ (_prov._) to splash.--Also FLOUSH. FLOUT, flowt, _v.t._ and _v.i._ to jeer, mock, or insult: to treat with contempt.--_n._ a mock: an insult.--_adv._ FLOUT'INGLY, with flouting: insultingly.--_n._ FLOUT'ING-STOCK (_Shak._), an object for flouting. [Prob. a specialised use of _floute_, M. E. form of _flute_, to play on the flute. So with Dut. _fluiten_.] FLOW, fl[=o], _v.i._ to run, as water: to rise, as the tide: to move in a stream, as air: to glide smoothly: to circulate, as the blood: to abound: to hang loose and waving: (_B._) to melt.--_v.t._ to cover with water.--_n._ a stream or current: the setting in of the tide: abundance: copiousness: free expression.--_n._ FLOW'AGE, act of flowing: state of being flooded.--_adj._ FLOW'ING, moving, as a fluid: fluent or smooth: falling in folds or in waves.--_adv._ FLOW'INGLY.--_n._ FLOW'INGNESS. [A.S. _flówan_; Ger. _fliessen_.] FLOW, flow, _n._ a morass: (_Scot._) a flat, moist tract of land. [Ice. _floi_, a marsh--_flóa_, to flood.] FLOWER, flow'[.e]r, _n._ a growth comprising the reproductive organs of plants: the blossom of a plant: the best of anything: the prime of life: the person or thing most distinguished: a figure of speech: ornament of style: (_pl._) menstrual discharge (_B._).--_v.t._ to adorn with figures of flowers.--_v.i._ to blossom: to flourish.--_ns._ FLOW'ERAGE, a gathering of flowers; FLOW'ER-BELL, a blossom shaped like a bell; FLOW'ER-BUD, a bud with the unopened flower; FLOW'ER-CLOCK, a collection of flowers so arranged that the time of day is indicated by their times of opening and closing; FLOW'ER-DE-LUCE, the old name for the common species of iris (q.v.), or for the heraldic emblem conventionalised therefrom (see FLEUR-DE-LIS); FLOW'ERET, a little flower: a floret; FLOW'ER-HEAD, a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on the receptacle; FLOW'ERINESS; FLOW'ERING-RUSH, a monocotyledonous plant usually reckoned under the order _Alismaceæ_, with large linear three-edged leaves and an umbel of rose-coloured flowers.--_adjs._ FLOW'ER-KIR'TLED, FLOW'ERY-KIR'TLED (_Milt._), dressed in robes or garlands of flowers; FLOW'ERLESS (_bot._) having no flowers.--_ns._ FLOW'ER-POT, a utensil in culture whereby plants are rendered portable;, FLOW'ER-SERV'ICE, a church service where offerings of flowers are made, to be afterwards sent to hospitals; FLOW'ER-SHOW, an exhibition of flowers; FLOW'ER-STALK, the stem that supports the flower.--_adj._ FLOW'ERY, full of, or adorned with, flowers: highly embellished, florid.--FLOWER OF JOVE, a caryophyllaceous plant, with heads of purple or scarlet flowers, and leaves silky-white with hairs. [O. Fr. _flour_ (Fr. _fleur_)--L. _flos_, _floris_, a flower.] FLOWN, fl[=o]n, _pa.p._ of _fly_. FLOWN, fl[=o]n, _adj._ inflated, flushed: (_Milt._) overflown. FLUATE, fl[=oo]'[=a]t, _n._ Same as FLUORIDE. FLUCTUATE, fluk't[=u]-[=a]t, _v.i._ to float backward and forward: to roll hither and thither: to be irresolute.--_v.t._ to cause to move hither and thither.--_adjs._ FLUC'TUANT; FLUC'TU[=A]TING.--_ns._ FLUCTU[=A]'TION, a rising and falling like a wave: motion hither and thither: agitation: unsteadiness; FLUCTUOS'ITY.--_adj._ FLUC'TUOUS. [L. _fluctu[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_fluctus_, a wave--_flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLUE, fl[=oo], _n._ a smoke-pipe or small chimney. [Prob. related to _flue_, to expand, splay out.] FLUE, fl[=oo], _n._ light down: soft down or fur.--_adj._ FLU'EY. [Ety. unknown; conn. with _fluff_.] FLUE, fl[=oo], _adj._ (_prov._) shallow, flat.--Also FLEW. FLUENT, fl[=oo]'ent, _adj._ ready in the use of words: voluble: marked by copiousness.--_n._ the variable quantity in fluxions.--_ns._ FLU'ENCE (_Milt._), FLU'ENCY, FLU'ENTNESS, readiness or rapidity of utterance: volubility.--_adv._ FLU'ENTLY. [L. _fluens_, _fluentis_, pr.p. of _flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLUFF, fluf, _n._ a soft down from cotton, &c.: anything downy.--_n._ FLUFF'INESS.--_adj._ FLUFF'Y. [Perh. conn. with _flue_, light down.] FLUGELMAN, fl[=oo]'gl-man', _n._ Same as FUGLEMAN.--_n._ FLÜ'GEL-HORN, a hunting-horn, a kind of keyed bugle. FLUID, fl[=oo]'id, _adj._ that flows, as water: liquid or gaseous.--_n._ a substance in which the particles can move about with greater or less freedom from one part of the body to another.--_adjs._ FLU'IDAL; FLUID'IC; FLUID'IFORM.--_vs.t._ FLUID'IFY, FLU'IDISE, to make fluid.--_ns._ FLU'IDISM; FLUID'ITY, FLU'IDNESS, a liquid or gaseous state.--_adv._ FLU'IDLY. [Fr.,--L. _fluidus_, fluid--_flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLUKE, fl[=oo]k, _n._ a flounder: a parasitic trematoid worm which causes the liver-rot in sheep, so called because like a miniature flounder: a variety of kidney potato. [A.S. _flóc_, a plaice; cf. Ice. _flóke_.] FLUKE, fl[=oo]k, _n._ the part of an anchor which fastens in the ground.--_adj._ FLUK'Y. [Prob. a transferred use of the foregoing.] FLUKE, fl[=oo]k, _n._ a successful shot made by chance, as at billiards: any unexpected advantage. FLUME, fl[=oo]m, _n._ an artificial channel for water to be applied to some industrial purpose: (_U.S._) a narrow defile with upright walls, the bottom occupied by a torrent.--BE, or GO, UP THE FLUME, to come to grief, to be done for. [O. Fr. _flum_--L. _flumen_, a river--_flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLUMMERY, flum'[.e]r-i, _n._ an acid jelly made from the husks of oats: the Scotch sowens: anything insipid: empty compliment. [W. _llymru_--_llymrig_, harsh, raw--_llym_, sharp, severe.] FLUMMOX, flum'oks, _v.t._ (_slang_) to perplex: defeat. FLUMP, flump, _v.t._ (_coll._) to throw down violently.--_v.i._ to throw one's self down heavily.--_n._ the dull sound so produced. [Imit.] FLUNG, flung, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _fling_. FLUNKEY, flung'ki, _n._ a livery servant: a footman: a mean, cringing fellow.--_n._ FLUN'KEYDOM.--_adj._ FLUN'KEYISH.--_n._ FLUN'KEYISM. [Perh. orig. _flanker_, one who runs along by the side of.] FLUOR, fl[=oo]'or, _n._ a mineral often described as chemically fluate of lime, but really calcium fluoride, found abundantly in Derbyshire--also FLU'OR-SPAR, FLU'ORITE.--_ns._ FLUORES'CEIN, a coal-tar product, little used in dyeing, the colour not being fast; FLUORES'CENCE, a peculiar blue appearance exhibited by certain substances exposed to sunlight, and especially observable in a dilute solution of sulphate of quinine.--_adjs._ FLUORES'CENT, having the property of fluorescence; FLUOR'IC.--_ns._ FLU'ORIDE, a binary compound of fluorine with another element; FLU'ORINE, an elementary substance allied to chlorine, obtained chiefly from fluor; FLU'OROTYPE, a photographic process in which salts of fluoric acid were employed for the purpose of producing images in the camera; FLUOSIL'ICATE, a compound of fluosilicic acid with some base.--_adj._ FLUOSILIC'IC, composed of silicon and fluorine. [A name given by the alchemists to all mineral acids because of their _fluidity_, from L. _flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLURRY, flur'i, _n._ a sudden blast or gust: agitation: bustle: the death-agony of the whale: a fluttering assemblage of things, as snowflakes.--_v.t._ to agitate, to confuse:--_pr.p._ flurr'ying; _pa.p._ flurr'ied.--_v.t._ FLURR, to scatter.--_v.i._ to fly up. [Prob. onomatopoeic, suggested by _flaw_, _hurry_, &c.] FLUSH, flush, _n._ a flow of blood to the face causing redness: sudden impulse: bloom, freshness, vigour: abundance.--_v.i._ to become red in the face: to flow swiftly.--_v.t._ to make red in the face: to cleanse by a copious flow of water: to elate, excite the spirits of: mostly in the _pa.p._ flushed (with victory).--_adj._ (of weather) hot and heavy: abounding: well supplied, as with money: (_Shak._) in full bloom.--_n._ FLUSH'-BOX, a rectangular tank supplied with water for flushing the bowls of water-closets.--_adj._ FLUSHED, suffused with ruddy colour: excited.--_ns._ FLUSH'ER, one who flushes sewers; FLUSH'ING, action of the verb _flush_: sudden reddening; FLUSH'NESS, quality of being flush.--_adj._ FLUSH'Y, reddish. [Prob. orig. identical with succeeding word, but meaning influenced by phonetic association with _flash_, the senses relating to colour by _blush_.] FLUSH, flush, _v.i._ to start up like an alarmed bird.--_v.t._ to rouse and cause to start off.--_n._ the act of starting: (_Spens._) a bird, or a flock of birds so started. [Prob. onomatopoeic; suggested by _fly_, _flutter_, and _rush_.] FLUSH, flush, _v.t._ to make even: to fill up to the level of a surface (often with _up_).--_adj._ having the surface level with the adjacent surface. [Prob. related to _flush_ above.] FLUSH, flush, _n._ in card-playing, a hand in which all the cards or a specified number are of the same suit.--_adj._ in poker, consisting of cards all of the same suit.--STRAIGHT, or ROYAL, FLUSH, in poker, a sequence of five cards of the same suit. [Prob. Fr. _flux_--L. _fluxus_, flow.] FLUSTER, flus't[.e]r, _n._ hurrying: confusion: heat.--_v.t._ to make hot and confused: to fuddle.--_v.i._ to bustle: to be agitated or fuddled.--_v.t._ FLUS'TER[=A]TE, to fluster.--_n._ FLUSTER[=A]'TION.--_adj._ FLUS'TERED, fuddled: flurried.--_n._ FLUS'TERMENT.--_adj._ FLUS'TERY, confused. [Ice. _flaustr_, hurry.] FLUSTRA, flus'tra, _n._ one of the commonest genera of marine Polyzoa. FLUTE, fl[=oo]t, _n._ a musical pipe with finger-holes and keys sounded by blowing: in organ-building, a stop with stopped wooden pipes, having a flute-like tone: one of a series of curved furrows, as on a pillar, called also _Fluting_: a tall and narrow wine-glass: a shuttle in tapestry-weaving, &c.--_v.i._ to play the flute.--_v.t._ to play or sing in soft flute-like tones: to form flutes or grooves in.--_adj._ FLUT'ED, ornamented with flutes, channels, or grooves.--_ns._ FLUT'ER; FLUTI'NA (t[=e]'-), a kind of accordion; FLUT'ING-MACHINE', a machine for corrugating sheet-metal, also a wood-turning machine for forming twisted, spiral, and fluted balusters; FLUT'IST.--_adj._ FLUT'Y, in tone like a flute. [O. Fr. _fleüte_; ety. dub.] FLUTTER, flut'[.e]r, _v.i._ to move about with bustle: to vibrate: to be in agitation or in uncertainty: (_obs._) to be frivolous.--_v.t._ to throw into disorder: to move in quick motions.--_n._ quick, irregular motion: agitation: confusion: a hasty game at cards, &c. [A.S. _flotorian_, to float about, from _flot_, the sea, stem of _fléotan_, to float.] FLUVIAL, fl[=oo]'vi-al, _adj._ of or belonging to rivers.--_n._ FLU'VIALIST.--_adjs._ FLUVIAT'IC, FLU'VIATILE, belonging to or formed by rivers. [L. _fluvialis_--_fluvius_, a river, _flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLUX, fluks, _n._ act of flowing: a flow of matter: quick succession: a discharge generally from a mucous membrane: matter discharged: excrement: the term given to the substances employed in the arts to assist the reduction of a metallic ore and the fusion of a metal.--_v.t._ to melt.--_v.i._ to flow.--_ns._ FLUX'[=A]TION, the act of flowing or passing away; FLUXIBIL'ITY, FLUX'IBLENESS.--_adjs._ FLUX'IBLE, FLUX'IDE, that may be melted.--_ns._ FLUXIL'ITY; FLUX'ION, a flowing or discharge: a difference or variation: (_math._) the rate of change of a continuously varying quantity: (_pl._) the name given after Newton to that branch of mathematics which with a different notation is known after Leibnitz as the differential and integral calculus.--_adjs._ FLUX'IONAL, FLUX'IONARY, variable: inconstant.--_n._ FLUX'IONIST, one skilled in fluxions.--_adj._ FLUX'IVE (_Shak._), flowing with tears. [O. Fr.,--L. _fluxus_--_flu[)e]re_, to flow.] FLY, fl[=i], _v.i._ to move through the air on wings: to move swiftly: to pass away: to flee: to burst quickly or suddenly: to flutter.--_v.t._ to avoid, flee from: to cause to fly, as a kite:--_pr.p._ fly'ing; _pa.t._ flew (fl[=oo]); _pa.p._ flown (fl[=o]n).--_n._ a popular name best restricted in its simplicity to the insects forming the order _Diptera_, but often so widely used with a prefix--e.g. _butterfly_, _dragon-fly_, _May-fly_--as to be virtually equivalent to insect: a fish-hook dressed with silk, &c., in imitation of a fly: a light double-seated carriage, a hackney-coach: (_mech._) a flywheel: (_pl._) the large space above the proscenium in a theatre, from which the scenes, &c., are controlled.--_adj._ wide-awake: (_slang_) knowing.--_adjs._ FLY'AWAY, flighty; FLY'-BIT'TEN, marked by the bite of flies.--_n._ FLY'BLOW, the egg of a fly.--_adj._ FLY'BLOWN, tainted with the eggs which produce maggots.--_ns._ FLY'BOAT, a long, narrow, swift boat used on canals; FLY'BOOK, a case like a book for holding fishing-flies; FLY'-CATCH'ER, a small bird, so called from its catching flies while on the wing; FLY'-FISH'ER, one who fishes with artificial flies as bait; FLY'-FISH'ING, the art of so fishing; FLY'-FLAP'PER, one who drives away flies with a fly-flap; FLY'ING-BRIDGE, a kind of ferry-boat which is moved across a river by the action of the combined forces of the stream and the resistance of a long rope or chain made fast to a fixed buoy in the middle of the river; FLY'ING-BUTT'RESS, an arch-formed prop which connects the walls of the upper and central portions of an aisled structure with the vertical buttresses of the outer walls; FLY'ING-CAMP, a body of troops for rapid motion from one place to another; FLY'ING-DUTCH'MAN, a Dutch black spectral ship, whose captain is condemned for his impieties to sweep the seas around the Cape of Storms unceasingly, without ever being able to reach a haven; FLY'ING-FISH, a fish which can leap from the water and sustain itself in the air for a short time, by its long pectoral fins, as if flying; FLY'ING-FOX, a large frugivorous bat; FLY'ING-L[=E]'MUR, a galeopithecoid insectivore whose fore and hind limbs are connected by a fold of skin, enabling it to make flying leaps from tree to tree; FLY'ING-PAR'TY, a small body of soldiers, equipped for rapid movements, used to harass an enemy; FLY'ING-PHALAN'GER, a general popular name for the petaurists; FLY'ING-SHOT, a shot fired at something in motion; FLY'ING-SQUID, a squid having broad lateral fins by means of which it can spring high out of the water; FLY'ING-SQUIRR'EL, a name given to two genera of squirrels, which have a fold of skin between the fore and hind legs, by means of which they can take great leaps in the air; FLY'LEAF, a blank leaf at the beginning and end of a book; FLY'-LINE, a line for angling with an artificial fly; FLY'-MAK'ER, one who ties artificial flies for angling; FLY'MAN, one who works the ropes in the flies of a theatre; FLY'P[=A]PER, a porous paper impregnated with poison for destroying flies; FLY'-POW'DER, a poisonous powder used for killing flies; FLY'-RAIL, that part of a table which turns out to support the leaf.--_adj._ (_Shak._) moving slow as a fly on its feet.--_ns._ FLY'-ROD, a light flexible rod used in fly-fishing, usually in three pieces--butt, second-joint, and tip; FLY'-TRAP, a trap to catch flies: (_bot._) the spreading dog-bane, also the Venus's fly-trap; FLY'WHEEL, a large wheel with a heavy rim applied to machinery to equalise the effect of the driving effort.--FLY AT, to attack suddenly; FLY IN THE FACE OF, to insult: to oppose; FLY OPEN, to open suddenly or violently; FLY OUT, to break out in a rage; FLY THE KITE, to obtain money as by accommodation bills, the endorser himself having no money; FLY UPON, to seize: to attack.--A FLY IN THE OINTMENT, some slight flaw which corrupts a thing of value (Eccles. x. i.); BREAK A FLY ON THE WHEEL, to subject to a punishment out of all proportion to the gravity of the offence; LET FLY, to attack: to throw or send off; MAKE THE FEATHERS FLY (see FEATHERS). [A.S. _fléogan_, pa.t. _fleáh_; Ger. _fliegen_.] FLYTE, FLITE, fl[=i]t, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to scold, to brawl.--_n._ FLYTE, FLYT'ING, a scolding, or heated dispute. [A.S. _flítan_, to strive; Ger. _be-fleissen_.] FOAL, f[=o]l, _n._ the young of a mare or of a she-ass.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to bring forth a foal.--_ns._ FOAL'FOOT, colts-foot; FOAL'ING, bringing forth of a foal or young. [A.S. _fola_; Ger. _fohlen_, Gr. _p[=o]los_; L. _pullus_.] FOAM, f[=o]m, _n._ froth: the bubbles which rise on the surface of liquors: fury.--_v.i._ to gather foam: to be in a rage.--_v.t._ (_B._) to throw out with rage or violence (with _out_).--_adv._ FOAM'INGLY.--_adjs._ FOAM'LESS, without foam; FOAM'Y, frothy. [A.S. _fám_; Ger. _feim_, prob. akin to L. _spuma_.] FOB, fob, _n._ a trick.--_v.t._ to cheat. [Prob. a corr. of O. Fr. _forbe_, a rogue; or Ger. _foppen_, to jeer.] FOB, fob, _n._ a small pocket in the waistband of trousers for a watch: a chain with seals, &c., hanging from the fob. [If orig. a secret pocket, perh. connected with the above.] FOCUS, f[=o]'kus, _n._ (_opt._) a point in which several rays meet and are collected after being reflected or refracted, while a _virtual_ focus is a point from which rays tend after reflection or refraction--the _principal_ focus is the focus of parallel rays after reflection or refraction: any central point:--_pl._ F[=O]'CUSES, FOCI (f[=o]'s[=i]).--_v.t._ to bring to a focus: to concentrate:--_pa.p._ f[=o]'cussed.--_adj._ F[=O]'CAL, of or belonging to a focus.--_v.t._ F[=O]'CALISE, to bring to a focus: to concentrate.--_n._ FOCIMETER (f[=o]-sim'e-t[.e]r), an instrument for assisting in focussing an object in or before a photographic camera--usually a lens of small magnifying power.--FOCUSSING CLOTH, a cloth thrown over a photographic camera and the operator's head and shoulders to exclude all light save that coming through the lens.--CONJUGATE FOCI, two points so situated that if a light be placed at one, its rays will be reflected to the other; IN FOCUS, placed or adjusted so as to secure distinct vision, or a sharp, definite image. [L. _focus_, a hearth.] FODDER, fod'[.e]r, _n._ food for cattle, as hay and straw.--_v.t._ to supply with fodder.--_ns._ FODD'ERER; FODD'ERING. [A.S. _fódor_; Ger. _futter_.] FODIENT, f[=o]'di-ent, _adj._ and _n._ digging. FOE, f[=o], _n._ an enemy: one who, or that which, injures or hinders anything: an ill-wisher.--_ns._ FOE'MAN, an enemy in war:--_pl._ FOE'MEN; F[=O]'EN (_Spens._), pl. of foe. [M. E. _foo_--A.S. _fáh_, _fá_ (adj.), allied to the compound n. _gefá_; cf. _féogan_, to hate.] FOETUS, FETUS, f[=e]'tus, _n._ the young of animals in the egg or in the womb, after its parts are distinctly formed, until its birth.--_adjs._ FOE'TAL, F[=E]'TAL, pertaining to a foetus; FOE'TICIDAL.--_ns._ FOE'TICIDE, F[=E]'TICIDE, destruction of the foetus. [L., from obs. _feu[=e]re_, to bring forth, whence _femina_, _fecundus_, &c.] FOG, fog, _n._ a thick mist: watery vapour rising from either land or water.--_v.t._ to shroud in fog.--_v.i._ to become coated with a uniform coating.--_ns._ FOG'-BANK, a dense mass of fog sometimes seen at sea appearing like a bank of land; FOG'-BELL, a bell rung by the motion of the waves or wind to warn sailors from rocks, shoals, &c. in foggy weather.--_adj._ FOG'-BOUND, impeded by fog.--_ns._ FOG'-BOW, a whitish arch like a rainbow, seen in fogs.--_adv._ FOG'GILY.--_n._ FOG'GINESS.--_adj._ FOG'GY, misty: damp: clouded in mind: stupid.--_n._ FOG'-HORN, a horn used as a warning signal by ships in foggy weather: a sounding instrument for warning ships off the shore during a fog: a siren.--_adj._ FOG'LESS, without fog, clear.--_ns._ FOG'-RING, a bank of fog in the form of a ring; FOG'-SIG'NAL, an audible signal used on board ship, &c., during a fog, when visible signals cease to be of use; FOG'-SMOKE, fog. [The origin of the word is hopelessly misty; Mr Bradley connects with succeeding word; Prof. Skeat connects with Dan. _fog_, as in _snee-fog_, thick falling snow; cf. Ice. _fok_, a snowdrift.] FOG, fog, FOGGAGE, fog'[=a]j, _n._ grass which grows in autumn after the hay is cut: (_Scot._) moss.--_v.i._ to become covered with fog. [Origin unknown; W. _ffwg_, dry grass, is borrowed.] FOGY, FOGEY, f[=o]'gi, _n._ a dull old fellow; a person with antiquated notions.--_adjs._ F[=O]'GRAM, antiquated.--_n._ a fogy.--_ns._ F[=O]'GRAMITE; FOGRAM'ITY; F[=O]GYDOM.--_adj._ F[=O]'GYISH.--_n._ F[=O]'GYISM. [Prob. a substantive use of _foggy_ in sense of 'fat,' 'bloated,' 'moss-grown.'] FOH, f[=o], _interj._ an exclamation of abhorrence or contempt. FOIBLE, foi'bl, _n._ a weak point in one's character: a failing. [O. Fr. _foible_, weak.] FOIL, foil, _v.t._ to defeat: to puzzle: to disappoint: (_Spens._) to beat down or trample with the feet:--_pr.p._ foil'ing; _pa.p._ foiled.--_n._ failure after success seemed certain: defeat: a blunt sword used in fencing, having a button on the point.--PUT TO THE FOIL, to blemish. [O. Fr. _fuler_, to stamp or crush--Low L. _fullare_--_fullo_, a fuller of cloth.] FOIL, foil, _n._ a leaf or thin plate of metal, as tin-foil: a thin leaf of metal put under precious stones to increase their lustre or change their colour: anything that serves to set off something else: a small arc in the tracery of a window, &c. (_trefoiled_, _cinquefoiled_, _multifoiled_, &c.).--_adj._ FOILED.--_n._ FOIL'ING. [O. Fr. _foil_ (Fr. _feuille_)--L. _folium_, a leaf.] FOIN, foin, _v.i._ to thrust with a sword or spear.--_n._ a thrust with a sword or spear.--_adv._ FOIN'INGLY. [O. Fr. _foine_--L. _fuscina_, a trident.] FOISON, foi'zn, _n._ plenty: autumn.--_adj._ FOI'SONLESS, weak, feeble--(_Scot._) FIZZ'ENLESS. [O. Fr.,--L. _fusion-em_--_fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour forth.] FOIST, foist, _v.t._ to bring in by stealth: to insert wrongfully: to pass off as genuine (with _in_ or _into_ before the thing affected, and _upon_ before the person).--_n._ FOIST'ER. [Prob. Dut. prov. _vuisten_, to take in the hand; _vuist_, fist.] FOLD, f[=o]ld, _n._ the doubling of any flexible substance: a part laid over on another: (_pl._) complex arrangements, intricacy.--_v.t._ to lay one part over another: to enclose in a fold or folds, to wrap up: to embrace.--FOLD, in composition with numerals=times, as in TEN'FOLD.--_n._ FOLD'ER, the person or thing that folds: a flat knife-like instrument used in folding paper.--_adj._ FOLD'ING, that folds, or that can be folded, as _folding-bed_, _-chair_, _-joint_, _-net_, _-table_, &c.--_ns._ FOLD'ING, a fold or plait; FOLD'ING-DOOR, a door consisting of two parts hung on opposite jambs, so that their edges come into contact when the door is closed; FOLD'ING-MACHINE', a mechanism that automatically folds printed sheets. [A.S. _fealdan_, to fold; pa.t. _feóld_; Ger. _falten_.] FOLD, f[=o]ld, _n._ an enclosure for protecting domestic animals, esp. sheep: a flock of sheep: (_fig._) a church: the Christian Church.--_v.t._ to confine in a fold.--_n._ FOLD'ING. [A.S. _fald_, a fold, stall.] FOLDEROL, fol'de-rol, _n._ mere nonsense: silly trifle: (_pl._) trivial ornaments. [Formed from meaningless syllables, the refrain of old songs.] FOLIACEOUS, f[=o]-li-[=a]'shus, _adj._ pertaining to or consisting of leaves or laminæ. [L. _foliaceus_--_folium_, a leaf.] FOLIAGE, f[=o]'l[=i]-[=a]j, _n._ leaves: a cluster of leaves: (_archit._) a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches used for ornamentation.--_adjs._ F[=O]'LIAGED, worked like foliage; F[=O]'LIAR, pertaining to leaves: resembling leaves.--_v.t._ F[=O]'LI[=A]TE (_orig._), to beat into a leaf: to cover with leaf-metal.--_adj._ F[=O]'LI[=A]TED, beaten into a thin leaf: decorated with leaf ornaments: (_mus._) having notes added above or below, as in a plain-song melody.--_ns._ F[=O]'LI[=A]TION, the leafing, esp. of plants: the act of beating a metal into a thin plate, or of spreading foil over a piece of glass to form a mirror: (_geol._) the alternating and more or less parallel layers or folia of different mineralogical nature, of which the crystalline schists are composed: (_archit._) decoration with cusps, lobes, or foliated tracery; F[=O]'LIATURE, foliation. [O. Fr. _fueillage_--L. _folium_, a leaf.] FOLIO, f[=o]'li-[=o], _n._ a sheet of paper once folded: a book of such sheets: the size of such a book: one of several sizes of paper adapted for folding once into well-proportioned leaves: (_book-k._) a page in an account-book, or two opposite pages numbered as one: (_law_) a certain number of words taken as a basis for computing the length of a document: a wrapper for loose papers.--_adj._ pertaining to or containing paper only once folded.--_v.t._ to number the pages of: to mark off the end of every folio in law copying.--IN FOLIO, in sheets folded but once: in the form of a folio. [Abl. of L. _folium_, the leaf of a tree, a leaf or sheet of paper.] FOLIOLE, f[=o]'li-[=o]l, _n._ (_bot._) a single leaflet of a compound leaf.--_adj._ F[=O]'LIOLATE, of or pertaining to leaflets. [Fr., dim. of L. _folium_, a leaf.] FOLK, f[=o]k, _n._ people, collectively or distributively: a nation or race (rarely in _pl._): (_arch._) the people, commons: (_pl._) those of one's own family, relations (_coll._):--generally used in _pl._ FOLK or FOLKS (f[=o]ks).--_ns._ FOLKE'THING, the lower house of the Danish parliament or Rigsdag; FOLK'LAND, among the Anglo-Saxons, public land as distinguished from _boc-land_ (bookland)--i.e. land granted to private persons by a written charter; FOLK'LORE, a department of the study of antiquities or archæology, embracing everything relating to ancient observances and customs, to the notions, beliefs, traditions, superstitions, and prejudices of the common people--the science which treats of the survivals of archaic beliefs and customs in modern ages (the name _Folklore_ was first suggested by W. J. Thoms--'Ambrose Merton'--in the _Athenæum_, August 22, 1846); FOLK'LORIST, one who studies folklore; FOLK'MOTE, an assembly of the people among the Anglo-Saxons; FOLK'-RIGHT, the common law or right of the people; FOLK'-SONG, any song or ballad originating among the people and traditionally handed down by them: a song written in imitation of such; FOLK'-SPEECH, the dialect of the common people of a country, in which ancient idioms are embedded; FOLK'-TALE, a popular story handed down by oral tradition from a more or less remote antiquity. [A.S. _folc_; Ice. _fólk_; Ger. _volk_.] FOLLICLE, fol'i-kl, _n._ (_anat._) a gland: (_bot._) a seed-vessel.--_adjs._ FOLLIC'ULAR, pertaining to or consisting of follicles; FOLLIC'ULATED; FOLLIC'ULOUS. [Fr.,--L. _folliculus_, dim. of _follis_, a wind-bag.] FOLLOW, fol'[=o], _v.t._ to go after or behind: to come after, succeed: to pursue: to attend: to imitate: to obey: to adopt, as an opinion: to keep the eye or mind fixed on: to pursue, as an object of desire: to result from, as an effect from a cause: (_B._) to strive to obtain.--_v.i._ to come after another: to result.--_n._ (_billiards_) a stroke which causes the ball to follow the one which it has struck.--_ns._ FOLL'OW-BOARD, in moulding, the board on which the pattern is laid; FOLL'OWER, one who comes after: a copier: a disciple: a servant-girl's sweetheart; FOLL'OWING, the whole body of supporters.--_adj._ coming next after.--FOLLOW HOME, to follow closely: to follow to the end; FOLLOW ON (_B._), to continue endeavours; FOLLOW SUIT, in card-playing, to play a card of the same suit as the one which was led: to do anything on the same lines as another; FOLLOW UP, to pursue an advantage closely. [A.S. _folgian_, _fylgian_, app. a compound, but obscure; Ger. _folgen_.] FOLLY, fol'i, _n._ silliness or weakness of mind: a foolish act: criminal weakness: (_B._) sin: a monument of folly, as a great structure left unfinished, having been begun without a reckoning of the cost.--_v.i._ to act with folly. [O. Fr. _folie_--_fol_, foolish.] FOMENT, fo-ment', _v.t._ to bathe with warm water: to encourage: to instigate (usually to evil).--_ns._ FOMENT[=A]'TION, a bathing or lotion with warm water: encouragement; FOMENT'ER. [Fr.,--L. _foment[=a]re_--_fomentum_ for _fovimentum_--_fov[=e]re_, to warm.] FOMES, f[=o]'miz, _n._ any porous substance capable of absorbing and retaining contagious effluvia:--_pl._ FOM[=I]'TES. [L., touchwood.] FON, fon, _n._ (_Spens._) a fool, an idiot.--_v.i._ to be foolish, play the fool.--_adv._ FON'LY, foolishly. FOND, fond, _adj._ foolishly tender and loving: weakly indulgent: prizing highly (with _of_): very affectionate: kindly disposed: (_obs._) foolish.--_v.i._ to dote.--_v.t._ FOND'LE, to treat with fondness: to caress.--_ns._ FOND'LER; FOND'LING, the person or thing fondled.--_adv._ FOND'LY, in a fond manner, foolishly.--_n._ FOND'NESS. [For _fonned_, pa.p. of M. E. _fonnen_, to act foolishly, _fon_, a fool; fondly conn. by some with Sw. _fåne_, fool, Ice. _fáni_, swaggerer.] FOND. See FAND (2). FONE, f[=o]n, _n._ (_Spens._) _pl._ of _foe_. FONT, font, _n._ the vessels used in churches as the repository of the baptismal water, usually a basin or cup hollowed out of a solid block of marble, &c.--_adj._ FONT'AL, pertaining to a font or origin.--_ns._ FONT'LET, a little font; FONT'-STONE, a baptismal font of stone. [L. _font-em_, _fons_, a fountain.] FONT, font, FOUNT, fownt, _n._ a complete assortment of types of one sort, with all that is necessary for printing in that kind of letter. [Fr. _fonte_--_fondre_--L. _fund[)e]re_, to cast.] FONTANELLE, fon-ta-nel', _n._ a gap between the bones of the skull of a young animal: an opening for the discharge of pus.--Also FONTANEL'. [Fr.] FONTANGE, fong-tanzh', _n._ a tall head-dress worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Fr., from _Fontanges_, the territorial title of one of Louis XIV.'s drabs.] FONTARABIAN, fon-ta-r[=a]'bi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Fontarabia_ or Fuenterrabia on the Pyrenees, where Roland was overpowered and slain by the Saracens. FONTICULUS, fon-tik'[=u]-lus, _n._ a small ulcer produced by caustics, &c.: the depression just over the top of the breast-bone. [L., dim. of _fons_.] FONTINALIS, fon-tin-[=a]'lis, _n._ a genus of aquatic mosses allied to _Hypnum_, almost without stalk. [Formed from L. _fons_.] FOOD, f[=oo]d, _n._ what one feeds on: that which, being digested, nourishes the body: whatever sustains or promotes growth.--_adjs._ FOOD'FUL, able to supply food abundantly; FOOD'LESS, without food. [A.S. _fóda_; Goth. _fódeins_, Sw. _föda_.] FOOD, f[=oo]d, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as FEUD. FOOL, f[=oo]l, _n._ one who acts stupidly: a person of weak mind: a jester: a tool or victim, as of untoward circumstances: (_B._) a wicked person.--_v.t._ to deceive: to treat with contempt.--_v.i._ to play the fool: to trifle.--_adjs._ FOOL'-BEGGED (_Shak._), taken for a fool, idiotical, absurd; FOOL'-BORN (_Shak._), foolish from one's birth, arising from folly.--_n._ FOOL'ERY, an act of folly: habitual folly.--_adj._ FOOL'-HAPP'Y, happy or lucky without contrivance or judgment.--_n._ FOOL'-HARD'INESS--(_Spens._) FOOL'-HARD'ISE.--_adjs._ FOOL'-HARD'Y, foolishly bold: rash or incautious; FOOL'ISH, weak in intellect: wanting discretion: ridiculous: marked with folly: deserving ridicule: (_B._) sinful, disregarding God's laws.--_adv._ FOOL'ISHLY.--_ns._ FOOL'ISHNESS, FOOL'ING, foolery.--_adj._ FOOL'ISH-WIT'TY (_Shak._), wise in folly and foolish in wisdom.--_ns._ FOOL'S'-ERR'AND, a silly or fruitless enterprise: search for what cannot be found; FOOL'S'-PARS'LEY, an umbelliferous plant in Britain, not to be mistaken for parsley, being poisonous.--FOOL AWAY, to spend to no purpose or profit; FOOL'S CAP, a kind of head-dress worn by professional fools or jesters, usually having a cockscomb hood with bells; FOOL'S PARADISE, a state of happiness based on fictitious hopes or expectations; FOOL WITH, to meddle with officiously; MAKE A FOOL OF, to bring a person into ridicule: to disappoint; PLAY THE FOOL, to behave as a fool: to sport. [O. Fr. _fol_ (Fr. _fou_), It. _folle_--L. _follis_, a wind-bag.] FOOL, f[=oo]l, _n._ crushed fruit scalded or stewed, mixed with cream and sugar, as 'gooseberry fool.' [Prob. a use of preceding suggested by _trifle_.] FOOLSCAP, f[=oo]lz'kap, _n._ a long folio writing or printing paper, varying in size (17×13½ in., 16¾×13½ in., &c.), so called from having originally borne the water-mark of a fool's cap and bells. FOOT, foot, _n._ that part of its body on which an animal stands or walks (having in man 26 bones): the lower part or base: a measure=12 in., (_orig._) the length of a man's foot: foot-soldiers: a division of a line of poetry:--_pl._ FEET.--_v.i._ to dance: to walk:--_pr.p._ foot'ing; _pa.p._ foot'ed.--_ns._ FOOT'BALL, a large ball for kicking about in sport: play with this ball; FOOT'-BATH, act of bathing the feet: a vessel for this purpose; FOOT'-BOARD, a support for the foot in a carriage or elsewhere: the foot-plate of a locomotive engine; FOOT'BOY, an attendant in livery; FOOT'BREADTH, the breadth of a foot, an area of this size; FOOT'BRIDGE, a narrow bridge for foot-passengers; FOOT'CLOTH (_Shak._), a sumpter-cloth which reached to the feet of the horse.--_p.adj._ FOOT'ED, provided with a foot or feet: (_Shak._) having gained a foothold, established.--_ns._ FOOT'FALL, a setting the foot on the ground: a footstep; FOOT'GEAR, shoes and stockings.--_n.pl._ FOOT'GUARDS, guards that serve on foot, the élite of the British infantry.--_ns._ FOOT'HILL, a minor elevation distinct from the higher part of a mountain and separating it from the valley (usually in _pl._); FOOT'HOLD, space on which to plant the feet: that which sustains the feet; FOOT'ING, place for the foot to rest on: firm foundation: position: settlement: tread: dance: plain cotton lace.--_adj._ FOOT'LESS, having no feet.--_ns._ FOOT'-LICK'ER (_Shak._), a fawning, slavish flatterer; FOOT'LIGHT, one of a row of lights in front of and on a level with the stage in a theatre, &c.; FOOT'MAN, a servant or attendant in livery: (_B._) a soldier who serves on foot: a runner:--_pl._ FOOT'MEN; FOOT'MARK, FOOT'PRINT, the mark or print of a foot: a track; FOOT'NOTE, a note of reference at the foot of a page; FOOT'PAD, a highwayman or robber on foot, who frequents public paths or roads; FOOT'-PASS'ENGER, one who travels on foot; FOOT'PATH, a narrow way which will not admit carriages; FOOT'-PLATE, the platform on which the driver and stoker of a locomotive engine stand; FOOT'-POST, a post or messenger that travels on foot; FOOT'-POUND, the force needed to raise one pound weight the height of one foot--the usual unit in measuring mechanical force; FOOT'-RACE, a race on foot; FOOT'-ROPE, a rope stretching along under a ship's yard for the men standing on when furling the sails: the rope to which the lower edge of a sail is attached; FOOT'ROT, a name applied to certain inflammatory affections about the feet of sheep; FOOT'RULE, a rule or measure a foot in length; FOOT'-SOL'DIER, a soldier that serves on foot.--_adj._ FOOT'-SORE, having sore or tender feet, as by much walking.--_ns._ FOOT'-STALK (_bot._), the stalk or petiole of a leaf; FOOT'-STALL, a woman's stirrup; FOOT'STEP, the step or impression of the foot: a track: trace of a course pursued.--_n.pl._ FOOT'STEPS, course, example.--_ns._ FOOT'STOOL, a stool for placing one's feet on when sitting: anything trodden upon; FOOT'-WARM'ER, a contrivance for keeping the feet warm; FOOT'WAY, a path for passengers on foot.--_p.adj._ FOOT'WORN, worn by many feet, as a stone: foot-sore.--FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (see MURRAIN).--FOOT IT, to walk: to dance.--COVER THE FEET (_B._), a euphemism for, to ease nature.--PUT ONE'S BEST FOOT FOREMOST, to appear at greatest advantage; PUT ONE'S FOOT IN IT, to spoil anything by some indiscretion; SET ON FOOT, to originate. [A.S. _fót_, pl. _fét_; Ger. _fuss_, L. _pes_, _pedis_, Gr. _pous_, _podos_, Sans. _p[=a]d_.] FOOTY, foot'i, _adj._ (_prov._) mean.--Also FOUGHT'Y. [Prob. an A.S. _fúhtig_; cog. with Dut. _vochtig_.] FOOZLE, f[=oo]z'l, _n._ (_coll._) a tedious fellow: a bungled stroke at golf, &c.--_v.i._ to fool away one's time.--_n._ FOOZ'LER.--_p.adj._ FOOZ'LING. [Cf. Ger. prov. _fuseln_, to work slowly.] FOP, fop, _n._ an affected dandy.--_ns._ FOP'LING, a vain affected person; FOP'PERY, vanity in dress or manners: affectation: folly.--_adj._ FOP'PISH, vain and showy in dress: affectedly refined in manners.--_adv._ FOP'PISHLY.--_n._ FOP'PISHNESS. [Cf. Ger. _foppen_, to hoax.] FOR, for, _prep._ in the place of: for the sake of: on account of: in the direction of: with respect to, by reason of: appropriate or adapted to, or in reference to: beneficial to: in quest of: notwithstanding, in spite of: in recompense of: during.--FOR ALL (_N.T._), notwithstanding; FOR IT, to be done for the case, usually preceded by a negative; FOR TO (_B._), in order to.--AS FOR, as far as concerns. [A.S. _for_; Ger. _für_, _vor_, akin to L. and Gr. _pro_, Sans. _pra_, before in place or time.] FOR, for, _conj._ the word by which a reason is introduced: because: on the account that.--FOR BECAUSE and FOR THAT=because; FOR WHY=why. FORAGE, for'aj, _n._ fodder, or food for horses and cattle: provisions: the act of foraging.--_v.i._ to go about and forcibly carry off food for horses and cattle, as soldiers.--_v.t._ to plunder.--_ns._ FOR'AGE-CAP, the undress cap worn by infantry soldiers; FOR'AGER. [Fr. _fourrage_, O. Fr. _feurre_, fodder, of Teut. origin.] FORAMEN, fo-r[=a]'men, _n._ a small opening:--_pl._ FORAM'INA.--_adjs._ FORAM'INATED, FORAM'INOUS, pierced with small holes: porous.--_n.pl._ FORAMINIF'ERA, an order of _Rhizopoda_, furnished with a shell or test, usually perforated by pores (_foramina_).--_n._ FORAMIN'IFER, one of such.--_adjs._ FORAMINIF'ERAL, FORAMINIF'EROUS.--FOR[=A]MEN MAGNUM, the great hole in the occipital bone for the passage of the medulla oblongata and its membranes. [L.,--_for[=a]re_, to pierce.] FORASMUCH, for'az-much, _conj._ because that. FORAY, for'[=a], _n._ a sudden incursion into an enemy's country.--_v.t._ to ravage.--_n._ FOR'AYER. [Ety. obscure, but ult. identical with _forage_ (q.v.).] FORBADE, for-bad', _pa.t._ of _forbid_. FORBEAR, for-b[=a]r', _v.i._ to keep one's self in check: to abstain.--_v.t._ to abstain from: to avoid voluntarily: to spare, to withhold.--_n._ FORBEAR'ANCE, exercise of patience: command of temper: clemency.--_adjs._ FORBEAR'ANT, FORBEAR'ING, long-suffering: patient.--_adv._ FORBEAR'INGLY. [A.S. _forberan_, pa.t. _forbær_, pa.p. _forboren_. See pfx. _for-_ and _bear_.] FORBID, for-bid', _v.t._ to prohibit: to command not to do: (_Shak._) to restrain.--_n._ FORBID'DANCE, prohibition: command or edict against a thing.--_adj._ FORBID'DEN, prohibited: unlawful.--_adv._ FORBID'DENLY (_Shak._), in a forbidden or unlawful manner.--_adj._ FORBID'DING, repulsive: raising dislike: unpleasant.--_adv._ FORBID'DINGLY.--_n._ FORBID'DINGNESS.--FORBIDDEN, or PROHIBITED, DEGREES, degrees of consanguinity within which marriage is not allowed; FORBIDDEN FRUIT, or _Adam's apple_, a name fancifully given to the fruit of various species of Citrus, esp. to one having tooth-marks on its rind. [A.S. _forbéodan_, pa.t. _forbéad_, pa.p. _forboden_. See pfx. _for-_, and _bid_; cf. Ger. _verbieten_.] FORBORE, for-b[=o]r', _pa.t._ of _forbear_.--_pa.p._ FORBORNE'. FORBY, for-b[=i]', _prep._ (_Spens._) near, past: (_Scot._) besides. FORÇAT, for-sä', _n._ in France, a convict condemned to hard labour. [Fr.] [Illustration] FORCE, f[=o]rs, _n._ strength, power, energy: efficacy: validity: influence: vehemence: violence: coercion or compulsion: military or naval strength (often in _pl._): an armament: (_mech._) any cause which changes the direction or speed of the motion of a portion of matter.--_v.t._ to draw or push by main strength: to compel: to constrain: to compel by strength of evidence: to take by violence: to ravish: (_hort._) to cause to grow or ripen rapidly: to compel one's partner at whist to trump a trick by leading a card of a suit of which he has none: to make a player play so as to reveal the strength of his hand.--_v.i._ to strive: to hesitate.--_p._ and _adj._ FORCED, accomplished by great effort, as a forced march: strained, excessive, unnatural.--_n._ FORC'EDNESS, the state of being forced: distortion.--_adj._ FORCE'FUL, full of force or might: driven or acting with power: impetuous.--_adv._ FORCE'FULLY.--_adj._ FORCE'LESS, weak.--_ns._ FORCE'-PUMP, FORC'ING-PUMP, a pump which delivers the water under pressure through a side-pipe; FORC'ER, the person or thing that forces, esp. the piston of a force-pump.--_adj._ FORC'IBLE, active: impetuous: done by force: efficacious: impressive.--_adj._ and _n._ FORC'IBLE-FEE'BLE, striving to look strong while really weak.--_n._ FORC'IBLENESS.--_adv._ FORC'IBLY.--_ns._ FORC'ING (_hort._), the art of hastening the growth of plants; FORC'ING-HOUSE, a hothouse for forcing plants; FORC'ING-PIT, a frame sunk in the ground over a hotbed for forcing plants.--FORCE AND FEAR (_Scot._), that amount of constraint or compulsion which is enough to annul an engagement or obligation entered into under its influence; FORCE THE PACE, to keep the speed up to a high pitch by emulation with one not competing for a place: to hasten unduly, or by any expedient; FORCIBLE DETAINER, and ENTRY, detaining property or forcing an entry into it by violence or intimidation. [Fr.,--Low L., _fortia_--L. _fortis_, strong.] FORCE, f[=o]rs, FOSS, fos, _n._ a waterfall. [Ice. _foss_, _fors_.] FORCE, f[=o]rs, _v.t._ (_cook._) to stuff, as a fowl.--_n._ FORCE'MEAT, meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuffing or alone. [A corr. of _farce_.] FORCEPS, for'seps, _n._ a pair of tongs, pincers, or pliers for holding anything difficult to be held with the hand.--_adj._ FOR'CIP[=A]TED, formed and opening like a forceps.--_n._ FORCIP[=A]'TION, torture by pinching with forceps. [L., from _formus_, hot, and _cap[)e]re_, to hold.] FORD, f[=o]rd, _n._ a place where water may be crossed on foot: a stream where it may be crossed.--_v.t._ to cross water on foot.--_adj._ FORD'ABLE. [A.S. _ford_--_faran_, to go; Ger. _furt_--_fahren_, to go on foot; akin to Gr. _poros_, and to Eng. _fare_, _ferry_, and _far_.] FORDO, for-d[=oo]', _v.t._ (_arch._) to ruin: to overcome, to exhaust:--_pr.p._ fordo'ing; _pa.t._ fordid'; _pa.p._ fordone'. [A.S. _f[=o]rdón_; Ger. _verthun_, to consume.] FORE, f[=o]r, _adj._ in front of: advanced in position: coming first.--_adv._ at the front: in the first part: previously: (_golf_) a warning cry to any person in the way of the ball to be played.--FORE AND AFT, lengthwise of a ship.--AT THE FORE, displayed on the foremast (of a flag); TO THE FORE, forthcoming: (_Scot._) in being, alive. [A.S. _fore_, radically the same as _for_, prep.--to be distinguished from pfx. _for-_ (Ger. _ver-_ in _vergessen_, L. _per_).] FORE-ADMONISH, f[=o]r-ad-mon'ish, _v.t._ to admonish beforehand. FORE-ADVISE, f[=o]r-ad-v[=i]z', _v.t._ to advise beforehand. FOREANENT, f[=o]r-a-nent', _prep._ (_Scot._), opposite to. FOREARM, f[=o]r'ärm, _n._ the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist. FOREARM, f[=o]r-ärm', _v.t._ to arm or prepare beforehand. FOREBEAR, f[=o]r-b[=a]r', _n._ (_Scot._) an ancestor, esp. in _pl._ FOREBODE, f[=o]r-b[=o]d', _v.t._ to feel a secret sense of something future, esp. of evil.--_ns._ FOREBODE'MENT, feeling of coming evil; FOREBOD'ER; FOREBOD'ING, a boding or perception beforehand; apprehension of coming evil.--_adv._ FOREBOD'INGLY. FORE-BODY, f[=o]r'-bod'i, _n._ the part of a ship in front of the mainmast. FORE-BRACE, f[=o]r'-br[=a]s, _n._ a rope attached to the fore yard-arm, for changing the position of the foresail. FORE-BY, f[=o]r-b[=i]' (_Spens._). Same as FORBY. FORECABIN, f[=o]r-kab'in, _n._ a cabin in the forepart of the vessel. FORECAST, f[=o]r-kast', _v.t._ to contrive or reckon beforehand: to foresee: to predict.--_v.i._ to form schemes beforehand.--_ns._ FORE'CAST, a previous contrivance: foresight: a prediction; FORECAST'ER. FORECASTLE, f[=o]r'kas-l, FO'C'SLE, f[=o]k'sl, _n._ a short raised deck at the fore-end of a vessel: the forepart of the ship under the maindeck, the quarters of the crew. FORECHOSEN, f[=o]r-ch[=o]z'n, _p.adj._ chosen beforehand. FORE-CITED, f[=o]r-s[=i]t'ed, _p.adj._ quoted before or above. FORECLOSE, f[=o]r-kl[=o]z', _v.t._ to preclude: to prevent: to stop.--_n._ FORECLOS'URE, a foreclosing: (_law_) the process by which a mortgager, failing to repay the money lent on the security of an estate, is compelled to forfeit his right to redeem the estate. [O. Fr. _forclos_, pa.p. of _forclore_, to exclude--L. _foris_, outside, and _claud[)e]re_, _clausum_, to shut.] FOREDAMNED, f[=o]r-damd', _p.adj._ (_Spens._) utterly damned. FOREDATE, f[=o]r-d[=a]t', _v.t._ to date before the true time. FOREDAY, f[=o]r'd[=a], _n._ (_Scot._) forenoon. FOREDECK, f[=o]r'dek, _n._ the forepart of a deck or ship. FOREDOOM, f[=o]r-d[=oo]m', _v.t._ to doom beforehand. FORE-END, f[=o]r'-end, _n._ the early or fore part of anything. FOREFATHER, f[=o]r'fä-th[.e]r, _n._ an ancestor. FOREFEEL, f[=o]r-f[=e]l', _v.t._ to feel beforehand.--_adv._ FOREFEEL'INGLY.--_adj._ FOREFELT'. FOREFINGER, f[=o]r'fing-g[.e]r, _n._ the finger next the thumb. FOREFOOT, f[=o]r'foot, _n._ one of the anterior feet of a quadruped. FOREFRONT, f[=o]r'frunt, _n._ the front or foremost part. FOREGLEAM, f[=o]r'gl[=e]m, _n._ a glimpse into the future. FOREGO, f[=o]r-g[=o]', _v.t._ to go before, precede: chiefly used in its _pr.p._ foreg[=o]'ing and _pa.p._ foregone'.--_ns._ FOREG[=O]'ER; FOREG[=O]'ING.--_p.adj_. FOREGONE'.--_n._ FOREGONE'NESS.--FOREGONE CONCLUSION, a conclusion come to before examination of the evidence. FOREGO, f[=o]r-g[=o]', _v.t._ to give up: to forbear the use of.--Better FORG[=O]'. FOREGROUND, f[=o]r'grownd, _n._ the part of a picture nearest the observer's eye, as opposed to the _background_ or _distance_. FOREHAMMER, f[=o]r'häm-[.e]r, _n._ a sledge-hammer. FOREHAND, f[=o]r'hand, _n._ the part of a horse which is in front of its rider.--_adj._ done beforehand.--_adj._ FORE'HANDED, forehand, as of payment for goods before delivery, or for services before rendered: seasonable: (_U.S._) well off: formed in the foreparts. FOREHEAD, f[=o]r'hed, _n._ the forepart of the head above the eyes, the brow: confidence, audacity. FORE-HORSE, f[=o]r'-hors, _n._ the foremost horse of a team. FOREIGN, for'in, _adj._ belonging to another country: from abroad: alien: not belonging to, unconnected: not appropriate.--_adj._ FOR'EIGN-BUILT, built in a foreign country.--_ns._ FOR'EIGNER, a native of another country; FOR'EIGNNESS, the quality of being foreign: want of relation to something: remoteness. [O. Fr. _forain_--Low L. _foraneus_--L. _foras_, out of doors.] FOREJUDGE, f[=o]r-juj', _v.t._ to judge before hearing the facts and proof.--_n._ FOREJUDG'MENT. FOREKING, f[=o]r'king, _n._ (_Tenn._) a preceding king. FOREKNOW, f[=o]r-n[=o]', _v.t._ to know beforehand: to foresee.--_adj._ FOREKNOW'ING.--_adv._ FOREKNOW'INGLY.--_n._ FOREKNOWL'EDGE, knowledge of a thing before it happens.--_adj._ FOREKNOWN'. FOREL, for'el, _n._ a kind of parchment for covering books. [O. Fr. _forrel_, a sheath, _forre_, _fuerre_.] FORELAND, f[=o]r'land, _n._ a point of land running forward into the sea, a headland. FORELAY, f[=o]r-l[=a]', _v.t._ to contrive antecedently: to lay wait for in ambush. FORELEG, f[=o]r'leg, _n._ one of the front legs of a quadruped, chair, &c. FORELIE, f[=o]r-l[=i], _v.t._ (_Spens._) to lie before. FORELIFT, f[=o]r-lift', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to raise any anterior part. FORELOCK, f[=o]r'lok, _n._ the lock of hair on the forehead.--TAKE TIME BY THE FORELOCK, to seize the occasion promptly, so as to anticipate opposition. FOREMAN, f[=o]r'man, _n._ the first or chief man, one appointed to preside over, or act as spokesman for, others: an overseer:--_pl._ FORE'MEN. FOREMAST, f[=o]r'mast, _n._ the mast that is forward, or next the bow of a ship.--_n._ FORE'MASTMAN, any sailor below the rank of petty officer. FOREMEAN, f[=o]r-m[=e]n', _v.t._ to intend beforehand.--_pa.p._ FORE'MEANT. FORE-MENTIONED, f[=o]r-men'shund, _adj._ mentioned before in a writing or discourse. FOREMOST, f[=o]r'm[=o]st, _adj._ first in place: most advanced: first in rank or dignity. [A.S. _forma_, first, superl. of _fore_, and superl. suffix _-st_. It is therefore a double superl.; the old and correct form was _formest_, which was wrongly divided _for-mest_ instead of _form-est_, and the final _-mest_ was mistaken for _-most_.] FORENAME, f[=o]r'n[=a]m, _n._ the first or Christian name. FORE-NAMED, f[=o]r'-n[=a]md, _adj._ mentioned before. FORENENST, f[=o]r-nenst', _prep._ (_Scot._) opposite. FORENIGHT, f[=o]r'n[=i]t, _n._ (_Scot._) the early part of the night before bedtime, the evening. FORENOON, f[=o]r'n[=oo]n, _n._ the part of the day before noon or midday.--_adj._ pertaining to this part of the day. FORENOTICE, f[=o]r-n[=o]'tis, _n._ notice of anything before it happens. FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, _adj._ belonging to courts of law, held by the Romans in the forum: used in law pleading: appropriate to, or adapted to, argument.--FORENSIC MEDICINE, medical jurisprudence, the application of medical knowledge to the elucidation of doubtful questions in a court of justice. [L. _forensis_--_forum_, market-place, akin to _fores_.] FORE-ORDAIN, f[=o]r-or-d[=a]n', _v.t._ to arrange beforehand: to predestinate.--_n._ FORE-ORDIN[=A]'TION. FOREPART, f[=o]r'pärt, _n._ the part before the rest: the front: the beginning: (_B._) the bow of a ship. FOREPAST, f[=o]r'past, _p.adj._ (_Shak._) former. FOREPAYMENT, f[=o]r'p[=a]-ment, _n._ payment beforehand. FOREPEAK, f[=o]r'p[=e]k, _n._ the contracted part of a ship's hold, close to the bow. FOREPLAN, f[=o]r'plan, _v.t._ to plan beforehand. FOREPOINT, f[=o]r'point, _v.t._ to foreshadow. FORE-QUOTED, f[=o]r-kw[=o]t'ed, _p.adj._ quoted or cited before in the same writing. FORERAN, f[=o]r-ran', _pa.t._ of _forerun_. FORE-RANK, f[=o]r'-rangk, _n._ the rank which is before all the others: the front. FOREREACH, f[=o]r'r[=e]ch, _v.i._ (_naut._) to glide ahead, esp. when going in stays (with _on_).--_v.t._ to sail beyond. FORE-READ, f[=o]r'-r[=e]d, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to signify by tokens: to foretell:--_pa.p._ fore-read'.--_n._ FORE'-READ'ING. FORE-RECITED, f[=o]r'-re-s[=i]t'ed, _p.adj._ (_Shak._) recited or named before. FORE-RENT, f[=o]r'-rent, _n._ (_Scot._) rent due before the first crop is reaped. FORERUN, f[=o]r-run', _v.t._ to run or come before: to precede.--_n._ FORERUN'NER, a runner or messenger sent before: a sign that something is to follow. FORESAID, f[=o]r'sed, _adj._ described or spoken of before. FORESAIL, f[=o]r's[=a]l, _n._ a sail attached to the foreyard on the foremast. See SHIP. FORE-SAY, f[=o]r-s[=a]', _v.t._ to predict or foretell: (_Shak._) to prognosticate. FORESEE, f[=o]r-s[=e]', _v.t._ or _v.i._ to see or know beforehand.--_p.adj._ FORESEE'ING.--_adv._ FORESEE'INGLY. FORESHADOW, f[=o]r-shad'[=o], _v.t._ to shadow or typify beforehand.--_n._ FORESHAD'OWING. FORESHIP, f[=o]r'ship, _n._ (_B._) the forepart of a ship. FORESHORE, f[=o]r'sh[=o]r, _n._ the part immediately before the shore: the sloping part of a shore included between the high and low water marks. FORESHORTENING, f[=o]r-short'n-ing, _n._ a term in drawing signifying that a figure or portion of a figure projecting towards the spectator is so represented as to truly give the idea of such projection.--_v.t._ FORESHORT'EN. FORESHOW, f[=o]r-sh[=o]', _v.t._ to show or represent beforehand: to predict.--Also FORESHEW'. FORESIDE, f[=o]r's[=i]d, _n._ the front side. FORESIGHT, f[=o]r's[=i]t, _n._ act of foreseeing: wise forethought, prudence: the sight on the muzzle of a gun: a forward reading of a levelling staff.--_adjs._ FORE'SIGHTED, FORE'SIGHTFUL; FORE'SIGHTLESS. FORESIGNIFY, f[=o]r-sig'ni-f[=i], _v.t._ to betoken beforehand: to foreshow: to typify. FORESKIN, f[=o]r'skin, _n._ the skin that covers the glans penis: the prepuce. FORESKIRT, f[=o]r'sk[.e]rt, _n._ (_Shak._) the loose part of a coat before. FORESLACK. See FORSLACK. FORESLOW, f[=o]r-sl[=o]', _v.i._ (_Shak._) to delay.--_v.t._ (_Spens._) to hinder.--Better FORSLOW'. FORESPEAK, f[=o]r-sp[=e]k', _v.t._ to predict: (_Shak._) to gainsay: (_Scot._) to engage beforehand. FORESPEND. Same as FORSPEND. FORESPURRER, f[=o]r-spur'[.e]r, _n._ (_Shak._) one who rides before. FOREST, for'est, _n._ a large uncultivated tract of land covered with trees and underwood: woody ground and rude pasture: a preserve for large game, as a deer forest: a royal preserve for hunting, governed by a special code called the FOREST LAW.--_adj._ pertaining to a forest: silvan: rustic.--_v.t._ to cover with trees.--_n._ FOR'ESTAGE, an ancient service paid by foresters to the king: the right of foresters.--_adjs._ FOR'ESTAL; FOR'EST-BORN (_Shak._), born in a wild.--_ns._ FOR'ESTER, one who has charge of a forest: an inhabitant of a forest; FOR'EST-FLY, a dipterous insect sometimes called _Horse-fly_, from the annoyance it causes horses.--_adj._ FOR'ESTINE.--_ns._ FOR'EST-MAR'BLE, a fissile limestone belonging to the middle division of the Jurassic System, so called because the typical beds are found in Wychwood _Forest_, Oxfordshire; FOR'EST-OAK, the timber of the Australian beefwood trees; FOR'ESTRY, the art of cultivating forests; FOR'EST-TREE, a timber-tree. [O. Fr. _forest_ (Fr. _forêt_)--Low L. _forestis_ (_silva_), the outside wood, as opposed to the _parcus_ (park) or walled-in wood--L. _foris_, out of doors.] FORESTALL, f[=o]r-stawl', _v.t._ to buy up the whole stock of goods before they are brought to market, so as to sell again at higher prices: to anticipate.--_ns._ FORESTALL'ER, one who forestalls; FORESTALL'ING, the act of buying provisions before they come to the market, in order to raise the price: anticipation: prevention. FORESTAY, f[=o]r'st[=a], _n._ a rope reaching from the foremast-head to the bowsprit end to support the mast. FORETASTE, f[=o]r-t[=a]st', _v.t._ to taste before possession: to anticipate: to taste before another.--_n._ FORE'TASTE, a taste beforehand: anticipation. FORETEACH, f[=o]r-t[=e]ch', _v.t._ to teach beforehand. FORETELL, f[=o]r-tel', _v.t._ to tell before: to prophesy.--_v.i._ to utter prophecy.--_n._ FORETELL'ER. FORETHINK, f[=o]r-thingk', _v.t._ to anticipate in the mind: to have prescience of.--_n._ FORE'THOUGHT, thought or care for the future: provident care. FORETOKEN, f[=o]r't[=o]-kn, _n._ a token or sign beforehand.--_v.t._ FORET[=O]'KEN, to signify beforehand. FORETOOTH, f[=o]r't[=oo]th, _n._ a tooth in the forepart of the mouth:--_pl._ FORE'TEETH. FORETOP, f[=o]r'top, _n._ (_naut._) the platform at the head of the foremast: a lock of natural hair or in a wig, lying on the forehead, or brushed up straight.--_n._ FORETOP'MAST, in a ship, the mast erected at the head of the foremast, at the top of which is the FORE'TOP-GALL'ANT-MAST. FOREVER, for-ev'[.e]r, _adv._ for ever, for all time to come: to eternity.--_adv._ FOREV'ERMORE, for ever hereafter. FOREVOUCHED, f[=o]r-vowcht', _p.adj._ (_Shak._) affirmed or told before. FOREWARD, f[=o]r'wawrd, _n._ advance-guard: (_Shak._) the front. FOREWARN, f[=o]r-wawrn', _v.t._ to warn beforehand: to give previous notice.--_n._ FOREWARN'ING, warning beforehand. FOREWEIGH, f[=o]r-w[=a]', _v.t._ to estimate beforehand. FOREWIND, f[=o]r'wind, _n._ (_Shak._) a favourable wind. FOREWOMAN, f[=o]r'woom-an, _n._ a woman who oversees the employees in any shop or factory, a head-woman:--_pl._ FORE'WOMEN. FOREWORD, f[=o]r'wurd, _n._ a preface. FORFAIRN, f[=o]r-f[=a]rn', _adj._ (_Scot._) worn out: exhausted. FORFEIT, for'fit, _v.t._ to lose the right to by some fault or crime:--_pr.p._ for'feiting; _pa.p._ for'feited.--_n._ that which is forfeited: a penalty for a crime, or breach of some condition: a fine: something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine or penalty, esp. in _pl._, a game of this kind.--_adj._ forfeited.--_adj._ FOR'FEITABLE.--_ns._ FOR'FEITER (_Shak._), one who incurs punishment by forfeiting his bond; FOR'FEITURE, act of forfeiting: state of being forfeited: the thing forfeited. [O. Fr. _forfait_--Low L. _forisfactum_--L. _forisfac[)e]re_, to transgress.] FORFEND, for-fend', _v.t._ (_arch._) to ward off, avert. FORFEX, f[=o]r'feks, _n._ a pair of scissors. FORFOUGHTEN, for'fäh-ten, _adj._ (_Scot._) exhausted, as by fighting. FORGAT, for-gat', old _pa.t._ of _forget_. FORGATHER, for-ga_th_'er, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to meet, to take up company with. FORGAVE, for-g[=a]v', _pa.t._ of _forgive_. FORGE, f[=o]rj, _n._ the workshop of a workman in iron, &c.: a furnace, esp. one in which iron is heated: a smithy: a place where anything is shaped or made.--_v.t._ to form by heating and hammering: to form: to make falsely: to fabricate: to counterfeit or imitate for purposes of fraud.--_v.i._ to commit forgery.--_ns._ FORGE'MAN; FORG'ER, one who forges or makes one guilty of forgery; FORG'ERY, fraudulently making or altering any writing: that which is forged or counterfeited.--_adj._ FORG'ETIVE (_Shak._), that may forge or produce.--_n._ FORG'ING, a piece of metal shaped by hammering: act of one who forges: a form of overreaching in which the horse strikes the fore shoe with the toe of the hind one, clicking. [O. Fr. _forge_--L. _fabrica_--_faber_, a workman.] FORGE, f[=o]rj, _v.t._ to move steadily on (with _ahead_). FORGET, for-get', _v.t._ to lose or put away from the memory: to neglect:--_pr.p._ forget'ting; _pa.t._ forgot'; _pa.p._ forgot', forgot'ten.--_adjs._ FORGET'ABLE, FORGET'TABLE; FORGET'FUL, apt to forget: inattentive.--_adv._ FORGET'FULLY.--_ns._ FORGET'FULNESS; FORGET'-ME-NOT, a small herb (_Myosotis palustris_) with beautiful blue flowers, regarded as the emblem of friendship: a keepsake [a word adapted by Coleridge from the German _Vergissmeinnicht_]; FORGET'TER, one who fails to bear in mind: a heedless person.--_adv._ FORGET'TINGLY.--FORGET ONE'S SELF, to lose one's self-control or dignity, to descend to words and deeds unworthy of one's self. [A.S. _forgietan_--pfx. _for-_, away, _gitan_, to get.] FORGIVE, for-giv', _v.t._ to pardon: to overlook an offence or debt: (_Spens._) to give up.--_v.i._ to be merciful or forgiving.--_adj._ FORGIV'ABLE, capable of being forgiven.--_n._ FORGIVE'NESS, pardon: remission: disposition to pardon.--_adj._ FORGIV'ING, ready to pardon: merciful: compassionate. [A.S. _forgiefan_--pfx. _for-_, away, _giefan_, to give; cf. Ger. _ver-geben_.] FORGO. See FOREGO. FORGOT, FORGOTTEN. See FORGET. FORHAIL, for-h[=a]l', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to overtake. FORHENT, for-hent', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to overtake. FORHOW, for-how', _v.t._ (_Scot._) to desert or abandon. [A.S. _forhogian_, pfx. _for-_, away, _hogian_, to care.] FORISFAMILIATE, f[=o]-ris-fa-mil'i-[=a]t, _v.t._ to put a son in possession of land which he accepts as his whole portion of his father's property, said of a father.--_v.i._ to renounce one's title to a further share of the paternal estate, said of a son:--_pr.p._ f[=o]risfamil'i[=a]ting; _pa.p._ f[=o]risfamil'i[=a]ted.--_n._ F[=O]RISFAMILI[=A]'TION. [Low L. _forisfamili[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--L. _foris_, out of doors, _familia_, a family.] FORJESKIT, for-jes'kit, _adj._ (_Scot._) tired out. FORK, fork, _n._ an instrument with two or more prongs at the end: one of the points or divisions of anything fork-like: the bottom of a sump into which the water of a mine drains--also FORCQUE: (_pl._) the branches into which a road or river divides, also the point of separation.--_v.i._ to divide into two branches: to shoot into blades, as corn.--_v.t._ to form as a fork: to pitch with a fork: to bale a shaft dry.--_n._ FORK'-CHUCK, a forked lathe-centre used in wood-turning.--_adjs._ FORKED, FORK'Y, shaped like a fork.--_adv._ FORK'EDLY.--_ns._ FORK'EDNESS, FORK'INESS; FORK'ER; FORK'HEAD, the forked end of a rod in a knuckle-joint or the like; FORK'-TAIL, a fish with forked tail: the kite.--FORK OUT, OVER (_slang_), to hand or pay over. [A.S. _forca_--L. _furca_.] FORLORN, for-lorn', _adj._ quite lost: forsaken; wretched.--_v.t._ FORLORE' (_Spens._).--_adv._ FORLORN'LY.--_n._ FORLORN'NESS. [A.S. _forloren_, pa.p. of _forléòsan_, to lose--pfx. _for-_, away, and _léòsan_, to lose; Ger. _verloren_, pa.p. of _verlieren_, to lose.] FORLORN-HOPE, for-lorn'-h[=o]p, _n._ a body of soldiers selected for some service of uncommon danger. [From the Dut. _verloren hoop_, the lost troop.] FORM, form, _n._ shape of a body: the boundary-line of an object: a model: a mould: mode of being: mode of arrangement: order: regularity: system, as of government: beauty or elegance: established practice: ceremony: fitness or efficiency for any undertaking: a blank schedule to be filled in with details: a specimen document to be copied or imitated: (_phil._) the inherent nature of an object, that which the mind itself contributes as the condition of knowing, that in which the essence of a thing consists: (_print._) the type from which an impression is to be taken arranged and secured in a chase--often FORME:--(_in the fol. senses pron._ f[=o]rm), a long seat, a bench: the pupils on a form, a class: the bed of a hare, which takes its shape from the animal's body.--_v.t._ to give form or shape to: to make: to contrive: to settle, as an opinion: to combine: to go to make up: to establish: (_gram._) to make by derivation.--_v.i._ to assume a form.--_adj._ FORM'AL, according to form or established mode: ceremonious, punctilious, methodical: having the form only: (_Shak._) embodied in a form: having the power of making a thing what it is: essential: proper.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ FORM'ALISE.--_ns._ FORM'ALISM, excessive observance of form or conventional usage, esp. in religion: stiffness of manner; FORM'ALIST, one having exaggerated regard to rules or established usages; FORMAL'ITY, the precise observance of forms or ceremonies: established order: sacrifice of substance to form.--_adv._ FORM'ALLY.--_n._ FORM[=A]'TION, a making or producing: structure: (_geol._) a group of strata of one period.--_adj._ FORM'ATIVE, giving form, determining, moulding: (_gram._) inflectional, serving to form, not radical.--_n._ a derivative.--_p.adj._ FORMED, trained, mature.--_n._ FORM'ER.--_adj._ FORM'LESS, shapeless.--FORMAL LOGIC (see LOGIC).--GOOD, or BAD, FORM, according to good social usage, or the opposite; TAKE FORM, to assume a definite appearance. [O. Fr. _forme_--L. _forma_, shape.] FORMALIN, for'ma-lin, _n._ a formic aldehyde used as an antiseptic, germicide, or preservative in foods. FORMAT, for'ma, _n._ of books, &c., the size, form, shape in which they are issued. [Fr.] FORMATE, form'[=a]t, _n._ a salt composed of formic acid and a base.--Also FOR'MIATE. FORMER, form'[.e]r, _adj._ (_comp._ of _fore_) before in time or order: past: first mentioned.--_adv._ FORM'ERLY, in former times: heretofore. [Formed late on analogy of M. E. _formest_ by adding comp. suff. _-er_ to base of A.S. _forma_, first, itself a superlative form.] FORMIC, for'mik, _adj._ pertaining to ants, as formic acid, originally obtained from ants.--_adj._ FOR'MICANT, crawling like an ant: very small and unequal, of a pulse.--_n._ FOR'MICARY, an ant-hill.--_adj._ FOR'MICATE, resembling an ant.--_n._ FORMIC[=A]'TION, a sensation like that of ants creeping on the skin. [L. _formic[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to creep like an ant--_formica_.] FORMIDABLE, for'mi-da-bl, _adj._ causing fear: adapted to excite fear.--_ns._ FORMIDABIL'ITY; FOR'MIDABLENESS.--_adv._ FOR'MIDABLY. [Fr.,--L. _formidabilis_--_formido_, fear.] FORMULA, form'[=u]-la, _n._ a prescribed form: a formal statement of doctrines: (_math._) a general expression for solving problems: (_chem._) a set of symbols expressing the components of a body:--_pl._ FORMULÆ (form'[=u]-l[=e]), FORM'ULAS.--_adjs._ FORM'ULAR, FORMULARIS'TIC.--_ns._ FORMULARIS[=A]'TION, FORMUL[=A]'TION; FORM'ULARY, a formula: a book of formulæ or precedents.--_adj._ prescribed: ritual.--_vs.t._ FORM'UL[=A]TE, FORM'ULISE, to reduce to or express in a formula: to state or express in a clear or definite form. [L., dim. of _forma_.] FORNENT, for-nent', _adv._ and _prep._ (_Scot._) right opposite to. FORNICATE, for'ni-k[=a]t, _adj._ arched: (_bot._) arching over.--_n._ FORNIC[=A]'TION. [L. _fornicatus_--_fornix_, an arch.] FORNICATE, for'ni-k[=a]t, _v.i._ to commit lewdness: to have unlawful sexual intercourse.--_ns._ FORNIC[=A]'TION, sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons, or an unmarried and married person: (_B._) adultery, and applied frequently by a figure to idolatry; FOR'NICATOR, an unmarried person guilty of lewdness:--_fem._ FOR'NICATRESS. [L. _fornix_, an arch, brothel.] FORNIX, for'niks, _n._ something resembling an arch: an arched formation of the brain. [L.] FORPINE, for-p[=i]n', _v.i._ (_Spens._) to waste away. FORPIT, for'pit, _n._ (_Scot._) the fourth part of some other measure, now of a peck.--Also FOR'PET. FORRIT, for'it, _adv._ (_Scot._) forward. FORSAKE, for-s[=a]k', _v.t._ to desert: to abandon:--_pr.p._ fors[=a]k'ing; _pa.t._ forsook'; _pa.p._ fors[=a]k'en.--_adj._ FORS[=A]K'EN.--_adv._ FORS[=A]K'ENLY.--_ns._ FORS[=A]K'ENNESS; FORS[=A]K'ING, abandonment. [A.S. _forsacan_--_for-_, away, _sacan_, to strive.] FORSAY, for-s[=a]', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to forbid, to renounce. [A.S. _forsecgan_--_for_, against, _secgan_, to say.] FORSLACK, for-slak', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to relax, delay. FORSLOW, for-sl[=o]', _v.t._ See FORESLOW. FORSOOTH, for-s[=oo]th', _adv._ in truth: certainly. FORSPEAK, for-sp[=e]k', _v.t._ (_Shak._) to forbid, to prohibit: (_Scot._) to bewitch. FORSPEND, for-spend', _v.t._ to spend completely:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ forspent'. FORSTALL, for-stawl', _v.t._ Same as FORESTALL. FORSWAT, for-swat', _adj._ (_Spens._) exhausted with heat. [Pfx. _for-_, inten., and _swat_, old _pa.t._ of sweat.] FORSWEAR, for-sw[=a]r', _v.t._ to deny upon oath:--_pa.t._ forswore'; _pa.p._ forsworn'.--_n._ FORSWORN'NESS.--FORSWEAR ONE'S SELF, to swear falsely. FORSWINK, for-swingk', _v.t._ to exhaust by labour.--_p.adj._ FORSWONK' (_Spens._), over-laboured. [Pfx. _for-_, inten., and obs. _swink_, labour.] FORT, f[=o]rt, _n._ a small fortress: an outlying trading-station, as in British North America.--_adj._ FORT'ED (_Shak._), guarded by forts. [Fr.,--L. _fortis_, strong.] FORTALICE, fort'al-is, _n._ a small outwork of a fortification. [Low L. _fortalitia_--L. _fortis_.] FORTE, f[=o]rt, _n._ that in which one excels. FORTE, f[=o]r'te, _adj._ (_mus._) strongly, loud:--_superl._ FORTIS'SIMO.--_n._ a loud passage in music. [It.] FORTH, f[=o]rth, _adv._ before or forward in place or order: in advance: onward in time: (_Shak._) completely, outright: abroad: (_B._) out.--_prep._ (_Shak._) out of, forth from.--_v.i._ FORTH'COME, to come forth.--_adj._ FORTH'COMING, just coming forth: about to appear.--_ns._ FORTH'GOING, a going forth: a proceeding out; FORTH'-ISS'UING, coming forth; FORTH'-PUT'TING, action of putting forth: (_U.S._) forwardness.--_adj._ forward.--_adv._ FORTH'RIGHT, straightforward.--_n._ (_Shak._) a straight path.--_adj._ straightforward: honest.--_adv._ FORTHWITH', immediately.--AND SO FORTH, and so on, and more besides. [A.S. _forth_--_fore_, before; Dut. _voort_, Ger. _fort_.] FORTHINK, for-thingk', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to be sorry for. FORTHY, for'thi, _adv._ (_Spens._) therefore. [A.S. _forthý_--_for_, and _thý_, instrumental case of _thaet_, that.] FORTIETH. See FORTY. FORTIFY, for'ti-f[=i], _v.t._ to strengthen against attack with forts, &c.: to invigorate: to confirm:--_pa.p._ for'tif[=i]ed.--_adj._ FORTIF[=I]'ABLE.--_ns._ FORTIFIC[=A]'TION, the art of strengthening a military position by means of defensive works: the work so constructed: that which fortifies; FOR'TIFIER. [Fr. _fortifier_--Low L. _fortific[=a]re_--_fortis_, strong, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] FORTILAGE, f[=o]r'ti-l[=a]j, _n._ (_Spens._) a fort. [_Fortalice_.] FORTISSIMO. See FORTE. FORTITION, for-tish'un, _n._ principle of trusting to chance. [L. _fors_, chance.] FORTITUDE, for'ti-t[=u]d, _n._ mental power of endurance: firmness in meeting danger: (_obs._) strength, power of resistance or attack.--_adj._ FORTIT[=U]'DINOUS. [L. _fortitudo_--_fortis_.] FORTLET, f[=o]rt'let, _n._ a little fort. FORTNIGHT, fort'n[=i]t, _n._ two weeks or fourteen days.--_adj._ and _adv._ FORT'NIGHTLY, once a fortnight. [Contr. of _A.S._ _féowertýne niht_, fourteen nights.] FORTRESS, for'tres, _n._ a fortified place: a defence.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to guard. [O. Fr. _forteresse_, another form of _fortelesce_ (q.v. under FORTALICE).] FORTUITOUS, for-t[=u]'i-tus, _adj._ happening by chance.--_ns._ FORT[=U]'ITISM; FORT[=U]'ITIST.--_adv._ FORT[=U]'ITOUSLY.--_ns._ FORT[=U]'ITOUSNESS, FORT[=U]'ITY. [L. _fortuitus_.] FORTUNE, for't[=u]n, _n._ whatever comes by lot or chance: luck: the arbitrary ordering of events: the lot that falls to one in life: success: wealth.--_v.i._ to befall.--_v.t._ to determine.--_adj._ FOR'TUN[=A]TE, happening by good fortune: lucky: auspicious: felicitous.--_adv._ FOR'TUN[=A]TELY.--_ns._ FOR'TUN[=A]TENESS; FOR'TUNE-BOOK, a book helpful in telling fortunes.--_adj._ FOR'TUNED, supplied by fortune.--_n._ FOR'TUNE-HUNT'ER, a man who hunts for marriage with a woman of fortune.--_adj._ FOR'TUNELESS, without a fortune: luckless.--_v.i._ FOR'TUNE-TELL, to reveal futurity: to tell one his fortune.--_ns._ FOR'TUNE-TELL'ER, one who pretends to foretell one's fortune; FOR'TUNE-TELL'ING.--_v.t._ FOR'TUN[=I]SE (_Spens._), to make fortunate or happy. [Fr.,--L. _fortuna_.] FORTY, for'ti, _adj._ and _n._ four times ten.--_adj._ FOR'TIETH.--_n._ a fortieth part.--FORTY WINKS, a short nap, esp. after dinner.--THE FORTY, the French Academy. [A.S. _féowertig_--_feower_, four, _tig_, ten.] FORUM, f[=o]'rum, _n._ a market-place, esp. the market-place in Rome, where public business was transacted and justice dispensed: the courts of law as opposed to the Parliament. [L., akin to _foras_, out of doors.] FORWANDER, for-won'd[.e]r, _v.i._ and _v.t._ (_Spens._) to wander till wearied, to weary with wandering. FORWARD, for'ward, _adj._ near or at the forepart: in advance of something else: ready: too ready: presumptuous: officious: earnest: early ripe.--_v.t._ to help on, to quicken: to send on.--_advs._ FOR'WARD, FOR'WARDS, towards what is before or in front: onward: progressively.--_ns._ FOR'WARDER; FOR'WARDING, the act of sending forward merchandise, &c., for others.--_adv._ FOR'WARDLY.--_n._ FOR'WARDNESS. [A.S. _foreweard_--_fore_, and _-weard_, sig. direction. _Forwards_--M. E. _forwardes_--was orig. the gen. form (cf. Ger. _vorwärts_).] FORWASTE, for-w[=a]st', _v.t._ (_Spens._) to lay waste utterly. FORWEARY, for-w[=e]'ri, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to weary out. FORWENT, for-went' (_Spens._), _pa.t_ of _forego_. FORWORN, for-w[=o]rn', _adj._ (_Spens._) much worn. FORZANDO. Same as SFORZANDO (q.v.). FOSS, FOSSE, fos, _n._ (_fort._) a ditch or moat, either with or without water, the excavation of which has contributed material for the walls of the fort it protects: an abyss.--_adj._ FOSSED.--_n._ FOSS'WAY, an ancient Roman road having a ditch on either side. [Fr. _fosse_--L. _fossa_--_fod[)e]re_, _fossum_, to dig.] FOSSA, fos'a, _n._ (_anat._) a pit or depression in a body, esp. that in an animal integument forming a point of attachment for an organ.--_n._ FOSSETTE', a dimple or small depression. [L., a ditch.] FOSSET-SELLER, fos'et-sel'[.e]r, _n._ (_Shak._) one who sells faucets. [_Fosset_, obs. form of _faucet_.] FOSSICK, fos'ik, _v.i._ to be troublesome: to undermine another's diggings, or work over waste-heaps for gold: to search about for any kind of profit.--_ns._ FOSS'ICKER, a mining gleaner who works over old diggings, and scratches about in the beds of creeks; FOSS'ICKING. [Ety. dub.] FOSSIL, fos'il, _n._ the petrified remains of an animal or vegetable found embedded in the strata of the earth's crust: anything antiquated.--_adj._ dug out of the earth: in the condition of a fossil: antiquated.--_adj._ FOSSILIF'EROUS, bearing or containing fossils.--_n._ FOSSILIFIC[=A]'TION, the act of becoming fossil.--_vs.t._ FOSSIL'IFY, FOSS'IL[=I]SE, to convert into a fossil.--_v.i._ to be changed into a stony or fossil state.--_ns._ FOSSILIS[=A]'TION, a changing into a fossil; FOSS'ILISM, the science of fossils; FOSS'ILIST, one skilled in fossils; FOSSILOL'OGY, FOSSIL'OGY, paleontology. [Fr. _fossile_--L. _fossilis_--_fod[)e]re_, to dig.] FOSSORIAL, fo-s[=o]'ri-al, _adj._ digging, burrowing.--_n._ FOSS'OR, a grave-digger. [L. _fossor_--_fod[)e]re_, to dig.] FOSSULATE, fos'[=u]-l[=a]t, _adj._ (_anat._) having one or more long narrow grooves or depressions. FOSTER, fos't[.e]r, _v.t._ to bring up or nurse: to encourage.--_ns._ FOS'TER[=A]GE, the act of fostering or nursing; FOS'TER-BROTH'ER, a male child, fostered or brought up with another of different parents; FOS'TER-CHILD, a child nursed or brought up by one who is not its parent; FOS'TER-DAUGH'TER; FOS'TERER; FOS'TER-FA'THER, one who brings up a child in place of its father; FOS'TERLING, a foster-child; FOS'TER-MOTH'ER, one who suckles a child not her own; FOS'TER-NURSE (_Shak._), a nurse; FOS'TER-PAR'ENT, one who rears a child in the place of its parent; FOS'TER-SIS'TER, one brought up as a sister by the same parents, but not a sister by birth; FOS'TER-SON, one brought up as a son, though not a son by birth. [A.S. _fóstrian_, to nourish, _fóstor_, food.] FOSTER, fos't[.e]r, _n._ (_Spens._) a forester. FOTHER, fo_th_'[.e]r, _v.t._ to stop or lessen a leak in a ship's bottom whilst afloat by means of a heavy sail closely thrummed with yarn and oakum. [Perh. from Dut. _voederen_ (mod. _voeren_) or Low Ger. _fodern_, to line.] FOTHER, fo_th_'[.e]r, _n._ a load, quantity: a definite weight--of lead, 19½ cwt. [A.S. _fóðer_; Ger. _fuder_.] FOU, f[=oo], _adj._ (_Scot._) full: drunk. FOU, f[=oo], _n._ (_Scot._) a bushel. FOUD, fowd, _n._ a bailiff or magistrate in Orkney and Shetland.--_n._ FOUD'RIE, his jurisdiction. [Ice. _fógeti_; Ger. _vogt_; from L. _vocatus_--_voc[=a]re_, to call.] FOUDROYANT, f[=oo]-droi'ant, _adj._ quick like lightning. [Fr. _foudroyer_--_foudre_, lightning.] FOUET, f[=oo]'et, _n._ (_Scot._) the house-leek.--Also FOU'AT. FOUGADE, foo-gäd', _n._ (_mil._) a small mine from six to twelve feet under ground, charged either with powder or loaded shells, and sometimes loaded with stones.--Also FOUGASSE'. [Fr.] FOUGHT, fawt, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._--FOUGHTEN (fawt'n), old _pa.p._ of _fight_. FOUL, fowl, _adj._ filthy: loathsome: obscene: impure: stormy: unfair: running against: distressing, pernicious: choked up, entangled: (_Shak._) homely, ugly.--_v.t._ to make foul: to soil: to effect a collision.--_v.i._ to come into collision:--_pr.p._ foul'ing; _pa.p._ fouled.--_n._ act of fouling: any breach of the rules in games or contests.--_adj._ FOUL'-FACED (_Shak._), having a hatefully ugly face.--_n._ FOUL'-FISH, fish during the spawning season.--_adv._ FOUL'LY.--_adjs._ FOUL'-MOUTHED, FOUL'-SPOK'EN, addicted to the use of foul or profane language.--_ns._ FOUL-MOUTHED'NESS; FOUL'NESS; FOUL'-PLAY, unfair action in any game or contest, dishonest dealing generally.--CLAIM A FOUL, to assert that the recognised rules have been broken, and that a victory is therefore invalid; FALL FOUL OF, to come against: to assault; MAKE FOUL WATER, used of a ship, to come into such shallow water that the keel raises the mud. [A.S. _fúl_; Ger. _faul_, Goth. _fûls_.] FOULARD, f[=oo]l'ard, _n._ a soft untwilled silk fabric: a silk handkerchief. [Fr.] FOULDER, fowl'd[.e]r, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to flame, to gleam. [O. Fr. _fouldre_--L. _fulgur_, lightning.] FOULÉ, f[=oo]-l[=a]', _n._ a light woollen dress material with a glossy surface. [Fr.] FOUMART, f[=oo]'märt, _n._ an old name for the polecat, from its offensive smell. [M. E. _fulmard_--A.S. _fúl_, foul, _mearð_, a marten.] FOUND, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _find_.--_n._ FOUND'LING, a little child found deserted.--FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, an institution where such are brought up. FOUND, fownd, _v.t._ to lay the bottom or foundation of: to establish on a basis: to originate: to endow.--_v.i._ to rely.--_ns._ FOUND[=A]'TION, the act of founding: the base of a building: the groundwork or basis: a permanent fund for a benevolent purpose or for some special object; FOUND[=A]'TIONER, one supported from the funds or foundation of an institution; FOUND[=A]'TION-MUS'LIN, -NET, gummed fabrics used for stiffening dresses and bonnets; FOUND[=A]TION-STONE, one of the stones forming the foundation of a building, esp. a stone laid with public ceremony; FOUND'ER, one who founds, establishes, or originates: an endower:--_fem._ FOUND'RESS. [Fr. _fonder_--L. _fund[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to found--_fundus_, the bottom.] FOUND, fownd, _v.t._ to form by melting and pouring into a mould: to cast.--_ns._ FOUND'ER, one who melts and casts metal, as a brassfounder; FOUND'ING, metal-casting; FOUND'RY, FOUND'ERY, the art of founding or casting: the house where founding is carried on. [Fr. _fondre_--L. _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to pour.] FOUNDER, fownd'[.e]r, _v.i._ to go to the bottom: to fill with water and sink.--_v.t._ to cause to sink: to disable by injuring the feet (of a horse).--_adj._ FOUND'EROUS, causing to founder. [O. Fr. _fondrer_, to fall in, _fond_, bottom--L. _fundus_, bottom.] FOUNT. See FONT (2). FOUNTAIN, fownt'[=a]n, _n._ a spring of water, natural or artificial: the structure for a jet of water: the source of anything: a reservoir for holding oil, &c., in a lamp.--_ns._ FOUNT, a spring of water: a source; FOUNT'AIN-HEAD, the head or source of a fountain: the beginning.--_adj._ FOUNT'AINLESS, wanting fountains or springs of water.--_n._ FOUNT'AIN-PEN, a pen having a reservoir for holding ink.--_adj._ FOUNT'FUL, full of springs. [Fr. _fontaine_--Low L. _font[=a]na_--L. _fons_, _fontis_, a spring---_fund[)e]re_, to pour.] FOUR, f[=o]r, _adj._ and _n._ two and two, a cardinal number.--_adjs._ FOUR'FOLD, folded four times: multiplied four times; FOUR'-FOOT'ED, having four feet; FOUR'-HAND'ED, having four hands: of a game, played by four people; FOUR'-INCHED (_Shak._), four inches broad.--_ns._ FOUR'-IN-HAND, a vehicle drawn by four horses, driven by one person: a team of four horses drawing a carriage--also _adj._; FOUR'PENNY, a small silver coin worth fourpence formerly coined in England.--_adj._ worth fourpence.--_n._ FOUR'-POST'ER, a large bed with four posts on which to hang curtains.--_adjs._ FOUR'SCORE, four times a score--80; FOUR'SOME, by fours: anything in which four act together--also _n._; FOUR'SQUARE, having four equal sides and angles: square.--_adjs._ and _ns._ FOUR'TEEN, four and ten; FOUR'TEENTH, four or the fourth after the tenth.--_adj._ FOURTH, next after the third.--_n._ one of four equal parts.--_adv._ FOURTH'LY.--_adj._ FOURTH'-RATE, of the fourth class or order.--_n._ FOUR'-WHEEL'ER, a carriage or cab with four wheels.--GO ON ALL FOURS, to go on hands and knees. [A.S. _féower_; Ger. _vier_, L. _quatuor_, Gr. _tessares_.] FOURCHETTE, f[=oo]r-shet', _n._ a small forked instrument used for supporting the tongue in the operation of cutting the frenum: a forked piece between glove fingers, uniting the front and back parts. [Fr.] FOURCROYA, f[=oo]r-kr[=o]'ya, _n._ a neotropical genus of _Amaryllidaceæ_, nearly allied to Agave (q.v.), and yielding a similar fibre. [Named from A. F. de _Fourcroy_, a French chemist (1755-1809).] FOURGON, f[=oo]r-gong', _n._ a baggage-wagon. [Fr.] FOURIERISM, f[=oo]'ri-[.e]r-izm, _n._ the socialistic system of F. M. Charles _Fourier_ (1772-1837), based on the harmony educed by the free-play of his twelve radical passions. FOUTRE, f[=oo]'t[.e]r, _n._ (_Shak._) a gross term of contempt, used interjectionally.--Also FOU'TER. [O. Fr. _foutre_--L. _futuere_, to lecher.] FOUTH, footh, _n._ (_Scot._) abundance.--Also FOWTH. FOVEA, f[=o]'v[=e]-a, _n._ (_anat._) a depression or pit.--_adjs._ F[=O]'VEAL; F[=O]'VEATE, pitted.--_n._ FOV[=E]'OLA, a small depression--also FOV[=E]'OLE. [L.] FOVILLA, f[=o]-vil'a, _n._ (_bot._) the contents of a pollen-grain. FOWL, fowl, _n._ a bird: a bird of the barn-door or poultry kind, a cock or hen: the flesh of fowl:--_pl._ FOWLS, FOWL.--_v.i._ to kill fowls by shooting or snaring.--_ns._ FOWL'ER, a sportsman who takes wild-fowl; FOWL'ING; FOWL'ING-NET, a net for catching birds; FOWL'ING-PIECE, a light gun for small-shot, used in fowling. [A.S. _fugol_; Ger. _vogel_.] FOX, foks, _n._ an animal of the family _Canidæ_, genus _Vulpes_, of proverbial cunning:--_fem._ VIX'EN: any one notorious for cunning.--_ns._ FOX'-BAT, a flying-fox, a fruit-bat; FOX'-BRUSH, the tail of a fox; FOX'-EARTH, a fox's burrow.--_adj._ FOXED, discoloured, spotted.--_ns._ FOX'-[=E]'VIL, alopecia; FOX'GLOVE, a plant with glove-like flowers, whose leaves are used as a soothing medicine; FOX'HOUND, a hound used for chasing foxes; FOX'-HUNT; FOX'-HUNT'ER; FOX'-HUNT'ING; FOX'INESS, decay: having a harsh, sour taste: state of being spotted, as books; FOX'-SHARK, a large shark of over 12 feet, occasionally seen off British coasts; FOX'SHIP (_Shak._), the character of a fox, craftiness; FOX'-TAIL, a genus of grasses, generally characterised by a bushy head; FOX'-TERR'IER, a kind of terrier trained to unearth foxes; FOX'-TRAP, a trap for catching foxes; FOX'-TROT, a pace with short steps, as in changing from trotting to walking.--_adj._ FOX'Y, of foxes: cunning, suspicious, causing suspicion: (_paint._) having too much of the reddish-brown or fox-colour.--FOX AND GEESE, a game played with pieces on a board, where the object is for certain pieces called the geese to surround or corner one called the fox. [A.S. _fox_; Ger. _fuchs_.] FOY, foi, _n._ (_Spens._) allegiance. [Fr. _foi_, faith.] FOY, foi, _n._ (_prov._) a parting entertainment. FOYER, fwo-y[=a]', _n._ in theatres, a public room opening on the lobby. [Fr.,--L. _focus_, hearth.] FOZY, f[=o]z'i, _adj._ (_Scot._) spongy.--_n._ FOZ'INESS, softness, want of spirit. [Cf. Dut. _voos_, spongy.] FRAB, frab, _v.t._ to worry.--_adj._ FRAB'BIT, peevish. FRACAS, fra-kä', _n._ uproar: a noisy quarrel. [Fr.,--It. _fracasso_--_fracassare_, to make an uproar.] FRACTION, frak'shun, _n._ a fragment or very small piece: (_arith._) any part of a unit: a technical term to indicate the breaking of the bread in the sacrifice of the Eucharist.--_v.t._ FRACT (_Shak._), to break, to violate.--_adjs._ FRACT'ED (_her._), having a part displaced, as if broken; FRAC'TIONAL, belonging to or containing a fraction or fractions; FRAC'TIONARY, fractional: unimportant.--_v.t._ FRAC'TIONATE, to separate the elements of a mixture by distillation or otherwise.--_n._ FRACTION[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ FRAC'TIONISE, to break up into fractions.--_n._ FRAC'TIONLET, a small fraction.--_adj._ FRAC'TIOUS, ready to quarrel: cross.--_adv._ FRAC'TIOUSLY.--_ns._ FRAC'TIOUSNESS; FRAC'TURE, the breaking of any hard body: the breach or part broken: the breaking of a bone.--_v.t._ to break through.--COMPOUND, COMMINUTED, COMPLICATED FRACTURE (see the respective adjectives); GREENSTICK FRACTURE, a fracture where the bone is partly broken, partly bent, occurring in the limbs of children; SIMPLE FRACTURE, a fracture when the bone only is divided. [O. Fr. _fraccion_--L. _fraction-em_--_frang[)e]re_, _fractum_, to break.] FRAGARIA, fr[=a]-g[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of perennial plants with creeping stolons, the fruit the strawberry. [L. _fragum_, the strawberry.] FRAGILE, fraj'il, _adj._ easily broken: frail: delicate.--_n._ FRAGIL'ITY, the state of being fragile. [Fr.,--L. _fragilis_, _frang[)e]re_, to break.] FRAGMENT, frag'ment, _n._ a piece broken off: an unfinished portion.--_adj._ FRAG'MENTAL (also -ment').--_adv._ FRAG'MENTARILY.--_n._ FRAG'MENTARINESS.--_adjs._ FRAG'MENTARY, FRAG'MENTED, consisting of fragments or pieces: broken. [Fr.,--L. _fragmentum_, _frang[)e]re_, to break.] FRAGOR, fr[=a]'gor, _n._ a crash. [L.] FRAGRANT, fr[=a]'grant, _adj._ sweet-scented.--_ns._ FR[=A]'GRANCE, FR[=A]'GRANCY, pleasantness of smell or perfume: sweet or grateful influence.--_adv._ FR[=A]'GRANTLY.--_n._ FR[=A]'GRANTNESS. [Fr.,--L. _fragrans_, _-antis_, pr.p. of _fragr[=a]re_, to smell.] FRAIL, fr[=a]l, _adj._ wanting in strength or firmness: weak: unchaste.--_adj._ FRAIL'ISH, somewhat frail.--_adv._ FRAIL'LY.--_ns._ FRAIL'NESS, FRAIL'TY, weakness: infirmity. [O. Fr. _fraile_--L. _fragilis_, fragile.] FRAIL, fr[=a]l, _n._ a rush: a basket made of rushes. [O. Fr. _frayel_; of dubious origin.] FRAISE, fr[=a]z, _n._ (_fort._) a palisade of pointed stakes planted in the rampart horizontally or in an inclined position: a tool used for enlarging a drill-hole: a 16th-cent. ruff.--_v.t._ to fence with a fraise. [Fr.] FRAISE, fr[=a]z, _n._ (_prov._) commotion. FRAMBOESIA, fram-b[=e]'zi-a, _n._ the yaws (q.v.). [Fr. _framboise_, a raspberry.] FRAME, fr[=a]m, _v.t._ to form: to shape: to construct by fitting the parts to each other: to plan, adjust, or adapt to an end: to contrive or devise: to constitute: to put a frame or border round, as a picture: to put into a frame: (_Spens._) to support.--_v.i._ (_dial._) to move: (_B._) to contrive.--_n._ the form: a putting together of parts: a case made to enclose or support anything: the skeleton of anything: state of mind: in gardening, a movable structure used for the cultivation or the sheltering of plants, as a 'forcing-frame,' 'cucumber-frame,' &c.: (_Shak._) the act of devising.--_ns._ FRAME'-BRIDGE, a bridge constructed of pieces of timber framed together; FRAME'-HOUSE, a house consisting of a skeleton of timber, with boards or shingles laid on; FRAME'-MAK'ER, a maker of frames for pictures; FRAM'ER, he who forms or constructs: one who makes frames for pictures, &c.; FRAME'-SAW, a thin saw stretched in a frame for greater rigidity; FRAME'WORK, the work that forms the frame: the skeleton or outline of anything; FRAM'ING, the act of constructing: a frame or setting. [A.S. _framian_, to be helpful, _fram_, forward.] FRAMPOLD, fram'p[=o]ld, _adj._ (_Shak._) peevish, cross-grained: quarrelsome.--Also FRAM'PEL. [Prob. _fram_, from, _poll_, head.] FRANC, frangk, _n._ a French silver coin, forming since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system, and now also used in Belgium, Switzerland, equal to fully 9½d. sterling, the equivalent of the Italian _lira_, the Greek _drachma_. [O. Fr. _franc_, from the legend _Francorum rex_ on the first coins.] FRANCHISE, fran'chiz, or -ch[=i]z, _n._ liberty: a privilege or exemption belonging to a subject by prescription or conferred by grant: the right of voting for a member of Parliament.--_v.t._ to enfranchise: to give one the franchise.--_ns._ FRAN'CHISEMENT (_Spens._), freedom, release; FRAN'CHISER, one who has the franchise. [O. Fr., from _franc_, free.] FRANCISCAN, fran-sis'kan, _adj._ belonging to the order of mendicant friars in the R.C. Church founded by St _Francis_ of Assisi (1182-1226).--_n._ a monk of this order. [L. _Franciscus_, Francis.] FRANCO-, frangk'[=o], French, in combinations as _Franco-German_, _Franco-Russian_, &c. FRANCOLIN, frang'k[=o]-lin, _n._ a genus of birds of the grouse family, closely allied to partridges. [Fr.] FRANC-TIREUR, frang-t[=e]-r[.e]r', _n._ a French sharp-shooter, one of an armed band of French peasants and others prominent in the later stages of the Franco-Prussian war. [Fr. _franc_, free, _tireur_, a shooter.] FRANGIBLE, fran'ji-bl, _adj._ easily broken.--_n._ FRANGIBIL'ITY. [See FRACTION.] FRANGIPANE, fran'ji-p[=a]n, _n._ a kind of pastry-cake, filled with cream, almonds, and sugar: a perfume from the flower of the red jasmine, or in imitation of it.--Also FRAN'GIPANI. [Fr., from a personal name.] FRANION, fran'yun, _n._ (_Spens._) a paramour: a boon-companion. [Origin uncertain.] FRANK, frangk, _adj._ free, open: (_obs._) liberal: open or candid in expression: (_Spens._) unrestrained.--_v.t._ to send free of expense, as a letter.--_n._ the signature of a person who had the right to frank a letter.--_n._ FRANK'-FEE, a species of tenure in fee-simple, the opposite of copyhold.--_adv._ FRANK'LY, candidly: (_obs._) gratuitously.--_ns._ FRANK'NESS; FRANK'-PLEDGE, a system of mutual suretyship by which the members of a tithing were made responsible for one another; FRANK'-TEN'EMENT, freehold. [O. Fr. _franc_--Low L. _francus_--Old High Ger. _Franko_, one of the tribe called Franks, a free man.] FRANK, frangk, _n._ one of the German tribes from _Franconia_ who conquered Gaul in the 5th century, and founded France: the name given in the East to a native of Western Europe.--_adj._ FRANK'ISH. FRANK, frangk, _n._ (_Shak._) a pig-sty.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to shut up in a sty, to cram, to fatten. [O. Fr. _franc_.] FRANKALMOIGN, frangk'al-moin, _n._ (_Eng. law_) a form of land-tenure in which no obligations were enforced except religious ones, as praying, &c. [O. Fr. _franc_, free, _almoigne_, alms.] FRANKENSTEIN, frangk'en-st[=i]n, _n._ any creation which brings anxiety or disaster to its author--from the _Frankenstein_ in Mrs Shelley's romance so named, who by his skill forms an animate creature like a man, only to his own torment. FRANKINCENSE, frangk'in-sens, _n._ a sweet-smelling vegetable resin from Arabia, used in sacrifices. [O. Fr. _franc encens_, pure incense.] FRANKLIN, frangk'lin, _n._ an old English freeholder, free from feudal servitude to a subject-superior. [Low L. _francus_, frank.] FRANTIC, fran'tik, _adj._ mad, furious: wild.--_advs._ FRAN'TICALLY, FRAN'TICLY (_Shak._).--_adj._ FRAN'TIC-MAD, raving mad.--_n._ FRAN'TICNESS, the state of being frantic. [O. Fr. _frenetique_--L. _phreneticus_--Gr. _phren[=e]tikos_, mad, _phren[=i]tis_, inflammation of the brain--_phr[=e]n_, the mind; see FRENZY.] FRANZY, fran'zi, _adj._ (_prov._) cross: particular. FRAP, frap, _v.t._ to strike: (_naut._) to secure by many turns of a lashing. [Fr. _frapper_, to strike.] FRAPPÉ, fra-p[=a], _adj._ iced, cooled. [Fr.] FRATCH, frach, _n._ (_prov._) a quarrel or brawl.--_adjs._ FRATCH'ETY, FRATCH'Y; FRATCH'ING. [Imit.] FRATER, fr[=a]'ter, _n._ the refectory of a monastery. [O. Fr. _fraitur_ for _refreitor_.--Low L. _refect[=o]rium_.] FRATERNAL, fra-t[.e]r'nal, _adj._ belonging to a brother or brethren: becoming brothers.--_ns._ FRATE (frä'te), a friar:--_pl._ FRÄ'TI; FR[=A]'TER, a friar: comrade; FRATER'CULA, a genus of marine diving-birds, the puffins or masked auks.--_adv._ FRATER'NALLY.--_n._ FRATERNIS[=A]'TION, the associating as brethren.--_v.i._ FRAT'ERNISE, to associate as brothers: to seek brotherly fellowship.--_ns._ FRAT'ERNISER; FRATER'NITY, the state of being brethren: a society formed on a principle of brotherhood; FRAT'RY, the common-room of a monastic establishment, the chapter-house--also FRAT'ERY: a fraternity: a convent of friars. [Fr.,--Low L. _fraternalis_--_frater_, a brother, Eng. _brother_, Gr. _phrat[=e]r_, a clansman, Sans. _bhr[=a]ta_.] FRATRICIDE, frat'ri-s[=i]d, _n._ one who kills his brother: the murder of a brother.--_adj._ FRAT'RICIDAL. [Fr.,--L. _frater_, _fratris_, _cæd[)e]re_, to kill.] FRAU, frow, _n._ a married woman, a wife.--_n._ FRÄU'LEIN, a young lady, miss--often in England for a German governess. [Ger.] FRAUD, frawd, _n._ deceit: imposture: (_Milt._) a snare: a deceptive trick: (_coll._) a cheat: a fraudulent production.--_adj._ FRAUD'FUL, deceptive.--_adv._ FRAUD'FULLY.--_ns._ FRAUD'ULENCE, FRAUD'ULENCY.--_adj._ FRAUD'ULENT, using fraud: dishonest.--_adv._ FRAUD'ULENTLY.--FRAUDULENT BANKRUPTCY, a bankruptcy in which the insolvent is accessory, by concealment or otherwise, to the diminution of the funds divisible among his creditors.--PIOUS FRAUD, a deception practised with a good end in view: (_coll._) a religious humbug. [O. Fr.,--L. _fraus_, _fraudis_, fraud.] FRAUGHT, frawt, _n._ a load, cargo: the freight of a ship.--_v.t._ to fill, store.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to form the freight of a vessel.--_p.adj._ freighted, laden: filled.--_n._ FRAUGHT'AGE (_Shak._), loading, cargo. [Prob. Old Dut. _vracht_. Cf. FREIGHT.] FRAXINELLA, frak-si-nel'a, _n._ a common name for cultivated species of dittany.--_n._ FRAX'INUS, the genus of _Oleaceæ_ containing the common ash. FRAY, fr[=a], _n._ an affray, a brawl.--_v.t._ (_B._) to frighten. [Abbrev. of _affray_.] FRAY, fr[=a], _v.t._ to wear off by rubbing: to ravel out the edge of a stuff.--_v.i._ to become frayed.--_n._ FRAY'ING, the action of the verb fray: ravellings. [Fr. _frayer_--L. _fric[=a]re_, to rub.] FRAZIL, fräz'il, _n._ anchor-ice. [Canadian Fr.; prob. Fr. _fraisil_, cinders.] FRAZZLE, fraz'l, _v.t._ (_U.S._) to fray, wear out.--_n._ state of being worn out. FREAK, fr[=e]k, _n._ a sudden caprice or fancy: sport: an abnormal production of nature, a monstrosity.--_ns._ FREAK'INESS, FREAK'ISHNESS.--_adjs._ FREAK'ISH, FREAK'FUL, apt to change the mind suddenly: capricious.--_adv._ FREAK'ISHLY. [A late word; cf. A.S. _frícian_, to dance.] FREAK, fr[=e]k, _v.t._ to spot or streak: to variegate.--_n._ a streak of colour. FRECK, frek, _adj._ (_Scot._) prompt, eager.--Also FRACK. FRECKLE, frek'l, _v.t._ to spot: to colour with spots.--_n._ a yellowish or brownish-yellow spot on the skin, esp. of fair-haired persons: any small spot.--_n._ FRECK'LING, a little spot.--_adjs._ FRECK'LY, FRECK'LED, full of freckles. [Ice. _freknur_ (pl.), Dan. _fregne_.] FREE, fr[=e], _adj._ not bound: at liberty: not under arbitrary government: unimpeded: set at liberty: guiltless: frank: lavish: not attached: exempt (with _from_): having a franchise (with _of_): gratuitous: bold, indecent: idiomatic, as a translation.--_v.t._ to set at liberty: to deliver from what confines: to rid (with _from_, of):--_pr.p._ free'ing; _pa.p._ freed.--_ns._ FREE'-AG'ENCY, state or power of acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will; FREE'-AG'ENT; FREE'-AND-EAS'Y, a kind of public-house club where good fellows gather to smoke and sing; FREE'-BENCH, a widow's right to dower out of her husband's lands, so long as unmarried and chaste; FREE'-BOARD, the space between a vessel's line of flotation and the upper side of the deck; FREE'BOOTER (Dut. _vrijbuiter_), one who roves about freely in search of booty: a plunderer; FREE'BOOTERY.--_adj._ FREE'BOOTING, acting the part of a freebooter: robbing.--_n._ the practice of a freebooter: robbery, pillage.--_n._ FREE'BOOTY.--_adj._ FREE'BORN, born of free parents.--_ns._ FREE'-CIT'Y, a city having independent government; FREE'-COST, freedom from charges; FREED'MAN, a man who has been a slave, and has been freed or set free; FREE'DOM, liberty: frankness: separation: privileges connected with a city: improper familiarity: license; FREE'-FISH'ER, one who has a right to take fish in certain waters.--_adjs._ FREE-FOOT'ED (_Shak._) not restrained in movement; FREE'-HAND, applied to drawing by the unguided hand; FREE'-HAND'ED, open-handed: liberal; FREE'-HEART'ED, open-hearted: liberal.--_ns._ FREE'-HEART'EDNESS, liberality: frankness; FREE'HOLD, a property held free of duty except to the king; FREE'HOLDER, one who possesses a freehold; FREE'-L[=A]'BOUR, voluntary, not slave, labour; FREE'-LANCE, one of certain roving companies of knights and men-at-arms, who after the Crusades wandered about Europe, selling their services to any one; FREE'-LIV'ER, one who freely indulges his appetite for eating and drinking: a glutton; FREE'-LOVE, the claim to freedom in sexual relations, unshackled by marriage or obligation to aliment.--_adv._ FREE'LY.--_ns._ FREE'MAN, a man who is free or enjoys liberty: one who holds a particular franchise or privilege:--_pl._ FREE'MEN; FREE'M[=A]SON, one of a secret society of so-called speculative masons, united in lodges for social enjoyment and mutual assistance, and laying dubious claim to a connection with the medieval organisations of free operative masons.--_adj._ FREEMASON'IC.--_n._ FREEM[=A]'SONRY, the institutions, practices, &c. of Freemasons.--_adj._ FREE'-MIND'ED, with a mind free or unperplexed: without a load of care.--_ns._ FREE'NESS; FREE'-PORT, a port where no duties are levied on articles of commerce; FREE'-SCHOOL, a school where no tuition fees are exacted; FREE'-SHOT (Ger. _Freischütz_), the name given to a legendary hunter and marksman who gets a number of bullets (_Freikugeln_) from the devil, six of which always hit the mark, while the seventh is at the disposal of the devil himself.--_adjs._ FREE'-SOIL, in favour of free territory, opposed to slavery; FREE'-SP[=O]K'EN, accustomed to speak without reserve.--_ns._ FREE'-SP[=O]K'ENNESS; FREE'STONE, an easily quarried stone composed of sand or grit.--_adj._ having a stone from which the pulp easily separates, as a peach--opp. to _Clingstone_.--_adj._ FREE'-SWIM'MING, swimming freely, as an aquatic animal.--_ns._ FREE'THINKER, one who professes to be free from conventional authority in religion: a rationalist; FREE'THINKING, FREE'-THOUGHT, the habit of mind of a freethinker.--_adj._ FREE'-TONGUED, free-spoken.--_ns._ FREE'-TRADE, free or unrestricted trade: free interchange of commodities without protective duties; FREE'-TRAD'ER, one who practises or advocates this; FREE'-WILL, freedom of the will from restraint: liberty of choice: power of self-determination.--_adj._ spontaneous.--FREE-CELL FORMATION, the formation of several cells from and in the protoplasm of the mother-cell; FREE CHURCH, that branch of the Presbyterians in Scotland which left the Established Church in the Disruption of 1843, finding spiritual independence impossible within it: a church whose sittings are open to all: (_pl._) a term often applied to the Nonconformist churches generally; FREE LIST, the list of persons admitted without payment to a theatre, &c., or of those to whom a book, &c., is sent; FREE ON BOARD (F.O.B.), a phrase meaning that goods are to be delivered on the vessel or other conveyance without charge.--FREE STATES, in America, before the Civil War of 1861-65, those of the United States in which slavery did not exist, as opposed to _Slave States_.--MAKE FREE WITH, to take undue liberties with. [A.S. _freo_; Ger. _frei_, Ice. _frí_.] FREEMARTIN, fr[=e]'mar-tin, _n._ a cow-calf born as a twin with a bull-calf, usually barren. FREEZE, fr[=e]z, _v.i._ to become ice or like a solid body.--_v.t._ to harden into ice: to cause to shiver, as with terror:--_pr.p._ freez'ing; _pa.t._ fr[=o]ze; _pa.p._ froz'en.--_adj._ FREEZ'ABLE.--_ns._ FREEZ'ING-MIX'TURE, a mixture, as of pounded ice and salt, producing cold sufficient to freeze a liquid by the rapid absorption of heat; FREEZ'ING-POINT, the temperature at which water freezes, marked 32° on the Fahrenheit thermometer, and 0° on the centigrade. [A.S. _fréosan_, pa.p. _froren_; Dut. _vreizen_, Ger. _frieren_, to freeze.] FREIGHT, fr[=a]t, _n._ the lading or cargo, esp. of a ship; the charge for transporting goods by water.--_v.t._ to load a ship.--_ns._ FREIGHT'AGE, money paid for freight; FREIGHT'ER, one who freights a vessel. [Prob. Old Dut. _vrecht_, a form of _vracht_.] FREISCHÜTZ. See FREE-SHOT. FREIT, fr[=e]t, _n._ (_Scot._) any superstitious belief in things as good or bad omens--also FREET.--_adj._ FREIT'Y, FREET'Y, superstitious. [Scand.; Ice. _frétt_, news.] FREMD, fremd, _adj._ and _n._ (_Scot._) strange, a stranger--Spenser has FRENNE, a stranger.--THE FREMD, the world of strangers. [M. E. _fremd_, _fremed_--A.S. _fremde_; cf. Dut. _vreemd_, Ger. _fremd_.] FREMESCENT, frem-es'ent, _adj._ raging, riotous.--_n._ FREMES'CENCE. [L. _frem[)e]re_, to roar.] FREMITUS, frem'i-tus, _n._ a palpable vibration, as of the walls of the chest. [L.] FRENCH, frensh, _adj._ belonging to _France_ or its people.--_n._ the people or language of France.--_ns._ FRENCH'-BEAN, the common kidney bean, eaten, pods and all, as a table vegetable; FRENCH'-BERR'Y, a small berry, the fruit of certain species of buckthorn, used in dyeing yellow; FRENCH'-CHALK, an indurated clay, extremely dense, and of a smooth glossy surface and white colour; FRENCH'ERY, French fashions collectively; FRENCH'-HORN, a musical wind-instrument somewhat resembling a bugle; FRENCHIFIC[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ FRENCH'IFY, to make French or Frenchlike: to infect with the manner of the French.--_ns._ FRENCH'INESS; FRENCH'MAN, a native or naturalised inhabitant of France:--_fem._ FRENCH'WOMAN; FRENCH'-POL'ISH, a varnish for furniture, consisting chiefly of shellac dissolved in some spirit; FRENCH'-POL'ISHER; FRENCH'-POL'ISHING, the method of coating furniture with French-polish.--_adj._ FRENCH'Y, with an exaggerated French manner.--FRENCH MERINO, a fine twilled cloth of merino wool; FRENCH POX (_obs._), syphilis; FRENCH ROOF, a modified mansard-roof--really American; FRENCH WHITE, finely pulverised talc; FRENCH WINDOW, a long window opening like a folding-door, and serving for exit and entrance.--TAKE FRENCH LEAVE, to depart without notice or permission, to disappear suspiciously. FRENETIC, -AL, fre-net'ik, -al, _adj._ frenzied: mad: distracted.--Also PHRENET'IC, -AL. [See FRANTIC.] FRENUM, fr[=e]'num, _n._ a ligament restraining the motion of a part.--Also FRÆ'NUM. [L., a bridle.] FRENZY, fren'zi, _n._ a violent excitement: mania.--_v.t._ to render frenzied.--_adjs._ FREN'ZIED, FREN'ZICAL, partaking of frenzy. [Through O. Fr. and L.,--from Late Gr. _phren[=e]sis_=Gr. _phrenitis_, inflammation of the brain--_phr[=e]n_, the mind.] FREQUENT, fr[=e]'kwent, _adj._ coming or occurring often.--_ns._ FR[=E]'QUENCE (_Milt._), a crowd, an assembly; FR[=E]'QUENCY, repeated occurrence of anything.--_v.t._ FREQUENT', to visit often.--_ns._ FR[=E]'QUENTAGE, habit of frequenting; FREQUENT[=A]'TION, the act of visiting often.--_adj._ FREQUENT'ATIVE (_gram._), denoting the frequent repetition of an action.--_n._ (_gram._) a verb expressing this repetition.--_n._ FREQUENT'ER.--_adv._ FR[=E]'QUENTLY.--_n._ FR[=E]'QUENTNESS. [L. _frequens_, _frequentis_; cog. with _farc[=i]re_, to stuff.] FRESCADE, fres-k[=a]d', _n._ a cool walk. [Fr.,--It. _frescata_.] FRESCO, fres'k[=o], _n._ a painting executed with colours, consisting chiefly of natural earths, upon walls covered with damp freshly-laid plaster.--_v.t._ to paint in fresco:--_pr.p._ fres'c[=o]ing; _pa.p._ fres'c[=o]ed.--_adj._ FRES'COED.--_ns._ FRES'COER; FRES'COING; FRES'COIST. [It. _fresco_, fresh.] FRESH, fresh, _adj._ in a state of activity and health: new and strong, not stale or faded: recently produced or obtained: untried: having renewed vigour: healthy, refreshing, invigorating: brisk: (_slang_) tipsy: not salt.--_n._ (_Shak._) a small stream of fresh water: (_Scot._) a thaw, open weather.--_adj._ FRESH'-BLOWN, newly blown, as a flower.--_v.t._ FRESH'EN, to make fresh: to take the saltness from.--_v.i._ to grow fresh: to grow brisk or strong.--_ns._ FRESH'ENER; FRESH'ET, a pool or stream of fresh water: the sudden overflow of a river from rain or melted snow.--_adj._ FRESH'ISH.--_adv._ FRESH'LY.--_ns._ FRESH'MAN, one in the rudiments of knowledge, esp. a university student in his first year--also FRESH'ER; FRESH'MANSHIP, FRESH'ERDOM.--_adj._ FRESH'-NEW (_Shak._), unpractised, wholly unacquainted; FRESH'WA'TER, of or pertaining to water not salt: accustomed to sail only on fresh water--hence unskilled, raw. [A.S. _fersc_; cf. Dut. _versch_, Ger. _frisch_.] FRET, fret, _v.t._ to wear away by rubbing, to rub, chafe, ripple, disturb: to eat into: to vex, to irritate.--_v.i._ to wear away: to vex one's self: to be peevish:--_pr.p._ fret'ting; _pa.p._ fret'ted, (_B._) fret.--_n._ agitation of the surface of a liquid: irritation: the worn side of the banks of a river.--_adj._ FRET'FUL, peevish.--_adv._ FRET'FULLY.--_n._ FRET'FULNESS.--_p.adj._ FRET'TING, vexing.--_n._ peevishness. [A.S. _fretan_, to gnaw--pfx. _for-_, inten., and _etan_, to eat; Ger. _fressen_.] FRET, fret, _v.t._ to ornament with raised work: to variegate:--_pr.p._ fret'ting; _pa.p._ fret'ted. [O. Fr. _freter_.] FRET, fret, _n._ a piece of interlaced ornamental work: (_archit._) an ornament consisting of small fillets intersecting each other at right angles: (_her._) bars crossed and interlaced.--_ns._ FRET'-SAW, a saw with a narrow blade and fine teeth, used for fret-work, scroll-work, &c.; FRETTE, a hoop for strengthening a cannon shrunk on its breach.--_adjs._ FRET'TED, FRET'TY, ornamented with frets.--_n._ FRET'-WORK, ornamental work consisting of a combination of frets, perforated work. [O. Fr. _frete_, trellis-work.] FRET, fret, _n._ a short wire on the finger-board of a guitar or other instrument.--_v.t._ to furnish with frets. [Prob. same as the above.] FRIABLE, fr[=i]'a-bl, _adj._ apt to crumble: easily reduced to powder.--_ns._ FR[=I]'ABLENESS, FRIABIL'ITY. [Fr.,--L. _friabilis_--_fri[=a]re_, _fri[=a]tum_, to crumble.] FRIAR, fr[=i]'ar, _n._ a member of one of the mendicant monastic orders in the R.C. Church--the Franciscans (_Friars Minor_ or _Gray Friars_), Dominicans (_Friars Major_, _Friars Preachers_, or _Black Friars_), Carmelites (_White Friars_), and Augustinians (_Austin Friars_).--_adj._ FR[=I]'ARLY, like a friar.--_n._ FR[=I]'ARY, a monastery.--FRIARS' BALSAM (see BENZOIN); FRIAR'S CAP, the wolf's-bane; FRIAR'S COWL, the wake-robin; FRIAR'S LANTERN, the ignis-fatuus or Will-o'-the-wisp. [O. Fr. _frere_--L. _frater_, a brother.] FRIBBLE, frib'l, _v.i._ to trifle.--_n._ a trifler.--_ns._ FRIBB'LEDOM; FRIBB'LEISM; FRIBB'LER.--_adj._ FRIBB'LISH, trifling. [Onomatopoeic; prob. influenced by _frivol_.] FRICANDEAU, frik-an-d[=o]', _n._ a thick slice of veal, &c., larded. [Fr., perh. from _friand_, dainty, nice, and perh. ult. conn. with _fricassee_.] FRICASSEE, frik-as-s[=e]', _n._ a dish made of fowl, rabbit, &c. cut into pieces and cooked in sauce.--_v.t._ to dress as a fricassee:--_pr.p._ fricassee'ing; _pa.p._ fricasseed'. [Fr. _fricassée_; origin unknown.] FRICTION, frik'shun, _n._ the act of rubbing: (_statics_) a force acting in the tangent plane of two bodies, when one slides or rolls upon another, and always in a direction opposite to that in which the moving body tends: difficulty, unpleasantness.--_adjs._ FRIC'ATIVE, produced by friction, used of those consonants which are produced by the breath being forced through a narrow opening; FRIC'TIONAL, relating to, moved by, or produced by friction.--_n._ FRIC'TION-GEAR'ING, a method of imparting the motion of one wheel or pulley to another by mere contact.--_adj._ FRIC'TIONLESS, having no friction.--_n.pl._ FRIC'TION-WHEELS, wheels that lessen friction. [Fr.,--L. _frictionem_--_fric[=a]re_, _frictum_, to rub.] FRIDAY, fr[=i]'d[=a], _n._ the sixth day of the week.--BLACK FRIDAY, Good Friday, from the black vestments of the clergy and altar in the Western Church: any Friday marked by a great calamity; GOOD FRIDAY, the Friday before Easter, kept in commemoration of the Crucifixion; HOLY FRIDAY, Friday in an ember-week--also GOLDEN FRIDAY, sometimes put for Good Friday itself. [A.S. _Frígedæg_, day of (the goddess) _Fríg_--Latinised _Frigga_--wife of Odin.] FRIDGE, frij, _v.t._ (_Sterne_) to rub or fray. FRIED, fr[=i]d, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _fry_. FRIEND, frend, _n._ one loving or attached to another: an intimate acquaintance: a favourer: one of a society so called: (_Scot._) a relative.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to befriend.--_adj._ FRIEND'ED, supplied with friends.--_n._ FRIEND'ING (_Shak._), friendliness.--_adj._ FRIEND'LESS, without friends: destitute.--_n._ FRIEND'LESSNESS.--_adv._ FRIEND'LILY.--_n._ FRIEND'LINESS.--_adj._ FRIEND'LY, like a friend: having the disposition of a friend: favourable: pertaining to the Friends or Quakers.--_n._ FRIEND'SHIP, attachment from mutual esteem: friendly assistance.--FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, or _Benefit societies_, associations, chiefly among mechanics, &c., for relief during sickness, old age, widowhood, by provident insurance.--BE FRIENDS WITH, to be on intimate or friendly relations with; HAVE A FRIEND AT COURT, to have a friend in a position where his influence is likely to prove useful; SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, the designation proper of a sect of Christians better known as Quakers. [A.S. _fréond_, pr.p. of _fréon_, to love; Ger. _freund_.] FRIER, fr[=i]'[.e]r, _n._ (_Milt._) a friar. FRIEZE, fr[=e]z, _n._ a coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side.--_adj._ FRIEZED, napped. [Fr. _frise_.] FRIEZE, fr[=e]z, _n._ (_archit._) the part of the entablature between the architrave and cornice, often ornamented with figures.--_v.t._ to put a frieze on. [O. Fr. _frize_; It. _fregio_; perh. L. _Phrygium_, Phrygian.] FRIGATE, frig'[=a]t, _n._ in the Royal Navy, formerly a vessel in the class next to ships of the line, carrying 28 to 60 guns on the maindeck and a raised quarter-deck and forecastle--not now denoting a distinct class of vessels.--_ns._ FRIG'ATE-BIRD, a large tropical sea-bird, with very long wings; FRIGATOON', a small Venetian vessel with square stern and two masts. [O. Fr. _fregate_--It. _fregata_; ety. dub.] FRIGHT, fr[=i]t, _n._ sudden fear: terror: anything inspiring terror or alarm, a figure of grotesque or ridiculous appearance.--_vs.t._ FRIGHT, FRIGHT'EN, to make afraid: to alarm.--_adjs._ FRIGHT'ABLE, FRIGHT'ENABLE, timid; FRIGHT'FUL, terrible: shocking.--_adv._ FRIGHT'FULLY.--_n._ FRIGHT'FULNESS.--_adj._ FRIGHT'SOME, frightful: feeling fright. [A.S. _fyrhto_; cf. Ger. _furcht_, fear.] FRIGID, frij'id, _adj._ frozen or stiffened with cold: cold: without spirit or feeling: unanimated.--_n._ FRIGID'ITY, coldness: coldness of affection: want of animation.--_adv._ FRIG'IDLY.--_n._ FRIG'IDNESS.--_adj._ FRIGORIF'IC, causing cold.--FRIGID ZONES, the parts of the earth's surface within the circle drawn with the poles as centre, and a radius of 23½ degrees. [L. _frigidus_--_frig[=e]re_, to be cold--_frigus_, cold.] FRIGOT, frig'ot, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as FRIGATE. FRIJOLE, fr[=e]-h[=o]l', _n._ the common Mexican bean. [Sp.] FRILL, fril, _v.i._ to ruffle, as a hawk its feathers, when shivering.--_v.t._ to furnish with a frill.--_n._ a ruffle: a ruffled or crimped edging of linen.--_ns._ FRILLED'-LIZ'ARD, a lizard with an extraordinary frilled membrane attached to the hinder part of the head, neck, and chest, and covering its shoulders; FRILL'ING, frilled edging. [Usually conn. with O. Fr. _friller_, to shiver; but prob. related to _furl_.] FRIMAIRE, fr[=e]-m[=a]r', _n._ the third month of the French revolutionary calendar, Nov. 21-Dec. 20. [Fr. _frimas_, frost.] FRINGE, frinj, _n._ loose threads forming an ornamental border: anything like a fringe, even a girl's hair cut in front and falling over the brow: the extremity.--_v.t._ to adorn with fringe: to border.--_adjs._ FRINGED; FRINGE'LESS; FRING'ENT, fringing.--_n._ FRINGE'-TREE, in the United States, a large shrub with very numerous snow-white flowers in panicled racemes.--_adj._ FRING'Y, ornamented with fringes. [O. Fr. _frenge_--L. _fimbria_, threads, fibres, akin to _fibra_, a fibre.] FRINGILLACEOUS, frin-ji-l[=a]'shi-us, _adj._ pertaining to the finches or _Fringillidæ_.--Also FRINGIL'LIFORM, FRINGIL'LINE. [L. _fringilla_.] FRIPPERY, frip'[.e]r-i, _n._ worn-out clothes: the place where old clothes are sold: useless trifles.--_adj._ useless: trifling.--_n._ FRIPP'ER, one who deals in old clothes. [O. Fr. _freperie_, _frepe_, a rag.] FRISETTE. See FRIZZLE. FRISEUR, fris-[.e]r', _n._ a hair-dresser.--_n._ FRIS'URE, mode of curling the hair. [Fr. _friser_, to curl.] FRISIAN, friz'i-an, _adj._ and _n._ pertaining to the people of _Friesland_, or to their language.--Also FRIES'IAN, FRIES'IC, FRIES'ISH. FRISK, frisk, _v.i._ to gambol: to leap playfully.--_n._ a frolic.--_n._ FRISK'ER.--_adj._ FRISK'FUL, brisk, lively.--_adv._ FRISK'ILY.--_n._ FRISK'INESS.--_adj._ FRISK'ING.--_adv._ FRISK'INGLY.--_adj._ FRISK'Y, lively: jumping with gaiety: frolicsome. [O. Fr. _frisque_; acc. to Skeat, from Ice. _frískr_, Sw. and Dan. _frisk_.] FRISKET, frisk'[.e]t, _n._ (_print._) the light frame between the tympan and the form, to hold in place the sheet to be printed. [Fr. _frisquette_.] FRIT, frit, _n._ the mixed materials of which glass is made, after being heated until they fuse partially without melting.--_v.t._ to fuse partially without melting:--_pr.p._ _frit'ting_; _pa.p._ frit'ted. [Fr. _fritte_--It. _fritta_.--L. _frig[)e]re_, _frictum_, to roast.] FRIT, frit, _n._ a small fly destructive to wheat. FRITH, frith, FIRTH, f[.e]rth, _n._ a narrow inlet of the sea, esp. at a river-mouth. [Ice. _fiörðr_; Norw. _fiord_.] FRITH, frith, _n._ peace.--_ns._ FRITH'BORG (_A.S. law_), one of the tithings or groups of ten men into which the hundred was divided, the members of each being accountable for a fellow-member's misdeeds; FRITH'GILD, a union of neighbours pledged to one another for the preservation of peace; FRITH'SOKEN, the jurisdiction to punish for breaches of the peace; FRITH'STOOL, a chair of sanctuary, placed near the altar in a church--as at Hexham and Beverley. [A.S. _frith_, peace; Ger. _friede_.] FRITH, frith, _n._ forest. [A.S. _(ge)fyrhðe_.] FRITILLARY, frit'il-lar-i, _n._ a genus of plants of the order _Liliaceæ_, with drooping purple flowers: a species of butterfly. [L. _fritillus_, a dice-box.] FRITTER, frit'[.e]r, _n._ a piece of meat fried: a kind of pancake, a slice of some fruit sweetened, fried, and served hot: a fragment.--_v.t._ to break into fragments.--_n._ FRITT'ERER, one who wastes time. [O. Fr. _friture_--L. _frig[)e]re_, _frictum_, to fry.] FRIVOLOUS, friv'ol-us, _adj._ trifling: silly.--_n._ FRIVOL'ITY, act or habit of trifling: levity.--_adv._ FRIV'OLOUSLY.--_n._ FRIV'OLOUSNESS. [Fr. _frivole_--L. _frivolus_.] FRIZZ, FRIZ, friz, _v.t._ to curl: to render rough and tangled.--_n._ a curl, a wig.--_adjs._ FRIZZED, having the hair curled or crisped into frizzes; FRIZZ'Y. [O. Fr. _friser_, to curl; perh. conn. with _frieze_, cloth.] FRIZZLE, friz'l, _v.t._ to form in small short curls.--_v.i._ to go into curls.--_n._ a curl.--_ns._ FRIZETTE', FRISETTE', a cluster of small curls worn over the forehead.--_adj._ FRIZZ'LY. [Related to _frizz_ and _frieze_.] FRO, fr[=o], _adv._ from: back or backward.--_prep._ (_obs._) from. [A shortened form of _from_; but perh. directly derived from Ice. _frá_, from.] FROCK, frok, _n._ a wide-sleeved garment worn by monks: a loose upper garment worn by men: a sailor's jersey: a gown worn by females: an undress regimental coat.--_v.t._ to furnish with a frock: to invest with priestly office.--_n._ FROCK'-COAT, a double-breasted full-skirted coat for men.--_adj._ FROCKED, clothed in a frock.--_n._ FROCK'ING, cloth suitable for frocks, coarse jean.--_adj._ FROCK'LESS, wanting a frock. [O. Fr. _froc_, a monk's frock--Low L. _frocus_--L. _floccus_, a flock of wool; or more prob. (acc. to Brachet and Littré) from Low L. _hrocus_--Old High Ger. _hroch_ (Ger. _rock_), a coat.] FROG, frog, _n._ a genus of tailless amphibians, with webbed feet, remarkable for its rapid swimming and leaping: a soft, horny substance in the middle of the sole of a horse's foot, forking towards the heel: a section of a rail or rails at a point where two lines cross, or of a switch from one line to another.--_ns._ FROG'-BIT, a small aquatic plant, allied to the water-soldier, but with floating leaves; FROG'-EAT'ER, one who eats frogs, a Frenchman; FROG'-FISH, a name for various fishes, esp. the angler; FROG'GERY, frogs collectively: a place where frogs abound.--_adj._ FROG'GY, having or abounding in frogs.--_ns._ FROG'-HOP'PER, FROG'-SPIT (see FROTH-FLY); FROG'LING, a little frog.--FROG MARCH, a method of carrying a refractory or drunken prisoner face downwards between four men, each holding a limb. [A.S. _frogga_, _frox_; cog. with Ice. _froskr_; Ger. _frosch_.] FROG, frog, _n._ an ornamental fastening or tasselled button for a frock or cloak.--_adj._ FROGGED, in uniforms, of ornamental stripes or workings of braid or lace, mostly on the breast of a coat. FROISE, froiz, _n._ a kind of pancake or omelette, often with slices of bacon.--Also _Fraise_. [Fr.] FROLIC, frol'ik, _adj._ merry: pranky.--_n._ gaiety: a wild prank: a merry-making.--_v.i._ to play wild pranks or merry tricks: to gambol:--_pr.p._ frol'icking; _pa.p._ frol'icked.--_adj._ FROL'ICSOME, gay: sportive.--_adv._ FROL'ICSOMELY.--_n._ FROL'ICSOMENESS. [Dut. _vrolijk_, merry; cf. Ger. _fröhlich_, joyful, gay.] FROM, from, _prep._ forth: out of, as from a source: away: at a distance: springing out of: by reason of. [A.S. _fram_, _from_; akin to Goth. _fram_, Ice. _frá_.] FROND, frond, _n._ (_bot._) a leaf-like expansion in many cryptogamous plants, organs in which the functions of stem and leaf are combined.--_adjs._ FROND'ED, having fronds; FROND'ENT, leafy.--_n._ FRONDES'CENCE, act of putting forth leaves: the season for putting forth leaves.--_adjs._ FRONDES'CENT, springing into leaf; FRONDIF'EROUS, bearing or producing fronds; FRONDOSE', covered with fronds. [L. _frons_, _frondis_, a leaf.] FRONDE, frond, _n._ the name given to certain factions in France during the minority of Louis XIV., hostile to the court and the minister Mazarin.--_n._ FROND'EUR, a member of the Fronde: an irreconcilable. [Fr., a sling--L. _funda_.] FRONT, frunt, _n._ the forehead: the whole face: the forepart of anything: a kind of wig worn by ladies: the most conspicuous part: boldness: impudence.--_adj._ of, relating to, or in the front.--_v.t._ to stand in front of or opposite: to oppose face to face.--_v.i._ to stand in front or foremost: to turn the front or face in any direction.--_n._ FRONT'AGE, the front part of a building.--_adj._ FRONT'AL, of or belonging to the front or forehead.--_n._ a front-piece: something worn on the forehead or face: (_archit._) a pediment over a door or window: a hanging of silk, satin, &c., embroidered for an altar--now usually covering only the top, the _superfrontal_--formerly covering the whole of the front, corresponding to the _antependium_.--_adjs._ FRONT'ATE, -D (_bot._), growing broader and broader: (_zool._) having a prominent frons or forehead; FRONT'ED, formed with a front; FRONT'LESS, void of shame or modesty.--_adv._ FRONT'LESSLY.--_n._ FRONT'LET, a band worn on the forehead.--_advs._ FRONT'WARD, -S, towards the front.--COME TO THE FRONT, to become conspicuous: to attain an important position; IN FRONT OF, before. [O. Fr.,--L. _frons_, _frontis_, the forehead.] FRONTIER, front'[=e]r, _n._ the boundary of a territory: (_Shak._) an outwork.--_adj._ lying on the frontier: bordering.--_v.t._ (_Spens._) to place on the frontier.--_n._ FRONT'IERSMAN, one settled on the borders of a country. [O. Fr. _frontier_--L. _frons_.] FRONTISPIECE, front'i-sp[=e]s, _n._ (_archit._) the principal face of a building: a figure or engraving in front of a book.--_v.t._ to put as a frontispiece, to furnish with such. [Fr.,--Low L. _frontispicium_--frons, forehead, _spec[)e]re_, to see; not conn. with _piece_.] FRONTON, fron'ton, _n._ (_archit._) a pediment.--Also FRON'TOON. [Fr.] FRORE, fr[=o]r, FROREN, fr[=o]'ren, _adj._ frozen, frosty.--_adj._ FR[=O]'RY (_Spens._), frozen. [A.S. _froren_, pa.p. of _fréosan_, to freeze.] FROST, frost, _n._ the state of the atmosphere in which water freezes: state of being frozen: frozen dew, also called _hoar-frost_: (_slang_) a disappointment, a cheat.--_v.t._ to cover with hoar-frost or with anything resembling hoar-frost: to sharpen (the points of a horse's shoe) that it may not slip on ice.--_n._ FROST'-BITE, the freezing or depression of vitality in a part of the body by exposure to cold.--_v.t._ to affect with frost.--_adjs._ FROST'-BIT'TEN, bitten or affected by frost; FROST'-BOUND, bound or confined by frost; FROST'ED, covered by frost or any fine powder: injured by frost.--_adv._ FROST'ILY.--_ns._ FROST'INESS; FROST'ING, the composition, resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cake, &c.--_adj._ FROST'LESS, free from frost.--_n._ FROST'-NAIL, a projecting nail in a horse-shoe serving as an ice-calk.--_v.t._ to put in such nails.--_ns._ FROST'-SMOKE, vapour frozen in the atmosphere, and having a smoke-like appearance; FROST'-WORK, work resembling hoar-frost on shrubs, &c.--_adj._ FROST'Y, producing or containing frost: chill in affection: frost-like. [A.S. _frost_, _forst_--_fréosan_; cf. Ger. _frost_.] FROTH, froth, _n._ the foam on liquids caused by boiling, or any agitation: (_fig._) an empty show in speech: any light matter.--_v.t._ to cause froth on.--_v.i._ to throw up froth.--_ns._ FROTH'ERY, mere froth; FROTH'-FLY, also FROTH'-HOP'PER, FROG'-HOP'PER, FROG'-SPIT, common names for numerous insects parasitic on plants, on which the larvæ and pupæ are found surrounded by a frothy spittle.--_adv._ FROTH'ILY.--_n._ FROTH'INESS.--_adjs._ FROTH'LESS, free from froth; FROTH'Y, full of froth or foam: empty: unsubstantial. [Scand., as in Ice. _froða_, Dan. _fraade_.] FROUNCE, frowns, _v.t._ to plait: to curl: to wrinkle up: to frown.--_n._ a plait or curl.--_v.i._ (_obs._) to frown or wrinkle the brow. [O. Fr. _froncier_. See FLOUNCE (2), of which it is an older form.] FROW, frow, _n._ a Dutchwoman. [Dut. _vrouw_.] FROWARD, fr[=o]'ward, _adj._ (_Spens._) turned from: self-willed: perverse: unreasonable--opp. to _Toward_.--_adv._ FR[=O]'WARDLY.--_n._ FR[=O]'WARDNESS. [A.S. _fra_, away, with affix _-ward_.] FROWN, frown, _v.i._ to wrinkle the brow as in anger: to look angry.--_v.t._ to repel by a frown.--_n._ a wrinkling or contraction of the brow in displeasure, &c.: a stern look.--_adj._ FROWN'ING, gloomy.--_adv._ FROWN'INGLY. [From O. Fr. _froignier_ (mod. _refrogner_), to knit the brow; origin unknown.] FROWY, frow'i, _adj._ (_Spens._) musty, rancid. FROWZY, frow'zi, _adj._ rough and tangled.--Also FROW'SY. [Perh. conn. with _frounce_.] FROZEN, fr[=o]z'n, _pa.p._ of _freeze_. FRUCTIDOR, fruk-ti-d[=o]r', _n._ the twelfth month in the French revolutionary calendar, Aug. 18-Sept. 16. [Fr.,--L. _fructus_, fruit; Gr. _d[=o]ron_, a gift.] FRUCTIFY, fruk'ti-f[=i], _v.t._ to make fruitful: to fertilise.--_v.i._ to bear fruit.--_adj._ FRUCT'ED (_her._), bearing fruit.--_n._ FRUCTES'CENCE, the time for the ripening of fruit.--_adj._ FRUCTIF'EROUS, bearing fruit.--_ns._ FRUCTIFIC[=A]'TION, act of fructifying, or producing fruit: (_bot._) a term denoting sometimes the whole reproductive system, sometimes the 'fruit' itself; FRUC'TOSE, fruit sugar or levulose; FRUC'TUARY, one enjoying the fruits of anything.--_adj._ FRUC'TUOUS, full of fruit. [Fr.,--L.,--_fructus_, fruit.] FRUGAL, fr[=oo]'gal, _adj._ economical in the use of means: thrifty.--_ns._ FRU'GALIST, one who is frugal; FRUGAL'ITY, economy: thrift.--_adv._ FRU'GALLY. [L. _frugalis_--_frugi_, fit for food--_frux_, _frugis_, fruit.] FRUGIFEROUS, fr[=oo]-jif'[.e]r-us, _adj._ fruit-bearing.--_adj._ FRUGIV'OROUS, feeding on fruits or seeds. [L. _frux_, _frugis_--_ferre_, to carry, _vor[=a]re_, to eat.] FRUIT, fr[=oo]t, _n._ the produce of the earth, which supplies the wants of men and animals: the part of a plant which contains the seed: the offspring of animals: product, consequence, effect, advantage--(_Spens._) FRUICT.--_v.i._ to produce fruit.--_ns._ FRUIT'AGE, fruit collectively: fruits; FRUIT'-BUD, a bud that produces fruit; FRUIT'-CAKE, a cake containing raisins, &c.; FRUIT'ERER, one who deals in fruit:--_fem._ FRUIT'ERESS; FRUIT'ERY, a place for storing fruit: fruitage.--_adj._ FRUIT'FUL, producing fruit abundantly: productive.--_adv._ FRUIT'FULLY.--_ns._ FRUIT'FULNESS; FRUIT'ING, process of bearing fruit; FRUIT'-KNIFE, a knife with a blade of silver, &c., for cutting fruit.--_adj._ FRUIT'LESS, barren: without profit: useless.--_adv._ FRUIT'LESSLY.--_ns._ FRUIT'LESSNESS; FRUIT'-TREE, a tree yielding edible fruit.--_adj._ FRUIT'Y, like, or tasting like, fruit.--SMALL FRUITS, strawberries, currants, &c. [O. Fr. _fruit_, _fruict_--L. _fructus_--_frui_, _fructus_, to enjoy.] FRUITION, fr[=oo]-ish'un, _n._ enjoyment: use or possession of anything, esp. accompanied with pleasure.--_adj._ FRU'ITIVE, of or pertaining to fruition. [O. Fr. _fruition_--L. _frui_, to enjoy.] FRUMENTATION, fr[=oo]-men-t[=a]'shun, _n._ a largess of grain bestowed on the starving or turbulent people in ancient Rome.--_adjs._ FRUMENT[=A]'CEOUS, made of or resembling wheat or other grain; FRUMENT[=A]'RIOUS, pertaining to corn. [L. _frumentation-em_--_frument[=a]ri_, to provide with corn--_frumentum_, corn.] FRUMENTY, fr[=oo]'men-ti, _n._ food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk.--Also FUR'METY. [O. Fr. _frumentee_, wheat boiled--_frument_--L. _frumentum_.] FRUMP, frump, _n._ a dowdy and cross-grained woman: (_obs._) a flout or snub.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to snub.--_adjs._ FRUMP'ISH, FRUMP'Y, sour-tempered: ill-dressed. FRUMPLE, frum'pl, _v.t._ (_prov._) to wrinkle. FRUSH, frush, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to break, bruise, or crush.--_adj._ broken or crushed: brittle.--_n._ an onset, attack. [O. Fr. _froissier_, to bruise--L. _frustum_, fragment.] FRUSH, frush, _n._ (_prov._) the frog of a horse's foot: a disease in that part of a horse's foot. FRUSTRATE, frus'tr[=a]t, _v.t._ to make vain or of no effect: to bring to nothing: to defeat.--_p.adj._ vain, ineffectual, defeated.--_adj._ FRUS'TRABLE, capable of being frustrated.--_n._ FRUSTR[=A]'TION, disappointment: defeat.--_adjs._ FRUS'TRATIVE, tending to frustrate; FRUS'TRATORY, disappointing. [L. _frustr[=a]ri_, _frustr[=a]tus_--_frustra_, in vain.] FRUSTULE, frus't[=u]l, _n._ the siliceous two-valved shell of a diatom, with its contents. FRUSTUM, frus'tum, _n._ a slice of a solid body: the part of a cone which remains when the top is cut off by a plane parallel to the base. [L. _frustum_, a bit.] FRUTESCENT, fr[=oo]-tes'ent, _adj._ becoming shrubby; FRU'TEX, a shrub.--_adjs._ FRU'TICOSE, FRU'TICOUS, shrub-like: shrubby; FRUTIC'ULOSE, like a small shrub. [L. _frutesc[)e]re_--_frutex_, _fruticis_, a shrub.] FRUTIFY, fr[=oo]'ti-f[=i], _v.t._ and _v.i._ (_Shak._)=FRUCTIFY. FRY, fr[=i], _v.t._ to dress food with oil or fat in a pan over the fire: to vex.--_v.i._ to undergo the action of heat in a frying-pan: to simmer: (_Spens._) to boil:--_pr.p._ fry'ing; _pa.p._ fried.--_n._ a dish of anything fried.--_n._ FRY'ING-PAN, a flat iron vessel or pan for frying with.--OUT OF THE FRYING-PAN INTO THE FIRE, out of one evil or danger merely to fall into a greater. [Fr. _frire_--L. _frig[)e]re_; cf. Gr. _phrygein_.] FRY, fr[=i], _n._ a swarm of fishes just spawned: a number of small things.--SMALL FRY, small things collectively, persons or things of little importance. [M. E. _fri_--Ice. _frió_; Dan. and Sw. _frö_.] FUAR. Same as FEUAR. FUB, fub, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to put off, to cheat: to steal.--_n._ FUB'BERY (_obs._), deception.--FUB OFF, to put off or evade by a trick or a lie. [See FOB.] FUBBY, fub'i, FUBSY, fub'zi, _adj._ chubby. [Ety. dub.] FUCHSIA, f[=u]'shi-a, a plant with long pendulous flowers, native to South America. [Named after Leonard _Fuchs_, a German botanist, 1501-66.] FUCUS, f[=u]'kus, _n._ a genus of seaweed containing the wrack and other species: a dye: a disguise.--_adj._ FUCIV'OROUS, eating seaweed.--_n._ F[=U]'COID, fossil seaweed.--_adj._ containing fucoids.--_adj._ F[=U]'CUSED, painted. [L. _fucus_, seaweed.] FUD, fud, _n._ (_Scot._) a hare's tail: the buttocks. FUDDLE, fud'l, _v.t._ to stupefy with drink.--_v.i._ to drink to excess or habitually:--_pr.p._ fudd'ling; _pa.p._ fudd'led.--_n._ intoxicating drink.--_ns._ FUDD'LE-CAP, a hard drinker; FUDD'LER, a drunkard.--_adj._ FUDD'LING, tippling. [Cf. Dut. _vod_, soft, Ger. prov. _fuddeln_, to swindle.] FUDGE, fuj, _n._ stuff: nonsense: an exclamation of contempt.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to botch or bungle anything.--_adj._ FUD'GY, irritable: awkward. FUEL, f[=u]'el, _n._ anything that feeds a fire, supplies energy, &c.--_v.t._ (_arch._) to furnish with fuel.--_adj._ F[=U]'ELLED, furnished with fuel.--_n._ F[=U]'ELLER, one who, or that which, supplies fuel for fires. [O. Fr. _fowaille_--L. _focale_--L. _focus_, a fireplace.] FUERO, fw[=a]'r[=o], _n._ the constitution of certain practically autonomous states and communities in northern Spain and south-western France--the Basque provinces, Navarre, Bearn, &c.: modes and tenures of property, &c., nearly equivalent to the French customary law. [Sp.,--L. _forum_.] FUFF, fuf, _n._ (_Scot._) a puff: the spitting of a cat: a burst of anger.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ to puff.--_adj._ FUFF'Y, light and soft. FUGACIOUS, f[=u]-g[=a]'shus, _adj._ apt to flee away: fleeting.--_ns._ FUG[=A]'CIOUSNESS, FUGAC'ITY. [L. _fugax_, _fugacis_, from _fug[)e]re_, to flee.] FUGITIVE, f[=u]j'i-tiv, _adj._ apt to flee away: uncertain: volatile: perishable: temporary: occasional, written for some passing occasion.--_n._ one who flees or has fled from his station or country: one hard to be caught.--_ns._ F[=U]'GIE (_Scot._), a cock that will not fight, a runaway; F[=U]'GIE-WARR'ANT, a warrant to apprehend a debtor about to abscond, prob. from the phrase _in meditatione fugæ_; FUGIT[=A]'TION (_Scots law_), absconding from justice: outlawry.--_adv._ FUG'ITIVELY.--_n._ FUG'ITIVENESS. [Fr.,--L. _fugitivus_, _fug[)e]re_, to flee.] FUGLEMAN, f[=u]'gl-man, _n._ a soldier who stands before a company at drill as an example: a ringleader, mouthpiece of others.--_v.i._ F[=U]'GLE (_Carlyle_), to act like a fugleman. [Ger. _flügelmann_, the leader of a file--_flügel_, a wing, _mann_, man.] FUGUE, f[=u]g, _n._ (_mus._) a form of composition in which the subject is given out by one part and immediately taken up by a second, its _answer_, during which the first part supplies an accompaniment or counter-subject, and so on.--_n._ FUG'UIST, one who writes or plays fugues. [Fr.,--It. _fuga_--L. _fuga_, flight.] FULCRUM, ful'krum, _n._ (_mech._) the prop or fixed point on which a lever moves: a prop:--_pl._ FUL'CRUMS, FUL'CRA.--_adj._ FUL'CRATE, supported with fulcrums. [L. _fulcrum_, a prop, _fulc[=i]re_, to prop.] FULFIL, fool-fil', _v.t._ to complete: to accomplish: to carry into effect:--_pr.p._ fulfil'ling; _pa.p._ fulfilled'.--_ns._ FULFIL'LER; FULFIL'LING, FULFIL'MENT, full performance: completion: accomplishment. [A.S. _fullfyllan_--_full_, full, _fyllan_, to fill.] FULGENT, ful'jent, _adj._ shining: bright.--_n._ FUL'GENCY.--_adv._ FUL'GENTLY.--_adj._ FUL'GID, flashing.--_ns._ FUL'GOR, FUL'GOUR, splendour.--_adj._ FUL'GOROUS, flashing. [L. _fulgent_, pr.p. of _fulg[=e]re_, to shine.] FULGURATE, ful'g[=u]-r[=a]t, _v.i._ to flash as lightning.--_adjs._ FUL'GURAL, pertaining to lightning; FUL'GURANT, flashing like lightning.--_ns._ FULGUR[=A]'TION, in assaying, the sudden and final brightening of the fused globule; FUL'GUR[=I]TE, a tube of vitrified sand frequent in loose sandhills--prob. due to lightning--_adj._ FUL'GUROUS, resembling lightning. FULHAM, ful'am, _n._ a die loaded at the corner.--Also FULL'AM, FULL'AN. [Prob. the place-name _Fulham_.] FULIGINOUS, f[=u]-lij'i-nus, _adj._ sooty: smoky.--_n._ FULIGINOS'ITY.--_adv._ FULIG'INOUSLY. [L., _fuligo_, soot.] FULL, fool, _adj._ having all it can contain: having no empty space: abundantly supplied or furnished: abounding: containing the whole matter: complete: perfect: strong: clear: (_coll._) drunk: at poker, consisting of three of a kind and a pair.--_n._ completest extent, as of the moon: highest degree: the whole: time of full-moon.--_v.t._ to draw up or pucker the cloth on one side more than on the other.--_adv._ quite: to the same degree: with the whole effect: completely.--_adjs._ FULL'-[=A]'CORNED (_Shak._), full-fed with acorns; FULL'-AGED, having reached one's majority.--_n._ FULL'-BLOOD, an individual of pure blood.--_adjs._ FULL'-BLOOD'ED; FULL'-BLOOMED, in perfect bloom; FULL'-BLOWN, blown or fully expanded, as a flower; FULL'-BOTT'OMED, having a full or large bottom, as a wig.--_n._ FULL'-DRESS, the dress worn on occasions of state or ceremony.--_adjs._ FULL'-EYED, with large prominent eyes; FULL'-FACED, having a full or broad face; FULL'-FED, fed to plumpness; FULL'-FRAUGHT (_Shak._), full-stored; FULL'-GROWN, grown to maturity; FULL'-HAND'ED, bearing something valuable, as a gift; FULL'-HEART'ED, full of heart or courage: elated; FULL'-HOT (_Shak._), heated to the utmost; FULL'-LENGTH, extending the whole length (_n._ a portrait showing such); FULL-MANNED (_Shak._), having a full crew.--_ns._ FULL'-MOON, the moon with its whole disc illuminated, when opposite the sun; FULL'NESS, FUL'NESS, the state of being filled so as to have no part vacant: the state of abounding in anything: completeness: satiety: largeness: force and volume, as of sound: (_Shak._) plenty, wealth.--_adjs._ FULL'-ORBED, having the orb or disc fully illuminated, as the full-moon: round; FULL'-SAILED, unbounded, absolute: moving onwards under full sail; FULL-SPLIT (_slang_), with all one's might or speed; FULL'-SUMMED, complete in all its parts.--_n._ FULL'-SWING, the full extent or utmost limit.--_adj._ FULL'-WINGED (_Shak._), having perfect or strong wings.--_adv._ FULL'Y, completely: entirely.--FULL BACK (_football_), see BACK.--AT THE FULL, at the height, as of one's good fortune, &c.; IN FULL, without reduction; IN THE FULLNESS OF TIME, at the proper or destined time.--TO THE FULL, in full measure, completely. [A.S. _full_; Goth. _fulls_, Ice. _fullr_, Ger. _voll_.] FULL, fool, _v.t._ to press or pound cloth in a mill: to scour and thicken in a mill.--_ns._ FULL'AGE, the charge for fulling cloth; FULL'ER, a bleacher or cleanser of cloth; FULLER'S-EARTH, a soft earth or clay, capable of absorbing grease, used in fulling or bleaching cloth; FULLER'S-THISTLE, -WEED, the teasel; FULL'ERY, the place or works where fulling of cloth is carried on; FULL'ING-MILL, a mill in which woollen cloth is fulled. [O. Fr. _fuler_--Low L. _full[=a]re_--L. _fullo_, a cloth-fuller.] FULLER, fool'er, _n._ a half-round set-hammer. FULMAR, ful'mar, _n._ a species of petrel inhabiting the Shetland Isles, &c., valuable for its down, feathers, and oil. [Perh. Norse _fúll_, foul.] FULMINATE, ful'min-[=a]t, _v.i._ to thunder or make a loud noise: to issue decrees with violence, or with menaces of grave censure.--_v.t._ to cause to explode: to send forth, as a denunciation--(_Milt._) FUL'MINE.--_n._ a compound of fulminic acid with mercury, &c.--_adj._ FUL'MINANT, fulminating: (_path._) developing suddenly.--_n._ a thunderbolt, explosive.--_adj._ FUL'MINATING, crackling, exploding, detonating.--_n._ FULMIN[=A]'TION, act of fulminating, thundering, or issuing forth: a chemical explosion: a denunciation.--_adjs._ FUL'MINATORY; FULMIN'EOUS, FUL'MINOUS, pertaining to thunder and lightning; FULMIN'IC, pertaining to an acid used in preparing explosive compounds. [L. _fulmin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_fulmen_ (for _fulgimen_), lightning--_fulg[=e]re_, to shine.] FULSOME, fool'sum, _adj._ cloying or causing surfeit: nauseous: offensive: gross: disgustingly fawning.--_adj._ FUL'SOMELY.--_n._ FUL'SOMENESS. [A.S. _full_, full, and affix _-some_.] FULVOUS, ful'vus, _adj._ deep or dull yellow: tawny.--Also FUL'VID. [L. _fulvus_, tawny.] FUM, fum, _n._ a fabulous Chinese bird, one of the symbols of imperial dignity.--Also FUNG. FUMACIOUS, f[=u]-m[=a]'shi-us, _adj._ smoky: fond of smoking. FUMADO, f[=u]-m[=a]'do, _n._ a smoked fish, esp. a pilchard. [Sp.,--L. _fum[=a]re_, to smoke.] FUMAGE, f[=u]m'[=a]j, _n._ hearth-money. FUMAROLE, f[=u]m'a-r[=o]l, _n._ a smoke-hole in a volcano or sulphur-mine. [Fr. _fumerole_--L. _fumus_, smoke.] FUMBLE, fum'bl, _v.i._ to grope about awkwardly: to handle awkwardly: to stammer in speech: to find by groping.--_v.t._ to manage awkwardly.--_n._ FUM'BLER.--_adv._ FUM'BLINGLY. [Dut. _fommelen_, to fumble; cf. Dan. _famle_, Ice. _fâlma_, to grope about.] FUME, f[=u]m, _n._ smoke or vapour: any volatile matter: heat of mind, rage, a passionate person: anything unsubstantial, vain conceit.--_v.i._ to smoke: to throw off vapour: to be in a rage: to offer incense to.--_n._ FUM'ATORY, a place for smoking or fumigation.--_adjs._ F[=U]'MID, smoky; FUMIF'EROUS, producing fumes.--_n._ FUMOS'ITY, quality of being fumous: (_pl._) the fumes arising from over eating or drinking.--_adjs._ FUM'OUS, FUMOSE', FUM'Y, producing fumes. [O. Fr. _fum_--L. _fumus_, smoke.] FUMET, f[=u]'met, _n._ the dung of deer, hares, &c. [O. Fr. _fumets_, _fumer_--L. _fim[=a]re_, to dung.] FUMETTE, f[=u]-met', _n._ the scent of game when high.--Also FUMET'. [Fr.] FUMIGATE, f[=u]m'i-g[=a]t, _v.t._ to expose to smoke or gas, to expose to fumes, as of sulphur, for purposes of disinfecting: to perfume.--_ns._ FUMIG[=A]'TION, act of fumigating or of applying purifying smoke, &c., to; FUM'IGATOR, a brazier for burning disinfectants, &c.--_adj._ FUM'IGATORY. [L. _fumig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.] FUMITORY, f[=u]m'i-to-ri, _n._ a plant of a disagreeable smell.--_n._ FUM'ITER (_Shak._). [O. Fr. _fume-terre_, earth-smoke--L. _fumus_, smoke, _terra_, earth.] FUMMEL. Same as FUNNEL. FUN, fun, _n._ merriment: sport.--BE GREAT FUN, to be very amusing; IN FUN, in joke, not seriously; LIKE FUN (_coll._), in a rapid manner; NOT TO SEE THE FUN OF, not to take as a joke. [Prob. a form of obs. _fon_, to befool. Skeat refers to Ir. _fonn_, delight.] FUNAMBULATE, f[=u]-nam'b[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to walk on a rope.--_ns._ FUNAMBUL[=A]'TION; FUNAM'BULATOR, FUNAM'BULUS, FUNAM'BULIST, a rope-walker.--_adj._ FUNAM'BULATORY. [L. _funis_, a rope, _ambul[=a]re_, to walk.] FUNCTION, fungk'shun, _n._ the doing of a thing: duty peculiar to any office: faculty, exercise of faculty: the peculiar office of any part of the body or mind: power: a solemn service: (_math._) a quantity so connected with another that any change in the one produces a corresponding change in the other: the technical term in physiology for the vital activity of organ, tissue, or cell.--_adj._ FUNC'TIONAL, pertaining to or performed by functions--opp. to _Organic_ or _Structural_.--_vs.t._ FUNC'TIONALISE, FUNC'TIONATE.--_adv._ FUNC'TIONALLY.--_n._ FUNC'TIONARY, one who discharges any duty: one who holds an office.--_adj._ FUNC'TIONLESS, having no function. [O. Fr.,--L. _function-em_--_fungi_, _functus_, to perform.] FUND, fund, _n._ a sum of money on which some enterprise is founded or expense supported: a supply or source of money: a store laid up: supply: (_pl._) permanent debts due by a government and paying interest.--_v.t._ to form a debt into a stock charged with interest: to place money in a fund.--_adj._ FUND'ABLE, capable of being converted into a fund or into bonds.--_p.adj._ FUND'ED, invested in public funds: existing in the form of bonds.--_n._ FUND'HOLD'ER, one who has money in the public funds.--_adj._ FUND'LESS, destitute of supplies or money. [Fr. _fond_--L. _fundus_, the bottom.] FUNDAMENTAL, fun-da-ment'al, _adj._ essential, basal, primary: important.--_n._ that which serves as a groundwork: an essential.--_ns._ FUND'AMENT, the lower part or seat of the body; FUNDAMENTAL'ITY.--_adv._ FUNDAMENT'ALLY. [Fr.,--L. _fundamentum_, _fund[=a]re_, to found.] FUNDUS, fun'dus, _n._ the bottom of anything: (_anat._) the rounded base of a hollow organ. [L.] FUNERAL, f[=u]'n[.e]r-al, _n._ burial: the ceremony, &c., connected with burial.--_adj._ pertaining to or used at a burial.--_adjs._ FUN[=E]B'RIAL, FUN[=E]B'RAL, FUN[=E]B'RIOUS; F[=U]'NERARY, FUN[=E]R'EAL, pertaining to or suiting a funeral: dismal: mournful. [O. Fr.,--Low L. _funeralis_--L. _funus_, _fun[)e]ris_, a funeral procession.] FUNEST, f[=u]-nest', _adj._ causing or portending death, lamentable. [Fr.,--L. _funestus_, destructive.] FUNGIBLES, fun'ji-blz, _n.pl._ (_law_) movable effects which perish by being used, and which are estimated by weight, number, and measure. [Low L. _fungibilis_--L. _fungi_, to perform. See FUNCTION.] FUNGUS, fung'gus, _n._ one of the lowest of the great groups of cellular cryptogams, including mushrooms, toadstools, mould, &c.: proud-flesh formed on wounds:--_pl._ FUNGI (fun'j[=i]), or FUNGUSES (fung'gus-ez).--_adjs._ FUNG'AL, FUNG[=A]'CEOUS, like a fungus; FUN'GIC ('jik), FUN'GIFORM, having the form of a fungus; FUNGIV'OROUS, feeding on mushrooms; FUNG'OID, resembling a mushroom.--_ns._ FUNGOL'OGIST, a student of fungi; FUNGOL'OGY, the science of fungi; FUNGOS'ITY, quality of being fungous.--_adj._ FUNG'OUS, of or like fungus: soft: spongy: growing suddenly: ephemeral. [L. _fungus_, a mushroom--Gr. _sphonggos_, _sponggos_, a sponge.] FUNICLE, f[=u]'ni-kl, _n._ a small cord or ligature: a fibre.--_adj._ F[=U]NIC'[=U]LAR.--_n._ F[=U]NIC'[=U]LUS, the umbilical cord.--FUNICULAR RAILWAY, a cable-railway, esp. one ascending a hill. [L. _funiculus_, dim. of _funis_, a cord.] FUNK, fungk, _n._ (_coll._) abject terror or fright.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ to shrink through fear: to shirk.--_adj._ FUNK'Y. FUNK, fungk, _n._ touchwood: a spark. [Cf. Dut. _vonk_.] FUNK, fungk, _v.t._ to stifle with smoke. [Ety. dub.] FUNKIA, funk'i-a, _n._ a genus of _Liliaceæ_ allied to the day lilies, native to China. [From the German botanist, H. C. _Funck_, 1771-1839.] FUNNEL, fun'el, _n._ a tube or passage for the escape of smoke, &c.: an instrument (smaller at one end than the other) for pouring fluids into bottles, &c.--_adj._ FUNN'ELLED, provided with a funnel.--_n._ FUNN'EL-NET, a net shaped like a funnel. [Prob. through Fr. from L. _infundibulum_--_fund[)e]re_, to pour.] FUNNEL, fun'el, _n._ (_prov._) the offspring of a stallion and a she-ass.--Also FUMM'EL. FUNNY, fun'i, _adj._ full of fun: droll: perplexing, odd.--_adv._ FUNN'ILY.--_ns._ FUNN'INESS, FUNN'IMENT.--FUNNY BONE, a popular name given to what is really the comparatively unprotected ulnar nerve, which, when struck by a blow, shoots a singular tingling sensation down the forearm to the fingers; FUNNY MAN, the clown in a circus. FUNNY, fun'i, _n._ a light clinker-built pleasure-boat, with a pair of sculls. FUR, fur, _n._ the short, fine hair of certain animals: their skins with the fur prepared for garments: rabbits, hares, as opposed to partridges, pheasants (feathers): (_Milt._) kind or class, from the idea of particular furs being worn by way of distinction: a fur-like coating on the tongue, the interior of boilers, &c.--_v.t._ to line with fur: to cover with morbid fur-like matter:--_pr.p._ fur'ring; _pa.p._ furred.--_adj._ FURRED, made of fur, provided with fur.--_ns._ FUR'RIER, a dealer in furs and fur goods; FUR'RIERY, furs in general: trade in furs; FUR'RING, fur trimmings: a coating on the tongue: strips of wood fastened on joists, &c., to make a level surface or provide an air-space: strips of wood nailed on a wall to carry lath.--_adj._ FUR'RY, consisting of, covered with, or dressed in fur. [O. Fr. _forre_, _fuerre_, sheath.] FURACIOUS, f[=u]-r[=a]'shus, _adj._ thievish.--_ns._ FUR[=A]'CIOUSNESS, FURAC'ITY. FURBELOW, fur'be-l[=o], _n._ the plaited border of a gown or petticoat, a flounce. [Fr., It., and Sp. _falbala_; of unknown origin. The word simulates an English form--_fur-below_.] FURBISH, fur'bish, _v.t._ to purify or polish: to rub up until bright: to renovate. [O. Fr. _fourbiss-_, _fourbir_, from Old High Ger. _furban_, to purify.] FURCATE, fur'k[=a]t, _adj._ forked: branching like the prongs of a fork--also FUR'CATED.--_ns._ FURC[=A]'TION, a forking or branching out; FUR'CIFER, a genus of South American deer with furcate antlers.--_adjs._ FURCIF'EROUS, of insects bearing a forked appendage; FUR'CIFORM, fork-shaped.--_n._ FUR'C[=U]LA, the united pair of clavicles of a bird, forming a single forked bone--the merry-thought.--_adj._ FUR'CULAR, furcate: shaped like a fork. [L., from _furca_, a fork.] FURFUR, fur'fur, _n._ dandruff, scurf--also FUR'FAIR.--_adj._ FURF[=U]R[=A]'CEOUS, branny: scaly--also FUR'F[=U]ROUS.--_n._ FURF[=U]R[=A]'TION, the falling of scurf. [L.] FURFUROL, fur'fur-ol, _n._ a volatile oil obtained when wheat-bran, sugar, or starch is acted on by dilute sulphuric acid. [L. _furfur_, bran.] FURIOUS, f[=u]'ri-us, _adj._ full of fury: violent.--_adj._ F[=U]'RIBUND, raging.--_ns._ FURIOS'ITY, madness; FURI[=O]'SO, a furious person.--_adv._ F[=U]'RIOUSLY.--_n._ F[=U]'RIOUSNESS. [O. Fr. _furieus_--L. _furi[=o]sus_--_furia_, rage.] FURL, furl, _v.t._ to draw or roll up, as a sail. [Contr. of obs. _furdle_, from _fardel_.] FURLONG, fur'long, _n._ 40 poles: one-eighth of a mile. [A.S. _furlang_--_furh_, furrow, _lang_, long.] FURLOUGH, fur'l[=o], _n._ leave of absence.--_v.t._ to grant leave of absence. [Dut. _verlof_; cf. Ger. _verlaub_.] FURMENTY. See FRUMENTY. FURNACE, fur'n[=a]s, _n._ an oven or enclosed fireplace for melting ores and other purposes: a time or place of grievous affliction or torment.--_v.t._ to exhale like a furnace: to subject to the heat of a furnace. [O. Fr. _fornais_--L. _fornax_--_fornus_, an oven.] FURNIMENT, fur'ni-ment, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as FURNITURE. FURNISH, fur'nish, _v.t._ to fit up or supply completely, or with what is necessary: to equip (_with_).--_adj._ FUR'NISHED, stocked with furniture.--_n._ FUR'NISHER.--_n.pl._ FUR'NISHINGS, fittings of any kind, esp. articles of furniture, &c., within a house: (_Shak._) any incidental part.--_n._ FUR'NISHMENT. [O. Fr. _furniss-_, _furnir_--Old High Ger. _frummjan_, to do.] FURNITURE, fur'ni-t[=u]r, _n._ movables, either for use or ornament, with which a house is equipped: equipage, the trappings of a horse, &c.: decorations: the necessary appendages in some arts, &c.: (_print._) the pieces of wood or metal put round pages of type to make proper margins and fill the spaces between the pages and the chase. [Fr. _fourniture_.] FUROR, f[=u]'ror, _n._ fury: excitement, enthusiasm.--Also FUR[=O]'RE. [L.] FURROW, fur'[=o], _n._ the trench made by a plough: any groove: a wrinkle on the face.--_v.t._ to form furrows in: to groove: to wrinkle.--_n._ FURR'OW-WEED (_Shak._), a weed on ploughed land.---_adj._ FURR'OWY. [A.S. _furh_; cf. Ger. _furche_, L. _porca_.] FURTHER, fur'th[.e]r, _adv._ to a greater distance or degree: in addition.--_adj._ more distant: additional.--_adv._ FUR'THERMORE, in addition to what has been said, moreover, besides.--_adjs._ FUR'THERMOST, most remote; FUR'THERSOME, tending to further or promote.--_adv._ FUR'THEST, at the greatest distance.--_adj._ most distant.--WISH ONE FURTHER, to wish one somewhere else than here and now. [A.S. _furðor_, a comp. of _fore_, with comp. suff.] FURTHER, fur'_th_[.e]r, _v.t._ to help forward, promote.--_ns._ FUR'THERANCE, a helping forward; FUR'THERER, a promoter, advancer.--_adj._ FUR'THERSOME, helpful. [A.S. _fyrðran_.] FURTIVE, fur'tiv, _adj._ stealthy: secret.--_adv._ FUR'TIVELY. [Fr.,--L. _furtivus_--_fur_, a thief.] FURUNCLE, f[=u]'rung-kl, _n._ an inflammatory tumour.--_adjs._ FURUN'CULAR, FURUN'CULOUS. [L. _furunculus_.] FURY, f[=u]'ri, _n._ rage: violent passion: madness: (_myth._) one of the three goddesses of fate and vengeance, the Erinyes, or euphemistically Eumenides--Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megæra--hence a passionate, violent woman. [Fr. _furie_--L. _furia_--_fur[)e]re_, to be angry.] FURZE, furz, _n._ the whin or gorse, a prickly evergreen bush with beautiful yellow flowers.--_adjs._ FURZ'Y, FURZ'EN, overgrown with furze. [A.S. _fyrs_.] FUSAROLE, f[=u]'sa-r[=o]l, _n._ (_archit._) an astragal.--Also F[=U]'SAROL. [Fr.,--L. _fusus_, spindle.] FUSCOUS, fus'kus, _adj._ brown: dingy--(_Charles Lamb_) FUSC. [L. _fuscus_, akin to _furvus_.] FUSE, f[=u]z, _v.t._ to melt: to liquefy by heat.--_v.i._ to be melted: to be reduced to a liquid.--_n._ FUSIBIL'ITY.--adjs. F[=U]'SIBLE, that may be fused or melted--(_Milt._) F[=U]'SILE, F[=U]'SIL.--_ns._ F[=U]'SING-POINT, the temperature at which any solid substance becomes liquid; F[=U]'SION, act of melting: the state of fluidity from heat: a close union of things, as if melted together.--AQUEOUS FUSION, the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallisation; DRY FUSION, the liquefaction produced in salts by heat after the water of crystallisation has been expelled; IGNEOUS FUSION, the melting of anhydrous salts by heat without decomposition. [L. _fund[)e]re_, _fusum_, to melt.] FUSE, f[=u]z, _n._ a tube filled with combustible matter for firing mines, discharging shells, &c. [It. _fuso_--L. _fusus_, a spindle.] FUSEE, FUZEE, f[=u]-z[=e]', _n._ the spindle in a watch or clock on which the chain is wound: a match used for lighting a pipe or cigar in the open air: a fuse: a fusil.--_adj._ F[=U]'SIFORM, spindle-shaped: tapering at each end. [O. Fr. _fusée_, a spindleful--Low L. _fusata_--L. _fusus_, a spindle.] FUSEL-OIL, f[=u]'zel-oil, _n._ a nauseous oil in spirits distilled from potatoes, barley, &c. [Ger. _fusel_, bad spirits.] FUSIL, f[=u]'zil, _n._ a flint-lock musket. [O. Fr. _fuisil_, a flint-musket, same as It. _focile_--Low L. _focile_, steel (to strike fire with), dim. of L. _focus_, a fireplace.] FUSIL, f[=u]'zil, _n._ (_her._) an elongated rhomboidal figure. [O. Fr. _fusel_--L. _fusus_, a spindle.] FUSILIER, FUSILEER, f[=u]-zil-[=e]r', _n._ formerly a soldier armed with a fusil, now simply a historical title borne by a few regiments of the British army (Northumberland, Royal Scots, &c.). FUSILLADE, f[=u]z'il-[=a]d, _n._ a simultaneous or continuous discharge of firearms.--_v.t._ to shoot down by a simultaneous discharge of firearms.--_n._ FUSILL[=A]'TION, death by shooting. [Fr.,--_fusil_, a musket.] FUSS, fus, _n._ a bustle or tumult: haste, flurry.--_v.i._ to be in a bustle.--_adv._ FUSS'ILY.--_n._ FUSS'INESS, a needless state of bustle.--adj. FUSS'Y. [Imit.] FUST, fust, _n._ the shaft of a column. [O. Fr. _fust_ (Fr. _fût_)--L. _fustis_, a stick.] FUST, _v.i._ See FUSTY. FUSTANELLE, fus-ta-nel', _n._ a white kilt worn by Greek men. [Mod. Gr. _phoustani_, Albanian _fustan_--It. _fustagno_, fustian.] FUSTET, fus'tet, _n._ the smoke-tree or Venetian sumach, or its wood. [Fr.,--L. _fustis_, a stick.] FUSTIAN, fust'yan, _n._ a kind of coarse, twilled cotton fabric, including moleskin, velveteen, corduroy, &c.: a pompous and unnatural style of writing or speaking: bombast: a liquor made of white wine with yolk of eggs, lemon, spices, &c.--adj. made of fustian: bombastic.--_v.i._ FUST'IANISE (_Holmes_), to write bombastically.--_n._ FUST'IANIST, one who writes bombast. [O. Fr. _fustaigne_ (Fr. _futaine_)--It. _fustagno_--Low L. _fustaneum_, from Ar. _Fostat_ (a suburb of Cairo) in Egypt, where first made.] FUSTIC, fus'tik, _n._ the wood of a West Indian tree, formerly much used as a dye.--Also FUS'TOC. [Fr. _fustoc_, yellow--Sp. _fustoc_--L. _fustis_.] FUSTIGATION, fus-ti-g[=a]'shun, _n._ a beating with a stick.--_v.t._ FUS'TIGATE, to thrash with a stick. [L. _fustig[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to beat with a stick--_fustis_, a stick.] FUSTILARIAN, fus-ti-l[=a]'ri-an, _n._ (_Shak._) a low fellow, a scoundrel.--_n._ FUS'TILUGS (_prov._), a frowzy woman. FUSTY, fust'i, _adj._ smelling of the wood of the cask, as wine: ill-smelling.--_v.i._ Fust (_Shak._) to grow or smell mouldy.--_adj._ Fust'ed, mouldy.--_n._ Fust'iness. [O. Fr. _fust_, wood of a cask--L. _fustis_.] FUSUS, f[=u]'sus, _n._ a genus of Gasteropods, usually referred to the Murex family. [L.] FUTCHEL, fuch'el, _n._ a piece of timber lengthwise of a carriage, supporting the splinter-bar and the pole. FUTHORC, f[=u]'thork, _n._ the Runic alphabet. [From the first six letters, _f_, _u_, _þ_, _o_ or _a_, _r_, _k_.] FUTILE, f[=u]'t[=i]l, _adj._ useless: unavailing: trifling.--_adv._ F[=U]'TILELY.--_ns._ FUTILIT[=A]'RIAN, one who gives himself to profitless pursuits; FUTIL'ITY, uselessness. [Fr.,--L. _futilis_--_fund[)e]re_, to pour.] FUTTOCK, fut'uk, _n._ one of the separate pieces of timber composing the frame of a ship.--_ns. pl._ FUTT'OCK-PLATES, iron plates with dead-eyes, crossing the sides of the top-rim perpendicularly; FUTT'OCK-SHROUDS, short pieces of rope or chain which secure the lower dead-eyes and futtock-plates of topmast rigging to a band round a lower mast. [Perh. corrupted from _foot-hooks_.] FUTURE, f[=u]t'[=u]r, _adj._ about to be: that is to come: (_gram._) expressing what will be.--_n._ time to come.--_n._ FUT'URE-PER'FECT (_gram._), a tense expressing action viewed as past in reference to an assumed future time (L. _amavero_=I shall have loved).--_v.i._ FUT'URISE, to form the future tense.--_ns._ FUT'URIST, one whose chief interests are in what is to come; FUTURITION (-ish'un), future existence: accomplishment; FUTUR'ITY, time to come: an event or state of being yet to come. [Fr.,--L. _futurus_, fut.p. of _esse_, to be.] FUZE, f[=u]z, _n._ Same as FUSE. FUZZ, fuz, _v.i._ to fly off in minute particles with a fizzing sound like water from hot iron.--_n._ fine light particles, as dust, down, &c.--_n._ FUZZ'BALL, a kind of fungus, whose head is full of a fine dust. [Ety. dub.] FUZZLE, fuz'l, _v.t._ (_prov._) to intoxicate. FUZZY, fuz'i, _adj._ covered with fuzz, fluffy.--_adv._ FUZZ'ILY.--_n._ FUZZ'INESS. FY, f[=i], _interj._ Same as FIE. FYKE, f[=i]k, _n._ a bag-net for catching fish. [Dut. _fuik_.] FYLFOT, FILFOT, fil'fot, _n._ an ancient symbol in the form of a Greek cross, with each arm continued at right angles, called also _Gammadion_, _Gammation_, and _Svastika_. [Prob. _fill-foot_, meaning a device for filling the foot of a painted window.] FYRD, fird, _n._ the military force of the whole nation, all males capable of bearing arms, in Anglo-Saxon times. [A.S. _fyrd_, army.] FYTTE. See FIT (3). * * * * * G the seventh letter of our alphabet, and in the Roman not originally differentiated from C, but substituted there for the disused Z: (_mus._) the fifth note of the diatonic scale of C minor--also _sol_, the scale or key having that note for its tonic: (_nat. phil._) a symbol for acceleration of gravity, which is about 32 feet per second: in the medieval system of Roman numerals=400, or [=G]=400,000. GAB, gab, _v.i._ (_coll._) to chatter, prate.--_n._ idle talk, prattling: a jest, a witticism: (_Scot._) the mouth.--_n._ GAB'BER, jabber.--_adj._ GAB'BY, garrulous.--GIFT OF THE GAB, a talent for talking. GAB, gab, _v.i._ to brag. [O. Fr. _gabber_, to mock.] GABBART, gab'ärt, _n._ a flat river vessel with a long hatchway.--Also GABB'ARD. [Fr. _gabare_--Prov. and It. _gabarra_.] GABBATHA, gab'a-thä, _n._ the place where Pilate sat at the trial of Jesus, a tessellated pavement outside the prætorium. [Heb., 'platform.'] GABBLE, gab'l, _v.i._ to talk inarticulately: to chatter: to cackle like geese.--_ns._ GABB'LE; GABB'LER; GABB'LING, GABB'LEMENT. [Freq. of _gab_.] GABBRO, gab'ro, _n._ a rock composed of feldspar and diallage--also _Euphotide_.--_n._ GABB'RONITE, a compact variety of scapolite, resembling gabbro. [It.] GABELLE, gab-el', _n._ a tax, impost duty, formerly in France, esp. the tax on salt.--_n._ G[=A]'BELER. [Fr. _gabelle_--Low L. _gabella_, _gablum_--Teut.] GABERDINE, gab-er-d[=e]n', _n._ a loose upper garment, formerly worn by Jews. [O. Fr. _gauvardine_; per. Mid. High Ger. _wallevart_, pilgrimage, whence also Sp. _gabardina_, &c.] GABERLUNZIE, gab-er-lun'zi, -yi, _n._ (_Scot._) a pouch carried by Scottish beggars: a strolling beggar. GABION, g[=a]'bi-un, _n._ (_fort._) a bottomless basket of wicker-work filled with earth, used for shelter from the enemy's fire while digging trenches, or in forming the foundation of a jetty.--_ns._ G[=A]'BIONADE, a work formed of gabions; G[=A]'BIONAGE, gabions collectively.--_adj._ G[=A]'BIONED, furnished with gabions. [Fr.,--It. _gabbione_, a large cage--_gabbia_--L. _cavea_, a cage.] GABLE, g[=a]'bl, _n._ (_archit._) the triangular part of an exterior wall of a building between the top of the side-walls and the slopes on the roof--(_Scot._) G[=A]'VEL.--_adj._ G[=A]'BLED.--ns. G[=A]'BLE-END, the end-wall of a building on the side where there is a gable; G[=A]'BLET (_dim._), a small gable, as an ornament on buttresses, &c.; G[=A]'BLE-WIN'DOW, a window in the gable-end of a building, or a window with its upper part shaped like a gable. [The northern form _gavel_ is prob. Ice. _gafl_; Sw. _gafvel_, Dan. _gavl_. The southern form gable is prob. through O. Fr. _gable_, _jable_ from Ice. _gafl_.] GABRIEL'S HOUNDS. See HOUND. GABY, g[=a]'bi, _n._ a simpleton. [Hardly related to _gape_.] GAD, gad, _n._ a pointed bar of steel: a tool used in mining: a graver: a rod or stick, a goad: the bar across a Scotch condemned cell, on which the iron ring ran which fastened the shackles--also GADE, GAID.--_n._ GAD'LING, one of the spikes on the knuckles of a gauntlet.--UPON THE GAD (_Shak._), upon the spur of the moment. [Ice. _gadd-r_, a spike.] GAD, gad, _interj._ a minced form of God.--_interjs._ GAD'SO, an exclamation of surprise; GAD'ZOOKS, an obsolete minced oath. GAD, gad, _v.i._ to rove about restlessly: to wander or ramble in speech, &c., to straggle in growth:--_pr.p._ gad'ding; _pa.p._ gad'ded.--_ns._ GAD, GAD'ABOUT, one who walks idly about; GAD'DER.--_adv._ GAD'DINGLY--_n._ GAD'DISHNESS. [Prob. conn. with _gad_ in _gadfly_; or obsolete _gadling_, vagabond.] GADFLY, gad'fl[=i], _n._ a fly which pierces the skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs: a mischievous gadabout. [From _gad_, n., _fly_.] GADGE, gaj, _n._ an instrument of torture (_Browning_). GADHELIC, gad-el'ik, _adj._ of or belonging to that branch of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of Ireland, the Gaels of Scotland, and the Manx of the Isle of Man, as distinguished from the _Cymric_. [Ir. _Gaedheal_ (pl. _Gaedhil_), a Gael.] GADOID, g[=a]'doid, _adj._ pertaining to the _Gadidæ_, or cod-fishes.--_n._ a fish of this family.--_n._ G[=A]'DEAN, a fish of this family.--_adj._ G[=A]'DINE.--_n._ G[=A]'DUS, the typical genus of the same. [Gr. _gados_.] GADOLINITE, gad'[=o]-lin-[=i]t, _n._ a silicate of the yttrium and cerium metals, containing also beryllium and iron. [From the Finnish chemist _Gadolin_ (1760-1852).] GADROON, gad-r[=oo]n', _n._ one of a set of convex curves or arcs joined at their extremities to form a decorative pattern--in plate, &c.--_adj._ GADROONED'.--_n._ GADROON'ING. [Fr. _godron_.] GADSMAN, gadz'man, _n._ (_Scot._) one who drives horses at the plough. [_Gad_ and _man_.] GADWALL, gad'wawl, _n._ a northern fresh-water duck. GAE, g[=a], a Scotch form of _go_. GAEL, g[=a]l, _n._ a Scotch Highlander.--_adj._ GAELIC (g[=a]l'ik), pertaining to the Gaels.--_n._ the Scottish-Highland dialect.--_v.t._ GAEL'ICISE.--_n._ GAEL'ICISM. [Gael. _Gaidheal_.] GAFF, gaf, _n._ a hook used esp. for landing large fish after they have been hooked on the line and spent by the skill of the angler: (_naut._) the spar to which the head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent.--_v.t._ to hook or bind by means of a gaff.--_n._ GAFF'-TOP-SAIL, a small sail, the head of which is extended on a small gaff which hoists on the top-mast, and the foot on the lower gaff. [Fr. _gaffe_.] GAFF, gaf, _n._ (_slang_) a low theatre: a fair. GAFF, gaf, _v.i._ (_slang_) to gamble.--_ns._ GAFF'ER; GAFF'ING. GAFFER, gaf'[.e]r, _n._ originally a word of respect applied to an old man, now familiar: the foreman of a squad of workmen. [Corr. of _godfather_, as _gammer_ of _godmother_.] GAG, gag, _v.t._ to forcibly stop the mouth: to silence: to choke up: to introduce gag into a piece:--_pr.p._ gag'ging; _pa.p._ gagged.--_n._ something thrust into the mouth or put over it to enforce silence, or distend the jaws during an operation: the closure applied in a debate: a mouthful which produces nausea, the fat of fresh beef boiled: (_slang_) an actor's interpolation: a joke or hoax.--_n._ GAG'GER, one who gags. [Prob. imitative of sound made in choking.] GAG, gag, _v.t._ (_slang_) to deceive.--v.i. to practise imposture.--n. a made-up story, lie: (_U.S._) a laughing-stock. GAGE, g[=a]j, _n._ a pledge: something thrown down as a challenge, as a glove.--_v.t._ to bind by pledge or security: offer as a guarantee: to stake, wager. [O. Fr. _guage_, from Teut. See WED.] GAGE. See GAUGE. GAGE, g[=a]j, _n._ name applied to several varieties of plum. [See GREENGAGE.] GAGGLE, gag'l, _n._ a flock of geese, or of women.--_v.i._ to cackle.--_n._ GAGG'LING, cackling.--_adj._ garrulous. GAG-TOOTH, gag'-t[=oo]th, _n._ a projecting tooth.--_adj._ GAG'-TOOTHED. GAIETY, GAILY. See GAY. GAIKWAR, g[=i]k'war, _n._ name of the ruler of Baroda in India. [Marathi _g[=a]e_--Sans. _go_, a cow, bull.] GAIN, g[=a]n, _v.t._ to obtain by effort: to earn: to be successful in: to draw to one's own party, bribe: to reach: to make advance: (_N. T._) to escape.--_n._ that which is gained: profit.--_adj._ GAIN'ABLE.--_n._ GAIN'ER.--_adj._ GAIN'FUL.--_adv._ GAIN'FULLY.--_n._ GAIN'FULNESS.--_n.pl._ GAIN'INGS.--_adj._ GAIN'LESS.--_n._ GAIN'LESSNESS.--GAIN GROUND (see GROUND); GAIN UPON, to overtake by degrees. [O. Fr. _gain_, _gaain_, _gaigner_, _gaaignier_, from Teut., as in _weidenen_, to graze, to seek forage, _weida_, pasture.] GAIN, g[=a]n, _adj._ (_prov._) near, straight. [Ice. _gegn_.] GAINGIVING, g[=a]n'giv-ing, _n._ (_Shak._) misgiving. GAINLY, g[=a]n'li, _adj._ agile, handsome. See UNGAINLY. GAINSAY, g[=a]n's[=a], _v.t._ to contradict: to deny: to dispute.--_ns._ GAIN'SAYER (_B._), an opposer; GAIN'SAYING.--_v.t._ GAIN'STRIVE (_Spens._), to strive against. [A.S. _gegn_, against, and _say_.] GAINST, a poetic abbreviation of _against_. GAIR, g[=a]r, _n._ (_Scot._) gore. GAIRFOWL. See GAREFOWL. GAIRISH. See GARISH. GAIT, g[=a]t, _n._ way or manner of walking, step, pace.--_adj._ GAIT'ED, having a particular gait. [A special use of _gate_.] GAIT, g[=a]t, _n._ (_prov._) a sheaf of corn: charge for pasturage. GAITER, g[=a]t'[.e]r, _n._ a covering of cloth, &c., for the ankle, fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. _guêtre_, _guietre_.] GAL, gal, _n._ (_prov._) a girl. GALA, g[=a]'la, _n._ festivity.--_n._ G[=A]'LA-DRESS, gay costume for a gala-day. [Fr. _gala_, show--It. _gala_, finery.] GALACTIC, ga-lak'tik, _adj._ pertaining to or obtained from milk: (_astron._) pertaining to the Milky-Way.--_ns._ GALAC'TAGOGUE, a medicine which promotes the secretion of milk; GALAC'TIA, a morbid flow or deficiency of milk; GALAC'TIN, lactose; GALACTOM'ETER, an instrument for finding the quality of milk by indicating its specific gravity; GALACTOPH'AGIST, one who lives on milk.--_adjs._ GALACTOPH'AGOUS, living on milk; GALACTOPH'OROUS, milk-carrying; GALACTOPOIET'IC, milk-producing.--_n._ GALACTORRHOE'A, a too abundant flow of milk. [Gr. _gala_, _galaktos_, milk.] GALAGE, an obs. form of _galosh_. GALAGO, ga-l[=a]'go, _n._ a genus of large-eared, long-tailed African lemurs, arboreal and nocturnal in habit, living on fruit and insects. GALANGAL. See GALINGALE. GALANTINE, gal'an-t[=i]n, _n._ a dish of poultry or veal, boned, tied up tight, cooked, and served cold. [Fr.,--Low L. _galatina_ for _gelatina_, jelly. See GELATINE.] GALANTY SHOW, gal-an'ti sh[=o], _n._ a shadow pantomime produced by throwing shadows of miniature figures on a wall or screen. [Prob. It. _galanti_, pl. of _galante_. See GALLANT.] GALATIAN, ga-l[=a]'shi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Galatia_ in Asia Minor--colonised by Gauls in the 3d century B.C.--_n._ a native of Galatia. GALAXY, gal'ak-si, _n._ the Milky-Way, or the luminous band of stars stretching across the heavens: any splendid assemblage. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. _galaxias_--_gala_, milk.] GALBANUM, gal'ban-um, _n._ a resinous juice obtained from an Eastern plant, used in medicine and in the arts, and by the Jews in the preparation of the sacred incense.--Also GAL'BAN. [L.,--Gr. _chalban[=e]_, prob. an Eastern word.] GALE, g[=a]l, _n._ a strong wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane: (_coll._) a state of noisy excitement. [Prob. elliptical for _gale_ (or _gall_) _wind_. Mr Bradley disfavours the Scand. ety., which connects with Dan. _gal_, mad, Norw. _galen_, raging.] GALE, g[=a]l, _n._ a shrub growing in marshy spots, usually called SWEET-GALE. [Prob. A.S. _gagel_; cf. Ger. _gagel_, a myrtle-bush.] GALE, g[=a]l, _n._ a periodic payment of rent. [_Gavel._] GALEATE, -D, g[=a]'le-[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_bot._, _ornith._, and _anat._) helmeted. [L. _gale[=a]tus_--_galea_, a helmet.] GALENA, g[=a]-l[=e]'na, _n._ a mineral which is essentially a sulphide of lead--also GAL[=E]'NITE.--_adjs._ GAL[=E]'NIC, -AL, GAL[=E]'NOID. [L. _galena_, lead-ore.] GALENIC, -AL, g[=a]-len'ik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to _Galen_, the 2d-cent. Greek physician, or to his methods and theories.--_ns._ G[=A]'LENISM; G[=A]'LENIST. GALEOPITHECUS, g[=a]-li-o-pi-th[=e]'kus, _n._ a flying lemur.--_adjs._ GALEOPITH[=E]'CINE, GALEOPITH[=E]'COID. GALILEAN, gal-i-l[=e]'an, _adj._ of or pertaining to _Galileo_, a great Italian mathematician (1564-1642).--GALILEAN LAW, the law of the uniform acceleration of falling bodies; GALILEAN TELESCOPE, a telescope with a concave lens for its eye-piece. GALILEAN, gal-i-l[=e]'an, _adj._ of or pertaining to _Galilee_, one of the Roman divisions of Palestine.--_n._ a native of Galilee: a Christian. GALILEE, gal'i-l[=e], _n._ (_archit._) a porch or chapel at the west end of some abbey churches, in which penitents were placed, and where ecclesiastics met women who had business with them.--GALILEE PORCH, a galilee which has direct communication with the exterior. [Prob. suggested from Mark, xvi. 7, 'He goeth before you into _Galilee_.'] GALIMATIAS, gal-i-m[=a]'shi-as, _n._ nonsense, gibberish: any confused mixture of unlike things. [Fr.] GALINGALE, gal'in-g[=a]l, _n._ the aromatic root of certain E. Indian plants of genera _Alpinia_ and _Kæmpferia_, formerly much used in medicine and cookery: the tuber of _Cyperus longus_, of ancient medicinal repute: also the whole plant.--Also GALAN'GAL. [O. Fr. _galingal_--Ar. _khalanj[=a]n_--Chin. _ko-liang-kiang_--_Ko_, a Chinese province, _liang_, mild, and _kiang_, ginger.] GALIONGEE, gal-yon-j[=e]', _n._ a Turkish sailor. [Turk. _q[=a]ly[=u]nj[=i]_, deriv. of _q[=a]ly[=u]n_--It. _galeone_, galleon.] GALIPOT, gal'i-pot, _n._ the white resin which exudes from pine, yielding, when refined, white, yellow, or Burgundy pitch. [Fr.] GALL, gawl, _n._ the greenish-yellow fluid secreted from the liver, called bile: bitterness: malignity.--_ns._ GALL-BLADD'ER, a pear-shaped bag lying on the under side of the liver, a reservoir for the bile; GALL'-STONE, a hard concretion in the gall-bladder or biliary ducts.--GALL AND WORMWOOD, anything extremely disagreeable and annoying.--IN THE GALL OF BITTERNESS, in a state of extreme hostility to God (Acts, viii. 23). [A.S. _gealla_, gall; cf. Ger. _galle_, Gr. _chol[=e]_, L. _fel_.] GALL, gawl, _n._ a light nut-like ball which certain insects produce on the oak-tree, used in dyeing--also GALL'-NUT.--_v.t._ to fret or hurt the skin by rubbing: to annoy: to enrage.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to act in a galling manner.--_ns._ GALL'ATE, a salt of gallic acid; GALL'FLY, an insect which occasions gall on plants by puncturing.--_adj._ GALL'ING, irritating.--_adv._ GALL'INGLY.--GALLIC ACID, a crystalline substance obtained from gall-nuts, and used in making ink. [Fr. _galle_--L. _galla_, oak-apple.] GALLANT, gal'ant, _adj._ brave: noble: (rare) gay, splendid, magnificent: courteous or attentive to ladies: amorous, erotic (sometimes gal-ant').--_n._ a gay, dashing person: a man of fashion: suitor, seducer.--_adv._ GALL'ANTLY.--_ns._ GALL'ANTNESS; GALL'ANTRY, bravery: intrepidity: attention or devotion to ladies, often in a bad sense, amorous intrigue: (_Shak._) gallants collectively. [Fr. _galant_--O. Fr. _gale_, a merrymaking; prob. Teut.] GALLEASS, gal'e-as, _n._ (_Shak._) a vessel of the same construction as a galley, but larger and heavier.--Also GALL'IASS. [O. Fr. _galeace_--It. _galeaza_, augmented from, _galea_, galley.] GALLEON, gal'i-un, _n._ a large Spanish vessel with lofty stem and stern, mostly used formerly for carrying treasure. [Sp. _galeon_. Cf. GALLEY.] GALLERY, gal'[.e]r-i, _n._ a balcony surrounded by rails: a long passage: the upper floor of seats in a church or theatre: the persons occupying the gallery at a theatre: a room for the exhibition of works of art: (_fort._) a covered passage cut through the earth or masonry: a level or drive in a mine.--_adj._ GALL'ERIED, furnished with, or arranged like, a gallery.--PLAY TO THE GALLERY, to play so as to win the applause of the least intelligent amongst the spectators. [O. Fr. _galerie_ (It. _galleria_).] GALLEY, gal'i, _n._ a long, low-built ship with one deck, propelled by oars: a state barge: the captain's boat on a war-ship: the place where the cooking is done on board ship: a kind of boat attached to a ship-of-war: (_print._) a flat oblong tray in which the compositor places the type he has set up.--_ns._ GALL'EY-PROOF, an impression taken from type on a galley; GALL'EY-SLAVE, one condemned for crime to work like a slave at the oar of a galley. [O. Fr. _galie_--Low L. _galea_.] GALLIAMBIC, gal-i-am'bik, _adj._ constituting a _galliambus_, a verse consisting of four Ionics a minore ([uu--]), with variations and substitutions. [Used by the _Galli_, priests of the Phrygian goddess Cybele.] GALLIARD, gal'yard, _adj._ (_arch._) brisk, lively.--_n._ a spirited dance for two, common in the 16th and 17th centuries: a gay fellow.--_n._ GALL'IARDISE, gaiety: a merry trick. [O. Fr. _gaillard_; cf. Sp. _gallardo_.] GALLIC, gal'ik, _adj._ pertaining to _Gaul_ or France.--_adj._ GALL'ICAN, of or pertaining to France: esp. pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church in France.--_n._ one holding Gallican doctrines.--_n._ GALL'ICANISM, the spirit of nationalism within the French Church--as opposed to _Ultramontanism_, or the absolute subjection of everything to the personal authority of the pope.--_adv._ GALLICE (gal'i-s[=e]), in French.--_n._ GALL'ICISM, the use in English or any other language of a word or idiom peculiar to the French.--_vs.t._ GALL'IC[=I]ZE, GALL'IC[=I]SE, to make French in opinions, habits, &c. [L. _Gallicus_--_Gallia_, Gaul.] GALLIGASKINS, gal-i-gas'kinz, _n.pl._ large open hose or trousers: leggings worn by sportsmen. [A corr. of O. Fr. _garguesque_--It. _Grechesco_, Greekish--L. _Græcus_, Greek.] GALLIMAUFRY, gal-i-maw'fri, _n._ (_Shak._) any inconsistent or absurd medley: a medley of persons. [O. Fr. _galimafrée_, a ragout, hash.] GALLINACEOUS, gal-in-[=a]'shus, _adj._ pertaining to the order of birds to which the domestic fowl, pheasant, &c. belong. [L. _gallina_, a hen--_gallus_, a cock.] GALLINULE, gal'i-n[=u]l, _n._ a genus of aquatic birds closely allied to the coots, of which the common water-hen is a species. [L. _gallinula_, dim. of _gallina_, a hen.] GALLIO, gal'i-o, _n._ a careless, easy-going man who keeps himself free from trouble and responsibility. [From the proconsul of Achaia in 53 A.D., Junius Annæus _Gallio_, who refused to listen to the Jewish clamour against Paul (Acts, xviii. 12-17).] GALLIOT, GALIOT, gal'i-ot, _n._ a small galley: an old Dutch cargo-boat, also a bomb-ketch. [Fr. _galiote_--Low L. _galea_, galley.] GALLIPOT, gal'i-pot, _n._ a small glazed pot for containing medicine. [Prob. _pottery_ such as was brought in _galleys_; not likely to be the Old Dut. _gleipot_, a glazed pot.] GALLIUM, gal'i-um, _n._ a rare malleable metal, grayish-white, brilliant in lustre. GALLIVANT, gal-i-vant', _v.i._ to spend time frivolously, esp. in flirting. [Perh. a variation of _gallant_.] GALLIVAT, gal'i-vat, _n._ a large two-masted Malay boat. GALLIWASP, gal'i-wasp, _n._ a West Indian lizard. GALLIZE, gal'[=i]z, _v.t._ to treat unfermented grape-juice with water and sugar, so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. [From Dr L. _Gall_ of Treves.] GALLOGLASS, gal'lo-glas, _n._ a soldier or armed retainer of a chief in ancient Ireland and other Celtic countries.--Also GAL'LOWGLASS. [Ir. _gallóglách_--Ir. _gall_, foreign, _óglách_, youth.] GALLOMANIA, gal-o-m[=a]'ni-a, _n._ a mania for French ways. GALLON, gal'un, _n._ the standard measure of capacity=4 quarts. [O. Fr. _galun_, _galon_, _jalon_; app. cog. with Fr. _jale_, a bowl.] GALLOON, ga-l[=oo]n', _n._ a kind of lace: a narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted, or of both.--_adj._ GALLOONED', adorned with galloon. [Fr. _galon_, _galonner_; prob. cog. with _gallant_.] GALLOP, gal'up, _v.i._ to move by leaps, as a horse: to ride a galloping horse: to move very fast.--_v.t._ to cause to gallop.--_n._ the pace at which a horse runs when the forefeet are lifted together and the hindfeet together: a ride at a gallop.--_n._ GALL'OPER, one who, or that which, gallops.--_part._ and _adj._ GALL'OPING, proceeding at a gallop: (_fig._) advancing rapidly, as in the phrase, 'a galloping consumption.'--CANTERBURY GALLOP, a moderate gallop of a horse (see CANTER). [O. Fr. _galop_, _galoper_; prob. Teut., related to _leap_. There is a Flemish and a Middle High Ger. _walop_ (n.). The root is seen in Old Fries. _walla_, to boil; cf. WELL (1).] GALLOPADE, gal-up-[=a]d', _n._ a quick kind of dance--then, the music appropriate to it: a sidewise gallop.--_v.i._ to move briskly: to perform a gallopade. [Fr.] GALLOVIDIAN, gal-o-vid'yan, _adj._ belonging to Galloway.--_n._ a native thereof. GALLOW, gal'l[=o], _v.t._ (_Shak._) to frighten or terrify. [A.S. _a-g['æ]lwian_, to astonish.] GALLOWAY, gal'o-w[=a], _n._ a small strong horse, 13-15 hands high, originally from _Galloway_ in Scotland: a breed of large black hornless cattle. GALLOWS, gal'us, _n._ a wooden frame on which criminals are executed by hanging--a _pl._ used as a _sing._, and having (_Shak._) the double _pl._ 'gallowses' (used also _coll._ originally for a pair of braces for supporting the trousers): (_Shak._) a wretch who deserves the gallows: any contrivance with posts and cross-beam for suspending objects: a rest for the tympan of a hand printing-press: the main frame of a beam-engine.--_ns._ GALL'OWS-BIRD, a person who deserves hanging; GALL'OWS-BITTS, a frame fixed in a ship's deck to support spare spars.--_adj._ GALL'OWS-FREE, free from danger of hanging.--_n._ GALL'OWSNESS (_slang_), recklessness.--_adj._ GALL'OWS-RIPE, ready for the gallows.--_n._ GALL'OWS-TREE, a tree used as a gallows.--CHEAT THE GALLOWS, to escape hanging though deserving it. [M. E. _galwes_ (pl.)--A.S. _galga_; Ger. _galgen_.] GALLY, gal'i, _v.i._ (_prov._) to scare, daze.--_ns._ GALL'Y-BEG'GAR, GALL'ICROW, GALL'YCROW, a scarecrow. GALOOT, ga-l[=oo]t', _n._ (_U.S._) a recruit, a clumsy fellow. GALOP, gal'op, _n._ a lively round dance of German origin: music for such a dance. [Fr.; cf. GALLOP.] GALOPIN, gal'o-pin, _n._ (_Scot._) a kitchen boy. [O. Fr.,--_galoper_, to gallop.] GALORE, ga-l[=o]r', _adv._ in abundance, plentifully.--_n._ abundance. [Ir. _go leór_, sufficiently--_go_, an adverbialising particle, _leór_, sufficient.] GALOSH, ga-losh', _n._ a shoe or slipper worn over another in wet weather--also GALOCHE', GOLOSH'. [Fr. _galoche_--Gr. _kalopodion_, dim. of _kalopous_, a shoemaker's last--_k[=a]lon_, wood, _pous_, the foot.] GALRAVAGE. See GILRAVAGE. GALT. See GAULT. GALUMPH, gal-umf', _v.i._ to march along boundingly and exultingly. [A coinage of Lewis Carroll.] GALVANISM, gal'van-izm, _n._ a branch of the science of electricity which treats of electric currents produced by chemical agents.--_adj._ GALVAN'IC, belonging to or exhibiting galvanism.--_n._ GALVANIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ GAL'VAN[=I]SE, to subject to the action of a galvanic current: to confer a false vitality upon.--_ns._ GAL'VANIST, GAL'VAN[=I]SER; GALVAN'OGRAPH, a printing-surface resembling an engraved copper-plate, produced by an electrotype process from a drawing made with viscid ink on a silvered plate: an impression taken from such a plate; GALVANOG'RAPHY; GALVANOL'OGIST, a student of galvanology; GALVANOL'OGY, the science of galvanic phenomena; GALVANOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the strength of galvanic currents; GALVANOM'ETRY.--_adj._ GALVANOPLAS'TIC.--_ns._ GALVANOPLAS'TY, electrotypy; GALVAN'OSCOPE, an instrument for detecting the existence and direction of an electric current.--GALVANIC BATTERY, a series of zinc or copper plates susceptible of galvanic action; GALVANISED IRON, the name given to iron coated with zinc to prevent rusting. [From Luigi _Galvani_, of Bologna, the discoverer (1737-98).] GALWEGIAN, gal-w[=e]'ji-an, _adj._ belonging to Galloway.--_n._ a native thereof.--Also GALLOW[=E]'GIAN. GAM, gam, _v.t._ and _v.i._ to make a call on, to exchange courtesies with: to gather in a flock, as whales.--_n._ a school or herd of whales. [Prob. a corr. of _jam_.] GAM, gam, _n._ (_Scot._) the mouth:--_pl._ tusks. GAM, gam, _n._ (_slang_) a leg. GAMA-GRASS, gä'ma-gräs, _n._ a grass with very large culms, 4 to 7 feet high, grown in Mexico. GAMASH, gam-ash', _n._ a kind of leggings or gaiters. GAMB, gamb, _n._ a leg or shank: (_her._) a beast's whole foreleg=GAMB'A (_anat._), the metacarpus or metatarsus of ruminants, &c.: short for _viol da gamba_. [Low L. _gamba_, a leg. See GAMBOL.] GAMBADO, gam-b[=a]'do, _n._ a leather covering for the legs to defend them from mud in riding: boots affixed to the saddle in place of stirrups. [It. _gamba_, the leg.] GAMBADO, gam-b[=a]'do, _n._ a bound or spring of a horse: a fantastic movement, a caper. [Sp. _gambada_; cf. GAMBOL.] GAMBESON, gam'be-son, _n._ an ancient coat for defence, worn under the habergeon, of leather, or of cloth stuffed and quilted.--Also GAM'BISON. [O. Fr.--Low L. _gambes[=o]n-em_; prob. Teut., as in _wambâ_, the belly.] GAMBET, gam'bet, _n._ the redshank. GAMBIER, gam'b[=e]r, _n._ an astringent substance prepared from the leaves of a shrub of the East Indies, and largely used in tanning and dyeing.--Also GAM'BIR. [Malayan.] GAMBIST, gam'bist, _n._ a player on the gamba or _viol da gamba_. GAMBIT, gam'bit, _n._ a mode of opening a game of chess by sacrificing a pawn early in the game for the purpose of making a powerful attack. [It. _gambetto_, a tripping up--_gamba_, leg.] GAMBLE, gam'bl, _v.i._ to play for money in games of chance or skill: to engage in wild financial speculations.--_v.t._ to squander away.--_n._ a gambling transaction.--_ns._ GAM'BLER, one who gambles, esp. who makes it his business; GAM'BLING-HOUSE, a house kept for the accommodation of people who play at games of hazard for money. [For _gamm-le_ or _gam-le_, a freq. which has ousted M. E. _gamenen_--A.S. _gamenian_, to play at games--_gamen_, a game.] GAMBOGE, gam-b[=o]j', or gam-b[=oo]j', _n._ a yellow gum-resin used as a pigment and in medicine.--_adjs._ GAMBOG'IAN, GAMBOG'IC. [From _Cambodia_, in Asia, whence brought about 1600.] GAMBOL, gam'bol, _v.i._ to leap, skip: to frisk in sport:--_pr.p._ gam'bolling; _pa.p._ gam'bolled.--_n._ a skipping: playfulness. [Formerly _gambold_--O. Fr. _gambade_--It. _gambata_, a kick--Low L. _gamba_, leg.] GAMBREL, gam'brel, _n._ the hock of a horse: a crooked stick used by butchers for suspending a carcass while dressing it.--GAMBREL ROOF, a curved or hipped roof. [O. Fr. _gamberel_; cf. Fr. _gambier_, a hooked stick; prob. Celt. _cam_, crooked.] GAMBROON, gam-br[=oo]n', _n._ a twilled cloth of worsted and cotton, or linen. [Prob. _Gambroon_ in Persia.] GAME, g[=a]m, _n._ sport of any kind: an exercise or contest for recreation or amusement, esp. athletic contests: the stake in a game: the manner of playing a game: the requisite number of points to be gained to win a game: jest, sport, trick, artifice: any object of pursuit or desire: (_Shak._) gallantry: the spoil of the chase: wild animals protected by law and hunted by sportsmen, the flesh of such--hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, blackcock.--_adj._ of or belonging to such animals as are hunted as game: plucky, courageous: (_slang_) having the spirit to do something.--_v.i._ to gamble.--_ns._ GAME'-BAG, a bag for holding a sportsman's game, also the whole amount of game taken at one time; GAME'COCK, a cock trained to fight; GAME'KEEPER, one who has the care of game.--_n.pl._ GAME'-LAWS, laws relating to the protection of certain animals called game.--_adv._ GAMELY.--_ns._ GAME'NESS; GAME'-PRESERV'ER, one who preserves game on his property for his own sport or profit.--_adj._ GAME'SOME, playful.--_ns._ GAME'SOMENESS, sportiveness: merriment; GAME'STER, one viciously addicted to gambling: a gambler; GAME'-TEN'ANT, one who rents the privilege of shooting or fishing over a particular estate or district; GAM'ING, gambling; GAM'ING-HOUSE, a gambling-house, a hell; GAM'ING-T[=A]'BLE, a table used for gambling.--_adj._ GAM'Y, having the flavour of dead game kept till tainted: (_coll._) spirited, plucky.--BIG GAME, the larger animals hunted; DIE GAME, to keep up courage to the last; MAKE A GAME OF, to play with real energy or skill; MAKE GAME OF, to make sport of, to ridicule; RED GAME, the Scotch ptarmigan; ROUND GAME, a game, as at cards, in which the number of players is not fixed; THE GAME IS NOT WORTH THE CANDLE (see CANDLE); THE GAME IS UP, the game is started: the scheme has failed. [A.S. _gamen_, play; Ice. _gaman_, Dan. _gammen_.] GAME, g[=a]m, _adj._ (_slang_) crooked, lame. [Most prob. not the Celt. _cam_, crooked.] GAMIC, gam'ik, _adj._ having a sexual character, of an ovum--opp. to _Agamic_.--_ns._ GAMETE (gam-[=e]t'), a sexual protoplasmic body; GAMOGEN'ESIS, sexual reproduction.--_adjs._ GAMOPET'ALOUS (_bot._), having the petals united at the base; GAMOPHYL'LOUS, having cohering perianth leaves; GAMOSEP'ALOUS, having the sepals united. [Gr. _gamos_, marriage.] GAMIN, gam'in, _n._ a street Arab, a precocious and mischievous imp of the pavement. [Fr.] GAMMA, gam'a, _n._ the third letter of the Greek alphabet.--_ns._ GAMM[=A]D'ION, GAMM[=A]'TION (see FYLFOT). GAMMER, gam'[.e]r, _n._ an old woman--the correlative of _gaffer_ (q.v.). GAMMERSTANG, gam'er-stang, _n._ (_prov._) a tall, awkward person, esp. a woman: a wanton girl. GAMMOCK, gam'ok, _n._ (_prov._) a frolic, fun.--_v.i._ to frolic, to lark. GAMMON, gam'un, _n._ (mostly _coll._) a hoax: nonsense, humbug.--_v.t._ to hoax, impose upon.--_ns._ GAMM'ONER; GAMM'ONING. [A.S. _gamen_, a game.] GAMMON, gam'un, _n._ the preserved thigh of a hog. [O. Fr. _gambon_--_gambe_, a leg.] GAMMON, gam'un, _n._ (_naut._) the lashing of the bowsprit.--_v.t._ to lash the bowsprit with ropes. GAMP, gamp, _n._ (_slang_) a large, clumsy, or untidily tied up umbrella.--_adj._ GAMP'ISH, bulging. [So called from Mrs Sarah _Gamp_, a tippling monthly nurse in Dickens's _Martin Chuzzlewit_.] GAMUT, gam'ut, _n._ the musical scale: the whole extent of a thing. [So called from the Gr. _gamma_, which marked the last of the series of notes in the musical notation of Guido Aretinus, and L. _ut_, the beginning of an old hymn to St John ('Ut queant laxis') used in singing the scale.] GANCH, ganch, _v.t._ to impale.--Also GAUNCH. [O. Fr. _gancher_--It. _gancio_, a hook.] GANDER, gan'd[.e]r, _n._ the male of the goose: a simpleton: (_U.S._) a man living apart from his wife.--_ns._ GAN'DERCLEUGH, the place of abode of the hypothetical Jedediah Cleishbotham, editor of the _Tales of my Landlord_; GAN'DERISM; GAN'DER-PAR'TY, a social gathering of men only. [A.S. _gandra_, from ganra, with inserted _d_; Dut. and Low Ger. _gander_.] GANESA, ga-n[=e]'sa, _n._ the elephant-headed Hindu god of foresight and prudence. GANG, gang, _n._ a number of persons or animals associated for a certain purpose, usually in a bad sense: a number of labourers working together during the same hours: the range of pasture allowed to cattle: a set of tools, &c., used together for any kind of work.--_ns._ GANG'ER, GANGS'MAN, the foreman of a squad, as of plate-layers. [A.S. _gang_ (Dan. _gang_, Ger. _gang_, a going), _gangan_, to go.] GANG, gang, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to go.--_n.pl._ GANG'-DAYS, the three days preceding Ascension Day or Holy Thursday.--_n._ GANG'ER, a walker: a fast-going horse. [A.S. _gangan_, to go.] GANGLION, gang'gli-on, _n._ a tumour in the sheath of a tendon: an enlargement in the course of a nerve: any special centre of nervous action:--_pl._ GANG'LIA, GANG'LIONS.--_adjs._ GANG'LIAC, GANG'LIAL, GANGLION'IC, pertaining to a ganglion; GANG'LIATE, -D, provided with a ganglion or ganglia; GANG'LIFORM, GANG'LIOFORM, having the form of a ganglion; GANG'LIONARY, composed of ganglia.--_n._ GANG'LION-CELL (_anat._), a nerve-cell with nucleus and nucleones.--BASAL GANGLIA, ganglia situated at the bottom of the cerebrum. [Gr.] GANGREL, gang'rel, _n._ and _adj._ a vagrant. [From _gang_--A.S. _gangan_, to go, walk.] GANGRENE, gang'gr[=e]n, _n._ loss of vitality in some part of the body: the first stage in mortification.--_v.t._ to mortify.--_v.i._ to become putrid.--_v.i._ GANG'RENATE, to become mortified.--_adjs._ GANGRENES'CENT, becoming mortified; GANG'RENOUS, mortified. [L. _gangræna_--Gr. _gangraina_, _grainein_, to gnaw.] GANG-SAW, gang-saw, _n._ an arrangement of saws set in one frame. GANGUE, GANG, gang, _n._ in mining, the stony matrix in which metallic ores occur. [Fr.,--Ger. _gang_, a vein.] GANGWAY, gang'w[=a], _n._ a passage or way by which to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship: a way between rows of seats, esp. the cross-passage in the House of Commons, about half-way down the House, giving access to the rear-benches. The members 'above the gangway' are the ministers and ex-ministers, with their more immediate supporters. [A.S. _gangweg_; cf. _gang_ and way.] GANISTER, GANNISTER, gan'is-ter, _n._ a hard, close-grained siliceous stone, which often forms the stratum that underlies a coal-seam. GANJA, gan'ja, _n._ an intoxicating preparation of Indian hemp. GANNET, gan'et, _n._ a web-footed fowl found in the northern seas, the best-known of which is the solan goose. [A.S. _ganot_, a sea-fowl; Dut. _gent_.] GANOID, gän'oid, _adj._ belonging to an order of fishes once very large, but now decadent, including only seven genera (sturgeons, &c.).--_adj_. GANOI'DIAN. [Gr. _ganos_, brightness, _eidos_, appearance.] GANT, gänt, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to yawn--also GAUNT.--_n._ a yawn. GANTLET, gant'let, _n._ a glove. [Same as GAUNTLET.] GANTLET, gant'let, GANTLOPE, gant'l[=o]p, _n._ a punishment consisting of driving a criminal through a lane formed by two files of men, who each strike him as he passes.--RUN THE GANTLET, to undergo the punishment of the gantlet: to be exposed to unpleasant remarks or treatment. [Confused with _gauntlet_, but from Sw. _gatlopp_--_gata_ (Eng. _gate_), a street, line of soldiers, _lopp_ (Eng. _leap_), course.] GANTRY, gan'tri, _n._ a stand for barrels: a platform for a travelling-crane, &c.--Also GAUN'TRY. GANYMEDE, gan'i-m[=e]d, _n._ a cup-bearer, pot-boy, from the beautiful youth who succeeded Hebe as cup-bearer to Zeus, being carried off to Olympus by the eagle of Zeus: a catamite. GAOL, GAOLER, old spellings of JAIL, JAILER. GAP, gap, _n._ an opening made by rupture or parting: a cleft: a passage: a deep ravine in a mountain-ridge: any breach of continuity.--_v.t._ to notch: to make a gap in.--_adjs._ GAP'PY, full of gaps; GAP-TOOTHED, lacking some of the teeth.--STAND IN THE GAP, to stand forward in active defence of something; STOP A GAP, to repair a defect, close a breach. [M. E. _gappe_--Ice. _gap_, an opening.] GAPE, g[=a]p, _v.i._ to open the mouth wide: to yawn: to stare with open mouth: to be open, like a gap.--_n._ act of gaping: width of the mouth when opened.--_ns._ GAP'ER; GAPES, a disease of birds, owing to the presence of trematode worms in the windpipe, shown by their uneasy gaping.--_adj._ GAP'ING, with mouth open in admiration.--_adv._ GAP'INGLY. [Ice. _gapa_, to open the mouth; Ger. _gaffen_, to stare.] GAR, gär, GARFISH, gär'fish, _n._ a long slender fish of the pike family, with a pointed head. [A.S. _gár_, a dart.] GAR, gär, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to cause, to compel. [Norse _ger(v)a_, to make (A.S. _gierwan_, _giarwian_), Sw. _göra_, Dan. _gjöre_; cf. YARE.] GARANCINE, gar'an-sin, _n._ a manufactured product of madder, used as a dye. [Fr.,--_garance_, madder.] GARB, gärb, _n._ fashion of dress: external appearance.--_v.t._ to clothe, array. [O. Fr. _garbe_--It. _garbo_, grace; of Teut. origin.] GARB, gärb, _n._ a sheaf of grain, frequently used in heraldry. [O. Fr. _garbe_--Teut., as in Old High Ger. _garba_, a handful (Ger. _garbe_, Dut. _garf_).] GARBAGE, gär'b[=a]j, _n._ refuse, as the bowels of an animal: any worthless matter. [Of doubtful origin; prob. O. Fr. _garbe_, a sheaf; not conn. with _garble_.] GARBLE, gär'bl, _v.t._ to select what may serve our own purpose, in a bad sense: to mutilate, corrupt, or falsify.--_n._ GAR'BLER, one who selects. [Most prob. It. _garbellare_--Ar. _ghirbál_, a sieve.] GARBOARD-STRAKE, gär'b[=o]rd-str[=a]k, _n._ the first range of planks laid on a ship's bottom next the keel. [Dut. _gaarboord_.] GARBOIL, gär'boil, _n._ (_Shak._) disorder, uproar. [O. Fr. _garbouil_--It. _garbuglio_, conn. with L. _bull[=i]re_, to boil.] GARÇON, gär-song', _n._ a boy: a waiter. [Fr.] GARDANT, gärd'ant, _adj._ (_her._) said of an animal represented as full-faced and looking forward. [Fr., pr.p. of _garder_, to look.] GARDEN, gär'dn, _n._ a piece of ground on which flowers, &c., are cultivated: a pleasant spot.--_ns._ GAR'DENER; GAR'DEN-GLASS, a bell-glass for covering plants; GAR'DENING, the act of laying out and cultivating gardens; GAR'DEN-PAR'TY, a party held on the lawn or in the garden of a private house.--GARDEN OF EDEN (see EDEN); HANGING GARDEN, a garden formed in terraces rising one above another--e.g. those of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon; MARKET GARDENER, a gardener who raises vegetables, fruits, &c. for sale; PHILOSOPHERS OF THE GARDEN, followers of Epicurus who taught in a garden. [O. Fr. _gardin_ (Fr. _jardin_); from Teut.] GARDENIA, gär-d[=e]'ni-a, _n._ a genus of _Cinchonaceæ_, tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, with beautiful and fragrant flowers. [Named from the American botanist, Dr Alex. _Garden_ (died 1791).] GARDYLOO, gär'di-l[=oo], _n._ the old warning cry of housewives in Edinburgh before throwing their slops out of the window into the street. [Pseudo-Fr. _gare de l'eau_--should be _gare l'eau_, 'beware of the water.'] GARE, g[=a]r, _adj._ (_Scot._) greedy, miserly. GAREFOWL, g[=a]r'fowl, _n._ the great auk, razor-billed auk. [Ice. _geir-fugl_.] GARFISH. See GAR (1). GARGANTUAN, gär-gan't[=u]-an, _adj._ like Gargantua--i.e. enormous, prodigious.--_ns._ GARGAN'TUISM; GARGAN'TUIST. [From _Gargantua_, the hero of Rabelais, described as a giant of vast appetite.] GARGARISM, gär'ga-rizm, _n._ a gargle.--_v.t._ GAR'GARISE. GARGET, gar'get, _n._ a swelling in the throat of cattle and pigs: inflammation of a cow's udder.--Also GAR'GIL. GARGLE, gär'gl, _v.t._ to wash the throat, preventing the liquid from going down by expelling air against it.--_n._ a preparation for washing the throat. [O. Fr. _gargouiller_--_gargouille_, the throat.] [Illustration] GARGOYLE, gär'goil, _n._ a projecting spout, conveying the water from the roof-gutters of buildings, often representing human or other figures. [O. Fr. _gargouille_--L. _gurgulio_, throat.] GARIBALDI, gar-i-bal'di, _n._ a woman's loose blouse, an imitation of the red shirts worn by the followers of the Italian patriot _Garibaldi_ (1807-1882). GARISH, GAIRISH, g[=a]r'ish, _adj._ showy: gaudy.--_adv._ GAR'ISHLY.--_n._ GAR'ISHNESS. [Earlier _gaurish_, _gawrish_--_gaure_, to stare, perh. a freq. of _gaw_, to stare, cf. Ice. _gá_, to heed.] GARLAND, gär'land, _n._ a wreath of flowers or leaves: a name for a book of extracts in prose or poetry: (_Shak._) the thing most prized.--_v.t._ to deck with a garland.--_n._ GAR'LAND[=A]GE, a decoration of garlands.--_adj._ GAR'LANDLESS.--_n._ GAR'LANDRY, garlands collectively.--CIVIC GARLAND, a crown of oak-leaves bestowed on a Roman soldier who saved a fellow-citizen's life in battle. [O. Fr. _garlande_; prob. Old High Ger. _wiara_, fine ornament.] GARLICK, gär'lik, _n._ a bulbous-rooted plant of genus Allium, having a pungent taste and very strong smell.--_adj._ GAR'LICKY, like garlick. [A.S. _gárléac_--_gár_, a spear, _léac_, a leek.] GARMENT, gär'ment, _n._ any article of clothing, as a coat or gown.--_v.t._ to clothe with a garment.--_adjs._ GAR'MENTED; GAR'MENTLESS.--_n._ GAR'MENTURE, clothing. [O. Fr. _garniment_--_garnir_, to furnish.] GARNER, gär'n[.e]r, _n._ a granary or place where grain is stored up: a store of anything--e.g. experience.--_v.t._ to store as in a garner.--_v.i._ (_rare_) to accumulate.--_n._ GAR'NERAGE, a storehouse. [O. Fr. _gernier_ (Fr. _grenier_)--L. _granarium_, -_ia_, a granary.] GARNET, gär'net, _n._ a precious stone belonging to a group of minerals crystallising in the cubical system. [O. Fr. _grenat_--Low L. _granatum_, pomegranate; or Low L. _granum_, grain, cochineal, red dye.] GARNISH, gär'nish, _v.t._ to adorn: to furnish: to surround with ornaments, as a dish.--_n._ entrance-money: something placed round a principal dish at table, whether for embellishment or relish: a gift of money, esp. that formerly paid by a prisoner to his fellow-prisoners on his first admission.--_ns._ GAR'NISHEE, a person warned not to pay money owed to another, because the latter is indebted to the garnisher who gives the warning (_v.t._ to attach a debtor's money in this way); GARNISHEE'MENT; GAR'NISHER, one who garnishes; GAR'NISHING, GAR'NISHMENT, GAR'NITURE, that which garnishes or embellishes: ornament: apparel: trimming; GAR'NISHRY, adornment. [O. Fr. _garniss_-, stem of _garnir_, to furnish, old form _warnir_, from a Teut. root seen in A.S. _warnian_, Ger. _warnen_, Eng. _warn_.] GARRET, gar'et, _n._ (_Shak._) a watch-tower: a room next the roof of a house.--_p.adj._ GARR'ETED, provided with garrets: lodged in a garret.--_ns._ GARRETEER', one who lives in a garret: a poor author; GARR'ET-MAS'TER, a cabinet-maker, locksmith, &c., working on his own account for the dealers. [O. Fr. _garite_, a place of safety, _guarir_, _warir_, to preserve (Fr. _guérir_)--Teut., Old High Ger. _warjan_, to defend.] GARRISON, gar'i-sn, _n._ a supply of soldiers for guarding a fortress: a fortified place.--_v.t._ to furnish a fortress with troops: to defend by fortresses manned with troops.--GARRISON TOWN, a town in which a garrison is stationed. [O. Fr. _garison_--_garir_, _guerir_, to furnish--Teut., Old High Ger. _warjan_, to defend.] GARRON, gar'on, _n._ a small horse.--Also GARR'AN. [Ir.] GARROT, gar'ot, _n._ a name applied to various ducks. [Fr.] GARROT, gar'ot, _n._ (_surg._) a tourniquet. [Fr.] GARROTTE, GAROTTE, gar-rot', _n._ a Spanish mode of strangling criminals.--_v.t._ to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow: to suddenly render insensible by semi-strangulation, and then to rob:--_pr.p._ garrott'ing, garott'ing; _pa.p._ garrott'ed, garott'ed.--_ns._ GARROTT'ER, GAROTT'ER, one who garrottes; GARROTT'ING, GAROTT'ING. [Sp. _garrote_; cf. Fr. _garrot_, a stick.] GARRULOUS, gar'[=u]-lus, _adj._ talkative.--_ns._ GARRUL'ITY, GARR'ULOUSNESS, talkativeness: loquacity.--_adv._ GARR'ULOUSLY. [L. _garrulus_--_garr[=i]re_, to chatter.] GARTER, gär't[.e]r, _n._ a band used to tie the stocking to the leg: the badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the _Order of the Garter_.--_v.t._ to bind with a garter.--GARTER KING-OF-ARMS, the chief herald of the Order of the Garter. [O. Fr. _gartier_ (Fr. _jarretière_)--O. Fr. _garet_ (Fr. _jarret_), the ham of the leg, prob. Celt. as Bret. _gar_, the shank of the leg.] GARTH, gärth, _n._ an enclosure or yard: a garden: a weir in a river for catching fish. [Ice. _garðr_, a court; cf. A.S. _geard_; Ger. _garten_, yard.] GARUDA, gär'[=oo]-da, _n._ a Hindu demigod, with the body and legs of a man, the head and wings of a bird, emblem of strength and speed. [Sans.] GARVIE, gär'vi, _n._ (_Scot._) a sprat.--Also GAR'VOCK. [Gael. _garbhag_.] GAS, gas, _n._ a vaporous substance not condensed into a liquid at ordinary terrestrial temperatures and pressures--esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting houses: (_coll._) frothy talk:--_pl._ GAS'ES.--_v.t._ to supply with gas: (_U.S._) to impose on by talking gas.--_v.i._ to vapour, talk boastfully.--_ns._ GASALIER', GASELIER', a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets, formed on false analogy from _chandelier_; GAS'-BAG, a bag for holding gas: a boastful, talkative person; GAS'-BRACK'ET, a pipe, mostly curved, projecting from the wall of a room, used for illuminating purposes; GAS'-BURN'ER, a piece of metal fitted to the end of a gas-pipe, with one or more small holes so arranged as to spread out the flame; GAS'-COAL, any coal suitable for making illuminating gas; GAS'-CONDENS'ER, an apparatus for freeing coal-gas from tar; GAS[=E]'ITY, G[=A]'SEOUSNESS.--_adj._ GASEOUS (g[=a]'se-us).--_ns._ GAS'-EN'GINE, an engine in which motion is communicated to the piston by the alternate admission and condensation of gas in a closed cylinder; GAS'-FIT'TER, one who fits up the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting; GAS'-FIX'TURE, a bracket or chandelier for gas; GAS'-FUR'NACE, a furnace of which the fuel is gas; GAS'HOLDER, a large vessel for storing gas; GASIFIC[=A]'TION, the process of converting into gas.--_v.t._ GAS'IFY, to convert into gas.--_ns._ GAS'-JET, a gas-burner; GAS'-LAMP, a lamp lighted by gas; GAS'-MAIN, one of the principal underground pipes conveying gas from the works to the places where it is consumed; GAS'-MAN, a man employed in the manufacture of gas: the man who controls the lights of the stage; GAS'-M[=E]'TER, an instrument for measuring the quantity of gas consumed at a particular place in a given time; GAS'OGENE (same as GAZOGENE); GAS'OLENE, rectified petroleum; GASOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring gas: a place for holding gas.--_adjs._ GASOMET'RIC, -AL.--_ns._ GAS'-PIPE, a pipe for conveying gas; GAS'SING, idle talking; GAS'-STOVE, an apparatus in which coal-gas is used for heating and cooking purposes.--_adj._ GAS'SY, full of gas, gaseous: (_slang_) given to vain and boastful talk.--_ns._ GAS'-TANK, a reservoir for coal-gas; GAS'-TAR, coal-tar.--_adj._ GAS'-TIGHT, sufficiently close to prevent the escape of gas.--_ns._ GAS'-WA'TER, water through which coal-gas has been passed; GAS'-WORKS, an establishment where illuminating gas is manufactured. [A word invented by the Dutch chemist J. B. Van Helmont (1577-1644)--the form suggested by Gr. _chaos_.] GASCONADE, gas-ko-n[=a]d', _n._ boasting talk.--_ns._ GAS'CON, a native of Gascony; GAS'CONISM. [Fr.,--_Gascon_, from their proverbial boastfulness.] GASH, gash, _v.t._ to make a deep cut into anything, esp. into flesh.--_n._ a deep, open wound. [Formerly _garse_--O. Fr. _garser_, pierce with a lancet--Low L. _garsa_. Perh. corrupted from Gr. _charassein_, to cut.] GASH, gash, _adj._ (_Scot._) shrewd: talkative: trim.--_v.i._ to tattle. [Prob. a corr. of _sagacious_.] GASH, gash, _adj._ (_Scot._) ghastly, hideous--also GASH'FUL, GASH'LY.--_n._ GASH'LINESS.--_adv._ GASH'LY. [From _ghastful_, through association with _gash_.] GASKET, gas'ket, _n._ (_naut._) a canvas band used to bind the sails to the yards when furled: a strip of tow, &c., for packing a piston, &c.--Also GAS'KIN. [Cf. Fr. _garcette_, It. _gaschetta_; ety. dub.] GASKINS, gas'kinz, _n._ (_Shak._). See GALLIGASKINS. GASP, gasp, _v.i._ to gape in order to catch breath: to desire eagerly.--_n._ the act of opening the mouth to catch the breath.--_pr.p._ and _adj._ GASP'ING, convulsive, spasmodic.--_adv._ GASP'INGLY.--THE LAST GASP, the utmost extremity. [Ice. _geispa_, to yawn, by metathesis from _geipsa_, cf. _geip_, idle talk.] GAST, gast, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to make aghast, to frighten or terrify. [A.S. _g['æ]stan_; cf. AGHAST.] GASTEROPOD, gas'ter-o-pod, _n._ one of a class of molluscs, embracing whelks, limpets, snails, &c., having in general a muscular disc under the belly, which serves them as feet--also GAS'TROPOD:--_pl._ GASTEROP'ODA.--_adj._ GASTEROP'ODOUS. [Formed from Gr. _gast[=e]r_, the stomach, _pous_, _podos_, a foot.] GASTRÆA, gas-tr[=e]'a, _n._ (_biol._) a hypothetic animal form assumed by Hæckel as the ancestor of all metazoic animals:--_pl._ GASTRÆ'Æ.--_n._ GAS'TRULA, that embryonic form of metazoic animals which consists of a two-layered sac enclosing a central cavity and having an opening at one end:--_pl._ GRAS'TRULÆ.--_adj._ GAS'TRULAR. GASTRALGIA, gas-tral'ji-a, _n._ pain in the stomach or bowels. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, the stomach, _algos_, pain.] GASTRIC, gas'trik, _adj._ belonging to the stomach--also GAS'TRAL.--_ns._ GASTR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the stomach; GASTROL'OGER.--_adj._ GASTROLOG'ICAL.--_n._ GASTROL'OGY, cookery, good eating.--GASTRIC FEVER, a bilious remittent fever; GASTRIC JUICE, the digestive liquid secreted by the glands of the stomach. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, the belly.] GASTROCNEMIUS, gas-trok-n[=e]'mi-us, _n._ a superficial muscle of the posterior tibial region helping to extend the foot. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, stomach, _kn[=e]m[=e]_, the leg.] GASTROMANCY, gas'tro-man-si, _n._ a means of divination by ventriloquism: divination by large-bellied glasses. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, belly, _manteia_, soothsaying.] GASTRONOME, gas'tro-n[=o]m, _n._ one who pays great attention to his diet, an epicure--also GASTRON'OMER, GASTRON'OMIST.--_adjs._ GASTRONOM'IC, -AL, pertaining to gastronomy.--_ns._ GASTRON'OMY, the art or science of good eating; GAS'TROPHILE, GAS'TROPHILIST, GAS'TROPHILITE; GAS'TROPHILISM, love of good eating; GAS'TROSOPH, one skilled in matters of eating; GASTROS'OPHER; GASTROS'OPHY. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, belly, _nomos_, law--_nemein_, to distribute.] GASTROSTOMY, gas-tros'to-mi, _n._ an operation performed in a case of stricture of the gullet, to introduce food into the stomach through an external opening. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, belly, _stoma_, mouth.] GASTROTOMY, gas-trot'o-mi, _n._ the operation of cutting open the belly. [Gr. _gast[=e]r_, belly, _tom[=e]_, a cutting--_temnein_, to cut.] GASTRO-VASCULAR, gas-tr[=o]-vas'k[=u]-lar, _adj._ common to the functions of digestion and circulation. GAT, gat (_B._) _pa.t._ of _get_. GAT, gat, _n._ an opening between sandbanks, a strait. [Ice.] GATE, g[=a]t, _n._ a passage into a city, enclosure, or any large building: a narrow opening or defile: a frame in the entrance into any enclosure: an entrance.--_v.t._ to supply with a gate: at Oxford and Cambridge, to punish by requiring the offender to be within the college gates by a certain hour.--_adj._ G[=A]'TED, punished with such restriction.--_ns._ GATE'-FINE, the fine imposed for disobedience to such orders; GATE'-HOUSE (_archit._), a building over or near the gate giving entrance to a city, abbey, college, &c.; GATE'-KEEP'ER, GATE'MAN, one who watches over the opening and shutting of a gate.--_adj._ GATE'LESS, not having a gate.--_ns._ GATE'-MON'EY, the money taken for entrance to an athletic or other exhibition, sometimes simply 'gate;' GATE'-TOW'ER, a tower built beside or over a gate; GATE'-VEIN, the great abdominal vein; GATE'WAY, the way through a gate: the gate itself: any entrance.--GATE OF JUSTICE, a gate as of a city, temple, &c., where a sovereign or judge sat to dispense justice; GATES OF DEATH, a phrase expressing the near approach of death.--BREAK GATES, at Oxford and Cambridge, to enter college after the prescribed hour; IVORY GATE, in poetical imagery, the semi-transparent gate of the house of sleep, through which dreams appear distorted into pleasant and delusive shapes; STAND IN THE GATE (_B._), to occupy a position of defence. [A.S. _geat_, a way; Dut. _gat_, Ice. _gat_; not in Goth. and High Ger.; prob. related to _get_ or _gate_.] GATE, g[=a]t, _n._ (_Scot._) a way, path: manner of doing, esp. in adverbial phrases like 'this gate,' 'any gate,' 'some gate.' [Ice. _gata_; Da. _gade_, Ger. _gasse_.] GATE, g[=a]t, _n._ (_Spens._) a goat. [A.S. _gat._] GÂTEAU, gat-[=o]', _n._ cake.--VEAL GATEAU, minced veal made up like a pudding, and boiled in a shape or mould. [Fr.] GATHER, ga_th_'[.e]r, _v.t._ to collect: to acquire: in sewing, to plait: to learn by inference.--_v.i._ to assemble or muster: to increase: to suppurate.--_n._ a plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through (_pl._ that part of the dress which is gathered or drawn in).--_ns._ GATH'ERER, one who collects: a gleaner: in glass manufacturing, a workman who collects molten glass on the end of a rod preparatory to blowing; GATH'ERING, a crowd or assembly: a tumour or collection of matter; GATH'ERING-COAL, -PEAT, a coal, peat, put into a fire at night, with the hot embers gathered about it, to keep the fire alive till morning; GATH'ERING-CRY, a summons to assemble for war.--GATHER BREATH, to recover wind; GATHER GROUND, to gain ground; GATHER ONE'S SELF TOGETHER, to collect all one's powers, like one about to leap; GATHER TO A HEAD, to ripen: to come into a state of preparation for action or effect; GATHER WAY, to get headway by sail or steam so as to answer the helm. [A.S. _gaderian_, _gæderian_, _(tó)gædere_, together; cf. _geador_, together, _g['æ]d_, company.] GATLING-GUN. See GUN. GAUCHE, g[=o]sh, _adj._ left-handed: clumsy.--_n._ GAUCHE'RIE (-r[=e]), clumsiness: awkwardness. [Fr.] GAUCHO, gow'ch[=o], _n._ a native of the La Plata pampas of Spanish descent, noted for marvellous horsemanship.--Less correctly GUA'CHO. GAUCIE, GAUCY, GAWCY, GAWSY, gä'si, _adj._ _(Scot.)_ portly, jolly. GAUD, gawd, _n._ an ornament: a piece of finery:--_pl._ showy ceremonies, gaieties.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) make merry.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to adorn with gauds: to paint, as the cheeks.--_ns._ GAUDE[=A]'MUS, a rejoicing, students' merrymaking; GAUD'ERY, finery.--_adv._ GAUD'ILY.--_ns._ GAUD'INESS, showiness; GAUD'Y, an English university feast or festival.--_adj._ showy: gay.--_n._ GAUD'Y-DAY. [L. _gaudium_, delight--_gaud[=e]re_, to rejoice.] GAUGE, GAGE, g[=a]j, _n._ a measuring-rod: a standard of measure: estimate.--_v.t._ to measure the contents of any vessel: to estimate ability.--_adj._ GAUGE'ABLE, capable of being gauged.--_ns._ GAUG'ER, an excise officer whose business is to gauge or measure the contents of casks; GAUG'ING, the art of measuring casks containing excisable liquors; GAUG'ING-ROD, an instrument for measuring the contents of casks; BROAD'-, NARR'OW-GAUGE, in railroad construction, a distance between the rails greater or less than 56½ inches, called _standard gauge_. [O. Fr. _gauge_ (Fr. _jauge_), _gauger_; prob. related to _jale_, bowl, to _galon_, gallon, or to _jalon_, measuring stake.] GAUL, gawl, _n._ a name of ancient France: an inhabitant of Gaul.--_adj._ GAUL'ISH. [Fr.,--L. _Gallus_; perh. conn. with A.S. _wealh_, foreign.] GAULT, gawlt, _n._ a series of beds of clay and marl, between the Upper and the Lower Greensand: brick earth--also GALT.--_n._ GAULT'ER, one who digs gault. GAULTHERIA, gal-t[=e]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of evergreen aromatic plants--one species, the U.S. _winter-green_, yielding a valued volatile oil. [From the Canadian botanist M. _Gaultier_.] GAUM, gawm, _v.t._ to smear: (_obs._) to handle clumsily.--_adj._ GAUM'Y, dauby. GAUN, gän, Scotch for going. GAUNT, gänt, _adj._ thin: of a pinched appearance: causing emaciation.--_adv._ GAUNT'LY.--_n._ GAUNT'NESS. [Skeat compares Norw. _gand_, pointed stick, and Sw. prov. _gank_, a lean horse.] GAUNTLET, gänt'let, _n._ the iron glove of armour, formerly thrown down in challenge: a long glove covering the wrist.--_p.adj._ GAUNT'LETED, wearing a gauntlet or gauntlets.--_n._ GAUNT'LET-GUARD, a guard of a sword or dagger, protecting the hand very thoroughly.--RUN THE GAUNTLET (see GANTLET).--THROW DOWN, TAKE UP, THE GAUNTLET, to give, to accept a challenge. [Fr. _gantelet_, double dim. of _gant_, a glove, of Scand. origin; cf. Old Sw. _vante_, a glove, Ice. _vöttr_, a glove, Dan. _vante_.] GAUNTRY. See GANTRY. GAUP, GAWP, gawp, _v.i._ (prov.) to gape in astonishment.--_ns._ GAUP'US, GAWP'US, a silly person. GAUR, gowr, _n._ a species of ox inhabiting some of the mountain jungles of India. [Hindustani.] GAUZE, gawz, _n._ a thin, transparent fabric, originally of silk, now of any fine hard-spun fibre: material slight and open like gauze.--_adj._ GAUZE'-WINGED, having gauzy wings.--_n._ GAUZ'INESS.--_adj._ GAUZ'Y.--_n._ WIRE'-GAUZE (see WIRE). [Fr. _gaze_, dubiously referred to _Gaza_ in Palestine.] GAVAGE, ga-väzh', _n._ a process of fattening poultry by forcing them to swallow food at fixed intervals: (_med._) a similar method of forced feeding. [Fr. _gaver_--_gave_, the crop of a bird.] GAVE, g[=a]v, _pa.t._ of _give_. GAVEL, g[=a]'vel, a prov. form of _gable_. GAVEL, gav'el, _n._ an old Saxon and Welsh form of tenure by which an estate passed, on the holder's death, to all the sons equally.--_v.t._ to divide or distribute in this way.--_ns._ GAV'ELKIND, a tenure now peculiar to Kent by which the tenant at fifteen can sell the estate or devise it by will, the estate cannot escheat, and on an intestacy the lands descend from the father to all sons in equal portions; GAV'ELMAN, a tenant holding land in gavelkind. [A.S. _gafol_, tribute; cog. with _giefan_, to give.] GAVIAL, g[=a]'vi-al, _n._ the East Indian species of crocodile, with very long slender muzzle. [Adapted from Hindustani _ghariy[=a]l_, a crocodile.] GAVOTTE, ga-vot', n. a lively kind of dance, somewhat like a country-dance, originally a dance of the _Gavotes_, the people of Gap, in the Upper Alps: the music for such a dance. GAWD, gawd, _n._ (_Shak._). Same as GAUD. GAWK, gawk, _adj._ left, as in _gawk-handed_.--_ns._ GAWK'IHOOD, GAWK'INESS, quality of being gawky.--_adj._ GAWK'Y, awkward, stupid, ungainly.--_n._ a lout. [Prob. a contr. of _gaulick_-, _galloc_-, _gallish_-(_handed_); most prob. not related to Fr. _gauche_.] GAY, g[=a], _adj._ lively: bright: sportive, merry: wanton, dissipated, of loose life: showy: (_prov._) spotted.--adv. (_Scot._) fairly, considerably.--_ns._ GAI'ETY, GAY'ETY, GAY'NESS.--_advs._ GAI'LY, GAY'LY; GAY'SOME, gladsome.--GAY SCIENCE, a rendering of _gai saber_, the Provençal name for the art of poetry. [O. Fr. _gai_--Old High Ger. _wâhi_, pretty, not _gâhi_, swift (Diez).] GAYAL, GYAL, g[=i]'al, _n._ a kind of East Indian ox, long domesticated, dark brown in colour, with short curved horns. [Hindi.] GAY-YOU, g[=i]'-[=u], _n._ a narrow, flat-bottomed fishing-boat, of two or three masts, used in Annam. GAZE, g[=a]z, _v.i_, to look fixedly.--_n._ a fixed look: the object gazed at--(_Spens._) GAZE'MENT.--_adj._ GAZE'FUL (_Spens._), looking intently.--_ns._ GAZE'-HOUND, a hound that pursues by sight rather than scent; GAZ'ER, one who gazes; GAZ'ING-STOCK, a person exposed to public view, generally in a bad sense.--AT GAZE, in the attitude of gazing. [Prob. cog. with obs. _gaw_, to stare, Ice. _gá_, to heed. Some compare the Sw. _gasa_, to stare.] GAZEBO, g[=a]-z[=e]'b[=o], _n._ a summer-house with a wide prospect. [Humorously formed from _gaze_.] GAZEL, gaz'el, _n._ a form of GHAZAL (q.v.). GAZELLE, GAZEL, ga-zel', _n._ a small species of antelope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia and North Africa. [Fr.,--Ar. _ghaz[=a]l_, a wild-goat.] GAZETTE, ga-zet', _n._ a newspaper: one of the three official newspapers of the United Kingdom, published in Edinburgh, London, and Dublin, with record of every appointment in the public service.--_v.t._ to publish in a gazette:--_pr.p._ gazett'ing; _pa.p._ gazett'ed.--_n._ GAZETTEER', a geographical dictionary: (_orig._) a writer for a gazette, official journalist.--_v.t._ to describe in gazetteers.--_adj._ GAZETTEE'RISH, like a gazetteer in style.--APPEAR, HAVE ONE'S NAME, IN THE GAZETTE, to be mentioned in one of the three official newspapers, esp. of bankrupts. [Fr.,--It. _gazzetta_, a small coin; or from It. _gazzetta_, in the sense of a magpie=a chatterer.] GAZOGENE, gaz'o-j[=e]n, _n._ an instrument for manufacturing aerated waters, usually for domestic use, by the action of an acid on an alkali carbonate. [Fr., _gaz_, gas, Gr. _gen[=e]s_--_gignesthai_, to become.] GAZON, ga-zon', _n._ a sod or piece of turf, used in fortification.--_n._ GAZOON', used erroneously by Hogg for a compact body of men. [Fr., _grass_.] GAZY, g[=a]'zi, _adj._ affording a wide prospect: given to gazing. GEACH, g[=e]ch, _n._ (_slang_) a thief.--_v.t._ to steal. GEAL, j[=e]'al, adj. pertaining to the earth regarded as a planet. [Gr. _g[=e]_, earth.] GEAL, j[=e]l, _v.i._ to congeal. GEAN, g[=e]n, _n._ the European wild cherry. [O. Fr. _guigne_.] GEAR, g[=e]r, _n._ a state of preparation: dress: harness: tackle: (_mech._) connection by means of toothed wheels: (_obs._) a matter, affair.--_v.t._ to put in gear, as machinery.--_p.adj._ GEARED, connected with the motor by gearing.--_ns._ GEAR'ING, harness: working implements: (_mech._) a train of toothed wheels and pinions; GEAR'-WHEEL, a wheel with teeth or cogs which impart or transmit motion by acting on those of another wheel; DRIV'ING-GEAR, those parts in a machine most nearly concerned in imparting motion.--MULTIPLYING GEARING, a combination of cog-wheels for imparting motion from wheels of larger to wheels of smaller diameter, by which the rate of revolution is increased; OUT OF GEAR, out of running order, unprepared; STRAIGHT GEARING, the name given when the planes of motion are parallel--opposed to _Bevelled gearing_, when the direction is changed (see BEVEL). [M. E. _gere_, prob. Ice. _gervi_; cf. A.S. _gearwe_, Old High Ger. _garawi_, Eng. _yare_ and _gar_, v.] GEASON, g[=e]'zn, _adj._ (_Spens._) rare: wonderful. [A.S. _g['æ]sne_, _gésne_, wanting, barren.] GEAT, j[=e]t, _n._ the hole in a mould through which the metal is poured in casting. GEBBIE, geb'i, _n._ (_Scot._) the stomach. GEBUR, ge-b[=oo]r', _n._ a tenant-farmer in the early English community. GECK, gek, _n._ a dupe: scorn, object of scorn.--_v.t._ to mock.--_v.i._ to scoff at. [Prob. Low Ger. _geck_; Dut. _gek_, Ger. _geck_.] GECKO, gek'[=o], _n._ one of a family of small dull-coloured lizards called _Geckotidæ_. [Malay _g[=e]koq_.] GED, ged, _n._ (_prov._) the pike or luce. [Ice. _gedda_.] GEE, g[=e], _n._ (_prov._) a fit of ill-temper, usually in phrase 'to take the gee.' GEE, j[=e], _v.i._ of horses, to move to the offside--the right, the driver standing on the left.--_v.t._ to cause so to move.--_v.i._ to go, to suit, get on well.--_n._ GEE-GEE, a horse.--GEE UP, to proceed faster. GEESE, _pl._ of _goose_. GEËZ, g[=e]-ez', GIZ, g[=e]z, _n._ the ancient language of Ethiopia, a Semitic tongue closely related to Arabic. GEGG, geg, _n._ (_Scot._) a hoax, trick.--_v.t._ to hoax.--_n._ GEG'GERY, trickery. GEHENNA, ge-hen'a, _n._ the valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, in which the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, and to which, at a later time, the refuse of the city was conveyed to be slowly burned--hence (_N.T._) hell. [L.,--Heb. _Ge_, valley of, and _Hinnom_.] GEISHA, g[=a]'sha, _n._ a Japanese dancing-girl. GEIST, g[=i]st, _n._ spirit, any inspiring or dominating principle. [Ger.] GELASTIC, jel-as'tik, _adj._ risible. GELATINE, GELATIN, jel'a-tin, _n._ an animal substance which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly when cold.--_adj._ GELATIG'ENOUS, producing gelatine.--_vs.t._ GELAT'IN[=A]TE, GELAT'IN[=I]SE, to make into gelatine or jelly.--_vs.i._ to be converted into gelatine or jelly.--_ns._ GELATIN[=A]'TION, GELATINIS[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ GELATIN'IFORM, having the form of gelatine; GELA'TINOID, like gelatine; GELAT'INOUS, resembling or formed into jelly.--_n._ GEL[=A]'TION, solidification by cold.--EXPLOSIVE GELATINE, a powerful explosive made by gently heating nitro-glycerine in a water-bath, then dissolving gun-cotton in it. [Fr.,--It. _gelatina_, _gelata_, jelly.] GELD, geld, _n._ a historical term meaning money: tribute. [A.S. _geld_, _gyld_, payment; Ice. _giald_, money.] GELD, geld, _v.t._ to emasculate, castrate: to spay: to deprive of anything essential, to enfeeble: to deprive of anything objectionable.--_ns._ GELD'ER; GELD'ING, act of castrating: a castrated animal, esp. a horse. [Ice. _gelda_; Dan. _gilde_.] GELDER(S)-ROSE. See GUELDER-ROSE. GELID, jel'id, _adj._ icy cold: cold.--_adv._ GEL'IDLY.--_ns._ GEL'IDNESS, GELID'ITY. [L. _gelidus_--_gelu_, frost.] GELOTOMETER, jel-ot-om'e-ter, _n._ (_Landor_) a gauge for measuring laughter. GELSEMIUM, jel-s[=e]'mi-um, _n._ the yellow or Cardina jasmine, a climbing plant of the Atlantic Southern United States, having large fragrant blossoms and perennial dark-green leaves. [It. _gelsomino_, jasmine.] GELT, gelt, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _geld_. GELT, gelt, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as GILT. GEM, jem, _n._ any precious stone, esp. when cut: anything extremely valuable or attractive, a treasure.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to bud: to adorn with gems: to bespangle:--_pr.p._ gem'ming; _pa.p._ gemmed.--_ns._ GEM'-CUT'TING, the art of cutting and polishing precious stones; GEM'-ENGRAV'ING, the art of engraving figures on gems.--_adj._ GEM'MEOUS, pertaining to gems.--_n._ GEM'MERY, gems generally.--_adj._ GEM'MY, full of gems, brilliant. [A.S. _gim_; Old High Ger. _gimma_--L. _gemma_, a bud.] GEMARA, ge-mär'a, _n._ the second part of the Talmud, consisting of commentary and complement to the first part, the Mishna. [Aramaic, 'completion.'] GEMATRIA, ge-m[=a]'tri-a, _n._ a cabbalistic method of interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical value when added. [Rabbinical Heb.,--Gr. _ge[=o]metria_, geometry.] GEMEL-RING, jem'el-ring, _n._ a ring with two or more links.--_n._ GEM'EL, a twin.--_adj._ GEMELLIP'AROUS, producing twins. [O. Fr. _gemel_ (Fr. _jumeau_)--L. _gemellus_, dim. of _geminus_, twin, and _ring_.] GEMINATE, jem'in-[=a]t, _adj._ (_bot._) in pairs.--_v.t._ (_rare_) to double.--_n._ GEMIN[=A]'TION, a doubling: repetition of a word to add emphasis: (_philol._) the doubling of a consonant originally single. [L. _gemin[=a]re_, _[=a]tum_--_geminus_, twin.] GEMINI, jem'i-n[=i], _n.pl._ the twins, a constellation containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux.--_adj._ GEM'INOUS (_bot._), double, in pairs.--_n._ GEM'INY (_Shak._), twins, a pair: used as a mild oath or interjection, from the common Latin oath _O Gemini_, or simply _Gemini_--spelt also _geminy_, _gemony_, _jiminy_. [L., pl. of _geminus_, twin-born.] GEMMAN, jem'an, _n._ gentleman.--Also GEM'MAN. GEMMATION, jem-m[=a]'shun, _n._ (_bot._) act or time of budding: arrangement of buds on the stalk.--_n._ GEM'MA, a bud:--_pl._ GEM'MÆ.--_adjs._ GEMM[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to leaf-buds; GEM'M[=A]TE, having buds; GEM'MATIVE; GEMMIF'EROUS, producing buds.--_n._ GEMMIPAR'ITY.--_adj._ GEMMIP'AROUS (_zool._), reproducing by buds growing on the body.--_n._ GEM'M[=U]LE, a little gem or leaf-bud.--_adj._ GEMMULIF'EROUS, bearing gemmules. [Fr.,--L. _gemm[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.] GEMOT, GEMOTE, ge-m[=o]t', _n._ a meeting or assembly. [A.S. _gemót_. Cf. MOOT.] GEMSBOK, jemz'bok, _n._ a species of antelope, found in South Africa, about the size of a stag, with long straight horns. [Dut.] GENAPPE, je-nap', _n._ a smooth worsted yarn used with silk in fringes, braid, &c. [_Genappe_ in Belgium.] GENDARME, jang-darm', _n._ originally a mounted lancer, but since the Revolution one of a corps of military police, divided into legions and companies:--_pl._ GENDARMES', GENSDARMES'.--_n._ GENDAR'MERIE, the armed police of France. [Fr. _gendarme_, sing. from pl. _gens d'armes_, men-at-arms--_gens_, people, _de_, of, _armes_, arms.] GENDER, jen'd[.e]r, _v.t._ to beget.--_v.i._ (_B._) to copulate. [An abbrev. of _engender_.] GENDER, jen'd[.e]r, _n._ kind, esp. with regard to sex: (_gram._) the distinction of nouns according to sex. [Fr. _genre_--L. _genus_, _generis_, a kind, kin.] GENEALOGY, jen-e-al'o-ji, _n._ history of the descent of families: the pedigree of a particular person or family.--_adj._ GENEALOG'ICAL.--_adv._ GENEALOG'ICALLY.--_v.i._ GENEAL'OGISE, to investigate or treat of genealogy.--_n._ GENEAL'OGIST, one who studies or traces genealogies or descents.--GENEALOGICAL TREE, the lineage of a family or person under the form of a tree with roots, branches, &c. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _genealogia_--_genea_, birth, _legein_, to speak of.] GENERA. See GENUS. GENERAL, jen'[.e]r-al, _adj._ relating to a genus or whole class: including many species: not special: not restricted: common: prevalent: public: loose: vague.--_n._ a class embracing many species: an officer who is head over a whole department: a military officer who commands a body of men not less than a brigade (often _general officer_): the chief commander of an army in service: (_R.C. Church_) the head of a religious order, responsible only to the Pope: (_Shak._) the public, the vulgar.--_n._ GENERAL'[=E], esp. in _pl._ GENERALIA, general principles.--_adj._ GENERAL[=I]'SABLE.--_n._ GENERALIS[=A]'TION.--_v.t._ GENERAL[=I]SE', to include under a general term: to infer (the nature of a class) from one or a few instances.--_v.i._ to reason inductively.--_n._ GENERAL'ITY.--_advs._ GEN'ERALLY, GEN'ERAL (_obs._), in a general or collective manner or sense: in most cases: upon the whole.--_n._ GEN'ERALSHIP, the position of a military commander: military tactics.--GENERAL ASSEMBLY (see ASSEMBLY); GENERAL EPISTLE, one addressed to the whole Church (same as CATHOLIC EPISTLE); GENERAL PRACTITIONER, a physician who devotes himself to general practice rather than to special diseases; GENERAL PRINCIPLE, a principle to which there are no exceptions within its range of application; GENERAL SERVANT, a servant whose duties are not special, but embrace domestic work of every kind.--IN GENERAL, mostly, as a general rule. [O. Fr.,--L. _generalis_--_genus_.] GENERALISSIMO, jen-[.e]r-al-is'i-mo, _n._ the chief general or commander of an army of two or more divisions, or of separate armies. [It.] GENERATE, jen'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to produce: to bring into life: to originate.--_adj._ GEN'ERABLE, that may be generated or produced.--_ns._ GEN'ERANT (_math._), a line, point, or figure that produces another figure by its motion; GENER[=A]'TION, a producing or originating: a single stage in natural descent: the people of the same age or period: offspring, progeny, race: (_pl._) genealogy, history (_B._); GENER[=A]'TIONISM, traducianism.--_adj._ GEN'ER[=A]TIVE, having the power of generating or producing.--_ns._ GEN'ER[=A]TOR, begetter or producer: the principal sound in music; GEN'ER[=A]TRIX (_geom._), the point, line, or surface which, by its motion, generates another magnitude.--_adjs._ GENET'IC, -AL, pertaining to genesis or production.--_adv._ GENET'ICALLY.--_ns._ GEN'ETRIX, GEN'ITRIX, a female parent; GEN'ITOR, a progenitor; GEN'ITURE, birth.--ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS, a complication in the life-history of plants, when the organism produces offspring unlike itself, but giving rise in turn to forms like the original parents; SPONTANEOUS GENERATION, the origination of living from non-living matter: abiogenesis. [L. _gener[=a]re_, -_[=a]tum_--_genus_, a kind.] GENERIC, -AL, GENERICALLY. See GENUS. GENEROUS, jen'[.e]r-us, _adj._ of a noble nature: courageous: liberal: bountiful: invigorating in its nature, as wine: (_obs._) nobly born.--_adv._ GEN'EROUSLY.--_ns._ GEN'EROUSNESS, GENEROS'ITY, nobleness or liberality of nature: (_arch._) nobility of birth. [Fr. _généreux_--L. _generosus_, of noble birth--_genus_, birth.] GENESIS, jen'e-sis, _n._ generation, creation, or production: the first book of the Bible, so called from its containing an account of the Creation:--_pl._ GEN'ES[=E]S.--_adjs._ GENES'IAC, -AL, GENESIT'IC, pertaining to Genesis. [L.,--Gr.,--_gignesthai_, to beget.] GENET, GENNET. Same as JENNET. GENET, jen'et, _n._ a carnivorous animal, allied to the civet, of a gray colour, marked with black or brown, a native of Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe: its fur, made into muffs and tippets.--Also GEN'ETTE. [Fr. _genette_--Sp. _gineta_--Ar. _jarnait_, a genet.] GENETHLIAC, -AL, j[=e]-neth'li-ak, -al, _adj._ pertaining to a birthday or nativity.--_n._ a birthday poem.--_n._ GENETHL[=I]'ACON, a birthday ode.--_adjs._ GENETHLIALOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ GENETHLIAL'OGY, the art of casting nativities. GENEVA, je-n[=e]'va, _n._ a spirit distilled from grain and flavoured with juniper-berries, also called _Hollands_.--_n._ GENEVETTE', a wine made from wild fruits flavoured with juniper-berries. [Dut. _genever_, _jenever_, O. Fr. _genevre_ (Fr. _genièvre_)--L. _juniperus_, the juniper; corrupted to _Geneva_ by confusion with the town of that name. See GIN.] GENEVAN, j[=e]-n[=e]'van, _adj._ pertaining to _Geneva_.--_n._ an inhabitant of Geneva: an adherent of Genevan or Calvinistic theology.--_adjs._ and _ns._ GEN[=E]'VAN, GENEV[=E]SE'.--_n._ GEN[=E]'VANISM, Calvinism.--GENEVA BIBLE, a version of the Bible with racy notes produced by English exiles at Geneva in 1560; GENEVA CONVENTION, an international agreement of 1865 providing for the neutrality of hospitals, and the security of sanitary officers, naval and military chaplains; GENEVA CROSS, a red cross on a white ground displayed for protection in war of persons serving in hospitals, &c.; GENEVA GOWN, the dark, loose preaching gown affected by the early Geneva reformers, and still the common form of pulpit-gown among Presbyterians; GENEVAN THEOLOGY, so called from Calvin's residence in Geneva and the establishment of his doctrines there. GENIAL, j[=e]'ni-al, _adj._ pertaining to generation, producing: cheering: kindly: sympathetic: healthful.--_v.t._ G[=E]'NIALISE, to impart geniality to.--_ns._ GENIAL'ITY, G[=E]'NIALNESS.--_adv._ G[=E]'NIALLY. [Fr.--L. _genialis_, from _genius_, the spirit of social enjoyment.] GENIAL, jen'i-al, _adj._ of or pertaining to the chin. [Gr. _geneion_--_genys_, the jaw.] GENICULATE, -D, je-nik'[=u]-l[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_bot._) bent abruptly like the knee: jointed: knotted.--_v.t._ GENIC'ULATE, to form joints in.--_n._ GENICUL[=A]'TION. [L. _genicul[=a]re_, -[=a]tum--_geniculum_, a little knee--_genu_, the knee.] GENIE, j[=e]'ni, _n._ a jinnee. [Fr. _génie_--L. _genius_.] GENIPAP, jen'i-pap, _n._ a large West Indian tree with excellent fruit. [Native.] GENISTA, j[=e]-nis'ta, _n._ a large genus of shrubby, leguminous plants, with simple leaves and yellow flowers. [L. _genista_, broom.] GENITAL, jen'i-tal, _adj._ belonging to generation or the act of producing.--_n.pl._ GEN'ITALS (also GENIT[=A]'LIA), the exterior organs of generation. [L. _genitalis_--_gign[)e]re_, _genitum_, to beget.] GENITIVE, jen'i-tiv, _adj._ (_gram._) applied to a case properly denoting the class or kind to which a thing belongs, represented in modern English by the possessive case.--_adj._ GENIT[=I]'VAL. [L. _genitivus_ (_gign[)e]re_, _genitum_, to beget), as if indicating origin, a mistranslation of Gr. _genikos_--_genos_, a class.] GENIUS, j[=e]n'yus, or j[=e]'ni-us, _n._ the special inborn faculty of any individual: special taste or disposition qualifying for a particular employment: a man having such power of mind: a good or evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to preside over every person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside over a man's destiny from his birth: prevailing spirit or tendency: type or generic exemplification--(_obs._) G[=E]N'IO:--_pl._ GENIUSES (j[=e]n'yus-ez).--GENIUS LOCI (L.), the presiding divinity of a place:--_pl._ GENII (j[=e]'ni-[=i]). [L. _genius_--_gign[)e]re_, _genitum_, to beget.] GENOESE, je-n[=o]-[=e]z', _adj._ relating to _Genoa_--also GENOVESE'.--_n._ an inhabitant of Genoa. GENOUILLÈRE, zhe-n[=oo]-y[=a]r, _n._ the knee-piece in armour. GENRE, zhangr, _n._ kind, style: a style of painting scenes from familiar or rustic life. [Fr. _genre_, kind--L. _genus_.] GENS, jenz, _n._ in ancient Rome, a clan including several families descended from a common ancestor: a tribe:--_pl._ GEN'TES. [L.] GENT, jent, _adj._ (_Spens._) noble. [O. Fr.,--L. _gentilis_, gentle.] GENT, jent, _n._ familiar abbrev. of _gentleman_: one who apes the gentleman. GENTEEL, jen-t[=e]l', _adj._ well-bred: graceful in manners or in form: fashionable.--_adj._ GENTEEL'ISH, somewhat genteel.--_adv._ GENTEEL'LY.--_n._ GENTEEL'NESS (same as GENTILITY).--THE GENTEEL, the manners and usages of genteel or well-bred society. [Fr. _gentil_--L. _gentilis_, belonging to the same _gens_, or clan--later, well-bred.] GENTIAN, jen'shan, _n._ a plant the root of which is used in medicine, said by Pliny to have been brought into use by _Gentius_, king of Illyria, conquered by the Romans in 167 B.C.--_ns._ GENTIANEL'LA, a name for several species of gentian, esp. _Gentiana acaulis_, with deep-blue flowers; GEN'TIANINE, a yellow crystalline bitter compound obtained from the yellow gentian. GENTILE, jen't[=i]l, _n._ (_B._) any one not a Jew: any one not a Christian.--_adj._ of or belonging to a _gens_ or clan: belonging to any nation but the Jews: (_gram._) denoting a race or country.--_adjs._ GENTIL'IC, tribal; GEN'TILISH, heathenish.--_n._ GEN'TILISM, paganism.--_adjs._ GENTILI'TIAL, GENTILI'TIAN, GENTILI'TIOUS, pertaining to a gens. [L. _gentilis_--_gens_, a nation.] GENTLE, jen'tl, _adj._ well-born: mild and refined in manners: mild in disposition: amiable: soothing: moderate: gradual.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to make gentle.--_n._ (_obs._) a person of good family: (_Shak._) a trained falcon: the larva of the flesh-fly, used as a bait in angling.--_n._ GENTILESSE', the quality of being gentle, courtesy.--_v.t._ GEN'TILISE, to raise to the class of gentleman.--_n._ GENTIL'ITY, good birth or extraction: good breeding: politeness of manners: genteel people: marks of gentility.--_n.pl._ GEN'TLEFOLK, people of good family.--_adj._ GEN'TLE-HEART'ED, having a gentle or kind disposition.--_n._ GEN'TLEHOOD, position or character attaching to gentle birth.--_n._ GEN'TLENESS.--_adv._ GENT'LY.--_n._ GEN'TRICE, gentle birth, courtesy.--GENTLE READER, courteous reader, an old-fashioned phrase common in the prefaces of books.--THE GENTLE CRAFT, a phrase used to specify shoe-making, also angling; THE GENTLE (or GENTLER) SEX, women in general as opposed to the _stern_ or _sterner sex_. [Fr.,--L. _gentilis_. See GENTEEL.] GENTLEMAN, jen'tl-man, _n._ a man of good birth: one who without a title wears a coat of arms: more generally every man above the rank of yeoman, including the nobility: one above the trading classes: a man of refined manners: a polite term used for man in general: (_Shak._) a body-servant:--_pl._ GEN'TLEMEN--also a word of address:--_fem._ GEN'TLEWOMAN.--_ns._ GEN'TLEMAN-AT-ARMS, a member of the royal bodyguard, instituted in 1509, and now composed of military officers of service and distinction only; GEN'TLEMAN-COMM'ONER, a member of the higher class of commoners at Oxford University; GEN'TLEMANHOOD, GEN'TLEMANSHIP, the condition or character of a gentleman.--_adjs._ GEN'TLEMANLIKE, GEN'TLEMANLY, well-bred, refined, generous; GEN'TLEMANLINESS.--_adj._ GEN'TLEWOMANLY, like a refined and well-bred woman.--_n._ GEN'TLEWOMANLINESS.--GENTLEMAN FARMER, a landowner who resides on his estate and superintends the cultivation of his own soil; GENTLEMAN OF THE CHAPEL-ROYAL, a lay-singer who assists the priests in the choral service of the royal chapel; GENTLEMAN'S GENTLEMAN, a valet, or gentleman's body-servant; GENTLEMAN USHER, a gentleman who serves as an usher at court, or as an attendant on a person of rank. GENTOO, jen-t[=oo]', _n._ a Hindu. [Port. _gentio_, a Gentile.] GENTRY, jen'tri, _n._ the class of people below the rank of nobility: (_coll._) people of a particular, esp. an inferior, stamp: (_Shak._) noble birth. [Apparently an altered form of _gentrice_, from O. Fr. _genterise_, _gentelise_, formed from adj. _gentil_, gentle.] GENTY, jen'ti, _adj._ (_Scot._) neat, pretty, graceful. GENUFLECT, jen-[=u]-flekt', _v.i._ to bend the knee in worship or respect.--_ns._ GENUFLEC'TION, GENUFLEX'ION. [L. _genu_, the knee, _flect[)e]re_, to bend.] GENUINE, jen'[=u]-in, _adj._ natural, not spurious or adulterated: real: pure: (_zool._) conformable to type.--_adv._ GEN'UINELY.--_n._ GEN'UINENESS. [L. _genuinus_--_gign[)e]re_, to beget.] GENUS, j[=e]'nus, _n._ (_zool._) a group consisting of a number of species closely connected by common characters or natural affinity: (_log._) a class of objects comprehending several subordinate species:--_pl._ GENERA (jen'[.e]ra).--_adjs._ GENER'IC, -AL, pertaining to a genus: relating to gender: of a general nature, not special: distinctly characteristic.--_adv._ GENER'ICALLY. [L. _genus_, _generis_, birth; cog. with Gr. _genos_--_gignesthai_.] GEO, GIO, gy[=o], _n._ (_prov._) a gully, creek. [Ice. _gjá_.] GEOCENTRIC, -AL, j[=e]-o-sen'trik, -al, _adj._ having the earth for its centre: (_astron._) as seen or measured from the earth.--_adv._ GEOCEN'TRICALLY.--_n._ GEOCEN'TRICISM. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _kentron_, a centre.] GEOCYCLIC, j[=e]-[=o]-sik'lik, _adj._ pertaining to the revolutions of the earth. GEODE, j[=e]'[=o]d, _n._ (_min._) a rounded nodule of stone with a hollow interior.--_adj._ GEODIF'EROUS, bearing or producing geodes. [Fr.,--Gr. _ge[=o]d[=e]s_, earth-like, earthen--_g[=e]_, earth, _eidos_, form.] GEODESY, je-od'e-si, _n._ a science whose object is to measure the earth and its parts on a large scale.--_ns._ GEOD[=E]'SIAN, GEOD'ESIST, one skilled in geodesy.--_adjs._ GEODES'IC, -AL, GEODET'IC, -AL, pertaining to or determined by geodesy. [Fr. _géodésie_--Gr. _ge[=o]daisia_--_g[=e]_, the earth, _daiein_, to divide.] GEOGNOSY, je-og'no-si, _n._ the study of the materials of the earth's substance, now frequently called _Petrography_--also GEOGN[=O]'SIS.--_n._ G[=E]'OGNOST.--_adjs._ GEOGNOST'IC, -AL.--_adv._ GEOGNOST'ICALLY. [Fr. _géognosie_--Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _gn[=o]sis_, knowledge.] GEOGONY, je-og'o-ni, _n._ the doctrine of the production or formation of the earth--also GEOG'ENY.--_adj._ GEOGON'IC. [Gr., _g[=e]_, the earth, _gon[=e]_, generation.] GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, _n._ the science which describes the surface of the earth and its inhabitants: a book containing a description of the earth.--_n._ GEOG'RAPHER.--_adjs._ GEOGRAPH'IC, -AL, relating to geography.--_adv._ GEOGRAPH'ICALLY.--GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION (see DISTRIBUTION).--DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, that part of geography which consists in a statement of facts; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, that part of geography which investigates the changes which have occurred in the governmental control of territory; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (see PHYSICAL); POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, geography that gives an account of the different communities of mankind. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _ge[=o]graphia_--_g[=e]_, the earth, _graph[=e]_, a description--_graphein_, to write.] GEOLATRY, j[=e]-ol'a-tri, _n._ earth-worship. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _latreia_, worship.] GEOLOGY, je-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science relating to the history and development of the earth's crust, together with the several floras and faunas which have successively clothed and peopled its surface.--_ns._ GEOLO'GIAN, GEOL'OGIST.--_adjs._ GEOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to geology.--_adv._ GEOLOG'ICALLY.--_v.i._ GEOL'OGISE.--DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY, the study of natural operations based on the belief that the effects of Nature's agents in the present will further interpret the records of such actions in the past; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, that geology which treats of the mode in which rocks are built up in the earth's crust. [Fr. _géologie_--Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _logia_, a discourse.] GEOMANCY, j[=e]'o-man-si, _n._ divination by figures or lines drawn on the earth.--_n._ G[=E]'OMANCER.--_adj._ GE'OMANTIC, pertaining to geomancy. [Fr. _géomancie_--Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _manteia_, divination.] GEOMETRY, je-om'e-tri, _n._ that branch of mathematics which treats of magnitude and its relations: a text-book of geometry.--_ns._ GEOM'ETER, GEOMETRI'CIAN, one skilled in geometry.--_adjs._ GEOMET'RIC, -AL.--_adv._ GEOMET'RICALLY.--_v.i._ GEOM'ETRISE, to study geometry.--_n._ GEOM'ETRIST. [Fr. _géométrie_--L., Gr. _geometria_--_g[=e]_, the earth, _metron_, a measure.] GEOMYS, j[=e]'[=o]-mis, _n._ the typical genus of _Geomyidæ_, the pouched rats or pocket-gophers. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _mys_, mouse.] GEONOMY, j[=e]-on'o-mi, _n._ the science of the physical laws relating to the earth.--_adj._ GEONOM'IC. [Gr. _g[=e]_, earth, _nomos_, law.] GEOPHAGY, j[=e]-of'a-ji, _n._ the act or practice of eating earth--also GEOPH'AGISM.--_n._ GEOPH'AGIST.--_adj._ GEOPH'AGOUS. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _phagein_, to eat.] GEOPONIC, -AL, j[=e]-o-pon'ik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to tilling the earth or to agriculture.--_n.pl._ GEOPON'ICS, the science of agriculture. [Fr. _géoponique_--Gr. _ge[=o]ponikos_--_g[=e]_, the earth, _ponos_, labour.] GEORAMA, j[=e]-o-rä'ma, _n._ an apparatus for exhibiting the seas, lakes, rivers, and mountains on the earth's surface. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _horama_, a view--_horaein_, to see.] GEORDIE, j[=o]r'di, _n._ a guinea, from the figure of St _George_ upon the back: a safety-lamp for miners invented by _George_ Stephenson: a coal-pitman, a collier-boat. GEORGE, jorj, _n._ a jewelled figure of St _George_ slaying the dragon, worn by Knights of the Garter. GEORGIAN, jorj'i-an, _adj._ relating to the reigns of the four _Georges_, kings of Great Britain: belonging to _Georgia_ in the Caucasus, its people, language, &c.: pertaining to the American State of _Georgia_.--Also _n._ GEORGIC, jorj'ik, _adj._ relating to agriculture or rustic affairs.--_n._ a poem on husbandry. [L. _georgicus_--Gr. _ge[=o]rgikos_--_ge[=o]rgia_, agriculture--_g[=e]_, the earth, _ergon_, a work.] GEOSCOPY, j[=e]-os'k[=o]-pi, _n._ knowledge of the earth or its soil gained from observation. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _skopein_, to view.] GEOSELENIC, j[=e]-o-se-len'ik, _adj._ relating to the earth and the moon in their mutual relations. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _sel[=e]n[=e]_, the moon.] GEOSTATIC, j[=e]-o-stat'ik, _adj._ capable of sustaining the pressure of earth from all sides.--_n.pl._ GEOSTAT'ICS, the statics of rigid bodies. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _statikos_, causing to stand.] GEOTECTONIC, j[=e]-o-tek-ton'ik, _adj._ relating to the structure of the earth. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _tekt[=o]n_, a builder.] GEOTHERMIC, j[=e]-o-ther'mik, _adj._ pertaining to the internal heat of the earth.--_n._ GEOTHERMOM'ETER, an instrument for measuring subterranean temperatures. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _thermos_, heat.] GEOTROPISM, j[=e]-ot'ro-pizm, _n._ (_bot._) tendency to growth downward.--_adj._ GEOTROP'IC. [Gr. _g[=e]_, the earth, _tropos_, a turning.] GERAH, g[=e]'ra, _n._ (_B._) the smallest Hebrew weight and coin, 1/20th of a shekel, worth about 1½d. [Heb. _g[=e]r[=a]h_.] GERANIUM, je-r[=a]'ni-um, _n._ a genus of plants with seed-vessels like a crane's bill. [L.,--Gr. _geranion_--_geranos_, a crane.] GERATOLOGY, jer-at-ol'o-ji, _n._ the science of the phenomena of decadence. [Gr. _g[=e]ras_, old age, _logia_, discourse.] GERBE, jerb, _n._ something resembling a sheaf of wheat: a kind of firework. [Fr.] GERENT, j[=e]'rent, _n._ one who holds an office, a manager, ruler.--_adj._ GERFALCON, GYRFALCON, j[.e]r'fawl-kon, -fawk'n, _n._ a large falcon, found in the northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. [O. Fr. _gerfaucon_--Low L. _gyrofalco_, most prob. Old High Ger. _gîr_, a vulture (Ger. _geier_). See FALCON.] GERM, j[.e]rm, _n._ a rudimentary form of a living thing, whether a plant or animal: (_bot._) the seed-bud of a plant: a shoot: that from which anything springs, the origin: a first principle.--_v.i._ to put forth buds, sprout.--_n._ GERM'ICIDE, that which destroys germs. [Fr. _germe_--L. _germen_, a bud.] GERMAN, j[.e]r'man, _adj._ of the first degree, as _cousins_ _german_: closely allied.--_n._ one from the same stock or closely allied.--_adj._ GERMANE', nearly related: relevant, appropriate. [O. Fr. _germain_--L. _germanus_, prob. for _germinanus_--_germen_, _-inis_, origin.] GERMAN, j[.e]r'man, _n._ a native of Germany; the German language:--_pl._ GER'MANS.--_adj._ of or from Germany.--_adjs._ GERMANESQUE', marked by German characteristics; GERMAN'IC, pertaining to Germany.--_adv._ GERMAN'ICALLY.--_v.i._ GER'MANISE, to show German qualities.--_adj._ GER'MANISH, somewhat German in qualities.--_ns._ GER'MANISM, an idiom of the German language; GER'MANIST.--_adj._ GERMANIS'TIC, pertaining to the study of German.--_n._ GER'MAN-SIL'VER, an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, white like silver, and first made in Germany.--HIGH GERMAN, the variety of Teutonic speech, originally confined to 'High' or Southern Germany, but now accepted as the literary language throughout the whole of Germany; LOW GERMAN, properly _Plattdeutsch_, the general name for the dialects of Germany which are not High German, but also applied by philologists to all the West Germanic dialects except High German (including English, Dutch, Frisian), and formerly in a still wider sense including also Gothic and Scandinavian. [L. _Germani_, 'shouters,' from Celt. _gairm_, a loud cry; or 'neighbours'--i.e. to the Gauls, from Celt. (Old Ir.) _gair_, a neighbour.] GERMANDER, j[.e]r'man-d[.e]r, _n._ a large genus of labiate herbs with aromatic, bitter, and stomachic properties. [Low L. _germandra_--Gr. _chamandrya_, _chamaidrys_--_chamai_, on the ground, _drys_, oak.] GERMANIUM, j[.e]r-m[=a]'ni-um, _n._ an element discovered in 1885 in argyrodite. GERMEN, j[.e]rm'en, _n._ a disused botanical synonym for Ovary (q.v.)--(_Shak._) GERM'IN.--_adj._ GERM'INAL, pertaining to a germ. [See GERM.] GERMINAL, zh[=a]r-m[=e]-nal', _n._ the seventh month of the French revolutionary calendar, March 21-April 19. GERMINATE, j[.e]rm'in-[=a]t, _v.i._ to spring from a germ: to begin to grow.--_v.t._ to produce.--_adj._ GERM'INANT, sprouting: sending forth germs or buds.--_n._ GERMIN[=A]'TION.--_adj._ GERM'INATIVE. [L. _germin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_germen_, a bud.] GERN, j[.e]rn, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to grind or yawn. GERONTOCRACY, jer-on-tok'ra-si, _n._ government by old men. [Gr. _ger[=o]n_, an old man, _kratos_, power.] GEROPIGIA, jer-o-pij'i-a, _n._ a mixture of grape-juice, brandy, &c., used to sophisticate port-wine. [Port.] GERRYMANDER, jer-i-man'der, _v.t._ (_Amer._) to rearrange the voting districts in the interests of a particular party or candidate: to manipulate facts, arguments, &c. so as to reach undue conclusions.--_n._ an arrangement of the above nature. [Formed from the name of Governor Elbridge _Gerry_ (1744-1814) and _Salamander_, from the likeness to that animal of the gerrymandered map of Massachusetts in 1811.] GERUND, jer'und, _n._ a part of the Latin verb which has the value of a verbal noun--e.g. _amandum_, loving.--_ns._ GER'UND-GRIND'ER, a teacher, tutor; GER'UND-GRIND'ING.--_adj._ GERUND'IAL.--_n._ GERUND'IVE, the future passive participle of a Latin verb. [L. _gerundium_--_ger[)e]re_, to bear.] GERVAO, ger-vä'o _n._ a small medicinal verbenaceous shrub of the West Indies, &c. [Braz.] GESSO, jes'[=o], _n._ a plaster surface, prepared as a ground for painting. [It.] GEST, jest, _n._ (_Shak._). Same as GIST. GEST, jest, _n._ an exploit: demeanour, bearing: a tale of adventure, a romance.--GESTA ROMANORUM ('deeds of the Romans'), the title of a collection of short stories and legends in Latin, with moralisations appended, which probably took its present form in England about the beginning of the 14th century. [L. _gesta_, things done--_ger[)e]re_, _gestum_, to bear.] GESTATION, jes-t[=a]'shun, _n._ the act of carrying the young in the womb, pregnancy.--_adjs._ GES'TANT, laden; GES'TATORY, pertaining to gestation. [Fr.,--L. _gestation-em_--_gest[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to carry--_ger[)e]re_, to bear.] GESTICULATE, jes-tik'[=u]-l[=a]t, _v.i._ to make gestures when speaking: to play antic tricks.--_adj._ GES'TIC, pertaining to motion, esp. dancing.--_ns._ GESTICUL[=A]'TION, act of making gestures in speaking: a gesture; GESTIC'UL[=A]TOR, one who makes gestures.--_adj._ GESTIC'UL[=A]TORY, representing or abounding in gesticulations. [L. _gesticul[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_--_gesticulus_, dim. of _gestus_, gesture--_ger[)e]re_, to carry.] GESTURE, jes't[=u]r, _n._ a posture, or movement of the body: an action expressive of sentiment or passion: (_Shak._) behaviour.--_adj._ GES'TURAL. [Low L. _gestura_--L. _gestus_, from L. _ger[)e]re_, to carry.] GET, get, _v.t._ to obtain: to seize: to procure or cause to be: to beget offspring: to learn: to persuade: (_B._) to betake, to carry.--_v.i._ to arrive or put one's self in any place, state, or condition: to become:--_pr.p._ get'ting; _pa.t._ got; _pa.p._ got, (_obs._) got'ten.--_ns._ GET'TER, one who gets or obtains: one who begets; GET'TING, a gaining: anything gained: procreation; GET'-UP, equipment: general appearance.--GET AHEAD, ALONG, to make progress, advance; GET AT, to reach, attain; GET OFF, to escape; GET ON, to proceed, advance; GET OUT, to produce: to go away; GET OVER, to surmount; GET ROUND, to circumvent: to persuade, talk over; GET THROUGH, to finish; GET UP, to arise, to ascend: to arrange, prepare. [A.S. _gitan_, to get.] GEUM, j[=e]'um, _n._ a genus of perennial herbs, of order _Rosaceæ_, contains the avens or herb-bennet, &c. [L.] GEWGAW, g[=u]'gaw, _n._ a toy: a bauble.--_adj._ showy without value. [Acc. to Skeat, a reduplicated form of A.S. _gifan_, to give; preserved also in Northern Eng., as _giff-gaff_, interchange of intercourse.] GEY (_Scot._). See GAY. GEYSER, g[=i]s[.e]r, _n._ a hot spring, as in Iceland, which spouts water into the air. [Ice., _geysa_, to gush.] GHAST, gast, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to strike aghast: to affright.--_adj._ GHAST'FUL (_Spens._), dreary, dismal.--_adv._ GHAST'FULLY, frightfully.--_ns._ GHAST'LINESS, GHAST'NESS (_Shak._).--_adj._ GHAST'LY, death-like: hideous. [A.S. _g['æ]stlic_, terrible. See AGHAST.] GHAT, GHAUT, gawt, _n._ in India, a mountain-pass: a chain of mountains: landing-stairs for bathers on the sides of a river or tank. [Hind. _gh[=a]t_.] GHAZAL, gaz'al, _n._ a form of Persian verse in which the first two lines rhyme, and for this rhyme a new one must be found in the second line of each succeeding couplet: a piece of music in which a simple theme is constantly recurring.--Also GAZ'EL, GHAZ'EL. [Pers. _arghazel_, a love-poem.] GHAZEL. Same as GAZELLE. GHAZI, gä'z[=e], _n._ a veteran Mohammedan soldier, one who has fought for the faith. [Ar., 'a warrior.'] GHEBER, GHEBRE, g[=e]'b[.e]r, _n._ Same as GUEBRE. GHEE, g[=e], _n._ an Indian clarified butter, generally prepared from buffaloes' milk. [Hind. _gh[=i]_.] GHERKIN, g[.e]r'kin, _n._ a small cucumber used for pickling. [Dut. _agurkje_, a gherkin; a word of Eastern origin, as in Pers. _khiyár_, a cucumber, Byzantine _angourion_, a water-melon.] GHETTO, get'[=o], _n._ the Jews' quarter in Italian cities, to which they used to be strictly confined. [It.] GHIBELLINE, gib'e-lin, _n._ one of a party in Italy in the Middle Ages which supported the imperial authority, as opposed to the Guelfs. [See GUELF.] GHOST, g[=o]st, _n._ the soul of man: a spirit appearing after death: (_Shak._) a dead body: (_slang_) one who writes a statesman's speeches for him, &c.--_v.i._ to appear to.--_adj._ GHOST'-LIKE.--_n._ GHOST'LINESS.--_adj._ GHOST'LY, spiritual, religious: pertaining to apparitions.--_ns._ GHOST'-MOTH, a species of moth very common in Britain, its caterpillar destructive to hop-gardens; GHOST'-ST[=O]'RY, a story in which ghosts figure; GHOST'-WORD, a fictitious word that has originated in the blunder of a scribe or printer--common in dictionaries.--GIVE UP THE GHOST (_B._), to die.--HOLY GHOST, the Holy Spirit, the third person in the Trinity. [A.S. _gást_; Ger._ geist_.] GHOUL, g[=oo]l, _n._ an Eastern demon which devours the dead.--_adj._ GHOUL'ISH. [Pers.] GHYLL, an unnecessary variant of gill, a ravine. GIAMBEAUX, zham'b[=o], _n.pl._ (_Spens._) armour for the legs. [Fr.,--_jambe_, leg.] GIANT, j[=i]'ant, _n._ an individual whose stature and bulk exceed those of his species or race generally: a person of extraordinary powers:--_fem._ G[=i]'antess.--_adj._ gigantic.--_ns._ G[=I]'ANTISM, G[=i]'antship, the quality or character of a giant.--_adj._ G[=I]'ANTLY, giant-like.--_n._ G[=I]'ANT-POW'DER, a kind of dynamite.--_adj._ G[=I]'ANT-RUDE (_Shak._), enormously rude or uncivil.--_n._ G[=I]'ANTRY, giants collectively. [O. Fr. _geant_ (Fr. _géant_)--L.,--Gr. _gigas_, _gigantos_.] GIAOUR, jowr, _n._ infidel, a term applied by the Turks to all who are not of their own religion. [Turk. _jawr_--Ar. _káfir_, an infidel.] GIB, jib, _n._ the projecting arm of a crane: a wedge-shaped piece of metal holding another in place, &c.--_v.t._ to fasten with such. GIB, jib, _n._ a cat--Also GIB'-CAT (_Shak._). [A corr. of _Gilbert_, as '_Tom-cat_,' hardly for _glib_=_lib_.] GIBBE, jib, _n._ (_Shak._) an old worn-out animal. GIBBERISH, gib'[.e]r-ish, _n._ rapid, gabbling talk: unmeaning words.--_adj._ unmeaning.--_v.i._ GIBB'ER, to speak senselessly or inarticulately.--_n._ GIBB'LE-GABBLE, gabble. [See GABBLE.] GIBBET, jib'et, _n._ a gallows on which criminals were suspended after execution: the projecting beam of a crane.--_v.t._ to expose on a gibbet. [O. Fr. _gibet_, a stick; origin unknown.] GIBBON, gib'un, _n._ a genus of tailless anthropoid apes, with very long arms, natives of the East Indies. GIBBOUS, gib'us, _adj._ hump-backed: swelling, convex, as the moon when nearly full--also GIBB'OSE.--_ns._ GIBBOS'ITY, GIBB'OUSNESS.--_adv._ GIBB'OUSLY. [L. _gibbosus_=_gibberosus_--_gibber_, a hump.] GIBE, JIBE, j[=i]b, _v.t._ to sneer at: to taunt.--_n._ a taunt: contempt.--_n._ GIB'ER, one who gibes.--_adv._ GIB'INGLY. [Ice. _geipa_, to talk nonsense.] GIBEL, gib'el, _n._ the Prussian carp, without barbules. GIBEONITE, gib'[=e]-on-[=i]t, _n._ a slave's slave--from Josh., ix. GIBLETS, jib'lets, _n.pl._ the internal eatable parts of fowl, taken out before cooking it.--_adj._ GIB'LET, made of giblets. [O. Fr. _gibelet_; origin unknown; not a dim. of _gibier_, game.] GIBUS, zh[=e]'bus, _n._ a crush-hat, opera-hat. [Fr.] GID, gid, _n._ staggers in sheep.--Also STUR'DY (q.v.). GIDDY, gid'i, _adj._ unsteady, dizzy: that causes giddiness: whirling: inconstant: thoughtless.--_adv._ GIDD'ILY.--_n._ GIDD'INESS.--_adjs._ GIDD'Y-HEAD'ED, thoughtless, wanting reflection; GIDD'Y-PACED (_Shak._), moving irregularly. [From A.S. _giddian_, to sing, be merry, _gid_, a song.] GIE, g[=e], _v._ a Scotch form of _give_. GIER-EAGLE, j[=e]r'-[=e]'gl, _n._ (_B._) a species of eagle. [See GYRFALCON.] GIF, gif, _conj._ an obsolete form of _if_. GIFT, gift, _n._ a thing given: a bribe: a quality bestowed by nature: the act of giving.--_v.t._ to endow with any power or faculty.--_adj._ GIFT'ED, endowed by nature: intellectual.--_ns._ GIFT'-HORSE, a horse given as a gift; GIFT'LING, a little gift.--LOOK A GIFT HORSE IN THE MOUTH, to criticise a gift. [_Give._] GIG, gig, _n._ a light, two-wheeled carriage: a long, light boat: (_U.S._) sport, fun.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ GIG'GIT (_U.S._), to convey or move rapidly.--_ns._ GIG'MAN, one who drives or keeps a gig--a favourite term of Carlyle's for a narrow philistinism based on the possession of a little more money than others, whence GIG'MANESS, GIGMAN'ITY, GIG'M[=A]NIA. [M. E. _gigge_, a whirling thing (cf. WHIRLIGIG); prob. related to Ice. _geiga_, to turn in a wrong direction. Cf. JIG.] GIGANTIC, j[=i]-gan'tik, _adj._ suitable to a giant: enormous--also GIGANT[=E]'AN.--_adj._ GIGANTESQUE', befitting a giant.--_adv._ GIGAN'TICALLY.--_ns._ GIGAN'TICIDE, the act of killing a giant; GIGANTOL'OGY, description of giants; GIGANTOM'ACHY, a war of giants. [L. _gigas_, _gigantis_, a giant, _cæd[)e]re_, to kill.] GIGGLE, gig'l, _v.i._ to laugh with short catches of the breath, or in a silly manner.--_n._ a laugh of this kind.--_ns._ GIGG'LER; GIGG'LING. [M. E. _gagelen_, to cackle; cf. Ice. _gagl_, a goose.] GIGLET, gig'let, _n._ a giddy girl: a wanton--also GIG'LOT.--_adj._ (_Shak._) inconstant. [Prob. Ice. _gikkr_, a pert person; perh. related to _gig_. See JIG.] GIGOT, jig'ut, _n._ a leg of mutton. [Fr.,--O. Fr. _gigue_, a leg: a fiddle; a word of unknown origin.] GILA MONSTER. See MONSTER. GILD, gild, _v.t._ to cover or overlay with gold: to cover with any gold-like substance: to gloss over: to adorn with lustre:--_pr.p._ gild'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ gild'ed or gilt.--_ns._ GILD'ER, one who coats articles with gold; GILD'ING, act or trade of a gilder: gold laid on any surface for ornament.--GILDED CHAMBER, the House of Lords; GILD THE PILL, to do something to make a disagreeable thing seem less so. [A.S. _gyldan_--gold. See GOLD.] GILL, gil, _n._ one of the breathing organs in fishes and certain other aquatic animals: the flap below the bill of a fowl. [Cf. Dan. _giælle_, a gill; Ice. _gjölnar_ (pl.), gills; Sw. _gäl_.] GILL, jil, _n._ a measure=¼ pint.--_n._ GILL'-HOUSE, a dram-shop. [O. Fr. _gelle_; cf. Low L. _gillo_, a flask; allied to Fr. _jale_, a large bowl, Eng. _gallon_.] GILL, jil, _n._ a girl, because of the commonness of the name _Gillian_, cf. 'Jack and Jill:' ground-ivy: beer flavoured with ground-ivy.--_n._ GILL'-FLIRT, a wanton girl. [From _Gillian_ or _Juliana_ (from _Julius_), a female name, contracted _Gill_, _Jill_.] GILL, gil, _n._ a small ravine, a wooded glen.--Also GHYLL. [Ice.] GILLIE, GILLY, gil'i, _n._ a youth, a man-servant, esp. to one hunting. [Gael. _gille_, a lad, Ir. _giolla_.] GILLYFLOWER, jil'i-flow-[.e]r, _n._ popular English name for stock, wallflower, &c., from its clove-like smell. [O. Fr. _giroflée_--Gr. _karyophyllon_, the clove-tree--_karyon_, a nut, _phyllon_, a leaf.] GILPY, GILPEY, gil'pi, _n._ (_Scot._) a boisterous boy or girl. GILRAVAGE, gil-rav'[=a]j, _n._ (_Scot._) a noisy frolic, disorder.--_v.i._ to plunder, spoil. GILT, gilt, _pa.t._ and _pa.p_ of _gild_.--_n._ that which is used for gilding.--_adjs._ GILD'ED; GILT'-EDGED, having the edges gilt: of the highest quality, as 'gilt-edged securities'=those stocks whose interest is considered perfectly safe.--_n._ GILT'-HEAD, a popular name for several fishes, esp. a sparoid fish with a half-moon-shaped gold spot between the eyes. GILT, gilt, _n._ (_Shak._) money. GIMBAL, gim'bal, _n._ a contrivance for suspending the mariner's compass, so as to keep it always horizontal. [Through Fr. from L. _gemelli_, twins.] GIMBLET. Same as GIMLET. GIMCRACK, jim'krak, _n._ a toy: a gewgaw: a trivial mechanism--also JIM'CRACK.--_n._ GIM'CRACKERY. [Prov. _gim_ or _jim_, neat, and _crack_, a lively boy.] GIMLET, gim'let, _n._ a small tool for boring holes by turning it with the hand.--_v.t._ to pierce with a gimlet: (_naut._) to turn round (an anchor) as if turning a gimlet.--_adj._ GIM'LET-EYED, very sharp-sighted. [O. Fr. _gimbelet_, from Teut.; cf. Eng. _wimble_.] GIMMAL, gim'al, _n._ a gimbal: (_Shak._) anything consisting of parts moving within each other or interlocked--a quaint piece of mechanism--also GIMM'ER.--_adj._ (_Shak._) made or consisting of double rings. GIMMER, gim'[.e]r, _n._ a two-year-old ewe. [Ice. _gymbr_; cf. Sw. _gimmer_, Dan. _gimmer_.] GIMP, gimp, _n._ a kind of trimming, &c., of silk, woollen, or cotton twist.--_v.t._ to make or furnish with gimp. [Fr. _guimpe_, from Old High Ger. _wimpal_, a light robe; Eng. _wimple_.] GIN, jin, _n._ Same as _Geneva_, of which it is a contraction.--_ns._ GIN'-FIZZ, a drink of gin, lemon-juice, effervescing water, &c.; GIN-PAL'ACE, GIN'-SHOP, a shop where gin is sold; GIN'-SLING, a cold beverage of gin and water, sweetened and flavoured. GIN, jin, _n._ the name of a variety of machines, esp. one with pulleys for raising weights, &c.: a pump worked by rotary sails: (_B._) a trap or snare.--_v.t._ to trap or snare: to clear cotton of its seeds by a machine:--_pr.p._ gin'ning; _pa.p._ ginned.--_ns._ GIN'-HORSE, a mill-horse; GIN'-HOUSE, a place where cotton is ginned. [Contr. from _engine_.] GIN, jin, _n._ an Australian native woman. GIN, gin, _v.i._ to begin.--_n._ GIN'NING, beginning. GIN, gin, a prov. form of _against_. GIN, gin, a Scotch form of _gif_=_if_. GINETE, ch[=e]-n[=a]'t[=a], _n._ a trooper, horse-soldier. [Sp.] GING, ging, _n._ a gang or company. [A.S. _genge_, a troop, _gangan_, to go. See GANG.] GINGELLY-OIL, jin-jel'i-oil, _n._ the oil of Indian sesame. GINGER, jin'j[.e]r, _n._ the root of a plant in the East and West Indies, with a hot and spicy taste, useful as a condiment or stomachic.--_ns._ GINGERADE', an aerated drink flavoured with ginger; GIN'GERBEER, an effervescent drink flavoured with ginger; GIN'GERBREAD, sweet bread flavoured with ginger; GIN'GER-COR'DIAL, a cordial made of ginger, lemon-peel, raisins, water, and sometimes spirits; GIN'GERNUT, a small cake flavoured with ginger and sweetened with molasses.--_adj._ GIN'GEROUS, like ginger.--_ns._ GIN'GERPOP, weak gingerbeer; GIN'GERSNAP, a thin brittle cake spiced with ginger; GIN'GER-WINE, a liquor made by the fermentation of sugar and water, and flavoured with various spices, chiefly ginger.--GINGERBREAD WARE, or WORK, cheap and tawdry ornamental work.--TAKE THE GILT OFF THE GINGERBREAD, to destroy the illusion. [M. E. _gingivere_--O. Fr. _gengibre_--L. _zingiber_--Gr. _zingiberis_--Sans. _çriñga-vera_--_çriñga_, horn, _vera_, shape.] GINGERLY, jin'j[.e]r-li, _adv._ with soft steps: cautiously. [From a Scand. root, seen in Sw. _gingla_, to totter.] GINGHAM, ging'ham, _n._ a kind of cotton cloth, woven from coloured yarns into stripes or checks, manufactured chiefly for dresses. [Fr. _guingan_, acc. to Littré, a corr. of _Guingamp_, in Brittany.] GINGING, gin'jing, _n._ (_prov._) the lining of a shaft. GINGIVAL, jin-j[=i]'val, _adj._ pertaining to the gums.--_n._ GINGIV[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the gums. [L. _gingivæ_.] GINGKO, ging'k[=o], _n._ a Chinese tree, allied to the yew, with edible fruit--the Maiden-hair-tree. [Jap. _gingk[=o]_--Chin. _yin-hing_--_yin_, silver, _hing_, apricot.] GINGLE, jing'l. Same as JINGLE. GINGLYMUS, jing'gli-mus (or ging'-), _n._ a joint that permits flexion and extension in a single plane, as at the elbow and ankle:--_pl._ GING'LYM[=I]. [Gr.] GINNET, jin'net, _n._ obsolete form of _jennet_. GINNING. See GIN (2). GINNY-CARRIAGE, jin'i-kar'[=a]j, _n._ a small strong carriage used for conveying materials on a railway. GINSENG, jin'seng, _n._ a plant of genus _Aralia_, and its root, a Chinese panacea for exhaustion of body or mind. [Chin. _jin-tsan_.] GIP, jip, _n._ Same as GYP. GIPSY, GYPSEY, GYPSY, jip'si, _n._ one of a wandering race, originally from India, now scattered over Europe: one with a dark complexion: a sly, roguish woman.--_adj._ unconventional, outdoor.--_ns._ GIP'SYDOM; GIP'SYISM.--GIPSY HAT, a hat for women, with large flaps at the sides; GIPSY TABLE, a form of light fancy table; GIPSY WAGON, a wagon or van like a dwelling on wheels, used by gipsies and travelling photographers. [_Egyptian_, because once supposed to come from Egypt.] GIRAFFE, ji-raf', _n._ the camelopard, an African quadruped with remarkably long neck and legs. [Fr.,--Sp. _girafa_--Ar. _zar[=a]f_.] GIRANDOLE, jir'an-d[=o]l, _n._ a branched chandelier, generally projecting from a wall, and used as a stand for candles or lamps, or for flowers: a rotating firework. [Fr.,--It. _girandola_--_girare_--L. _gyr[=a]re_, to turn round--_gyrus_--Gr. _gyros_, a circle.] GIRASOL, jir'a-sol, _n._ a bluish-white translucent opal with reddish reflections. [It.,--_girare_, and _sole_--L. _sol_, the sun.] GIRD, g[.e]rd, _v.i._ to gibe, jeer (with _at_).--_v.t._ (_obs._) to taunt.--_n._ (_obs._) a sneer. [A.S. _gyrd_, _gierd_, rod.] GIRD, g[.e]rd, _v.t._ to bind round: to make fast by binding: to surround: to clothe, furnish:--_pa.t._ and _pa.p._ gird'ed or girt.--_n._ GIRD'ER, one of the principal pieces of timber in a floor binding the others together: in engineering, any simple or compound beam of wood, iron, or steel used to support joisting, walls, arches, &c., in various kinds of bridges.--GIRD ONE'S SELF, to tuck up loose garments under the girdle: to brace the mind for any trial or effort. [A.S. _gyrdan_; cf. Ger. _gürten_, _garden_, Eng. _yard_.] GIRDING, g[.e]rd'ing, _n._ (_B._) a covering. GIRDLE, g[.e]rd'l, _n._ that which encircles, esp. a band or belt for the waist: an enclosure, compass, limit: in jewellery, a horizontal line surrounding a stone.--_v.t._ to bind, as with a girdle: to enclose: to make a circular incision, as through the bark of a tree to kill it.--_n._ GIRD'LE-BELT, a belt for girding the waist.--_p.adj._ GIRD'LED (_Shak._), surrounded with, or as with, a girdle.--_n._ GIRD'LER, one who girdles: a maker of girdles. [A.S. _gyrdel_--_gyrdan_, to gird.] GIRDLE, g[.e]rd'l, _n._ a Scotch form of _griddle_. GIRKIN, g[.e]r'kin, _n._ Same as GHERKIN. GIRL, g[.e]rl, _n._ a female child: a young unmarried woman: a maid-servant.--_n._ GIRL'HOOD, the state or time of being a girl.--_adj._ GIRL'ISH, of or like a girl.--_adv._ GIRL'ISHLY--_n._ GIRL'ISHNESS. [Prob. from Old Low Ger. _gör_, a child, with dim. suffix _-l_.] GIRLOND, obsolete form of _garland_. GIRN, g[.e]rn, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to grin, snarl. [_Grin._] GIRNEL, g[.e]r'nel, _n._ (_Scot._) a granary, meal-chest. [Variant of _garner_.] GIRONDIST, ji-rond'ist, _n._ a member of the moderate republican party during the French Revolution, so called because its earliest leaders, Vergniaud, Guadet, &c., were sent up to the Legislative Assembly (Oct. 1791) by the _Gironde_ department.--Also GIRON'DIN. GIRR, gir, _n._ (_Scot._) a hoop. GIRT, g[.e]rt, _v.t._ to gird.--_pa.p._ of a ship moored so taut by her cables to two oppositely placed anchors as to be prevented from swinging to the wind or tide. GIRTH, g[.e]rth, _n._ belly-band of a saddle: measure round the waist.--Also GIRT. GIST, jist, _n._ the main point or pith of a matter. [From an old French proverb, 'I know where the hare _lies_'--_i.e._ I know the main point--O. Fr. _gist_ (Fr. _gît_)--O. Fr. _gesir_ (Fr. _gésir_), to lie--L. _jac[=e]re_.] GITTERN, git'ern, _n._ a kind of guitar, a cithern.--_v.i._ to play on the gittern. [Most prob. Old Dut. _ghiterne_--L. _cithara_--Gr. _kithara_. See GUITAR.] GIUST, j[=oo]st, _n._ (_Spens._). Same as JOUST. GIUSTO, j[=u]s't[=o], _adj._ (_mus._) suitable, regular. [It.,--L. _justus_, just.] GIVE, giv, _v.t._ to bestow: to impart: to yield: to grant: to permit: to afford: to furnish: to pay or render, as thanks: to pronounce, as a decision: to show, as a result: to apply, as one's self: to allow or admit.--_v.i._ to yield to pressure: to begin to melt: to grow soft: to open, or give an opening or view, to lead (with _upon_, _on_, _into_):--_pr.p._ giv'ing; _pa.t._ g[=a]ve; _pa.p._ given (giv'n).--_p.adj._ GIV'EN, bestowed: specified: addicted, disposed to: admitted, supposed.--_ns._ GIV'ER, one who gives or bestows; GIV'ING, the act of bestowing: (_Shak._) an alleging of what is not real.--GIVE AND TAKE, to give and get fairly, fair measure on both sides; GIVE BIRTH TO, to bring forth: to originate; GIVE CHASE, to pursue; GIVE EAR, to listen; GIVE FORTH, to emit, to publish; GIVE GROUND, place, to give way, to yield; GIVE IN TO, to yield assent or obedience to; GIVE IT TO ONE (_coll._), to scold or beat anybody severely; GIVE LINE, HEAD, REIN, &c., to give more liberty or scope--the metaphor from angling and driving; GIVE ONE'S SELF AWAY, to betray one's secret by a slip of the tongue, &c.; GIVE OUT, to report, to emit; GIVE OVER, to cease; GIVE THE LIE TO, to charge openly with falsehood; GIVE TONGUE, to bark; GIVE UP, to abandon; GIVE WAY, to fall back, to yield, to withdraw: to begin rowing--usually as a command to a crew. [A.S. _giefan_; Goth. _giban_, Ger. _geben_.] GIVES, j[=i]vz, _n._ Same as GYVES. GIZZ, giz, _n._ (_Scot._) the face. GIZZARD, giz'ard, _n._ the muscular stomach of a bird. [M. E. _giser_--O. Fr. _gezier_--L. _gigerium_, only in pl. _gigeria_, cooked entrails of poultry.] GIZZEN, giz'n, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to shrink from dryness so as to leak: to wither.--_adj._ leaky. GLABROUS, gl[=a]'brus, _adj._ smooth: having no hairs or any unevenness.--_adj._ GL[=A]'BR[=A]TE, smooth, glabrous. [L. _glaber_, smooth.] GLACÉ, gla-s[=a]', _adj._ iced: glossy, lustrous, esp. of a thin silk material. [Fr.] GLACIAL, gl[=a]'shi-al, _adj._ icy: frozen: pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to glaciers.--_ns._ GL[=A]'CIALIST, one who attributes the phenomena of the drift in geology to the action of glaciers; GL[=A]CI[=A]'TION, the act of freezing: ice: the process of becoming covered with glaciers. [Fr.,--L. _glacialis_--_glacies_, ice.] GLACIER, gl[=a]'sh[=e]r, or glas'i-[.e]r, _n._ a field or, more properly, a slowly moving river of ice, such as is found in the hollows and on the slopes of lofty mountains. [Fr.,--_glace_, ice--L. _glacies_, ice.] GLACIS, gl[=a]'sis, or gla-s[=e]', _n._ a gentle slope: (_fort._) a smooth sloping bank. [Fr.,--O. Fr. _glacer_, to freeze--_glace_, ice.] GLAD, glad, _adj._ pleased: cheerful: bright: giving pleasure.--_v.t._ to make glad:--_pr.p._ glad'ding; _pa.p._ glad'ded.--_v.t._ GLAD'DEN, to make glad: to cheer: to animate.--_adj._ GLAD'FUL (_Spens._).--_n._ GLAD'FULNESS.--_adv._ GLAD'LY.--_n._ GLAD'NESS.--_adj._ GLAD'SOME, glad: joyous: gay.--_adv._ GLAD'SOMELY.--_n._ GLAD'SOMENESS. [A.S. _glæd_; Ger. _glatt_, smooth, Ice. _glaðr_, bright, Dan. _glad_.] GLADE, gl[=a]d, _n._ an open space in a wood.--_adj._ GL[=A]'DY, having glades. [Scand.; Ice. _glaðr_, bright, Norw. _glette_, a clear spot among clouds.] GLADIATOR, glad'i-[=a]-tor, _n._ in ancient Rome, a professional combatant with men or beasts in the arena.--_adjs._ GLAD'I[=A]TE, sword-shaped; GLADIAT[=O]'RIAL, GLADI[=A]'TORY, GLADIAT[=O]'RIAN.--_ns._ GLAD'IATORSHIP; GL[=A]'DIUS, the cuttle-bone or pen of a cuttle-fish. [L., a swordsman--_gladius_, a sword.] GLADIOLE, glad'i-[=o]l, GLADIOLUS, gla-d[=i]'o-lus, glad-i-[=o]'lus, _n._ the plant sword-lily:--_pl._ GLAD[=I]'OL[=I]. [L. _gladiolus_, dim. of _gladius_.] GLADSTONE, glad'ston, _n._ a four-wheeled two-seated carriage with driver's seat and dickey: a kind of light travelling-bag, opening wide. [From the great statesman, W. E. _Gladstone_ (1809-98).] GLAGOLITIC, glag-o-lit'ik, _adj._ of or pertaining to _Glagol_, an ancient Slavonic alphabet, apparently derived from the cursive Greek of the 9th century, only used in the liturgical books of the Dalmatian Slavs. [Old Bulgarian _glagolu_, a word.] GLAIKIT, gl[=a]k'it, _adj._ (_Scot._) giddy, foolish.--_ns._ GLAIK, a deception, a quick glance; GLAIK'ITNESS, levity.--FLING THE GLAIKS IN FOLK'S EEN (_Scot._), to throw dust in people's eyes. [See GLEEK.] GLAIR, gl[=a]r, _n._ the clear part of an egg used as varnish: any viscous, transparent substance: mud.--_v.t._ to varnish with white of eggs.--_adjs._ GLAIR'Y, GLAIR'EOUS, GL[=A]R'EOUS. [Fr. _glaire_--Low L. _clara ovi_, white of egg--L. _clarus_, clear.] GLAIVE, gl[=a]v, _n._ a weapon like a halberd, fixed on a long shaft, its edge on the outer curve.--Also GLAVE. [O. Fr. _glaive_--L. _gladius_, a sword.] GLAMOUR, glam'[.e]r, _n._ the supposed influence of a charm on the eyes, making them see things as fairer than they are: fascination: enchantment. [Merely a corruption of _gramarye_ or _grammar_, meaning grammar, then magic.] GLANCE, glans, _n._ a sudden shoot of light: a darting of the eye: a momentary view: a term applied to minerals exhibiting a pseudo-metallic lustre.--_v.i._ to dart a ray of light or splendour: to snatch a momentary view: to fly off obliquely: to make a passing allusion.--_v.t._ to dart suddenly or obliquely: to hint.--_n._ GLANCE'-COAL, any hard coal, like anthracite, so called from its metallic lustre.--_adv._ GLANC'INGLY. [From a Teut. root seen in Sw. _glans_, Dut. _glans_, Ger. _glanz_, lustre, and allied to Eng. _glint_.] GLAND, gland, _n._ a secreting structure, which in various ways alters the material brought to it by the blood, extracting and excreting waste products as in the kidneys, or manufacturing valuable by-products, such as the glycogen and bile of the liver: (_bot._) a small cellular spot which secretes oil or aroma.--_adjs._ GLANDIF'EROUS, bearing acorns or nuts; GLAND'IFORM, resembling a gland: nut-shaped; GLAND'[=U]LAR, GLAND'[=U]LOUS, containing, consisting of, or pertaining to glands.--_n._ GLAND'[=U]LE, a small gland.--_adj._ GLAND[=U]LIF'EROUS. [F. _glande_--L. _glans_, _glandis_, an acorn.] GLANDERS, gland'[.e]rz, _n._ a malignant, contagious, and fatal disease of the horse or ass, showing itself esp. on the mucous membrane of the nose, upon the lungs, and on the lymphatic system.--_adj._ GLAND'ERED, affected with glanders. GLARE, gl[=a]r, _n._ a clear, dazzling light: overpowering lustre: a piercing look.--_v.i._ to shine with a clear, dazzling light: to be ostentatiously splendid: to look with piercing eyes.--_adj._ GLAR'ING, bright and dazzling: barefaced: notorious.--_adv._ GLAR'INGLY.--_n._ GLAR'INGNESS. [Perh. from A.S. _glær_, a pellucid substance, amber.] GLAREOUS. See GLAIR. GLASS, glas, _n._ a combination of silica with some alkali or alkaline earth, such as lime, &c., used for window panes, mirrors, lenses, &c.: anything made of glass, esp. a drinking-vessel, a mirror, &c.: the quantity of liquid a glass holds: any fused substance like glass, with a vitreous fracture: (_pl._) spectacles.--_adj._ made of glass.--_v.t._ to case in glass.--_ns._ GLASS'-BLOW'ER, one who blows and fashions glass; GLASS'-BLOW'ING, the process of making glass, by taking a mass of glass reduced by heat to a viscid state, and inflating it; GLASS'-COACH, a coach for hire having glazed windows; GLASS'-CRAB, the larval form of rock lobsters, &c., but formerly regarded as adults, and made into a genus or even family; GLASS'-CUT'TER; GLASS'-CUT'TING, the act or process of cutting, shaping, and ornamenting the surface of glass.--_adj._ GLASS'-FACED (_Shak._), reflecting the sentiments of another, as in a mirror.--_n._ GLASS'FUL, the contents of a glass.--_adj._ GLASS'-GAZ'ING (_Shak._), addicted to viewing one's self in a mirror.--_ns._ GLASS'-GRIND'ING, the ornamenting of glass by rubbing with sand, emery, &c.; GLASS'-HOUSE, a glass manufactory: a house made of glass.--_adv._ GLASS'ILY.--_n._ GLASS'INESS.--_adj._ GLASS'-LIKE.--_ns._ GLASS'-PAINT'ING, the art of producing pictures on glass by means of staining it chemically; GLASS'-P[=A]'PER, paper coated with finely pounded glass, and used like sand-paper; GLASS'-SOAP, an oxide of manganese and other substances used by glass-blowers to remove colouring from glass; GLASS'WARE, articles made of glass; GLASS'-WORK, articles made of glass; GLASS'WORT, a plant so called from its yielding soda, used in making glass.--_adjs._ GLASS'Y, made of or like glass; GLASS'Y-HEAD'ED (_Tenn._), having a bald, shining head.--_ns._ CUT'-GLASS, flint-glass shaped or ornamented by cutting or grinding on a wheel; GROUND'-GLASS, any glass that has been depolished by a sand-blast, grinding, or etching with acids, so as to destroy its transparency; PLATE'-GLASS, glass cast in large thick plates.--LIVE IN A GLASS HOUSE=to be open to attack or retort.--MUSICAL GLASSES (see HARMONICA).--WATER, or SOLUBLE, GLASS, the soluble silicate of soda or of potash formed when silica is fused with an excess of alkali, used for hardening artificial stone, as a cement, and for rendering calico, &c., uninflammable. [A.S. _glæs_; Dut., Ger., and Sw. _glas_; cog. with _glow_, _gleam_, _glance_, _glare_.] GLASSITE, glas'[=i]t, _n._ one of a religious sect founded by John _Glas_ (1695-1773), a minister of the Church of Scotland, who was deposed in 1730 for maintaining that a congregation with its eldership is, in its discipline, subject to no jurisdiction but that of Jesus Christ. The sect is now better known as the Sandemanians, from the name of Glas's son-in-law. GLASWEGIAN, glas-w[=e]j'i-an, _n._ and _adj._ a native or citizen of _Glasgow_. GLAUBERITE, glaw'ber-[=i]t, _n._ a grayish-white mineral, a compound of the sulphates of sodium and calcium, found chiefly in rock-salt. [From the German Johann Rudolf _Glauber_, 1604-68.] GLAUBER-SALT. See SALT. GLAUCOMA, glawk-[=o]'ma, _n._ an insidious disease of the eye, marked by increased tension within the eyeball, growing dimness of vision, and an excavation of the papilla of the optic nerve--also GLAUC[=O]'SIS.--_adj._ GLAUCOM'ATOUS. [See GLAUCOUS.] GLAUCONITE, glaw'k[=o]-n[=i]t, _n._ the mineral, a silicate of iron, which gives a green colour to some of the beds of the greensand strata, whence their name.--_adj._ GLAUCONIT'IC. [Fr.,--Gr. _glaukos_, bluish-green.] GLAUCOUS, glaw'kus, _adj._ sea-green: grayish-blue: (_bot._) covered with a fine green bloom.--_n._ GLAUCES'CENCE.--_adj._ GLAUCES'CENT, somewhat glaucous. [L. _glaucus_, bluish--Gr. _glaukos_, blue or gray.] GLAUCUS, glaw'kus, _n._ a genus of Gasteropods, in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. [Gr. _glaukos_, a fish--_glaukos_, bluish-green.] GLAUM, gläm, _v.i._ and _v.t._ (_Scot._) to grasp eagerly (with _at_). GLAUR, glär, a Scotch form of _glair_. GLAUX, gläks, _n._ a genus of _Primulaceæ_, called also _Sea milkwort_ and _Black saltwort_, common along sea-coasts of northern Europe--formerly used in soda-making. [L.,--Gr. _glaux_, milk-vetch.] GLAVE. See GLAIVE. GLAZE, gl[=a]z, _v.t._ to furnish or set with glass: to cover with a thin surface of glass or something glassy: to give a glassy surface to.--_n._ the glassy coating put upon pottery: any shining exterior.--_ns._ GL[=A]Z'ER, a workman who glazes pottery, paper, &c.; GL[=A]'ZIER, one who sets glass in window-frames, &c. (for _glazer_; like _law-y-er_ for _law-er_); GL[=A]Z'ING, the act or art of setting glass: the art of covering with a vitreous substance: (_paint._) semi-transparent colours put thinly over others to modify the effect. [M. E. _glasen_--_glas_, glass.] GLEAM, gl[=e]m, _v.i._ to glow or shine: to flash.--_n._ a small stream of light: a beam: brightness.--_n._ GLEAM'ING, a sudden shoot of light.--_adj._ GLEAM'Y, casting beams or rays of light. [A.S. _gl['æ]m_, gleam, brightness (see GLIMMER); akin to _glass_, _glow_.] GLEAN, gl[=e]n, _v.t._ to gather in handfuls after the reapers: to collect (what is thinly scattered).--_v.i._ to gather the corn left by a reaper.--_n._ that which is gleaned: the act of gleaning.--_ns._ GLEAN'ER; GLEAN'ING. [O. Fr. _glener_ (Fr. _glaner_), through Low L. _glen[=a]re_, _glena_, from Teut.] GLEBE, gl[=e]b, _n._ the land belonging to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice: (_mining_) a piece of earth containing ore: (_arch._) turf.--ADJS. GLEB'OUS, GLEB'Y, cloddy, turfy. [Fr.,--L. _gleba_, a clod.] GLEDE, gl[=e]d, _n._ (_B._) the common kite, a rapacious bird. [A.S. _glida_, from, _glídan_, to glide.] GLEDGE, glej, _v.i._ to squint: to look cunningly.--_n._ a knowing look. [See GLEY.] GLEE, gl[=e], _n._ joy: mirth and gaiety: (_mus._) a song or catch in parts.--_adj._ GLEE'FUL, merry.--_ns._ GLEE'MAID'EN, a female minstrel; GLEE'MAN, a minstrel.--_adj._ GLEE'SOME, merry. [A.S. _gleó_, mirth; Ice. _glý_.] GLEED, gl[=e]d, _n._ a hot coal or burning ember. [A.S. _gléd_; cf. Dut. _gloed_, Ger. _glut_, Sw. _glöd_.] GLEEK, gl[=e]k, _n._ (_Shak._) a jest or scoff, a trick: an old game at cards for three, each having twelve, and eight being left for the stock.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to gibe or sneer, to spend time in sport or fun. [Prob. cog. with A.S. _gelác_, play, Ice. _leik_.] GLEET, gl[=e]t, _n._ a glairy discharge from a mucous surface.--_adj._ GLEET'Y. [O. Fr. _glete_, _glecte_, a flux.] GLEG, gleg, _adj._ clever: apt: (_Scot._) sharp. [Ice. _glöggr_, clever; cf. A.S. _gleáw_, wise, Ger. _glau_, clear.] GLEN, glen, _n._ a narrow valley worn by a river: a depression between hills. [Celt., as in Gael. and Ir. _gleann_, W. _glyn_.] GLENE, gl[=e]'n[=e], _n._ the pupil, eyeball: a socket.--_adjs._ GL[=E]'NOID, -AL, slightly cupped. [Gr.] GLENGARRY, glen-gar'i, _n._ a cap of thick-milled woollen, generally rising to a point in front, with ribbons hanging down behind--worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [_Glengarry_, a glen in West Inverness-shire.] GLENLIVET, glen-l[=e]v'et, _n._ a good Scotch whisky. [_Glenlivet_, a valley in Banffshire.] GLEY, gl[=i], gl[=e], _v.i._ to squint.--_p.adj._ GLEYED (_Scot._), squint-eyed. [Ice. _gljá_, to glitter; Dan. _glo_.] GLIADIN. See GLUTIN. GLIB, glib, _adj._ moving easily: voluble.--_v.i._ to move freely.--_adv._ GLIB'LY.--_n._ GLIB'NESS. [A contr. of Dut. _glibberig_, slippery.] GLIB, glib, _n._ (_Spens._) a bush of hair hanging over the eyes. [Gael., a lock of hair.] GLIB, glib, _v.t._ (_Shak._) to emasculate, to castrate. [Perh. an error for _lib_, to castrate.] GLIDE, gl[=i]d, _v.i._ to slide smoothly and easily: to flow gently: to pass rapidly.--_n._ act of gliding: the joining of two sounds without a break: a smooth and sliding kind of waltz-step.--_adj._ GLID'DERY, slippery.--_n._ GL[=I]D'ER, one who, or that which, glides.--_adv._ GL[=I]D'INGLY. [A.S. _glídan_, to slip; Ger. _gleiten_.] GLIFF, glif, _n._ a fright, a scare: (_Scot._) a moment.--Also GLIFT. [M. E. _gliffen_, to be terrified.] GLIM, glim, _n._ (_coll._) a light: (_slang_) an eye. [A.S. _gleomu_; cf. Ger. _glimm_, a spark.] GLIMMER, glim'[.e]r, _v.i._ to burn or appear faintly.--_n._ a faint light: feeble rays of light: (_min._) mica.--_ns._ GLIMM'ER-GOWK (_Tenn._), an owl; GLIMM'ERING, a glimmer: an inkling.--_adv._ GLIMM'ERINGLY. [M. E. _glimeren_; most prob. directly Scand.; Dan. _glimre_, to glimmer, Sw. prov. _glim_, a glance.] GLIMPSE, glimps, _n._ a short gleam: a weak light: transient lustre: a hurried view: fleeting enjoyment: the exhibition of a faint resemblance.--_v.i._ to appear by glimpses.--_v.t._ to get a glimpse of. [M. E. _glimsen_, to glimpse, a variant of _glimmer_.] GLINT, glint, _v.i._ to shine, gleam: (_Burns_) to move quickly.--_v.t._ to reflect.--_n._ a gleam. [From Scand.; Old Dan. _glinte_, to shine.] GLISK, glisk, _n._ (_Scot._) a glimpse. [M. E. _glissen_--A.S. _glisian_, to glance.] GLISSADE, glis-[=a]d', _v.i._ to slide or glide down.--_n._ act of sliding down a slope. GLIST, glist, _n._ a dark ferruginous mineral found in lodes, micaceous iron ore. GLISTEN, glis'n, _v.i._ to glitter or sparkle with light: to shine.--_n._ glitter. [M. E. _glis-ien_, to shine--A.S. _glisnian_, to shine; cf. Dut. _glinsteren_.] GLISTER, glis't[.e]r, _v.i._ to sparkle, glitter.--_adj._ GLIS'TERING (_Shak._), glittering. [M. E. _glistren_; see above.] GLIT, a Scotch form of _gleet_. GLITTER, glit'[.e]r, _v.i._ to glisten, to sparkle with light: to be splendid: to be showy.--_n._ lustre: brilliancy.--_adjs._ GLITT'ERAND (_Spens._), sparkling, glittering; GLITT'ERING, shining: splendid: brilliant.--_adv._ GLITT'ERINGLY. [M. E. _gliteren_; cf. Ice. _glitra_, Mid. High Ger. _glitzern_.] GLOAMING, gl[=o]m'ing, _n._ twilight, dusk--(_Scot._) GLOAMIN. [A.S. _glómung_; akin to _gloom_.] GLOAT, gl[=o]t, _v.i._ to look eagerly, in a bad sense: to view with a wicked joy. [Ice. _glotta_, to grin.] GLOBATE, -D, gl[=o]b'[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ like a globe: circular. [L. _glob[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to form into a ball--_globus_.] GLOBE, gl[=o]b, _n._ a ball: a round body, a sphere: the earth: a sphere representing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the heavens (celestial globe): (_obs._) a group.--_v.t._ to form in a circle.--_ns._ GLOBE'-FISH, one of a genus of fishes found in warm seas, remarkable for its power of swelling out its body to a globular form; GLOBE'-FLOW'ER, a small palæarctic genus of plants of the order _Ranunculaceæ_, with a globe of large showy sepals enclosing the small inconspicuous linear petals; GLOBE'-TROT'TER, one who travels for pleasure around the world; GLOBE'-TROT'TING; GL[=O]'BIN, a proteid constituent of red blood corpuscles.--_adjs._ GL[=O]BOSE', GL[=O]B'OUS, resembling a globe.--_n._ (_Milt._) a globe.--_n._ GL[=O]BOS'ITY.--_adjs._ GLOB'[=U]LAR, GLOB'[=U]LOUS, GLOB'[=U]LOSE, like a globe: spherical.--_n._ GLOB[=U]LAR'ITY.--_adv._ GLOB'[=U]LARLY.--_ns._ GLOB'[=U]LE, a little globe or round particle--also GLOB'[=U]LET; GLOB'[=U]LIN, GLOB'[=U]LINE, a substance closely allied to albumen, which forms the main ingredient of the blood globules, and also occurs in the crystalline lens of the eye; GLOB'[=U]LITE, the name given by Vogelsang to minute crystallites of spherical, drop-like form.--_adj._ GL[=O]B'Y (_Milt._), round. [O. Fr.,--L. _globus_; _gleba_, a clod.] GLOBIGERINA, glob-i-je-r[=i]'na, _n._ a genus typical of _Globigerinidæ_, a pelagic family of foraminifers. GLODE, gl[=o]d (_Spens._), _pa.t._ of _glide_. GLOME, gl[=o]m, _n._ (_bot._) a globular head of flowers.--_adj._ GLOM'EROUS. [L. _glomus_=_globus_.] GLOMERATE, glom'[.e]r-[=a]t, _v.t._ to gather into a ball: to collect into a spherical mass.--_adj._ growing in rounded or massive forms: conglomerate.--_n._ GLOMER[=A]'TION, act of gathering into a ball: a body formed into a ball. [L. g_lomer[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_--_glomus_, _glomeris_, a clew of yarn.] GLOOM, gl[=oo]m, _n._ partial darkness: cloudiness: heaviness of mind, sadness: hopelessness: sullenness.--_v.i._ to be sullen or dejected: to be cloudy or obscure.--_v.t._ to fill with gloom.--_adv._ GLOOM'ILY.--_n._ GLOOM'INESS.--_p.adj._ GLOOM'ING (_Shak._), shining obscurely.--_n._ twilight: gloaming.--_adj._ GLOOM'Y, dim or obscure: dimly lighted: sad, melancholy. [A.S. _glóm_, gloom; prov. Ger. _glumm_, gloomy.] GLORIA, gl[=o]'ri-a, _n._ a doxology.--GLORIA IN EXCELSIS, the 'Greater Doxology'--'Glory be to God on high;' GLORIA PATRI, the 'Lesser Doxology'--'Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it was,' &c. [L. _gloria_, glory.] GLORIFY, gl[=o]'ri-f[=i], _v.t._ to make glorious: to honour: to exalt to glory or happiness: to ascribe honour to, to worship:--_pa.p._ gl[=o]'rified.--_n._ GLORIFIC[=A]'TION. [L. _gloria_, glory, _fac[)e]re_, to make.] GLORY, gl[=o]'ri, _n._ renown: honour: the occasion of praise: an object of pride: excellency: splendour: brightness: in religious symbolism, a combination of the nimbus and the aureola, but often erroneously used for the nimbus: a burst of sunlight: a luminous glow of reflected light upon clouds: vain-glory: (_B._) the presence of God: the manifestation of God to the blessed in heaven: heaven.--_v.i._ to boast: to be proud of anything: to exult:--_pa.p._ gl[=o]'ried.--_adj._ GL[=O]'RIED (_Milt._), illustrious, honourable.--_ns._ GL[=O]'RIOLE, a halo or glory; GLORI[=O]'SA, a genus of _Liliaceæ_, of which the best-known species, a native of India, is a herbaceous perennial, with beautiful red and yellow flowers.--_adj._ GL[=O]'RIOUS, noble, splendid: conferring renown: (_coll._) elated, tipsy.--_adv._ GL[=O]'RIOUSLY.--_ns._ GL[=O]'RIOUSNESS; GL[=O]'RY-HOLE, an opening through which to see the inside of a furnace: a place for concealing articles of value; GL[=O]'RYING, boasting; GL[=O]'RY-PEA, a leguminous Australian plant with red flowers. [O. Fr. _glorie_--L. _gloria_ (for _cloria_), akin to _clarus_, from root of L. _clu[=e]re_, Gr. _klu-ein_, to be famed; Eng. _loud_.] GLOSS, glos, _n._ brightness or lustre, as from a polished surface: external show.--_v.t._ to give a superficial lustre to: to render plausible: to palliate. [Ice. _glossi_, brightness, _glóa_, to glow. See GLASS.] GLOSS, glos, _n._ a remark to explain a subject: a comment.--_v.i._ to comment or make explanatory remarks.--_adj._ GLOSS[=A]'RIAL, relating to a glossary: containing explanation.--_ns._ GLOSS'ARIST, a writer of a glossary; GLOSS'ARY, a vocabulary of words requiring special explanation: a dictionary; GLOSS[=A]'TOR, GLOSS'ER, a writer of glosses or comments, a commentator; GLOSS'IC, a phonetic alphabet devised by Mr A. J. Ellis (1814-90) for the scientific expression of speech-sounds--to be used concurrently with the _Nomic_ or existing English orthography; GLOSS[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the tongue; GLOSS'OCELE, swelled tongue; GLOSSOG'RAPHER.--_adj._ GLOSSOGRAPH'ICAL.--_n._ GLOSSOG'RAPHY, the writing of glossaries or comments.--_adj._ GLOSSOLOG'ICAL.--_ns._ GLOSSOL'OGIST; GLOSSOL'OGY, the science of language, comparative philology: the knowledge of the definition of technical terms--also GLOTTOL'OGY; GLOSSOT'OMY, dissection of the tongue. [L. _glossa_, a word requiring explanation--Gr. _gl[=o]ssa_, the tongue.] GLOSSY, glos'i, _adj._ smooth and shining: highly polished.--_adv._ GLOSS'ILY.--_n._ GLOSS'INESS. GLOTTIS, glot'is, _n._ the opening of the larynx or entrance to the windpipe.--_adj._ GLOTT'AL; GLOTT'IC, pertaining to the tongue or to glottology. [Gr. _gl[=o]ttis_--_gl[=o]tta_, the tongue.] GLOTTOLOGY. See GLOSSOLOGY. GLOUT, glowt, _v.i._ to be sulky.--_n._ a sulky look, the sulks. [See GLOAT.] GLOVE, gluv, _n._ a covering for the hand, with a sheath for each finger: a boxing-glove.--_v.t._ to cover with, or as with, a glove.--_adj._ GLOVED, covered with a glove.--_ns._ GLOVE'-FIGHT, a boxing-match in which the hands are gloved; GLOVE'-MON'EY, a gratuity given to servants, officers of a court, &c.; GLOV'ER, one who makes or sells gloves; GLOVE'-SHIELD, a shield worn by a knight on the left-hand gauntlet to parry blows; GLOVE'-STRETCH'ER, a scissors-shaped instrument for inserting into the fingers of gloves to stretch them.--HANDLE WITHOUT GLOVES, to treat with vigour or with scant ceremony; THROW DOWN, TAKE UP, THE GLOVE, to offer, or to accept, a challenge. [A.S. _glóf_; cf. Scot. _loof_, Ice. _lôfi_, palm.] GLOW, gl[=o], _v.i._ to shine with an intense heat: to feel great heat of body: to be flushed: to feel the heat of passion: to be ardent.--_n._ shining or white heat: unusual warmth: brightness of colour: vehemence of passion.--_p.adj._ GLOW'ING, shining with intense light, white with heat: ardent, fervent, fiery.--_adv._ GLOW'INGLY.--_ns._ GLOW'-LAMP, an incandescent lamp, usually electric; GLOW'-WORM, a name given to many beetles in the sub-family _Lampyrides_, having phosphorescent structures on the abdomen. [A.S. _glówan_, to glow; Ger. _glühen_, Ice. _glóa_, to glow.] GLOWER, glow'[.e]r, _v.i._ to stare frowningly: to scowl.--_n._ a fierce or threatening stare. GLOXINIA, glok-sin'i-a, _n._ a genus of plants of the order _Gesneraceæ_, almost stemless, with bright bell-shaped flowers. [From _Gloxin_, a German botanist.] GLOZE, gl[=o]z, _v.i._ to give a false meaning to: to flatter: to wheedle: (_obs._) to comment.--_v.t._ to palliate by specious explanation.--_n._ (_obs._) an explanation.--_n._ GL[=O]'ZING, flattery, deceit. [See GLOSS (2).] GLUCINUM, gl[=oo]-s[=i]'num, _n._ a white metal prepared from beryl--its oxide, GLUC[=I]'NA, white, tasteless, insoluble in water.--_adj._ GL[=U]'CIC, pertaining to sugar.--_ns._ GLUCIDE'--Saccharin (q.v.); GLUCOHÆ'MIA, the presence of an excessive quantity of glucose in the blood; GLUC[=O]SE', the peculiar kind of sugar in the juice of fruits: the sugar-syrup obtained by the conversion of starch into sugar by sulphuric acid--grape-sugar, &c.; GLU'COSIDE, any of those vegetable products which, on treatment with acids or alkalies, yield a sugar or some closely allied carbohydrate; GLUCOS[=U]R'IA, the presence of glucose in the urine. [Gr. _glykys_, sweet.] GLUE, gl[=oo], _n._ an adhesive substance obtained by boiling the skins, hoofs, &c. of animals.--_v.t._ to join with glue:--_pr.p._ glu'ing; _pa.p._ glued.--_ns._ GLUE'-POT, a vessel for melting glue; GLU'ER, one who cements with glue.--_adj._ GLU'EY, containing glue: sticky: viscous.--_n._ GLU'EYNESS.--_adj._ GLU'ISH, having the nature of glue.--_n._ MARINE'-GLUE, not a glue, but a cementing composition, used in shipbuilding, for paying seams in ships' decks after being caulked. [Fr. _glu_--Low L. _glus_, _glutis_--_glu[)e]re_, to draw together.] GLUM, glum, _adj._ frowning: sullen: gloomy.--_adv._ GLUM'LY.--_n._ GLUM'NESS.--_adj._ GLUMP'ISH, glum.--_n.pl._ GLUMPS, the sulks.--_adj._ GLUMP'Y, sulky. [M. E. _glomben_, _glommen_, to frown: prob. related to Sw. _glomma_, Low Ger. _glummen_.] GLUME, gl[=oo]m, _n._ a term applied to certain bracts in grasses and sedges.--_adjs._ GLUM[=A]'CEOUS, GLU'MAL, GLUMIF'EROUS, GLU'MOSE, GLU'MOUS. [L. _gluma_, husk--_glub[)e]re_, to peel off bark.] GLUT, glut, _v.t._ to swallow greedily: to feast to satiety: to supply in excess:--_pr.p._ glut'ting; _pa.p._ glut'ted.--_n._ an over-supply: anything that obstructs the passage. [L. _glut[=i]re_, to swallow.] GLUTÆUS, GLUTEUS, gl[=oo]-t[=e]'us, _n._ one of the natal or buttock muscles.--_adjs._ GLUT[=E]'AL, GLUT[=E]'AN. [Gr. _gloutos_, the rump.] GLUTEN, gl[=oo]'ten, _n._ the nitrogenous part of the flour of wheat and other grains, insoluble in water.--_ns._ GLU'TIN, GL[=I]'ADIN, the separable viscid constituent of wheat-gluten, soluble in alcohol. [L. _gluten_, the same as _glus_. See GLUE.] GLUTINATE, gl[=oo]'tin-[=a]t, _v.t._ to unite, as with glue.--_n._ GLUTIN[=A]'TION.--_adj._ GLU'TINATIVE, having the quality of cementing: tenacious.--_ns._ GLUTINOS'ITY, GLU'TINOUSNESS.--_adj._ GLU'TINOUS, gluey: tenacious: (_bot._) covered, as a leaf, with slimy moisture. [L. _glutin[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_.] GLUTTON, glut'n, _n._ one who eats to excess: a popular name of the wolverine, a carnivorous quadruped of the weasel family.--_v.i._ GLUTT'ONISE, to eat to excess, like a glutton.--_adjs._ GLUTT'ONOUS, GLUTT'ONISH, given to, or consisting in, gluttony.--_adv._ GLUTT'ONOUSLY.--_n._ GLUTT'ONY, excess in eating. [Fr. _glouton_--L. _gluton-em_--_glutt[=i]re_, to devour.] GLYCERINE, glis'[.e]r-in, _n._ a colourless, viscid, neutral, inodorous fluid, of a sweet taste, soluble in water and alcohol. [Fr.,--Gr. _glykeros_--_glykys_, sweet.] GLYCOCOLL, gl[=i]'k[=o]-kol, _n._ amido-acetic acid, a crystalline solid of sweetish taste, very soluble in water, a product of various processes of decomposition of animal matters.--Also GLY'CIN. [Formed from Gr. _glykys_, sweet, _kolla_, glue.] GLYCOGEN, gl[=i]'k[=o]-jen, _n._ animal starch, a substance first discovered by Claude Bernard in the human liver--when pure, a white, amorphous, tasteless powder, insoluble in alcohol. [Formed from Gr. _glykys_, sweet, _gen[=e]s_, producing.] GLYCOL, gl[=i]'kol, _n._ the type of a class of artificial compounds forming chemically a link between alcohol and glycerine. [Formed from _glyc_(erine) and (alcoh)_ol_.] GLYCONIC, gl[=i]-kon'ik, _adj._ and _n._ of or pertaining to the ancient Greek poet _Glycon_, or the verse attributed to him, consisting of four feet--one a dactyl, the others trochees. GLYPH, glif, _n._ (_archit._) an ornamental channel or fluting, usually vertical.--_adjs._ GLYPH'IC; GLYPHOGRAPH'IC.--_ns._ GLYPHOG'RAPHY, a process of taking a raised copy of a drawing by electrotype; GLYPH'OGRAPH, a plate formed by this process.--_adj._ GLYP'TIC, pertaining to carving on stone, &c.: (_min._) figured.--_n.pl._ GLYP'TICS, the art of engraving, esp. on precious stones.--_adj._ GLYPTOGRAPH'IC.--_ns._ GLYPTOG'RAPHY, the art of engraving on precious stones; GLYPTOTH[=E]'CA, a place for keeping sculpture. [Gr. _glyph[=e]_--_glyphein_, to carve.] GLYPTODON, glip'to-don, _n._ a gigantic fossil armadillo of South America with fluted teeth. [Gr. _glyptos_, carved, _odous_, _odontos_, tooth.] GMELINA, mel'i-na, _n._ a genus of verbenaceous trees. [From Samuel Gottlieb _Gmelin_ (1744-74).] GNAPHALIUM, na-f[=a]'li-um, _n._ a genus of composite herbs of the aster family, the cudweed or everlasting. [L.,--Gr. _gnaphalion_, a downy plant.] GNAR, när, _v.i._ to snarl or growl.--Also GNARR, KNAR, GNARL. [From a Teut. root found in Ger. _knurren_, Dan. _knurre_, to growl; formed from the sound.] GNARL, närl, _n._ a twisted knot in wood.--_adj._ GNARLED, knotty, twisted. [From a Teut. root, as in Ger. _knurren_, Dan. _knort_, a knot, gnarl, and prob. akin to _gnarl_ in the sense of pressing close together.] GNASH, nash, _v.t._ to strike the teeth together in rage or pain.--_v.i._ to grind the teeth.--_n._ a sudden snap.--_adv._ GNASH'INGLY. [M. E. _gnasten_--Sw. _knastra_, to crash; cf. Ger. _knastern_, Dan. _knaske_.] GNAT, nat, _n._ a genus of dipterous insects of numerous species, esp. abundant in marshy districts--the female lives on the blood of animals.--_n._ GNAT'LING. [A.S. _gnæt_; Ice. _gnata_, to clash.] GNATHIC, nath'ik, _adj._ of the jaws--also GN[=A]'THAL.--_ns._ GNATH'ISM, the classification of mankind based on measurements of the jaw; GNATH[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the cheek or upper jaw; GNATHOPLAST'Y, the formation of a cheek by plastic surgery; GNATHOP'ODA, the xiphosura: the arthropoda. [Gr. _gnathos_, the jaw.] GNATHONIC, -AL, nä-thon'ik, -al, _adj._ flattering. [From _Gnatho_, a character in Terence's _Eunuchus_--Gr. _gnathos_, the jaw.] GNAW, naw, _v.t._ to bite so as to make a noise with the teeth: to bite off by degrees: to corrode or wear away: to bite in agony or rage: (_fig._) to torment.--_v.i._ to use the teeth in biting.--_n._ GNAW'ER, a rodent. [A.S. _gnagan_; cf. Dut. _knagen_, Ice. _naga_, prov. Eng. _nag_, to tease.] GNEISS, n[=i]s, _n._ (_geol._) a species of stratified rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.--_adjs._ GNEISS'OID, having some of the characters of gneiss; GNEISS'OSE, having the structure of gneiss. [Ger. _gneiss_, a miners' word of unknown origin.] GNOME, n[=o]m, _n._ a pithy and sententious saying, generally in verse, embodying some moral sentiment or precept.--GNOMIC POETS, a class of writers of this form in Greek literature. [Gr. _gn[=o]m[=e]_, an opinion--_gn[=o]nai_, _gign[=o]skein_, to know.] GNOME, n[=o]m, _n._ a sprite guarding the inner parts of the earth and its treasures: a dwarf or goblin. [Fr.,--a word traced by Littré to Paracelsus, and perh. formed from Gr. _gn[=o]m[=e]_, intelligence.] GNOMON, n[=o]'mon, _n._ the pin of a dial, whose shadow points to the hour: the index of the hour-circle of a globe: (_geom._) the name given to the sum of any three of the parts of a rectangle when divided into four parts by cross-lines parallel to its sides: interpreter, as in Bengel's _Gnomon Novi Testamenti_.--_adjs._ GNOMON'IC, -AL, pertaining to the art of dialling.--_adv._ GNOMON'ICALLY.--_ns._ GNOMON'ICS, the art of dialling; GNOMONOL'OGY, a treatise on dialling. [Gr. _gn[=o]m[=o]n_, an interpreter--_gn[=o]nai_, to know.] GNOSTIC, nos'tik, _n._ (_theol._) one of a sect in the beginning of the Christian era which maintained that knowledge (_gn[=o]sis_) and not faith (_pistis_) was the way of salvation, allegorised away the great facts of Christ's person and work, and represented individual life as the result of a process of emanation from the original essence.--_adj._ having knowledge: knowing, cunning: pertaining to the Gnostics.--_ns._ GN[=O]'SIS, knowledge: mystical knowledge; GNOS'TICISM, the eclectic doctrines of the Gnostics. [Gr. _gn[=o]stikos_, good at knowing--_gign[=o]skein_, to know.] GNU, n[=u], _n._ a genus of antelopes native to South Africa, of which the best-known species has characters of the ox, buffalo, and horse. [Hottentot.] GO, g[=o], _v.i._ to pass from one place to another: to be in motion: to proceed: to walk: to depart from: to lead in any direction: to extend: to tend: to be about to do: to pass in report: to pass, as in payment: to be accounted in value: to happen in a particular way: to turn out: to fare: to give way:--_pr.p._ g[=o]'ing; _pa.t._ went; _pa.p._ gone (gon).--_n._ affair, matter, as in 'a pretty go:' fashion, as in 'all the go:' energy, activity.--_adj._ GO'-AHEAD', dashing, energetic.--_ns._ GO'-BETWEEN', G[=O]'ER-BETWEEN' (_Shak._), one who is agent between two parties; GO'-BY, escape by artifice: evasion: any intentional disregard: in coursing, the act of passing by or ahead in motion.--_adj._ GO-TO-MEET'ING (_coll._), used of clothes, good and fit for public use.--GO ABOUT (_B._), to set one's self about: to seek: to endeavour; GO ABOUT ONE'S BUSINESS, to attend to one's duties: to be off; GO ABROAD, to go to a foreign country: to leave one's house; GO AGAINST, to invade: to be repugnant to; GO ASIDE, to err: to withdraw, retire; GO AT, to attack; GO BEYOND (_B._), to overreach; GO DOWN, to sink, decline: to be believed or accepted; GO FAR, to last long; GO FOR, to pass for: to attack: to take up a line of policy; GO FOR NOTHING, to have no value; GO HARD WITH, to be in real difficulty or danger; GO IN AND OUT, to come and go freely; GO IN FOR, to be in favour of: to aim after; GO IN UNTO, to have sexual intercourse with; GO IT, to act in a striking or dashing manner--often in _imperative_ by way of encouragement; GO OFF, to leave: to die: to explode: to fade; GO ON, to proceed; GO ONE BETTER, to take a bet and add another more to it: to excel another in fitness for some purpose; GO ONE'S WAY, to depart; GO OUT, to become extinct or expire; GO OVER, to study, to examine; GO THE WHOLE HOG, to go to the fullest extent; GO THROUGH, to perform thoroughly, to accomplish; GO THROUGH FIRE AND WATER, to undertake any trouble or risks for one's end (from the usage in ancient ordeals); GO TO, come now (a kind of interjection, like the L. _agedum_, the Gr. [Greek: age nun]); GO TO PIECES, to break up entirely, to be dismembered; GO TO THE WALL, to be pushed aside, passed by; GO UNDER, to be called by some title or character: to be overwhelmed or ruined, to die; GO WELL, to prosper; GO WITH, to accompany: to agree, accord; GO WITHOUT SAYING, to be plainly self-evident (Fr. _Cela va sans dire_).--GREAT GO, a degree examination, compared with LITTLE GO, a preliminary examination in the university of Cambridge; LET GO, to release, to quit hold of; NO GO, not possible: of no use. [A.S. _gán_, contr. for _gangan_, to go; cf. Ger. _gehen_, Dut. _gaan_.] GOAD, g[=o]d, _n._ a sharp-pointed stick, often shod with iron, for driving oxen: a stimulus.--_v.t._ to drive with a goad: to urge forward. [A.S. _gád_, a goad; cf. Ice. _gaddr_, a goad.] GOAF, g[=o]f, _n._ a rick: the coal-waste left in old workings. GOAL, g[=o]l, _n._ a mark set up to bound a race: the winning-post--also the starting-post: the end aimed at: the two upright posts between which the ball is kicked in the game of football: the act of sending the ball between or over the goal-posts: an end or aim. [Fr. _gaule_, a pole; prob. of Teut. origin, as Old Fris. _walu_, a staff, Goth. _walus_; but acc. to Littré from L. _vallus_, a stake.] GOAT, g[=o]t, _n._ the well-known quadruped, allied to the sheep.--_ns._ GOAT'CH[=A]FER, the dor or dung-beetle; GOAT[=EE]', a beard left on the chin, while the rest of the face is shaven; GOAT'-HERD, one who tends goats.--_adj._ GOAT'ISH, resembling a goat, esp. in smell: lustful: wanton.--_ns._ GOAT'ISHNESS; GOAT'-MOTH, a large moth common throughout Europe and Asia, having a thick heavy body, and measuring three inches or more across the wings; GOAT'S'-BEARD, GOAT'S'-RUE, GOAT'S'-THORN, names of plants; GOAT'SKIN, the skin of the goat, leather made from it; GOAT'SUCKER, a kind of swallow erroneously thought to suck goats. [A.S. _gát_; Ger. _geiss_, Dut. _geit_.] GOB, gob, _n._ the mouth: a mouthful, lump: refuse coal.--_v.i._ to pack away such as a support to the walls.--_ns._ GOB'BING, GOB'BIN, coal refuse. GO-BANG, g[=o]-bang', _n._ a game played on a checker-board of 256 squares, with fifty coloured counters, the object being to get five counters in a row. [Jap. _goban_.] GOBBET, gob'et, _n._ a mouthful: (_obs._) a little lump.--GOBE MOUCHE, a silly credulous fellow. [O. Fr. _gobet_, from Celt.; Gael. _gob_, the mouth.] GOBBLE, gob'l, _v.t._ to swallow in lumps: to swallow hastily.--_v.i._ to make a noise in the throat, as a turkey.--_n._ (_golf_) a rapid straight _putt_ so strongly played that if the ball had not gone into the hole, it would have gone a long way past.--_n._ GOBB'LER, a turkey-cock. [O. Fr. _gober_, to devour; Celt.] GOBELIN, gob'e-lin, _n._ a rich French tapestry. [From the _Gobelins_, a famous family of French dyers settled in Paris as early as the 15th century.] GOBLET, gob'let, _n._ a large drinking-cup without a handle. [O. Fr. _gobelet_, dim. of _gobel_--Low L. _cupellus_, a dim. of L. _cupa_, a cask. See Cup.] GOBLIN, gob'lin, _n._ a frightful phantom: a fairy: a mischievous sprite. [O. Fr. _gobelin_--Low L. _gobelinus_--Gr. _kobalos_, a mischievous spirit.] GOBY, g[=o]'bi, _n._ a genus of small carnivorous sea-fishes, with nests of seaweed. [L. _gobius_--Gr. _k[=o]bios_.] GO-CART, g[=o]'-kärt, _n._ a wheeled apparatus for teaching children to walk. GOD, god, _n._ the Supreme Being: the Creator and Preserver of the world: an object of worship, an idol: (_B._) a ruler:--_fem._ GOD'DESS: (_pl._) the occupants of the gallery of a theatre.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to deify.--_interj._ GOD'-A-MER'CY (_Shak._), probably a corruption of 'God have mercy!'--_ns._ GOD'CHILD; GOD'DAUGHTER; GOD'DESS-SHIP (_Byron_), state or quality of a goddess; GOD'FATHER, GOD'MOTHER, the persons who, at baptism, guarantee a child's religious education.--_adjs._ GOD'-FORSAK'EN, miserable, as if forsaken by God; GOD'-FEAR'ING, reverencing God.--_n._ GOD'HEAD, state of being a god: deity: divine nature--also rarely GOD'HOOD.--_adj._ GOD'LESS, living without God: impious: atheistical.--_adv._ GOD'LESSLY.--_n._ GOD'LESSNESS.--_adj._ GOD'LIKE, like God: divine.--_ns._ GODLI'NESS; GOD'LING (_Dryden_), a little god.--_adj._ GOD'LY, like God in character: pious: according to God's law.--_advs._ GOD'LY, GOD'LILY.--_ns._ GOD'LY-HEAD (_Spens._), goodness; GOD'SEND, an unexpected piece of good fortune; GOD'SHIP, the rank or character of a god: a divinity; GOD'-SMITH (_Dryden_), a maker of idols; GOD'SON; GOD'SPEED, a wish for good speed or success.--_adv._ GOD'WARD, toward God.--GOD'S ACRE, a burial-ground (imitated from Ger. _Gottesacker_); GOD'S TRUTH, an absolute truth--an emphatic asseveration.--HOUSEHOLD GODS, among the Romans, the special gods presiding over the family: anything bound up with home interests. [A.S. _god_; Ger. _gott_, Goth. _guth_, Dut. _god_; all from a Teut. root _gutha_, God, and quite distinct from _good_.] GOD-DEN, a variant of _good-den_. GODROON, go-dr[=oo]n', _n._ (_archit._) an inverted fluting or beading. [Fr. _godron_, a plait.] GODWIT, god'wit, _n._ a genus of birds of the snipe family, with long bill and long slender legs, with a great part of the tibia bare. [Perh. from A.S. _gód_, good, _wiht_, creature.] GOËL, g[=o]'[=a]l, _n._ the avenger of blood among the Hebrews, the nearest relative whose duty it was to hunt down the murderer. [Heb.] GOER, g[=o]'[.e]r, _n._ one who, or that which, goes: a horse, considered in reference to his gait. GOETY, g[=o]'[=e]-ti, _n._ black magic.--_adj._ GOET'IC. [Gr., _go[=e]s_, a sorcerer.] GOFF, a variant of _golf_. GOFFER, gof'[.e]r, _v.t._ to plait or crimp.--_n._ GOFF'ERING, plaits or ruffles, or the process of making them; indented tooling on the edge of a book. [O. Fr. _gauffrer_--_goffre_, a wafer.] GOGGLE, gog'l, _v.i._ to strain or roll the eyes.--_adj._ rolling: staring: prominent.--_n._ a stare or affected rolling of the eye: (_pl._) spectacles with projecting eye-tubes: blinds for shying horses.--_adj._ GOGG'LE-EYED, having prominent, distorted, or rolling eyes. [Prob. related to Ir. and Gael. _gog_, to nod.] GOGLET, gog'let, _n._ a water-cooler. GOING, g[=o]'ing, _n._ the act of moving: departure: (_B._) course of life.--GOING FORTH (_B._), an outlet; GOINGS, or GOINGS OUT (_B._), utmost extremity: departures or journeys; GOINGS ON, behaviour. GOITRE, GOITER, goi't[.e]r, _n._ a tumour on the forepart of the throat, being an enlargement of one of the glands (see CRETINISM).--_adjs._ GOI'TRED, GOI'TERED, affected with goitre; GOI'TROUS, pertaining to goitre. [Fr. _goître_--L. _guttur_, the throat.] GOLD, g[=o]ld, _n._ one of the precious metals much used for coin: money: riches: anything very precious: yellow, gold colour.--_adj._ made of or like gold.--_ns._ GOLD'-BEAT'ER, one whose trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf; GOLD'-BEAT'ERS'-SKIN, the outer coat of the cæcum of the ox; GOLD'-BEAT'ING.--_adj._ GOLD'-BOUND (_Shak._), encompassed with gold.--_ns._ GOLD'-CLOTH, cloth woven with threads of gold; GOLD'-CREST, a golden-crested bird of genus _Regulus_; GOLD'-DIG'GER, one who digs for or mines gold, esp. a placer-miner; GOLD'-DUST, gold in dust or very fine particles, as it is sometimes found in rivers.--_adj._ GOLD'EN, made of gold: of the colour of gold: bright: most valuable: happy: highly favourable.--_v.t._ to become golden.--_ns._ GOLD'EN-AGE, an early period in history, a time of innocence and happiness; GOLD'EN-EYE, a species of oceanic ducks which breed in the Arctic regions, and are winter visitants of Britain.--_adj._ GOLD'EN-HILT'ED (_Tenn._), having a hilt made of, or mounted with, gold.--_adv._ GOLD'ENLY (_Tenn._), splendidly, delightfully.--_ns._ GOLD'EN-ROD, any herb of the genus _Solidago_, of the aster family; GOLD'-F[=E]'VER, a mania for seeking gold; GOLD'-FIELD, a region where gold is found; GOLD'FINCH, the most beautiful of English finches, with very handsome plumage, in which black, crimson-red, yellow, and white are, in the adult male, exquisitely mingled; GOLD'FISH, a Chinese and Japanese fresh-water fish, nearly allied to the carp--in its native waters it is brownish, but when domesticated becomes golden-yellow; GOLD'-FOIL, gold beaten into thin sheets, used by dentists; GOLD'ILOCKS, GOLD'YLOCKS, a common name for Ranunculus (q.v.); GOLD'-LACE, lace made of gold-thread; GOLD'-LEAF, gold beaten extremely thin, or into leaves; GOLD'-LIL'Y, the yellow lily; GOLD'-MINE, a mine from which gold is dug; GOLD'-PLATE, vessels and utensils of gold collectively; GOLD'SMITH, a worker in gold and silver; GOLD'SPINK (_Scot._), the goldfinch; GOLD'STICK, the colonel of a regiment of life-guards who attends the sovereign on state occasions--he receives a gold rod with his commission; GOLD'-THREAD, a ranunculaceous plant found from Denmark to Siberia, with evergreen leaves, resembling those of the strawberry: a thread formed of a strip of gold-leaf laid over a thread of silk; GOLD'-WASH'ER, one who obtains gold by washing it from sand and GRAVEL: a cradle or other implement for washing gold from auriferous dirt; GOLD'-WIRE, wire made of or covered with gold.--Golden beetle, the name popularly given to many members of the _Chrysomela_ genus of coleopterous insects, marked by their metallic splendour of colour; GOLDEN BULL (L. _bulla_ _aurea_), an edict issued by the Emperor Charles IV. in 1356, mainly for the purpose of settling the law of imperial elections; GOLDEN FLEECE, in Greek mythology, the fleece of the ram Chrysomallus, the recovery of which was the object of the famous expedition of the Argonauts--it gave its name to a celebrated order of knighthood in Austria and Spain, founded in 1429; GOLDEN HORDE, the Kipchaks, a Turkic people, whose empire was founded in central and southern Russia by Batu in the 13th century; GOLDEN LEGEND (L. _aurea legenda_), a celebrated medieval collection of lives of the greater saints, the work of Jacobus de Voragine (1230-98); GOLDEN NUMBER for any year, the number of that year in the Metonic Cycle, and as this cycle embraces nineteen years, the golden numbers range from one to nineteen; GOLDEN ROSE, a rose formed of wrought gold, and blessed by the Pope in person on the fourth Sunday in Lent, usually presented to some Catholic prince. [A.S. _gold_; Ice. _gull_, Ger. _gold_, Goth. _gulth_, Russ. _zlato_, Gr. _chrysos_.] GOLF, golf, _n._ a game played with a club and ball, in which he who drives the ball into a series of small holes in the ground with fewest strokes is the winner.--_ns._ GOLF'ER; GOLF'ING. [Dut. _kolf_, a club; cf. Ger. _kolbe_, Ice. _kólfr_.] GOLGOTHA, gol'go-tha, _n._ the scene of our Lord's crucifixion, near Jerusalem: a charnel-house. [Heb.] GOLIARD, gol'yard, _n._ a medieval monk who amused his superiors at table by merry jests.--_n._ GOL'IARDERY.--_adj._ GOLIAR'DIC.--_n._ GOL'IAS, the title assumed by the authors of several medieval satirical poems--Walter Map makes 'Bishop Golias' the type of the ribald priest. [O. Fr.] GOLIATH, g[=o]-l[=i]'ath, _n._ a giant.--_v.i._ to exaggerate extravagantly.--_n._ GOL[=I]'ATH-BEE'TLE, a genus of tropical beetles of very large size, the male sometimes measuring about four inches. [From _Goliath_, the Philistine giant in 1 Sam. xvii.] GOLLAR, gol'ar, _v.i._ (prov.) to scold or speak loudly. GOLOE-SHOES. See GALOSH. GOLOMYNKA, g[=o]-l[=o]-ming'ka, _n._ a fish found only in Lake Baikal, resembling the gobies. GOLOSH, go-losh', _n._ Same as GALOSH. GOMARIST, g[=o]'mar-ist, _n._ a follower of Francis _Gomarus_ (1563-1641), a vehement opponent of the Arminians, who mainly through his influence were expelled from the Reformed Church at the Synod of Dort in 1618. GOMBEENISM, gom-b[=e]n'izm, _n._ the practice of depending on money-lenders.--_n._ GOMBEEN'MAN, a grasping and usurious money-lender in Ireland. GOMERIL, gom'[.e]r-il, _n._ (_Scot._) a stupid fellow. GOMPHIASIS, gom-f[=i]'a-sis, _n._ looseness of the teeth, esp. the molars.--_n._ GOMPH[=O]'SIS, a kind of synarthrosis or immovable articulation, as of the teeth in the jaw. [Gr., _gomphios_, a tooth.] GOMUTI, g[=o]-m[=oo]'ti, _n._ the sago-palm: the black fibre it yields.--Also GOMU'TO. [Malay.] GONAD, gon'ad, _n._ (_biol._) a mass of undifferentiated generative tissue. GONAGRA, gon'a-gra, _n._ gout in the knee.--_ns._ GONAL'GIA, any painful affection of the knee; GONARTHR[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the knee-joint. [Gr. _gony_, knee, _agra_, a taking, _algos_, pain.] GONDOLA, gon'do-la, _n._ a long, narrow boat (averaging 30 feet by 4) used chiefly on the canals of Venice--(_Spens._) GON'DELAY.--_n._ GONDOLIER (gon'dol-[=e]r), one who rows a gondola. [It., a dim. of _gonda_--Gr. _kondy_--a drinking-vessel, said to be a Pers. word.] GONE, gon, _pa.p._ of go, lost, passed beyond help: weak, faint, feeling a sinking sensation: wide of the mark, of an arrow: (_slang_) entirely given up to (with on).--_ns._ GONE'NESS, a sinking sensation; GON'ER (_slang_), one ruined beyond recovery. GONFALON, gon'fa-lon, _n._ an ensign or standard with streamers--also GON'FANON.--_n._ GONFALONIER', one who bears a gonfalon: the chief magistrate in many Italian cities because of his bearing this flag. [O. Fr. _gonfanon_--Mid. High Ger. _gundfano_--_gund_, battle, _fano_ (Ger. _fahne_), a flag.] GONG, gong, _n._ a Chinese instrument of percussion, made of a mixture of metals, and shaped into a basin-like form, flat and large, with a rim a few inches deep. [Malay.] GONGORISM, gong'gor-izm, _n._ a florid, inverted, and pedantic style of writing, introduced by the Spanish poet Luis de _Góngora_ y Argote (1561-1627), some of whose distinctive features reappeared in Euphuism. GONGYLUS, gon'ji-lus, _n._ a round deciduous body connected with the reproduction of certain seaweeds. [Gr., 'round.'] GONIATITES, g[=o]-ni-a-t[=i]'t[=e]z, _n._ a genus of fossil cephalopodous mollusca, kindred to the Ammonites. [Gr. _gonia_, an angle, _lithos_, a stone.] GONIDIA, g[=o]-nid'i-a, _n.pl._ an old term in lichenology for the green cells (algal constituents) of the thallus:--_sing._ GONID'IUM, a naked or membranous-coated propagative cell produced asexually. [Formed from Gr. _gon[=e]_, generation, seed.] GONIOMETER, g[=o]-ni-om'e-t[.e]r, _n._ an instrument for measuring solid angles, indispensable to the crystallographer. [_G[=o]nia_, an angle, _metron_, measure.] GONOPHORE, gon'o-f[=o]r, _n._ the ultimate generative zooid of a hydrozoan, originating directly the generative elements. [Gr. _gonos_, seed, _pherein_, to bear.] GONORRHEA, gon-or-r[=e]'a, _n._ a specific contagious inflammatory discharge of mucus from the membrane of the urethra or vagina. [Gr. _gonorrhoia_--_gonos_, seed, _rheein_, to flow.] GOOD, good, _adj._ having qualities, whether physical or moral, desirable or suitable to the end proposed: promoting success, welfare, or happiness: virtuous: pious: kind: benevolent: proper: fit: competent: satisfactory: sufficient: valid: sound: serviceable: beneficial: real: serious, as in 'good earnest:' not small, considerable, as in 'good deal:' full, complete, as in 'good measure:' unblemished, honourable, as in 'good name:'--_comp._ bett'er; _superl._ best.--_n._ that which promotes happiness, success, &c.--opp. to _Evil_: prosperity: welfare: advantage, temporal or spiritual: moral qualities: virtue: (_B._) possessions: (_pl._) household furniture: movable property: merchandise (in composition, the equivalent of U.S. _freight_).--_interj._ well! right!--_adv._ well.--_ns._ GOOD'-BREED'ING, polite manners formed by a good breeding or education; GOOD'-BROTH'ER (_Scot._), a brother-in-law.--_n._ or _interj._ GOOD'-BYE, contracted from 'God be with you:' farewell, a form of address at parting.--_adj._ GOOD'-CONDI'TIONED, being in a good state.--_ns._ or _interjs._ GOOD'-DAY, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good day;' GOOD'-DEN, a corruption of _good-e'en_; GOOD'-E'EN, GOOD'-[=E]V'EN, GOOD'-[=E]VE'NING, a salutation on meeting or parting in the evening.--_adj._ GOOD'-FACED (_Shak._), having a handsome face.--_ns._ GOOD'-FELL'OW, a jolly or boon companion: a reveller; GOOD'-FELL'OWSHIP, merry or pleasant company: conviviality.--_n.pl._ GOOD'-FOLK, a euphemism for the fairies, of whom it is best to speak respectfully.--_adj._ GOOD'-FOR-NOTH'ING, worthless, useless.--_n._ an idle person.--_ns._ GOOD'-FR[=I]'DAY, a fast in memory of our Lord's crucifixion, held on the Friday of Passion-week; GOOD'-H[=U]'MOUR, a cheerful temper, from the old idea that temper depended on the humours of the body.--_adj._ GOOD'-H[=U]'MOURED.--_adv._ GOOD'-H[=U]'MOUREDLY.--_n._ GOOD'INESS, weak, priggish, or canting goodness.--_adj._ GOOD'ISH, pretty good, of fair quality or quantity.--_interj._ GOOD'-LACK, an expression of surprise or pity--a variation of 'Good Lord,' under the influence of _alack_.--_n._ GOOD'LINESS.--_adv._ GOOD'LY (_Spens._), excellently, kindly.--_adj._ good-like: good-looking: fine: excellent:--_comp._ GOOD'LIER; _superl._ GOOD'LIEST.--_ns._ GOOD'LYHEAD (_Spens._), goodness; GOOD'LYHOOD, grace; GOODMAN' (_B._), the man or master of the house--the correlative to it is GOODWIFE'.--_ns._ and _interjs._ GOOD'-MORN'ING, GOOD'-MORR'OW, a salutation at meeting in the morning.--_n._ GOOD'-N[=A]'TURE, natural goodness and mildness of disposition.--_adj._ GOOD'-N[=A]'TURED.--_adv._ GOOD'-N[=A]'TUREDLY.--_n._ GOOD'NESS, virtue: excellence: benevolence: a term of emphasis, as in 'For goodness' sake;' 'Oh, goodness!'--_n._ and _interj._ GOOD'-NIGHT, a common salutation, a contraction of 'I wish you a good night.'--_interj._ GOOD'-NOW, an exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty.--_ns._ GOODS'-EN'GINE, an engine used for drawing goods-trains; GOOD'-SENSE, sound judgment; GOOD'-SPEED, a contraction of 'I wish you good speed;' GOODS'-TRAIN, a train of goods wagons.--_adj._ GOOD'-TEM'PERED, possessing a good temper.--_ns._ GOOD'-WIFE, the mistress of a family; GOOD'-WILL, benevolence; well-wishing: the established custom or popularity of any business or trade--often appearing as one of its assets, with a marketable money value; GOOD'Y, good-wife: good-woman: probably formed from _good-wife_.--_adj._ GOOD'Y, mawkishly good: weakly benevolent or pious--also GOOD'Y-GOOD'Y.--_n._ a sweetmeat.--GOOD FOR ANYTHING, ready for any kind of work; GOODMAN'S CROFT, a strip of ground, or corner of a field, once left untilled in Scotland, to avert the malice of the devil from the crop.--GOOD TEMPLAR, a member of a temperance society founded in the United States in 1852, and introduced into England in 1868, its organisation modelled on that of the Freemasons, with lodges, passwords and grips, and insignia.--AS GOOD AS, the same as, no less than; BE AS GOOD AS ONE'S WORD, to be depended on; FOR GOOD, FOR GOOD AND ALL, finally, in conclusion, to end the whole matter; Make good, to fulfil, perform; STAND GOOD, to be lastingly good: to remain; THINK GOOD, to be disposed, to be willing. [A.S. _gód_; closely akin to Dut. _goed_, Ger. _gut_, Ice. _góðr_, Goth. _gods_.] GOORKHA, g[=oo]r'kä, _n._ one of the dominant race in Nepal, descended from Hindu immigrants, and claiming a Rajput origin, short, thick-set men, making excellent soldiers. GOOROO. See GURU. GOOSANDER, g[=oo]s-an'd[.e]r, _n._ a web-footed bird in the duck family, in the same genus as the Mergansers, a native of the Arctic regions. [Formed from _goose_ and _gander_.] GOOSE, g[=oo]s, _n._ (_pl._ GEESE) a web-footed animal like a duck, but larger and stronger: a tailor's smoothing-iron, from the likeness of the handle to the neck of a goose: a stupid, silly person: a game of chance once common in England, in which the players moved counters forward from one compartment on a board to another, the right to a double move being secured when the card bearing the picture of a goose was reached.--_v.t._ (_slang_) to hiss off the stage.--_ns._ GOOSE'-CAP, a silly person; GOOSE'-CORN, a coarse rush; GOOSE'-EGG, a zero, denoting a miss or failure to score at an athletic or other contest; GOOSE'-FISH, a common name in America for the angler-fish (see ANGLER); GOOSE'-FLESH, a puckered condition of the skin, like that of a plucked goose, through cold, fear, &c.; GOOSE'-FOOT, pigweed; GOOSE'-GRASS, a species of Bedstraw (q.v.), a common weed in hedges and bushy places in Britain, Europe, and America; GOOSE'-NECK, an iron swivel forming the fastening between a boom and a mast: a bent pipe or tube with a swivel-joint; GOOSE'-QUILL, one of the quills or large wing-feathers of a goose, used as pens; GOOS'ERY, a place for keeping geese: stupidity; GOOSE'-SKIN, a kind of thin soft leather; GOOSE'-STEP (_mil._), the marking of time by raising the feet alternately without making progress; GOOSE'-WING, one of the clews or lower corners of a ship's mainsail or foresail when the middle part is furled or tied up to the yard.--_adj._ GOOSE'-WINGED, having only one clew set: in fore-and-aft rigged vessels, having the mainsail on one side and the foresail on the other, so as to sail wing-and-wing.--_n._ GOOS'EY, a goose: a blockhead. [A.S. _gós_; Ice. _gás_, Ger. _gans_, L. _anser_, Gr. _ch[=e]n_, Sans. _hamsa_.] GOOSEBERRY, g[=oo]z'ber-i, _n._ the berry or fruit of a shrub of the same name.--PLAY GOOSEBERRY, to accompany lovers, &c., for propriety. [Prof. Skeat says _goose-_ is for _grose-_ or _groise-_, which appears in O. Fr. _groisele_, _grosele_, gooseberry, Scot. _grossart_, from the Mid. High Ger. _krus_ (Ger. _kraus_), crisp, curled.] GOOSEBERRY-FOOL, _n._ See FOOL (2). GOPHER, g[=o]'f[.e]r, _n._ a name in America applied to the prairie dog, the pouched rat, and to the land tortoise of the southern states.--_v.i._ to burrow, to mine in a small way. [Fr. _gaufre_.] GOPHER, g[=o]'f[.e]r, _n._ (_B._) a kind of wood, generally supposed identical with cypress. [Heb.] GOPURA, g[=o]'p[=oo]-ra, _n._ in Southern India, a pyramidal tower over the gateway of a temple. GORAL, g[=o]'ral, _n._ a Himalayan goat-antelope. GORAMY, g[=o]'ra-mi, _n._ a fish found in the Eastern Archipelago, highly esteemed for the table, and used in Mauritius, the West Indies, &c.--Also GOU'RAMI. GOR-BELLIED, gor'-bel-id, _adj._ (_Shak._) big-bellied, gluttonous. [Obs. _gore_--A.S. _gor_, filth, and _belly_.] GORCOCK, gor'kok, _n._ the moorcock or red grouse:--_fem._ GOR'HEN. [_Gor-_, from _gorse_, furze; or imit.] GORCROW, gor'kr[=o], _n._ the carrion-crow. [A.S. _gor_, filth, carrion, and _crow_.] GORDIAN, gord'yan, _adj._ intricate: difficult.--_v.t._ (_Keats_) to tie up, knot.--CUT THE GORDIAN KNOT, to overcome a difficulty by violent measures--Alexander, unable to untie the fateful knot tied by _Gordius_, king of Phrygia, having cut it through with his sword. GORDIUS, gor'di-us, _n._ a genus typical of _Gordiidæ_, a family of nematode worms with a hair-like body. GORE, g[=o]r, _n._ clotted blood: blood.--_adv._ GOR'ILY (_Tenn._), in a gory or bloody manner or state.--_adj._ GOR'Y, covered with gore: bloody.--GORY DEW, a dark-red slimy film sometimes seen on damp walls and in shady places. [A.S. _gor_, blood, dung; Sw. _gorr_, Ice. _gor_, gore.] GORE, g[=o]r, _n._ a triangular piece let into a garment to widen it: a triangular piece of land.--_v.t._ to shape like or furnish with gores: to pierce with anything pointed, as a spear or horns.--_n._ GOR'ING, a piece of cloth cut diagonally to increase its apparent width.--_adj._ cut gradually sloping, so as to be broader at the clew than at the earing--of a sail. [A.S. _gára_, a pointed triangular piece of land--_gár_, a spear with triangular blade.] GORGE, gorj, _n._ the throat: a narrow pass among hills: (_fort._) the entrance to an outwork.--_v.t._ to swallow greedily: to glut.--_v.i._ to feed.--_adj._ GORGED, having a gorge or throat: glutted: (_her._) having a crown or coronet about the neck.--_n._ GORG'ET, a piece of armour for the throat: a military ornament round the neck (see ARMOUR).--HAVE ONE'S GORGE RISE, to be disgusted or irritated; HEAVE THE GORGE, to retch. [O. Fr.,--L. _gurges_, a whirlpool.] GORGEOUS, gor'jus, _adj._ showy: splendid: magnificent.--_adv._ GOR'GEOUSLY.--_n._ GOR'GEOUSNESS. [O. Fr. _gorgias_, gaudy--_gorgias_, a ruff--_gorge_, the throat.] GORGON, gor'gun, _n._ one of three fabled female monsters (Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa), of horrible aspect, winged, with hissing serpents for hair--every one who looked on Medusa was turned to stone: anything very ugly.--_adjs._ GOR'GON, GORG[=O]'NEAN, GORGONESQUE', GORG[=O]'NIAN, like a gorgon: very ugly or terrific.--_n._ GORGONEI'ON, a mask of the gorgon.--_v.t._ GOR'GONISE (_Tenn._), to turn to stone. [L. _gorgon_--Gr. _gorg[=o]_--_gorgos_, grim.] GORGONZOLA, gor-gon-z[=o]'la, _n._ a highly esteemed cheese. GORILLA, gor-il'a, _n._ a great African ape, the largest known anthropoid, generally referred to the same genus with the chimpanzee. [African.] GORMAND, older form of _gourmand_.--_v.i._ GOR'MAND[=I]SE, to eat hastily or voraciously.--_ns._ GOR'MAND[=I]SER; GOR'MAND[=I]SING, the act or habit of eating voraciously; GOR'MANDISM, gluttony. GORSE, gors, _n._ a prickly shrub growing on waste places, the furze or whin.--_adj._ GORS'Y. [A.S. _gorst_.] GOSHAWK, gos'hawk, _n._ a short-winged hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese and other fowl, not having a toothed bill, like the falcons proper. [A.S. _góshafoc_--_gós_, goose, _hafoc_, hawk.] GOSLING, goz'ling, _n._ a young goose. [A.S. _gós_, goose, double dim. _-l-ing_.] GOSPEL, gos'pel, _n._ the Christian revelation: the narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: the stated portion of these read at service: the teaching of Christ: a system of religious truth: absolute truth.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to instruct in the gospel.--_n._ GOS'PELLER, a preacher: an evangelist.--_v.t._ GOS'PELLISE, to square with the gospel. [A.S. _godspell_; commonly derived from A.S. _gód_, good, and _spell_, story, and so a translation of Gr. _eu-anggelion_, good news; but more prob. from _god_, God, and _spell_, a narrative, God-story; so also the Ice. is _guðspjall_, God-story, and not _góðspjall_, good-story; and the Old High Ger. was _gotspell_, _got_ (God) _-spel_, not _guot_ (good) _-spel_.] GOSS, gos, _n._ (_Shak._). See GORSE. GOSSAMER, gos'a-m[.e]r, _n._ very fine spider-threads which float in the air or form webs on bushes in fine weather: any thin material.--_adj._ light, flimsy.--_adj._ GOSS'AMERY, like gossamer: flimsy. [M. E. _gossomer_; Prof Skeat thinks it is a corr. of 'goose-summer' or 'summer-goose,' from the downy appearance of the film. Ger. _sommer-fäden_, summer-threads, also _mädchen-sommer_, maiden-summer.] GOSSAN, gos'an, _n._ (_prov._) decomposed rock, usually ferruginous, forming the upper part of a metallic vein.--Also GOZZ'AN. GOSSIP, gos'ip, _n._ one who runs about telling and hearing news: idle talk: a familiar acquaintance: a boon-companion.--_v.i._ to run about telling idle tales: to talk much: to chat: (_Shak._) to stand godfather to.--_n._ GOSS'IPING, the act or practice of one who gossips or tattles.--_p.adj._ having the character of one who gossips: tattling.--_n._ GOSS'IPRY.--_adj._ GOSS'IPY. [Orig. a sponsor in baptism, or one related in the service of _God_; M. E. _gossib_ (earlier form, _godsib_)--_God_, and _sib_, related; cf. Ger. _sippe_, Ice. _sif_, affinity, Scot. _sib_, related.] GOSSOON, go-s[=oo]n', _n._ a boy-servant in Ireland. [From Fr. _garçon_, a boy.] GOSSYPIUM, go-sip'i-um, _n._ a malvaceous genus of herbs and shrubs, native to the tropics, yielding the cotton of commerce. [L. _gossypion_.] GOT, GOTTEN. See under GET. GOTH, goth, _n._ one of an ancient Teutonic nation, originally settled on the southern coasts of the Baltic, which migrated to Dacia in the 3d century, and later founded kingdoms in Italy, southern France, and Spain: a rude or uncivilised person, a barbarian.--_adj._ GOTH'IC, belonging to the Goths or their language: barbarous: romantic: denoting a style of architecture with high-pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. (applied in reproach at the time of the Renaissance).--_v.t._ GOTH'ICISE, to make Gothic: to bring back to barbarism.--_n._ GOTH'ICISM, a Gothic idiom or style of building: rudeness of manners. [The native names _Gutans_ (sing. _Guta_) and _Gutôs_ (sing. _Guts_), _Gutthiuda_, 'people of the Goths;' Latinised as _Gothi_, _Gotthi_.] GOTHAMITE, goth'a-m[=i]t, GOTHAMIST, goth'a-mist, _n._ a simpleton: a wiseacre. [From _Gotham_, a village of Nottinghamshire, with which name are connected many of the simpleton stories of immemorial antiquity. So of Gordon in Scotland, Kampan in Holland, the Schildburgers in Germany, &c.] GOUACHE, gwash, _n._ a method of water-colour painting with opaque colours, mixed with water, honey, and gum, presenting a dead surface: work painted according to this method. [Fr.] GOUDA, gow'da, _n._ a kind of cheese from _Gouda_. GOUGE, gowj, or g[=oo]j, _n._ a chisel, with a hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes.--_v.t._ to scoop out, as with a gouge: to force out, as the eye with the thumb. [O. Fr.,--Low L. _guvia_, a kind of chisel.] GOUJEERS, g[=oo]'j[=e]rz, _n._ (_Shak._) venereal disease.--_Goujere_, often GOOD YEAR, used as a slight imprecation, as pox; cf. 2 _Henry IV._, II. iv. 64. [Perh. Fr. _gouge_, a prostitute, _goujat_, a blackguard.] GOURA, gow'ra, _n._ a genus of beautifully crested, ground-loving pigeons, native to New Guinea. GOURAMI. See GORAMY. GOURD, g[=o]rd, or g[=oo]rd, _n._ a large fleshy fruit: rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup: the gourd plant: (_pl._) hollow dice used by cheating gamblers.--_ns._ GOURD'INESS; GOURD'-WORM, a fluke or trematode worm, esp. the liver-fluke.--_adj._ GOURD'Y, having the legs swollen--of a horse. [O. Fr. _gourde_, contr. from _cougourde_--L. _cucurbita_, a gourd.] GOURMAND, g[=oo]r'mand, _n._ one who eats greedily: a glutton.--_adj._ voracious: gluttonous--also GOR'MAND.--_n._ GOURMET (goor-m[=a]', or -met'), an epicure, originally one with a delicate taste in wines. [Fr. _gourmand_, a glutton; origin unknown.] GOUSTY, gows'ti, _adj._ dreary.--_adj._ GOUS'TROUS, stormy: (_Scot._) rude. [Same as GUSTY.] GOUT, gowt, _n._ an acute inflammation of the smaller joints, and esp. of the great toe, in persons of luxurious habits and past middle life: (_obs._) a drop.--_adv._ GOUT'ILY.--_ns._ GOUT'INESS; GOUT'WORT, GOUT'WEED, an umbelliferous European plant, long supposed to be good for gout.--_adj._ GOUT'Y, relating to gout: diseased with or subject to gout. [O. Fr. _goutte_--L. _gutta_, a drop, the disease supposed to be caused by a defluxion of humours.] GOUT, g[=oo], _n._ taste: relish. [Fr.,--L. _gustus_, taste.] GOVERN, guv'[.e]rn, _v.t._ to direct: to control: to rule with authority: (_gram._) to determine the mood, tense, or case of.--_v.i._ to exercise authority: to administer the laws.--_adj._ GOV'ERNABLE.--_ns._ GOV'ERNALL (_Spens._), government; GOV'ERNANCE, government: control: direction: behaviour; GOVERNANTE (guv-[.e]r-nant', or guv'-), a governess (_obs._); GOV'ERNESS, a lady who has charge of the instruction of young ladies: a tutoress (_Daily-governess_, one who goes every day to her pupils' house; _Nursery_-, having charge of young children only, tending as well as teaching them; _Resident_-, living in the family of her pupils).--_v.i._ to act as governess.--_n._ GOV'ERNESS-CART, a light two-wheeled vehicle with two face-to-face seats at the sides only.--_adj._ GOV'ERNING, having control.--_n._ GOV'ERNMENT, a ruling or managing: control: system of governing: the body of persons authorised to administer the laws, or to govern a state: the territory over which sovereign power extends: (_gram._) the power of one word in determining the form of another: (_Shak._) conduct.--_adj._ of or pursued by government.--_adj._ GOVERNMENT'AL, pertaining to or sanctioned by government.--_ns._ GOV'ERNOR, a ruler: one invested with supreme authority: a tutor: (_slang_) a father or master: (_mach._) a regulator, or contrivance for maintaining uniform velocity with a varying resistance: (_B._) a pilot; GOV'ERNOR-GEN'ERAL, the supreme governor in a country: a viceroy; GOV'ERNORSHIP.--GOVERNMENTAL THEORY (see GROTIAN). [O. Fr. _governer_--L. _gubern[=a]re_--Gr. _kybernan_.] GOWAN, gow'an, _n._ (_Scot._) the wild daisy. [Ir. and Gael. _gugan_, bud, daisy.] GOWD, Scotch for _gold_. GOWF, gowf, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to strike, cuff. [A modification of _golf_.] GOWK, GOUK, gowk, _n._ a stupid fellow, a fool. GOWL, gowl, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to cry or howl. [M. E. _goulen_--Scand., Ice. _gaula_, to bellow.] GOWN, gown, _n._ a woman's upper garment: a long loose robe worn officially by clergymen, lawyers, college lecturers, &c.--_v.t._ to invest with the gown.--_adj._ GOWNED, dressed in a gown.--_ns._ GOWN'MAN, GOWNS'MAN, one whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and esp. a member of an English university. [M. E. _goune_--W. _gwn_, akin to _gwnio_, to stitch; Ir. _gunn_, Gael. _gun_.] GOWPEN, gowp'en, _n._ (_Scot._) the hollow of the hand or of the two hands held together: a handful. [Scand.; Ice. _gaupn_, Sw. _göpen_, Dan. _gövn_; Low Ger. _göpse_, _göpsch_, Ger. dial. _gauf_, _gaufel_.] GRAAFIAN, grä'fi-an, _adj._ pertaining to the follicle or little sac in the ovary in which an ovum matures--in mammals. [Named from the discoverer of these, Regnier de _Graaf_, 1641-73.] GRAAL. Same as GRAIL, a dish. GRAB, grab, _n._ a vessel on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts. GRAB, grab, _v.t._ (_coll._) to seize or grasp suddenly: to lay hands on:--_pr.p._ grab'bing; _pa.p._ grabbed.--_n._ a sudden grasp or catch, acquisition by violent or unjust means: that which is seized: a simple card game.--_ns._ GRAB'-BAG, a bag containing a variety of articles to be obtained by putting in the hand and seizing one, as at charity bazaars, &c.: any dishonest means of seizing such profit or spoil as comes handiest; GRAB'BER. [Scand.; Sw. _grabba_, to grasp; Ger. _greifen_, to seize.] GRABBLE, grab'l, _v.i._ to grope. [Freq. of _grab_.] GRACE, gr[=a]s, _n._ easy elegance in form or manner: what adorns and commends to favour: embellishment: favour: pardon: the undeserved mercy of God: divine influence: eternal life or salvation: a short prayer at meat: an act or decree of the governing body of an English university: a ceremonious title in addressing a duke or an archbishop: (_pl._) favour, friendship (with _good_): (_myth._) the three sister goddesses in whom beauty was deified (the Greek Charites), Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Thalia.--_v.t._ to mark with favour: to adorn.--_n._ GRACE'-CUP, a cup or health drunk at the last of the feast.--_adjs._ GRACED (_Shak._), virtuous, chaste; GRACE'FUL, elegant and easy: marked by propriety or fitness, becoming.--_adv._ GRACE'FULLY.--_n._ GRACE'FULNESS.--_adjs._ GRACE'LESS, wanting grace or excellence: depraved: wicked.--_adv._ GRACE'LESSLY.--_n._ GRACE'LESSNESS.--_ns._ GRACE'-NOTE (_mus._), a note introduced as an embellishment, not being essential to the harmony or melody; GRACE'-STROKE, a finishing stroke, _coup de_ _grâce_; GRACI[=O]'SO, a clown in Spanish comedy, a favourite.--_adj._ GR[=A]'CIOUS, abounding in grace or kindness: benevolent: proceeding from divine favour: acceptable.--_adv._ GR[=A]'CIOUSLY.--_ns._ GR[=A]'CIOUSNESS, state or quality of being gracious, affability; GR[=A]CIOUS'ITY, the same, but usually in a bad sense, as implying duplicity.--DAYS OF GRACE, three days allowed for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after being due according to its date; FALL FROM GRACE, to backslide, to lapse from the state of grace and salvation--an impossibility according to Calvinists.--GOOD GRACIOUS, an exclamation of surprise.--IN THE GOOD GRACES OF, in the friendship of; SAVING GRACE, divine grace so bestowed as to lead to salvation; TAKE HEART OF GRACE, to take courage from favour shown. [Fr.,--L. _gratia_, favour--_gratus_, agreeable; Gr. _charis_, grace.] GRACILE, gras'il, _adj._ slender, gracefully slight in form.--_n._ GRACIL'ITY. [L. _gracilis_, slender.] GRACKLE, grak'l, _n._ the common name of many birds of the starling family, all tropical or subtropical.--Also GRAK'LE. [L. _graculus_, a jackdaw.] GRADE, gr[=a]d, _n._ a degree or step in rank or dignity: the degree of slope on a road as compared with the horizontal: a class of animals produced by crossing a common breed with one purer--also _adj._: a group of animals branching off from a common stem.--_v.t._ GR[=A]'DATE, to cause to blend gradually from one tint of colour to another.--_v.i._ to effect gradation.--_adv._ GRAD[=A]'TIM, gradually.--_n._ GRAD[=A]'TION, a rising step by step: progress from one degree or state to another: position attained: state of being arranged in ranks: (_mus._) a diatonic succession of chords: (_paint._) the gradual blending of tints.--_adjs._ GRAD[=A]'TIONAL; GRAD[=A]'TIONED, formed by gradations or stages; GRAD'ATORY, proceeding step by step, adapted for walking or forward movement; GR[=A]'DIENT, gradually rising: rising with a regular slope.--_n._ the degree of slope on a road or railway: the difference in the height of the barometer between one place and another place at some distance: an incline.--_ns._ GR[=A]D'IENTER, a surveyor's instrument for determining grades; GR[=A]D'IN, GRADINE', one of a series of rising seats, as in an amphitheatre: a raised step or ledge behind an altar; GRADIN'O, a decoration for the gradin.--_adj._ GRAD'[=U]AL, advancing by grades or degrees: regular and slow.--_n._ in the Roman Church, the portion of the mass between the epistle and the gospel, formerly always sung from the steps of the altar: the book containing such anthems--also GRAIL.--_ns._ GRAD'[=U]ALISM, GRAD[=U]AL'ITY.--_adv._ GRAD'[=U]ALLY.--_v.t._ GRAD'[=U][=A]TE, to divide into regular intervals: to mark with degrees: to proportion.--_v.i._ to pass by grades or degrees: to pass through a university course and receive a degree.--_n._ one admitted to a degree in a college, university, or society.--_p.adj._ GRAD'[=U][=A]TED, marked with degrees, as a thermometer.--_ns._ GRAD'UATESHIP; GRAD[=U][=A]'TION; GRAD'[=U][=A]TOR, a mathematical instrument for graduating or dividing lines into regular intervals; GRADUC'TION (_astron._), the division of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, &c.; GR[=A]'DUS, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody--contraction of _gradus ad Parnassum_, a step or stair to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses.--DOWN, and UP, GRADE, a descending or ascending part, as of a road. [Fr.,--L. _gradus_, a step--_gradi_, to step.] GRADELY, gr[=a]d'li, _adv._ (_prov._) readily, speedily.--Also GRAITH'LY. GRADGRIND, gräd'gr[=i]nd, _n._ one who regulates all human things by rule and compass and the mechanical application of statistics, allowing nothing for sentiment, emotion, and individuality. [From Thomas _Gradgrind_ in Dickens's _Hard Times_.] GRAF, gräf, _n._ a German title of dignity equivalent to Count:--_fem._ GRÄFIN. GRAFF, graf, _n._ (_Scot._) a grave. A variant of grave. GRAFF, _n._ and _v._ (_B._). Same as GRAFT. GRAFFITO, graf-f[=e]'to, _n._ the name given to certain classes of mural inscriptions, such as the scribblings of schoolboys and idlers, found at Pompeii, Rome, and other ancient cities:--_pl._ GRAFFITI (-f[=e]'t[=e]). [It.--_graffiare_, to scratch--Low L. _graphium_, a style.] GRAFT, graft, _v.t._ to make an incision in a tree or plant, and insert in it a small branch of another, so as to make a union of the two: to insert in something anything not belonging to it: to incorporate one thing with another: to transplant, as a piece of tissue, from one part to another.--_v.i._ to insert cuttings into a tree.--_n._ a small branch used in grafting.--_ns._ GRAFT'ER; GRAFT'ING. [O. Fr. _graffe_ (Fr. _greffe_)--L. _graphium_--a style or pencil (which the inserted slip resembled)--Gr. _graphein_, to write.] GRAIL, gr[=a]l, _n._ (_Spens._) small particles of any kind, as sand. [O. Fr. _graile_ (Fr. _grêle_), hail--L. _gracilis_, slender.] GRAIL, See GRADUAL. GRAIL, gr[=a]l, _n._ in medieval legend, the Holy Cup used by Christ at the Last Supper. [Orig. the _San Greal_, 'Holy Dish' (not _Sang Real_, 'Holy Blood'), in which it is said Joseph of Arimathea collected our Lord's blood; from O. Fr. _graal_ or _greal_, a flat dish--Low L. _gradale_, a flat dish, app. a corr. of Low L. _cratella_, a dim. of _crater_, a bowl. Diez suggests as the origin a lost _cratalis_, from _cratus_, Low L. form of _crater_.] GRAIN, gr[=a]n, _n._ a single small hard seed: (_coll._) the seeds of certain plants which form the chief food of man: corn, in general: a minute particle: a very small quantity: the smallest British weight, supposed to be the average weight of a seed or well-ripened ear of corn: the arrangement of the particles or fibres of anything, as stone or wood: texture, as of leather: the crimson dye made from cochineal insects, which, in the prepared state, resemble grains of seed--hence to _dye in grain_ is to dye deeply, also to dye in the wool: innate quality or character of anything.--_v.t._ to form into grains, cause to granulate: to paint in imitation of wood, marble, &c.: in tanning, to take the hair off.--_n._ GRAIN'AGE, duties on grain.--_adj._ GRAINED, rough: furrowed.--_ns._ GRAIN'ER, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood; GRAIN'ING, painting so as to imitate the grain of wood: a process in tanning in which the grain of the leather is raised.--_adj._ GRAIN'Y, having grains or kernels.--GRAINS OF PARADISE, an aromatic and pungent seed imported from Guinea.--AGAINST THE GRAIN, against the fibre of the wood--hence against the natural temper or inclination; WITH A GRAIN OF SALT, with reservation, as of a story that cannot be admitted (L. _cum grano salis_). [Fr.,--L. _granum_, seed, akin to _corn_.] GRAIN, gr[=a]n, _n._ a prong, fork: a kind of harpoon. GRAINING, gr[=a]n'ing, _n._ a kind of dace found in the Mersey and in Swiss lakes: a small fish of the same genus, resembling the dace. GRAIP, gr[=a]p, _n._ (_Scot._) a three or four pronged fork used for lifting dung or digging potatoes. [A form of _grope_. Cf. Sw. _grepe_, Dan. _greb_.] GRAITH, gr[=a]th, _n._ apparatus for work, travelling, &c., equipment.--_v.t._ (_Scot._) to make ready, to dress.--_adjs._ GRAITH, GR[=A]DE, ready, free.--LIFT ONE'S GRAITH, to collect one's tools and leave the mine. [Ice. _greidhr_, ready; cf. A.S. _ger['æ]de_, ready.] GRAKLE. See GRACKLE. GRALLÆ, gral'[=e], GRALLATORES, gral-a-t[=o]'r[=e]z, _n.pl._ an old order of wading and running birds, including rails, snipes and curlews, cranes, herons and bitterns, storks, and numerous other families.--_adjs._ GRALLAT[=O]'RIAL, GRALL'ATORY, GRALL'IC, GRALL'INE. [L. _grallator_--_grallæ_, stilts, contr. of _gradulæ_, dim. of _gradus_, a step--_gradi_, to step.] GRALLOCH, GRALLOCK, gral'ok, _v.t._ to disembowel. GRAM, gram, _n._ (_Rossetti_) misery.--Also GRAME. [A.S. _grama_, anger.] GRAM, gram, _n._ a word used in commerce for chick peas exported from British India. [Anglo-Ind., perh. from Port, _grão_--L. _granum_, a grain.] GRAM, GRAMME, gram, _n._ the unit of mass in the metric system, equal to 15.432 troy grains. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _gramma_, a letter, a small weight.] GRAMARY, gram'a-ri, _n._ magic: enchantment.--Also GRAM'ARYE. [M. E. _gramery_, skill in grammar, hence magic--O. Fr. _gramaire_, grammar.] GRAMERCY, gra-m[.e]r'si, _interj._ great thanks--an obsolete expression of obligation, with surprise. [O. Fr. _grammerci_, _grantmerci_, great thanks.] GRAMINEÆ, gr[=a]-min'[=e]-[=e], _n.pl._ the order of grasses.--_adjs._ GRAMIN[=A]'CEOUS, GRAMIN'EAL, GRAMIN[=E]'OUS, like or pertaining to grass: grassy; GRAMINIF[=O]'LIOUS, bearing leaves; GRAMINIV'OROUS, feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. _gramen_, _graminis_, grass, _folium_, a leaf, _vor[=a]re_, to eat greedily.] GRAMMAR, gram'ar, _n._ the science of the right use of language: a book which teaches grammar: any elementary work.--_ns._ GRAMM[=A]'RIAN, one versed in, or who teaches, grammar; GRAMM'AR-SCHOOL, a school in which grammar, esp. Latin grammar, is taught: a higher school, in which Latin and Greek are taught.--_adjs._ GRAMMAT'IC, -AL, belonging to, or according to, the rules of grammar.--_adv._ GRAMMAT'ICALLY.--_n._ GRAMMAT'ICASTER, a piddling grammarian.--_v.t._ GRAMMAT'IC[=I]SE, to make grammatical.--_v.i._ to act the grammarian.--_ns._ GRAMMAT'ICISM, a point of grammar; GRAMM'ATIST, a grammarian. [O. Fr. _gramaire_; from Low L. _gramma_, a letter, with the termination _-arius_--Gr. _gramma_, a letter--_graphein_, to write.] GRAMME. See GRAM. GRAMOPHONE, gram'o-f[=o]n, _n._ an instrument of the phonograph type for recording and reproducing articulate speech--invented by E. Berliner. [Gr. _gramma_, a letter, _ph[=o]n[=e]_, sound.] GRAMPUS, gram'pus, _n._ a large voracious fish of the dolphin family, common in almost all seas. [A sailor's corr. of It. _gran pesce_, or Sp. _gran pez_, great fish--L. _grandis piscis_, great fish.] GRANADILLA, gran-a-dil'a, _n._ the edible fruit of a species of passion-flower. [Sp.] GRANARY, gran'ar-i, _n._ a storehouse for grain or threshed corn. [L. _granaria_--_granum_.] GRAND, grand, _adj._ of great size, extent, power, or dignity: splendid: illustrious: noble: sublime: chief: covering the whole field, or including all details: (_mus._) containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition: of the second degree of parentage or descent, as _Grand'father_, a father or mother's father; _Grand'child_, a son or daughter's child; so _Grand'mother_, _Grand'son_, _Grand'daughter_, &c.--_ns._ GRAN'DAM, an old dame or woman: a grandmother; GRAND'-DUKE, a title of sovereignty over a grand-duchy, first created by the Pope in 1569 for the rulers of Florence and Tuscany, assumed by certain German reigning princes and by the princes of the imperial family of Russia; GRANDEE', since the 13th century the most highly privileged class of nobility in the kingdom of Castile, in which the members of the royal family were included: a man of high rank or station; GRANDEE'SHIP; GRANDEUR (grand'[=u]r), vastness: splendour of appearance: loftiness of thought or deportment; GRANDIL'OQUENCE.--_adj._ GRANDIL'OQUENT, speaking grandly or bombastically: pompous--(_rare_) GRANDIL'OQUOUS.--_adv._ GRANDIL'OQUENTLY.--_adj._ GRAN'DIOSE, grand or imposing: bombastic.--_adv._ GRAN'DIOSELY.--_ns._ GRANDIOS'ITY; GRAND'-JU'ROR, member of a GRAND'-JU'RY, a special jury which decides whether there is sufficient evidence to put an accused person on trial.--_adv._ GRAND'LY.--_ns._ GRAND'MAMMA, GRAND'MA, a grandmother; GRAND'-MAS'TER, title of the head of the religious orders of knighthood (Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights): the head, for the time being, of the Freemasons, &c.--_adj._ GRAND'MOTHERLY, like a grandmother, over-anxious to direct the whole life of another.--_ns._ GRAND'-NEPH'EW, the grandson of a brother or sister; GRAND'NESS; GRAND'-NIECE, the granddaughter of a brother or sister; GRAND'PAPA, GRAND'PA, a grandfather; GRAND'-PAR'ENT, a grandfather or grandmother; GRAND'-PIÄ'NO, a large kind of piano, of great compass and power; GRAND'SIRE, a grandfather: any ancestor; GRAND'STAND, an elevated erection on a race-course, &c., affording a good view; GRAND'-UN'CLE, the brother of a grandfather or grandmother--also GREAT'-UN'CLE.--GRAND SEIGNIOR (see SEIGNIOR); GRAND VIZIR (see VIZIR). [Fr. _grand_--L. _grandis_, great.] GRANDISONIAN, gran-di-s[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ like the novelist Richardson's hero, Sir Charles _Grandison_, polite and chivalrous to an extreme and tedious degree. GRANGE, gr[=a]nj, _n._ a farm-house with its stables and other buildings: (_Milt._) a granary: (_U.S._) a lodge of the order of 'Patrons of Husbandry.'--_n._ GRAN'GER, a member of a farmer's grange.--_adj._ pertaining to such. [O. Fr. _grange_, barn--Low L. _granea_--L. _granum_, grain.] GRANGERISM, gr[=a]n'jer-izm, _n._ the practice of cutting plates and title-pages out of many books to illustrate one book.--_v.t._ GRAN'GERISE, to practise grangerism. [From James _Granger_ (1716-76), whose _Biographical History of England_ (1769) gave an impetus to this.] GRANIFEROUS, gran-if'[.e]r-us, _adj._ bearing seeds like grain.--_adjs._ GRAN'IFORM, formed or shaped like a grain or seed; GRANIV'OROUS, eating grain: feeding on seeds. [L. _granum_, grain, _ferre_, to carry, _forma_, form, _vor[=a]re_, to devour.] GRANITE, gran'it, _n._ an igneous crystalline rock, composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour.--_adj._ GRANIT'IC, pertaining to, consisting of, or like granite.--_n._ GRANITIFIC[=A]'TION.--_adjs._ GRANIT'IFORM, GRAN'ITOID, of the form of or resembling granite; GRANOLITH'IC, composed of cement formed of pounded granite. [It. _granito_, granite, lit. grained--L. _granum_, grain.] GRANNY, gran'i, _n._ a grandmother: an old woman--also GRAND'AM.--_n._ GRANN'Y-KNOT, a knot like a reef-knot, but having the second tie across, difficult to untie when jammed. GRANT, grant, _v.t._ to bestow or give over: to give possession of: to admit as true what is not yet proved: to concede.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to consent.--_n._ a bestowing: something bestowed, an allowance: a gift: (_Eng. law_) conveyance of property by deed.--_adj._ GRANT'ABLE.--_ns._ GRANT[=EE]' (_law_), the person to whom a grant, gift, or conveyance is made; GRANT'ER, GRANT'OR (_law_), the person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.--TAKE FOR GRANTED, to presuppose as certainly true. [O. Fr. _graanter_,_ craanter_, _creanter_, to promise, as if from a Low L. _credent[=a]re_--L. _cred[)e]re_, to believe.] GRANULE, gran'[=u]l, _n._ a little grain: a fine particle.--_adjs._ GRAN'[=U]LAR, GRAN'[=U]LARY, GRAN'[=U]LOSE, GRAN'[=U]LOUS, consisting of or like grains or granules.--_adv._ GRAN'[=U]LARLY.--_v.t._ GRAN'[=U]L[=A]TE, to form or break into grains or small masses: to make rough on the surface.--_v.i._ to be formed into grains.--_adj._ granular: having the surface covered with small elevations.--_n._ GRAN[=U]L[=A]'TION, act of forming into grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through a sieve into water while hot: (_pl._) the materials of new texture as first formed in a wound or on an ulcerated surface.--_adjs._ GRAN[=U]LIF'EROUS; GRAN'[=U]LIFORM.--_n._ GRAN'[=U]L[=I]TE, a schistose but sometimes massive aggregate of quartz and orthoclase with garnets. [L. _granulum_, dim. of _granum_, grain.] GRAPE, gr[=a]p, _v.i._ a Scotch form of _grope_. GRAPE, gr[=a]p, _n._ the fruit of the grape-vine, or of any of the many species of the genus _Vitis_: a mangy tumour on the legs of horses: grapeshot.--_n._ GRAPE'-HY'ACINTH, a genus of bulbous-rooted plants, nearly allied to the hyacinths.--_adj._ GRAPE'LESS, without the flavour of the grape, said of wine.--_ns._ GRAP'ERY, a place where grapes are grown; GRAPE'SHOT, shot or small iron balls clustered or piled on circular plates round an iron pin, which scatter on being fired; GRAPE'-STONE, the stone or seed of the grape; GRAPE'-SU'GAR, dextrose; GRAPE'-VINE, the vine that bears grapes.--_adj._ GRAP'Y, made of or like grapes.--SOUR GRAPES, things despised because they cannot be attained (from Æsop's fable of the fox and the grapes). [O. Fr. _grappe_, a cluster of grapes; from Old High Ger. _chrapho_, a hook. It properly meant a hook, then clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to, a stem (Brachet).] GRAPH, graf, _n._ a representation by means of lines, exhibiting the nature of the law according to which some phenomena vary: _-graph_ is used as a terminal in many Greek compounds to denote an agent which writes, &c., as _telegraph_, _seismograph_, or the thing written, as in _autograph_, &c.--_adjs._ GRAPH'IC, -AL, pertaining to writing, describing, or delineating: picturesquely described: vivid.--_adv._ GRAPH'ICALLY.--_ns._ GRAPH'ICNESS; GRAPHIOL'OGY, the science or art of writing or delineating, or a treatise thereon; GRAPH'IS, a genus of lichens, remarkable for the resemblance which the fructification assumes to the forms of the letters of Oriental alphabets; GRAPH'[=I]TE, a mineral, commonly called blacklead or plumbago (though containing no lead), largely used in making pencils.--_adj._ GRAPHIT'IC.--_ns._ GRAPH'IUM, a stylus; GRAPHOL'OGY, the science of estimating character, &c., from handwriting.--GRAPHIC ARTS, painting, drawing, engraving, as opposed to music, sculpture, &c.; GRAPHIC GRANITE, a variety of granite with markings like Hebrew characters. [Gr. _graph[=e]_, a writing--_graphein_, to write.] GRAPHOLITE, graf'o-l[=i]t, _n._ a kind of slate for writing on.--_n._ GRAPHOM'ETER, an instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles.--_adjs._ GRAPHOMET'RIC, -AL, pertaining to or determined by a graphometer.--_ns._ GRAPH'OPHONE, an instrument for recording sounds, based on the principle of the phonograph; GRAPH'OTYPE, a process intended to supersede wood-engraving, but superseded by zincotype. [Gr. _graphein_, to write, _lithos_, a stone, _metron_, a measure, _phon[=e]_, a sound, _typos_, an impression.] GRAPNEL, grap'nel, _n._ a small anchor with several claws or arms: a grappling-iron. [Fr. _grappin_--_grappe_, a hook, with dim. suff. _-el_.] GRAPPLE, grap'l, _v.t._ to seize: to lay fast hold of.--_v.i._ to contend in close fight.--_ns._ GRAPP'LEMENT (_Spens._), a grappling, close fight; GRAPP'LING-[=I]'RON, a large grapnel for seizing hostile ships in naval engagements. [O. Fr. _grappil_--_grappe_, a hook.] GRAPTOLITE, grap'to-l[=i]t, _n._ one of a group of fossil hydrozoa, having simple or branched polyparies, usually strengthened by a horny-like rod--the 'solid axis.' [Gr. _graptos_--_graphein_, to write, _lithos_, a stone.] GRASP, grasp, _v.t._ to seize and hold by clasping with the fingers or arms: to catch at: to comprehend.--_v.i._ to endeavour to seize: to catch (with _at_).--_n._ gripe of the hand: reach of the arms: power of seizing: mental power of apprehension.--_adj._ GRASP'ABLE.--_n._ GRASP'ER.--_p.adj._ GRASP'ING, seizing: avaricious: encroaching.--_adv._ GRASP'INGLY.--_n._ GRASP'INGNESS.--_adj._ GRASP'LESS, feeble, relaxed. [M. E. _graspen_--_grapsen_, as clasp--M. E. _claspen_; allied to _grope_, _grapple_.] GRASS, gras, _n._ common herbage: an order of plants (_Gramineæ_), the most important in the whole vegetable kingdom, with long, narrow leaves and tubular stem, including wheat, rye, oats, rice, millet, and all those which supply food for nearly all graminivorous animals: short for asparagus--sparrow-grass: time of grass, spring or summer: the surface of a mine.--_v.t._ to cover with grass: to feed with grass: to bring to the grass or ground, as a bird or a fish--(various perennial fodder grasses are _timothy_, _fox-tail_, _cock's-foot_, and the _fescue grasses_, _Italian rye-grass_, &c.).--_ns._ GRASS'-CLOTH, a name applied to different kinds of coarse cloth, the fibre of which is rarely that of a grass, esp. to the Chinese summer-cloth made from _Boehmeria nivea_, which is really a nettle; GRASS'-CUT'TER, one of the attendants on an Indian army, whose work is to provide provender for the baggage-cattle; GRASS'ER, an extra or temporary worker in a printing-office.--_adjs._ GRASS'-GREEN, green with grass: green as grass; GRASS'-GROWN, grown over with grass.--_ns._ GRASS'HOPPER, a saltatorial, orthopterous insect, nearly allied to locusts and crickets, keeping quiet during the day among vegetation, but noisy at night; GRASS'INESS; GRASS'ING, the exposing of linen in fields to air and light for bleaching purposes; GRASS'-LAND, permanent pasture; GRASS'-OIL, a name under which several volatile oils derived from widely different plants are grouped; GRASS'-PLOT, a plot of grassy ground; GRASS'-TREE, a genus of Australian plants, with shrubby stems, tufts of long wiry foliage at the summit, and a tall flower-stalk, with a dense cylindrical spike of small flowers; GRASS'-WID'OW, a wife temporarily separated from her husband, often also a divorced woman, or one deserted by her husband; GRASS'-WRACK, the eel-grass growing abundantly on the sea-coast.--_adj._ GRASS'Y, covered with or resembling grass, green.--GO TO GRASS, to be turned out to pasture, esp. of a horse too old to work: to go into retirement, to rusticate: to fall violently (of a pugilist); LET THE GRASS GROW UNDER ONE'S FEET, to loiter, linger.--SPANISH GRASS (see ESPARTO). [A.S. _gærs_, _græs_; Ice., Ger., Dut., and Goth. _gras_; prob. allied to _green_ and _grow_.] GRASSUM, gräs'um, _n._ (_Scots law_) a lump sum paid by persons who take a lease of landed property--in England, 'premium' and 'fine.' GRATE, gr[=a]t, _n._ a framework composed of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron bars for holding coals while burning.--_adj._ GRAT'ED, having a grating.--_ns._ GRATICUL[=A]'TION, the division of a design into squares for convenience in making an enlarged or diminished copy; GRAT'ING, the bars of a grate: a partition or frame of bars. [Low L. _grata_, a grate--L. _crates_, a hurdle. See CRATE.] GRATE, gr[=a]t, _v.t._ to rub hard or wear away with anything rough: to make a harsh sound: to irritate or offend.--_n._ GRAT'ER, an instrument with a rough surface for grating down a body.--_adj._ GRAT'ING, rubbing hard on the feelings: harsh: irritating.--_adv._ GRAT'INGLY. [O. Fr. _grater_, through Low L., from Old High Ger. _chraz[=o]n_ (Ger. _kratzen_), to scratch, akin to Sw. _kratta_.] GRATEFUL, gr[=a]t'f[=oo]l, _adj._ causing pleasure: acceptable: delightful: thankful: having a due sense of benefits.--_adv._ GRATE'FULLY.--_ns._ GRATE'FULNESS; GRATIFIC[=A]'TION, a pleasing or indulging: that which gratifies: delight; GRAT'IFIER.--_v.t._ GRAT'IFY, to do what is agreeable to: to please: to soothe; to indulge:--_pa.p._ grat'ified.--_p.adj._ GRAT'IFYING. [O. Fr. _grat_--L. _gratus_, pleasing, thankful, and suff. _-ful_.] GRATILLITY, gra-til'i-ti, _n._ (_Shak._) gratuity. GRATIS, gr[=a]'tis, _adv._ for nothing: without payment or recompense. [L., contr. of _gratiis_, abl. pl. of _gratia_, favour--_gratus_.] GRATITUDE, grat'i-t[=u]d, _n._ warm and friendly feeling towards a benefactor: thankfulness. [Fr.,--Low L. _gratitudo_---L. _gratus_.] GRATUITY, gra-t[=u]'i-ti, _n._ a present: an acknowledgment of service, generally pecuniary.--_adj._ GRAT[=U]'ITOUS, done or given for nothing: voluntary: without reason, ground, or proof.--_adv._ GRAT[=U]'ITOUSLY. [Fr.,--Low L. _gratuitatem_--L. _gratus_.] GRATULATORY, grat'[=u]-la-tor-i, _adj._ congratulatory.--_adj._ GRAT'ULANT, congratulatory.--_v.t._ GRAT'UL[=A]TE, to congratulate.--_n._ GRATUL[=A]'TION, congratulation. GRAVAMEN, grav-[=a]'men, _n._ grievance: the substantial or chief ground of complaint or accusation: the name for the statement of abuses, grievances, &c. sent by the Lower to the Upper House of Convocation. [L.,--_gravis_, heavy.] GRAVE, gr[=a]v, _v.t._ to carve or cut on a hard substance: to engrave.--_v.i._ to engrave:--_pa.p._ graved or gr[=a]v'en.--_n._ a pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which to bury the dead: any place of burial: the abode of the dead: (_fig._) death: destruction.--_n.pl._ GRAVE'-CLOTHES, the clothes in which the dead are buried.--_n._ GRAVE'-DIG'GER, one who digs graves.--_adj._ GRAVE'LESS (_Shak._), without a grave, unburied.--_ns._ GRAVE'-MAK'ER (_Shak._), a grave-digger; GRAVE'-STONE, a stone laid over, or placed at the head of, a grave as a memorial; GRAVE'YARD, a yard or enclosure used as a burial-ground.--WITH ONE FOOT IN THE GRAVE, on the very borders of death. [A.S. _grafan_; Dut. _graven_, Ger. _graben_; Gr. _graphein_, to scratch, L. _scrib[)e]re_, to write.] GRAVE, gr[=a]v, _v.t._ to smear with graves or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin, &c. boiled together.--_ns.pl._ GRAVES, GREAVES, tallow-drippings. [See GREAVES.] GRAVE, gr[=a]v, _adj._ of importance: serious: not gay or showy: sober: solemn; weighty: (_mus._) not acute: low.--_n._ the grave accent, or its sign (`).--_adv._ GRAVE'LY.--_n._ GRAVE'NESS. [Fr.,--L. _gravis_.] GRAVE, gr[=a]v, _n._ a count, prefect, a person holding office, as in landgrave, margrave, burgrave, &c. [Dut. _graaf_, Ger. _graf_.] GRAVEL, grav'el, _n._ small stones often intermixed with sand: small collections of gravelly matter in the kidneys or bladder.--_v.t._ to cover with gravel: to puzzle, perplex:--_pr.p._ grav'elling; _pa.p._ grav'elled.--_adj._ GRAV'ELLY.--_ns._ GRAV'EL-PIT, a pit from which gravel is dug; GRAV'EL-WALK, a footpath covered with gravel. [O. Fr. _gravele_ (Fr. _gravier_); prob. Celt., as in Bret. _grouan_, sand, W. _gro_, pebbles.] GRAVEN, gr[=a]v'n, _pa.p._ of _grave_, to carve, engrave. GRAVEOLENT, grav'[=e]-o-lent, _adj._ giving forth an offensive smell.--_n._ GRAV'EOLENCE. GRAVER, gr[=a]v'[.e]r, _n._ an engraver: a tool for engraving on hard substances, a burin. GRAVID, grav'id, _adj._ heavy, esp. as being with child: pregnant. [L. _gravidus_--_gravis_, heavy.] GRAVIGRADE, grav'i-gr[=a]d, _adj._ walking heavily.--_n._ an animal like the megatherium, &c. GRAVING, gr[=a]v'ing, _n._ an act of graving or cutting out on hard substances: that which is graved or cut out: carved-work: act of cleaning a ship's bottom.--_n._ GRAV'ING-DOCK, a dock into which ships are taken to have their bottoms cleaned. GRAVITY, grav'i-ti, _n._ weightiness: that attraction between bodies, or acceleration of one toward another, of which the fall of a body to the ground is an example: state of being grave or sober: relative importance: (_mus._) lowness of a note.--_n._ GRAVIM'ETER, an instrument for determining specific gravities.--_v.i._ GRAV'IT[=A]TE, to be acted on by gravity: to tend towards the earth: to be strongly attracted towards anything.--_n._ GRAVIT[=A]'TION, act of gravitating: the tendency of all bodies to attract each other.--_adj._ GRAV'IT[=A]TIVE.--SPECIFIC GRAVITY (see SPECIFIC). [Fr. _gravité_--L. _gravitat-em_--_gravis_, heavy.] GRAVY, gr[=a]v'i, _n._ the juices from meat while cooking.--_n._ GRAV'Y-BOAT, a vessel for gravy or sauce. [Earlier _greavy_; prob. originally an adj. formed _greaves_, the dregs of tallow.] GRAY, GREY, gr[=a], _adj._ of a white colour mixed with black: ash-coloured: (_fig._) aged, gray-haired, mature.--_n._ a gray colour: an animal of a grayish colour, as a horse, &c.--_v.t._ to cause to become gray: to give a soft effect to a photograph by covering the negative while printing with a ground-glass plate: to depolish.--_v.i._ to grow or become gray.--_n._ GRAY'BEARD, one with a gray beard--hence an old man: a coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors, a bellarmine.--_adjs._ GRAY'-COAT'ED (_Shak._), having a gray coat; GRAY'-EYED (_Shak._), having gray eyes.--_n._ GRAY'-FLY (_Milt._), the trumpet or gad fly.--_adjs._ GRAY'-HAIRED, GRAY'-HEAD'ED, having gray hair.--_n._ GRAY'HOUND (same as GREYHOUND).--_adj._ GRAY'ISH, somewhat gray.--_ns._ GRAY'-LAG, the common gray or wild goose; GRAY'LING, a silvery gray fish of the salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and teeth, and larger scales.--_adv._ GRAY'LY.--_ns._ GRAY'NESS; GRAY'-OWL, the common tawny owl; GRAY'STONE, a grayish or greenish volcanic rock allied to basalt; GRAYWETH'ER (see GREYWETHER).--GRAY MARE (see MARE). [A.S. _gr['æ]g_; allied to Ger. _grau_, and L. _ravus_, tawny.] GRAYWACKE, GREYWACKE, grä'wak-e, _n._ a kind of sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. [Ger. _grauwacke_--_grau_, gray, _wacke_, a flint.] GRAZE, gr[=a]z, _v.t._ to eat or feed on grass: to feed or supply with grass: (_obs._) to tend while grazing.--_v.i._ to eat grass: to supply grass.--_ns._ GRAZ'ER, an animal which grazes; GRAZIER (gr[=a]'zh[.e]r), one who grazes or pastures cattle and rears them for the market; GRAZ'ING, the act of feeding on grass: the feeding or raising of cattle. [From _grass_.] GRAZE, gr[=a]z, _v.t._ to pass lightly along the surface. [Ety. dub.; perh. only a special use of _graze_ above; perh. coined from _rase_ (Fr. _raser_), the initial _g_ due to the analogy of _grate_.] GREASE, gr[=e]s, _n._ soft thick animal fat: oily matter of any kind: an inflammation in the heels of a horse, marked by swelling, &c.--_v.t._ (sometimes pron. gr[=e]z) to smear with grease, to lubricate--also used figuratively, to cause to go easily: (_obs._) to bribe--as in to 'grease the palm.'--_adv._ GREAS'ILY.--_n._ GREAS'INESS.--_adj._ GREAS'Y, of or like grease or oil: smeared with grease: smooth: fat. [O. Fr. _gresse_, fatness, _gras_, fat--L. _crassus_, gross.] GREAT, gr[=a]t, _adj._ large: long continued: superior: distinguished: highly gifted: noble: mighty: sublime: of high rank: chief: proud, arrogant: weighty: difficult: important: pregnant, teeming: indicating one degree more remote in the direct line of descent, as GREAT'-GRAND'FATHER, GREAT'-GRAND'SON.--_adj._ GREAT'-BEL'LIED (_Shak._), pregnant.--_n._ GREAT'COAT, an overcoat.--_v.t._ GREAT'EN (_Browning_), to make great.--_v.i._ to become great.--_ns._ GREAT'-GRAND'CHILD, the child of a grandchild; GREAT'-GRAND'MOTHER, the mother of a grand-parent.--_adj._ GREAT'-HEART'ED, having a great or noble heart: high-spirited: noble.--_adv._ GREAT'LY.--_ns._ GREAT'NESS; GREAT'-PRIM'ER (see PRIMER); GREATS, the final examination in the Honours Schools at Oxford, &c.; GREAT'-UN'CLE, usually grand-uncle, a grandfather's or grandmother's brother.--GREAT DANE, one of a breed of large close-haired dogs from Denmark, a boar-hound; GREAT POWERS, the chief countries of Europe--France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austro-Hungary; GREAT SCHISM, the division between the Latin and Greek Churches, begun in the 9th century, and culminating in 1054; GREAT SEA, the Mediterranean; GREAT UNWASHED, an absurd term sometimes applied to the working classes generally.--GREATER BRITAIN, the whole colonial empire of Great Britain.--THE GREAT, people of rank. [A.S. _greát_; Dut. _groot_, Ger. _gross_; perh. allied to _grand_, _gross_, _grow_.] GREAVE, gr[=e]v, _n._ (_Spens._) a groove, a grove. GREAVE. See GREEVE. GREAVES, gr[=e]vz, _n.pl._ the sediment of melted tallow pressed into cakes for dogs' food.--Also GRAVES. [Prov. Sw. _grevar_, tallow-leavings; cf. Ger. _griebe_.] GREAVES, gr[=e]vz, _n.pl._ ancient armour for the legs, of leather, &c. [O. Fr. _greves_--_greve_, shin-bone.] GREBE, gr[=e]b, _n._ an aquatic bird, having a long conical beak, short wings, and no tail. [Fr. _grèbe_; from Celt., as in Bret. _krib_, a comb, W. _crib_, crest.] GRECIAN, gr[=e]'shan, _adj._ pertaining to Greece.--_n._ a native of Greece: one well versed in the Greek language and literature: (_B._) a Hellenising Jew, or Jew who spoke Greek: one of the senior boys of Christ's Hospital: (_slang_) an Irish labourer newly over.--_v.t._ GR[=E]'CISE, to make Grecian: to translate into Greek.--_v.i._ to speak Greek.--_n._ GR[=E]'CISM, an idiom of the Greek language.--_adj._ GR[=E]'CO-R[=O]'MAN, of or pertaining to both Greece and Rome, esp. to the art cultivated by Greeks under Roman domination (see also WRESTLING).--GRECIAN BEND, a foolish mode of walking with a slight bend forward, at one time affected by a few women who fondly thought to imitate the pose of a figure like the Venus of Milo. [Fr. _Grec_--L. _Græcus_--Gr. _Graikos_.] GRECQUE, grek, _n._ a vessel with a perforated bottom for making coffee without grounds: a Greek fret. GREE, gr[=e], _n._ (_Spens._) good-will, favour: the prize of the day.--_v.i._ (_Shak._) to agree. [O. Fr. _gre_--L. _gratus_, pleasing. See AGREE.] GREE, gr[=e], _n._ degree, rank: a step:--_pl._ GREES, GRECE, GRESE, steps--in turn used as a sing. and spelt GREECE, GREESE, GRIECE, GRIZE, a flight of steps, a staircase, a degree (GREES'ING, GRES'SING, and even GR[=E]'CIAN are obs. forms).--_adj._ GRIECED, having steps. [O. Fr. _gre_--L. _gradus_. See GRADE.] GREEDY, gr[=e]d'i, _adj._ having a voracious appetite: covetous: eagerly desirous.--_n._ GREED, an eager desire or longing: covetousness.--_adv._ GREED'ILY.--_n._ GREED'INESS. [A.S. _gr['æ]dig_; Dut. _gretig_.] GREEK, gr[=e]k, _adj._ Grecian.--_n._ a Grecian: the language of Greece: (_B._) a Greek by race, or more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew, a Hellenising Jew, a Jew naturalised in foreign countries: a cunning rogue, a merry fellow: any language of which one is ignorant, jargon, anything unintelligible.--_adj._ GREEK'ISH.--GREEK ARCHITECTURE, the orders developed in ancient Greece (Corinthian, Doric, Ionic); GREEK CHURCH, the church of those Christians who follow the ancient rite of the East and accept the first seven councils, rejecting all later innovations and papal supremacy--it is called Orthodox by reason of its vindications of dogma, and Eastern from its geographical distribution; GREEK CROSS (see CROSS); GREEK FIRE, a composition, burning either in or under water, supposed to have been made of asphalt, nitre, and sulphur, long kept secret by the Greeks of the Byzantine empire for their exclusive use in war; GREEK GIFT, a treacherous gift (from Virgil's _Æneid_, ii. 49).--AT THE GREEK CALENDS, never, the Greeks having no calends. GREEN, gr[=e]n, _adj._ of the colour of growing plants: growing: vigorous: new: unripe: inexperienced, simple, raw, easily imposed on: young.--_n._ the colour of growing plants: a small green or grassy plat, esp. that common to a village or town for public or merely ornamental purposes: the plot of grass belonging to a house or group of houses, usually at the back: (_golf_) the whole links on which the game is played, the putting-ground round the individual holes, generally counted as 20 yards from the hole all round: (_pl._) fresh leaves: wreaths: the leaves and stems of green vegetables for food, esp. plants of the cabbage kind, spinach, &c.: a political party at Constantinople, under Justinian, opposed to the Blues.--_ns._ GREEN'BACK, popular name for the paper money first issued by the United States in 1862; GREEN'-CLOTH, a gaming-table: a department of the royal household, chiefly concerned with the commissariat--from the green cloth on the table round which its officials sat; GREEN'-CROP, a crop of green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, &c.; GREEN'-EARTH, a mineral of a green colour and earthy character, used as a pigment by painters in water-colours; GREEN'ERY, green plants: verdure.--_adj._ GREEN'-EYED, having green eyes: (_fig._) jealous--GREEN-EYED MONSTER, jealousy.--_ns._ GREEN'FINCH, GREEN LINNET, a native bird of the finch family, of a green colour, slightly mixed with gray and brown; GREEN'GROCER, a grocer or dealer who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits; GREEN'-HAND, an inferior sailor; GREEN'-HEART, or _Bebeeru_, a very hard variety of wood found in the West Indies and South America; GREEN'HORN, a raw, inexperienced youth; GREEN'HOUSE, a building, chiefly covered with glass and artificially heated, for the protection of exotic plants, or to quicken the cultivation of other plants or fruit; GREEN'ING (_Keats_), a becoming green: a kind of apple green when ripe.--_adj._ GREEN'ISH, somewhat green.--_n._ GREEN'ISHNESS.--_adv._ GREEN'LY, immaturely, unskilfully.--_ns._ GREEN'NESS; GREEN'ROOM, the retiring-room of actors in a theatre, which originally had the walls coloured green; GREEN'SAND, a sandstone in which green specks of iron occur; GREEN'SHANK, a bird of the snipe family, in the same genus as the redshank and some of the sandpipers; GREEN'-SICK'NESS, chlorosis (see under CHLORINE); GREEN'-SNAKE, a harmless colubrine snake common in the southern United States; GREEN'STONE, a rock term, now disused, for any dark-green basic crystalline (trap-rock); GREEN'SWARD, sward or turf green with grass; GREEN'-TEA (see TEA); GREENTH, greenness, verdure; GREEN'-TUR'TLE (see TURTLE); GREEN'-VIT'RIOL (see VIT'RIOL); GREEN'-WEED, a name given to certain half-shrubby species of genista; GREEN'WOOD, a wood or collection of trees covered with leaves: wood newly cut--also used as an _adj._, as in 'the greenwood shade.'--_adj._ GREEN'Y.--GREEN IN MY EYE, in a colloquial question=Do I look credulous or easily imposed on?--GREEN, or EMERALD, ISLE, IRELAND.--GREENSTICK FRACTURE (see FRACTURE). [A.S. _gréne_; Ger. _grün_, Dut. _groen_, green, Ice. _grænn_, allied to _grow_.] GREENGAGE, gr[=e]n'g[=a]j, _n._ a green and very sweet variety of plum. [Said to be named from Sir W. _Gage_ of Hengrave Hall, near Bury, before 1725.] GREESE, GREESING. See GREE (2). GREET, gr[=e]t, _v.t._ to salute or address with kind wishes: to send kind wishes to: to congratulate.--_v.i._ to meet and salute:--_pr.p._ greet'ing; _pa.p._ greet'ed.--_n._ GREET'ING, expression of kindness or joy: salutation. [A.S. _grétan_, to go to meet; Dut. _groeten_, Ger. _grüssen_, to salute.] GREET, gr[=e]t, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to cry, weep.--_adj._ GREET'ING, mournful.--_n._ weeping. [A.S. _gr['æ]tan_; Goth. _gretan_.] GREEVE, gr[=e]v, _n._ (_Scot._) a reeve, a steward.--Also GREAVE, GRIEVE. [Not like _reeve_ from A.S. _geréfa_; but from Ice. _greifi_; cf. Ger. _graf_.] GREFFIER, gref'ier, _n._ a registrar, a prothonotary. [Fr.] GREGARIOUS, gre-g[=a]'ri-us, _adj._ associating or living in flocks and herds.--_adj._ GREG[=A]'RIAN.--_n._ GREG[=A]-RIANISM.--_adv._ GREG[=A]'RIOUSLY.--_n._ GREG[=A]'RIOUSNESS. [L. _gregarius_--_grex_, _gregis_, a flock.] GREGORIAN, gre-g[=o]'ri-an, _adj._ belonging to or established by Pope _Gregory_; as the Gregorian chant or tones, introduced by Gregory I. (6th century), and the calendar, reformed by Gregory XIII. (1582): one of an 18th-century English brotherhood. GREIT, gr[=e]t. Same as GREET (2). GREMIAL, gr[=e]'mi-al, _n._ a piece of cloth laid on a bishop's knees to keep his vestments clean from oil at ordinations. [Fr.,--L. _gremium_, the lap.] GRENADE, gre-n[=a]d', _n._ a small shell of iron or annealed glass, filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown from the hand, or with a shovel over a parapet. [Fr.,--Sp. _granada_--L. _granatus_, full of seeds--_granum_, a grain, seed.] GRENADIER, gren-a-d[=e]r', _n._ (_orig._) a soldier who threw grenades: then, a member of the first company of every battalion of foot: now only used as the title of the first three battalions of the foot-guards. GRENADINE, gren-a-d[=e]n', _n._ a thin kind of silk used for ladies' dresses, shawls, &c. [Fr.] GRESSORIAL, gres-[=o]'ri-al, _adj._ adapted for walking, belonging to the _Gressoria_, a sub-order of orthopterous insects with slender bodies and long legs. [L. _gressus_, pa.p. of _gradi_, to walk.] GRETNA, gret'na.--GRETNA-GREEN MARRIAGE, a runaway marriage across the Border to _Gretna_ in Dumfriesshire. GRÈVE, gr[=a]v, _n._ the Tyburn of ancient Paris. GREVES, gr[=e]vz, _n.pl._ (_Milt._) armour for the legs--a form of _greaves_. GREW, gr[=oo], _pa.t._ of _grow_. GREY, gr[=a]. Same as GRAY.--GREY FRIARS (see FRIAR); GREY HEN, a stone bottle for holding liquor; GREYS=_Scots Greys_ (see SCOT). GREYHOUND, gr[=a]'hownd, _n._ a tall and slender dog, kept for the chase, with great powers of speed and great keenness of sight. [M. E. _greihund_; Ice. _greyhundr_--Ice. _grey_, a dog, _hundr_, a hound.] GREYWETHER, gr[=a]-we_th_'er, _n._ a large block of hard sandstone found sporadically over south and south-east England.--Also GRAYWETH'ER, but not _Grayweather_. [_Gray_ and _wether_--i.e. 'gray ram.'] GRICE, gr[=i]s, _n._ a little pig.--Also GRISE. [Ice.] GRIDDLE, grid'l, _n._ a flat iron plate for baking cakes. [O. Fr. _gredil_, _grëil_--Low L. _craticulum_, dim. of _cratis_, a hurdle.] GRIDE, gr[=i]d, _v.t._ to cut with a grating sound, to pierce harshly: to grate, jar upon:--_pr.p._ gr[=i]d'ing; _pa.p._ gr[=i]d'ed.--_n._ a harsh grating sound. [_Gird._] GRIDELIN, grid'e-lin, _n._ a kind of violet-gray colour. [Fr. _gris de lin_, gray of flax.] GRIDIRON, grid'[=i]-urn, _n._ a frame of iron bars for broiling flesh or fish over the fire: a frame of wood or iron cross-beams to support a ship during repairs.--_v.t._ to cover with parallel bars or lines.--_n._ GRID, a grating of parallel bars: a gridiron: (_elect._) a battery-plate somewhat like a grating, esp. a zinc plate in a primary battery, or a lead plate in a secondary or storage battery. [M. E. _gredire_, a griddle. From the same source as _griddle_; but the term. -_ire_ became confused with M. E. _ire_, iron.] GRIECE. See GREE (2). GRIEF, gr[=e]f, _n._ heaviness of heart: sorrow: regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: affliction: (_B._) bodily as well as mental pain.--_adjs._ GRIEF'FUL (_Spens._), full of grief; GRIEF'LESS, sorrowless; GRIEF'SHOT (_Shak._), pierced with grief. [Fr.,--L. _gravis_, heavy.] GRIEVE. See GREEVE. GRIEVE, gr[=e]v, _v.t._ to cause grief or pain of mind to: to make sorrowful: to vex: (_B._) also to inflict bodily pain.--_v.i._ to feel grief: to mourn.--_n._ GRIEV'ANCE, cause of grief: burden: hardship: injury: grief.--_adv._ GRIEV'INGLY (_Shak._), in sorrow, sorrowfully.--_adj._ GRIEV'OUS, causing grief: burdensome: painful: atrocious: hurtful.--_adv._ GRIEV'OUSLY, in a grievous manner: (_B._) severely.--_n._ GRIEV'OUSNESS. [O. Fr. _grever_--L. _grav[=a]re_, _gravis_, heavy.] GRIFFIN, grif'in, GRIFFON, grif'un, _n._ an imaginary animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings of an eagle: a new-comer in India, a novice: a watchful guardian, esp. over a young woman: a duenna.--_adj._ GRIFF'INISH.--_n._ GRIFF'INISM. [Fr. _griffon_--L. _gryphus_--Gr. _gryps_--_grypos_, hook-nosed.] GRIG, grig, _n._ a cricket, grasshopper: a small lively eel, the sand-eel. [Prob. a form of _crick_, in _cricket_.] GRILL, gril, _v.t._ to broil on a gridiron: to torment.--_v.i._ to undergo torment, to be in a broil.--_n._ a grated appliance for broiling meat, &c., a gridiron.--_ns._ GRILL'[=A]DE, anything grilled or broiled on a gridiron; GRILL'[=A]GE, a construction of cross-beams supporting an erection on marshy grounds.--_adj._ GRILLED, embossed with small rectangular indentations.--_n._ GRILL'-ROOM, a restaurant, where beefsteaks, &c., are grilled to one's order. [Fr. _griller_--_gril_, a gridiron--L. _craticula_, dim. of _cratis_, a grate.] GRILLE, gril, _n._ a lattice, or grating, or screen, or open-work of metal, generally used to enclose or protect a window, shrine, &c.: a grating in a convent or jail door. [Fr. See GRILL.] GRILSE, grils, _n._ a young salmon on its first return from salt water. [Skeat suggests a corr. of Dan. _graalax_, Sw. _grålax_, 'gray salmon,' from Dan. _graa_, Sw. _grå_, gray; and Dan., Sw., Ice. _lax_, Ger. _lachs_, a salmon. Others suggest Ir. _greal sach_.] GRIM, grim, _adj._ of forbidding aspect: ferocious: ghastly: sullen: stern, unyielding.--_adv._ GRIM'LY.--_n._ GRIM'NESS. [A.S. _grim_; Ger. _grimmig_--_grimm_, fury, Dut. _grimmig_, Ice. _grimmr_.] GRIMACE, gri-m[=a]s', _n._ a distortion of the face, in jest, &c.: a smirk.--_v.i._ to make grimaces.--_adj._ GRIMACED', with a grimace: distorted. [Fr.; of uncertain origin, perh. from Ice. _gríma_, a mask.] GRIMALKIN, gri-mal'kin, _n._ an old cat, a cat generally. [_Gray_, and _malkin_, a dim. of _Moll_=Mary.] GRIME, gr[=i]m, _n._ ingrained dirt.--_v.t._ to soil deeply.--_adv._ GRIM'ILY.--_n._ GRIM'INESS.--_adjs._ GRIM'-LOOKED (_Shak._), having a grim or dismal aspect; GRIM'Y, foul, dirty. [From a Teut. root seen in Dan. _grim_, soot, Fris. _grime_, a dark spot on the face.] GRIMM'S LAW. See LAW. GRIN, grin, _v.i._ to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips: to smile with some accompanying distortion of the features, expressive of derision, stupid admiration, &c.--_v.t._ to express by grinning:--_pr.p._ grin'ning; _pa.p._ grinned.--_n._ act of grinning: a forced or sardonic smile.--_p.adj._ GRIN'NING, making grins. [A.S. _grennian_; Ice. _grenja_, Ger. _greinen_, Dut. _grijnen_, to grumble, Scot. _girn_; allied to Eng. _groan_, Fr. _grogner_.] GRIN, grin, _n._ a snare or trap. [A.S. _grín_.] GRIND, gr[=i]nd, _v.t._ to reduce to powder by friction: to wear down or sharpen by rubbing: to rub together: to oppress or harass: to set in motion by a crank.--_v.i._ to be moved or rubbed together: to drudge at any tedious task: to read hard:--_pr.p._ gr[=i]nd'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ ground.--_n._ hard or distasteful work: laborious study for a special examination, &c.--_ns._ GRIND'ER, he who, or that which, grinds: a double or jaw tooth that grinds food: a coach or crammer of students for examination: a hard student; GRIND'ERY, a place where knives, &c., are ground, or where they are sold: shoemakers' materials; GRIND'ING, act or process of reducing to powder.--_p.adj._ harassing.--_n._ GRIND'STONE, a circular revolving stone for grinding or sharpening tools.--KEEP ONE'S NOSE TO THE GRINDSTONE, to subject one to severe continuous toil or punishment.--TAKE A GRINDER (_Dickens_), to put the left thumb to the nose, and to work a visionary coffee-mill round it with the right--a gesture of contempt. [A.S. _grindan_.] GRINGO, gring'g[=o], _n._ an Englishman or American among Spanish-speaking Americans. [Sp. 'gibberish,' prob. _Griego_, Greek.] GRIP, grip, _n._ a small ditch or trench, a drain.--Also GRIPE. [M. E. _grip_, _grippe_; cf. Low Ger. _gruppe_.] GRIP, grip, _n._ grasp or firm hold with the hand, &c.: the handle or part by which anything is grasped: a mode of grasping, a particular mode of grasping hands for mutual recognition, as by Freemasons: a clutching device connecting a car with a moving traction-cable: oppression: pinching distress.--_v.t._ to take fast hold of, to grasp or gripe:--_pr.p._ grip'ping; _pa.p._ gripped, gript.--_v.t._ GR[=I]PE, to grasp with the hand: to seize and hold fast: to squeeze: to give pain to the bowels.--_n._ fast hold, grasp: forcible retention: a griffin: a usurer: (_pl._) severe spasmodic pain in the intestines.--_n._ GR[=I]P'ER.--_p.adj._ GR[=I]P'ING, avaricious: of a pain that catches or seizes acutely.--_adv._ GR[=I]P'INGLY, in a griping or oppressive manner.--_ns._ GRIPPE, influenza or epidemic catarrh; GRIP'PER, one who, or that which, grips.--_adj._ GRIP'PLE (_Spens._), griping, grasping: greedy.--_n._ a gripe.--_n._ GRIP'-SACK, a hand-satchel.--LOSE ONE'S GRIP, to lose hold or control. [A.S. _grípan_, _grap_, _gripen_; Ice. _grípa_, Ger. _grei'fen_, Dut. _grijpen_; allied to grab.] GRIQUA, grek'wa, _n._ one of a mixed race in South Africa, descended from Boer fathers and Hottentot or Bush women. GRISAILLE, gr[=e]-z[=a]l', _n._ a style of decorative painting in grayish tints in imitation of bas-reliefs: a stained-glass window in this style. [Fr.,--_gris_, gray.] GRIS-AMBER, gris'-am'b[.e]r, _n._ (_Milt._)--ambergris. GRISE, GRIZE. See GREE (_2_). GRISELDA, gris-el'da, _n._ a woman of exemplary gentleness and patience, from the name of the heroine of a tale retold by Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Chaucer (_Clerkes Tale_). GRISEOUS, gris'[=e]-us, _adj._ bluish-gray. GRISETTE, gri-zet', _n._ a gay young Frenchwoman of the lower class. [Fr. _grisette_, a gray gown, which used to be worn by that class--_gris_, gray.] GRISKIN, gris'kin, _n._ (_prov._) the spine of a hog. [Obs. _gris_, _grice_, a pig--Ice. _griss_, a young pig.] GRISLED, griz'ld. Same as GRIZZLED. GRISLY, griz'li, _adj._ frightful: hideous.--_n._ GRIS'LINESS. [A.S. _gryslíc_, _ágrísan_, to dread; Ger. _grässlich_.] GRIST, grist, _n._ corn for grinding at one time: supply: profit.--_n._ GRIST'-MILL, a mill for grinding grain.--Bring grist to the mill, to be a source of profit. [A.S. _grist_, _gerst_, a grinding; from root of _grind_.] GRISTLE, gris'l, _n._ a soft elastic substance in animal bodies--also called _Cartilage_.--_n._ GRIST'LINESS.--_adj._ GRIST'LY. [A.S. _gristle_--_grist_, grinding.] GRIT, grit, _n._ the coarse part of meal: gravel: a kind of hard sandstone: firmness of character, spirit: (_pl._) oats coarsely ground, groats.--_ns._ GRIT'STONE; GRIT'TINESS.--_adj._ GRIT'TY, having hard particles: sandy: determined, plucky. [A.S. _greót_; Dut. _grut_, groats, Ger. _gries_, gravel.] GRIT, grit, a Scotch form of _great_. GRIZE. See GREE (2). GRIZZLE, griz'l, _n._ a gray colour.--_adjs._ GRIZZ'LED, gray, or mixed with gray; GRIZZ'LY, of a gray colour.--_n._ the grizzly bear (_Ursus horribilis_) of the Rocky Mountains. [M. E. _grisel_--Fr. _gris_, gray--Mid. High Ger. _grís_, gray, Ger. _greis_.] GROAN, gr[=o]n, _v.i._ to utter a moaning sound in distress: (_fig._) to be afflicted: to express disapprobation of a speaker by means of audible groans or similar sounds.--_n._ a deep moaning sound as of distress: a sound of disapprobation.--_adj._ GROAN'FUL (_Spens._), sad, agonising.--_n._ GROAN'ING, a deep moan as of pain: any low rumbling sound. [A.S. _gránian_.] GROAT, grawt, or gr[=o]t, _n._ an English silver coin, worth fourpence--only coined after 1662 as Maundy money--the silver fourpenny-piece, coined from 1836-56, was not called a groat: a very small sum, proverbially. [Old Low Ger. _grote_, a coin of Bremen--orig. _grote sware_, 'great pennies,' as compared with the smaller copper coins, five to the groat.] GROATS, gr[=o]ts, _n.pl._ the grain of oats deprived of the husks. [M. E. _grotes_, prob. Ice. _grautr_, barley; cog. with A.S. _grút_, coarse meal.] GROBIAN, gr[=o]'bi-an, _n._ a boorish rude fellow. [Ger. _grob_, coarse; cf. _gruff_--Dut. _grof_.] GROCER, gr[=o]s'[.e]r, _n._ a dealer in tea, sugar, &c.--_n._ GROC'ERY (generally used in _pl._), articles sold by grocers. [Earlier _grosser_ or _engrosser_, a wholesale dealer; O. Fr. _grossier_--_gros_, great.] GROG, grog, _n._ a mixture of spirits and cold water, without sugar.--_ns._ GROG'-BLOSS'OM, a redness of the nose due to drinking; GROG'GERY (_U.S._), a low public-house; GROG'GINESS, state of being groggy; GROG'GING, extracting the spirit from the wood of empty spirit-casks with water.--_adj._ GROG'GY, affected by grog, partially intoxicated: (_boxing_) weak and staggering from blows: applied to a horse that bears wholly on his heels in trotting.--_n._ GROG'-SHOP, a dram-shop. [From 'Old Grog,' the nickname of Admiral Vernon, who introduced it about 1745--from his _grogram_ breeches.] GROGRAM, grog'ram, _n._ a kind of coarse cloth of silk and mohair. [O. Fr. _grosgrain_.] GROIN, groin, _n._ the part of the body on either side of the belly where the thigh joins the trunk: (_archit._) the angular curve formed by the crossing of two arches.--_v.t._ to form into groins, to build in groins.--_n._ GROIN'-CEN'TRING, the centring of timber during construction.--_adj._ GROINED, having angular curves made by the intersection of two arches.--_n._ GROIN'ING.--UNDERPITCH GROINING, a kind of vaulting used when the main vault of a groined roof is higher than the transverse intersecting vault, as in St George's Chapel, Windsor--sometimes called _Welsh groining_. [Ice. _grein_, division, branch--greina, to divide; Sw. _gren_, branch, space between the legs; Scot. _graine_, _grane_, the branch of a tree or river.] GROIN, groin, _v.i._ (_obs._) to grunt, to growl. [O. Fr. _grogner_--L. _grunn[=i]re_, to grunt.] GROLIER, gr[=o]'lye, _n._ a book or a binding from the library of the French bibliophile, Jean _Grolier_ (1479-1565).--_adj._ GROLIERESQUE', after the style of Grolier's bindings, with geometrical or arabesque figures and leaf-sprays in gold lines. GROMMET, grom'et, _n._ a ring formed of a single strand of rope, laid in three times round, fastening the upper edge of a sail to its stay: a ship-boy. [O. Fr.] GROMWELL, grom'wel, _n._ a herb of the borage family. [O. Fr. _grumel_--L. _grumulus_, a hillock.] GROOM, gr[=oo]m, _n._ one who has the charge of horses: a title of several officers of the royal household: a bridegroom.--_v.t._ to tend, as a horse.--_n._ GROOMS'MAN, the attendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. [Prob. from A.S. _guma_ (in bride_groom_), a man, Goth. _guma_, Ice. _gumi_, L. _homo_.] GROOVE, gr[=oo]v, _n._ a furrow, or long hollow, such as is cut with a tool.--_v.t._ to grave or cut a groove or furrow in. [Prob. Dut. _groef_, _groeve_, a furrow; cog. with Ger. _grube_, a pit, Ice. _gróf_, Eng. _grave_.] GROPE, gr[=o]p, _v.i._ to search for something, as if blind or in the dark.--_v.t._ to search by feeling.--_adv._ GROP'INGLY, in a groping manner. [A.S. _grápian_, to seize; allied to _grab_, _gripe_.] GROSBEAK, gr[=o]s'b[=e]k, _n._ a name applied to not a few highly specialised finches (_Fringillidæ_), with thick, heavy, seed-crushing bills--also to many other birds, as the cardinal grosbeaks and the rose-breasted grosbeak. [_Gross_ and _beak_.] GROSCHEN, gr[=o]'shen, _n._ a small silver coin till 1873-76 current in the north of Germany, in value 1/30th of a thaler. [Ger.,--L. _grossus_, thick.] GROSER, gr[=o]'ser, _n._ (_prov._) a gooseberry--(_Scot._) GROS'SART.--_adj._ GROSSUL[=A]'CEOUS, pertaining to the gooseberry. [See GOOSEBERRY.] GROSS, gr[=o]s, _adj._ coarse: rough: dense: palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: coarse in mind: stupid: sensual: obscene.--_n._ the main bulk: the whole taken together: a great hundred--i.e. twelve dozen.--_adv._ GROSS'LY.--_n._ GROSS'NESS.--IN GROSS, in bulk, wholesale. [Fr. _gros_--L. _grossus_, thick.] GROTESQUE, gr[=o]-tesk', _adj._ extravagantly formed: ludicrous.--_n._ (_art_) extravagant ornament, containing animals, plants, &c. not really existing.--_adv._ GROTESQUE'LY.--_ns._ GROTESQUE'NESS; GROTESQU'ERY. [Fr. _grotesque_--It. _grotesca_--_grotta_, a grotto.] GROTIAN, gr[=o]'shi-an, _adj._ of or pertaining to Hugo _Grotius_ (1583-1645), the Latinised form of Huig van _Groot_, founder of the science of international law.--GROTIAN THEORY, the theory that man is essentially a social being, and that the principles of justice are of perpetual obligation and in harmony with his nature; GROTIAN, or GOVERNMENTAL, THEORY OF THE ATONEMENT, a divine acquittal for Christ's sake, rather than a real satisfaction on the part of Christ. GROTTO, grot'[=o], _n._ a cave: a place of shade, for pleasure--also GROT:--_pl._ GROTT'OS--_n._ GROTT'O-WORK, a grotto-like structure. [It. _grotta_ (Fr. _grotte_)--L. _crypta_--Gr. _krypt[=e]_, a crypt.] GROUND, grownd, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _grind_. GROUND, grownd, _n._ the surface of the earth: a portion of the earth's surface: land, field, soil: the floor, &c.: position: field or place of action: (_lit._ or _fig._) that on which something is raised: foundation: sufficient reason: (_art_) the surface on which the figures are represented.--_v.t._ to fix on a foundation or principle: to instruct in first principles: to cover with a layer of plaster, &c., as a basis for painting: to coat with a composition, as a surface to be etched.--_v.i._ to strike the bottom and remain fixed.--_ns._ GROUND'AGE, the tax paid by a ship for the space occupied while in port; GROUND'-ANG'LING, fishing without a float, with a weight placed a few inches from the hook--called also _Bottom-fishing_; GROUND'-ASH, a sapling of ash; GROUND'-BAIT, bait dropped to the bottom of the water.--_adv._ GROUND'EDLY (_Browning_), on good grounds.--_ns._ GROUND'ER, at baseball, &c., a ball thrown low rather than rising into the air; GROUND'-FLOOR, the floor of a house on a level with the street or exterior ground; GROUND'-GAME, hares, rabbits, as distinguished from winged game; GROUND'-HOG, the American marmot, or woodchuck: the aardvark of Africa; GROUND'-HOLD (_Spens._), ground-tackle; GROUND-ICE, the ice formed at the bottom of a water first--also AN'CHOR-ICE; GROUND'ING, the background of embroidery, &c.; GROUND'-[=I]'VY, a common British creeping-plant whose leaves were once used for flavouring ale (_gill-ale_ or _gell-ale_).--_adj._ GROUND'LESS, without ground, foundation, or reason.--_adv._ GROUND'LESSLY.--_ns._ GROUND'LESSNESS; GROUND'LING, a fish which keeps near the bottom of the water, esp. the spinous loach: a spectator in the pit of a theatre---hence one of the common herd: (_pl._) the vulgar.--_adj._ (_Lamb_) base.--_ns._ GROUND'-NUT, ground-bean, or pea-nut, the fruit of the annual leguminous plant _Arachis hypogæa_; GROUND'-OAK, a sapling of oak; GROUND'-PLAN, plan of the horizontal section of the lowest or ground story of a building: GROUND'-PLOT, the plot of ground on which a building stands; GROUND'-RENT, rent paid to a landlord for the use of the ground for a specified term, usually in England ninety-nine years.--_n.pl._ GROUNDS, dregs of drink: sediment at the bottom of liquors (explained by Skeat as Celtic--Gael. _grunndas_, lees, _grunnd_, bottom, Ir. _gruntas_, _grunnt_, bottom).--_ns._ GROUND'SELL, GROUND'SILL, the timber of a building which lies next to the ground; GROUND-SQUIRR'EL, the chipmuck or hackee; GROUND'-SWELL, a broad, deep undulation of the ocean, proceeding from a distant storm; GROUND'-TACK'LE, the tackle necessary for securing a vessel at anchor; GROUND'WORK, that which forms the ground or foundation of anything: the basis: the essential part: the first principle.--GROUND ANNUAL, in the law of Scotland, an annual payment, sometimes called a rent-charge, made for land--a substitute for feu-duty.--BE ON ONE'S OWN GROUND, to be dealing with a matter in which one is specially versed; BREAK GROUND, to take the first step in any project; FALL TO THE GROUND, to come to nothing; GAIN GROUND, to advance, to obtain an advantage; GIVE GROUND, to yield advantage; LOSE GROUND, to retire, to lose advantage; SLIPPERY GROUND, an insecure footing; STAND, or HOLD, ONE'S GROUND, to stand firm. [A.S. _grund_; most prob. _grund-en_, pa.p. of _grindan_, and orig. meaning 'earth ground small;' cog. with Ger. _grund_, Ice. _grunnr_.] GROUNDSEL, grownd'sel, _n._ an annual plant, about a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S. _grundeswelge_--_grund_, ground, _swelgan_, to swallow.] GROUP, gr[=oo]p, _n._ a number of persons or things together: a number of individual things related, in some definite way differentiating them from others: (_art_) a combination of figures forming a harmonious whole.--_v.t._ to form into a group or groups.--_v.i._ to fall into harmonious combination.--_n._ GROUP'ING (_art_), the act of disposing and arranging figures or objects in a group. [Fr. _groupe_--It. _groppo_, a bunch, knot--Teut.; cf. Ger. _kropf_, protuberance.] GROUSE, grows, _n._ the heathcock or moorfowl, a plump bird with a short curved bill, short legs, and feathered feet, which frequents Scotch moors and hills--the _Scotch ptarmigan_, _red-grouse_: any bird of the family _Tetraonidæ_, and sub-family _Tetraoninæ_. [Prob. from the older _grice_ (on the analogy of _mouse_, _mice_)--O. Fr. _griesche_, gray.] GROUT, growt, _n._ coarse meal: the sediment of liquor: lees: a thin coarse mortar: a fine plaster for finishing ceilings.--_n._ GROUT'ING, the filling up or finishing with grout: the stuff so used.--_adj._ GROUT'Y, thick, muddy: sulky. [A.S. _grút_, coarse meal; cog. with Dut. _grut_, Ice. _grautr_, porridge, Ger. _grütze_, groats.] GROVE, gr[=o]v, _n._ a wood of small size, generally of a pleasant or ornamental character: an avenue of trees: (_B._) an erroneous translation of _Asherah_, the wooden upright image of the lewdly worshipped goddess Ashtoreth; also of Heb. _eshel_ in Gen. xxi. 33.--GROVES OF ACADEME, the shady walks of the Academy at Athens, any place of learned pursuits. [A.S. _gráf_, a grove--_grafan_, pa.t. _gróf_, to dig.] GROVEL, grov'el, _v.i._ to crawl on the earth, esp. in abject fear, &c.: to be base or mean:--_pr.p._ grov'elling; _pa.p._ grov'elled.--_n._ GROV'ELLER.--_adj._ GROV'ELLING, mean. [Explained by Skeat as due to M. E. _groveling_, flat on the ground, properly an _adv._, also _grofling_--Ice. _grûfa_.] GROW, gr[=o], _v.i._ to become enlarged by a natural process: to advance towards maturity: to increase in size: to develop: to become greater in any way: to extend: to improve: to pass from one state to another: to become.--_v.t._ to cause to grow: to cultivate:--_pa.t._ grew (gr[=oo]); _pa.p._ grown.--_ns._ GROW'ER; GROW'ING; GROWTH, a growing: gradual increase: progress: development: that which has grown: product.--GROW ON, to gain in the estimation of; GROW OUT OF, to issue from, result from: to pass beyond in development, to give up; GROW TO, to advance to; GROW TOGETHER, to become united by growth; GROW UP, to advance in growth, become full-grown; to take root, spring up. [A.S. _grówan_; Ice. _gróa_; conn. with _green_.] GROWL, growl, _v.i._ to utter a deep, murmuring sound like a dog: to grumble surlily.--_v.t._ to express by growling.--_n._ a murmuring, snarling sound, as of an angry dog.--_ns._ GROWL'ER, one who growls: a fish of the Perch family, abundant in North American rivers, so named from the sound it emits: (_slang_) a four-wheeled cab: (_Amer._) a jug or pitcher used for carrying beer; GROWL'ING, grumbling, snarling: a rumbling sound.--_adv._ GROWL'INGLY. [Dut. _grollen_, to grumble; allied to Gr. _gryllizein_, to grunt.] GROYNE, groin, _n._ a wooden breakwater. [GROIN.] GRUB, grub, _v.i._ to dig in the dirt: to be occupied meanly: (_slang_) to eat.--_v.t._ to dig or root out of the ground (generally followed by up): (_slang_) to supply with victuals:--_pr.p._ grub'bing; _pa.p._ grubbed.--_n._ the larva of the beetle, moth, &c.: (_slang_) something to eat.--_n._ GRUB'BER, he who, or that which, grubs: an agricultural implement for grubbing out weeds, &c., or for clearing and stirring up the soil, with obliquely placed _tines_ or teeth set in a frame and moved forward on wheels.--_v.i._ and _v.t._ GRUB'BLE, to grope.--_n._ GRUB'-STREET, a street in London inhabited by booksellers' hacks and shabby writers generally.--_adj._ applied to any mean literary production. [Prob. A.S. _grápian_, to grope.] GRUDGE, gruj, _v.t._ to murmur at: to look upon with envy: to give or take unwillingly.--_v.i._ to show discontent.--_n._ secret enmity or envy: an old cause of quarrel.--_adjs._ GRUDGE'FUL (_Spens._), full of grudge, envious; GRUDG'ING, given to grudge.--_adv._ GRUDG'INGLY, unwillingly. [M. E. _grochen_, _grucchen_--O. Fr. _grocer_, _groucer_, from an imitative root seen in Gr. _gry_, the grunt of a pig; also in _growl_, _grunt_.] GRUEL, gr[=oo]'el, _n._ a thin food made by boiling oatmeal in water. [O. Fr. _gruel_ (Fr. _gruau_), groats--Low L. _grutellum_, dim. of _grutum_, meal--Old Low Ger. _grut_, groats, A.S. _grút_.] GRUESOME, gr[=oo]'sum, _adj._ horrible: fearful: dismal, depressing.--_vs.i._ GRUE, GREW, to shudder: to feel horror or repulsiveness. [Scand.; Dan. _gru_, horror, with suff. _-som_; cf. Dut. _gruwzaam_, Ger. _grausam_.] GRUFF, gruf, _adj._ rough, stern, or abrupt in manner: churlish.--_adv._ GRUFF'LY.--_n._ GRUFF'NESS. [Dut. _grof_; cog. with Sw. _grof_, Ger. _grob_, coarse.] GRUM, grum, _adj._ morose: surly: deep in the throat, as a sound.--_adv._ GRUM'LY.--_n._ GRUM'NESS. [A.S. _grom_; cf. Dan. _grum_.] GRUMBLE, grum'bl, _v.i._ to murmur with discontent: to growl: to rumble.--_n._ the act of grumbling.--_ns._ GRUM'BLER; GRUMBLET[=O]'NIAN, one of the country party as opposed to the court party, after 1689.--_adv._ GRUM'BLINGLY. [Old Dut. _grommelen_, freq. of _grommen_ to mutter.] GRUME, gr[=oo]m, _n._ a thick consistence of fluid: a clot, as of blood.--_adjs._ GRUM'OUS, GRUM'OSE, thick: clotted. [O. Fr. _grume_, a bunch (Fr. _grumeau_, a clot)--L. _grumus_, a little heap.] GRUMPH, grumf, _n._ (_Scot._) a grunt.--_v.i._ to grunt.--_n._ GRUMPH'IE, a sow. GRUMPY, grum'pi, _adj._ surly: dissatisfied: melancholic.--_adv._ GRUM'PILY. [_Grumble_.] GRUNDY, grund'i, MRS, the invisible _censor morum_ who is frequently appealed to in the phrase, 'But what will Mrs Grundy say?' in Thomas Morton's play, _Speed the Plough_ (1800). GRUNT, grunt, _v.i._ to make a sound like a pig: to utter guttural sounds.--_n._ a short, guttural sound, as of a hog.--_ns._ GRUNT'ER; GRUNT'ING.--_adv._ GRUNT'INGLY. [M. E. _grunten_--A.S. _grunian_; cf. Ger. _grunzen_, L._ grunn[=i]re_; all imit.] GRUTCH, gruch, _v.t._ or _v.i._ (_Spens._) to grudge. GRUYÈRE, gr[=oo]-y[=a]r', _n._ a famous whole-milk cheese, made at _Gruyère_ and many other places in the canton of Freiburg, Switzerland. GRYDE, gr[=i]d, _v.i._ (_Spens._) to gride. GRYFON, GRYPHON, grif'on, _n._ obsolete forms of _griffin_.--Also GRYPE. GRYPOSIS, gri-p[=o]'sis, _n._ a curvature, esp. of the nails. GRYSIE, gr[=i]z'i, _adj._ (_Spens._) grisly: squalid: moist. GUACHARO, gwä'chä-r[=o], _n._ the oil-bird, a South American nocturnal frugivorous goatsucker. [Sp.] GUACHO, gwä'k[=o], _n._ a tropical American climbing composite: the medicinal substance in the leaves. GUAIACUM, gw[=a]'ya-kum, _n._ a genus of trees in the West Indies, that yield a greenish resin used in medicine. [Sp. _guayaco_, from a Haytian word.] GUAN, gwän, _n._ the yacou, a South American genus of large arboreal game-birds, giving loud cries. GUANACO, gwä-nä'ko, _n._ a cameloid ruminant widely spread in South America. GUANO, gwä'n[=o], _n._ the long-accumulated excrement of certain sea-fowl, found on certain coasts and islands, esp. about South America, much used for manure.--_adj._ GUANIF'EROUS.--_n._ GUÄ'NIN, a yellowish-white, amorphous substance, a constituent of guano, also of the liver and pancreas of mammals. [Sp. _guano_, or _huano_, from Peruv. _huanu_, dung.] GUARANA, gwä-rä'na, _n._ a paste prepared from the pounded seeds of _Paullinia sorbilis_, a climbing Brazilian shrub, made in round or oblong cakes--_Guarana Bread_. GUARANTEE, gar-an-t[=e]', GUARANTY, gar'an-ti, _n._ a warrant or surety: a contract to see performed what another has undertaken: the person who makes such a contract, one responsible for the performance of some action, the truth of some statement, &c.--_v.t._ to undertake that another shall perform certain engagements: to make sure:--_pr.p._ guarantee'ing; _pa.p._ guaranteed'.--_n._ GUAR'ANTOR, one who makes a guaranty.--GUARANTEE ASSOCIATIONS, joint-stock companies on the insurance principle, which become security for the integrity of cashiers, &c. [O. Fr. _garantie_, pa.p. of _garantir_, to warrant--_garant_, warrant. See WARRANT.] GUARD, gärd, _v.t._ to ward, watch, or take care of: to protect from danger or attack: to protect the edge of, as by an ornamental border.--_v.i._ to watch: to be wary.--_n._ that which guards from danger: a man or body of men stationed to protect: one who has charge of a coach or railway-train: state of caution: posture of defence: part of the hilt of a sword: a watch-chain: (_pl._) troops attached to the person of a sovereign: (_cricket_) the pads which protect the legs from swift balls.--_adj._ GUARD'ABLE.--_n._ GUARD'AGE (_Shak._), wardship.--_adjs._ GUARD'ANT (_her._), having the face turned towards the beholder; GUARD'ED, wary: cautious: uttered with caution.--_adv._ GUARD'EDLY.--_ns._ GUARD'EDNESS; GUARD'HOUSE, GUARD'ROOM, a house or room for the accommodation of a guard of soldiers, where defaulters are confined; GUARD'IAN, one who guards or takes care of: (_law_) one who has the care of an orphan minor.--_adj._ protecting.--_n._ GUARD'IANSHIP.--_adj._ GUARD'LESS, without a guard: defenceless.--_ns._ GUARD'SHIP, a ship of war that superintends marine affairs in a harbour and protects it: (_Swift_) guardianship; GUARDS'MAN, a soldier of the guards.--GUARDIAN ANGEL, an angel supposed to watch over a particular person: a person specially devoted to the interests of another.--MOUNT GUARD, to go on guard-duty; ON, or OFF, ONE'S GUARD, on the watch, or the opposite; RUN THE GUARD, to get past a guard or sentinel without detection. [O. Fr. _garder_--Old High Ger. _warten_; A.S. _weardian_, Eng. _ward_.] GUARISH, g[=a]r'ish, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to heal. [O. Fr. _guarir_ (Fr. _guérir_), to heal.] GUAVA, gwä'va, _n._ a genus of trees and shrubs of tropical America, with yellow, pear-shaped fruit made into jelly. [Sp. _guayaba_--Braz.] GUBBINS, gub'ins, _n.pl._ a half-savage race in Devonshire, described by the pastoral poet William Browne and by Fuller in his _Worthies_. GUBERNATION, g[=u]-b[.e]r-n[=a]'shun, _n._ government, rule.--_adj._ GUBERNAT[=O]'RIAL. [L. _gubern[=a]re_, govern.] GUDDLE, gud'l _v.t._ (_Scot._) to catch fish with the hands by groping under the stones or banks of a stream. GUDGEON, guj'un, _n._ a genus of small, carp-like fishes common in the fresh waters of Europe--easily caught: a person easily cheated.--_adj._ foolish.--_v.t._ to impose on, cheat. [O. Fr. _goujon_--L. _gobion-em_--Gr. _k[=o]bios_. See GOBY.] GUDGEON, guj'un, _n._ the bearing of a shaft, esp. when made of a separate piece: a metallic journal-piece let into the end of a wooden shaft: a pin. [O. Fr. _goujon_, the pin of a pulley.] GUE, g[=u], _n._ a rude kind of violin used in Shetland. GUEBRE, GUEBER, g[=e]'b[.e]r, _n._ a follower of the ancient Persian religion as reformed by Zoroaster. [Pers. _gabr_; see GIAOUR; cf. Ar. _kafir_, unbeliever.] GUELDER-ROSE, gel'd[.e]r-r[=o]z, _n._ a species of _Viburnum_ with large white ball-shaped flowers--also called _Snowball-tree_. [From _Gueldres_ in Holland.] GUELF, GUELPH, gwelf, _n._ one of a papal and popular party in Italy in the Middle Ages which was opposed to the emperors.--_adj._ GUELF'IC, belonging to the Guelfs, in modern times the royal family of Hanover and England. [The party names _Guelf_ and _Ghibelline_ are from _Welf_ and _Waiblingen_, two families which in the 12th century were at the head of two rival parties in the German Empire.] GUERDON, g[.e]r'dun, _n._ a reward or recompense.--_v.t._ to reward. [O. Fr. _guerdon_, _guerredon_ (It. _guidardone_)--Low L. _widerdonum_, corr. from Old High Ger. _widarlón_ (A.S. _wiðerleán_)--_wider_ (A.S. _wiðer_), against, and _lón_ (A.S. _leán_), reward; or more prob. the latter part of the word is from L. _donum_, a gift.] GUEREZA, ger'e-za, _n._ a large, long-haired, black-and-white African monkey, with a bushy tail. GUERILLA, GUERRILLA, g[.e]r-ril'a, _n._ a mode of harassing an army by small bands adopted by the Spaniards against the French in the Peninsular war: a member of such a band.--_adj._ conducted by or conducting petty warfare. [Sp. _guerrilla_, dim. of _guerra_ (Fr. _guerre_)--Old High Ger. _werra_.] GUERNSEY, g[.e]rn'zi, _n._ a sailor's closely-fitting knitted woollen shirt: one of a breed of dairy cattle from the island: the red-legged partridge. [From _Guernsey_ in the Channel Islands.] GUESS, ges, _v.t._ to form an opinion on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture, to think.--_v.i._ to judge on uncertain knowledge: to conjecture rightly.--_n._ judgment or opinion without sufficient evidence or grounds.--_adj._ GUESS'ABLE, that may be guessed.--_n._ GUESS'ER, one who guesses or conjectures.--_adv._ GUESS'INGLY, by way of conjecture.--_n._ GUESS'WORK, work done by guess: random action. [M. E. _gessen_; cog. with Dut. _gissen_; Dan. _gisse_, Ice. _giska_, for _gitska_--_geta_, to get, think, A.S. _gitan_, whence Eng. _get_. See FORGET.] GUEST, gest, _n._ a visitor received and entertained.--_n._ GUEST'-CHAM'BER (_B._), a chamber or room for the accommodation of guests.--_v.i._ GUEST'EN (_Scot._), to stay as a guest.--_adv._ GUEST'WISE, in the manner or capacity of a guest. [A.S. _gest_, _gæst_; allied to Dut. and Ger. _gast_, L. _hostis_, stranger, enemy.] GUEUX, g[=u], _n.pl._ the name assumed by the confederation (1565) of nobles and others to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into the Low Countries by Philip II. of Spain. [Fr., 'beggars.'] GUFFAW, guf-faw', _v.i._ to laugh loudly.--_n._ a loud laugh. [From the sound.] GUGGLE, gug'l, _v.i._ to make a noise with the mouth or throat, to gurgle. [Formed from _gurgle_.] GUICOWAR. Same as GAIKWAR. GUIDE, g[=i]d, _v.t._ to lead or direct: to regulate: to influence.--_n._ he who, or that which, guides: one who directs another in his course of life: a soldier or other person employed to obtain information for an army: a guide-book: anything calculated to maintain in a certain direction or position.--_adj._ GUID'ABLE.--_ns._ GUID'AGE, guidance; GUID'ANCE, direction: government; GUIDE'-BOOK, a book of information for tourists.--_adj._ GUIDE'LESS, having no guide.--_ns._ GUIDE'POST, a post erected at a roadside to guide the traveller; GUID'ER, one who guides, a director; GUID'ON, a forked guide-flag carried by a cavalry company or mounted battery, also the officer bearing it. [O. Fr. _guider_; prob. from a Teut. root, as in A.S. _witan_, to know, _wís_, wise, Ger. _weisen_, to show, conn. with _wit_, _wise_.] GUILD, GILD, gild, _n._ an association of men for mutual aid: a corporation: (_orig._) an association in a town where payment was made for mutual support and protection.--_ns._ GUILD'-BROTH'ER, a fellow-member of a guild; GUILD'HALL, the hall of a guild, esp. in London; GUILD'RY (_Scot._), a guild, the members of such. [A.S. _gild_, money--_gildan_, to pay.] GUILDER, GILDER, gild'[.e]r, _n._ an old Dutch and German gold coin: now a silver coin=1s. 8d.: (_Shak._) money generally. [Dut. _gulden_--Ger. _gulden_, gold.] GUILE, g[=i]l, _n._ wile, jugglery: cunning: deceit.--_v.t._ (_Spens._) to beguile.--_p.adj._ GUILED, armed with deceit: treacherous.--_adj._ GUILE'FUL, crafty: deceitful.--_adv._ GUILE'FULLY.--_n._ GUILE'FULNESS.--_adj._ GUILE'LESS, without deceit: artless.--_adv._ GUILE'LESSLY.--_ns._ GUILE'LESSNESS; GUIL'ER (_Spens._), a deceiver. [O. Fr. _guile_, deceit; from a Teut. root, as in A.S. _wíl_, Ice. _vel_, a trick.] GUILLEMOT, gil'e-mot, _n._ a genus of diving birds of the Auk family, with long, straight, feathered bill and very short tail. [Fr., prob. Celt.; Bret. _gwelan_, gull, and O. Fr. _moette_, a sea-mew, from Teut.] GUILLOCHE, gil-losh', _n._ an ornament formed of two or more bands intertwining in a continued series.--_v.t._ to decorate with intersecting curved lines. [Fr.; said to be from the name of its inventor, _Guillot_.] GUILLOTINE, gil'[=o]-t[=e]n, _n._ an instrument for beheading--consisting of an upright frame down which a sharp heavy axe descends on the neck of the victim--adopted during the French Revolution, and named after Joseph Ignace _Guillotin_ (1738-1814), a physician, who first proposed its adoption: a machine for cutting paper, straw, &c.: a surgical instrument for cutting the tonsils.--_v.t._ to behead with the guillotine.--_n._ GUILL'OTINEMENT, death by the guillotine. GUILT, gilt, _n._ punishable conduct: the state of having broken a law: crime: wickedness.--_adv._ GUILT'ILY.--_n._ GUILT'INESS.--_adj._ GUILT'LESS, free from crime: innocent.--_adv._ GUILT'LESSLY.--_n._ GUILT'LESSNESS.--_adj._ GUILT'Y, justly chargeable with a crime: wicked: pertaining to guilt.--_adv._ GUILT'Y-LIKE (_Shak._), guiltily.--GUILTY OF (sometimes in _B._), deserving. [Orig. a payment or fine for an offence; A.S. _gylt_, guilt--_gildan_, to pay, to atone.] GUILT, gilt, _p.adj._ (_Spens._) gilded. GUINEA, gin'i, _n._ an English gold coin, no longer used=21s., so called because first made of gold brought from _Guinea_, in Africa.--_ns._ GUIN'EA-CORN, a cereal extensively cultivated in Central Africa and India--also _Indian millet_; GUIN'EA-FOWL, a genus of African birds in the pheasant family, having dark-gray plumage with round spots of white, generally larger on the back and under surface; GUIN'EA-GRASS, a grass of the same genus with millet, a native of _Guinea_ and Senegal; GUIN'EA-HEN (_Shak._), a courtesan; GUIN'EA-PEPP'ER (see PEPPER); GUIN'EA-PIG, a small South American rodent, somewhat resembling a small pig, the cavy: (_slang_) a professional company director, without time or real qualifications for the duties; GUIN'EA-WORM, a very slender thread-like nematode worm common in tropical Africa. GUIPURE, g[=e]-p[=oo]r', _n._ a kind of lace having no ground or mesh, the pattern fixed by interlacing threads: a species of gimp. [Fr. _guipure_--O. Fr. _guiper_, prob. Teut.; cf. Goth. _veipan_, to weave.] GUISE, g[=i]z, _n._ manner, behaviour: external appearance: dress.--_v.t._ (_arch._) to dress.--_v.i._ to act as a guiser.--_ns._ GUIS'ER (_Scot._), GUIS'ARD, a person in disguise: a Christmas mummer. [O. Fr. _guise_; from Old High Ger. _wísa_ (Ger. _weise_), a way, guise, which is cog. with A.S. _wíse_, way, _wís_, wise.] GUITAR, gi-tär', _n._ a six-stringed musical instrument, somewhat like the lute, well adapted for accompanying the voice. [Fr. _guitare_--L. _cithara_--Gr. _kithara_, a lyre or lute. See CITHERN.] GULA, g[=u]'la, _n._ a piece in some insects, esp. in the beetles, &c., forming the lower surface of the head, behind the mentum, bounded laterally by the genæ or cheeks: the upper part of a bird's throat, between mentum and jugulum.--_adj._ G[=U]'LAR. [L., 'throat.'] GULCH, gulch, _n._ (_U.S._) a ravine or narrow rocky valley, a gully.--_v.t._ (_prov._) to swallow greedily. [Prob. the _n._ and _v._ are connected.] GULDEN, g[=oo]l'den, _n._ a certain gold or silver coin in Germany in the Middle Ages: the unit of account in Austria, having the value of about 2s. [Ger.] GULES, g[=u]lz, _n._ (_her._) a red colour, marked in engraved figures by perpendicular lines.--_adj._ G[=U]'LY. [O. Fr. _gueules_; acc. to Brachet, from Pers. _ghul_, a rose; acc. to others, from L. _gula_, the throat.] GULF, gulf, _n._ a hollow or indentation in the sea-coast: a deep place in the earth: an abyss: a whirlpool: anything insatiable: in Oxford and Cambridge examinations, the place of those next to the pass, but not bad enough to fail.--_v.t._ to engulf.--_n._ GULF'-WEED, a large olive-brown sea-weed with stalked air-bladders.--_adj._ GULF'Y, full of gulfs or whirlpools.--GULF STREAM, a great current of warm water flowing out of the Gulf of Mexico through the Strait of Florida, along the eastern coast of the United States of America, then deflected near the banks of Newfoundland diagonally across the Atlantic. [O. Fr. _golfe_--Late Gr. _kolphos_--Gr. _kolpos_, the bosom.] GULL, gul, _n._ a web-footed sea-fowl belonging to the family _Laridæ_. [Celt.; Corn. _gullan_, W. _gwylan_, Bret. _gwelan_--_gwela_, to weep, to cry.] GULL, gul, _v.t._ to beguile: to deceive.--_n._ a trick: one easily cheated: (_Shak._) a nestling.--_ns._ GULL'-CATCH'ER (_Shak._), a cheat; GULL'ER; GULL'ERY, imposture; GULLIBIL'ITY.--_adj._ GULL'IBLE, easily deceived.--_n._ GULLOS'ITY. [Same word as _gull_, a seafowl, the bird being thought stupid.] GULLET, gul'et, _n._ the throat: the passage in the neck by which food is taken into the stomach.--_n._ GULOS'ITY, gluttony. [O. Fr. _goulet_, dim. of O. Fr. _goule_ (Fr. _gueule_)--L. _gula_, the throat.] GULLY, gul'i, _n._ (_Scot._) a big knife.--Also GULL'EY. GULLY, gul'i, _n._ a channel worn by running water: a ditch: a ravine.--_v.t._ to wear a gully or channel in.--_p.adj._ GULL'IED.--_ns._ GULL'Y-HOLE, a manhole into a drain, &c.; GULL'Y-HUNT'ER, one who picks up things from gutters. [Prob. _gullet_.] GULP, gulp, _v.t._ to swallow eagerly or in large draughts.--_n._ a swallow: as much as is swallowed at once. [Dut. _gulpen_--_gulp_, a great draught.] GUM, gum, _n._ the firm fleshy tissue which surrounds the teeth: (_slang_) insolence.--_n._ GUM'BOIL, a boil or small abscess on the gum. [A.S. _góma_, jaws; Ice. _gómr_, Ger. _gaumen_, palate.] GUM, gum, _n._ a substance which exudes from certain trees and plants, and hardens on the surface, including those containing arabin, bassorin, and gum-resins.--_v.t._ to smear or unite with gum:--_pr.p._ gum'ming; _pa.p._ gummed.--_ns._ GUM'-AR'ABIC, a gum obtained from various species of acacia; GUM'-DRAG'ON, tragacanth; GUM'-ELAS'TIC, india-rubber or caoutchouc; GUM'-JU'NIPER, sandarac.--_adj._ GUMMIF'EROUS, producing gum.--_ns._ GUM'MINESS; GUM'MING, act of fastening with gum, esp. the application of gum-water to a lithographic stone: a disease, marked by a discharge of gum, affecting stone-fruit; GUMMOS'ITY, gumminess.--_adjs._ GUM'MOUS, GUM'MY, consisting of or resembling gum: producing or covered with gum.--_ns._ GUM'-RASH, red-gum; GUM'-RES'IN, a vegetable secretion formed of resin mixed with more or less gum or mucilage; GUM'-TREE, a name applied to various American and Australian trees; CHEW'ING-GUM (see CHEW). [O. Fr. _gomme_--L. _gummi_--Gr. _kommi_; prob. Coptic _kom[=e]_, gum.] GUMBO, gum'b[=o], _n._ the okra or its mucilaginous pods: a soup of which okra is an ingredient, also a dish of okra-pods seasoned: Creole patois in Louisiana. GUMPTION, gump'shun, _n._ sense: shrewdness: common-sense.--_adj._ GUMP'TIOUS. [Doubtless conn. with A.S. _gýman_, to observe; cf. Goth. _gaumjan_.] GUN, gun, _n._ a firearm or weapon, from which balls or other projectiles are discharged, usually by means of gunpowder--now generally applied to cannon: one who carries a gun, a member of a shooting-party.--_v.i._ (_Amer._) to shoot with a gun.--_ns._ GUN'-BARR'EL, the barrel or tube of a gun; GUN'BOAT, a boat or small vessel of light draught, fitted to carry one or more guns; GUN'-CARR'IAGE, a carriage on which a gun or cannon is supported; GUN'-COTT'ON, an explosive prepared by saturating cotton with nitric acid; GUN'-FIRE (_mil._), the hour at which the morning or evening gun is fired; GUN'-FLINT, a piece of flint fitted to the hammer of a flint-lock musket; GUN'-MET'AL, an alloy of copper and tin in the proportion of 9 to 1, used in making guns; GUN'NAGE, the number of guns carried by a ship of war; GUN'NER, one who works a gun or cannon: (_naut._) a petty officer who has charge of the ordnance on board ship; GUN'NERY, the art of managing guns, or the science of artillery; GUN'NING, shooting game; GUN'-PORT, a port-hole; GUN'POWDER, an explosive powder used for guns and firearms; GUN'-ROOM, the apartment on board ship occupied by the gunner, or by the lieutenants as a mess-room; GUN'SHOT, the distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun.--_adj._ caused by the shot of a gun.--_adj._ GUN'-SHY, frightened by guns (of a sporting dog).--_ns._ GUN'SMITH, a smith or workman who makes or repairs guns or small-arms; GUN'STICK, a ramrod; GUN'STOCK, the stock or piece of wood on which the barrel of a gun is fixed; GUN'STONE (_Shak._), a stone, formerly used as shot for a gun; GUN'-TACK'LE (_naut._), the tackle used on board ship by which the guns are run to and from the port-holes; GUN'-WAD, a wad for a gun; GAT'LING-GUN, a revolving battery-gun, invented by R. J. _Gatling_ about 1861, usually having ten parallel barrels, capable of firing 1200 shots a minute; MACHINE'-GUN (see MACHINE).--AS SURE AS A GUN, quite sure, certainly; BLOW GREAT GUNS, to blow tempestuously--of wind; GREAT GUN, a cannon: (_coll._) a person of great importance; SON OF A GUN, a rogue, rascal. [M. E. _gonne_, from W. _gwn_, a bowl, a gun, acc. to Skeat.] GUNNEL, gun'l, _n._ Same as GUNWALE. GUNNY, gun'i, _n._ a strong coarse cloth manufactured in India from jute, and used as sacking. [Hind. _gon_, _goní_, sacking--Sans. _goní_, a sack.] GUNTER'S SCALE. See SCALE. GUNWALE, GUNNEL, gun'el, _n._ the wale or upper edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarks, so called because the upper guns are pointed from it. GURGE, gurj, _n._ (_Milt._) a whirlpool. [L. _gurges_.] GURGLE, gur'gl, _v.i._ to flow in an irregular noisy current: to make a bubbling sound. [Through an It. _gorgogliare_, from _gorgo_--L. _gurges_.] GURGOYLE. Same as GARGOYLE. GURLY, gur'li, _adj._ (_obs._) fierce, stormy. GURNARD, gur'nard, _n._ a genus of fishes having the body rounded, tapering, and covered with small scales, an angular head, the eyes near the summit, and the teeth small and very numerous--(_obs._) GUR'NET. [From O. Fr. _grongnard_--_grogner_, to grunt--L. _grunn[=i]re_, to grunt.] GURRAH, gur'a, _n._ a coarse Indian muslin. GURRY, gur'i, _n._ fish-offal. GURU, g[=oo]'r[=oo], _n._ a spiritual teacher, any venerable person.--Also GOO'ROO. [Hind.--Sans.] GUSH, gush, _v.i._ to flow out with violence or copiously: to be effusive, or highly sentimental.--_n._ that which flows out: a violent issue of a fluid.--_n._ GUSH'ER, an oil-well not needing to be pumped.--_adj._ GUSH'ING, rushing forth with violence, as a liquid: flowing copiously: effusive.--_adv._ GUSH'INGLY.--_adj._ GUSH'Y, effusively sentimental. [Scand.; Ice. _gusa_, _gjósa_; Dut. _gudsen_. See GEYSER.] GUSSET, gus'et, _n._ the piece of cloth in a shirt which covers the armpit: an angular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen some part of it.--_v.t._ to make with a gusset: to insert a gusset into. [O. Fr. _gousset_--_gousse_--It. _guscio_, a pod, husk.] GUST, gust, _n._ a sudden blast of wind: a violent burst of passion.--_adjs._ GUST'FUL, GUST'Y, stormy: irritable.--_n._ GUST'INESS. [Ice. _gustr_, blast.] GUST, gust, _n._ sense of pleasure of tasting: relish: gratification.--_n._ GUST[=A]'TION, the act of tasting: the sense of taste.--_adjs._ GUST'[=A]TIVE, GUS'T[=A]TORY, of or pertaining to gustation.--_n._ GUST'O, taste: zest. [L. _gustus_, taste; cf. Gr. _geuein_, to make to taste.] GUT, gut, _n._ the alimentary canal: intestines prepared for violin-strings, &c. (gut for angling, see SILKWORM-GUT): (_pl._) the bowels.--_v.t._ to take out the bowels of: to plunder:--_pr.p._ gut'ting; _pa.p._ gut'ted.--_n._ GUT'-SCRAP'ER, a fiddler.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ GUT'TLE, to eat greedily. [A.S. _gut_, _geótan_, to pour; prov. Eng. _gut_, Ger. _gosse_, a drain.] GUTTA, gut'a, _n._ a drop: one of the small drop-like ornaments on the under side of the mutules and regulæ of the Doric entablature: a small round colour-spot:--_pl._ GUTT'Æ.--_adjs._ GUTT'ATE, -D, containing drops: spotted. [L.] GUTTA-PERCHA, gut'a-p[.e]rch'a, _n._ the solidified juice of various trees in the Malayan Islands. [Malay _gatah_, _guttah_, gum, _percha_, the tree producing it.] GUTTER, gut'[.e]r, _n._ a channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away water: a channel for water: (_print._) one of a number of pieces of wood or metal, grooved in the centre, used to separate the pages of type in a form: (_pl._) mud, dirt (_Scot._).--_v.t._ to cut or form into small hollows.--_v.i._ to become hollowed: to run down in drops, as a candle.--_ns._ GUTT'ER-BLOOD, a low-born person; GUTT'ER-SNIPE, a neglected child, a street Arab.--_adj._ GUTTIF'EROUS, exuding gum or resin. [O. Fr. _goutiere_--_goute_--L. _gutta_, a drop.] GUTTURAL, gut'ur-al, _adj._ pertaining to the throat: formed in the throat: harsh or rasping in sound.--_n._ (_gram._) a letter pronounced in the throat or the back part of the mouth (_k_, _c_ hard, _q_, _g_, _ng_).--_v.t._ GUTT'URALISE, GUTT'URISE, to form (a sound) in the throat.--_adv._ GUTT'URALLY.--_n._ GUTT'URALNESS. [Fr.,--L. _guttur_, the throat.] GUY, g[=i], _n._ (_naut._) a rope to steady any suspended weight.--_v.t._ to keep in position by a guy. [Sp. _guia_, a guide.] GUY, g[=i], _n._ an effigy of _Guy_ Fawkes, dressed up grotesquely on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot (5th Nov.): an odd figure. GUZZLE, guz'l, _v.i._ to eat and drink with haste and greediness.--_v.t._ to swallow with exceeding relish.--_n._ GUZZ'LER. [O. Fr. (_des-_) _gouziller_, to swallow down; _gosier_, the throat.] GWINIAD, gwin'i-ad, _n._ a fresh-water fish of about 10 or 12 inches in length, found in some of the lakes of Wales and Cumberland--the _Fresh-water Herring_. [W.,--_gwyn_, white.] GYGIS, j[=i]'jis, _n._ a genus of small terns, white, with black bill, long-pointed wings, and a slightly forked tail. [Gr. _gyg[=e]s_, a water-bird.] GYMKHANA, jim-kä'na, _n._ a place of public resort for athletic games, &c., also a meeting for such sports. [A factitious word, according to Yule-Burnell, prob. based on _gend-kh[=a]na_ ('ball-house'), the usual Hind. name for an English racket-court.] GYMNASIUM, jim-n[=a]'zi-um, _n._ a school for gymnastics: a school for the higher branches of literature and science: (_orig._) a public place or building where the Greek youths exercised themselves, with running and wrestling grounds, baths, and halls for conversation:--_pl._ GYMN[=A]'SIA.--_adj._ GYMN[=A]'SIAL.--_n._ GYMN[=A]'SIAST.--_adj._ GYMN[=A]'SIC.--_n._ GYM'NAST, one who teaches or practises gymnastics.--_adjs._ GYMNAS'TIC, -AL, pertaining to athletic exercises: athletic, vigorous.--_adv._ GYMNAS'TICALLY.--_n.pl._ used as _sing_. GYMNAS'TICS, athletic exercises, devised to strengthen the muscles and bones, esp. those of the upper half of the body: the art of performing athletic exercises.--_adj._ GYM'NIC (_Milt._). [L.,--Gr. _gymnasion_--_gymnazein_, _gymnos_, naked.] GYMNOCARPOUS, jim-no-kär'pus, _adj._ (_bot._) having the fruit naked, or not invested with a receptacle. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _karpos_, fruit.] GYMNOCITTA, jim-no-sit'a, _n._ a genus of crow-like American jays with naked nostrils. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _kitta_, _kissa_, a jay.] GYMNOCLADUS, jim-nok'lad-us, _n._ a genus of North American trees, the pods slightly aperient. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _klados_, a branch.] GYMNOGYNOUS, jim-noj'i-nus, _adj._ (_bot._) having a naked ovary. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _gyn[=e]_, female.] GYMNORHINAL, jim-n[=o]-r[=i]'nal, _adj._ having the nostrils bare or unfeathered, as certain jays and auks. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _hris_, _hrin-os_, the nose.] GYMNOSOPHIST, jim-nos'of-ist, _n._ the name given by the Greeks to those ancient Hindu philosophers who wore little or no clothing, and lived solitarily in mystical contemplation.--_n._ GYMNOS'OPHY. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _sophos_, wise.] GYMNOSPERM, jim'n[=o]-sp[.e]rm, _n._ one of the lower or more primitive group of seed plants--also GYM'NOGEN.--_adj._ GYMNOSPER'MOUS (_bot._), having the seeds unenclosed in a capsule.--_n._ GYM'NOSPORE, a naked spore. [Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _sperma_, seed.] GYMNOTUS, jim-n[=o]'tus, _n._ the most powerful of the electric fishes, occurring in the fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana.--Also _Electric eel_. [Formed from Gr. _gymnos_, naked, _n[=o]tos_, the back.] GYNÆCEUM, GYNECIUM, jin-[=e]-s[=e]'um, _n._ an apartment in a large house exclusively appropriated to women. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a woman, _oikos_, a house.] GYNANDRIA, ji-nan'dri-a, _n._ a Linnæan class of plants, in which the stamens are united with the pistil.--_n._ GYNAN'DER, a plant of the gynandria: a masculine woman.--_adjs._ GYNAN'DRIAN, GYNAN'DROUS. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a female, _an[=e]r_, _andros_, a man.] GYNARCHY, jin'är-ki, _n._ government by a female. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a woman, _arch[=e]_, rule.] GYNECIAN, GYNÆCIAN, ji-n[=e]'shi-an, _adj._ relating to women.--_adjs._ GYN[=E]'CIC, GYNÆ'CIC, pertaining to women's diseases.--_n._ GYNOE'CIUM, the collective pistils of a flower. GYNECOCRACY, jin-[=e]-kok'ra-si, _n._ government by women--also GYNOC'RACY.--_adj._ GYNECRAT'IC. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a woman, _kratein_, to rule.] GYNECOLOGY, GYNÆCOLOGY, jin-[=e]-kol'-o-ji, _n._ that branch of medicine which treats of the diseases and affections peculiar to woman and her physical organism.--_adj._ GYNECOLOG'ICAL.--_n._ GYNECOL'OGIST. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a woman, _legein_, to speak.] GYNEOLATRY, j[=i]n[=e]-ol'at-ri, _n._ excessive worship of woman. [Gr. _gyn[=e]_, a woman, _latreia_, worship.] GYNOPHORE, jin'o-f[=o]r, _n._ (_bot._) an elongation or internode of the receptacle of a flower. GYP, jip, _n._ a male servant who attends to college rooms at Cambridge. [Perh. a contr. from _gypsy_; hardly from Gr. _gyps_, a vulture.] GYPSUM, jip'sum, _n._ a valuable mineral of a comparatively soft kind, burned in kilns, and afterwards ground to a fine powder, called _plaster of Paris_.--_adjs._ GYP'SEOUS, of or resembling gypsum; GYPSIF'EROUS, producing or containing gypsum. [L.,--Gr. _gypsos_, chalk.] GYPSY, GYPSYISM. See GIPSY. GYRATE, j[=i]'r[=a]t, _v.i._ to whirl round a central point: to move round.--_adj._ (_bot._) winding round.--_n._ GYR[=A]'TION, act of whirling round a central point: a spiral motion.--_adjs._ GY'RATORY, GYR[=A]'TIONAL, moving in a circle. [L. _gyr[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to move in a circle.] GYRE, j[=i]r, _n._ a circular motion.--_n._ GY'RA, the richly embroidered border of a robe:--_pl._ GY'RÆ.--_adjs._ GY'RAL, whirling, rotating; GYROID'AL, spiral in arrangement or movement. [L. _gyrus_--Gr. _gyros_, a ring, round.] GYRE-CARLIN, g[=i]r-kar'lin, _n._ (_Scot._) a witch. [Ice. _gýgr_, a witch, _karlinna_, a carline.] GYRFALCON. See GERFALCON. GYROMANCY, j[=i]'ro-man-si, _n._ divination by walking in a circle till dizziness caused a fall towards one direction or another. [Gr. _gyros_, a circle, _manteia_, divination.] GYRON, GIRON, j[=i]'ron, _n._ (_her._) a bearing consisting of two straight lines drawn from any given part of the field and meeting in an acute angle in the fesse-point.--_adjs._ GYRONNET'TY, GYRON'NY, GIRON'NY. [Fr., acc. to Skeat, from the Old High Ger. _gérun_, accus. of _géro_, a spear, _gér_; cf. A.S. _gár_, a spear.] GYROSCOPE, j[=i]'ro-sk[=o]p, _n._ an instrument for the exhibition of various properties of rotation, and the composition of rotations.--_adj._ GYROSCOP'IC. [Gr. _gyros_, a circle, _skopein_, to see.] GYROSE, j[=i]'r[=o]s, _adj._ (_bot._) turned round like a crook. GYROSTAT, j[=i]'r[=o]-stat, _n._ an instrument contrived for illustrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies.--_adj._ GYROSTAT'IC. [Gr. _gyros_, round, _statikos_, static.] GYRUS, j[=i]'rus, _n._ one of the rounded edges into which the surface of the cerebral hemisphere is divided by the fissures or sulci. [Gr. _gyros_, a circle.] GYTE, g[=i]t, _adj._ (_Scot._) crazy, mad. GYTE, g[=i]t, _n._ (_Scot._) a child: a first year's boy at Edinburgh High School. [Prob. a corr. of _get_, offspring.] GYTRASH, g[=i]'trash, _n._ (_prov._) a ghost. GYVE, j[=i]v, _v.t._ to fetter.--_n.pl._ GYVES, shackles, fetters. [M. E. _gives_, _gyves._ Of Celt. origin; cf. W. _gefyn_, Ir. _geimheal._] * * * * * H the eighth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of a strongly-marked continuous guttural, produced at the back of the palate, not existing in English, but heard in the Scotch _loch_ and the German _lachen_. In Old English _h_ was a guttural, or throat sound, but it gradually softened down to a spirant, and has now become almost a vowel: (_chem._) a symbol denoting hydrogen: in medieval Roman notation=200, [=H]=200,000. HA, hä, _interj._ denoting surprise, joy, or grief; and, when repeated, laughter: in continued speech, often an involuntary sound expressive of hesitation. [Imit.] HA', haw, _n._ (_Scot._) hall. HAAF, häf, _n._ a deep-sea fishing-ground off the coast of Shetland.--_n._ HAAF'-FISH'ING, deep-sea fishing, as for cod. [Ice. _haf_, sea.] HAAR, här, _n._ (_Scot._) a fog. HABBLE, häb'l, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to perplex.--_v.i._ to stutter or stammer.--_n._ a perplexity, a squabble. [_Hobble_.] HABEAS-CORPUS (_ad subjiciendum_), h[=a]'be-as-kor'pus, _n._ a writ to a jailer to produce the body of one detained in prison, and to state the reasons of such detention.--_n._ HABEN'DUM, the clause in a deed beginning 'habendum et tenendum' ('to have and to hold'), which determines the interest or estate granted by the deed. [L., lit. 'have the body,' from L. _hab[=e]re_, to have, and _corpus_, the body.] HABENARIA, hab-[=e]-n[=a]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of tuberous orchidaceous plants. [L. _habena_, a thong.] HABERDASHER, hab'[.e]r-dash-[.e]r, _n._ a seller of small-wares, as ribbons, tape, &c.--_n._ HAB'ERDASHERY, goods sold by a haberdasher. [O. Fr. _hapertas_; ety. dub.; not Ice.] HABERDINE, ha-ber-d[=i]n', _n._ (_obs._) dried salt cod. [Old Dut. _abberdaan_, also _labberdaen_; prob. from Le _Labourd_, or _Lapurdum_ (Bayonne).] HABERGEON, ha-b[.e]r'je-un, _n._ a piece of armour to defend the neck and breast. [Fr. _haubergeon_, dim. of O. Fr. _hauberc_.] HABILE, hab'il, _adj._ (_obs._) able, capable. [Fr.,--L. _habilis._ See ABLE.] HABILIMENT, ha-bil'i-ment, _n._ a garment: (_pl._) clothing, dress.--_adjs._ HAB'ILABLE (_Carlyle_), capable of being clothed; HABIL'ATORY, having reference to dressing. [Fr. _habillement_--_habiller_, to dress--L. _habilis_, fit, ready--_hab[=e]re_.] HABILITATION, ha-bil-i-t[=a]'shun, _n._ (_Bacon_) qualification: (_U.S._) the act of supplying money to work a mine.--_n._ HABILIT[=A]'TOR, one who does so.--_v.i._ HABIL'ITATE, to acquire certain necessary qualifications, esp. for the office of teacher in a German university (Ger. _habilitiren_). [Low L. _habilitation -em_--L. _habilis_, able.] HABILITY, ha-bil'i-ti, _n._ an obsolete form of _ability_. HABIT, hab'it, _n._ ordinary course of conduct: tendency to perform certain actions: general condition or tendency, as of the body: practice: custom: outward appearance: dress, esp. any official or customary costume: a garment, esp. a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn by ladies on horseback.--_v.t._ to dress:--_pr.p._ hab'iting; _pa.p._ hab'ited.--_adj._ HAB'ITED, clothed, dressed.--_ns._ HAB'IT-MAK'ER, one who makes women's riding-habits; HAB'IT-SHIRT, a thin muslin or lace under-garment worn by women on the neck and shoulders, under the dress.--_adj._ HABIT'[=U]AL, formed or acquired by frequent use: customary.--_adv._ HABIT'[=U]ALLY.--_v.t._ HABIT'[=U][=A]TE, to cause to acquire a habit: to accustom.--_ns._ HABIT[=U][=A]'TION; HAB'IT[=U]DE, tendency from acquiring a habit: usual manner; HABITUÉ (hab-it'[=u]-[=a]), a habitual frequenter of any place of entertainment, &c.--HABIT AND REPUTE, a phrase in Scotch law to denote something so notorious that it affords strong and generally conclusive evidence of the facts to which it refers; HABIT OF BODY, the general condition of the body as outwardly apparent: any constitutional tendency or weakness. [Fr.,--L. _habitus_, state, dress--_hab[=e]re_, to have.] HABITABLE, hab'it-a-bl, _adj._ that may be dwelt in.--_ns._ HABITABIL'ITY, HAB'ITABLENESS.--_adv._ HAB'ITABLY.--_ns._ HAB'ITANT, an inhabitant; HAB'ITAT, the natural abode or locality of an animal or plant: place of abode generally; HABIT[=A]'TION, act of inhabiting: a dwelling or residence: a group, lodge, company, as of the so-called 'Primrose League.' [Fr.,--L. _habitabilis_--_habit[=a]re_, _-[=a]tum_, to inhabit, freq. of _hab[=e]re_, to have.] HABLE, h[=a]'bl, _adj._ (_Spens._). Same as HABILE. HACHEL, hach'el, _n._ (_Scot._) a sloven. HACHURE, hash'[=u]r, _n._ Same as HATCHING. HACIENDA, as-i-en'da, _n._ an estate or establishment. [Sp.,--L. _facienda_, things to be done, _fac[)e]re_, to do.] HACK, hak, _v.t._ to cut: to chop or mangle: to notch: to kick (another) at football.--_n._ a cut made by hacking: a kick on the shin.--_n._ HACK'ING, the operation of picking a worn grindstone, &c., with a hack-hammer.--_adj._ short and interrupted, as a broken, troublesome cough.--_n._ HACK'-LOG, a chopping-block. [A.S. _haccian_, in composition _tó-haccian_; cf. Dut. _hakken_, Ger. _hacken._] HACK, hak, _n._ a horse kept for hire, esp. a poor one: any person overworked on hire: a literary drudge.--_adj._ hired, mercenary: used up.--_v.t._ to offer for hire: to use roughly.--_n._ HACK'-WORK, literary drudgery for which a person is hired by a publisher, as making dictionaries, &c. [Contr. of _hackney_.] HACK, hak, _n._ a grated frame, as a rack for feeding cattle, a place for drying bricks, &c. [_Hatch_.] HACKBERRY, hak'ber-i, _n._ an American tree, allied to the elm. [See HAGBERRY.] HACKBUT, hak'but, _n._ an arquebuse--also HAG'BUT.--_n._ HACKBUTEER'. [O. Fr. _haquebute_, from Dut. _haakbus._ See ARQUEBUSE.] HACKEE, hak'[=e], _n._ the United States chipmuck or ground-squirrel. [Imit.] HACKERY, hak'er-i, _n._ a native bullock-cart. [Hind. _chhakr[=a]_, a cart.] HACKLE, hak'l, _n._ an instrument with iron teeth for sorting hemp or flax: any flimsy substance unspun: a feather in a cock's neck: part of the dressing of a fly-hook used by anglers.--_v.t._ to dress with a hackle, as flax: to tear rudely asunder.--_n._ HACK'LER, a flax-dresser, heckler.--_adj._ HACK'LY, rough and broken, as if hacked or chopped: (_min._) covered with sharp points. [Cf. Dut. _hekel_, Ger. _hechel_.] HACKLET, hak'let, _n._ a kind of sea-bird, prob. the shear-water--also HAG'LET.--The HAGDEN is the Greater Shear-water (_Puffinus major_). HACKNEY, hak'ni, _n._ a horse for general use, esp. for hire: (_obs._) a person hired for any mean work.--_v.t._ to carry in a hackney-coach: to use much: to make commonplace.--_adjs._ HACK'NEY, HACK'NEYED, let out for hire: devoted to common use: much used.--_ns._ HACK'NEY-COACH, a coach let out for hire; HACK'NEY-COACH'MAN; HACK'NEYMAN, one who keeps hackney horses. [O. Fr. _haquenee_, an ambling nag; further history unknown.] HACQUETON (_Spens._). A form of _acton_. HAD, _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ of _have_: (_B._) held.--_ns._ HAD'DING, HAD'DIN (_Scot._), a holding, residence. HADDOCK, had'uk, _n._ a sea-fish of the cod family--(_Scot._) HADD'IE. [M. E. _haddoke_; ety. unknown.] HADE, h[=a]d, _n._ (_min._) the dip or underlie of a lode or fault.--_v.i._ to underlay or incline from the vertical. HADES, h[=a]'d[=e]z, _n._ the unseen world: the abode of the dead indefinitely, hell. [Gr. _haid[=e]s_, _had[=e]s_, dubiously derived from _a_, neg., and _idein_, to see.] HADITH, had'ith, _n._ the body of traditions about Mohammed, supplementary to the Koran. [Ar.] HADJ, HAJJ, haj, _n._ a Mohammedan pilgrimage to Mecca or Medina.--_ns._ HADJI, HAJJI (haj'i), one who has performed a Hadj. [Ar., 'a pilgrimage.'] HADROSAURUS, had-r[=o]-sä'rus, _n._ a very large Dinosaurian of the Cretaceous epoch--abundant in New Jersey. [Gr. _hadros_, thick, _sauros_, a lizard.] HAE, h[=a], a Scotch form of _have._ HÆCCEITY, hek-s[=e]'i-ti, h[=e]k-, _n._ Duns Scotus's word for that element of existence on which individuality depends, hereness-and-nowness. [Lit. 'thisness,' L. _hæc_.] HÆMACYTE, HEM-, h[=e]'ma-s[=i]t, _n._ a blood-corpuscle.--_n._ HÆMACYTOM'ETER, an instrument for determining the number of such in a given quantity of blood. HÆMADYNAMICS, HEM-, h[=e]-ma-di-nam'iks, _n._ the dynamics or theory of the circulation of the blood. HÆMAL, HEMAL, h[=e]'mal, _adj._ relating to the blood or blood-vessels: ventral, the opposite of _Neural_.--_n._ HÆ'MACHROME, the colouring matter of the blood.--_adj._ HÆ'MATOID, resembling blood.--HÆMAL ARCH, the position of a vertebra enclosing and protecting the heart and other viscera; HÆMAL CAVITY, the thoracic-abdominal cavity, containing the heart, &c. [Gr. _haima_, blood.] HÆMANTHUS, h[=e]-man'thus, _n._ a genus of bulbous plants native to Africa, including the Cape tulip. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _anthos_, a flower.] HÆMASTATIC, HEM-, -AL, h[=e]-ma-stat'ik, -al, _adj._ serving to stop the flow of blood.--_n.pl._ HÆMASTAT'ICS, the statics of the blood and blood-vessels. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _statikos_, static.] HÆMATEIN, HEM-, h[=e]-ma-t[=e]'in, _n._ an organic principle derived from the colouring matter of logwood. HÆMATEMESIS, h[=e]-ma-tem'e-sis, _n._ a vomiting of blood from the stomach. [Gr. _haima_, _haimat-os_, blood, _emein_, to vomit.] HÆMATIN, HEM-, h[=e]'ma-tin, hem'a-tin, _n._ a brown substance associated with hemoglobin in the blood.--_adjs._ HÆMAT'IC, HÆ'MIC--_n.pl._ HÆMAT'ICS, that branch of medical science concerned with the blood. HÆMATITE, HEM-, hem'a-t[=i]t, h[=e]'ma-t[=i]t, _n._ (_min._) a valuable ore of iron, consisting chiefly of peroxide of iron--its two chief varieties, Red Hæmatite and Brown Hæmatite.--_adj._ HÆMATIT'IC. HÆMATOBLAST, h[=e]'ma-to-blast, hem'-, _n._ one of the minute colourless discs, smaller than either the red or white corpuscles, found in the blood. [Gr. _haima_, _haimat-os_, blood, _blastos_, a germ.] HÆMATOCELE, HEM-, h[=e]'ma-to-s[=e]l, _n._ a tumour containing blood. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _k[=e]l[=e]_, a tumour.] HÆMATOLOGY, h[=e]-ma-tol'o-ji, _n._ the branch of biology which relates to the blood. HÆMATOSIS, h[=e]-ma-t[=o]'sis, _n._ the formation of blood, the conversion of venous into arterial blood.--_n._ HÆMAT[=O]'SIN, hæmatin. HÆMATOXYLIN, HEM-, h[=e]-ma-tok'si-lin, _n._ a dye obtained from the logwood-tree. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _xylon_, wood.] HÆMATOZOA, h[=e]-ma-to-z[=o]'a, _n._ parasites occurring in the blood. [Gr. _haima_, _haimat-os_, blood, _z[=o]on_, an animal.] HÆMATURIA, h[=e]-ma-t[=u]'ri-a, _n._ the discharge of blood with the urine, usually from disease of the kidneys or bladder. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _ouron_, urine.] HÆMOGLOBIN, HEM-, h[=e]-mo-gl[=o]'bin, _n._ the red substance in the red blood-corpuscles. [Gr. _haima_, blood, L. _globus_, a ball.] HÆMONY, h[=e]'mo-ni, _n._ a plant with sovereign properties against magic, &c., in Milton's _Comus_. [Prob. formed from Gr. _haim[=o]nios_, blood-red.] HÆMOPHILIA, h[=e]-mo-fil'i-a, hem-o-, _n._ a constitutional tendency to excessive bleeding when any blood-vessel is even slightly injured. HÆMOPHTHALMIA, h[=e]-mof-thal'mi-a, _n._ effusion of blood into the eye. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _ophthalmos_, the eye.] HÆMOPTYSIS, h[=e]-mop'ti-sis, _n._ expectoration of blood. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _ptysis_, a spitting.] HÆMORRHAGE, HEM-, hem'or-[=a]j, _n._ a discharge of blood from the blood-vessels.--_adj._ HÆMORRHAG'IC. [Gr. _haimorrhagia_--_haima_, blood, _rh[=e]gnynai_, to burst.] HÆMORRHOIDS, HEM-, hem'or-oidz, _n.pl._ dilated veins liable to discharge blood, esp. piles.--_adj._ HÆMORRHOID'AL. [Gr. _haimorrhoides_--_haima_, blood, _rhein_, to flow.] HÆMOSTASIA, h[=e]-mo-st[=a]'si-a, _n._ stagnation of blood in any part: any operation for arresting the flow of blood, as the ligation of an artery.--_adj._ HÆMOSTAT'IC, stopping or preventing hæmorrhage, styptic. [Gr. _haima_, blood, _stasis_, a standing.] HAET, HAIT, h[=a]t, _n._ (_Scot._) a whit. HAFFET, haf'et, _n._ (_Scot._) the side of the head, the temples. [Prob. _half-head_--A.S. _healf-héafod_.] HAFFLIN, haf'lin, _adj._ (_Scot._) half-grown.--_n._ a fool. HAFT, haft, _n._ a handle.--_v.t._ to set in a haft: to establish firmly. [A.S. _hæft_; Ger. _heft_.] HAG, hag, _n._ an ugly old woman, originally a witch: one of the Round Mouths, allied to the lamprey.--_adj._ HAG'GISH, hag-like.--_adv._ HAG'GISHLY.--_adj._ HAG'-RID'DEN, ridden by witches, as a horse: troubled by nightmare.--_ns._ HAG'-SEED, a witch's offspring; HAG'SHIP, the personality of a hag; HAG'WEED, the common broom, a broomstick being usually bestridden by a witch in her flight through the air. [A.S. _hægtesse_, a witch; Ger. _hexe_.] HAG, hag, _n._ (_Scot._) any broken ground in a moss or bog: brushwood to be cut down. HAGBERRY, hag'ber-i, _n._ the bird-cherry--sometimes HACK'BERRY. [Prob. Scand.; Ice. _heggr_.] HAGBUT. See HACKBUT. HAGDEN. See HACKLET. HAGGADA, ha-gä'da, _n._ a free Rabbinical homiletical commentary on the whole Old Testament, forming, together with the _Halacha_, the Midrash, but from its especial popularity often itself styled the Midrash--also HAGGÄ'DAH, AGÄ'DAH.--_adjs._ HAGGAD'IC, HAGGADIST'IC, pertaining to the Haggada, said of free interpretation, opposed to _Halachic_ or legal.--_n._ HAGG'ADIST. [Heb.] HAGGARD, hag'ard, _adj._ lean: hollow-eyed: wild, applied to an untrained hawk--(_arch._) HAGG'ED.--_n._ HAGG'ARD, a hawk.--_adv._ HAGG'ARDLY. [O. Fr. _hagard_, prob. related to _haie_, hedge.] HAGGARD, hag'ard, _n._ a stackyard. [_Hay-yard_.] HAGGIS, hag'is, _n._ a Scotch dish made of the heart, lungs, and liver of a sheep, calf, &c., chopped up with suet, onions, oatmeal, &c., seasoned and boiled in a sheep's stomach-bag. [Ety. unknown; not Fr. _hachis_, hash, assimilated with _hag_, _hack._] HAGGLE, hag'l, _v.t._ to cut unskilfully: to mangle.--_v.i._ to be slow and hard in making a bargain: to stick at trifles, to cavil.--_n._ HAGG'LER. [A variant of _hackle_, itself a freq. of _hack_, to cut.] HAGIARCHY, h[=a]'ji-ar-ki, _n._ government by priests.--Also HAGIOC'RACY. [Gr. _hagios_, sacred, _arch[=e]_, rule.] HAGIOGRAPHA, hag-i-og'ra-fa, _n.pl._ the last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, comprehending the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chronicles, Canticles, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes.--_adj._ HAGIOG'RAPHAL.--_n._ HAGIOG'RAPHER, one of the writers of the Hagiographa: a sacred writer.--_adjs._ HAGIOGRAPH'IC, -AL, pertaining to the Hagiographa. [Gr. _hagiographa_ (_biblia_)--_hagios_, holy, _graphein_, to write.] HAGIOLOGY, hag-i-ol'o-ji, _n._ history of saints.--_n._ HAGIOG'RAPHER, a writer of saints' lives.--_adjs._ HAGIOGRAPH'IC, -AL, pertaining to the writing of saints' lives.--_ns._ HAGIOG'RAPHY, the lives of saints as a branch of literature; HAGIOL'ATER, one who worships saints; HAGIOL'ATRY, the worship of saints.--_adjs._ HAGIOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ HAGIOL'OGIST, one versed in the legends of saints. [Gr. _hagios_, holy, _logia_, discourse.] HAGIOSCOPE, hag'-, or h[=a]'ji-o-sk[=o]p, _n._ an oblique opening in the screen or chancel wall of a church to afford a view of the chief altar to those in a side chapel or aisle, a squint.--_adj._ HAGIOSCOP'IC. [Gr. _hagios_, holy, _skopein_, to look.] HAH, hä, _interj._ Same as HA. HA-HA, imitation of the sound of laughter. HA-HA, HAWHAW, haw-haw', _n._ a sunk fence, or a ditch not seen till close upon it. HAHNEMANNIAN, hä-ne-man'i-an, _adj._ of or relating to C. F. S. _Hahnemann_ (1755-1843), founder of the homeopathic method of treatment. HAIDUK, h[=i]'duk, _n._ one of those, from the forests of eastern Hungary, who in the 16th century maintained a guerilla warfare against the Turks. [Hung. _hajduk_, pl. of _hajdu_, a cowherd.] HAIK, haik, _n._ an oblong piece of cloth which Arabs wrap round the head and body.--Also HAICK, HAIQUE, HYKE. HAIKH, haih, _n._ a branch of the Iranic group of Aryan languages, including Armenian and Ossetian: the native name of Armenia.--_adj._ Armenian. HAIL, h[=a]l, _v.t._ to greet: to call to, at a distance: to address one passing.--_n._ a call: greeting.--_interj._ or _imper._ (_lit._) may you be in health.--_n._ HAIL'-FELL'OW, a familiar friend.--_adj._ on hearty and intimate terms--'Hail, fellow! well met,' often used as a kind of descriptive adjective.--HAIL FROM, to come from. [Ice. _heill_, health.] HAIL, h[=a]l, _n._ frozen rain or particles of ice falling from the clouds.--_v.i._ to rain hail.--_v.t._ to pour down in rapid succession.--_ns._ HAIL'SHOT, small shot which scatters like hail; HAIL'STONE, a single stone or ball of hail; HAIL'-STORM, a storm accompanied with hail.--_adj._ HAIL'Y. [A.S. _hagol_; Ger. _hagel_.] HAIN, h[=a]n, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to save, preserve: to spare.--_adj._ HAINED, saved, kept carefully.--_n._ HAIN'ING, an enclosure. [Ice. _hegna_, to protect; cf. Sw. _hägna_; Dan. _hegne_.] HAIN'T, HAINT=have not, has not. HAIR, h[=a]r, _n._ a filament growing from the skin of an animal: the whole mass of hairs which forms a covering for the head or the whole body: (_bot._) minute hair-like processes on the cuticle of plants: anything very small and fine: particular course, quality, or character: (_mech._) a locking spring or other safety contrivance in the lock of a rifle, &c., capable of being released by a slight pressure on a hair-trigger.--_ns._ HAIR'BREADTH, HAIR'S'-BREADTH, the breadth of a hair (HAIRBREADTH 'SCAPE, a very narrow escape): a very small distance; HAIR'-BRUSH, a brush for the hair; HAIR'CLOTH, cloth made partly or entirely of hair; HAIR'DRESSER, one who dresses or cuts hair: a barber.--_adj._ HAIRED, having hair--as _black-haired_, _fair-haired_, &c.--_ns._ HAIR'-GRASS, a kind of grass found generally on poor soil, the bracts of whose florets are generally awned near the base; HAIR'INESS.--_adj._ HAIR'LESS, without hair.--_ns._ HAIR'-LINE, a line made of hair, used in fishing: a slender line made in writing or drawing: (_print._) a very thin line on a type; HAIR'-OIL, perfumed oil used in dressing the hair; HAIR'-PEN'CIL, an artist's brush made of a few fine hairs; HAIR'-PIN, a pin used in hairdressing; HAIR'-POW'DER, a white powder for dusting the hair; HAIR'-SHIRT, a penitent's shirt of haircloth; HAIR'-SPACE, the thinnest metal space used by compositors; HAIR'-SPLIT'TER, one who makes too nice distinctions; HAIR'-SPLIT'TING, the art of making minute and over-nice distinctions; HAIR'SPRING, a very fine hair-like spring coiled up within the balance-wheel of a watch; HAIR'-STROKE, in writing, a fine stroke with the pen: a hair-line; HAIR'-TRIGG'ER, a trigger which discharges a gun or pistol by a hair-like spring; HAIR'-WORK, work done or something made with hair, esp. human; HAIR'WORM, a worm, like a horse-hair, which lives in the bodies of certain insects.--_adj._ HAIR'Y, of or resembling hair: covered with hair.--AGAINST THE HAIR, against the grain: contrary to what is natural; A HAIR OF THE DOG THAT BIT HIM, a smaller dose of that which caused the trouble, esp. used of the morning glass after a night's debauch--a homeopathic dose; COMB A PERSON'S HAIR THE WRONG WAY, to irritate or provoke him; KEEP ONE'S HAIR ON (_slang_) to keep cool; MAKE THE HAIR STAND ON END, to give the greatest astonishment or fright to another; NOT TO TURN A HAIR, not to be ruffled or disturbed; PUT UP THE HAIR, to dress the hair up on the head instead of wearing it hanging; SPLIT HAIRS, to make superfine distinctions; TO A HAIR, TO THE TURN OF A HAIR, exactly, with perfect nicety. [A.S. _h['æ]r_, Ger., Dut., and Dan. _haar_, &c.] HAIRST, h[=a]rst, a Scotch form of _harvest_. HAITH, h[=a]th, _interj._ (_Scot._) by my faith! HAJJ. See HADJ. HAKE, h[=a]k, _n._ a gadoid fish resembling the cod--varieties are the _Silver Hake_, the _Merluccio_, the _Squirrel-hake_, &c.--_ns._ H[=A]'KED, HAC'OT (_prov._), the pike (A.S. _hacod_; Ger. _hecht_). [Prob. Scand.; cf. Norw. _hake-fisk_, lit. 'hook-fish.'] HAKE, h[=a]k, _n._ (_prov._) a hook, esp. a pot-hook: a pike. [Prob. Ice. _haki_; cf. Dut. _haak_.] HAKE, h[=a]k, _v.i._ to idle or loiter about. [Cf. Dut. _haken_, to hanker.] HAKEEM, HAKIM, ha-k[=e]m', _n._ a physician. [Ar.] HAKIM, h[=a]'kim, _n._ a judge or governor in Mohammedan India. HALACHAH, HALAKAH, HALACHA, ha-lak'ä, _n._ an amplification of points not explicitly set forth in the Mosaic law, deduced from it by analogy, and arranged in the collection of legal precepts designated _Halachoth_.--_adj._ HALACH'IC, pertaining to halachoth, legal as opposed to homiletic or haggadic. [Heb.,--_h[=a]lak_, to walk.] HALATION, ha-l[=a]'shun, _n._ a _halo_-like appearance in a photograph, caused by reflection of light. HALBERD, hal'b[.e]rd, _n._ a weapon consisting of a wooden shaft some six feet long, surmounted by an axe-like instrument balanced on the opposite side by a hook or pick.--_n._ HALBERDIER', one armed with a halberd. [O. Fr. _halebard_--Mid. High Ger. _helmbarde_ (Ger. _hellebarde_)--_halm_, handle, or _helm_, helmet; Old High Ger. _barta_ (Ger. _barte_), an axe.] HALCYON, hal'si-un, _n._ the kingfisher, once believed to make a floating nest on the sea, which remained calm while it was hatching.--_adj._ calm: peaceful: happy--hence HALCYON-DAYS, a time of peace and happiness. [L.,--Gr., _alky[=o]n_; as if _hals_, the sea, _kyein_, to conceive.] HALD, a Scotch form of _hold_. HALE, h[=a]l, _adj._ healthy: robust: sound of body.--_n._ (_Spens._) welfare.--_n._ HALE'NESS. [Northern A.S. _hál_; the S. forms _hôl_, _hool_, produce _whole_. There is a parallel N. form from Norse _heill_.] HALE, h[=a]l, _v.t._ to drag. [A variant of _haul_.] HALF, häf, _n._ one of two equal parts: a contraction of half-year, as in a school session:--_pl._ HALVES (hävz).--_adj._ having or consisting of one of two equal parts: being in part: incomplete, as measures.--_adv._ in an equal part or degree: in part: imperfectly.--_v.i._ to divide into two equal parts.--_ns._ HALF'-AND-HALF, a mixture of beer or porter and ale; HALF'-BACK, in football, a position on the right or left side of the field, between the quarter-back and full-back, or directly behind the forwards: a player occupying this position.--_adj._ HALF'-BAKED, underdone: incomplete: half-witted.--_v.t._ HALF'-BAPTISE', to baptise privately and hastily.--_ns._ HALF'-BIND'ING, a style of bookbinding in which the backs and corners are of leather, and the sides of paper or cloth; HALF'-BLOOD, relation between those who are of the same father or mother, but not of both.--_adj._ HALF'-BLOOD'ED.--_ns._ HALF'-BOARD (_naut._), a manoeuvre by which a sailing-ship gains distance to windward by luffing up into the wind; HALF'-BOOT, a boot reaching half-way to the knee.--_adj._ HALF'-BOUND, bound only partly in leather, as a book.--_n._ HALF'-BREED, one that is half-blooded.--_adj._ HALF'-BRED, half or not well bred or trained: wanting in refinement.--_ns._ HALF'-BROTH'ER, HALF'-SIS'TER, a brother or sister by one parent only; HALF'-CAP (_Shak._), a cap only partly taken off: a slight salute; HALF'-CASTE, a person one of whose parents belongs to a Hindu caste, and the other is a European: any half-breed; HALF'-CHEEK (_Shak._), a face in profile; HALF'-COCK, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch (see COCK); HALF'-CROWN, a silver coin in England, of the value of two shillings and sixpence.--_adj._ HALF'-DEAD, almost dead, nearly exhausted.--_n._ HALF'-DOLL'AR, a silver coin of the United States, worth 50 cents.--_adj._ HALF'-DONE, not fully cooked, roasted, &c.--_n._ HALF'-DOZ'EN, six.--_adjs._ HALF'-ED'UCATED, imperfectly educated; HALF'EN (_Spens._), half.--_adv._ HALF'ENDEAL (_Spens._), half.--_adjs._ HALF'-FACED (_Shak._), showing only part of the face: wretched-looking; HALF'-HEART'ED, cold, ungenerous: lukewarm: indifferent.--_adv._ HALF'-HEART'EDLY.--_ns._ HALF'-HEART'EDNESS; HALF'-HOLIDAY, half of a working day for recreation; HALF'-KIR'TLE, a kind of jacket worn by women in the 16th and 17th centuries; HALF'-LENGTH, a portrait or photograph showing the upper part of the body.--_adj._ of half-length.--_ns._ HALF'LING, a half-grown person, between a boy and a man; HALF'-MAST, the position of a flag lowered half-way down, in respect for the dead or in signal of distress; HALF'-MEAS'URE, any means inadequate for the end proposed; HALF'-MOON, the moon at the quarters when but half of it is illuminated: anything semicircular; HALF'-MOURN'ING, a mourning costume less than deep or full mournings.--_adj._ HALF'-N[=A]'KED, as nearly naked as clothed.--_ns._ HALF'-NOTE (_mus._), a minim, being one-half of a semibreve or whole note; HALF'-ONE (_golf_), a handicap of one stroke every second hole; HALF'-PAY, reduced pay, as of naval or military officers when not in active service.--_adj._ receiving half-pay.--_ns._ HALFPENNY (h[=a]'pen-i), a copper coin worth half a penny: the value of half a penny: (_Shak._) anything very small:--_pl._ HALFPENCE (h[=a]'pens); HALF'PENNYWORTH, the worth or value of a halfpenny; HALF'-PIKE, a pike with a shaft only half the length of the ordinary; HALF'-PRICE, a reduced charge of admission, &c.--_adj._ at half the usual prices.--_adj._ HALF'-ROUND (_Milt._), semicircular.--_ns._ HALF'-ROY'AL, a special kind of millboard or pasteboard; HALF'-SHELL, one-half of a bivalve, as in oysters 'on the half-shell.'--_adj._ HALF'-SIGHT'ED, short-sighted.--_n._ HALF'-SOV'EREIGN, an English gold coin, worth ten shillings.--_adj._ HALF'-STARVED, having insufficient food.--_ns._ HALF'-SUIT, the body armour of the 17th century; HALF'-SWORD (_Shak._), fight within half a sword's length: close fight; HALF'-TIDE, the tide half-way between flood and ebb.--_adj._ left dry at half-tide.--_ns._ HALF'-TIM'ER, one who works only half the usual time, esp. a pupil in an elementary school allowed to be absent half the school-day at some employment; HALF'-TINT, an intermediate tint; HALF'-T[=I]'TLE, a short title of a book at the head of the first page of the text, or a title of any subdivision of a book when printed in a full page; HALF'-TRUTH, a statement conveying only part of the truth.--_adv._ HALF'-WAY, at half the way or distance: imperfectly.--_adj._ equally distant from two points.--_adjs._ HALF'-WIT'TED, weak in intellect; HALF'-YEAR'LY, occurring at every half-year or twice in a year.--_adv._ twice in a year.--_n._ BETT'ER-HALF, a wife.--HALF-SEAS-OVER, half-drunk.--NOT HALF, to a very slight extent: (_slang_) not at all.--CRY HALVES, to claim a half-share; GO HALVES, to share equally with a person. [A.S. _healf_ (Ger. _halb_, Dan. _halv_); original meaning 'side.'] HALIBUT, hal'i-but, _n._ the largest kind of flat-fishes, in form more elongated than the flounder or the turbot.--Also HOL'IBUT. [M. E. _hali_, holy, and _butte_, a flounder, plaice, the fish being much eaten on fast or holy days; cf. Dut. _heilbot_, Ger. _heilbutt_.] HALICORE, hal-ik'o-ri, _n._ a dugong. HALIDOM, hal'i-dom, _n._ (_Spens._) holiness--used chiefly as an oath. [A.S. _hálig_, holy, and affix _-dom_.] HALIEUTICS, hal-i-[=u]'tiks, _n._ a treatise on fishes or fishing. [L.,--Gr.,_--hals_, the sea.] HALIOTIS, hal-i-[=o]'tis, _n._ a genus of univalve shells, the ear-shells, supplying mother-of-pearl.--_adj._ HAL'IOTOID. [Gr. _hals_, sea, _ous_, _[=o]tis_, ear.] HALITUS, hal'i-tus, _n._ a vapour.--_adj._ HALIT'UOUS. [L.] HALL, hawl, _n._ a large room or passage at the entrance of a house: a large chamber for public business--for meetings, or for the sale of particular goods: an edifice in which courts of justice are held: a manor-house: the main building of a college, and in some cases, as at Oxford and Cambridge, the specific name of a college itself: an unendowed college: a licensed residence for students: the great room in which the students dine together--hence also the dinner itself: a place for special professional education, or for conferring professional degrees or licenses, as a Divinity Hall, Apothecaries' Hall.--_ns._ HALL'AGE, toll paid for goods sold in a hall; HALL'-DOOR, the front door of a house.--A HALL! A HALL! a cry at a mask or the like for room for the dance, &c.; BACHELOR'S HALL, a place free from the restraining presence of a wife; LIBERTY HALL, a place where every one can do as he pleases. [A.S. _heall_; Dut. _hal_, Ice. _holl_, &c.] HALLAN, hal'an, _n._ (_Scot._) a partition to keep out the cold between the door of a cottage and the fireplace.--_n._ HALLANSH[=A]K'ER, a sturdy beggar. HALLELUJAH, HALLELUIAH, hal-e-l[=oo]'ya, _n._ the exclamation 'Praise (ye) the Lord' (Jah or Jehovah), which occurs in many songs and anthems: a song of praise to God, a musical composition based on the word, as the Hallelujah (chorus) in Handel's _Messiah_.--_n._ HALLEL (hal-el', hal'el), the hymn of praise chanted during the Passover supper, consisting of Psalms cxiii.-cxviii. inclusive. [Heb., 'Praise ye Jehovah,' _halelu_, praise ye, and _J[=a]h_, Jehovah.] HALLIARD. See HALYARD. HALLION, hal'yon, _n._ a lazy rascal.--Also HALL'IAN, HALL'YON. HALL-MARK, hawl'-märk, _n._ the authorised impression of certain symbols made on articles of gold and silver at the various assay offices in the United Kingdom to indicate their true value and the fineness of the metal: any mark of genuineness or good quality.--_v.t._ to assay and mark authoritatively. HALLOO, hal-l[=oo]', _n._ a hunting cry: a cry to draw attention.--_v.i._ to cry after dogs: to raise an outcry.--_v.t._ to encourage or chase with shouts.--_interjs._ HALLO'! HALLOA'! used to call attention.--HALLOO BEFORE ONE IS OUT OF THE WOOD, to count on safety before one is out of danger. [Imit., A.S. _éalá_.] HALLOW, hal'[=o], _v.t._ to make holy: to set apart for religious use: to reverence.--_n._ a saint.--_ns._ HALL'OWE'EN, the evening before All-Hallows or All-Saints' Day; HALL'OWMAS, the Feast of All-Saints, 1st November. [A.S. _hálgian_--_hálig_, holy.] HALLUCINATION, hal-l[=u]-sin-[=a]'shun, _n._ error: delusion: the perception of things that do not externally exist.--_v.i._ HALL[=U]'CINATE, to suffer illusion.--_adjs._ HALL[=U]'CINATIVE, HALL[=U]'CINATORY, partaking of or tending to produce hallucination. [L. _hallucinationem_--_alucin[=a]ri_, _-[=a]tus_, to wander in mind.] HALLUX, hal'uks, _n._ the first or innermost digit of the foot, the great toe. [L. _allex_.] HALM, HAULM, hawm, _n._ the stalk of any kind of grain. [A.S. _healm_; Ger. _halm_.] HALMA, hal'ma, _n._ a game played on a checkered board of 256 squares, by two or four persons, with thirteen to nineteen men each--also _Hoppity_: in the Greek pentathlon the long jump with weights in the hands. [Gr.,--_hallesthai_, to leap.] HALMATURUS, hal-ma-t[=u]'rus, _n._ a genus of kangaroos. HALO, h[=a]'l[=o], _n._ a luminous circle round the sun or moon, due to the presence of ice-crystals in the air: (_paint._) the bright ring round the heads of saints, hence any ideal or sentimental glory attaching to a thing:--_pl._ HALOS (h[=a]'l[=o]z).--_v.t._ to surround with a halo.--_n._ HAL'OSCOPE, an instrument exhibiting the phenomena connected with halos, parhelia, &c. [L. _halos_--Gr. _hal[=o]s_, threshing-floor.] HALOGEN, hal'o-jen, _n._ a substance which by combination with a metal forms a saline compound.--_adjs._ HALOG'ENOUS; HA'LOID, like sea-salt.--_ns._ HAL'OMANCY, divination by means of salt; HAL'OPHYTE, the salt-wort, found in salt-marshes, &c. [Gr. _hals_, salt, _gen[=e]s_, producing.] HALSE, hawls, _v.t._ (_Spens._) to clasp round the neck, to embrace.--_n._ (_obs._) the neck, throat--(_Scot._) HAWSE. [A.S. _heals_, neck; Ger. _hals_.] HALSER, hawz'[.e]r, _n._ See HAWSER. HALT, hawlt, _v.i._ to stop from going on: (_mil._) to stop in a march.--_v.t._ to stop.--_n._ (_mil._) a stop in marching. [Orig. a Ger. military term, _halt_, stoppage.] HALT, hawlt, _n._ a halting or limping.--_adj._ lame, crippled, limping.--_v.i._ to be lame, to limp: to walk unsteadily: to vacillate: to proceed lamely or imperfectly, to be at fault, as in logic, rhythm, &c.--_ns._ HALT'ING; HALT'ING-PLACE. [A.S. _halt_, _healt_; Dan. and Sw. _halt_.] HALTER, hawlt'[.e]r, _n._ a head-rope for holding and leading a horse: a rope for hanging criminals: a strong strap or cord.--_v.t._ to catch or bind with a rope. [A.S. _hælftre_; Ger. _halfter_.] HALVE, häv, _v.t._ to divide into halves or two equal parts: to join two pieces of timber by notching or lapping.--_adj._ HALVED, divided into halves: (_bot._) appearing as if one side were cut away.--_n.pl._ HALVES (see HALF). HALYARD, HALLIARD, hal'yard, _n._ (_naut._) a rope or purchase for hoisting or lowering a sail, yard, or flag, named from their use or position, as 'peak-halyards,' 'signal-halyards,' &c. [Skeat explains it as _hale_ and _yard_; more prob. merely _hale-ier_.] HAM, ham, _n._ the back of the thigh: the thigh of an animal, esp. of a hog salted and dried. [A.S. _hamm_; cf. dial. Ger. _hamme_.] HAMADRYAD, ham'a-dr[=i]-ad, _n._ (_myth._) a wood-nymph who lived and died with the tree in which she dwelt:--_pl._ HAM'ADRYADS, HAMADRY'ADES (-[=e]z). [Gr. _hamadryas_--_hama_, together, _drys_, a tree.] HAMARTHRITIS, ham-ar-thr[=i]'tis, _n._ gout in all the joints. [Gr. _hama_, together, _arthritis_, gout.] HAMARTIALOGY, ham-ar-ti-al'o-ji, _n._ that section of theology which treats of the nature and effects of sin. [Gr. _hamartia_, sin, _logia_, discourse.] HAMATE, h[=a]'m[=a]t, _adj._ hooked, uncinate.--_adj._ HAM'IFORM, hamate. HAMBLE, ham'bl, _v.t._ to mutilate, to cut out the balls of a dog's feet, making him useless for hunting.--_v.i._ to walk lame, to limp. [A.S. _hamelian_.] HAMBURG, ham'burg, _n._ a black variety of grape--often _Black Hamburg_: a small-sized variety of the domestic fowl, with blue legs, including the _Black_, _Gold-_ and _Silver-pencilled_, and _Gold-_ and _Silver-spangled Hamburgs_. HAME, h[=a]m, _n._ one of the two curved bars to which the traces are attached in the harness of a draught-horse. [Cf. Dut. _haam_, Low Ger. _ham_.] HAMESUCKEN, h[=a]m'suk-n, _n._ (_Scots law_) the assaulting of a man in his own house. [A.S. _hám-sócn_, lit. 'home seeking,' an attack upon a house, also the fine exacted for such; cf. Ger. _heimsuchung_.] HAMILTONIAN, ham-il-t[=o]'ni-an, _adj._ pertaining to James _Hamilton_ (1769-1831), or his method of teaching languages without grammar, by a literal interlinear word-for-word translation: pertaining to the philosophy of Sir W. _Hamilton_ (1788-1856). HAMITIC, ham-it'ik, _adj._ pertaining to _Ham_, a son of Noah, or the races that used to be called his descendants, or their languages.--_n.pl._ HAM'ITES, a physical and linguistic group, stretching across the north of Africa--the African branch of the Caucasic family--comprising Berbers, the Fellahin, &c. HAMLET, ham'let, _n._ a cluster of houses in the country: a small village.--_adj._ HAM'LETED, located in a hamlet. [O. Fr. _hamel_ (Fr. _hameau_), and dim. affix _-et_--from Teut., Old Fris. _ham_, a home, Ger. _heim_, A.S. _hám_, a dwelling.] HAMMAL, ham'al, _n._ a Turkish porter. HAMMAM, ham'am, _n._ an Oriental bathing establishment, a Turkish bath.--Also HUM'MAUM, HUM'MUM. [Ar.] [Illustration] HAMMER, ham'[.e]r, _n._ a tool for beating metal or driving nails: a striking-piece in the mechanism of a clock or piano: that part of the lock of a firearm which falls with a sharp blow and causes the discharge of the piece: the baton of an auctioneer, a knock from which signifies that an article is sold: a small bone of the ear, the malleus.--_v.t._ to drive, shape, or fashion with a hammer: to contrive by intellectual labour, to excogitate (with _out_): to declare (a person) a defaulter on the Stock Exchange: to beat down the price of (a stock), to depress (a market).--_ns._ HAMM'ER-BEAM, a horizontal piece of timber in place of a tie-beam at or near the feet of a pair of rafters; HAMM'ERHEAD, HAMM'ER-FISH, a rapacious fish of the shark family--from the shape of its head.--_adj._ HAMM'ERHEADED, with a head shaped like a hammer: dull in intellect, stupid.--_n._ HAMM'ERING, a dented, appearance on silverware effected by successive blows of a hammer.--_adj._ HAMM'ERLESS, without a hammer--of a gun.--_n._ HAMM'ERMAN, a man who hammers, as a blacksmith, goldsmith, &c.--HAMMER-AND-TONGS, with great noise and vigour, violently.--BRING TO THE HAMMER, to sell, or cause to sell, by auction; UP TO THE HAMMER, first-rate. [A.S. _hamor_; Ger. _hammer_, Ice. _hamarr_.] HAMMERCLOTH, ham'[.e]r-kloth, _n._ the cloth which covers a coach-box. [Skeat thinks it an adaptation of Dut. _hemal_, heaven, a covering, with the addition of _cloth_, by way of giving a sort of sense.] HAMMOCHRYSOS, ham-o-kr[=i]'sos, _n._ a sparkling stone of the ancients, perhaps yellow micaceous schist. [Gr., _hammos_, sand, _chrysos_, gold.] HAMMOCK, ham'uk, _n._ a piece of strong cloth or netting suspended by the corners, and used as a bed by sailors. [Sp. _hamaca_, of Carib origin.] HAMOSE, h[=a]'mos, _adj._ hooked--also H[=A]'MOUS.--_adjs._ HAM'ULAR, like a small hook; HAM'ULATE, having a small hook at the tip.--_n._ HAM'ULUS, a small hook or hook-like process. [L. _hamus_, hook.] HAMPER, ham'p[.e]r, _v.t._ to impede or perplex: to shackle.--_n._ a chain or fetter.--_p.adj._ HAM'PERED, fettered, impeded.--_adv._ HAM'PEREDLY.--_n._ HAM'PEREDNESS. [First about 1350, in Northern writers, prob. rel. to Ice. _hemja_ (pt.t. _hamdi_), to restrain; Ger. _hemmen_.] HAMPER, ham'p[.e]r, _n._ a large basket for conveying goods.--_v.t._ to put in a hamper.--_ns._ HAN'AP, a large drinking-cup; HAN'APER, an old name for a receptacle for treasure, paper, &c., long the name of an office in the Court of Chancery. [For _hanaper_--O. Fr. _hanapier_--_hanap_, a drinking-cup--Old High Ger. _hnapf_; A.S. _hnæp_, a bowl.] HAMSHACKLE, ham'shak-l, _v.t._ to shackle a cow or horse by a rope joined to the head and fore-leg: to fetter, restrain. [_Hamper_ and _shackle_.] HAMSTER, ham'st[.e]r, _n._ a genus of rodent mammals of the family _Muridæ_, having cheek-pouches reaching back almost to the shoulders. [Ger.] HAMSTRING, ham'string, _n._ the great tendon at the back of the knee or hock of the hind-leg of a quadruped.--_v.t._ to lame by cutting the hamstring. HAN, han (_Spens._), _pl._ of _have_. HANAPER. See HAMPER, _n._ HANASTER, HANSTER. See under HANSE. HANCE, hans, _n._ (_naut._) a curved rise from a lower to a higher part--sometimes HANCH, HAUNCH: (_archit._) the arc of smaller radius at the springing of an elliptical or many-centred arch--also HAUNCH. [O. Fr. _hauce_, _haulce_, rise.] HANCH, hansh, _v.i._ and _v.t._ to snap at with the jaws. HAND, hand, _n._ the extremity of the arm below the wrist: that which does the duty of a hand by pointing, as the hand of a clock: the fore-foot of a horse: a measure of four inches: an agent or workman: (_pl._) work-people in a factory: performance, agency, co-operation: power or manner of performing: skill: possession: style of handwriting, sign-manual: side: direction: the set of cards held by a single player at whist, &c.: a single round at a game.--_v.t._ to give with the hand: to lead or conduct: (_naut._) to furl, as sails.--_ns._ HAND'-BAG, a bag for small articles, carried in the hand; HAND'-BALL, the sport of throwing and catching a ball; HAND'-BARR'OW, a barrow without a wheel, carried by men: HAND'-BAS'KET, a small portable basket; HAND'-BELL, a small bell held by the hand when rung, a table-bell; HAND'BILL, a pruning-hook used in the hand: a bill or loose sheet with some announcement; HAND'BOOK, a manual or book of reference: a guide-book for travellers; HAND'BREADTH, the breadth of a hand: a palm; HAND'-CART, a small cart drawn by hand.--_adj._ HAND'ED (_Milt._), with hands joined: (_Shak._) having a hand of a certain sort.--_ns._ HAND'ER; HAND'FAST, a firm grip, handle: a contract, esp. a betrothal.--_adj._ bound, espoused: tight-fisted.--_adj._ HAND'FASTED, betrothed.--_n._ HAND'FASTING, betrothal: a private or even probationary form of marriage.--_adj._ Hand'-foot'ed, having feet like hands, chiropod.--_ns._ HAND'FUL, as much as fills the hand: a small number or quantity:--_pl._ HAND'FULS; HAND'-GALL'OP, an easy gallop, in which the speed of the horse is restrained by the bridle-hand; HAND'-GLASS, a glass or small glazed frame used to protect plants: a small mirror; HAND'-GRENADE', a grenade to be thrown by the hand; HAND'GRIP, grasp, grip, close struggle; HAND'ICUFFS, HAND'YCUFFS, fighting hand to hand.--_adj._ HAND'LESS, awkward.--_ns._ HAND-LINE, a fishing-line worked by hand without a rod; HAND'-LIST, a list for easy reference; HAND'-LOOM, a weaver's loom worked by hand, as distinguished from a power-loom.--_adj._ HAND'-MADE, manufactured by hand, not by a machine.--_ns._ HAND'MAID, HAND'MAIDEN, a female servant; HAND'-MILL, a mill worked by hand for coffee, pepper, &c., a quern; HAND'-OR'GAN, a portable organ, played by means of a crank turned by the hand; HAND'-P[=A]'PER, a particular make of paper, early in use at the Record Office, with the water-mark of a hand pointing; HAND'-POST, a finger-post, guide; HAND'-PROM'ISE, a form of betrothal amongst the Irish peasantry; HAND'RAIL, a rail supported by balusters, as in staircases, to hold by.--_adv. phrase_, HAND'-RUN'NING, straight on, continuously.--_ns._ HAND'-SAW, a saw manageable by the hand--also the same as HERN'SHAW, in the proverb, 'not to know a hawk from a handsaw;' HAND'-SCREEN, a small screen used to protect the face from the heat of the fire or sun; HAND'-SCREW, an appliance for raising heavy weights, a jack; HAND'SPIKE, a bar used with the hand as a lever.--_n.pl._ HAND'STAVES (_B._), probably javelins.--_ns._ HANDS'-TURN, a helping hand, aid; HAND'WORK, work done by hand, as distinguished from machinery; HAND'WRITING, the style of writing peculiar to each person: writing.--_adj._ HAND'-WROUGHT, made with the hands, not by machinery.--HAND AND [IN] GLOVE (_with_), on very intimate terms; HAND DOWN, to transmit in succession; HAND IN HAND, in union, conjointly; HAND OF GOD, a term used for unforeseen unpreventable accidents, as lightning, tempest, &c.; HAND OVER HAND, by passing the hands alternately one before or above the other; HAND OVER HEAD, rashly; HANDS DOWN, with ease; HANDS OFF! keep off! refrain from blows! HANDS UP, a bushranger's call to surrender; HAND TO HAND, at close quarters; HAND TO MOUTH, without thought for the future, precariously.--A BIRD IN THE HAND, any advantage at present held; A COOL HAND, a person not easily abashed; AT ANY HAND, IN ANY HAND (_Shak._), at any rate, in any case; AT FIRST HAND, from the producer or seller, or from the first source direct; AT HAND, near in place or time; AT SECOND HAND, from an intermediate purchaser or source; BEAR A HAND, make haste to help; BEAR IN HAND (_Shak._), to keep in expectation; BE HAND AND GLOVE, to be very intimate and familiar; BELIEVED ON ALL HANDS, generally believed; BLOODY, or RED, HAND, granted to baronets of Great Britain and Ireland in 1611; BY THE STRONG HAND, by force; CAP IN HAND, humbly; CHANGE HANDS, to pass from one owner to another; COME TO ONE'S HAND, to be easy to do; DEAD MAN'S HAND, HAND-OF-GLORY, a charm to discover hidden treasure, &c., made from a mandrake root, or the hand of a man who has been executed, holding a candle; FOR ONE'S OWN HAND, on one's own account; FROM GOOD HANDS, from a reliable source; GAIN THE UPPER HAND, to obtain the mastery; GET ONE'S HAND IN, to become familiar with.--HANDWRITING ON THE WALL, any sign foreshadowing disaster (from Dan. v. 5).--HAVE A HAND IN, to be concerned in; HAVE CLEAN HANDS, to be honest and incorruptible; HAVE FULL HANDS, to be fully occupied; HOLD HAND (_Shak._), to compete successfully; HOLD IN HAND, to restrain; IN HAND, as present payment: in preparation: under control; KISS THE HAND, in token of submission; LAY HANDS ON, to seize; LAYING ON OF HANDS, the laying on of the hands of a bishop or presbyters in ordination; LEND A HAND, to give assistance; OFF-HAND, OUT OF HAND, at once, immediately, without premeditation; OFF ONE'S HANDS, no longer under one's responsible charge; OLD HAND, one experienced, as opposed to _Young hand_; ON ALL HANDS, on all sides; ON HAND, ready, available: in one's possession; ON ONE'S HANDS, under one's care or responsibility; POOR HAND, an unskilful one; SECOND-HAND, inferior, not new; SET THE HAND TO, to engage in, undertake; SHOW ONE'S HAND, to expose one's purpose to any one; STAND ONE'S HAND (_slang_), to pay for a drink to another; STRIKE HANDS, to make a contract; TAKE IN HAND, to undertake; TAKE OFF ONE'S HANDS, to relieve of something troublesome; TO ONE'S HAND, in readiness; UNDER ONE'S HAND, with one's proper signature attached; WASH ONE'S HANDS (_of_), to disclaim the responsibility for anything (Matt. xxvii. 24); WITH A HEAVY HAND, oppressively; WITH A HIGH HAND, without taking other people into consideration, audaciously. [A.S. _hand_; in all Teut. tongues, perh. rel. to Goth. _hinthan_, to seize.] HANDCUFF, hand'kuf, _n._ esp. in _pl._ HAND'CUFFS, shackles for the hand locked upon the wrists of a prisoner.--_v.t._ to put handcuffs on:--_pr.p._ hand'cuffing; _pa.p._ hand'cuffed (-kuft). [_Hand_ and _cuff_.] HANDICAP, hand'i-kap, _v.t._ to impose special disadvantages or impediments upon in order to offset advantages, and make a better contest--in a horse-race the superior horse carries a heavier weight, while foot-runners are placed at different distances, or start at different times: (_fig._) to place at a disadvantage by some burden or disability.--_n._ any contest so adjusted, or the condition imposed.--_n._ HAND'ICAPPER, one who handicaps. [_Hand_ in the _cap_, from the usage in an ancient kind of sport and method of settling a bargain by arbitration.] HANDICRAFT, hand'i-kraft, _n._ a manual craft or trade.--_n._ HAND'ICRAFTSMAN, a man skilled in a manual art:--_fem._ HAND'ICRAFTSWOMAN. HANDIWORK, HANDYWORK, hand'i-wurk, _n._ work done by the hands, performance generally: work of skill or wisdom: creation. HANDJAR, HANJAR, hand'jar, _n._ a Persian dagger. HANDKERCHIEF, hang'k[.e]r-chif, _n._ a piece of linen, silk, or cotton cloth for wiping the nose, &c.: a neckerchief.--THROW THE HANDKERCHIEF, to call upon next--from the usage in a common game. HANDLE, hand'l, _v.t._ to touch, hold, or use with the hand: to make familiar by frequent touching: to manage: to discuss: to practise: to trade or do business in.--_v.i._ to use the hands.--_n._ that part of anything held in the hand: (_fig._) that of which use is made: a tool: occasion, opportunity, pretext.--_ns._ HAND'LER, a person skilful in any special kind of manipulation; HAND'LING, the touching or managing with the hand: action: manner of touch.--A HANDLE TO THE NAME, an adjunct of honour, as 'Dr,' 'Col.,' &c.; GIVE A HANDLE, to furnish an occasion to. [A.S. _handlian_--_hand_, a hand.] HANDSEL, HANSEL, hand'sel, han'sel, _n._ the first sale or using of anything: earnest-money or part-payment by way of binding a bargain: (_Scot._) a gift made on the first Monday of the year to a child or servant: a New-year's gift.--_v.t._ to give a handsel: to use or do anything the first time. [A.S. _handselen_, a giving into the hands of another; or Ice. _handsal_.] HANDSOME, han'sum, _adj._ good-looking, well-proportioned, graceful: with dignity: liberal or noble: generous: ample.--_adv._ HAND'SOMELY.--_n._ HAND'SOMENESS. [_Hand_ and -_some_; cf. Dut. _handzaam_.] HANDY, han'di, _adj._ dexterous: ready to the hand: convenient: near.--_adv._ HAND'ILY.--_ns._ HANDI'NESS; HAND'Y-MAN, a man for doing odd jobs. HANDY-DANDY, hand'i-dand'i, _n._ (_Shak._) an old game among children, in which something is rapidly changed from one hand into the other, while another guesses in which hand it is. [A jingle on _hand_.] HANG, hang, _v.t._ to hook or fix to some high point: to suspend: to decorate with pictures, &c., as a wall: to put to death by suspending and choking.--_v.i._ to be hanging, so as to allow of free motion: to lean, or rest for support: to drag: to hover or impend: to be in suspense: to linger:--_pr.p._ hang'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ hanged or hung.--_n._ action of hanging, bending down, &c.: a declivity: mode in which anything hangs: a slackening of motion: a hanging mass (NOT A HANG, not a bit, not in the least).--_n._ HANGABIL'ITY.--_adj._ HANG'ABLE, liable to be hanged: punishable by hanging.--_n._ HANG'-DOG, a low fellow.--_adj._ like such a fellow, esp. in his sneaking look.--_ns._ HANG'ER, that on which anything is hung: a short sword, curved near the point; HANG'ER-ON, one who hangs on or sticks to a person or place: an importunate acquaintance: a dependent.--_adj._ HANG'ING, deserving death by hanging.--_n._ death by the halter: that which is hung, as drapery, &c.:--used chiefly in _pl._--_ns._ HANG'ING-BUTT'RESS, a buttress not standing solid on a foundation, but hanging or supported on a corbel; HANG'MAN, a public executioner; HANG'NAIL (see AGNAIL).--_n.pl._ HANG'-NESTS, a family of finch-like perching birds peculiar to America--often called _American orioles_, many weaving curious purse-like nests.--HANG BACK, to hesitate; HANG BY A THREAD, to be in a very precarious position--from the sword of Damocles; HANG, DRAW, AND QUARTER, to execute by hanging, cutting down while still alive, disembowelling, and cutting the body in pieces for exposure at different places; HANG FIRE, to be long in exploding or discharging, as a gun: to hesitate; HANG IN DOUBT, to remain in a state of uncertainty; HANG IN THE BALANCE, to be in doubt or suspense; HANG OFF, to let go, to hold off; HANG ON, to cling to, to regard with admiration: to depend upon: to weigh down or oppress: to be importunate; HANG OUT (_slang_), to lodge or reside; HANG OVER, to project over; HANG TOGETHER, to keep united; HANG UP ONE'S HAT, to make one's self completely at home in a house. [A.S. _hangian_, causal form of _hón_, pa.t. _heng_, pa.p. _hangen_; Dut. and Ger. _hangen_, Goth. _hahan_.] HANGAR, hang'ar, _n._ a covered shed for carriages. HANK, hangk, _n._ two or more skeins of thread tied together: a string, clasp, or other means of fastening. [Ice. _hanki_, a hasp.] HANKER, hangk'[.e]r, _v.i._ to long for with eagerness: to linger about (with _after_, _for_).--_n._ HANK'ERING, a lingering craving for something. [A freq. of _hang_, in sense to hang on; cf. Dut. _hunkeren_.] HANKY-PANKY, hangk'i-pangk'i, _n._ jugglery, trickery. [A meaningless jingle, like _hocus-pocus_, &c.] HANOVERIAN, han-o-v[=e]'ri-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Hanover_, as of the brown rat, and the dynasty that came to the throne of England in 1714.--_n._ a supporter of the house of Hanover, as opposed to a Jacobite. HANSARD, han'sard, _n._ a name applied to the printed reports of the debates in parliament, from Luke _Hansard_ (1752-1828), whose descendants continued to print these down to the beginning of 1889.--_v.t._ HAN'SARDISE, to confront a member with his former opinions as recorded in his speeches in _Hansard_. HANSE, hans, _n._ a league.--_adjs._ HANSE, HANSEAT'IC, applied to certain commercial cities in Germany whose famous league for mutual defence and commercial association began in a compact between Hamburg and Lübeck in 1241.--_ns._ HAN'ASTER, HAN'STER, the ancient Oxford name for persons paying the entrance-fee of the guild-merchant, and admitted as freemen of the city. [O. Fr. _hanse_--Old High Ger. _hansa_, a band of men (Ger. _hanse_).] HANSOM-CAB, han'sum-kab, _n._ a light two-wheeled cab or hackney-carriage with the driver's seat raised behind. [From the name of the inventor, Joseph Aloysius _Hansom_, 1803-82.] HA'N'T, h[=a]nt, a coll. contr. for _have not_ or _has not_. HANTLE, han'tl, _n._ (_Scot._) a considerable number. [Cf. Dan. _antal_, Dut. _aantal_, Ger. _anzahl_. Some explain as _hand_ and _tale_, number.] HAP, hap, _n._ chance: fortune: accident.--_v.i._ to befall.--_n._ HAP-HAZ'ARD, that which happens by hazard: chance, accident.--_adj._ chance, accidental.--_adv._ at random.--_adv._ HAP-HAZ'ARDLY.--_n._ HAP-HAZ'ARDNESS.--_adj._ HAP'LESS, unlucky: unhappy.--_adv._ HAP'LESSLY.--_n._ HAP'LESSNESS.--_adv._ HAP'LY, by hap, chance, or accident: perhaps: it may be.--_v.i._ HAPP'EN, to fall out: to take place: to chance to be.--_n._ HAPP'ENING. [Ice. _happ_, good luck.] HAP, hap, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to wrap up from the cold or rain.--_n._ a cloak or other covering. HAPLODON, hap'l[=o]-don, _n._ a peculiar terrestrial rodent regarded as a connecting-link between beavers and squirrels, its single species (_H. rufus_) popularly known as the _Sewellel_, _Boomer_, and _Mountain Beaver_. [Gr. _haploos_, single, _odous_, _odontos_, tooth.] HAPLOGRAPHY, hap-log'raf-i, _n._ the inadvertent writing of a letter or word, or series of letters or words, once, when it should be written twice. [Gr. _haploos_, single, _graphia_, _graphein_, to write.] HAP'ORTH, h[=a]'p[.e]rth, for _halfpennyworth_. HAPPY, hap'i, _adj._ lucky, successful: possessing or enjoying pleasure or good: secure of good: furnishing enjoyment: dexterous, apt, felicitous.--_v.t._ (_Shak._) to make happy.--_v.t._ HAPP'IFY, to make happy.--_adv._ HAPP'ILY.--_n._ HAPP'INESS.--_adj._ HAPP'Y-GO-LUCK'Y, easy-going: taking things as they come.--_adv._ in any way one pleases.--HAPPY DESPATCH, a euphemism for the _Hara-kiri_ (q.v.). [_Hap_.] HAQUETON, hak'ton, _n._ a stuffed jacket worn under the mail--same as Acton (q.v.). HARA-KIRI, har'a-kir'e, _n._ involuntary suicide by disembowelment, formerly practised in Japan by daimios and members of the military class, unable to outlive disgrace, or in order to anticipate execution. [Japanese _hara_, belly, _kiri_, cut.] HARANGUE, ha-rang', _n._ a loud speech addressed to a multitude: a popular, pompous address.--_v.i._ to deliver a harangue.--_v.t._ to address by a harangue:--_pr.p._ haranguing (-rang'ing); _pa.p._ harangued (-rangd').--_n._ HARANG'UER. [O. Fr. _arenge_, _harangue_, from Old High Ger. _hring_ (Ger. _ring_), a ring of auditors.] HARASS, har'as, _v.t._ to fatigue: to annoy or torment.--_p.adj._ HAR'ASSED.--_adv._ HAR'ASSEDLY.--_n._ HAR'ASSER.--_p.adj._ HAR'ASSING.--_adv._ HAR'ASSINGLY.--_n._ HAR'ASSMENT. [O. Fr. _harasser_; prob. from _harer_, to incite a dog.] HARBINGER, här'bin-j[.e]r, _n._ a forerunner, pioneer, originally one who goes forward to provide lodging.--_v.t._ to precede, as a harbinger. [M. E. _herbergeour_. See HARBOUR.] HARBOUR, här'bur, _n._ any refuge or shelter: a port for ships--obs. form _Har'borough_.--_v.t._ to lodge or entertain: to protect: to possess or indulge, as thoughts.--_v.i._ to take shelter.--_n._ HAR'BOURAGE, place of shelter: entertainment.--_n.pl._ HAR'BOUR-DUES, charges for the use of a harbour.--_n._ HAR'BOURER, one who harbours or entertains.--_adj._ HAR'BOURLESS.--_n._ HAR'BOUR-MAS'TER, the public officer who has charge of a harbour.--HARBOUR OF REFUGE, a harbour constructed to give shelter to ships on some exposed coast: any protection for one in distress. [M. E. _herberwe_--an assumed A.S. _herebeorg_--_here_, army, _beorg_, protection; cf. Ger. _herberge_, Ice. _herbergi_.] HARD, härd, _adj._ not easily penetrated, firm, solid: difficult to understand or accomplish: violent, vehement: rigorous: close, earnest, industrious: coarse, scanty: stingy, niggardly: difficult to bear, painful: unjust: difficult to please: unfeeling: severe: stiff: constrained: intractable, resistant in some use, as water, &c.: strong, spirituous: (of silk) without having the natural gum boiled off: surd or breathed, as opposed to sonant or voiced.--_n._ a firm beach or foreshore: hard labour.--_adv._ with urgency, vigour, &c.: earnestly, forcibly: with difficulty: close, near, as in HARD BY.--_adv._ HARD-A-LEE, close to the lee-side, &c.--_adj._ HARD'-AND-FAST', rigidly laid down and adhered to.--_adv._ HARD APORT! a command instructing the helmsman to turn the tiller to the left or port side of the ship, thus causing the ship to swerve to the right or starboard.--_ns._ HARD'-BAKE, a sweetmeat made of boiled sugar and almonds; HARD'BEAM, the hornbeam.--_adjs._ HARD'-BILLED, having a hard bill or beak--of birds; HARD'-BITT'EN, given to hard biting, tough in fight; HARD'-CURED, cured thoroughly, as fish, by drying in the sun.--_n._ HARD'-DRINK'ER, a constant drunkard.--_adj._ HARD'-EARNED, earned with toil or difficulty.--_v.t._ HARD'EN, to make hard or harder: to make firm: to strengthen: to confirm in wickedness: to make insensible.--_v.i._ to become hard or harder, either lit. or fig.--_adj._ HARD'ENED, made hard, unfeeling.--_n._ HARD'ENER.--_adj._ HARD'-FAV'OURED, having coarse features.--_n._ HARD'-FAV'OUREDNESS.--_adj._ HARD'-FEAT'URED, of hard, coarse, or forbidding features.--_n._ HARD'-FEAT'UREDNESS.--_adjs._ HARD'-FIST'ED, having hard or strong fists or hands: close-fisted: niggardly; HARD'-FOUGHT, sorely contested; HARD'-GOTT'EN, obtained with difficulty; HARD'-GRAINED, having a close firm grain: uninviting.--_n._ HARD'-HACK, the steeple-bush, an erect shrub of the rose family, with rose-coloured or white flowers.--_adjs._ HARD'-HAND'ED, having hard hands: rough: severe; HARD'-HEAD'ED, shrewd, intelligent; HARD'-HEART'ED, having a hard or unfeeling heart: cruel.--_adv._ HARD'-HEART'EDLY.--_n._ HARD'-HEART'EDNESS.--_adj._ HARD'ISH, somewhat hard.--_n._ HARD'-L[=A]'BOUR, labour imposed on certain classes of criminals during their imprisonment.--_adv._ HARD'LY, with difficulty: scarcely, not quite: severely, harshly.--_adj._ HARD'-MOUTHED, having a mouth hard or insensible to the bit: not easily managed.--_n._ HARD'-PAN, the hard detritus often underlying the superficial soil: the lowest level.--_adjs._ HARD'-RULED (_Shak._), ruled with difficulty; HARD'-RUN, greatly pressed; HARD'-SET, beset by difficulty: rigid; HARD'-SHELL, having a hard shell: rigidly orthodox.--_ns._ HARD'SHIP, a hard state, or that which is hard to bear, as toil, injury, &c.; HARD'-TACK, ship-biscuit.--_adj._ HARD'-VIS'AGED, of a hard, coarse, or forbidding visage.--_ns._ HARD'WARE, trade name for all sorts of articles made of the baser metals, such as iron or copper; HARD'WAREMAN.--_adj._ HARD'-WON, won with toil and difficulty.--_n.pl._ HARD'WOOD-TREES, forest trees of comparatively slow growth, producing compact hard timber, as oak, ash, elm, walnut, beech, birch, &c.--HARD HIT, seriously hurt, as by a loss of money: deeply smitten with love; HARD LINES, a hard lot; HARD METAL, an alloy of two parts of copper with one of tin for gun metal; HARD MONEY, money emphatically, prop. coin; HARD OF HEARING, pretty deaf; HARD SWEARING, swearing (as a witness) persistently to what is false, perjury; HARD UP, short of money.--BE HARD PUT TO IT, to be in great straits or difficulty; DIE HARD, to die only after a desperate struggle for life. [A.S. _heard_; Dut. _hard_, Ger. _hart_, Goth. _hardus_; allied to Gr. _kratys_, strong.] HARDOCK. See HARLOCK. HARDS, härdz, _n.pl._ also HURDS, coarse or refuse flax or hemp from which is made the coarse fabric HARD'EN, HERD'EN, HURD'EN. HARDY, härd'i, _adj._ daring, brave, resolute: confident: impudent: able to bear cold, exposure, or fatigue.--_ns._ HARD'IHOOD, HARD'INESS, HARD'IMENT (_arch._).--_adv._ HARD'ILY. [O. Fr. _hardi_--Old High Ger. _hartjan_, to make hard.] HARE, h[=a]r, _n._ a common and very timid animal, with a divided upper lip and long hind-legs, which runs swiftly by leaps.--_ns._ HARE-AND-HOUNDS, a boys' game in which some set off on a long run across country, dropping pieces of paper (the scent) as they go, and others try to overtake, following their trail; HARE'BELL, a plant with blue bell-shaped flowers.--_adjs._ HARE'-BRAINED, giddy: heedless; HARE'-FOOT, swift of foot like a hare; HAR'ISH, somewhat like a hare.--_n._ HARE'-LIP, a fissure in the upper human lip like that of a hare.--_adj._ HARE'-LIPPED.--_n._ HARE'S'-EAR, a genus of umbelliferous plants having yellow flowers.--FIRST CATCH YOUR HARE, make sure you have a thing first before you think what to do with it--from a direction in Mrs Glasse's cookery-book, where catch, however, was a misprint for 'case'=skin; HOLD WITH THE HARE AND RUN WITH THE HOUNDS, to play a double and deceitful game, to be with both sides at once; JUGGED HARE, hare cut into pieces and stewed with wine and other seasoning; MAD AS A MARCH HARE, from the gambols of the hare during the breeding season. [A.S. _hara_; Dut. _haas_, Dan. _hare_, Ger. _hase_.] HARELD, har'eld, _n._ a genus of northern sea-ducks. [Norw. _havella_--_hav_, sea.] HAREM, h[=a]'rem, _n._ the portion of a Mohammedan house allotted to females: the collection of wives and concubines belonging to one Mussulman. [Ar. _haram_, anything forbidden--_harama_, to forbid.] HARICOT, har'i-ko, -kot, _n._ a kind of ragout or stew of mutton and beans or other vegetables: the kidney-bean or French bean. [Fr. _haricot_.] HARI-KARI, an incorrect form of _hara-kiri_. HARK, härk, _interj._ or _imper._ listen.--_n._ a whisper.--_n._ HARK'-BACK, a backward move.--HARK BACK, to revert to the original point. [_Hearken_.] HARL, härl, _n._ the skin of flax: any filamentous substance. HARL, härl, _v.t._ (_Scot._) to drag along the ground: to rough-cast a wall with lime.--_v.i._ to drag one's self: to troll for fish.--_n._ act of dragging: a small quantity, a scraping of anything. HARLEIAN, har-l[=e]'an, här'li-an, _adj._ pertaining to Robert _Harley_, Earl of Oxford (1661-1724), and his son, Edward Harley, esp. in reference to the library of books and MSS. collected by them--the latter in the British Museum since 1753. HARLEQUIN, här'le-kwin, or -kin, _n._ the leading character in a pantomime, the lover of Columbine, in a tight spangled dress, with a wand, by means of which he is supposed to be invisible and to play tricks: a buffoon.--_v.i._ to play the harlequin.--_n._ HARLEQUIN[=A]DE', the portion of a pantomime in which the harlequin plays a chief part.--HARLEQUIN DUCK, a species of northern sea-duck, so called from its variegated markings. [Fr. _harlequin_, _arlequin_ (It. _arlecchino_), prob. the same as O. Fr. _Hellequin_, a devil in medieval legend, perh. of Teut. origin.] HARLOCK, här'lok, _n._ (_Shak._) a flower not identified, not charlock=wild mustard, or _hardock_=burdock. HARLOT, här'lot, _n._ a woman who prostitutes her body for hire, a whore.--_adj._ wanton: lewd.--_n._ HAR'LOTRY, prostitution, unchastity: (_obs._) a woman given to such: meretriciousness. [O. Fr. _herlot_, _arlot_, a base fellow; origin dub., perh. from Old High Ger. _karl_ (A.S. _ceorl_).] HARM, härm, _n._ injury: moral wrong.--_v.t._ to injure.--_adj._ HARM'FUL, hurtful.--_adv._ HARM'FULLY.--_n._ HARM'FULNESS.--_adj._ HARM'LESS, not injurious, innocent: unharmed.--_adv._ HARM'LESSLY.--_n._ HARM'LESSNESS. [A.S. _hearm_; Ger. _harm_.] HARMALA, här'ma-la, _n._ wild rue--also HAR'MEL.--_ns._ HAR'MALINE, a white crystalline alkaloid obtained from the seeds of wild rue; HAR'MALOL, HAR'MINE, other alkaloids from the same source. [Gr., from Semitic; cf. Ar. _harmil_.] HARMAN, här'man, _n._ (_slang_) a policeman--also HAR'MAN-BECK: (_pl._) the stocks. HARMATTAN, har-mat'an, _n._ a hot, dry, noxious wind which blows periodically from the interior of Africa to the Atlantic along the Guinea coast during December, January, and February. [Fanti.] HARMONIC, -AL, har-mon'ik, -al, _adj._ pertaining to harmony: musical: concordant: recurring periodically.--_n._ a secondary tone, overtone; a note on a stringed instrument produced by lightly stopping a string: (_math._) one of a class of functions that enter into the development of the potential of a nearly spherical mass due to its attraction.--_adv._ HARMON'ICALLY.--_n.pl._ HARMON'ICS, used as _sing._ the science of harmony or of musical sounds--as _pl._ consonances, the component sounds included in what appears to the ear to be a single sound.--_adj._ HARM[=O]'NIOUS, having harmony: symmetrical, congruous: concordant.--_adv._ HARM[=O]'NIOUSLY.--_ns._ HARM[=O]'NIOUSNESS; HARMONIS[=A]'TION.--_v.i._ HAR'MON[=I]SE, to be in harmony: to agree.--_v.t._ to make in harmony: to cause to agree: (_mus._) to provide parts to.--_ns._ HARMON[=I]S'ER; HAR'MONIST, one skilled in harmony: a musical composer.--HARMONIC ENGINE, an invention of Edison's, in which the energy of an electric current is used, by means of two small electro-magnets, to keep up the vibrations of a large and heavily-weighted tuning-fork whose arms are connected with two pistons working a miniature pump; HARMONIC PROGRESSION, a series of numbers the reciprocals of which are in arithmetical progression; HARMONIC PROPORTION, the relation of three quantities in harmonic progression--the 2d a _harmonic mean_ between the 1st and 3d, as in the three numbers 2, 3, and 6; HARMONIC TRIAD, the common chord. HARMONIUM, har-m[=o]'ni-um, _n._ a reed-organ, esp. one in which the air is compressed in the bellows and driven thence through the reeds.--_ns._ HARMON'ICA, the musical glasses--an instrument invented by Franklin, the sounds of which were produced from bell-shaped glasses placed on a framework that revolved on its centre, while the rims were touched by the moistened finger: a musical instrument consisting of a series of glass or metal plates played by striking with a small mallet: a mouth-organ or harmonicon; HARMON'ICON, a mouth-organ: an acoustic apparatus by which a musical note is evolved when a long dry tube, open at both ends, is held over a jet of burning hydrogen; HARMON'IPHONE, a musical instrument played with a keyboard, in which the sounds are produced by reeds set in a tube, and vibrating under pressure from the breath; HARM[=O]'NIUMIST, one who plays the harmonium; HARMON'OGRAPH, an instrument for tracing curves representing sonorous vibrations; HARMONOM'ETER, one for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. HARMONY, här'mo-ni, _n._ a fitting together of parts so as to form a connected whole, agreement in relation: in art, a normal state of completeness and order in the relations of things to each other: (_mus._) a simultaneous combination of accordant sounds: the whole chordal structure of a piece, as distinguished from its melody or its rhythm: concord, music in general: a collation of parallel passages regarding the same event arranged to demonstrate the substantial unity--as of the Gospels.--HARMONY, or MUSIC, OF THE SPHERES, a harmony formed by the regular movements of the heavenly bodies throughout space, determined by the relation to each other of the intervals of separation; PRE-ESTABLISHED HARMONY, the designation of Leibnitz for his theory of the divinely established relation between body and mind--the movements of monads and the succession of ideas, as it were a constant agreement between two clocks. [Fr.,--L.,--Gr. _harmonia_--_harmos_, a fitting--_arein_, to fit.] HARMOST, här'most, _n._ a Spartan governor of a subject city or province.--_n._ HAR'MOSTY; the office of such. HARMOTOME, här'm[=o]-t[=o]m, _n._ a hydrous silicate of aluminium and barium.--Also _Cross-stone_. HARNESS, här'nes, _n._ the equipments of a horse: formerly, the armour of a man or horse: equipment for any kind of labour.--_v.t._ to equip with armour: to put the harness on a horse.--_n._ HAR'NESS-CASK, a tub, a cask with rimmed cover on a ship's deck holding the salt meat for daily use.--DIE IN HARNESS, to die at one's work. [O. Fr. _harneis_, armour; dubiously referred to Celt., as in Bret. _harnez_, old iron, also armour.] HARNS, härnz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) the brains. [A.S. _hærnes_, most prob. Norse _hjarne_; cf. Ger. _hirn_.] HARO, hä'ro, _n._ an old term for a form of appeal in the Channel Islands, a demand for protection against harm, or for assistance to arrest an adversary.--Also HA'ROW, HAR'ROW (_Spens._), a mere exclamation of distress. [O. Fr. _haro_, _harou_, of unknown origin; not _ha Rou!_ an appeal to Rolf, Rollo, or Rou, the first Duke of Normandy.] HARP, härp, _n._ a musical stringed instrument much esteemed by the ancients.--_v.i._ to play on the harp: to dwell tediously upon anything.--_v.t._ to give voice to.--_ns._ HARP'ER, HARP'IST, a player on the harp.--_n.pl._ HARP'INGS (_naut._), the fore-parts of the wales surrounding the bow extensions of the rib-bands.--_n._ HARP'-SHELL, a genus of gasteropodous molluscs with inflated shell.--HARP ON ONE STRING, to dwell constantly on one topic. [A.S. _hearpe_; Ger. _harfe_.] HARPOON, här-p[=oo]n', _n._ a dart for striking and killing whales.--_v.t._ to strike with the harpoon.--_ns._ HARPOON'ER, HARPOONEER', one who uses a harpoon; HARPOON'-GUN, a gun from which a harpoon or toggle-iron may be discharged. [Fr. _harpon_--_harpe_, a clamp--L. _harpa_, Gr. _harp[=e]_, sickle.] HARPSICHORD, härp'si-kord, _n._ an old-fashioned keyed musical instrument, where the sound is produced by the twitching of the strings by a piece of crow-quill or hard leather. [O. Fr. _harpechorde_.] HARPY, här'pi, _n._ (_myth._) a rapacious and filthy monster, with the body of a woman and the wings, feet, and claws of a bird of prey, considered as a minister of the vengeance of the gods: (_her._) a vulture with the head and breast of a woman: a South American eagle, larger than the golden eagle, and of great strength and rapacity: a rapacious person. [L. _harp[=y]ia_--Gr., pl. _harpyiai_, 'snatchers,' symbols of the storm-wind--_harpazein_, to seize.] HARQUEBUS, HARQUEBUSE, HARQUEBUSS, här'kwi-bus, _n._ Same as ARQUEBUSE. HARRIDAN, har'i-dan, _n._ a vixenish old woman. [Prob. O. Fr. _haridelle_, a lean horse, a jade.] HARRIER, har'i-[.e]r, _n._ a small kind of dog with a keen smell, for hunting hares: (_pl._) a name taken by some clubs of cross-country runners (see HARE-AND-HOUNDS). [Formed from _hare_, like _graz-i-er_.] HARROVIAN, har-[=o]'vi-an, _adj._ pertaining to _Harrow_.--_n._ one educated at the public school there. HARROW, har'[=o], _n._ a frame of wood or iron toothed with spikes for smoothing and pulverising ploughed land, and for covering seeds sown.--_v.t._ to draw a harrow over: to harass: to tear.--_adj._ HARR'OWING, acutely distressing to the mind.--_adv._ HARR'OWINGLY.--_n._ CHAIN'-HARR'OW, a harrow composed of rings for breaking clods of earth.--UNDER THE HARROW, in distress or anxiety. [A.S. _hearge_; cf. Ice. _herfi_, Dan. _harv_.] HARROW. See HARO. HARRY, har'i, _v.t._ to plunder: to ravage: to destroy: to harass:--_pr.p._ harr'ying; _pa.p._ harr'ied.--_n._ HARR'IER, one who, or that which, harries: a kind of hawk so named from its harrying or destroying small animals.--HARRYING, or HARROWING, OF HELL, the spoiling of hell, the delivery by Christ, upon His descent into hell after the crucifixion, of the souls of patriarchs and prophets there held in bondage by Satan (1 Pet. iii. 19)--a favourite subject of Christian art, and of our own medieval writers of Mysteries. [A.S. _hergian_, from A.S. _here_, gen. _herg-es_, an army; Ger. _heer_.] HARSH, härsh, _adj._ rough: bitter: jarring: abusive: severe: unkind.--_v.t._ HARSH'EN, to render harsh.--_adv._ HARSH'LY.--_n._ HARSH'NESS. [M. E. _harsk_, a northern word; cf. Sw. _härsk_ and Dan. _harsk_, rancid, Ger. _harsch_, hard.] HART, härt, _n._ the stag or male deer from the age of six years, when the crown or sur-royal antler begins to appear:--_fem._ HIND.--_ns._ HART'EBEEST, HART'BEEST, a South African antelope; HARTS'HORN, the antlers of the red deer: a solution of ammonia, orig. a decoction of the shavings of a hart's horn; HARTS'TONGUE, a genus of widely distributed ferns, one species native to Britain, common in moist woods.--HART OF GREASE, a hart of the season when fat. [A.S. _heort_; Dut. _hert_, Ger. _hirsch_.] HARUM-SCARUM, h[=a]'rum-sk[=a]'rum, _adj._ flighty: rash.--_n._ a giddy, rash person. [Prob. compounded of _hare_, from the sense of haste and fright, and _scare_.] HARUSPEX, ha-rus'peks, _n._ (_pl._ HARUS'PICES) a soothsayer or diviner among the Etruscans, and from them adopted by the Romans, who foretold future events from the inspection of the entrails of animals offered in sacrifice--also HARUS'PICE.--_ns._ HARUSPIC[=A]'TION, HARUS'PICY, divination as by a haruspex. [L., from an assumed _haru_, cog. with Sans. _hirâ_, entrails, and L. _spec[)e]re_, to view.] HARVEST, här'vest, _n._ the time of gathering in the ripened crops: the crops gathered in: fruits: the product of any labour: consequences.--_v.t._ to reap and gather in.--_ns._ HAR'VEST-BUG, -LOUSE, -TICK, a mite or tick of minute size, abundant late in summer, and very troublesome to people with delicate skins; HAR'VESTER, a reaper in harvests; HAR'VEST-FEAST, the feast made at the ingathering of harvest; HAR'VEST-FIELD, a field where a harvest is or has been; HAR'VEST-FLY, in U.S. the popular name for a species of cicada; HAR'VEST-HOME, the bringing home of the harvest: the feast held at the bringing home of the harvest; HAR'VEST-LORD, the head-reaper at the harvest; HAR'VEST-MAN (_B._), a labourer in harvest; HAR'VEST-MOON, the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox, rising nearly at the same hour for several days; HAR'VEST-MOUSE, a very small species of mouse, building its nest in the stalks of growing corn; HAR'VEST-QUEEN, an image of Ceres, the queen or goddess of fruits, in ancient times carried about on the last day of harvest. [A.S. _hærfest_; Ger. _herbs_t, Dut. _herfst_.] HAS, haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of _have_. HASH, hash, _v.t._ to hack: to mince: to chop small.--_n._ that which is hashed: a mixed dish of meat and vegetables in small pieces: a mixture and preparation of old matter: (_Scot._) a stupid fellow.--_adj._ HASH'Y.--MAKE A HASH OF, to spoil or ruin completely; SETTLE A PERSON'S HASH (_slang_), to silence him: to make an end of him. [O. Fr.,--Fr. _hacher_--_hache_, hatchet.] HASHISH, hash'ish, -[=e]sh, _n._ name given to the leaves of the Indian hemp, from which an intoxicating preparation is made. See BHANG and ASSASSIN. [Ar.] HASK, hask, _n._ (_Spens._) a fish-basket made of rushes. [Prob. from root of _hassock_.] HASLET, has'let, _n._ the edible entrails of an animal, esp. the hog.--Also HARS'LET. [O. Fr. _hastelet_, _haste_, a spit--L. _hasta_, a spear.] HASP, hasp, _n._ a clasp: the clasp of a padlock: a spindle: a skein of yarn.--_v.t._ to fasten with a hasp. [A.S. _hæpse_; Dan. and Ger. _haspe_.] HASSOCK, has'uk, _n._ a thick cushion used as a footstool or for kneeling on in church: Kentish rag-stone. [A.S. _hassuc_; prob. W. _hesg_, sedge.] HAST, hast, 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. of _have_. HASTATE, -D, hast'[=a]t, -ed, _adj._ (_bot._) spear-shaped.--Also HAST'IFORM. [L. _hast[=a]tus_--_hasta_, spear.] HASTE, h[=a]st, _n._ speed, quickness, a hurry: rashness: vehemence.--_vs.t._ HASTE, HASTEN (h[=a]s'n), to put to speed: to hurry on: to drive forward.--_vs.i._ to move with speed: to be in a hurry:--_pr.p._ h[=a]st'ing, hastening (h[=a]s'ning); _pa.p._ h[=a]st'ed, hastened (h[=a]s'nd).--_n._ HAST'ENER.--_adv._ HAST'ILY.--_n._ HAST'INESS, hurry: rashness: irritability.--_adj._ HAST'Y, speedy: quick: rash: eager: passionate.--_n._ HAST'Y-PUDD'ING, flour, milk, or oatmeal and water porridge.--_adj._ HAST'Y-WIT'TED, rash.--MAKE HASTE, to hasten. [O. Fr. _haste_ (Fr. _hâte_), from Teut.; cf. A.S. _h['æ]st_, Dut. _haast_, Ger. _hast_.] HAT, hat, _n._ a covering for the head, generally with crown and brim: the dignity of a cardinal, so named from his red hat.--_v.t._ to provide with, or cover with, a hat.--_ns._ HAT'BAND, the ribbon round a hat, often a mourning-band; HAT'-BOX, a box in which a hat is carried; HAT'-PEG, -RACK, -RAIL, -STAND, &c., a contrivance on which hats are hung.--_adj._ HAT'TED, covered with a hat.--_ns._ HAT'TER, one who makes or sells hats: a miner who works by himself; HAT'TING, giving a hat; HAT'-TRICK, any conjurer's trick with a hat: a House of Commons mode of securing a seat by placing one's hat on it: in cricket, the feat of a bowler who takes three wickets by three successive balls--deserving a new hat.--CHIMNEY-POT, COCKED, and CRUSHED HAT (see CHIMNEY, COCK, CRUSH).--HANG UP ONE'S HAT (see HANG); MAD AS A HATTER, completely insane: very angry; PASS ROUND THE HAT, to beg for contributions, to take up a collection. [A.S. _hæt_, Dan. _hat_.] HATCH, hach, _n._ a door with an opening over it, a wicket or door made of cross-bars; the covering of a hatchway.--_v.t._ to close as with a hatch.--_ns._ HATCH'-BOAT, a kind of half-decked fishing-boat; HATCH'WAY, the opening in a ship's deck into the hold, or from one deck to another.--UNDER HATCHES, below deck, off duty, under arrest. [A.S. _hæc_, a gate; Dut. _hek_, a gate.] HATCH, hach, _v.t._ to produce, especially from eggs, by incubation: to originate: to plot.--_v.i._ to produce young: to be advancing towards maturity.--_n._ act of hatching: brood hatched.--_ns._ HATCH'ER, one who, or that which, hatches; HATCH'ERY, a place for hatching eggs, esp. those of fish, by artificial means.--COUNT THE CHICKENS BEFORE THEY ARE HATCHED, to depend too securely on some future and uncertain event. [Early M. E. _hacchen_, from an assumed A.S. _hæccean_; cf. Mid. High Ger. _hecken_, Sw. _häcka_.] HATCH, hach, _v.t._ to shade by minute lines crossing each other in drawing and engraving.--_n._ HATCH'ING, the mode of so shading. [O. Fr. _hacher_, to chop.] HATCHEL, hach'el, _n._ and _v._ Same as HACKLE. HATCHET, hach'et, _n._ a small axe used by one hand.--_adjs._ HATCH'ET-FACED, having a thin, sharp-featured face; HATCH'ETY, like a hatchet.--BURY THE HATCHET, to put an end to war, from the habit of the North American Indians. [Fr. _hachette_, _hacher_, to chop.] [Illustration] HATCHMENT, hach'ment, _n._ the arms of a deceased person within a black lozenge-shaped frame, meant to be placed on the front of his house. [Corrupted from _achievement_.] HATE, h[=a]t, _v.t._ to dislike intensely: to dislike: to despise relatively to something else.--_n._ extreme dislike: hatred.--_adjs._ HATE'ABLE, deserving to be hated; HATE'FUL, exciting hate: odious: detestable: feeling or manifesting hate.--_adv._ HATE'FULLY.--_ns._ HATE'FULNESS; HAT'ER; HAT'RED, extreme dislike: enmity: malignity. [A.S. _hete_, hate, _hatian_, to hate; Ger. _hasz_.] HATE, HAET, h[=a]t, _n._ (_Scot._) a whit. HATHOR, hath'or, _n._ name of an Egyptian goddess, ranked among the second class of deities, who was the daughter of Ra, the sun. HATTER, hat'[.e]r, _v.t._ to trouble, annoy: to batter. HATTI, hat'i, _n._ a Turkish decree of the highest authority, differing from a firman in being signed by the Sultan himself--in full, HATTI-SHERIF (sher-[=e]f'). HAUBERK, haw'b[.e]rk, _n._ a tunic, worn by the Norman soldiers, covered with rings or mascles, reaching to the knees, slit at the sides or in the front and back for convenience in riding, though sometimes ending in short trousers, originally a piece of armour for the neck. [O. Fr. _hauberc_--Old High Ger. _halsberg_--_hals_, neck, _bergan_, to protect.] HAUGH, häh, _n._ (_Scot._) a level plain, generally near a river. [A.S. _healh_, _halh_, a corner.] HAUGHTY, haw'ti, _adj._ proud: arrogant: contemptuous: (_arch._) bold: (_Spens._) high--Shakespeare has HAUGHT.--_adv._ HAUGHT'ILY.--_n._ HAUGHT'INESS. [O. Fr. _halt_, _haut_, high--L. _altus_, high.] HAUL, hawl, _v.t._ to drag: to pull with violence.--_v.i._ to tug, to try to draw something: to alter a ship's course, to sail generally.--_n._ a pulling: a draught, as of fishes: a source of interest or profit.--_ns._ HAUL'AGE, act of hauling: charge for hauling or pulling a ship or boat; HAUL'ER, HAUL'IER.--HAUL OVER THE COALS (see COAL); HAUL OFF, or ROUND, to turn a ship's course away from an object; HAUL UP, to come or bring to rest after hauling. [_Hale_.] HAULD, häld, a Scotch form of _hold_, as in the prov. phrase, 'out of house and hauld'=homeless and completely destitute. HAULM. See HALM. HAULT, hawlt, _adj._ (_Spens._). HAUGHTY. HAUNCH, hawnsh, _n._ the fleshy part of the hip and buttock: (_Shak._) the hip, the hind-part, the rear: (_archit._) the middle part between the vertex or crown and the springing of an arch.--_adjs._ HAUNCH'LESS; HAUNCH'Y. [O. Fr. _hanche_; prob. Ger., Old High Ger. _anchâ_, leg.] HAUNCH, hawnsh, _v.t._ (_prov._) to throw with an underhand movement.--_n._ a jerked underhand throw. HAUNT, hawnt, _v.t._ to frequent: to follow importunately: to intrude upon continually: to inhabit or visit as a ghost.--_v.i._ to be much about: to appear or visit frequently.--_n._ a place much resorted to: (_Shak._) habit of frequenting.--_p.adj_ HAUNT'ED, frequented, infested, esp. by ghosts or apparitions.--_n._ HAUNT'ER.--_adv._ HAUNT'INGLY. [O. Fr. _hanter_; acc. to Littré, a corr. of L. _habit[=a]re_.] HAUSTELLUM, haws-tel'um, _n._ the sucking organ or proboscis of an insect or a crustacean:--_pl._ HAUSTELLA.--_adj._ HAUS'TELLATE, provided with such. HAUSSMANNIZE, hows'man-[=i]z, _v.t._ to open out, widen, and straighten streets, and generally rebuild, as Baron _Haussmann_ did to Paris when prefect of the Seine (1853-70).--_n._ HAUSSMANNIZ[=A]'TION. HAUSTORIUM, haws-t[=o]'ri-um, _n._ a small sucker of a parasitic plant, penetrating the tissues of the host:--_pl._ HAUST[=O]'RIA. HAUTBOY, h[=o]'boi, _n._ an older form of Oboe (q.v.): a large kind of strawberry. [Fr. _hautbois_--_haut_, high, _bois_, wood.] HAUTEUR, h[=o]-t[=a]r', _n._ haughtiness: arrogance.--_adj._ HAUT (_Milt._), haughty.--_ns._ HAUT-GOÛT, flavour, spice, a taint: a highly seasoned dish; HAUT-PAS, a dais; HAUT'-RELIEF', high relief.--HAUT TON, high fashion, people of high fashion. [Fr.] HAÜYNE, hä'win, _n._ a rock-forming mineral, a silicate of alumina and soda or lime, with sodium and calcium sulphate. [Named from René Just _Haüy_, a French mineralogist (1743-1822).] HAVANA, ha-van'a, _n._ a fine quality of cigar, named from _Havana_, the capital of Cuba, fondly supposed to be made there.--Also HAVANN'A(H). HAVE, hav, _v.t._ to own or possess: to hold, contain: to hold control of: to grasp the meaning of: to allow to be done, to cause: to regard, hold in opinion, esteem: to obtain: to enjoy: to bear or beget: to effect: to be affected by: to get the better of, outwit, to have hold upon:--_pr.p._ hav'ing; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ had.--_ns._ HAV'ER, one who has or possesses, a holder: (_Scots law_) a term to denote the person in whose custody a document is; HAV'ING, act of possessing: possession, estate: behaviour: (_Scot._ esp. in _pl._) good manners.--_adj._ greedy.--Have as good, lief, to be as willing; HAVE AT, attack, thrust; HAVE DONE (_with_), to come to the end of one's dealings; HAVE IT OUT, to have something finally settled; HAVE ON, to wear; HAVE RATHER, to prefer; HAVE UP, to call to account before a court of justice, &c. [A.S. _habban_, pa.t. _hæfde,_ pa.p. _gehæfd_; Ger. _haben_, Dan. _have_.] HAVELOCK, hav'lok, _n._ a white cover for a military cap, with a long rear flap as a protection from the sun. [From Gen. Henry _Havelock_, 1795-1857.] HAVEN, h[=a]'vn, an inlet of the sea, or mouth of a river, where ships can get good and safe anchorage: any place of safety: an asylum.--_v.t._ to shelter.--_p.adj._ H[=A]'VENED, sheltered, as in a haven. [A.S. _hæfen_; Dut. _haven_, Ger. _hafen_.] HAVER, h[=a]v'[.e]r, _v.i._ (_Scot._) to talk nonsense, or foolishly.--_n._ HAV'EREL, a foolish person.--_n.pl._ HAV'ERS, foolish talk. HAVERSACK, hav'[.e]r-sak, _n._ a bag of strong linen for a soldier carrying his rations in.--_n._ HAV'ER (_prov._), oats. [Fr. _havresac_--Ger. _habersack_, oat-sack--_haber_, _hafer_, oats.] HAVERSIAN, hav-er'si-an, _adj._ pertaining to or named after Clopton _Havers_, a 17th-cent. English anatomist who investigated the blood-vascular system of bone. HAVILDAR, hav'il-dar, _n._ the highest rank of non-commissioned officer among native troops in India and Ceylon. [Pers.] HAVIOUR, h[=a]v'[=u]r, _n._ (_obs._) behaviour. HAVOC, hav'ok, _n._ general waste or destruction: devastation.--_v.t._ to lay waste.--_interj._ an ancient hunting or war cry. [O. Fr. _havot_, plunder, of Teut. origin.] HAW, haw, _n._ a hedge or enclosure: a field: the berry of the hawthorn.--_ns._ HAW'-BUCK, a clown; HAW'FINCH, the common grosbeak; HAW'THORN, a shrub or small tree, much planted both for hedges and for ornament: the white flower of the hawthorn. [A.S. _haga_, a yard or enclosure; Dut. _haag_, a hedge, Ger. _hag_, a hedge, Ice. _hagi_, a field.] HAW, haw, _v.i._ to speak with hesitation or a drawling manner, real or affected--hence _adj._ HAW-HAW, in an affected tone of voice.--_n._ a hesitation in speech: loud vulgar laughter.--_v.i._ to guffaw, to laugh boisterously. [Imit.] HAW, haw, _n._ the nictitating membrane or third eyelid, as of a horse; also a disease of this membrane. HAWK, hawk, _n._ the name of several birds of prey allied to the falcons: a rapacious person.--_v.i._ to hunt birds with hawks trained for the purpose: to attack on the wing.--_ns._ HAWK'-BELL, a small bell attached to a hawk's leg; HAWK'BIT, a genus of plants of order _Compositæ_, closely related to the dandelion; HAWK'ER.--_adj._ HAWK'-EYED.--_n._ HAWK'ING.--_adj._ HAWK'ISH.--_n._ HAWK'-MOTH, a very large kind of moth, so called from its hovering motion.--_adj._ HAWK'-NOSED, having a nose like a hawk's beak.--_ns._ HAWKS'BEARD, a genus of annual and biennial plants of order _Compositæ_, closely related to hawkweed; HAWK'WEED, a genus of perennial plants of order _Compositæ_.--KNOW A HAWK FROM A HANDSAW (prob. for _hernshaw_), to be able to judge between things pretty well. [A.S. _hafoc_; Dut. _havik_, Ger. _habicht_, Ice. _haukr_.] HAWK, hawk, _v.i._ to force up matter from the throat.--_n._ the effort to do this. [_Imit._] HAWK, hawk, _n._ a plasterer's tool. HAWKED, hawkt, _adj._ (_Scot._) spotted, streaked.--_ns._ HAW'KEY, HAW'KIE, a dark cow with white-striped face. HAWKER, hawk'[.e]r, _n._ one who carries about goods for sale on his back, a pedlar.--_v.t._ HAWK, to carry about for sale: to cry for sale. [Cf. Low Ger. and Ger. _höker_, Dut. _heuker_.] HAWM, hawm, _v.i._ (_prov._) to lounge about. HAWSE, hawz, _n._ the part of a vessel's bow in which the hawse-holes are cut.--_n.pl._ HAWSE'-HOLES, the holes in a ship's bow through which the cables pass.--_ns._ HAWSE'-PIPE, an iron pipe fitted into a hawse-hole, to save the wood; HAWSE'-TIM'BER, one of the upright timbers in the bow in which the hawse-holes are cut. [Ice. _háls_, the neck.] HAWSER, häz'[.e]r, _n._ a small cable, a large rope used in warping.--_adj._ HAWS'ER-LAID, made of three small ropes laid up into one. [O. Fr. _haucier_, _haulser_, to raise--Low L. _altiare_--L. _altus_, high.] HAWTHORN. See HAW. HAY, h[=a], _n._ grass cut down and dried for fodder.--_ns._ HAY'COCK, a conical pile of hay in the field; HAY'-F[=E]'VER, an ailment mostly met with in early summer, marked by excessive irritation of the nose, throat, &c., and accompanied with violent sneezing and intense headache--also called HAY'-ASTH'MA; HAY'FIELD, a field where hay is made; HAY'-FORK, a long-handled fork used in turning over hay to dry, or in lifting it; HAY'-KNIFE, a broad knife, with a handle set cross-wise at one end, used for cutting hay from a stack; HAY'-LOFT, a loft in which hay is kept; HAY'-MAK'ER, one employed in cutting and drying grass for hay: (_pl._) a kind of country-dance; HAY'-MAK'ING; HAY'-MOW, a rick of hay: a mass of hay stored in a barn; HAY'-RICK, a pile of hay; HAY'-STACK, a stack of hay; HAY'-TED'DER, a machine for scattering hay and exposing it to the sun and air.--LOOK FOR A NEEDLE IN A HAY-STACK, to look for something where it is barely possible to be found; MAKE HAY, to throw things into confusion; MAKE HAY WHILE THE SUN SHINES, to seize a favourable opportunity. [A.S. _híeg_, _híg_, _hég_; Ger. _heu_, Dut. _hooï_, Ice. _hey_.] HAY, h[=a], _n._ a hedge, fence.--_n._ HAY'-WARD, one who herded the common cattle of a town. [A.S. _hege_--_haga_, a hedge.] HAY, h[=a], _n._ (_Shak._) a home-thrust in fencing. [It. _hai_, _avere_--L. _hab[=e]re_, to have.] HAY, h[=a], _n._ a country-dance with winding movement. HAZARD, haz'ard, _n._ a game played with a dice-box and two dice by any number of players: chance: accident: risk: (_billiards_) the pocketing of the object ball (_winning_ hazard), of the player's own ball after contact (_losing_ hazard): (_tennis_) the side of the court into which the ball is served: (_golf_) a general term for all difficulties on a golf-links--bunkers, long grass, roads, water, whins, &c.--_v.t._ to expose to chance: to risk: to venture.--_v.i._ to run a risk.--_adj._ HAZ'ARDABLE.--_n._ HAZ'ARDISE (_Spens._), hazard.--_adj._ HAZ'ARDOUS, dangerous: perilous: uncertain.--_adv_. HAZ'ARDOUSLY.--_ns._ HAZ'ARDOUSNESS; HAZ'ARDRY (_Spens._), playing at games of hazard or chance: rashness; CHICK'EN-HAZ'ARD, a game of chance with very small stakes. [O. Fr. _hasard_; prob. through the Sp. from Arab. _al z[=a]r_, the die; but Littré favours William of Tyre's derivation from _Hasart_, a castle in Syria, where the game was discovered during the Crusades.] HAZE, h[=a]z, _n._ vapour which renders the air thick: obscurity.--_v.i._ to form a haze.--_adv._ HAZ'ILY.--_n._ HAZ'INESS.--_adj._ HAZ'Y, thick with haze: obscure: confused (of the mind). [App. not the A.S. _hasu_, _haswe_, gray; prob. Ice. _höss_, gray.] HAZE, h[=a]z, _v.t._ to vex with needless tasks: to play tricks upon, to bully.--_ns._ HAZ'ER, a player of boorish pranks and practical jokes; HAZ'ING, brutal horse-play. [O. Fr. _haser_, to annoy.] HAZEL, h[=a]'zl, _n._ a bush or small tree of genus _Corylus_, of the oak family (_Cupuliferæ_), yielding an ovoid bony nut enclosed in a leafy involucre.--_adj._ pertaining to the hazel: of a light-brown colour, like a hazel-nut.--_n._ H[=A]'ZELINE, an alcoholic distillate from the Witch Hazel.--_adj._ H[=A]'ZELLY, light brown like the hazel-nut.--_n._ H[=A]'ZEL-NUT, the nut of the hazel-tree. [A.S. _hæsel_; Ger. _hasel_, Ice. _hasl_, L. _corulus_.] HE, h[=e], _pron._ of the third person: the male person named before: a male person or animal.--_adj._ male. [A.S. _hé_; Dut. _hij_, Ice. _hann_.] HEAD, hed, _n._ the uppermost or foremost part of an animal's body: the brain: the understanding: a chief or leader: the place of honour or command: the front or top of anything: an individual animal or person: a topic or chief point of a discourse: a title, heading: the source or spring: height of the source of water: highest point of anything: culmination: a cape: strength: a froth on beer, porter, &c., when poured into a glass.--_v.t._ to act as a head to, to lead or govern: to go in front of: to commence: to check: (_naut._) to be contrary: (_obs._) to behead.--_v.i._ to grow to a head: to originate: to go head foremost.--_n._ HEAD'ACHE, an internal pain in the head.--_adj._ HEAD'ACHY, afflicted with headaches.--_ns._ HEAD'BAND, a band or fillet for the head: the band at each end of a book: a thin slip of iron on the tympan of a printing-press; HEAD'-BLOCK, in a sawmill carriage, a cross-block on which the head of the log rests: a piece of wood in a carriage, connected with the spring and the perches, and joining the fore-gear and the hind-gear; HEAD'-BOARD, a board placed at the head of anything, esp. a bedstead; HEAD'-BOOM, a jib-boom or a flying jib-boom; HEAD'BOR'OUGH, an old term for the head of a borough, the chief of a frank pledge, tithing, or decennary; HEAD'-BOY, the senior boy in a public school; HEAD'CHAIR, a high-backed chair with a rest for the head; HEAD'-CHEESE, pork-cheese, brawn; HEAD'-CHUTE, a canvas tube used to convey refuse matter from a ship's bows down to the water; HEAD'-CLOTH, a piece of cloth covering the head, wound round a turban, &c.; HEAD'-DRESS, an ornamental dress or covering for the head, worn by women.--_p.adj._ HEAD'ED, having a head: (_Shak._) come to a head.--_ns._ HEAD'ER, one who puts a head on something: a dive, head foremost, into water: a brick laid lengthwise along the thickness of a wall, serving as a bond: a heavy stone extending through the thickness of a wall; HEAD'-FAST, a rope at the bows of a ship used to fasten it to a wharf, &c.; HEAD'-FRAME, the structure over a mine-shaft supporting the head-gear or winding machinery; HEAD'-GEAR, gear, covering, or ornament of the head; HEAD'-HUNT'ING, the practice among the Dyaks of Borneo, &c., of making raids to procure human heads for trophies, &c.--_adv._ HEAD'ILY.--_ns._ HEAD'INESS; HEAD'ING, the act of furnishing with a head; that which stands at the head: material forming a head; HEAD'LAND, a point of land running out into the sea: a cape.--_adj._ HEAD'LESS, without a head.--_ns._ HEAD'-LIGHT, a light carried in front of a vessel, locomotive, or vehicle, as a signal, or for light; HEAD'-LINE, the line at the head or top of a page containing the folio or number of the page: (_pl._) the sails and ropes next the yards (_naut._).--_adv._ HEAD'LONG, with the head foremost or first: without thought, rashly: precipitately.--_adj._ rash: precipitous, steep.--_adj._ HEAD'-LUGGED (_Shak._), lugged or dragged along by the head.--_ns._ HEAD'-MAN, a chief, a leader; HEAD'MARK, a characteristic peculiar to a certain class; HEAD'-MAS'TER, the principal master of a school; HEAD'-MOLD, the skull proper: (_archit._) a moulding round or over the head of a door, &c.; HEAD'-MONEY, a tax counted per head: a reward by the head for persons captured at sea, &c.: a reward for a proscribed outlaw's head.--_adj._ HEAD'MOST, most advanced, or forward.--_ns._ HEAD'-NOTE, a note placed at the head of a chapter or page, esp. a condensed statement of points of law involved introductory to the report of a legal decision; HEAD'PIECE, a helmet: a hat: head, intelligence: (_print._) a decorative engraving placed at the top of the first page of a volume, and at the beginning of books, chapters, &c.; HEAD'-PUMP, a small pump at a ship's bows to pump up sea-water for washing decks.--_n.pl._ HEAD'QUARTERS, the quarters or residence of a commander-in-chief or general.--_ns._ HEAD'-RACE, the race which brings the water to a water-wheel; HEAD'-REACH, the distance to windward made by a vessel while tacking.--_v.i._ to shoot ahead, in tacking.--_ns._ HEAD'-REST, a support for the head, esp. the adjustable apparatus of the barber's chair, and that used by the photographer to steady the sitter's head; HEAD'-RING, a palm-leaf ornament worn by Kaffir men in their hair after marriage; HEAD'-SHAKE, a significant shake or motion of the head; HEAD'-SHIP, the office of a head or chief authority: dignity; HEADS'MAN, a man who cuts off heads: an executioner; HEAD'STALL, the part of a bridle round the head; HEAD'-ST[=A]'TION, the dwelling-house, &c., on an Australian sheep or cattle station; HEAD'-STICK (_print._), a straight piece of furniture placed at the head of a form, between the chase and the type; HEAD'STONE, the principal stone of a building: the corner-stone: the stone at the head of a grave; HEAD'-STREAM, the highest of the streams which combine to form a river.--_adj._ HEAD'STRONG, self-willed: obstinate.--_ns._ HEAD'-TIRE, a head-dress; HEAD'-WA'TER, the highest part of a stream, before receiving affluents; HEAD'WAY, motion ahead, esp. of a ship; HEAD'-WIND, a wind blowing right against a ship's head; HEAD'-WORD, a title word or heading usually in