The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early American Plays 1714-1830, by Oscar Wegelin.

A Compilation of the titles of Plays and
Dramatic Poems written by authors
born in or residing in North
America previous to
1830.

OSCAR WEGELIN

PREFACE

In his ably written introduction to the first edition of this work, Mr. John Malone makes the following statement: "It may be set down as a safe rule of judgment as to dramatic quality that the plays which were printed were fit for no more than the use to which an indulgent Providence and the Dunlap Society have dedicated them—to serve as examples of the good-will and sympathy with which a few great and good men in the days of our country's fiery trial held out their helping hands to the gentle art of drama."

This statement, with a possible exception or two, is in the main correct. Few of the plays which are here catalogued have survived because of their literary excellence. We, however, must not look at the contents of this book from this view-point, but rather from the historical. Poorly written as many of the plays may be, they still possess to the student of American history an interest which far exceeds that of every other class of writing, the purely historical excepted. The first play written by a resident of what is now the United States was Androboros (the Man-Hater) written by Robert Hunter, Colonial Governor of New York, assisted by Lewis Morris. This play, or rather dramatic satire, was written to ridicule sundry residents of that colony, principally Dr. Vesey and several members of Trinity Church. This play, which was issued in 1714, was not followed by another dramatic production, as far as known, until The Suspected Daughter, a farce by [viii] "T. T.," was printed at Boston in 1751. Who "T. T." was is not known, nor can I trace a copy of the play. Little of importance came to light previous to the Revolution, but that event, stirring as it was, seems to have been a stimulant to native ambition, and a number of dramatic productions were written and printed. Among these may be mentioned The Battle of Bunker Hill and The Death of Montgomery by Brackenridge, then a schoolmaster; The Adulateur and The Group by Mercy Warren, afterwards well known as one of the foremost dames of the colonies; and several others, some from the Royalist side, as Sewell's Cure for the Spleen and an anonymous production, The Battle of Long Island.

The second war with England was also celebrated by our early playwrights, as was the war with Tripoli.

The dramatic history of no country would be complete which did not celebrate the deeds and warlike exploits of its aboriginal inhabitants, and the American dramatist was not slow in recognizing the many-sided character of the North American Indian. His wars, his fluent oratory, his virtues, are all told, the best of these efforts being embodied in Stone's Metamora, made famous by the acting of Edwin Forrest.

But all of the dramatic productions which were written prior to 1830 did not relate to America, and a glance over the list will show many plays which take for their groundwork the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire and its people, while Love, that mysterious something which lays its finger upon all whether we will or no, is found, as in our fiction, in nearly all of them. What the dramatist, poet, and novelist would do without the help of the fickle goddess is an unsolvable problem. [ix]

As will be seen by a glance at the contents of this volume, few of the plays were acted, nor were many of them intended for public entertainment. A large number were written to serve a purpose—political or otherwise—and when that had been attained, were forgotten, even by their authors.

They show, however, what was and could be accomplished in this way, at a time when the average citizen had little time for aught but earnest, sober thought.

When looked at from this view-point we must really wonder that as much remains as has been discovered. Can any country besides ours show a better result—at least for quantity, if not for quality?

Among the interesting facts which will be discovered by a perusal of this list is that a number of the writers of early American plays were men who achieved success in other callings. Thus we find among those who found time to interest themselves in the drama and the production of plays, the names of Judge H. H. Brackenridge, Charles Brockden Browne, the first American novelist, Edward Hitchcock, President of Amherst and foremost among the scientists of his era, David Humphreys, Revolutionary soldier and diplomat, John Neal, the friend of Poe, Jas. G. Percival, the poet, Jas. K. Paulding, coworker with Irving, Royall Tyler, and Samuel Woodworth, author of The Old Oaken Bucket.

This edition is issued at the solicitation of a number of collectors and librarians, who were unable to obtain a copy of the first edition, which was issued for members of The Dunlap Society in 1900. I have endeavored to make this list as complete as possible, and it has been to me a labor of the greatest interest. Nothing that I have ever attempted in bibliographical work has given me more pleasure. [x]

Numerous corrections will be found by comparison with the earlier edition, and upwards of sixty new titles are included, discovered since the issue of the earlier volume.

Errors will, of course, be discovered, but I ask indulgence in those who find them, for as all who are interested will readily admit, no bibliographical work was ever perfect.

Probably the most complete collection of early American plays, at this writing in the hands of a private collector, is that owned by Evert Jansen Wendell, Esq., of New York. Several of the titles contained in this volume would be unknown to me at this time but for the kindness of Mr. Wendell, who has given me the opportunity to examine his collection. Another good collection is owned by the Brown University Library, Providence, R. I.

EARLY AMERICAN PLAYS

James Nelson Barker, born in Philadelphia in 1784, died 1858, was originally in the army as a captain of artillery, and served in the war of 1812. He was afterwards an Alderman and then Mayor of the city of Philadelphia. He wrote a work called Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware, and was a contributor to the Atlantic Souvenir.

Charles Breck, born in Boston, Mass., 1782, died at Amsterdam, Holland, May, 1822, was the third son of Samuel Breck, a wealthy merchant of Boston, who was agent to the army and fleet of King Louis XVI. after the French intervention in the American Revolution. Charles Breck, while travelling in Italy, met and became engaged to a very beautiful young lady of that country. He built in Philadelphia, whither his father had removed from Boston, a residence exactly like that of his betrothed. Her sudden death, just before his arrival in Europe to claim his bride, hastened his own.

Hugh Henry Brackenridge, born near Campbelton, Scotland, in 1748, died in Carlyle, Pa., June 25, 1816. He came with his parents to America, when only five years of age, was graduated from Princeton in 1771, and continued as a tutor in that college. He next studied divinity, and took charge of an academy in Maryland; was editor of The United States Magazine in Philadelphia in 1776, and a chaplain in the American army in the war of the Revolution. He afterwards studied law under Samuel Chase. In 1781 [22] he crossed the Alleghanies, established himself at Pittsburg, took an active part in the Whiskey Insurrection, and after that affair was over took pains to vindicate his conduct by the publication of Incidents of the Insurrection in the Western Parts of Pennsylvania. He was afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Charles Brockden Brown, born in Philadelphia, Pa., January 17, 1771, died there, February 22, 1810, was originally intended for the bar, but gave up that study for literature about 1796. He soon took rank [23] as a novelist of the first class, and was the first American to take that place in English literature. His first writings were published in Philadelphia periodicals, notably, The Rhapsodist, which appeared in The Columbian Magazine. He published The Monthly Magazine and American Review (1779-1799), and edited The Literary Magazine and American Register from 1803 to 1808. He was with Dunlap and Dr. Elihu Hubbard Smith, a member of the "Friendly Club" in New York, and one of Dunlap's most devoted friends. He was one of the first to advocate (in 1803) the purchase of Louisiana from France; and in a series of articles published in that year strongly urged the progressive territorial extension of the Union. He was married in November, 1804, to Miss Elizabeth Linn, daughter of Rev. Dr. William Linn of New York, and thus became the brother-in-law of John Blair Linn, between whom and himself a lifelong attachment of affection existed.

David Paul Brown, born in Philadelphia in 1795, died in 1875, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He contributed in early life to a number of magazines, and wrote The Prophet of St. Paul's, Philadelphia, 1836; The Trial, a tragedy, and a farce called Love and Honor. The last two were not acted, and probably not published. He was also the author of legal works. Besides the play mentioned below, he wrote and published a number after 1830, not included in this list.

John Daly Burk, born in Ireland about 1776, died in 1808, became, while at Trinity College, Dublin, an ardent politician, and involved himself in difficulties with the authorities. It is said he belonged to a secret political society which tried to rescue a rebel on his way to execution. Burk took shelter in a bookseller's shop, while his wolf-dog kept the police at bay. Escaping in woman's apparel, given him by a Miss Daly, whose name he afterwards added to his own, he came to America, settled in Boston, and became editor of a newspaper called The Polar Star and Boston Daily Advertiser. He afterwards settled in New York, and published a paper called The Time-Piece. Arrested on a charge of publishing a libel contrary to the provisions of the Sedition Law of 1798, he left New York and settled at Petersburg, Va. In 1804 he published a History of Virginia, in 4 vols., the fourth being issued after his death. He also wrote a History of the Late War in Ireland, with an Account of the United Irish Association, from the First Meeting in Belfast, to the Landing of the French at Killala, published in Philadelphia, 1799. Also An Historical Essay on the Character and Antiquity of Irish Songs, published in The Richmond Enquirer, May, 1808. He was killed in a duel with a French man named Coquebert.

Samuel Henry Chapman, born in London, May 10, 1799; died in Philadelphia, May 16, 1830, was an actor as well as dramatist. He made his first appearance on the stage at Covent Garden Theatre, London, as Agib, in Timour, the Tartar. He was brought to the United States in 1827 by Mr. Francis Courtney Wemyss, manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in company with Mr. and Mrs. Sloman, Mrs. Austin, and Miss Emery, for the stock company of that theatre. His début was made October 31, 1827, as Pierre in Venice Preserved. He became a favorite immediately, and of [26] him it is said he had no equal in heroic rôles in his time. In May, 1829, he became joint manager of the Walnut Street Theatre. He married Elizabeth Jefferson, daughter of the elder and aunt of the now living Joseph Jefferson, in the same year. While riding, to illustrate to an artist the scene of the robbery in Turner's Lane in his own play of The Mail Coach, he was thrown from his horse, and so injured that he died within a week. It is said his hurt was aggravated greatly by the fact that he continued to play every night, and having a piece of brass armor next his skin, blood-poisoning was caused in his wounded shoulder.

George Cockings, born in Devonshire, England, died February 6, 1802, lived a great part of his time in Dartmouth, England, and from there went first to Newfoundland, where he passed several years, then to Boston, where he held some small position under the English Government. For thirty years in England he held the place of Register of the Society of Arts, Manufacturing and Commerce in the Adelphi. He wrote War, An Heroic Poem, Boston, 1764; The American War, a Poem, and other works.

William Crafts, born in Charleston, S. C., January [27] 24, 1787; died in Lebanon Springs, N. Y., September 23, 1826. He was educated at Harvard and was especially noted there for his proficiency in the classic languages. He returned to Charleston, where he was admitted to the bar, and became a leading lawyer and legislator. He was always a ready and convincing speaker. In 1817 he delivered the Phi Beta Kappa address at Harvard. He was a constant contributor to the Charleston Courier. His works were published in Charleston in 1828. He wrote a few volumes of poetry, viz.: The Raciad, Sullivan's Island, and A Monody on the Death of Decatur.

George Washington Parke Custis, born in Mount Airy, Md., April 30, 1786; died at Arlington, Fairfax Co., Va., October 10, 1857. His father was the son of Mrs. Washington by her former husband. His early home was at Mount Vernon, and he was educated at Princeton. He married, early in life, Mary Lee Fitzhugh, and their daughter married Robert E. Lee. Arlington House, built by Mr. Custis, thus came into the Lee family. This beautiful estate, which was confiscated during the war between the States, and used as a place of burial for the Federal dead, was purchased from General Lee's heirs at the [28] close of the war and remains dedicated to the uses of a National Cemetery. Mr. Custis wrote Recollections of General Washington, published first in the National Intelligencer, and in book form in New York, in 1860.

Lorenzo Da Ponte Da Ceneda; born in Venice, Italy, in 1748; died in New York, August 17, 1838, was an ardent poet and dramatist, and was attached to the Court Theatre at Vienna in 1784, where several of his librettos were produced with success. He came to New York about 1809, and established himself as a teacher of languages, finally becoming Professor of Italian Literature in Columbia College. He was a very popular figure in New York society, and dearly loved by his compatriots, to whom he gave an affectionate welcome upon their coming to his new home. He was an intimate associate of Mozart, Metastasio, and Joseph II. of Austria. Upon the arrival of the first Italian opera of Signor Garcia and his illustrious daughter in New York, they found that Da Ponte had made their way to triumph easy. He was, in fact, the foster-father of Italian opera in America.

Lorenzo L. Da Ponte was the son of the last-named author, and was Professor of Italian Literature and Language in the University of the City of New York up to the time of his death in 1840. He published a History of Florence, and Memorie di Lorenzo Da Ponte da Cenada, 3 vols., New York, 1823.

Nathaniel Deering, born June 25, 1791; died near Portland, Me., in 1881. His grandfather, of the same name, was one of the founders of that city. The subject of this memoir began his education at Phillips Academy, Exeter, and was graduated from Harvard College in 1810. He was admitted to the Bar in 1815, and practiced for a time in Canaan and Milburn (now Skowhegan), Maine. He removed to Portland in 1836, and devoted himself to literature. He was the first editor of the Independent Statesman.

Dr. Joseph Doddridge, born in Pennsylvania in 1769; died in Wellsburg, Brooke County, Va., in November, 1826. He was educated at Jefferson Academy, Canonsburg, Pa., and ordained to the ministry in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1792. He is well known as the author of A History of the Indian Wars, considered the best book on that subject.

William Dunlap, rightly called the father of the American stage, was born in Perth Amboy, N. J., February 19, 1766, and died in New York, September 28, 1839. He came to New York in 1777 and commenced the study of painting, for which he had an early inclination. In 1784 he went to London, where for three years he worked under Benjamin West. On his return he became interested in the drama, and wrote his first play. He soon after became closely identified with the theatre, and appeared on the stage. In 1796 he became manager of the John Street Theatre, and, soon after, sole manager of the New Park Theatre. In 1805 he retired from the management a bankrupt, and devoted himself to his original profession of painting. In 1814 he received the appointment of Assistant Paymaster General of the New York State Militia. In 1817 he again took up the brush, and exhibited some of his large paintings in most of the cities of the United States. He was founder and vice-president of the National Academy of Design. He wrote The Life of George Frederick Cooke and A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in America—a most valuable work. He also wrote a number of other works on different subjects.

Nathaniel Evans, born in Philadelphia, Penn., June 8, 1742, died in Gloucester County, N. J., October 29, 1767, was graduated from the College of [37] Philadelphia, and ordained in England by the Bishop of London. As a member of the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, he settled in Gloucester County, N. J., and became noted for his eloquence as a preacher. He wrote some very graceful verses, which were collected and published after his death as Poems on Several Occasions [1772].

David Everett, born in Princeton, Mass., March 29, 1770, died in Marietta, Ohio, December 21, 1813, was graduated from Dartmouth in 1795. Before entering college he taught school at New Ipswich, studied law in Boston, and wrote for Russell's Gazette and Farmer's Museum, in which his prose papers, Common Sense in Deshabille, became quite popular. They were published in a volume in 1799. He also contributed to a literary paper called The Nightingale in 1796. In 1809 he edited the Boston Patriot, and in 1812 The Pilot, a paper in the interest of De Witt Clinton for the Presidency. He left Boston in 1813 for Marietta, Ohio, with the purpose of establishing a newspaper there, but death interrupted his plans.

S. L. Fairfield, born in Warwick, Mass., June 25, 1803, died in New Orleans, La., March 6, 1844, entered Brown University, Providence, R. I., at the age of thirteen. He studied so unremittingly, that after a few months he was attacked with a severe sickness. On recovering he was forced to leave college and seek a living as a tutor in the Southern States. In 1825 he sailed for London and wrote his poem, The Cities of the Plain, which appeared in the Oriental Herald. He was received by Lafayette, in France, where he published Pére la Chaise and Westminster Abbey. He returned to the United States in 1826.

Margaretta Bleecker Faugéres, born in Tunkhannock, near Albany, New York, in 1771, died there January 9, 1801, was a daughter of the poetess Ann Eliza Bleecker. In 1791 she married Peter Faugéres, a physician of New York, who dissipated her fortune and died in 1798. She supported herself by teaching until her death in 1801. Her poems are appended to her mother's Posthumous Works, edited by her, New York, 1793.

Henry James Finn, born in Cape Breton in 1785, died on the steamer Lexington off Eaton's Neck, Long Island Sound, January 13, 1840, was the son of an officer in the English Navy, who retired from that service, and settled with his family in New York when Finn was a mere child. His early education was received at the Academy at Hackensack, and he was for a time a student at Princeton. While a copying clerk in the office of Mr. Thomas Phoenix, in New York City, he found means to become a supernumerary in the Park Theatre, and, having a taste for drawing, took much interest in scene painting. On the death of his father he was taken to England by his mother, and there was subjected to such privation that he gladly took a place in a company of country players. He was finally engaged at the Haymarket, London, where he first appeared, May 15, 1811, as Lopez in The Honeymoon, and for two seasons was an important member of the company. In 1818 he went to Savannah, where he played successfully for a year, and in 1820 became associated with J. K. Tefft as editor and publisher of The Georgian, a daily newspaper. In 1821 he went again to England, and, besides playing with success, made material reputation and profit as a miniature painter. He returned to America, and made a brilliant success as Richard III. at the Federal Street Theatre, Boston, October 28, 1822. From that time to his tragic death on the loss of the Lexington by fire, he was a very popular actor of tragedy and light comedy.

Noah Frisbie, Jr., born in Woodbury, Conn., Jan. 23, 1758, was the oldest son of Noah Frisbie, of the same town, who married Margery Post in 1752, and was in 1757 a member of Captain Ebenezer Downs's company of volunteers in the expedition for the relief of Fort William Henry on Lake George against the French. On the "Alarm of Lexington," Noah Frisbie with his two sons Noah and Jonathan, and their kinsmen Asabel, Abiel, David and James, joined the Continental forces. Noah Frisbie, Jr., appears on the army list at the end of the war as a lieutenant. No further information, except the printing of the under-mentioned play, is available.

Thomas Godfrey, who was born in Philadelphia on December 4, 1736, and died near Wilmington, N. C., August 3, 1763, was a son of Thomas Godfrey, the inventor of the quadrant. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker and remained at that trade until 1758. He was an officer in the expedition against Fort Du Quesne. He removed to North Carolina and remained there three years. He then went to Philadelphia and sailed as a supercargo to the Island of New Providence, returning from thence to North Carolina, where, a few weeks after his arrival, by exposure to the sun on horseback, he contracted a fever which terminated fatally.

Isaac Harby, born in Charleston, S. C., November 9, 1788, died in New York City, November 14, 1828. First studied law under Langdon Cheves, but soon gave this up to become the principal of a school on Edisto Island. His first literary work was the editing of a weekly paper called The Quiver. This paper had but a short existence, and he purchased The Investigator, which he changed to The Southern Patriot. In 1822 he conducted The City Gazette and wrote for The Charleston Mercury.

The second representation of Alberti, in Charleston, 1819, was honored by the presence of President Monroe. Alberti was written for Cooper, but he never appeared in the character. Harby is said to have been the finest dramatic critic of his time in America. He came to New York in 1828.

Ann Julia Hatton was a member of the Kemble family and a sister of Mrs. Siddons. She was the wife of William Hatton, a celebrated musical instrument maker, at 3 Peck Slip, New York City.

John Henry was a native of Dublin, and made his début at Drury Lane, in 1762, with little success. He joined Douglas's Company in the West Indies, and coming to New York from there made his first appearance on the American stage at the John Street Theatre, New York, December 7, 1767, playing in America until the close of the year 1794. He died in 1795, on a vessel bound for Newport.

"It is recorded that for many years after the Revolution, Mr. Henry was the only actor in New York who kept a coach, and that in his case frequent attacks of the gout rendered it a necessity." The panels of the coach were decorated with a representation of two crutches crossed, and the motto, "This or These."

James Abraham Hillhouse, born in New Haven, September 26, 1789, died there January 5, 1841, son of Hon. James Hillhouse, was graduated from Yale in 1808. He came to New York and engaged in business as a merchant, but soon retired, and gave his time to literary pursuits.

Edward Hitchcock, born in Deerfield, Mass., May 24, 1793, died in Amherst, Mass., February 27, 1864. In 1816 he became principal of the academy in Deerfield, where he remained for three years. He was ordained minister of the Congregational Church at Conway, Mass., in 1821. In 1825 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in Amherst College. He continued his connection with the college, having been appointed to the presidency with the professorship of Natural Theology and Geology, until his resignation in 1854. He was the author of numerous scientific and theological works. The tragedy mentioned below is his first and probably his only dramatic production. He died in 1864.

John Hodgkinson was born in Manchester, England, in 1767, died in Washington, D. C., December 12, 1805. His real name was Meadowcraft. His first successes were on the Bath stage. He came to America with the company of Hallam & Henry, and made his début at the John Street Theatre in 1793. He bought out Henry's interest, and continued one of the managers until 1798. He went to Charleston, S. C., in 1803, but became a victim of yellow fever while travelling, and died near Washington, D. C.

Francis Hopkinson, born in Philadelphia, Pa., September 21, 1737, died there May 9, 1791, was the son of Thomas Hopkinson. Francis was educated at the College of Philadelphia, studied law under Benjamin Chew, and was admitted to the bar in 1761. His career belongs to the public history of [46] the making of the United States. To enumerate his works and honors would transcend the scope of this book. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1776, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was the first head of the treasury department of the new government. The first powerful satire of the British in Revolution, The Battle of the Kegs, was from his pen. A ripe scholar and a prolific writer of prose and verse in both humorous and earnest methods, skilled in music and in polite conversation, he was one of the most brilliant of the group of early jurists and writers of our country. He was United States District Judge of Pennsylvania at the time of his death. The authorship of the two anonymous college dialogues cited below is positively given to him in the Brinley Catalogue (New York, March, 1880), in view of which, and of the not less important fact that Thomas Hopkinson died in 1751, I think, notwithstanding the statement made by a contemporary newspaper, that the Dialogue of the 1776 commencement was his work. Of that occasion Sanderson's Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence says in the memoir of Francis Hopkinson: "Among the records of a public commencement of that institution [the College of Philadelphia], held on the twentieth of May, 1766, the board of trustees, comprising the governor, chief justice and most distinguished men of the province, passed the following resolution: 'After the business of the commencement was finished, it was resolved that as Francis Hopkinson (who was the first scholar entered in this seminary at its opening and likewise one of the first who received a degree in it) was about to embark for England and has always done honor to the place of his education by his abilities and good morals, as well as rendered it many substantial services on all [47] public occasions, the thanks of this institution ought to be delivered to him in the most affectionate manner.'"

Thomas Hopkinson, born in London, England, April 6, 1709, died in Philadelphia, Pa., November 5, 1751, was son of a London merchant. In 1731, having been admitted to the bar, he settled in Philadelphia, where he became a deputy, and finally principal clerk of the Orphan's Court. For many years he was a member of the council of the province and a judge of court. Always interested in letters and science, he became the intimate friend of Franklin, to whom he suggested the use of metal points for the purpose of obtaining electric sparks. The Library Company, the College of Philadelphia, and the Philosophical Society named him among their incorporators and earliest officers. Perhaps his greatest [48] distinction now is that he was the father of Francis Hopkinson, who may have caused the under-mentioned dialogue to be produced "for remembrance."

William Henry Cuyler Hosmer was born at Avon, in the valley of the Genesee, New York, May 25, 1814, and died there May 23, 1877. He was graduated from the University of Vermont, and was for many years a well-known lawyer and writer on the subjects of North American Indians, and their lore. He contributed a number of articles to magazines, and also published several volumes of poetry. His poetical works were published in two volumes in 1854, when the author was a clerk in the Custom House of the port of New York.

David Humphreys was born in Derby, Conn., in July, 1753, died in New Haven, Conn., February 21, 1818. He was graduated from Yale College in 1767, and at the beginning of the Revolution entered the army. In 1778 he was attached to the staff of General Putnam, with the rank of major.

In 1780 he was made a colonel and aide-de-camp to [49] Washington. He was custodian of the standards, surrendered at Yorktown and was presented with a sword by Congress.

In 1784 he was appointed Secretary to the Legation for concluding treaties with foreign powers.

He resided at Mount Vernon until the framing of the Constitution, when he came to New York with the President.

In 1790 he was nominated Ambassador to Portugal, and sailed for that country in 1791. He was afterwards appointed to represent the United States at Madrid, and during this time concluded treaties of peace with Tripoli and Algiers. He was the author of a number of works, including a Life of General Israel Putnam.

Robert Hunter was born in England, and was appointed governor of New York in 1710. He was [50] afterwards governor of Jamaica, where he died in 1734. He was the author of the celebrated letter on enthusiasm, which has been ascribed to Swift.

Joseph Hutton was born in Philadelphia, Pa., February 25, 1787, and died in Newbern, N. C., January 31, 1828. In early life he contributed verses to periodicals of that city; he also wrote prose, and published several romantic stories in a literary paper. [51] About 1811 he published a collection of fugitive poems under the title of Leisure Hours. He also published a poem called The Field of Orleans, in the style of Sir Walter Scott. In 1823 he removed to Newbern, N. C., where he established himself as a teacher and wrote for the Newbern Sentinel.

Charles Jared Ingersoll, born in Philadelphia, Pa., October 3, 1782, died there May 14, 1862, was a lawyer of note, elected to Congress from Pennsylvania, 1813-15 and 1841-47. He was United States District Attorney for Pennsylvania from 1815 to 1829. He was the author of the celebrated Inchiquin's Letters (1810) and a Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain.

Samuel B. H. Judah was a well-known writer of New York City in the early part of the present century. He wrote a novel called The Buccaneers, and a work entitled Gotham and the Gothamites, both of which reflected on the society of New York at that time, and caused the author to be sued for libel and his works suppressed. His plays were performed in England as well as America.

James Lawson, born in Glasgow, Scotland, November 9, 1799; died in Yonkers, N. Y., March 20, 1880. He was educated at Glasgow University and came to New York in 1815. He was at first employed as a clerk in the counting house of a maternal uncle, who was a merchant of New York. He began writing for the New York Literary Gazette in 1826, and from 1827 to 1829 was the assistant editor of the Morning Courier. He edited the Mercantile Advertiser from 1829 to 1833. For a time subsequently he engaged in the business of marine insurance. He published several volumes of stories and poems.

Aaron W. Leland, born in Holliston, Mass., May 28, 1761, died in Chester, Vt., August 25, 1833. He [55] was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church about 1786, and settled in Chester, Vt. He was a member of the Vermont Legislature from 1801 to 1811, a councillor for four years, Lieutenant-Governor of the State for five years, and justice of his county court for eighteen years. He refused a nomination for governor in 1828. He was a very effective orator.

This author was a native of New York, and a daughter of Gov. James Ramsey, of that province. She went to England in 1735 and became a writer of note, Dr. Johnson considering her work equal to that of Fanny Burney and other well-known female writers. The epilogue to The Sister was written by Oliver Goldsmith.

Peter Markoe, born in Santa Cruz (St. Croix), one of the West India Islands, in 1735, died in Philadelphia in 1792. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, read law in London, and settled in Philadelphia in 1783. He there became addicted to literature and contributed to the leading periodicals over the name "A Native of Algiers."

Dr. James McHenry, born in Larne, County Antrim, Ireland, December 20, 1785, died there July 20, 1845. He was graduated in medicine at Dublin University and Glasgow, and first located in practice [57] at Larne, whence he removed to Belfast. He came to the United States in 1817 and followed his profession in Baltimore, Md., and Pittsburgh, Pa. In 1824 he settled in Philadelphia, where he practiced medicine and carried on a mercantile business. From 1842 to the time of his death he was United States Consul at Londonderry, in Ireland. His home in Philadelphia was the resort of most of the literary people of that and other cities. He published a poem on the Pleasures of Friendship in 1822. He was editor of the American Monthly Magazine in Philadelphia in 1824, and wrote and published a number of novels.

Colonel Robert Munford was a distinguished patriot of the Revolution. His poems and plays were collected and published by his son William, noticed below.

William Munford, son of the above, was born in Mecklenburg County, Va., in 1775, and died in Richmond, Va., June 21, 1825. At the age of twenty-one he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. He was afterwards a senator from his district, was elected a member of the Privy Council of State, and continued in that office up to the time of his death. His chief literary work was a Translation of Homer's Iliad in blank verse, which was not published during his life-time.

John Neal, born in Portland, Me., August 25, 1793, died there June 21, 1876. He was entirely self-educated, and, after a few years of business occupation in Baltimore, he was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1819. He had already begun to have some popularity as a writer of stories, and in 1823 he was led to make a trip to England, in consequence of the popularity which his novels had acquired there. While in England he wrote several articles on America for the Quarterly Review, and enjoyed an intimacy with British men of letters, particularly Jeremy Bentham. On his return in 1828 he established The Yankee, and was an active journalist for half a century. To his energy is attributed the agitation of woman's suffrage, and the establishment of gymnasiums. He was Poe's first encourager. His Recollections were published in 1869.

Mordecai Manuel Noah, born in Philadelphia, [60] July 19, 1785, died in New York, May 22, 1851, was a journalist and a lawyer. He went into politics when quite young, and was appointed United States Consul to Morocco in 1813; came to New York about 1820, and edited The National Advocate. He afterwards established The New York Enquirer, The Evening Star, and other papers. He published also a volume of travels. He was at one time appointed sheriff of the county. An estimate of his character and popularity is thus given by a contemporary: "He told the best story, rounded the best sentence, and wrote the best play of all his contemporaries.... As editor, critic, and author, he was looked up to as an oracle."

John Parke was born in Delaware about 1750. At the commencement of the Revolution he entered the American Army and was attached to Washington's Division. After the war he was for some time in Philadelphia, and was last heard of in Arundel County, Va. A number of the pieces in his book are dated at camp in the neighborhood of Boston, at Valley Forge and other places.

James Kirke Paulding, born in Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co., N. Y., August 22, 1779, died in Hyde Park, in the same county, April 6, 1860, was associated with Washington Irving in literary work on Salmagundi. A paper on political affairs from Paulding's pen led to his appointment by President Madison as Secretary of the Navy Commission in Washington. He was Agent of the Navy at New York, 1825, and Secretary of the Navy under Van Buren.

John Howard Payne, born in New York City, June 9, 1791, died in Tunis, Africa, April 9, 1852, was an actor and journalist. In early life he removed to Easthampton, L. I., where the greater part of his childhood was passed. He played in a number of amateur performances, and made his début as an actor at the Park Theatre, New York City, February 24, 1809, as Young Norval. He made his literary début by contributing to The Fly, a juvenile paper [63] published by Woodworth. He soon after published a little paper called The Thespian Mirror, which had a short existence.

After playing in a number of American cities he went to England in 1813, where his success as an actor and dramatist was very great. His first appearance was at Drury Lane Theatre, June 4, 1813, as Norval. He also started a periodical in London called the Opera Glass.

He returned to America in 1832 and contributed to the Democratic Review and other periodicals. Soon afterward (1841) he was appointed United States Consul at Tunis, where he died.

James Gates Percival, born in Berlin, Conn., September 15, 1795, died in Hazel Green, Wis., May 2, 1856, was an eminent geologist. He was graduated from Yale College, studied medicine and practiced in Charleston, S. C.; was appointed surgeon in the United States Army in 1824, and stationed in Boston, Mass., on detail for the recruiting station there. He left the service, and took up the study of geology at New Haven, Conn., in 1827. He aided Noah Webster in the compilation of his dictionary. He was an official geologist of Connecticut and of the State of Wisconsin.

Robert Rogers was born at Dumbarton, N. H., 1727, died in London about 1798. During the French and Indian War he commanded the celebrated "Rogers Rangers," and participated in the siege of Detroit against Pontiac and the French. Rogers' Slide at Lake George is named after him. He went to London about 1764, and was appointed governor of Michilimackinac in 1765. He afterwards went to Algiers and fought under the Dey. He returned to America in 1775, and professed to be in sympathy with the patriots, but Washington ordered his arrest. He then threw off the mask of friendship, and raised a company of Royalists called "The Queen's Rangers." He went back to England, and his subsequent history is unknown. His best known works are his Journal of the French and Indian War, London, 1765; and A Concise Account of North America, London, 1765.

Susanna Rowson, born in Portsmouth, England, in 1762, died in Boston, Mass., March 2, 1824. She was an only daughter of Lieutenant William Haswell, of the British Navy, who was, at the beginning of the Revolution, attached to the revenue service, and resided at Nantucket, near Boston. His property was confiscated by the Continental authorities; and himself and family removed on parole to Hingham in 1775, and in 1777 to Abington. A cartel was finally arranged by which Lieutenant Haswell was exchanged and sent back to England with his family. Miss Haswell took employment as a governess in early life, and was greatly devoted to literature. She married William Rowson, a musician in one of the bands of the household troops. About the time of her marriage she wrote and published a novel entitled Victoria, which she dedicated to the Duchess of Devonshire, who introduced her to the Prince of Wales. She was enabled, by this acquaintance, to obtain a pension for her father. On account of the financial embarrassment of her husband, they went on the stage in 1792, in Edinburgh. In 1793 they came to America, and first appeared in Annapolis, Maryland. Thence they went to the theatre in Philadelphia, and, after a season there, became members of the Federal Street Theatre in Boston. Mrs. Rowson, who had, in 1790, published in England the celebrated novel Charlotte Temple, had continued writing, and the extraordinary popularity of her story of the unfortunate English girl made it easy for her to follow the cultivation of letters. She retired from the stage in 1797, and established a school for young ladies, which remained, during her life-time, the most select and popular in New England. Her last appearance was in May, 1797, in her own comedy, [69] Americans in England. Her Poems were published in Boston in 1804, and Lucy Temple, a sequel to Charlotte Temple, appeared in 1828.

Lemuel Sawyer was a native of North Carolina. He wrote a Life of John Randolph [of Roanoke,] N. Y., 1844. Died 1844.

Jonathan Mitchell Sewall, born in Salem, Mass., in 1748, died in Portsmouth, N. H., March 29, 1808. He was graduated from Harvard and first entered business life, but eventually became a lawyer. He was Register of Probate for Grafton Co., N. H., in 1774. Author of the song War and Washington, very popular during the Revolution. His Miscellaneous Poems were published in 1801.

At a performance of Addison's Cato in the Bow Street Theatre, N. H., in 1778, an epilogue, written by Colonel Sewall, was spoken, the closing lines of which are:

No pent up Utica contracts your powers,
But the whole boundless Continent is yours.

James Wright Simmons, born at Charleston, S. C., studied at Harvard and made an extensive tour of Europe, whence he came to New York and was for a time a writer for the New York Mirror. He was also connected with other New York papers. He afterward held the office of Comptroller General and Treasurer of the Republic of Texas. Died at Memphis, Tenn., aged 68 years.

Charles Smith was born about 1768. He was for a time a bookseller in New York, and was the editor of the Monthly Military Repository. The following are all translations from Kotzebue:—

Elihu Hubbard Smith, born in Litchfield, Conn., September 4, 1771, died in New York, September 21, 1798, a graduate of Yale and physician of Philadelphia, where his father was also a noted doctor. He [73] wrote a number of poems and sonnets for the magazines. He edited the first collection (1793) ever made of American poetry. Founder with Drs. Edward Miller and Samuel L. Mitchell of The Medical Repository. His death was caused by yellow fever contracted from a patient, a stranger who was taken by him into his own house for treatment.

Richard Penn Smith, born in Philadelphia in 1790, died there in 1854. He was educated as a lawyer. For five years he was editor of The Aurora, and contributed to a number of other periodicals. His books, not dramatic, were a novel, in 1831, called The Forsaken, in two volumes; and The Actress of Padua and Other Tales. He died August 12, 1854. He wrote fifteen plays in all.

Charles Stearns, born in Massachusetts in 1753, died 1826. He was a Unitarian clergyman, and from 1785 to his death was pastor of a church at Lincoln, in Massachusetts. He wrote many good poems, and a variety of religious works.

John Augustus Stone, an actor, born in Concord, Mass., in 1801, died near Philadelphia, Pa., June 1, 1834. His first appearance on the stage was made in Boston, and his début in New York occurred July 10, 1822, at the Park Theatre, as Old Hardy in The Belle's Stratagem, and Old Pickle in The Spoiled Child. He was for a long time identified with the Bowery and Chatham Theatres. The prize of five hundred dollars offered by Mr. Edwin Forrest for the best American play, was awarded to Mr. Stone in 1829, for his drama in verse, Metamora, long and successfully played by Mr. Forrest. He subsequently received from Mr. Forrest one thousand [75] dollars for his drama, The Ancient Briton, which, as well as another drama from his pen, Fauntleroy, the Banker of Rome, were produced by Forrest. He was also author of La Roque, The Regicide, Tancred of Sicily, and Yankee Hill's famous play, The Knight of the Golden Fleece, always the most popular of that comedian's plays. He drowned himself in the Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia, in a fit of mental derangement. Mr. Forrest erected a very handsome monument to his memory.

Royall Tyler was born in Boston on July 18, 1758, died in Brattleboro, Vt., August 16, 1826. He was graduated from Harvard in 1776 and studied law in the office of John Adams. He was aide-de-camp to General Benjamin Lincoln in the Revolution and in Shay's Rebellion in 1786. He contributed to the Farmer's Museum, and when Dennie became editor, Tyler was called in to assist him. He published a series of papers in the Port-Folio for 1801. In 1797 he published, at Walpole, N. H., his Algerine Captive, or the Life and Adventures of Doctor Updike Underhill, Six Years a Prisoner among the Algerines; 2 vols. In 1804 he contributed to the Columbian Sentinel. In 1800 he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont. He also contributed to The New England Galaxy and Polyanthus. In 1809 he published Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Vermont.

As the great business of the polite world is the eager pursuit
of amusement, and as the Public diversions of the season
have been interrupted by the hostile parade in the capital; the
exhibition of a new farce may not be unentertaining.

As lately acted, and to be re-acted to the wonder of all superior
intelligences, nigh head-quarters at Amboyne.

The author had thought proper to borrow the following spirited
lines from a late celebrated poet, and offer to the public by
way of PROLOGUE, which cannot fail of pleasing at this
crisis.

What! arm'd for virtue, and not point the pen,
Brand the bold front of shameless guilty men,
Dash the proud Gamester from his gilded car,
Bare the mean heart which lurks beneath a star,

Shall I not strip the gilding off a knave,
Unplac'd, unpension'd, no man's heir or slave?
I will or perish in the gen'rous cause;
Hear this and tremble, ye who 'scape the laws;
Yes, while I live, no rich or noble, knave,
Shall walk the world in credit to his grave;
To virtue only, and her friends, a friend.
The world beside may murmur, or commend.

Mercy Warren, born in Barnstable, Mass., September 25, 1728, died in Plymouth, Mass., October 19, 1814. She was the third child of Colonel James Otis. She married James Warren, of Plymouth, who was appointed high sheriff in 1757, which place he held up to the breaking out of the Revolution, when he became general of the American forces about Boston. She was one of the foremost friends of liberty, and corresponded with most of the great men of her time. She published a History of the American Revolution. Her correspondence with John Adams was published by the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1878.

George Watterson, born in New York in 1783, died in Washington, D. C., 1854. He was a lawyer in Washington, and was the first Librarian of Congress. He published several books on law and the topography of Washington. He also published the Letters of General Washington.

John Blake White, born in South Carolina in 1783, died 1859. He was an artist, lawyer and dramatist, residing in Charleston.

William Charles White, born in Worcester, Mass., made his début on the stage in Boston in 1796, and in New York, at the Park Theatre, January 19, 1801, as Young Norval. He afterwards studied law and gave up the stage.

Lambert A. Wilmer, born in 1805, died in Brooklyn, December 21, 1863, was editor of the Brooklyn Saturday Visitor, and of The Pennsylvanian in Philadelphia. He was the author of The Quacks of Helicon.

Samuel Woodworth, born in Scituate, Mass., January 13, 1785, died in New York City, December 9, 1842. His father was a soldier of the Revolution. In early life he chose the profession of a printer, and went to Boston, where he bound himself apprentice to Benjamin Russell, editor of The Columbian Sentinel. During this time he employed his leisure in writing poetry for different periodicals in that city over the signature of "Selim." In 1807 he published a weekly paper in New Haven called The Belles-Lettres Repository. The next year he went to Baltimore, where many of his best poems were published. He came to New York in 1810, and during the War of 1812 published a weekly newspaper entitled The War. He also edited, at different times, The Halcyon Luminary and Theological Repository, The Casket, The Parthenon, and The Literary Gazette. He also was one of the founders and editors of The New York [81] Mirror. In 1816 he published Champions of Freedom.

Frances Wright, born in Dundee, Scotland, September 6, 1795, died in Cincinnati, O., December 14, 1852. She became, early in life, imbued with French liberalism, and was an admiring friend of Lafayette. She first came to the United States in 1818, and was introduced in literary circles here by Joseph Rodman Drake. After a time spent in Paris she came again to the United States in 1825, and purchased 2400 acres of land in Tennessee, at Neshoba (now Memphis). Here she established a colony of freed slaves. The State authorities compelled the relinquishment of the scheme as contrary to the law of the commonwealth, and the land, which was held for her in trust by Lafayette, was reconveyed to her. The negroes were sent to Hayti, and Miss Wright spent three years in lecturing on slavery and social topics in the United States, especially upon woman suffrage, of which she was the first considerable advocate. She went again to France, where she married Monsieur d'Arnsmont, with whom, however, she lived but a short time, returning finally to Cincinnati, Ohio, where she made her final home.

PLAYS IN MANUSCRIPT

Many more titles could be added to the following list, but these will suffice. Ireland's Records of the New York Stage, Dunlap's American Theatre and Rees's Dramatic Authors of America give many additional titles, but as unpublished plays really do not deserve a place in a bibliography, I have inserted this list only for the purpose of comparison between those printed and those unpublished.

INDEX TO TITLES
OF PUBLISHED PLAYS

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN PLAYS, 1714-1830 ***

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