Journal of Entomology and Zoology, September 1917, by Various Contributors, a Project Gutenberg eBook.

Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of March 9, 1879

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.

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Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their articles.

Through the kindness of Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell and several others I have been able to get large numbers of our local bees determined. The basis of the work was the extensive Cook-Baker collection of the college with additional material of my own and others. Many of the species here listed have been collected by me and others, but unless not represented in the original college collection it is not noted in the list. So far as the relations of bees to plants has been noted by me it is given in the list. Many other species remain to be determined and only a beginning has been made in respect to the relation of the bees to plants.

Bombus sonorous. Say. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Nemophila.

Bombus californicus. Sm. Det. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Anthophora anstrutheri. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.

Anthophora stanfordiana. Vier. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.

Anthophora pacifica. Vier. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Lotus glaber.

Anthophora edwardsii. Cr. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Mellisodes pallidicineta. Ckll. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Mellisodes maura. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.

Mellisodes pullata. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Mellisodes menuacha. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Mellisodes beltragei. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. Fl., Amsinckia interm.

Synhalonia atrientis. Smith Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Diadasia bituberculata. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Cactus.

Diadasia australis rinconis. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Cactus.

Bombomelecta thoracicia. Cr. Det. Cr. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Nemophila.

Nomada beulahensis. Ckll. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray. From Coll. April, no Fl.

Nomada americana. Kby. Det. Br. Claremont, Cal., Bray. From Coll. April, no Fl.

Xylocopa orsifex. Sm. Det. Vier. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Wood.

Xylocopa californica. Cr. Det. Friese. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Nemophila.

Megachile grindeliarum. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Poppy.

Osmia atrocyanea. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. May, Fl., Amsinckia intermedia.

Osmia clarescens. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Fl., Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Dianthidium robertsoni. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Andrena prunorum. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker and Bray. May, Phacelia tana. and Poppy.

Andrena texana. Cr. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Poppy.

Andrena bipuntala. Lovell Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Phacelia tan.

Andrena cerasifolii. Vier. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker. April, Phacelia tanacætifolia.

Andrena carlina Ckll. Ashmead Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. May, Fl., Mustard.

Agapostemon radiatus. Say. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Fl., Daisy.

Ceratina neomexicana punctigena sub. sp. n. Ckll. Det. Ckll. Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Halictus rhoptoides. Craw. Det. Br. from Coll. Claremont, Cal., Bray. April, Daisy.

Prosopis episcopalis, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Claremont, Cal., Baker (Rhus laurina).

Prosopis coloradensis. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Prosopis polifolii, female. Ckll. Det. Metz. Mountains near Claremont, Cal., Baker.

Since little or nothing has been published on mammals of this region it was deemed advisable to print a list even though very incomplete and based on preliminary and limited collecting in order to have some definite forward step in this much neglected line. Some of the mammals listed below have not been collected by us but are known to occur. Thanks are due Mr. H. S. Swaith for his kind aid in identification of some of the skins collected.

Bears of course have long since disappeared but still have left their reputation among old mountaineers. The story goes that a bear, perhaps the last one, was killed at Bear Flats on the trail to “Old Baldy,” hence the name.

Odocoileus hemionus californicus. (Caton.) California Mule Deer. Fairly common through Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. They have been taken as low as the mouth of San Dimas canyon. The recently established game preserve assures an increase in the future. Already they seem to have sensed the protection for on May 19, 1916, we were surprised to find just 75 feet before us a large doe on the auto road not far above the first power house.

Ovis canadensis nelsoni? C. M. Merriam. Merriam Desert Bighorn. Mountain sheep have lived for years in the higher peaks above Claremont but being very shy and in inaccessible and little frequented parts have escaped attention very successfully. Rumor has it that Mountain Goats are found with the sheep but I believe this to be unfounded, having been originated probably by the sight of the smaller horned females and young. The area occupied by the sheep is a very definite one and comprises the peaks Ontario, Cucamonga, Telegraph, St. Antonio (“Old Baldy”), and Iron Mountain with their high rocky intervening ridges. Of the points mentioned the first three peaks are the favored ones. I found only a few tracks on Iron Mountain and a rumor of a pair of horns found there some five or eight years ago. “Old Baldy” being too « 102 » often visited is not a frequented spot for the sheep, serving only as a connecting link to Iron Mountain. However signs around Ontario, Cucamonga and Telegraph peaks are abundant and anyone with a little patience and diligent endeavor can readily see the sheep themselves. They travel often in bands, as many as fifty and in summer keep to the highest places. Where they go in winter is as yet a mystery to me, probably lower into canyon heads for I have never found them on the top during this season. This of course is natural for these peaks practically become great ice mountains dangerous for anything to travel over. Besides grass the food consists of twigs and leaves of Castonapsis sempewirens, several species of Ceanothus, Rhammus croceus californicus, Rhus trilobata and a parsnip Pastinaca sativa.

Citellus beecheyi. Richardson. California Ground Squirrel. Abundant in all parts from brush land to 8,000 feet altitude in suitable localities.

Sciurus griseus anthonyi. Mearns. Anthony Gray Squirrel. Very common in the transition zone. In early spring they start working on pine cones on the mountain tops, gradually coming down to more abundant supplies of food until fall finds them down in the oak belt feeding on acorns. They winter as low as Palmers canyon in some cases.

Entamias Sp. Abundant in the pine belt and as high as the top of “Baldy.” They are good climbers, exceedingly active and bursting with curiosity.

Onychomys torridus ramona. Rhoads. San Bernardino Grasshopper Mouse. But two specimens of this carnivorous mouse were taken in a period of trapping extending over three months. Both specimens were taken on bait consisting of rolled oats and in the same place, east of Indian Hill in the brush. A good many of my specimens were more or less devoured in the traps in this locality, and I strongly suspect this mouse of the crime. Nowhere else were my mice eaten or were any grasshopper mice taken.

Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli. Baird. Gambel White-footed Mouse. This species was one of the most common forms taken, being abundant in the brushy valley and foothills. There is a great deal of color variation in the specimens taken.

Peromyscus boylei rowleyi. (Allen.) Rowley White-footed Mouse. No specimens were trapped in the valley. However these mice were found not uncommon at the mouth of Palmers canyon, just four miles north of Claremont, in the dry brush land. Within the canyon they were common and were taken as high as the top of Ontario peak along fallen logs. At Camp Baldy they are very common especially along watercourses and fallen logs. Indications are that they ignore zonal limits being taken well down in Lower Sonoran zone and in high transition and not necessarily near water.

Peromyscus californicus insignis. Rhoads. Chemisal Mouse. Not common. None were taken in the valley and few in the canyons. They were not found along waterways but frequently brushy hillsides. This is a large species of mouse and was almost too much for the little “gee whiz” traps to hold.

Peromyscus eremicus fraterculus. Miller. Dulzura Mouse. Common in the brush land of both valley and foothill, being found in the canyons also.

Reithrodontomys megalotis longicauda. Baird. Long-tailed Harvest Mouse. Common in valley and foothill. Although partial to grassy areas (I took many in the grassy runways made by meadow mice—Microtus californicus). I found them not uncommon in the dry brush land east of Indian Hill.

Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. Thomas. Southern Brush Rat. Common from valley to 5,000 feet in the mountains in suitable localities. I took one in the property house at the Greek theatre this June. The large nests are seen very commonly in the canyons and hillsides.

Neotoma intermedia intermedia. Rhoads. Intermediate Brush Rat. There seems to be a curious reversal of conditions between this and the former species. Whereas this species is supposed to be taken only up to 3,000 feet, I took none below 3,000, all being taken at 5,000 feet or more along fallen logs near watercourses, and the former species was limited more distinctly to the foothills which is not a typical condition.

Microtus californicus californicus. (Peale.) California Meadow Mouse. Common in runways through the grass in damp « 104 » canyons, at Palmers canyon and in other suitable localities. One was taken as high as Kelly’s cabin—on Ontario peak, among fallen logs by a cold mountain stream. While setting trap in the runways I more than once caught glimpses of them darting along the aisles in the grass.

Thomomys bottæ pallescens. Rhoads. Southern Pocket Gopher. Abundant in the valley, often doing much damage in lawns and orchards.

Perodipus agilis agilis. (Gambel.) Gambel Kangaroo Rats. Abundant from valley to Transition zone. I found them abundant at Brown’s Flats where the evidences of their digging and their holes are on every side. I have trapped them in brush country, rocky areas, open brushless places, and at the mouth of ground squirrel holes.

Lepus californicus. (Gray.) Jack-Rabbit. Common in the valley and to a certain extent in the foothills and higher.

Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi. (Miller.) San Diego Cottontail. Abundant in the Lower Sonoran zone. Increasing each year due to the protection afforded by game laws. Considerable damage to young trees is done by cottontails and they are a great pest to the farmer.

Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens. (Allen.) Ashy Brush Rabbit. Fairly common in the brush. They are not swift runners and rely on escaping by hiding behind clumps of brush. This is more typically an Upper Sonoran form.

Felis oregonensis oregonensis. (Rafinesque.) Pacific Cougar. Numberless reports are always coming in of Mountain Lions and as usual most of them prove to be unfounded. However authentic records of these beasts are not lacking. I have personally inspected a specimen shot in Cold Water Canyon not more than five years ago. Tradition has it that at one time a mountaineer was actually besieged for two days in the little cabin at Browns Flats. Lions have been seen at Browns Flats, Cattle Canyon and the north of Telegraph peak. Mountaineers tell me that they are a great deal more common in the San Gabriel drainage. The specimen which I saw was from one of the tributary canyons to the San Gabriel river.

Lynx eremicus californicus. (Mearns.) California Wild Cat. Common in the mountains and ranging over the valley. About once a year a specimen is brought in to be skinned or identified and great stories are told about them. One of the commonest fallacies is that there are two forms in the mountains, one a “Bob cat” with short tail and ear tufts, and the other a true “Link” or Lynx with longer tail and more prominent ear tufts. It is little wonder, however, that such a notion exists in view of the fact of the great range or variations found in these animals. As for actual records of captures. In the summer of 1911 one was shot in the brushy hillsides of Laguna Canyon (Orange Co.) and brought in to the Marine Laboratory. In the spring of 1912 a ♀ was shot at the mouth of San Dimas canyon and brought to the college. In December 1914 a ♀ in very worn pelage was shot while crossing the Santa Ana river near Prado Beach and brought to me to be skinned. Finally while trapping for foxes in Palmers canyon in March of 1916 I took a male.

Canis ochropus ochropus. (Eschscholtz.) California Coyote. Common in the brush land above Claremont and in the foothills. The yapping bark is a very familiar cry to any who live near the outskirts of the town and may be heard nearly any evening. Although having camped numerous times in the mountains I have never heard Coyotes above the foothill region.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus. (Mearns.) California Gray Fox. Signs of foxes in the canyons and along mountain trails are always quite common. Fœces containing seeds of manzanita berries are familiar occurrences. They are fond of fruit and are readily trapped with such bait. In March 1916 three were caught one night at the same place in Live Oak canyon.

Procyon psora psora. (Gray.) California Coon. Coons are fairly common in the larger canyons where there is an abundance of water. I have seen their tracks in Palmers, Cucamonga and San Antonio canyons. Three were trapped this winter (1916) just above Camp Baldy at an altitude of about 5400 feet.

Mephitis occidentalis holzneri. (Mearns.) Southern California Striped Skunk. Not very common in this region, found mostly in the Upper Sonoran zone in wooded districts.

Spilogale phenax phenax. (C. H. Merriam.) California Spotted Skunk. Very common in valley, foothills and up to 6,000 feet in the mountains. They are fearless little creatures and will readily enter cabins in the mountains and keep the occupant awake by rattling pots and pans while scrambling around in search of food, needless to say creating an awkward situation for the host. They have been known to take up their abode underneath houses in Claremont and take the liberty of scampering around the parlor floor without regard to the presence of human beings. This was a common occurrence in a certain family I have in mind and on such occasions the unwelcome guest was gently ushered to the door without hurting its feelings and peace of mind restored to the household. They are the easiest of all animals to trap and made considerable trouble and embarrassment for me by continually blundering into traps of mine set for other game. I have found these little creatures as high as 6,000 feet in the canyons.

Mustela xanthogenys xanthogenys. (Gray.) California Weasel. I had always been interested in weasels as to their occurrence and until this year had taken only one in town with a record of only two or three seen along the railroad track. Then in one week four weasels were given me and a record of seven others obtained, all these are from nearby orange groves and from below town along the railroad track where for a long time I have known they occurred.

Scapanus latimanus occultus. (Grinnell and Swartz.) Southern California Mole. Moles are occasionally caught in orchards and lawns and the characteristic workings are familiar sights in the mountains up to 8,000 feet. Our specimens were all from the valley.

Antrozous pallidus pacificus. (Merriam.) Pacific Pale Bat. I have taken several of these bats from behind pictures and in the attics of some of the college buildings. I do not know their relative abundance or distribution but they are certainly common on the campus in spring and summer.

Myotis evotis. (Allen.) Long-eared Bat. This form also occurs in the college buildings and I believe to a certain extent in the mountains.

For a number of years past students have collected shells from Laguna Beach, these and the Bradshaw collection form the basis for this list, which includes shells not farther than ten or twelve miles up and down the coast. The earlier collections were by Mabel Guernsey and P. R. Daggs. Practically all the shells drawn and photographed are from the Bradshaw collection because the shells were in better condition. Some of the earlier specimens were determined by the United States National Museum. Suggestions and corrections were kindly made by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd. The photographs are by Robins and Cooper. Many of the drawings are by Miss Margaret Cate. Doubtful specimens are largely omitted in this list, but a few are included and marked by a question.

Plate I, reduced one-half; Plates II and III, natural size; Plate IV, ×10; Plate V, ×6.

Clypidella (Lucapinella) calliomarginata Cpr. Southern Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 66.

Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana Gab. Carpenter Turret Shell. Fig. 68. (Laguna Beach, Jahraus.)

Trophon triangulatus Cpr. Three-cornered Trophon. Dredged off Laguna Beach. Bean. Fig. 70.

Bullaria gouldiana Pisb. Gold’s Bubble-shell. Many collected at Balboa much larger than the specimens shown. Fig. 72.

Tegula (Chlorostoma) aureotincta Fbs. Gilded Turban Shell. Large umbilicus with yellow. Fig. 89.

Janthina trifida Nutt. Violet Snail. Shell violet. Jahraus collection. Fig. 120.

Vitrinella williamsoni Dall (?). Pl. IV. Fig. 2 ×10. (This specimen in the Bradshaw collection was so determined, probably at Washington.) Arch Beach, Cal., near Laguna.

Columbella gausapata Gould. Common Dove-shell. Brown mottled. Pl. V. Fig. 2 ×6.

Vermetus anellum Morch. White. Pl. IV. Fig. 6 ×10. This specimen is more coiled than some others.

Small specimens of Carinella cingulata Cole were fixed in Mercuric chloride and cut in series. A general hematoxylin stain was very satisfactory for general anatomy. For a study of the finer structure other preparations will be necessary.

No attempt will be made to give a complete review of the literature relating to this group. Almost every systematic paper has something, because of the importance of the nervous system in classification and because in many cases the nervous system may be seen through the body-wall without dissection.

One of the first extensive accounts of these animals which also included quite a consideration of the nervous system was McIntosh in 1874. Several of the genus Nemestes were studied and the general form of the nervous system shown. Amphipheris is shown in a similar manner with a single lobe of the brain and with the two brain commissures. Tetrastemma is shown in a similar manner. Hubrecht in 1887 has an extensive paper in which the details of several nervous systems are shown as they show in reconstructions from sections. Eupolia girardi is especially well shown with its small dorsal and large ventral commissure and with three brain lobes. It is in this paper that Hubrecht makes his interesting comparison between the nemertians and cordates. In his paper of 1880 he has shown the structure and position of different parts of the nervous system of nemertians, especially of Cerebratulus of which he gives a very good figure. In this he shows a reconstruction of the brain with its chief nerves, ventral and dorsal commissures, general position of the cells, the two lobes of the brain on each side and the chief nerves. He also treats of nemertian nervous systems of many other forms, but not in so much detail.

Burger in 1890, '91, has extensive papers on the nervous system of the group. He discusses not only the general form, but also the minute structure of the nervous system of a number of different types. In 1895 Burger has another important paper on this « 120 » group of animals. In it he shows in some forms a marked dorsal ganglion and a ventral ganglion with the typical nerves. Burger showed that all ganglion cells are unipolar, without membranes. Montgomery, 1897, discusses the minute anatomy of the nerve cells. Coe, 1895 and 1910, considers the general anatomy of the nervous system, but nerve details are for the most part not shown.

In a young Carinella cingulata Cole which I have studied by means of reconstructions, I find no unusual features. The nervous system is typical of the group. The brain, however, is not very clearly made up of two lobes on each side. This may be because the specimen used was a young one. This may also be the reason why the brain is not sharply marked off from the lateral nerve cords.

Figure 1 shows the brain and part of the lateral cords from the ventral side. From the two halves of the brain come the nerves to forward parts. The small dorsal commissure is shown with its usual median extension. From the larger ventral commissure come the two nerves to the proboscis, lateral to these are the nerves to the intestine, while from the ridge of the lateral cords the lateral nerves are shown.

Figure 2 in the larger drawing at the right shows the nervous system as viewed from the side with the dorsal side to the left. The central core of the ganglion and cord is to indicate the position of the fiber area. The small drawings at the left show various levels of the nervous system as seen in cross section. The ventral side is up. The drawing at the top is through the brain before the commissures are reached, the next lower is through the thickest part of the brain and the lower two drawings are through one of the lateral cords.

Is of great value in all biological work where low and medium powers are employed. In embryology the true stereoscopic image shows the relative position of important details. This feature is of great assistance to the student and makes the instructor’s work easy.

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This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial interest to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.

A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.

It affords this establishment pleasure to state that though we are over fifty years old we are still seeking with youthful energy new finds of choice mineral specimens.

A few of our recent additions will show from what widely distributed areas we draw:

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General lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera on application; also special lists of Sphingidæ, over 300 species, of Pieridæ in papers, over 100 species. Collections just received from Natal, Madagascar, Peru, Ivory Coast, French Guiana, Java and Argentine; selections of these at low rates. Particulars on application.

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of music and art afford exceptional advantages.

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	Page
List of Bees from Claremont-Laguna Region—Henry Bray	93
A Partial List of the Mammals of the Claremont Region—Leon L. Gardner	101
A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna Beach and Nearby	107
A Reconstruction of the Nervous System of a Nemertian Worm—W. A. Hilton	119

Figure 1.	Reconstruction of the nervous system of Carinella shown from the ventral side. Explanation in text. ×75.
Figure 2.	Figure at the left side view of a reconstruction of the upper portion of the central nervous system of Carinella. The figures at the right are from cross sections taken at various levels. The upper and the two lower figures are from one side only. Further explanations in the text. ×75.

Japan:	Chalcopyrite in groups of sharp crystals, some of them beautifully iridescent.
	Stibnite, brilliant crystals, 5 to 8 inches long.
	Hokutolite, a new radio-active barium-lead silicate.
	Reinite, in large, sharp crystals.
	Quartz Twins, fine, large crystals.
Rhodesia:	Malachite, beautiful polished specimens showing concentric banding.
	Hopeite, in small groups of excellent crystals.
Madagascar:	Betafite, a new uranium niobate, in good crystals.
	Euxenite, good crystals.
	Beryl, in large brown crystals with pyramidal faces.
California:	Tourmaline, polished transverse sections of large crystals of rich red and green colors.
	Kunzite, superb gem crystals.
	Benitoite and Neptunite in fine crystals and groups.
	Greenockite on Magnetite, uncommonly good.
Utah:	Willemite, drusy masses of colorless and red crystals.
	Aurichalcite, singularly beautiful robin’s-egg blue, crystallized coatings.
Nova Scotia:	Magnesite in groups of small distinct hexagonal crystals.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 09, No. 3, September 1917

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