EUTROPIUS.
W. P. I
In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had
in mind, and so references to the standard Latin Grammars
have been added more copiously than some will consider judicious.
It has been found, however, by experience in the classroom,
that a reference to the grammar when carefully studied
is worth far more than a translation of a difficult passage or
comment upon it. The grammatical references are placed at
the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes,
which are principally historical and geographical, the editor
has tried to aid the student in mastering the difficulties that[4]
occur rather than to do his work for him. The references to
the histories are intended rather for the teacher than for the
pupil. If a few minutes can be spent every day in reading
to the class the portions referred to, the time will not be wasted,
and it will fill in the outline of the history that the text contains.
It is strongly urged that each student should be provided
with a copy of some good outline of Roman History
(Creighton’s Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it
from day to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal
facts of Roman History may be obtained with but slight
conscious effort on the part of the student.
In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted
dates have been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken
in his chronology. In marking the quantities of the long
vowels, Lewis, in his Elementary Latin Dictionary, has been
followed, except where later authorities differ from him.
The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Rev. J.
R. Wilson, D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and
assistance, and to Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for permission
to use material from their First Latin Readings.
The Grammars cited are Harkness’ Standard Latin Grammar
(H.), Mooney (M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gildersleeve
(G.), and Bennett (B.). References to Harkness’
new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found on p. 242.
J. C. H.
The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While
the references are intended principally for the teacher, every student
should be provided with a copy of Creighton’s Primer of Roman
History. If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the
student cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of
Roman History.
In the Notes the references to Harkness’ Grammar occur in two
forms, the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the
second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar.
Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work
does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in
371 A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 A.D. He is said to have been
the secretary of the Emperor Constantine the Great.
Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first
hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his
guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for
the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is cool
and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter of
dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is mentioned,
but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Paeanius is extant.
Book I
Page 7.
Ch. 1.
Line 1. Rōmānum:
note emphatic position.
Rōmulō: see the legend of Romulus
and Remus in Ihne, p. 32;
Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.
2. Vestālis virginis: the Vestals
were a kind of nuns, six in number,
who were priestesses of Vesta. It
was their duty to keep the fire on
the altar in her temple in the Forum
burning constantly. “Her altar, with
its ever-burning fire, was the family
hearth of the state, from which the
household fires were kindled at certain
dates.” Lanciani, Anc. Rome,
Ch. VI.
fīlius: in apposition with quī,
subject of putātus est.
quantum putātus est: ‘as he
was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’;
note that the Latin prefers the personal
construction where we prefer
the impersonal.
3. is: emphatic position.
cum … latrōcinārētur: the
student should note the different[106]
uses of cum, viz.: Temporal, with
Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal
and Concessive, with Subjunctive
alone; cf. cum … compāruisset,
Ch. 2; cum … habērent, Ch. 2;
cum … ēgissent, Ch. 18.
4. decem et octō annōs nātus
(nāscor): ‘having been born eighteen
years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’
The more common expression for
the numeral is duodēvīgintī. Cf.
annōrum trium et vīgintī, Bk. II,
Ch. 6; annum agēns vīcēsimum
aetātis, Bk. III, Ch. 7.
5. urbem exiguam: remains of
this city are still found on the Palatine
Hill.
Palātīnō monte: the Palatine
Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.
The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal,
Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal,
and Caelian.
XI Kal. Māiās: the full expression
would be ante diem ūndecimum
Kalendās Māiās, April 21. “In the
Roman calendar it coincided with
the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the
guardian divinity of shepherds.”
6. Olympiadis: the Greeks reckoned
time by periods of four years,
called Olympiads from the Olympian
Games, which were celebrated at
that interval. The starting point
was 776 B.C. Hence the third year
of the sixth Olympiad would be
753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize
754 as the date of the founding of
the city.
Ch. 2.
8. conditā cīvitāte: ‘the
city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when
the city had been founded.’ The
student should ascertain by analysis
of the thought what the Ablative
Absolute is intended to represent,
and should translate it accordingly.
The literal translation should seldom
be used. Civitate ＝ urbe, a late
usage, frequent in Eutropius. The
usual expression is urbe conditā, but
Eutropius places the participle first
for emphasis.
Rōmam vocāvit: according to
Lanciani, Roma is derived from
Rumon, ‘river.’ Roma then would
mean ‘the town by the river,’ and
Romulus, ‘the man from the town
by the river’ (Anc. Rome, p. 37).
Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the
early name by which the Romans
were called, means ‘bushmen.’
Hence Roma would be ‘the town of
the bushmen’ (Mommsen, History
of Rome, Vol. I, p. 71).
9. ferē: ‘about,’ indicating that
the statement is a loose one.
10. centum ex seniōribus: ‘a
hundred of the elders’; ex or dē
with cardinal numerals is regularly
used instead of a Partitive Genitive.
Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number
of the senators, Ch. 6. Before
the end of the regal period the number
was increased to 300. Sulla
added 300 equites. Julius Caesar
raised the number to 900. Augustus
reduced it to 600. For the duties
of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI;
Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18,
19, 45, 46.
12. uxōrēs: object of habērent.
Emphatic on account of its position
before the subject of the verb.
[107]
Page 8.
1. eārum: the antecedent
is nātiōnēs.
commōtīs bellīs: lit. ‘wars having
been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had
been aroused’; cf. conditā cīvitāte,
Ch. 2.
propter raptārum iniūriam: lit.
‘on account of the wrong of the
stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of
the wrong done by stealing the
maidens.’ With raptārum sc. virginum.
4. nōn compāruisset: lit. ‘he
had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’
5. ad deōs trānsīsse: lit. ‘to
have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to
have been translated.’
6. per quīnōs diēs: ‘through
five days each.’
Ch. 3.
8. rēx: predicate Nominative.
bellum: emphatic by position as
well as by the use of quidem. “The
statement that during the forty-three
years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed
uninterrupted peace cannot
be looked upon as anything but a
fiction or a dream.”
11. cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum:
‘because of their habit of (waging)
war.’
iam … putābantur: ‘were
beginning to be thought’; note the
force of the Imperfect.
12. in decem: Livy I, XIX, says
in duodecim mēnsēs.
13. aliquā ＝ ūllā.
cōnfūsum: ‘confused’; modifies
annum and is modified by prius.
14. morbō: i.e. a natural death
as contrasted with a death by
violence.
Ch. 4.
16. huic successit: lit.
‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor
was’; note the emphasis.
hīc bella reparāvit: in allusion
to the former activity of Romulus
in that direction.
17. Albānōs: Alba Longa, the
most ancient town in Latium, is
said to have been built by Ascanius,
and to have colonized Rome. After
its destruction by Tullus Hostilius
it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants
were removed to Rome. At a later
time the surrounding country was
studded with the splendid villas of
the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I,
XXII-XXV, gives an account of the
conquest of the Albans.
mīliāriō: the Roman milestones
were set up at intervals of 1000
paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the
military roads. They gave the distance
from the place from which the
measurement was made, its name,
the name of the person who erected
the stone, and the name of the
reigning emperor. The phrase
means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’
18. aliī … aliī: ‘the one …
the other.’ Eutropius uses alius
with the meaning of alter.
20. adiectō Caeliō monte: lit.
‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’
＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian
Hill’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.
21. fulmine ictus: lit. ‘having
been struck by lightning.’
ārsit: ārdeō.
Ch. 5.
22. ex fīliā: ‘on his[108]
daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity
of fīlia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2;
A. & G. 36, e; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, e.
Page 9.
1. Iāniculum: Mons
Ianiculus, on the opposite side of
the Tiber, was united to the city by
the Pons Sublicius.
cīvitātem: this city, afterwards
called Ostia, was situated on the left
bank of the river, about sixteen miles
from Rome. It was used as a port
for Rome until the time of the
Empire.
3. morbō periit: cf. morbō dēcessit,
Ch. 3.
Ch. 6.
4. Prīscus Tarquinius ＝
Tarquinius Prīscus. When only the
nomen and the cognomen are written,
they are often reversed, especially
in late Latin. The legend of the
Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus,
their ancestor, fled from Corinth,
his native place, and settled at Tarquinii
in Etruria. He married an
Etruscan wife, by whom he had
two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At
his death Lucumo inherited all his
father’s property. Although he had
married Tanaquil, a woman of the
highest rank, he was excluded from
all power and influence in the state.
Discontented with this he removed
to Rome with a large band of followers.
He and his companions were
received with welcome, and were
admitted to the rights of Roman
citizens. He took the name of
Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy
adds Priscus, to distinguish him from
L. Tarquinius, the seventh king
of Rome. At the death of Ancus
Marcius, the senate and people
unanimously elected Tarquinius to
the vacant throne. His reign was
distinguished by great exploits in
war and by great works in peace.
5. circum: the Circus Maximus.
It was in a valley between the Palatine
and Aventine Hills. Here the
Roman games were held. At first
the spectators sat on the hill side
and watched the games being celebrated
in the valley beneath them.
Tarquinius is said to have been the
first to introduce seats. In the time
of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet
long and 300 feet wide, and capable
of seating 180,000 people. It was
enlarged many times, until in the
fourth century it was capable of
seating 385,000 people.
lūdōs Rōmānōs: the Lūdī Rōmānī,
consisting of horse and chariot
races, were the oldest games, and
were celebrated originally in honor
of Jupiter by victorious generals as
a part of a triumph. At first they
lasted only one day, but the time
was gradually increased until in the
age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days,
September 4-19.
6. ad nostram memoriam: ‘to
our time.’
7. vīcit: emphatic position.
nōn parum ＝ māgnum: ‘a large
part’; cf. nōn compāruisset, Ch. 2.
8. prīmus … intrāvit: ‘and
he was the first to enter the city
celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph
was a solemn procession in which a
victorious general entered the city
in a chariot drawn by four horses.[109]
He was preceded by the captives and
spoils taken in war, and was followed
by his troops; and, after passing in
state along the Via Sacra, ascended
the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The
following conditions had to be complied
with: (a) The general must
have been dictator, consul, or praetor.
(b) He must have actually
commanded in the battle and commenced
it, himself taking the auspices.
(c) The battle must have
been decisive and ended the campaign.
(d) The foes must have been
foreigners, and at least 5000 of them
must have been slain.
9. mūrōs fēcit: he began to surround
the city with a stone wall, a
work his successor, Servius Tullius,
completed.
cloācās: the Cloaca Maxima is
a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide,
beneath the city. A part of this
sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in
existence, and after a lapse of 2500
years goes on fulfilling its original
purpose. Its opening into the Tiber
near the Temple of Hercules in the
Forum Boarium is still in a good
state of preservation.
Capitōlium: the Temple of Jupiter
on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations
were laid by Tarquinius
Priscus. Its walls were raised by
his successor Servius Tullius, and
Tarquinius Superbus completed it,
although it was not consecrated until
the third year after the expulsion of
the kings. It consisted of three
parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and
two wings, the right sacred to Minerva
and the left to Juno. The
magnificence and richness of this
temple are almost incredible. It
was burned in the time of Sulla, who
rebuilt it. After being destroyed
several times it was raised for the
last time by Domitian, who made it
more grand and magnificent than
had any of his predecessors.
10. per … fīliōs: Eutropius
occasionally substitutes per with the
Accusative for the Ablative or Dative
of agent; cf. per eum multa ā
cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, Bk.
IV, 10.
11. rēgis ēius: apposition with
Ancī.
cuī: cf. huic successit, Ch. 4.
Ch. 7.
12. Servius Tullius: the
legend of Servius Tullius is as follows:
Ocrisia, his mother, was one
of the captives taken at Corniculum,
and became a slave of Tanaquil, the
wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius
was born and reared at the palace
of the king. As Tanaquil by her
power of divination had foreseen
the greatness of the child, she persuaded
Tarquinius to give his daughter
to Servius in marriage. At the
death of Tarquinius, by the aid of
Tanaquil, Servius became firmly
fixed in the royal power. The
great deeds of Servius were deeds
of peace, and he was regarded by
posterity as the author of all their
civil rights and institutions. Three
important events are assigned to him.
He reformed the constitution of the
state. He extended the boundary[110]
of the city and surrounded it with a
wall. He established an important
alliance by which Rome and the
Latin cities became members of one
great league.
genitus: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’
13. quoque: as well as Tarquinius
Priscus. Quoque must not
be confounded with quōque, the Ablative
of the pronoun quisque.
15. fossās circum mūrum: portions
of the Servian wall still
exist.
16. cēnsum: the number of Roman
citizens was ascertained every
five years, though not always with
perfect regularity, for the assessment
of taxes and the arrangement
of military service. Originally
the kings took the census. After the
establishment of the republic the
duty was performed by the consuls.
After 444 B.C., special officers, called
censors, had charge of it. The census
was concluded with the solemn
ceremony of reviewing the newly
constituted army, called a lustrum.
orbem terrārum: lit. ‘the circle
of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’
18. capita: ‘souls’; cf. our expression
‘head of cattle.’
19. in agrīs: others than inhabitants
of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.
21. uxōrem: ‘as his wife.’
Ch. 8.
22. L. Tarquinius Superbus:
L. Tarquinius, called Superbus,
‘the Overbearing,’ from his
haughty manner and conduct, commenced
his reign without any of the
forms of election. One of his first
acts was to abolish the rights that
Servius Tullius had conferred upon
the plebeians. All the senators
whom he mistrusted and all whose
wealth he coveted he put to death
or banished. He surrounded himself
with a bodyguard, by means
of which he was enabled to do what
he liked. After several successful
campaigns his tyranny caused the
people to depose him and drive him
from the city.
23. euntibus; lit. ‘for those going’
＝ ‘as you go.’
24. Gabiōs: ‘the city Gabii’;
the name of the town, though plural,
is in apposition with cīvitātem.
Page 10.
1. Capitōliō: here the
Capitoline Hill.
2. oppūgnāns: ‘while besieging
the city’; a clause with cum or dum
would have been more usual.
4. ēius: antecedent is L. Tarquinius.
et ipse Tarquinius iūnior: ‘also
a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who
was also called Tarquinius’; his
praenomen was Sextus.
5. Lucrētiam: for the interesting
story of Lucretia, see The Story
of the Romans, p. 62.
eandemque: ‘who was also’;
H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. &
G. 195, e; G. 310; B. 248.
6. stuprāsset: ‘had offered violence
to.’ Stuprāsset for stuprāvisset,
cf. rēgnāsset, Ch. 4.
7. questa fuisset: for questa esset.
Eutropius generally uses essem,
etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive.
For other exceptions see[111]
Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses
fueram, etc., for eram in the Pluperfect
Passive Indicative.
8. parēns et ipse: ‘a relative
likewise,’ i.e. as well as Collatinus.
He was the son of Marcus Iunius
and Tarquinia, the second daughter
of Tarquinius Superbus. He was
called ‘Brutus,’ i.e. ‘the Stupid,’
on account of the mental imbecility
he feigned to deceive Tarquinius.
Parēns, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.
10. eum: refers to the king.
quī: antecedent is exercitus.
13. rēgnātum est: lit. ‘it was
ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’
14. annīs: Eutropius and some
other post-classical writers use the
Ablative of Time within which for
the Accusative of Duration of Time.
The Ablative makes prominent the
limits that mark the time.
15. ubi plūrimum: lit. ‘where
most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place
of the widest extent.
Ch. 9.
17. hinc: ‘from this time.’
cōnsulēs: at first they were
called praetōrēs, ‘leaders.’ The consuls
were elected by the Comitia
Centuriata, the new assembly organized
by Servius Tullius.
coepēre ＝ coepērunt.
18. alter eum: note the fondness
of the Latin for antitheses. It
tends to place contrasted words near
each other. Often the observance
of this is of assistance in determining
the meaning of a passage.
20. annuum: ‘lasting one year.’
habērent: the clause nē …
habērent is the Subject of placuit.
21. redderentur: cf. coërceret,
above.
cīvīlēs: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝
‘good citizens.’
23. ab expulsīs rēgibus: ‘after
the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. post
rēgēs exactōs, Ch. 11.
24. māximē … pellerētur:
‘had done the most to drive out
Tarquinius.’
25. Tarquiniō: cf. īsdem, Ch. 6.
Note the emphasis.
Page 11.
1. manēret: cf. habērent,
above.
3. L. Valerius Pūblicola: Livy,
Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius.
Owing to his efforts to secure the
rights of the plebeians and for his
popular measures he was called Pūblicola,
‘the Partisan of the People.’
He secured the passage of the Valerian
law giving to every citizen condemned
on a capital charge the right
of appeal to the people.
Ch. 10.
7. in vicem sē: ‘each
other in turn.’ As the Latin has no
reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to
resort to various circumlocutions;
cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1, inter se, Bk. II,
10, alius alium circumspectant.
8. tamen: although both the
leaders were slain.
10. per annum: cf. annum lūxērunt,
Ch. 11.
11. quō morbō mortuō: ‘and
when he had died.’ The Latin relative
is very often best translated by
‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For
the case of morbō, cf. morbō, Ch. 3.
12. iterum: construe with sūmpsit.
[112]
Ch. 11.
18. Porsennā: Lars Porsenna,
king of Clusium in Etruria.
He aided the Tarquins as they had
come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s
Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius.
Rōmam paene cēpit: Ihne
(p. 89) thinks that by this is meant
that the Etruscans conquered the
city.
22. Tusculum: said to have been
founded by Telegonus, the son of
Ulysses. It was always one of the
most important of the Latin towns,
and was a favorite resort of the
Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a
villa there.
24. cōnsenuit: lit. ‘he grew old’
＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’
26. dē hīs: ‘over them’; the
regular expression used for a
triumph celebrated for a victory
over an enemy.
Page 12.
2. fātāliter: lit. ‘by
fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō
dēcessit, Ch. 3.
3. nummīs: ‘money’; particularly
small coins.
sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae:
‘had the cost of a burial,’ i.e. was
buried at public expense.
quem: note its position.
Ch. 12.
5. gener Tarquinī:
Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.
7. dictātūra: at times of great
danger, when it was necessary for
one man to hold the supreme power,
a dictator was appointed by one of
the consuls on the nomination of
the senate. The office was for six
months; but in case the specific
object for which the dictator was
appointed was accomplished before
that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118;
Tighe, p. 65.
8. magister equitum: he was
aid-de-camp to the dictator and was
appointed by him. In the absence
of the latter he became the representative
of the dictator.
9. neque … potestātī: ‘neither
can anything be said to be more
similar than the ancient dictatorship
to the imperial power which,’ etc.
Imperium was the regular term for
the power possessed by the magistrates.
Here it refers to the power
of the emperor.
Eutropius explains for the benefit
of his readers the ancient dictatorship,
which had long since fallen
into disuse, by comparing it to the
power possessed by the emperor.
11. Tranquillitās Vestra: ‘Your
Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor
of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other
titles used of the emperors were
Aeternitās Tua, Clēmentia Tua,
Serēnitās Tua, Māgnitūdō Tua,
Māiestās Tua.”
Vestra: in Latin of the classical
period tua would have been used, as
only one person is referred to. In
late Latin the pronouns of the second
person plural take the place of the
singular, just as ‘you’ has taken
the place of ‘thou.’
13. sub dictātūrae nōmine: in
45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual
dictator.
Ch. 13.
17. populus ＝ plebs here.
Populus is a collective noun, and so
takes a singular verb.
[113]
tamquam: ‘on the ground that’;
a late meaning.
18. tribūnōs plēbis: these magistrates,
elected by the plebeians in
an assembly of their own (Comitia
Tributa), were invested with the
right of ‘intercession,’ by which
they could stop all legislation that
they judged to be harmful to the
plebeians. To make their intercession
effective they were declared to
be sacrosancti, i.e. ‘inviolable,’ and
the curse of outlawry was pronounced
against any one who harmed them.
The First Secession of the Plebeians,
as this was called, was the beginning
of a long struggle between the orders,
and terminated in the complete political
equality of the plebeians. Ihne,
Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe,
p. 91.
19. per quōs ＝ ut per eōs.
Page 13.
Ch. 14.
2. quam habēbant
optimam ＝ optimam quam
habēbant.
Ch. 15.
5. Q. Mārcius: called
Coriolānus from the city Corioli,
which he had conquered. Ihne,
p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.
8. oppūgnātūrus: the Participle
＝ oppūgnāvisset.
9. patriam suam: ‘his native
city.’
12. secundus: really the first
after Tarquinius, but the second in
order. In an enumeration of a
series the Latin generally includes
the starting point.
Ch. 16.
14. C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō
cōnsulibus: lit. ‘C. Fabius
and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in
the consulship of,’ etc. One of the
regular ways of dating events in
Latin is to give the names of the
consuls for that year. Another is
to reckon the time from the founding
of the city; cf. ab urbe conditā,
Ch. 18.
15. quī … erant: ‘who belonged
to the Fabian household’;
cf. centum ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.
16. prōmittentēs … implendum:
sc. esse; ‘promising the senate
and the people that the whole
contest would be completed by themselves.’
Prōmittō regularly takes
the Future Infinitive.
18. quī singulī: ‘each one of
whom.’
dēbērent: cf. esset, Ch. 15.
19. ūnus omnīnō superfuit: see
Ihne, p. 163.
Page 14.
Ch. 17.
1. sequentī
tamen annō: in the year after the
consuls mentioned in the last chapter.
3. Quīntius: generally written
Quīnctius. He held the dictatorial
power for fourteen days only, and
having completed his work returned
to his farm. Later he was again
appointed dictator, and again proved
himself to be the deliverer of his
country.
4. in opere et arāns: the post-classical
writers seem to strive almost
as much to avoid uniformity
in expression as the classical writers
strive for it.
5. togam praetextam: by metonomy
the badge of office is put for
the office itself. The toga praetexta[114]
had a red border woven in it. It
was the badge of office of the higher
magistrates and priests. It was
worn by boys also until they reached
the age of manhood and by girls
until they married.
Ch. 18.
7. alterō ＝ secundō.
ab urbe conditā: ‘from the
founding of the city.’
9. decemvirī: the laws, which
the decemvirs codified, known as
the Twelve Tables, remained the
foundation of Roman law for a
thousand years. They were engraved
on twelve bronze tables and
were set up in the Forum that all
might read them. Every school-boy
was required to commit them
to memory. For an account of the
decemvirs and their legislation, see
Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16;
Tighe, p. 95.
10. ex hīs: cf. ex seniōribus,
Ch. 2.
11. Virgīnī … fīliam: see Macaulay’s
Lays of Ancient Rome,
Virginia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton,
p. 16.
13. quam ＝ sed eam.
Ch. 19.
17. Fīdēnātēs: the town
of Fidenae is said to have been colonized
by Romulus. It frequently
revolted and was as frequently retaken
by the Romans. After its
destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt.
20. coniūnxērunt sē: ‘united.’
Page 15.
2. victī … perdidērunt:
‘they were conquered and
also lost their king.’
Ch. 20.
4. Vēientānī: they were
engaged in almost unceasing hostilities
with the Romans for more
than three centuries and a half.
5. ipsōs ＝ eos. Eutropius often
uses ipse for is.
6. aciē: note the difference of
meaning between exercitus, āgmen,
aciēs, and cōpiae.
diū obsidēns: the siege is said
to have lasted ten years.
8. et Faliscōs: in classical prose
etiam would have been used.
9. quasi: ‘on the ground that’;
a late meaning.
dīvīsisset: cf. premerētur, Ch.
13.
11. Gallī Senonēs: see Ihne,
Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; The
Story of the Romans, p. 104.
12. apud flūmen Alliam: the
fight occurred on July 16, which
was henceforth considered as an unlucky
day.
secūtī … occupāvērunt: cf.
victī … perdidērunt, Ch. 19.
15. obsidērent: cf. sustinēret,
Ch. 18.
21. et ipse: ‘he too,’ as well as
Romulus.
Book II
Page 16.
Ch. 1.
3. tribūnī mīlitārēs
cōnsulārī potestāte: six
military tribunes with consular powers
and consular duration of office
were elected by the Comitia Centuriata.
The office was open alike to
patricians and plebeians. This was
a compromise measure on the part
of the patricians when they were
forced to yield to the demands of[115]
the plebeians to be admitted to the
consulship. All the rights of the
consulship were given to them by
this means without the honorary
privileges the holding of the office
of consul conferred. Each year the
people determined whether consuls
or military tribunes with consular
power should be elected. From the
time of the creation of the tribunes
with consular power until the opening
of the consulship to the plebeians
in 367 B.C., the tribunes were
elected fifty times and the consuls
twenty-three. The plebeians were
kept out of the office until 400
B.C. Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p.
100.
4. hinc: cf. hinc, Bk. I, 9.
7. trēs … ēgit: i.e. a triumph
for each of the cities.
Ch. 2.
11. sub ipsīs: ‘under the
direction of these’; i.e. the citizens
of Praeneste.
12. Rōmānīs: note the name of
the people for that of the city.
14. dēcrētus: sc. est from the
sunt preceding.
Ch. 3.
16. placuit: lit. ‘it was
pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’
17. ita fluxit: lit. ‘it flowed so’
＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’
Ch. 4.
21. L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus:
cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus,
Bk. I, 16.
22. honor … dēlātus est: lit.
‘honor second after Romulus was
conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second
to that of Romulus,’ etc.
Page 17.
Ch. 5.
2. mīliāriō:
cf. mīliāriō, Bk. I, 4.
3. Aniēnem: the Anio, a tributary
of the Tiber. Aniēnem is Accusative
from the old Nominative
Anien.
nōbilissimus: lit. ‘of highest
birth.’ √GNO, cf. nōscō.
dē senātōribus: cf. ex seniōribus,
Bk. I, 2.
4. L. Mānlius: his name is generally
given as Titus. The Story of
the Romans, p. 106.
5. sublātō … impositō: ‘having
taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden
necklace and having placed it on his
own neck’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk.
I, 2.
6. in perpetuum: ‘forever.’
7. fugātī sunt: note the difference
in form and meaning between
fugāre and fugere.
8. nōn multō post: lit. ‘not
after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’
9. mīlia captīvōrum: it was
customary to adorn the procession
of the victorious general, when he
was celebrating a triumph, with the
captives he had taken in the campaign.
When the procession passed
up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple
of Jupiter, the captives were led
aside to the Mamertine prison at the
foot of the hill and were strangled.
Ch. 6.
11. Latīnī: Creighton,
p. 27.
12. mīlitēs praestāre: it was
the custom of Rome to compel the
states she had subdued to furnish
soldiers for the Roman army. These
were used as auxiliary forces.
ex Rōmānīs: cf. ex seniōribus,
Bk. I, 2.
[116]
13. quī modus ＝ modus quī; ‘a
force which.’
14. parvīs … rēbus: ‘although
up to this time the Roman state was
small.’
16. quae ＝ eae lēgiōnēs.
duce L. Fūriō: lit. ‘L. Furius
being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the
leadership of L. Furius.’
17. quī esset optimus: ‘whoever
was the best.’
18. sē … obtulit: ‘offered himself.’
Valerius: see The Story of the
Romans, p. 111.
20. commissā … pūgnā: cf.
conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
21. ālīs et unguibus: cf. fulmine,
Bk. I, 4.
25. annōrum: by a law passed
in 181 B.C., the legal age of the
consulship was fixed at forty-three.
There were exceptions made, as in
the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was
elected consul when he was thirty-six
years old.
Page 18.
Ch. 7.
1. Latīnī:
Creighton, p. 28.
2. ex eōrum: sc. populō.
4. pūgnā: see The Story of the
Romans, p. 113.
5. dē hīs perdomitīs: ‘a triumph
was celebrated on account of
their defeat.’
6. rōstrīs: the Rostra or speaker’s
platform in the Forum. From it the
speaker could command the entire
Forum and the Comitium. In 42
B.C. it was removed and set up again
at the west end of the Forum. Another
rostra was constructed about
the same time at the opposite end,
in front of the new Temple of Divus
Iulius.
7. Alexandrō Macedone: Alexander
the Great.
Ch. 8.
9. Samnītas: a Greek
form of the Accusative. The Samnites
were offshoots of the Sabines,
occupying the hilly country between
the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio.
Their bravery made them the most
formidable rival of Rome in Italy.
In 290 B.C. they were subjected to
Rome.
12. Q. Fabiō Māximō: called
Rulliānus. This Fabius was five
times consul and dictator twice. He
triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi,
Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the
great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus,
the hero of the Second Punic
war.
14. sē absente: ‘while he (Papīrius)
was absent.’
16. capitis damnātus: lit. ‘having
been condemned of the head’ ＝
‘having been condemned on a
capital charge’; cf. our expression
‘capital punishment.’
sē vetante: cf. parvīs … rēbus,
Ch. 6. Sē; the antecedent is Papīrius.
Ch. 9.
19. T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus:
cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus,
Bk. I, 16.
20. vīcērunt: at the battle of
the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass
east of Campania. The commander
of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius.
See The Story of the Romans, p. 113.
sub iugum: the yoke was formed[117]
by sticking two spears in the ground
and fastening a third on top. To
pass under the yoke was a sign
of subjection, and is equivalent to
our expression ‘laying down arms.’
Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the
process.
21. pāx … solūta est: a Roman
general could not make peace
with the enemy without the ratification
of the senate and the people.
22. ipsīs: see note on ipsōs, Bk.
I, 20.
facta fuerat: see note on facta
fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
Page 19.
3. aquam Claudiam
indūxit: i.e. he built the aqueduct
named after him. It was more commonly
called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between
seven and eight miles in
length, chiefly under ground, it was
the beginning of the magnificent
system of water works that distinguished
ancient Rome. Four of
these old aqueducts still furnish the
water supply of modern Rome.
Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 58.
4. viam Appiam: “the Appian
road was made in 312 B.C. to join
Rome to Capua, and was afterwards
carried as far as Brundisium. This
‘queen of roads,’ as it was called,
was a stone causeway, constructed
according to the nature of the country,
with an embankment either
beneath or beside it, and was of
such a width that two broad wagons
could easily pass each other.”
Q. Fabium Māximum: called
Gurges, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus,
mentioned in Ch. 8.
6. datus fuisset: cf. questa fuisset,
Bk. I, 8.
7. ipsōrum: cf. ipsīs, above.
10. per annōs: cf. per annum,
Bk. I, 10.
11. āctum: ‘waged’; agrees with
bellum.
Ch. 10.
13. sē … iūnxērunt:
cf. coniūnxērunt sē, Bk. I, 19.
15. dēlētae sunt: The Story of
the Romans, p. 114.
Ch. 11.
17. Tarentīnīs: the people
of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious
city in southern Italy. It played
an important part in the war with
Pyrrhus. The whole of southern
Italy was known as Magna Graecia,
on account of the number of cities
founded there by the Greeks.
in ultimā Ītaliā: ‘in the most
remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3
(440, N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193;
G. 291, R. 2; B. 241.
19. Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt:
‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’
Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the
greatest generals that had ever lived.
With his daring courage, his military
skill, and his kingly bearing,
he might have become the most
powerful monarch of his day. But
he never rested satisfied with any
acquisition, and was ever grasping
at some fresh object. For an account
of the war see The Story of the Romans,
pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.
20. orīginem trahēbat: ‘was
claiming descent’; it was the custom
of royal families to claim descent
from heroes or gods.
21. prīmum: ‘for the first time.’
[118]
24. cēpisset: cf. latrōcinārētur,
Bk. I, 1.
dūcī: cf. the construction with
praecēpit, Ch. 8.
Page 20.
2. auxiliō: cf. fulmine,
Bk. I, 4.
vīcit: although the loss of the
Romans was nearly equaled by that
of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the
first battle was at once shown by the
fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians,
Samnites, and all the Greek cities
joined Pyrrhus.
6. quōs … vīdisset: ‘and when
he saw them lying’; quos ＝ et eos;
cf. quō morbō mortuō, Bk. I, 10.
adversō vulnere: ‘with their
wounds in front’; i.e. they died
facing the enemy.
8. hāc vōce: lit. ‘this voice’
＝ ‘these words.’
Ch. 12.
10. sibi: cf. Tuscīs Samnītibusque,
Ch. 10.
13. terrōre exercitūs: ‘on account
of his fear of the army’; note
the difference in meaning between
the Subjective and Objective Genitive;
H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1;
A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.
14. sē recēpit: lit. ‘he took himself
back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This
march was merely a feint on the
part of Pyrrhus.
15. honōrificē: the Romans always
regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable
enemy. Their feelings towards
Hannibal were entirely different.
17. Fābricium: C. Fābricius Luscīnus.
He was consul for the first
time 283 B.C., when he triumphed
over the Boii and Etrurians. He
was noted for his extreme frugality
and simplicity, as well as for his integrity.
He is cited by Cicero and
Horace as a type of the Roman citizens
of the best days of the Commonwealth.
18. cognōvisset: cf. latrōcinārētur,
Bk. I, 1.
19. voluerit: cf. habuerit, Bk. I,
11.
Ch. 13.
25. pāx displicuit: it is
said that at first the senate wavered;
but by the energy of the blind and
aged Appius Claudius, who caused
himself to be carried into the senate
house, their courage was revived.
remandātum est: ‘word was
sent back.’
Page 21.
1. nisi … posse: this
answer passed into a maxim of state.
4. ante … quam: note the fondness
of the Latin for separating the
parts of this and other compounds
of the same nature.
veterem: ‘former.’
bīnōrum: ‘two apiece.’
6. quālem: predicate to Rōmam;
‘what sort (of a city) he had found
Rome (to be).’
7. comperisset, cf. agerentur,
Ch. 11.
Ch. 14.
18. occīsūrum: cf. note
on prōmittentēs … implendum,
Bk. I, Ch. 16.
sī … aliquid: ‘if something.’
pollicērētur: Imperf. Subjunctive
representing the Future Indicative
in Direct Discourse; H. 574,
646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402;
A. & G. 307, 1, 337, a, 3; G. 595,
R. 1; B. 319, B.
[119]
19. dominum: indicating that
the physician was a slave, as was
usual at that time.
23. Lūcānīs et Samnītibus:
they, with the Bruttii, had joined
Pyrrhus against Rome. This was
the second triumph of Fabricius;
cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He
was consul the third time two years
after.
Page 22.
2. prīmus: ‘he was
the first to.’
3. apud Argōs: it is said that he
perished ingloriously in a street
fight, 272 B.C.
Ch. 15.
6. urbis conditae: cf.
ab urbe conditā, Bk. I, Ch. 18.
8. petierant for petīverant: the
shorter forms are more usual in this
verb.
Ch. 16.
11. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs,
Bk. I, Ch. 11.
12. cīvitātēs ＝ urbēs: see note
on conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, Ch. 2.
Beneventum: its name is said to
have been originally Maleventum,
and to have been changed because
of the evil omen it contained. The
name Beneventum was given it in
271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated
Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a
possession of the Romans during
the whole of the Second Punic War
and was thanked by the senate for
its faithfulness during that critical
period.
Ch. 17.
16. Brundisīnī: the people
of Brundisium, the modern
Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria,
the chief naval station of the
Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and
their regular port of departure for
Greece.
Ch. 18.
17. annō: sc. ab urbe
conditā.
18. extrā Ītaliam: ‘the Roman
power was now dominant throughout
the peninsula to the river Aesis;
the valley of the Po, however, was
still reckoned a part of Gaul.’
24. contrā Āfrōs: i.e. Carthaginians.
Carthage was one of the
first cities of the ancient world. It
was situated on the north coast of
Africa, and was said to have been
founded by Phoenicians from Tyre
under the leadership of Dido.
Carthage had been the ally of
Rome in the war against Pyrrhus.
But the growing commercial activity
of Carthage caused jealousy to arise
which resulted in the three wars
for the supremacy of the West,—known
as the Punic wars. The first
was from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. The
second 218-202 B.C. and the third
149-146 B.C. It resulted in the capture
and destruction of Carthage by
the Romans under P. Cornelius
Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch.
III.
26. rēge Siciliae Hierōne:
Hiero was the king of Syracuse and
its dependencies. Nearly all the
rest of Sicily was in the power of
the Carthaginians.
Page 23.
Ch. 19.
2. rēs māgnae:
‘great operations.’
3. in fidem acceptae: sc. sunt;
‘were taken under their protection’;
i.e. they were made tributary.
Ch. 20.
11. Liburnās: sc. nāvēs;[120]
these were light vessels built after a
model taken from the Liburnians,
a sea-faring people that lived on
the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.
12. Duilius: the victory of Duilius
was due to a device by which he
turned a naval battle into a land
contest. His ships were furnished
with grappling irons, by means of
which he seized the ships of the
enemy and then boarded them,
when the Roman soldiers easily
proved themselves superior to the
Carthaginian mercenaries. It was
the first naval victory the Romans
had ever gained, and in honor of it
a column was erected to the memory
of Duilius.
17. possent: cf. pūgnāsset, Ch. 8.
19. inde ＝ ex his locis: ‘from
these places.’
20. triumphum ēgit: ‘he celebrated
a triumph.’
Ch. 21.
23. pūgnātum: sc. est;
‘they fought.’
victus est: ‘he (Hamilcar) was
conquered.’
24. retrō sē recēpit: cf. sē recēpit,
Ch. 12.
Page 24.
1. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt:
‘they received in surrender.’
2. ūsque ad: lit. ‘even up to’
＝ ‘as far as.’
6. decem et octō: cf. decem et
octō, Bk. I, Ch. 1.
8. in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem
acceptae, Ch. 19.
11. ā Lacedaemoniīs: cf. Pyrrhum
… auxilium poposcērunt,
Ch. 11. The Spartans were called
Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon,
another name for Sparta.
Ch. 22.
22. ingentī praedā:
after a victory a portion of the
booty generally was divided among
the soldiers.
23. subācta … fuisset: cf.
questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
30. neque … īnfrāctus fuit:
lit. ‘neither in any one was courage
broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s
courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’
hīs: sc. cāsibus.
Page 25.
Ch. 23.
4. continuae:
‘repeated’; one following another
without any break.
6. recēderētur: lit. ‘it should
be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’
Ch. 24.
8. Metellō: a coin was
struck to commemorate this battle,
having the head of Metellus on the
one side and an elephant on the
other. Metellus was consul a second
time in 249 B.C., and was elected
Pontifex Maximus in 243 B.C. In
241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium
when the Temple of Vesta was on
fire.
10. venientem: ‘on his arrival’;
in Sicily from Africa.
12. in auxilium: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝
‘as auxiliaries.’
13. ingentī pompā: cf. ultimā
perniciē, Ch. 21.
Ch. 25.
17. obtinēret: ‘obtain’;
a late meaning.
18. nihil … ēgit: ‘did not act
at all’; i.e. he made no use of the
privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens,[121]
but acted as a foreigner on the
ground that he had lost his citizenship
when he had been captured by
the enemy. It was so provided by
Roman law, but there was also the
provision that when a prisoner returned
he recovered his former
status. The story of the return of
Regulus is more than doubtful.
20. uxōrem: according to the
view he took she had ceased to be
his wife.
Page 26.
1. obtinuit: ‘he gained
his point.’
2. nūllus admīsit: ‘no one admitted
(to the senate)’; i.e. the
Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.
3. negāvit ＝ dīxit nōn.
4. mānsūrum: sc. esse.
Ch. 26.
8. contrā auspicia:
nothing was undertaken by the Romans
without consulting the will of
the gods. In this case the sacred
chickens refused to eat, this being
an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius
persisted in fighting.
11. alius: in classical Latin alter
would have been used; cf. aliī …
aliī, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.
Ch. 27.
15. trecentīs nāvibus:
this fleet was not raised by the state,
but by private subscription. The
number is generally given as 200.
18. nāvem aeger ascendit: ‘embarked
with difficulty.’
vulnerātus … fuerat: cf.
questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
22. īnfīnītum: ‘a very great
(amount).’
aurī: cf. argentī, Ch. 19.
24. VI Īdūs Mārtiās: the full
expression would be ante diem sextum
Īdūs Mārtiās; cf. XI Kal.
Māiās, Bk. I, 1.
25. tribūta … pāx: peace
was granted finally on these terms:
Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to
give up the Roman prisoners without
ransom, and to pay a war indemnity
of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one
third down and the remainder
in ten annual payments.
Page 27.
1. licēret: ‘it might
be permitted’; the subject is redimī
captīvōs.
4. redīrent: iubeō generally takes
the Accusative and Infinitive, but in
poetry and in late prose it sometimes
takes ut with the Subjunctive.
5. ex fiscō: ‘from the treasury’;
a late meaning.
Ch. 28.
6. Q. Lutātius: Cercō.
A. Mānlius: Torquātus.
8. quam vēnerant: ‘after they
had come.’
Book III
Ch. 1.
12. Ptolemaeum: this
was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus.
He was engaged in war with
Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a
long time, but finally concluded
peace with him and gave him his
daughter in marriage. He was
noted for his patronage of literature
and science.
14. Antiochus: this was the
name of several kings of Syria. The
one referred to here was Antiochus
II, called Theos.
grātiās … ēgit: ‘gave thanks.’
[122]
16. Hierō: more properly the
king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18,
19). During his reign the celebrated
mathematician Archimedes
lived. He became the firm ally of
the Romans, and when the Second
Punic War broke out he remained
true to his alliance. After the battle
of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet
with provisions and other gifts to
the Romans and also furnished them
with a body of light troops.
18. exhibuit: lit. ‘held out’ ＝
‘presented.’
Ch. 2.
19. quibus: sc. annīs;
cf. tempore, Ch. 1.
20. Ligurēs: they inhabited the
upper part of the Po valley. They
were of small stature, but strong,
active, and brave. In early times
they served as mercenaries in the
armies of Carthage. They were not
subdued finally by the Romans until
after a long and fierce struggle.
Genua was their chief city.
21. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs, Bk. I, 11.
Page 28.
1. Sardiniēnsēs: when
a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome
took advantage of the exhausted
condition of Carthage, and demanded
the surrender of the island
and an additional indemnity of
1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica
was obtained in a similar manner.
This was the beginning of the Roman
provincial system. Each province
was governed by a praetor and
paid taxes to the Roman people.
Rome and Carthage, p. 102; Creighton,
p. 39.
3. impellentēs: nominative
agreeing with Karthāginiēnsēs and
governing Sardiniēnsēs.
Ch. 3.
7. nūllum bellum habuērunt:
at Rome there was the so-called
Temple of Janus, the gates of
which were open in time of war and
closed in time of peace. The gates
were closed only three times from
the building of the temple by Numa
to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235
B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25
B.C.
8. semel tantum: ‘only once.’
Numā Pompiliō rēgnante: cf.
conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
Ch. 4.
10. Īllyriōs: the Illyrians
lived on the eastern side of the
Adriatic Sea. They were a nation
of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic
and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce.
Even the towns on the
coast were not safe from their
ravages. The Romans sent a force
against them and compelled them to
give up their conquests and to make
peace.
11. ex Īllyriīs: dē Īllyriīs would
be more common.
Ch. 5.
13. Gallōrum: the Romans,
recalling the terrible battle
of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken
at first. A large army was
raised and stationed at Ariminum,
where the first attack was expected.
But the Gauls passed around the
Roman army, and, falling in with a
small reserve force, utterly defeated
it. Instead of hastening to Rome,
they resolved to put their plunder in
a place of safety. The Roman army
following them met them finally[123]
near Telamon, where the decisive
battle was fought, and the Gauls
were annihilated.
14. cōnsēnsit: ‘united.’
15. Fabiō: Q. Fabius Pictor, the
earliest of the annalists. He wrote
in Greek an account of the early
history of Rome. He is frequently
quoted by Livy.
17. tantum: ‘alone.’
Ch. 6.
20. M. Claudiō Mārcellō:
he was five times consul.
This was his first consulship. He
was one of the chief generals of the
Romans in the Second Punic War.
He captured Syracuse after a siege
of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell
in battle 208 B.C., and was buried
by the enemy with military honors
(Ch. 16).
24. Mediōlānum: the modern
Milan.
expūgnāvit: note the difference
between expūgnō and oppūgnō.
26. spolia: called opīma, were the
arms taken from a hostile general
by a Roman general commanding
under his own auspices. They were
hung in the Temple of Jupiter
Feretrius on the Capitol. This
temple is said to have been built
by Romulus, who inaugurated the
custom. They were won on only
two subsequent occasions, when
A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars
Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I,
19), and the time mentioned in this
chapter.
Page 29.
Ch. 7.
4. bellum Pūnicum
secundum: immediately after
the end of the First Punic War the
Carthaginians began to prepare for a
renewal of the struggle against Rome.
Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal,
crossed over into Spain and conquered
a large part of it. Probably
it was his intention to make this
province the basis of operations
against Italy. But death prevented
the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal,
his son-in-law, took command
of the empire Hamilcar had
founded in Spain, and organized and
enlarged it. He founded the city of
New Carthage, which from its situation
seemed destined to become a
second Carthage in commercial importance.
In 221 B.C. he was assassinated.
At his death the command
was turned over to Hannibal, the
idol of the army and the sworn
enemy of the Romans. Active
preparations were made. Forces
were assembled, supplies were prepared,
and when all was ready Hannibal
gave the signal for war by besieging
Saguntum.
per Hannibalem: cf. per fīliōs,
Bk. I, 6.
5. Saguntum: a town on the
southern coast of Spain, said to have
been founded by the Greeks as a
trading post. It was in alliance
with the Romans, although by the
terms of the last treaty with the
Carthaginians independence was
secured to the Saguntines by both
parties. The capture of this town
was the first hostile act of the war.
Rome and Carthage, p. 112; Creighton,
p. 40.
7. annum … aetātis: lit. ‘passing[124]
the twentieth year of his life’ ＝
‘being twenty years of age’; cf.
decem et octō annōs nātus, Bk. I, 1.
10. mīsērunt: sc. lēgātōs.
ut mandārētur: lit. ‘that it might
be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions
might be given.’
11. dūra respōnsa: the story is
told that when Q. Fabius, the chief
of the embassy, held up his toga,
saying, ‘I carry here peace and
war: choose ye which ye will have.’
‘Give us which ever you please,’
replied the Carthaginians. ‘War,
then,’ said Fabius; and the decision
was greeted by the short-sighted
acclamations of the masses.
13. adficiuntur: historical Present.
Ch. 8.
15. in Hispāniam: cf.
Rōmam, Ch. 2.
16. Ti. Semprōnius: sc. Longus.
17. Alpēs: there is a disagreement
as to the pass by which Hannibal
entered Italy. Probably he
crossed by the Little St. Bernard
pass, and came into Italy near the
present town of Aosta. Creighton,
p. 41; Rome and Carthage, p. 118.
19. LXXX mīlia peditum: the
number of the forces of Hannibal
given here is taken from L. Cincius
Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He
was captured by Hannibal, and so
had excellent opportunities for gaining
information.
21. Semprōnius Gracchus: a
mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti.
Sempronius Longus. In the next
chapter it should be Semprōnius Longus
instead of Semprōnius Gracchus.
Ch. 9.
23. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō:
at the beginning of the war he set
out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding
that Hannibal had already left and
was on his way to Italy, he went to
Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian
before he should cross the Alps.
Hannibal was too quick for him.
Scipio returned to Italy and awaited
the arrival of the Carthaginians in
Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus,
one of the northern tributaries
of the Po, the first engagement of
the war took place. The Romans
were defeated; Scipio received a
severe wound, and was only saved
from death by the courage of his
son Publius, the future conqueror of
Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother
Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14.
Rome and Carthage, p. 127; Creighton,
p. 43.
Page 30.
1. apud Trebiam amnem:
the Trebia is a small stream
flowing into the Po from the south.
For an account of the battle see
Rome and Carthage, p. 130; Creighton,
p. 43.
2. multī … dēdidērunt: it was
Hannibal’s policy to encourage the
communities subject to Rome to
revolt and to attach themselves to
his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed
himself to be the ‘Liberator
of Italy.’
3. Flāminiō … occurrit: this
battle took place in the following
year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered
in the plains of Lombardy, and at
the approach of spring attempted to
cross the Apennines. He was driven
back by a violent storm, and was[125]
forced to return to his winter quarters.
Later in the year he passed
the mountains and marched into
Etruria, where he was met by the
Romans under Flaminius, who had
been elected consul for that year, in
the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in
which the Romans were utterly defeated,
and almost the whole force
was annihilated. Rome and Carthage,
p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.
6. Q. Fabius Māximus: was
the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius
Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8,
and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned
in Bk. II, 9. He was one of
the greatest generals of Rome. He
was chosen dictator in 217 B.C.,
after the battle of Lake Trasimenus.
The policy he adopted is well known.
By following Hannibal from place to
place, by watching for any error or
neglect on his part and immediately
taking advantage of it, and by avoiding
a general engagement, he earned
for himself the name of Cunctator,
‘delayer,’ but he saved the state.
In 215 B.C. he was elected consul
again, and again employed the same
tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was
consul for the fifth time, he recaptured
Tarentum by stratagem (Ch.
16). He opposed the sending of
Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy
ought to be rid of Hannibal first.
eum … frēgit ＝ ab impetū eum
prohibuit; ‘prevented him from attacking
in force.’
differendō pūgnam: ‘by postponing
battle’: i.e. by avoiding a
decisive engagement.
Ch. 10.
8. quadrāgēsimō: Eutropius
is mistaken in the date; it
was 216 B.C.
9. L. Aemilius Paulus: father of
the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in
Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished
himself in his former consulship
in the war against the Illyrians.
Against his advice the battle of
Cannae was fought, and, refusing to
fly from the field when the battle
was lost, he was slain. He was an
aristocrat, and was raised to the
consulship by that party to counterbalance
the influence of the plebeian
P. Terentius Varro.
13. impatientiā Varrōnis: the
aristocracy laid all the blame of the
defeat on Varro.
14. Cannae: a town of Apulia to
the south of the Aufidus, about halfway
between Canusium and the sea.
This was one of the most important
battles of the war. Although the
Romans greatly outnumbered the
Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers
of Hannibal, they were
surrounded on all sides and were
cut down without mercy. “For
eight hours the work of destruction
went on, and at the end 50,000
men lay dead upon the ground.
Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero,
who, though wounded by a sling
early in the day, had clung to his
horse, heartening on his men, till he
dropped exhausted from his saddle,
the proconsul Servilius, the late
high-spirited master of the horse,
Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one
military tribunes, sixty senators,[126]
and an unknown number of knights
were among the slain. Nearly 20,000
Roman prisoners were taken. Of
the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen
only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all
this slaughter the conqueror had lost
only 5500 of his infantry and but
200 of that matchless cavalry to
whom the victory was mainly due.”
Rome and Carthage, p. 160; Creighton,
p. 44.
16. pars dē exercitū ＝ pars exercitūs;
a very rare usage.
18. acceptī sunt: ‘were handled’;
an ironical use of the word.
20. nōbilēs virī: men whose ancestors
had held high office.
22. mentiōnem habēre: usually
mentiōnem facere.
quod numquam ante: sc. factum
erat.
23. manūmissī: sc. sunt; they
were liberated because none but
freemen could serve in the Roman
legions.
Ch. 11.
24. multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs:
“chiefly Samnites and other
south Italian states. The Greek
cities held to Rome, and ‘not one
Roman citizen, nor one Latin community,
had joined Hannibal.’”
Page 31.
2. variīs suppliciīs:
probably the Romans exaggerated
the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.
3. ānulōrum: these rings were
the distinctive badges of the knights
and senators.
7. duōbus Scīpiōnibus: P. Cornelius
and Gnaeus, the father and
uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For
the campaign in Spain see Rome
and Carthage, p. 183.
Ch. 12.
12. annō quartō postquam:
H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1;
A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf.
aliquot annīs post, Ch. 6.
13. Mārcellus: see note on M.
Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.
cīvitātem ＝ urbem; cf. conditā
cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.
16. rēx Macedoniae Philippus:
although Philip promised aid, he
never gave it. Owing to his frequent
struggles with the states of
Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia
by the Romans, he was compelled
to devote his undivided attention to
preserving his realm.
21. prōcōnsulem: ‘ex-consul’;
at the expiration of his term of
office the consul was given a province
to govern, under the title of
proconsul.
22. ea: the antecedent is Sardinia.
Ch. 13.
25. Hispāniīs: the two
divisions of Spain, Hither and
Further.
28. missus fuerat: cf. questa
fuisset, Bk. I, 8.
Page 32.
3. et Hasdrubalem:
‘including Hasdrubal.’
Ch. 14.
8. ad … urbis: cf.
ad quintum mīliārum urbis, Bk. I,
15. This was merely a feint on the
part of Hannibal to draw the Romans
away from Capua, which they
were besieging, to the defense of
Rome. Rome and Carthage, p.
187.
12. per multōs annōs: cf. per
annum, Bk. I, 10.
[127]
16. nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna:
“So fell Syracuse, the virgin
city, which had seen two Athenian
armaments perish beneath its walls
which had for centuries saved Sicily
from becoming altogether, what its
greater part then was, a Carthaginian
appanage. … It fell to rise
no more, at least to its former opulence.
Its temples were left standing,
because they would not pay for
moving; … but the choicest works
of art were swept off to adorn the
imperial city.” Rome and Carthage,
p. 181.
22. in dēditiōnem accēpit: cf.
in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21.
24. cōnsulem: he was praetor,
not consul. He was surprised by
Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.
Page 33.
Ch. 15.
2. P. Cornēlius
Scīpiō: he is one of the most
interesting characters in Roman
history. Brilliant and versatile, he
seemed to be the favorite of fortune.
When the senate had resolved to
make one more attempt to conquer
Spain and were looking for a leader,
he offered himself and was sent with
11,000 men. On his arrival he found
the forces of the Carthaginians scattered
in different parts of the province,
and New Carthage defended
by a weak garrison. By a brilliant
stratagem he captured this with its
riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C.
Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula
in Andalusia. Although the
Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal
escaped from his hands and
started for Italy to bear aid to his
brother Hannibal. Spain was left
to the undisputed possession of the
Romans.
3. annōs nātus … vīgintī: cf.
decem … nātus, Bk. I, 1. He was
too young to be elected to the consulship.
5. ferē prīmus: ‘almost the
first.’
Karthāginem Hispāniae: called
‘New Carthage.’ See note on bellum
Pūnicum secundum, Ch. 7. A
town still exists on the same spot
bearing the name Cartagena.
11. ūnō animō: ‘with one accord.’
Ch. 16.
14. Q. Fabius Māximus:
see note on Q. Fabiō Māximō,
Ch. 9.
17. pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum:
‘the money derived from
the sale of the prisoners.’
18. ad fiscum: cf. ex fiscō, Bk.
II, 27.
21. ēgregiās rēs: ‘extraordinary
exploits.’
per sē: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
22. L. Scīpiōnem: became famous
for his victories in the East,
Bk. IV, 4.
23. Claudius Mārcellus: see
note on M. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.
Ch. 17.
26. rēs inclitās: cf.
ēgregiās rēs, Ch. 16.
Page 34.
1. in amīcitiam accēpit:
cf. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt,
Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection
in either case.
ā victō: sc. hoste.
2. obsidēs nōn poposcit: by
pursuing the opposite course to that[128]
of the Carthaginians he hoped to win
over the Spaniards.
Ch. 18.
3. dēspērāns: ‘giving
up the hope.’
6. ā cōnsulibus: construe with
īnsidiās compositās.
7. apud Sēnam: one of the critical
battles of the world’s history.
It is generally known as the battle
of the Metaurus, from the name of
the river near which it was fought.
The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to
inform his brother Hannibal of his
coming fell into the hands of the
Romans. Nero, leaving a part of
his forces to watch Hannibal, with
a picked band hastened north, joined
the force under Salinator, defeated
Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle,
and returned to his army in
Apulia before Hannibal discovered
his absence. It is said that he ordered
the severed head of Hasdrubal
to be flung into the camp of Hannibal.
He “recognized the features
of the brother whom he had so long
and eagerly expected, and in them
sadly saw the doom of Carthage.”
Rome and Carthage, p. 196; Creighton,
p. 45.
12. ingēns animus accessit:
lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’
＝ ‘great courage was inspired
in.’
et ipsī ＝ etiam: cf. et ipse, Bk.
I, 8.
Ch. 20.
19. in Āfricam missus:
the senate, led by Fabius, opposed
the sending of Scipio, but the people
forced that body to accede to their
demands. Owing to the opposition
Scipio was not as well equipped for
the expedition as he should have
been.
dīvīnum quiddam: ‘something
divine.’ The ancients believed that
great men were inspired by the
gods. Scipio pretended to hold
communication with Jupiter Capitolinus.
Probably he merely took
advantage of a popular superstition.
24. Syphācem: Syphax had
driven Masinissa, a Libyan king,
from his throne. Masinissa joined
Scipio on his arrival in Africa and
gave him valuable aid. When the
war was ended Masinissa was restored
to his throne as his reward.
Page 35.
Ch. 21.
5. lēgātī …
petīvērunt: their purpose was to
enable Hannibal to reach Africa
and prepare for war against Scipio.
7. quoūsque ＝ dōnec: a late
usage.
8. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.
pondō: ‘by weight.’
11. nē … redderent: Indirect
Discourse depending on an idea of
commanding implied in hīs …
dedit.
Ch. 22.
19. quibus prius: sc.
data esset; cf. hīs condiciōnibus
dedit, Ch. 21.
20. quīngentīs mīlibus: Dative,
object of additīs.
24. Karthāginī bellum: the details
of these operations are imperfectly
known. Rome and Carthage,
p. 222.
Page 36.
Ch. 23.
2. ūllā memoriā:
‘within the memory of
any one.’
[129]
3. Scīpiō victor: this was at
the famous battle of Zama, one of
the decisive battles of the world.
Although Hannibal managed his
forces with his usual skill, and his
veterans fought like the men who
had so often conquered in Italy, the
Carthaginians were utterly defeated.
This ended the Second Punic War.
Rome and Carthage, p. 224; Creighton,
p. 46.
6. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.
7. supellectilis: Nominative,
the usual form is supellex.
9. Āfricānus: later Māior was
added to his name to distinguish
him from the Scipio Africanus who
destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C.
11. quam coeperat: cf. quam
vēnerant, Bk. II, 28.
Book IV
Ch. 1.
12. Macedonicum: sc.
bellum.
Ch. 2.
13. Philippum: Philip
V, king of Macedonia, began to
reign 220 B.C., was defeated by
Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197
B.C., and died 179 B.C. The Story
of the Romans, p. 137; Creighton,
p. 47.
15. rem prōsperē gessit: in 196
B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian
games, Flamininus caused a herald
to proclaim, “that the senate and
the people of Rome, and their commander,
Titus Quinctius, having
subdued Philip and the Macedonians,
now restored the Corinthians,
Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans,
Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to
their freedom and independence,
and to the enjoyment of their own
laws.”
19. quaterna mīlia: sc. lībrārum;
note the force of the distributive.
pondō: cf. pondō, Bk. III, 21.
Page 37.
2. Nabidem: Nabis,
the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had
seized the city of Argos.
quibus voluit condiciōnibus ＝
quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus.
in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem
acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild
way of saying that he made the
king a subject of Rome.
Ch. 3.
6. Syriacum: sc. bellum.
Creighton, p. 48.
7. Antiochum: the most illustrious
of the family of the Seleucidae,
kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed
the Great. After having conquered
Caelo-Syria and Palestine,
he was urged by Hannibal, who had
taken refuge at his court, to make
war on the Romans. He invaded
Greece, but was defeated by L.
Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C.,
and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia
in 190 B.C., when he was compelled
to sue for peace.
12. fuisset: cf. quia … fēcissent,
Bk. II, 11.
Ch. 4.
14. L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne:
cf. Bk. III, 16.
Scīpiō Āfricānus: although
Scipio Africanus was the legatus of
his brother, yet he practically acted
as commander, as his brother was
a man of no ability.
17. nāvālī proeliō: this battle,[130]
fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon,
off Aspendus in Pamphylia,
“was the first naval battle and
the last battle fought by Hannibal
against the Romans.”
18. apud Māgnēsiam: “with
the day of Magnesia Asia was erased
from the list of great states; and
never perhaps did a great power fall
so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so
ignominiously as the kingdom of the
Seleucidae under this Antiochus the
Great.” Mommsen.
20. Eumenēs: Antiochus had
offered one of his daughters in marriage
to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus,
on condition that he assist
him against the Romans.
22. ex parte rēgis: ‘on the side
of the king.’
24. data est: sc. pāx.
25. recēderet: cf. īnferret, Ch. 2.
Page 38.
1. concitātōrem bellī:
‘who had aroused the war’; often
it is best to translate nouns of
Agency by a clause.
6. et ipse: cf. et ipse, Bk. I, 8.
Asiāgenis: the more usual title
is Asiāticus.
Ch. 5.
12. per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum:
cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.
13. trādendus esset: the bitterness
with which the Romans hunted
down Hannibal was unworthy of
such a man and such a nation.
venēnum bibit: “Thus ignominiously
ended the career of the
man who stood once at the head of
the commanders of the world, and
whose memory is still honored for
the magnificence of his ambition in
daring to attack and expecting to
conquer the most powerful nation
of his time.”
Ch. 6.
19. rebellāvit: on account
of the division of the conquered territory
after the fall of Antiochus,
Philip became indignant at the Romans,
and planned a revolt on a
large scale. His death in 179 B.C.
prevented him from putting his plans
into execution. His son Perseus attempted
to carry them out. Owing
to his lack of genius, he did not
act promptly and with energy when
the opportunity offered, and let it
slip by.
20. Thraciae: Thrace was the
name given originally to the whole
region north of the Aegean Sea.
Afterwards it was confined to the
valley of the Hebrus. It became a
Roman province in 46 A.D.
Īllyricī: Illyricum was on the
east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its
rocky coasts were infested with
pirates until it was conquered by the
Romans in the second century B.C.
It was made a province afterwards
and known as Dalmatia.
21. Rōmānīs … auxiliō: cf.
auxiliō … Rōmānīs, Ch. 4.
24. utrīsque … praebuit: lit.
‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝
‘remained neutral.’
25. P. Licinius: sc. Crassus. He
was utterly incompetent and thoroughly
unscrupulous.
26. gravī proeliō victus: near
Larisa. If Perseus had possessed
the energy to follow up this victory,
the result might have been different.
[131]
Page 39.
1. mox missus contrā
eum: Eutropius does not mention
the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius
and Quintius Marcius Philippus,
in both of which the Romans
were unsuccessful.
2. L. Aemilius Paulus: he was
the son of the consul who fell at
Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one
of the best specimens of the sturdy
Roman character. He was noted
for his discipline in the army, and
maintained throughout life a pure
and unspotted character.
6. ante … quam: cf. note on
ante … quam, Bk. II, 13.
Ch. 7.
8. III Nōnās Septembrēs:
the full expression would be
ante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs;
cf. XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.
9. vīcit: at the battle of Pydna
in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in
fact the last battle in which a civilized
state confronted Rome in the
field on a footing of equality with
her as a great power. … The
whole civilized world henceforth
recognized in the Roman senate the
supreme tribunal whose commissioners
decided in the last resort
between kings and nations.”
Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol.
II, p. 330.
14. honōrem … habuit: ‘held
him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’
victō: in apposition with eī.
15. sibi: sibi and sē refer to
Paulus.
23. convīviī apparātū: ‘in his
entertainments.’
Ch. 8.
25. praedam … distribuit:
this act of cruelty was
commanded by the senate.
Page 40.
2. triumphāvit autem
māgnificentissimē: never
before had Rome seen so grand a
triumph. It lasted for three days.
3. cum duōbus fīliīs: Q. Fabius
Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus
Minor, both of whom had
been adopted into other families.
9. Bīthȳniae: supply rēx from
rēgēs above.
Ch. 10.
15. tertium … Karthāginem:
The Story of the Romans,
p. 139; Creighton, p. 50; Rome and
Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans
encouraged their ally Masinissa to
encroach on the territories of Carthage
and to harass her in every
way. They were seeking a pretext
for war, having fully decided to
utterly destroy their hated rival.
The story is told that every speech
that Cato the Censor made was concluded
with the words ‘Dēlenda est
Carthāgō,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’
16. L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et
M. Mānīliō: they were utterly incompetent.
On several occasions
they were saved from destruction
only by the skill of Scipio.
19. Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt:
the Carthaginians tried in
every way to avert the war. Embassy
after embassy was sent to
Rome, offering everything that could
be asked. When the Romans demanded
the surrender of the arms
of the city, they were given. But
when it was demanded that they[132]
should leave their city and should
settle somewhere else at a distance
of ten miles from the sea, they refused
and prepared for the struggle
that was inevitable.
21. Scīpiō: “Publius Cornelius
Scipio was the youngest son of
Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of
Macedonia. When quite a youth
he had fought at his father’s side
at Pydna, and he was afterwards
adopted into a still more illustrious
family, that of the Scipios. Like
his grandfather, the great Africanus,
he had early shown a taste for other
arts than that of war; and his fondness
for literature was cemented by
the friendship which he formed,
while still a youth, with the historian
Polybius. He was inferior in
all respects to his grandfather by
adoption, the elder Africanus.” He
is chosen by Cicero in the De Amicitia
as one whose friendship was
worthy of immortality.
24. cōnsultissimus: ‘most fertile
in council.’
per eum: cf. per Ancī fīliōs,
Bk. I, 6.
27. committere: sc. proelium;
the omission is late and rare.
Page 41.
Ch. 11.
1. per idem
tempus: equivalent to the Ablative
of Time within which.
Masinissa: see note on Syphācem,
Bk. III, 20.
Ch. 12.
5. iuvenis: see note on
annōrum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was
about thirty-seven years old, and
had held the office of military tribune
only.
6. cōnsul est factus: as in the
case of his grandfather by adoption,
there was the tacit understanding
that his office was to be continued
until he had brought the war to an
end. The Romans by this time had
learned the advantage of retaining
in office in times of danger a man
who showed himself adapted to the
place.
9. quae sua recognōscēbant:
‘which they recognized as their
own.’
10. Karthāgō … dēlēta est:
“Thus happened what, happily, has
rarely happened in history before
or since. An ancient seat of civilization
with the race which inhabited
it, with its arts and its sciences, its
laws, its literature, and its religion,
was swept away at a single stroke,
leaving hardly a wrack behind; and
with it vanished the last rival whom
Rome had to fear, the one state
which ever met her on equal terms,
and therefore alone stood between
her and universal empire.” Rome
and Carthage, p. 260.
quam ＝ postquam.
11. avus ēius: his grandfather
by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio
Africanus Maior, the conqueror of
Hannibal.
12. Āfricānus iūnior: etiam
ipse can, of course, refer only to
Africanus, iunior being adversative;
‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf.
note on Tarquinius iūnior, Bk. I, 8.
Ch. 13.
14. Pseudophilippus:
“A pretender, calling himself Phillip,
the son of Perseus, met with[133]
support from Thrace and Byzantium,
and was accepted as king by
the Macedonian nation. He even
extended his rule over Thessaly by
his victory over the Roman praetor
Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.
15. praetorem: the praetor was
one of the chief magistrates at
Rome, next to the consuls. The
number varied at different times.
After Sulla’s time there were eight.
The duties of the praetor were to
administer justice, and in the absence
of the consuls to act in their
place. Praetors were also sent to
govern provinces subject to Rome.
16. ad interneciōnem: ‘to the
point of destruction.’
Ch. 14.
22. cēpit: after the
battle of Leucopatra, in which the
Achaeans were utterly defeated.
dīruit: “With Corinth fell the
liberties of Greece; a Roman province
took the place of the state that
for six centuries had been the home
of art and eloquence, the intellectual
sovereign of antiquity; but
though overcome and despoiled, she
became the guide and teacher of her
conqueror.” The light of Greece
was extinguished.
27. pīctae tabulae: ‘pictures.’
Page 42.
Ch. 15.
3. habēret:
H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. &
G. 313, d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.
quaestōre: the quaestor was an
officer in charge of the treasury.
Two remained in the city while the
others accompanied the provincial
governors and managed the finances
of the provinces.
Ch. 16.
5. Metellus: Q. Caecilius
Metellus, called Macedonicus,
was the son of Caecilius mentioned
in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in
143 B.C., and received the province
of Hither Spain, where he carried
on war with success for two years
against the Celtiberi. His brother,
L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 B.C.
Chs. 21, 23.
8. Viriāthus: it is said that
Caepio procured his assassination.
9. quō metū ＝ cūius metū: for
the case of metū, cf. metū, Ch. 3.
12. adsertor: ‘restorer of liberty.’
Ch. 17.
17. pācem ignōbilem
fēcit: but fearing the reckoning
that awaited him at home for concluding
peace, he denied before the
senate the agreement he had made
with the people of Numantia. The
total incompetency of Pompeius
and of his successor, Mancinus, and
the demoralization of the army,
caused the war to drag on with disgrace
and disaster for three years.
Creighton, p. 49.
20. Mancīnum hostibus trādī:
they refused to receive him, as the
senate knew they would.
24. cōnsul factus: sc. est; this
was in 134 B.C. He was then at
the legal age for the consulship.
25. mīlitem: ‘the soldiers’; a
collective noun.
Page 43.
4. reliquam … accēpit:
“A senatorial commission
was shortly afterwards sent to
Spain, and the provinces were reorganized.
Spain gradually became[134]
exceedingly prosperous, and,
despite the guerilla warfare ever
waged by the half-subdued native
tribes, it was the most flourishing
and best organized country in the
Roman dominions.” Mommsen,
p. 215.
Ch. 18.
6. Attalus: the kingdom
of Attalus consisted of Lydia,
Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four
states on the coast of Asia Minor.
Ch. 19.
9. Callaecīs: generally
written Gallaecī. They were a
people inhabiting the northwestern
part of Spain, bordering on the
Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized
people of Spain.
Lūsitānīs: they lived a little
south of the Gallaeci.
10. P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs:
from the capture of the city of Numantia
he received the name Numantīnus.
12. dē Āfricā: i.e. dē Karthāgine.
Ch. 20.
13. Aristonīcō: he was
a natural son of Eumenes II of
Pergamus. Upon the death of his
brother Attalus, who left his kingdom
to the Romans, Ch. 18, he
claimed the throne. At first he
met with considerable success.
15. P. Licinius Crassus: he
was consul for the year 131 B.C.
He was a good orator and jurist.
25. carcere: the Mamertine
prison at the foot of the Capitoline
Hill. This was the only prison in
Rome in early times. In it most
of the famous captives of the
Romans were strangled. It consisted
of an upper and lower chamber.
The term Tullianum sometimes
applied to the prison as a whole is
more properly restricted to the lower
dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’
gives an impressive picture of the
lower vault in which Jugurtha perished.
“There is,” he says, “in
the prison a chamber named the
Tullianum, about twelve feet below
the surface of the earth. It is surrounded
by walls, and covered by a
vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance
is repulsive and fearful,
because of the neglect, the darkness,
and the stench.”
27. diem obierat: lit. ‘he had
met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’
Ch. 21.
29. quae nunc manet:
Eutropius is in error. The Carthage
of his time was founded by
Augustus. He was carrying out
the plans of Julius Caesar in this.
Page 44.
2. dēductī sunt: the
regular term for the founding of a
colony.
eō ＝ ad eum locum.
Ch. 22.
5. Gallīs trānsalpīnīs:
the Gauls of the modern France
and Switzerland were called trānsalpīnī,
to distinguish them from the
Gauls of northern Italy, who were
called cisalpīnī.
Arvernōrum: the Arverni were a
people of Aquitania, in the modern
Auvergne. In early times they were
the most powerful people in southern
Gaul. They still possessed considerable
power in Caesar’s time, as
he refers to them several times in
the Gallic War.
[135]
7. fluvium: a late word. The
regular term for river is flūmen.
8. torquibus: cf. torque, Bk.
II, 5.
9. dēductus est: i.e. from
Gaul.
Ch. 23.
12. Narbōne: this was
the first colony of the Romans in
Gaul. Later it gave the name of
Narbōnēnsis to the province. It
was situated on the river Atax, and
was of considerable commercial importance.
13. L. Caeciliō Metellō: see
note on Metellus, Ch. 16.
Ch. 24.
17. Scordiscīs: a people
of Pannonia. They were sometimes
classed with the Illyrians, but they
were remains of an ancient and
powerful Celtic tribe.
Ch. 25.
19. C. Caeciliō Metellō:
he was the son of Quintus
Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in
Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C.,
and carried on war in Macedonia
against the Thracians, whom he
subdued. He obtained a triumph,
in consequence, in the same year
and on the same day with his
brother.
20. alterum ex Sardiniā: this
was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a
brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned
above. He was consul in
115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to
Sardinia as proconsul, and while
there he suppressed a revolt in the
province. For this he was granted
a triumph, which he celebrated at
the same time with his brother.
22. Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.
Ch. 26.
23. P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā:
i.e. ‘Scipio with the pointed
nose.’ This name, which was given
in derision to one member of his
family, clung to all his descendants.
24. Iugurthae … inlātum est:
Jugurtha is an interesting character
in Roman history. He was the
illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the
king of Numidia. He served under
Scipio in Spain, and there made the
acquaintance of the dissolute patricians
who were serving in the army.
On the death of his uncle, he put
Hiempsal to death and seized the
kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in
the town of Cirta, and, having taken
the town, he put him to death with
savage torture. In the capture of
Cirta several Roman citizens were
slain. This compelled the senate to
make an investigation; but many
of its members had been bribed by
Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing.
Finally war was declared against
him. The army, however, was
poorly equipped and badly organized.
Nothing but defeat resulted.
Metellus, on taking command in 109
B.C., reformed the army, won several
victories, and seemed on the
point of bringing the war to an end
when he was succeeded by Gaius
Marius, his lieutenant. Marius
speedily brought the war to a
close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered
to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant,
by the Moors, with whom he
had taken refuge. After gracing
the triumphal procession of Marius,[136]
he was strangled in the Mamertine
prison. He is said to have exclaimed
as he touched the water at
the bottom of the prison, ‘How
cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!
25. frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is
incorrect. They were his cousins,
not brothers.
Page 45.
2. quae … improbāta
est: probably the senate
would have approved of it, but
such an outcry was raised by the
people that they were forced to reject
the peace and order the war to
be continued.
Ch. 27.
6. Q. Caecilius Metellus:
he was the son of Lucius
Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23.
He received the name of Numidicus
for his campaign against Jugurtha.
In an age of growing corruption his
integrity remained unsullied, and
he was distinguished for his abilities
in war and peace. Creighton,
p. 61.
12. successum est eī: lit. ‘it
was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was
succeeded.’
C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius,
who had accompanied Metellus,
gained his consulship by appealing
to the credulity of the people and
by misleading them with the most
unfair misrepresentations of the
conduct of Metellus.
Bocchum: king of Mauretania,
father-in-law of Jugurtha.
16. Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk.
V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an
aristocrat was very annoying to
Marius.
Book V
Page 46.
Ch. 1.
2. Cimbrīs et
Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones
were Germanic tribes who had
migrated from their homes and had
come into Gaul. They defeated the
Romans in several engagements.
In the battle of Arausio, 105 B.C.,
three Roman armies were cut to
pieces. Then they turned their
course towards Spain and gave the
Romans a respite of two years. In
102 B.C. they returned from Spain
and prepared to invade Italy. Before
their entrance they divided.
The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed
the Rhone, intending to enter Italy
by the eastern Alps. The Teutones
and the Ambrones tried to come in
by the Maritime Alps, intending to
join their countrymen in the valley
of the Po. Marius met them at
Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C.,
and the mighty host of the barbarians
was annihilated. The next
year the united armies of Marius
and Catulus met the Cimbri near
Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and
utterly defeated them. Those who
survived the battle were either
killed or sold in the slave market at
Rome. “The human avalanche
which for thirteen years had alarmed
the nations from the Danube to the
Ebro, from the Seine to the Po,
rested beneath the sod, or toiled
under the yoke of slavery.”
Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol.
III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; The
Story of the Romans, p. 155.
[137]
7. quantus … tempore:
‘barely was it as great in the time
of Hannibal.’
8. Marius: Gaius Marius was
born near Arpinum 157 B.C. of an
obscure family. By his valor and
his energy he worked his way up in
the army, winning distinction in the
siege of Numantia in Spain. In
119 B.C. he was elected tribune of
the plebs. He now became a
marked man. He acquired influence
and importance by marrying
into the family of the Caesars. In
109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieutenant
of Metellus. In 107 B.C. he
was elected consul and brought the
war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk.
IV, 27. After his return from
Africa he was elected consul the
second time in 104 B.C. and took
command of the war against the
Cimbri and Teutones. Again in
103, 102, and 101 B.C. he was elected
to the consulship, and crushed the
barbarians in the two famous battles
of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae,
102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100 B.C.
he was elected consul for the sixth
time. The Social war again called
him into active service. He defeated
the Marsi in two successive
engagements, Ch. 3. That he might
gratify his ambition and be sent to
the war with Mithradates, he procured
the passage of a law removing
Sulla from the command of the
army and conferring it upon himself.
Sulla refused to give up his
command, marched upon Rome, and
forced Marius to flee. After having
arranged matters at Rome to his
satisfaction Sulla left for the East,
Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius
returned to Italy, besieged Rome,
and entered the city as a conqueror.
“The most frightful scenes followed.
The guards of Marius stabbed every
one whom he did not salute, and the
streets ran with the blood of the
noblest of the Roman aristocracy.”
Ch. 7. Without the formality of an
election he became consul for the
seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did
not long enjoy his honor. On the
eighteenth day of his consulship he
died.
15. absēns: this was unusual.
The law provided that a man must
be present to stand for the consulship,
and that at least ten years
must elapse before he could be re-elected.
Ch. 2.
18. dīmicātum est: this
battle was fought in the Campi
Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the
battle, the Cimbri demanded that
lands should be given them for
themselves and the Teutones. ‘The
Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all
the land they need on the other side
of the Alps.’
ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of
Catulus.’
Page 47.
Ch. 3.
7. gravissimum
bellum: this is known as the Social
or Italian war. It was waged by the
Italian allies of the Romans. For
nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining
Roman citizenship had been
held out to them, but no measure
had been carried to better their condition.[138]
The burdens that Rome had
imposed upon them had been steadily
increased. Finally, in despair
of securing any reforms, they appealed
to arms. At first they were
successful, but in the end the Romans
conquered. However, they
were compelled to grant nearly all the
Italians had demanded. Creighton,
p. 64.
12. alius: for alter.
15. ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of
the Romans’; cf. ā Catulī parte,
Ch. 2.
Ch. 4.
24. bellum cīvīle: the
First Civil war, called also the
Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See
Chs. 7-9. The Story of the Romans,
pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.
Page 48.
1. Mithradāticum:
sc. bellum commōtum est.
bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin
probably a Genitive would have
been used.
2. cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius
Sulla was born of a patrician family
in 138 B.C. After having secured
a good education, he passed his early
life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering
the small fortune left him by
his father. He served under Marius
in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received
the surrender of Jugurtha. During
the war with the Cimbri and Teutones,
he served under Marius and
Catulus with distinction. When the
Social war broke out he again entered
the service and won fresh
laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 B.C. he was
elected consul and received the
command of the war against Mithradates
(Chs. 5-7). When he had
concluded peace with Mithradates,
he returned to Italy in 83 B.C., and
prepared for the campaign against
the leaders of the Marian party.
His efforts were crowned with success.
In 82 B.C. he brought the conflict
to a close with the decisive
battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8).
Sulla was now master of Italy. He
resolved to take the most ample
vengeance upon his enemies, and
utterly to crush the popular party.
He inaugurated a proscription, in
which as many as 47,000 are said to
have perished. He was chosen dictator
by the senate, and made various
reforms in the constitution of
the state, all tending to strengthen
the power of the aristocracy and to
weaken that of the commons. In
79 B.C. he resigned his office and retired
to his estate at Puteoli, where
he died in 78 B.C. “None of his
friends ever did him a kindness, and
none of his enemies a wrong, without
being fully repaid.”
3. gestūrus: the Future Participle
is not used by prose writers of
the classical period to denote purpose.
9. prīmus … armātus: a general
with his army could not enter
the city, except when celebrating a
triumph, without losing his command.
11. in futūrum annum: ‘for the
next year.’
Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō
Cinnā: in apposition with cōnsulibus.
[139]
Ch. 5.
13. Mithradātēs: Mithradates
V was king of Pontus, a
state of Asia Minor. He is one of
the most striking characters of Roman
history. Possessed of a large
and powerful frame, he was endowed
also with a mind of great
strength and alertness, indomitable
courage, and consuming ambition.
It was the desire to extend his realm
that brought him into collision with
the Romans. In 88 B.C. he overran
Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the
greater part of the Roman province
of Asia. In 84 B.C. peace was concluded
with Sulla. In 83 B.C. he
again began war. This was brought
to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8).
For the third time he began to wage
war in 74 B.C. This was the last
and most important war, and, owing
to mismanagement on the part of the
Romans, was not concluded until 63
B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom
and forced to take his own life
(Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.
16. eī: the antecedent is Nīcomēdēs.
18. faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect
Discourse representing the
Future Indicative in Direct.
quod … patērētur: this use of
quod with the Subjunctive after a
verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive
with subject Accusative, is
late. For the usual construction,
cf. Bk. III, 11.
et ipse: ‘he too.’
23. Ephesum: Ephesus at the
mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was
the chief city in Asia Minor. It was
especially famous for its temple of
Diana.
24. ūnō diē occiderentur: on
that day over 80,000 Italians were
put to death.
Page 49.
Ch. 6.
1. Aristōne:
he was a celebrated philosopher.
3. Archelāum: Archelaus was
a distinguished general of Mithradates.
At first he met with some
success, but was twice defeated by
Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea
and Orchomenos in Boeotia.
11. commīsit: sc. proelium.
15. iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered
it to be treated concerning peace’
＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’
Ch. 7.
18. partim: contrasted
with aliōs.
22. pāx … ōrdināta est: by
the terms of the peace arranged
Mithradates abandoned all his conquests
in Asia Minor, confined himself
to the dominion he had held
before the war, paid an indemnity
of 3000 talents, and surrendered
80 ships of war fully equipped.
Page 50.
2. prōscrīpsērunt:
‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription
in Roman history. It was
so called from the list of the names
of the persons who were outlawed.
They might be killed by any one
with impunity, even by slaves.
Their property was confiscated to
the state and was sold at public
auction. Their children and grandchildren
lost their votes in the
Comitia and were excluded from all
public offices.
6. Norbānum et Scīpiōnem:[140]
Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio
were elected consuls for the year
83 B.C.
7. contrā Norbānum: the battle
was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania.
After the battle Norbanus
shut himself up in Capua.
10. tōtum … accēpit: by
means of Sulla’s emissaries the
whole army deserted Scipio, who
was forced to retire from the war.
Ch. 8.
12. Marius: Gaius Marius
the younger was elected consul with
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he
had not yet attained the legal age
for the office.
14. dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus,
between Signia and Praeneste.
Marius was driven to Praeneste,
and when the town was captured
was slain.
19. portam Collīnam: one of the
gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill.
The battle raged so fiercely and the
result was so long in doubt, that
Sulla is said to have invoked the
aid of Pythian Apollo. With this
battle the resistance of the Marian
party in Italy was at an end.
Page 51.
Ch. 9.
4. nūllī Rōmānōrum:
this was the first time that
any one who had not held the office
of consul was permitted to celebrate
a triumph.
9. XXIV: sc. mīlia with all
these numbers, except the last.
Book VI
Ch. 1.
14. Sertōrius: Quintus
Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served
under Marius in the war against the
Teutones. Before the battle of
Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp
of the enemy in disguise. In 83 B.C.
he went to Spain and became the
leader of the Lusitanians. For several
years he waged war successfully
against the Romans. Finally he
was assassinated by one of his officers
who was jealous of his power.
The Story of the Romans, p. 165;
Creighton, p. 69.
Page 52.
Ch. 2.
5. levia proelia:
‘skirmishes.’
Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small
division of Thrace.
Ch. 3.
10. P. Servīlius: Publius
Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 B.C.
The next year he was sent to clear
the sea of pirates. He waged war
successfully against them, conquered
Cilicia and organized it as a province.
He took a leading part in the public
affairs.
ex cōnsule ＝ prōcōnsule; a late
expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’
Ch. 5.
20. M. Aemilius Lepidus:
Lepidus and Catullus were
consuls in the year after the death
of Sulla. They quarreled over some
trifling matter. In 77 B.C. Lepidus
marched to Rome with an army. He
was met by Pompey near the Mulvian
Bridge and defeated. Shortly
afterwards he died in Sardinia.
23. Metellī: Genitive, depending
on triumphus supplied from triumphī
above.
Ch. 6.
25. annō urbis conditae:
a variation for the usual expression
ab urbe conditā. The year[141]
is conceived of as belonging to the
city. Cf. annō ā conditā urbe, Bk.
III, 10; annō … ab urbe conditā,
Bk. IV, 22.
Page 53.
1. Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes
III, surnamed Philopater,
was the son and successor of Nicomedes
II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs.
8, 20. He had been aided by the
Romans, and was encouraged by
them to encroach on the territories
of Mithradates. Having no children,
he left his kingdom to the
Romans.
2. Mithradātēs: see note on
Bk. V, 5.
4. apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat
was both by land and sea.
7. Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius
Lucullus fought in the Civil war on
the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77
B.C., and consul in 74 B.C. For
eight years he carried on the war
against Mithradates with success;
but on account of the mutinous
spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy
of certain Romans, he was unable
to bring the war to a close.
On his return to Rome he gave himself
up to a life of indolence and
luxury. He died in 57 B.C.
10. Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium
was founded by the Megarians
in 658 B.C., and was a
place of great importance. Constantinople
was founded on the
same site by the Emperor Constantine
the Great in 330 A.D. It remained
the capital of the Roman
Empire of the East until its capture
by the Turks in 1453.
13. centum ferē mīlia: sc. hominum.
Ch. 7.
17. novum bellum: see
The Story of the Romans, p. 167;
Creighton, p. 70.
18. Spartacō: Spartacus was a
Thracian by birth, and had been
taken prisoner and sold to a trainer
of gladiators. His character has
been maligned by the Roman
writers. “Accident made Spartacus
a shepherd, a freebooter, and a
gladiator; nature formed him a
hero.”
19. ludō: ‘the gladiatorial
school.’ The gladiators were
mostly slaves, and were the property
of the individuals who trained
them and leased them for the
games. This school belonged to
Lentulus.
20. paene nōn levius: ‘not
much lighter.’
22. armātōrum: many slaves
joined them.
23. victī sunt in Āpūliā: they
were conquered on the river Silarus,
which flows between Lucania and
Campania. Spartacus was slain in
the battle.
Ch. 8.
27. duo: nominative masculine,
agreeing with Lūcullī.
Page 54.
7. Mithradātēs fugātus
est: if the Roman soldiers had
been able to restrain their eagerness
for plunder and had followed
Mithradates rapidly, he would have
been captured.
10. Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of
Armenia, was the son-in-law of
Mithradates. Although at first he[142]
refused to aid Mithradates, later the
insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused
him to change his policy and take a
hand in the war.
Ch. 9.
13. hostem fugātum:
‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it
is best to translate a participle by a
clause.
14. Tigrānocertam: the capital
of Tigranes.
16. clībanāriīs: this is the only
place in Eutropius where this word
is found. It is post-classical, and
is used by only two writers besides
Eutropius.
19. Nisibīn: he was directing his
march to Artaxata, but the mutiny
of his soldiers caused him to turn
aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia,
and take up his winter
quarters there.
20. hī: his lieutenants, Fannius
and Triarius. They had been defeated
at Cabira and Zela.
22. neglegenter … agentēs:
‘conducting themselves carelessly
and greedily.’
24. bellum renovātum est: the
Romans were now exactly where
they were at the breaking out of the
war, Pontus and Cappadocia were
overrun by Mithradates, and the
results of eight years’ warfare were
lost.
Page 55.
Ch. 11.
12. bellum
Crēticum: the war was in reality
directed against the pirates who
made Crete their headquarters.
Ch. 12.
20. Cn. Pompēiō: by
the Gabinian law Pompey was invested
with absolute authority, both
by sea and by land, as far as fifty
miles into the interior, over the
whole eastern Mediterranean for
three years.
quod … cōnfēcit: in the
space of forty days he had swept
the whole western tract of the
Mediterranean Sea, and had driven
the enemy into the opposite quarter.
He drove the pirates from the sea,
and compelled them to take refuge
in their strongholds in the Cilician
coast. These he speedily surrounded
and captured. He burnt over 1300
of their vessels, and destroyed all
their hostile magazines and arsenals.
In ninety days he had terminated
the contest.
22. eī … Tigrānēn: by the
Manilian law the authority he had
already wielded against the pirates
was extended over all the East.
24. nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates
at first attempted to procure
peace, but Pompey would hear of
nothing but unconditional surrender.
He started to retire slowly but was
pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken
in a narrow pass on the Lycus,
where the city of Nicopolis was afterward
built. Mithradates escaped
with a few horsemen and fled to
Tigranes, who refused to receive
him.
quadrāgintā mīlia: cf. centum
ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.
27. Pharnacis: Pompey had been
active in fostering intrigues in the
family of Mithradates. He had
caused Pharnaces to revolt and to
ally himself with the Romans, and[143]
had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.
Page 56.
2. venēnum hausit:
Pharnaces was about to hand him
over to the Romans. The story is
that he was so inured to poisons
that he was compelled to end his
life with a sword.
Ch. 13.
7. ab Artaxatā: Pompey
was following him, and was planning
to capture his capital city.
11. Syria, Phoenīcē: also Galatia,
Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia
which Lucullus had taken away
from him, Pompey refused to return.
12. Sophānēnē: Pompey made
the son of Tigranes the king of
Sophanene.
14. commōvisset: Subjunctive,
giving the reason of the Romans.
Ch. 14.
22. Syriam: Syria was
disturbed by fierce internal dissensions.
To put an end to the anarchy
that existed there, Pompey resolved
to annex it. He drove from the
throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who
had been acknowledged by the senate
and by Lucullus.
Page 57.
2. Iūdaeam: the Jews
alone refused to obey his orders, and
sustained a siege of three months at
Jerusalem. Although Rome had no
business to interfere with the affairs
in this part of the East, yet the
government she gave to the provinces,
formed from the conquered
territory, was stable and just in the
main, and was welcome after the
state of anarchy that had prevailed.
Ch. 15.
7. L. Sergius Catilīna:
Catiline was a member of a patrician
family. By his dissolute habits and
his luxury he had squandered all his
property and had run into debt. The
only relief was to secure the consulship,
that at the expiration of his term
of office he might be sent to govern
some province, from the plunder
of which he might acquire another
fortune to be spent in riotous living.
Failing to secure the consulship, he
determined to overthrow the state.
He formed a band of dissolute nobles,
collected arms in various places,
stationed an armed force at Faesulae
in Etruria, and made all preparations
for an outbreak as soon as the
time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero
had ascertained all Catiline’s plans
by the aid of the mistress of one of
the conspirators. Desiring to drive
Catiline to some overt act, he assailed
him in the senate on the 8th of
November. The oration he delivered
has been preserved. Catiline
hastened from the city to the armed
force at Faesulae. The conspirators
who were left in the city were soon
caught in a treasonable act, and
were arrested and strangled in
prison by order of the senate.
Afterwards Cicero was accused of
having put Roman citizens to death
without a trial, and was condemned
to exile for a time. Creighton,
p. 73.
12. Catilīna ipse: it was not
until March of the next year (62
B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded,
while attempting to escape into
Gaul, and slain.
Ch. 16.
16. nūlla … fuit: in[144]
this triumph was displayed a list of
800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300
cities captured, 39 cities repeopled,
and 20,000 talents of gold brought
to the treasury. “The great conqueror
had now celebrated his third
triumph. His first had been for
victories in Africa, his second for
the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe;
he had now completed the
illustrious cycle by inscribing on
the list the name of Asia. Each
section of the globe had succumbed
to his prowess.”
Ch. 17.
23. C. Iūlius Caesar:
Gaius Julius Caesar was born July
12, 100 B.C. He was of a patrician
family, but from the first sided with
the popular party. Many stories of
his early youth are told. He became
pontifex maximus, military
tribune, and quaestor in succession.
At this period he was noted chiefly
as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue.
In 62 B.C. he was elected
praetor, and the next year went as
propraetor to govern the province of
Further Spain. In 60 B.C. he returned
to Rome and formed a political
coalition with Pompey and
Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’
In 59 B.C. he was elected
consul, and, after the expiration of
his year of office, entered on the
governorship of Gaul and Illyricum
for the period of five years. This
was afterwards extended for another
period of the same length.
While governor of the province he
conquered the Helvetians and a
wandering band of the Germans
who had come over into Gaul,
crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated
the Veneti and the Aquitani,
and twice invaded Germany and
Britain. It was Caesar’s intention
to stand for the consulship a second
time as soon as his term of office
as governor of Gaul should expire.
Pompey, meanwhile, had become
jealous of Caesar’s power and had
gone over to the senatorial party.
A measure was passed by the senate
declaring Caesar to be an outlaw
unless he should disband his army
and come to Rome a private citizen
before a certain date. On Caesar’s
refusal to do this, he was declared a
public enemy, and preparations for
war were made. Caesar advanced
to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece,
where he was defeated the following
year at Pharsalus, and afterwards
was murdered in Egypt. At
the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46
B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining
leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio.
This was the end of the war. He
returned to Rome and was made
imperator and perpetual dictator.
He inaugurated several important
reforms, among them a reform in
the calendar. He formed many
other plans which his death prevented
him from executing. Finally,
when it was thought that he was
aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy
was formed, and he was
assassinated on the fifteenth day of
March, 44 B.C.
“While other illustrious men
have been reputed great for their[145]
excellence in some one department
of intellect, the concurrent voice of
antiquity has declared that Caesar
was great in all. ‘He had genius,’
says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory,
taste, reflection, industry, and
exactness.’” The Story of the
Romans, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74;
The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.
imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a
late meaning.
Page 58.
1. dēcrēta est: for
the number and gender see H. 395, 1
(439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G.
187, a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, b, B.
2. Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius,
following the custom of his
day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians.
In Caesar’s time they
were quite distinct. The Helvetians
lived in what is now Switzerland;
the Sequanians were west of the
Jura mountains along the Rhone.
7. Britannīs: twice he invaded
Britain. The first time it was a
mere reconnoissance. His conquest
was only partial.
11. quadringentiēs: sc. centēna
mīlia sestertium; about $1,640,000.
Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed
the Rhine, but only for the purpose
of impressing the Germans with the
power of his forces. He fought no
battles there, but he inflicted terrible
defeats on two German bands that
had come over into Gaul.
Ch. 18.
17. M. Licinius Crassus:
there was no cause for war
against the Parthians, but Crassus
was anxious to make himself popular
by winning military renown.
18. circā Carrās: the overthrow
at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters
ever sustained by the Roman
arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000
were carried into captivity. The
Romans who were made prisoners
were treated with indulgence by the
Parthians and were allowed to settle
in the land of their conquerors.
Creighton, p. 77.
Page 59.
Ch. 19.
4. alterum
cōnsulātum: this he demanded
in accordance with the agreement
formed between Pompey, Crassus,
and himself. He was now eligible
for a second consulship, as ten years
had passed since he was consul for
the first time.
5. aliquā: cf. aliquā, Bk. I, 3.
contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was
opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’
8. iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was
in depriving him of his military command,
and leaving him without the
security the consulship would have
afforded.” He was willing to disband
his army and return to Rome
if he could be elected to the consulship
in his absence, or if Pompey
would disband his army.
ab Arīminō: he had crossed the
small stream known as the Rubicon
which separated his province from
Italy. The story is told that as he
crossed the stream he said, ‘The die
is cast, let us go where the gods and
the injustice of our enemies call us.’
mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat:
‘kept his troops collected.’
Ch. 20.
14. dictātōrem: with
the exception of Sulla there had[146]
been no dictator since the time of
the Second Punic War.
15. exercitūs … superāvit:
at first he met with serious reverses
at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in
compelling the Pompeians to surrender,
and enrolled most of them in
his army.
18. prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium
in Illyria.
20. nec … superārī: Indirect
Discourse depending on dīxit.
22. Palaeopharsālum: this battle
is generally known as the battle
of Pharsalia.
Page 60.
Ch. 21.
4. numquam
… neque … neque: “a general
negative may be subdivided by
neque … neque, or aut … aut.”
7. pūgnātum tum est: Pompey
would have refused battle, but was
urged on by his followers. The
knights and senators who fought in
the Pompeian ranks soon broke and
fled. At the first attack Pompey
fled to his camp, where he tried to
rally his routed forces, but he was
unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse
at the last moment, he escaped
through the rear gate of the camp,
nor did he draw rein until he reached
Larissa. Thence he hastened to
the coast, where he took ship for
Egypt.
9. ā rēge Aegyptī: he was only
a nominal king. Egypt was made a
province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.
11. occīdit: he caused Pompey
to be inveigled into a boat, where he
was murdered and his head severed
from his body. His corpse was flung
into the surf, where it was picked up
later and burned.
12. quō cōnspectō: ‘and when
Caesar had seen it.’
14. generī quondam suī: Pompey
had married Julia, the daughter
of Caesar, in 60 B.C. It was her
death in 54 B.C. that tended to
loosen the bond existing between
them.
Ch. 22.
17. victus: Caesar conquered
the royal forces on the banks
of the Nile.
18. Alexandrīā: when Caesar
set fire to the royal fleet, the flames
consumed the great library of Alexandria,
containing 400,000 volumes.
In this fire some of the greatest literary
treasures of antiquity perished.
Cleopatrae: the famous queen
who proved to be the ruin of Antony,
Bk. VII, 6, 7.
20. Pompēiō in auxilium: Eutropius
seldom uses the double Dative;
cf. Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō,
Bk. IV, 3.
22. vīcit aciē: it was after this
battle that Caesar sent to the senate
the famous message vēnī, vīdī, vīcī,
‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’
Page 61.
Ch. 23.
2. eī … dictātōrī:
‘while he was dictator’;
dictātōrī is in apposition with eī.
6. hīc etiam: ‘he also’; as well
as Caesar.
7. M. Porcius Catō: he was the
great-grandson of the M. Porcius
Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23.
He is known in history as Cato
Uticensis, from Utica, where he committed[147]
suicide. He was famous for
the austerity of his manners and for
his studied imitation of the customs
of early days.
9. victor fuit: in the battle of
Thapsus.
Ch. 24.
15. Cn. Pompēius: he
had gone into Spain and had gathered
around him adventurers of all
sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers
to subdue the revolt, but finding
their efforts unsuccessful, he took
command in person. After encountering
great personal danger, he
gained a complete victory. Thirty
thousand of the vanquished perished.
Gnaeus Pompey escaped
from the field, but was afterward
overtaken and slain. Sextus, the
younger son of Pompey, was the
only leader of the republican party
left.
Page 62.
Ch. 25.
1. honōrēs:
‘offices’; political honors.
3. rēgia ac paene tyrannica:
‘like a king and almost like a
usurper.’ Nepos defines a tyrannus
as one ‘who is in perpetual
power in that state which enjoyed
liberty.’
8. senātūs diē: ‘on the day of
the senate’; on the day when the
senate met.
9. cūriam: Caesar was slain in
the Curia in the Campus Martius.
Book VII
Ch. 1.
12. partium Caesaris:
‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at
first pretended to favor the tyrannicides;
but after he had obtained
possession of the papers and treasure
of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored
to crush them.
16. Octāviānus: he was the son
of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a
daughter of Julia, the sister of
Caesar. After his adoption he took
the name of Octavianus.
19. Augustus: this was a title
conferred upon him after the battle
of Actium, when he refused the
title of dictator.
rērum potītus: potior regularly
takes the Genitive in this phrase.
Cf. Alexandrīā potītus, Bk. VI, 22.
quī … trēs ducēs: ‘these three
leaders.’
20. vīcērunt eum: in the battle
of Mutina, 43 B.C.
Page 63.
1. morerentur: they
were wounded in battle, but Augustus
was accused of having murdered
them.
Ch. 2.
3. Lepidum: Marcus
Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23.
He was in Gaul at this time, being
governor of Gaul and Spain. After
he received Antonius, they crossed
the Alps at the head of a large body
of troops and met Augustus in the
north of Italy.
6. pācem … fēcit: this was
known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’
Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus divided
the Roman world among
them.
8. vīcēsimō annō: he was far
below the legal age, 43.
9. senātum prōscrīpsit: 300
senators and 2000 knights were included
in the proscription. “Each[148]
marked his victims’ names upon the
fatal list, and each consented to give
up adherents of his own to the greed
or hatred of his colleagues.”
11. Cicero orātōr occīsus est:
Augustus tried to save him, but
Antony, whose hatred Cicero had
incurred, demanded his death, and
Augustus was forced to yield.
Ch. 3.
17. Philippōs: the battle
of Philippi was fought in November,
42 B.C. Creighton, p. 82; The
Roman Triumvirates, p. 210.
19. Cassius: Cassius was routed
and committed suicide.
Brūtum: after his forces were
routed, Brutus was compelled to kill
himself to prevent capture.
īnfīnītam nōbilitātem: ‘very
many of the nobility.’
21. dīvīsa est rēs pūblica:
Lepidus took the province of Africa,
Augustus the West, and Antony
the East.
23. bellum cīvīle: after the capture
of Perusia, Antony threatened
war, but he made a truce with
Augustus, whose sister Octavia he
married.
Page 64.
Ch. 4.
1. Sex. Pompēiō:
the son of Pompēius Māgnus,
cf. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a
band of pirates and had made himself
master of the Mediterranean.
5. pāx postrēmō convēnit:
the agreement at Misenum. In accordance
with this, Pompey was to
retain his command over the sea
and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia,
and Corsica.
Ch. 5.
6. M. Agrippa: Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student
with Augustus. He
was a gallant soldier and a devoted
friend. It was largely by his aid
that Augustus secured his power
and retained it.
7. Persās: i.e. the Parthians.
Eutropius used Persae for the Parthians
who claimed descent from
the old Persian kings.
10. Crassum occīderat: Bk.
VI, 18.
11. triumphum Rōmae ēgit:
several of the Roman standards lost
at Carrhae were restored by the
Parthians, and were carried in the
triumphal procession.
Ch. 6.
12. nāvālī proeliō: at
the battle of Naulochus, 36 B.C.
The Roman Triumvirates, p. 219.
Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the
standard of revolt. He was defeated
by Augustus and his power
was taken from him, but his life
was spared.
16. ipse pūgnāvit: he lacked
the engines necessary for reducing
the strongly fortified cities of the
enemy, and besides he was very
anxious to return to Alexandria.
17. famē … labōrāvit: his
retreat has been compared to the
flight of Napoleon from Moscow.
18. prō victō: ‘for conquered’
＝ ‘as if conquered.’
Ch. 7.
20. dum … optat ＝ optāns,
‘hoping.’ The world could not
endure two masters. It was natural
that they should disagree, and that
the stronger should conquer.
22. apud Actium: September 2,[149]
31 B.C. Antony had collected a
large naval and land force, but his
ships were too large to be handled
easily, and many of his land forces
deserted. In the midst of the fight
Cleopatra fled in her galley, and
Antony basely deserted his forces
and followed her. Creighton, p. 82;
The Roman Triumvirates, p. 225.
23. ex quā: the antecedent of
quā is pūgnā.
25. exstincta est: she was too
proud to be carried to Rome to
adorn the triumphal procession of
her conqueror.
Page 65.
Ch. 8.
7. duodecim
annīs ＝ per annōs above: the Ablative
makes the limits of the time
more prominent than the duration.
8. prīncipātūs: ‘leadership’;
afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of
the emperors; cf. prīnceps, English
‘prince.’
10. morte commūnī: ‘a natural
death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Bk. I, 3.
There was a report that he was
poisoned by Livia, his wife.
11. Ātellā: it is generally agreed
that he died at Nola, near Naples.
sepultus est: the ruins of his
mausoleum still exist.
12. ex māximā parte: ‘in very
many respects.’
15. cīvīlissimē: ‘in a manner
most becoming a citizen’; cf.
cīvīlēs, Bk. I, 9.
16. ut … suō: ‘that he placed
them almost on a level with his own
dignity.’
17. aequāret: sc. eōs. Aequāre
may also take cum with the Ablative.
Page 66.
Ch. 9.
6. quod nūllī
anteā: sc. dedērunt.
8. Crassō victō: ‘from Crassus
when he was defeated.’
Ch. 10.
14. in honōrem ēius:
the compliment was not in the
founding, but in the naming.
18. Dīvus appellātus: i.e. he
was deified and became the object
of a national worship. In the
provinces he was worshiped before
his death.
Tiberiō: Tiberius Claudius Nero
was the son of Tiberius Nero and
Livia, the third wife of Augustus.
He first married the daughter of
Agrippa, whom he divorced at the
command of the Emperor and
married Julia, Augustus’ daughter
and the widow of Marcus Agrippa.
After the death of Gaius and
Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa
and Julia, Tiberius was given the
tribunician power and was adopted
by Augustus as his successor.
Ch. 11.
21. ingentī sōcordiā
… libīdine: probably the character
of Tiberius was maligned by
the Roman historians. The people
disliked him on account of his
“dark and gloomy temper, with
no grace or geniality of manner,
shunning the pleasures of the people,
and seldom generous or open-handed.”
But we must note the
many marks of bias and exaggeration
in the common story, and we
may well believe that the ancient
writers formed too harsh an opinion
of his motives in some cases, and
reported scandalous gossips too[150]
lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91;
The Early Empire, Ch. II.
25. Archelāum: he was summoned
to Rome soon after the accession
of Tiberius and accused of
treason. His life was spared, but
he was obliged to remain at Rome,
where he died in 17 A.D.
Page 67.
1. Caesarēa: called
Caesarēa ad Argaeum to distinguish
it from other cities of the
same name. It was situated at the
foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place
of great antiquity, its foundation
having been ascribed to Mesech,
the son of Japhet.
Ch. 12.
5. C. Caesar: Gaius
Caesar Augustus Germanicus was
the son of Germanicus and Agrippina.
He was born in the camp,
probably in Germany, and was
reared among the soldiers. He received
the surname of Caligula from
his being arrayed in a mimic uniform
and wearing a pair of caligae
or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled
well; but his sense of power turned
his head, and the latter part of his
reign was marked by excesses of all
sorts. Creighton, p. 92; The Early
Empire, Ch. III.
Ch. 13.
13. Claudius: Tiberius
Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus
was the second son of
Drusus and Antonia, the brother
of Germanicus, the father of Caligula.
In early life he had been
weak in mind and body, and had
been despised or neglected. As
emperor he was ruled by his
wives and favorites, Narcissus and
Pallas. He was poisoned by his last
wife, Agrippina, who was anxious
that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus
by her former husband might succeed
to the empire. Suetonius in
his ‘Lives of the Caesars’ gives a
very dark picture of the reign of
Claudius. Creighton, p. 93; The
Early Empire, Ch. IV.
22. Britannicī: the son of
Claudius and Messalina, his first
wife. On the accession of Nero,
Britannicus was poisoned.
Page 68.
Ch. 14.
1. Nerō:
Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero,
was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus
and Agrippina. His early
youth was spent in study under the
philosopher Seneca, who remained
his counselor for several years.
During the first five years of his
reign he was mild and just. The
later years were filled with all sorts
of excesses, and were marked by
great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93;
The Early Empire, Ch. V.
9. urbem Rōmam incendit: it
is very improbable that Nero was
guilty of this crime. Rome was
almost destroyed in this conflagration.
Of the fourteen districts into
which the city was divided, only four
remained untouched by the flames.
The fire raged for six days and
seven nights; and, after it was
thought to have been extinguished,
it burst forth again, and continued
for two days longer. On this occasion
Nero appears to have acted
with great liberality and kindness.
He caused provisions to be sold at a[151]
very low price and the imperial gardens
to be opened to the people,
and temporary shelters to be erected
for their accommodation. That he
might remove suspicion from himself,
Nero caused it to be reported
that the Christians had set fire to
the city, and a number of them was
seized and put to death. This was
the first persecution of the Christians
by the Romans, 64 A.D.
Ch. 15.
22. ā saxō: sc. Tarpēiā.
23. lībertī: his name was Phaon.
Salariam: the Via Salaria ran
north from Rome to Ancona on the
Adriatic.
24. interfēcit: “At last comes
Phaon’s courier with the news that
the senate had put a price upon his
head; the tramp of the horses tells
him that his pursuers are on his
track, and fear gives him the nerve
to put the dagger to his throat,
while, true to the passion of his
life, he mutters, ‘What a loss my
death will be to art!’” The Early
Empire, p. 127.
25. Nerōniānae: the ruins of
the bath may still be seen near the
Pantheon.
Page 69.
Ch. 16.
1. Serv. Galba:
Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in
the reign of Augustus of a patrician
family. He was in Spain when
Julius Vindex, the proconsular governor
of Gaul, rose against Nero.
Galba joined him, and Otho, governor
of Lusitania, followed his example.
He was saluted as emperor
by the soldiers, and the senate was
forced to ratify their choice. The
emperors from this time on were
set up and overthrown at the will
of the army. He was very parsimonious
in his dealings and so lost
the good will of the soldiers, who
were ready to aid any revolt against
him. He ruled for only seven
months. Creighton, p. 96; The
Early Empire, Ch. VI.
Ch. 17.
12. Otho: Marcus Salvius
Otho was Roman emperor
from January 15 to April 16, 69
A.D. He was the husband of the
beautiful but infamous Poppaea
Sabina, whom Nero took from him
and made his own. He was afterwards
sent to Lusitania, where he
governed with justice and moderation.
Creighton, p. 96; The Early
Empire, Ch. VII.
14. mollis: ‘effeminate.’
22. voluntāriā morte obiit: he
put an end to his life at Brixellum
in Cisalpine Gaul.
23. nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī
diē: Eutropius is slightly mistaken.
Page 70.
Ch. 18.
1. Vitellius:
Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor
from January 2 to December 22, 69
A.D. When the news of Galba’s
death reached Upper Germany,
where Vitellius was in command,
his legions proclaimed him emperor
at Cologne. He immediately sent
his generals, Fabius Valens and
Caecina, at the head of a large
force, to Italy, and, having defeated
Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed
command of all the West.
He was moderate in his rule, disturbing[152]
no one in the enjoyment
of what had been given by Nero,
Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton
and an epicure, spending enormous
sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96;
The Early Empire, Ch. VIII.
10. id … ferret: ‘aimed so
openly at this.’
13. cum Capitōliō: “In the confusion
of the fight the famous temple
of Jupiter caught fire. All were too
busy to give time or thought to stay
the flames, and in a few hours only
ruins were left of the greatest of
the national monuments of Rome,
which, full of the associations of the
past, had served for ages as a sort
of record office in which were treasured
the memorials of ancient history,
the laws, the treaties, and the
proclamations of old times. The
loss was one that could not be replaced.”
The Early Empire, p. 146.
17. in Tiberim … sepultūrā:
Eutropius is mistaken. His body
was recovered and buried by his
wife, Galeria Fundana.
Ch. 19.
20. Vespasiānus: Titus
Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was
proclaimed emperor at Alexandria
on the 1st of July, 69 A.D., although
it was a year before he entered
Rome. He lived more like a private
person than like the emperor
of Rome. The many stories that
are told of his avarice and his methods
of raising money are probably
exaggerated. Although he was frugal
in his personal expenditures, he
spent large sums in adorning the
city. He was the first of the Flavian
dynasty. The others were his
two sons and successors. He died
on the 24th of June, 79 A.D. “His
last words were characteristic of his
somewhat cynical humour, ‘Methinks
I am becoming a god.’”
Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire,
Ch. IX.
Page 71.
8. Hierosolyma: Vespasian
was besieging Jerusalem when
the war broke out between Otho and
Vitellius. When he started for
Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge
of the war against the Jews. Titus
captured the city after a stubborn
siege of five months, September 8,
70 A.D., and despite his efforts the
Temple was burned. Thousands of
Jews perished in the siege.
11. ēgerant ＝ fuerant.
Ch. 20.
15. coërcitor: ‘enforcer’;
the word is apax legomenon.
hīc … triumphāvit: in 71 A.D.
when Titus returned to Rome.
20. genitūram … habuit: ‘he
so knew the horoscope of his sons.’
Ch. 21.
25. Titus: Titus Flavius
Sabinus Vespasian. His early years
were spent in military service in
Britain and Germany. He won
great credit as a general and a soldier.
When he returned to Rome
after the fall of Jerusalem, he conducted
himself in such a manner as
to cause a fear that his rule would
resemble that of Nero. But after
he became emperor he changed his
manner of living, and his whole
reign was marked by a sincere desire
for the happiness of his people. The[153]
year 79 A.D. is memorable for the
great eruption of Vesuvius, attended
by the destruction of Pompeii and
Herculaneum. He completed the
Colosseum, often called the Flavian
Amphitheater. When he died, after
a reign of only two years, there was
a suspicion that he had been poisoned
by his brother Domitian.
Creighton, p. 98; The Early Empire,
Ch. X.
26. omnium … mīrābilis: ‘remarkable
for every species of virtue.’
Page 72.
Ch. 22.
17. tamquam
… orbitāte: ‘mourned as for a
loss in their own families.’
Ch. 23.
21. Domitiānus: Titus
Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was
aware of his son’s disposition and
put no confidence in him. When
Vespasian died, Domitian tried to
arouse the soldiers against his brother
Titus. After his brother became
emperor, Domitian was treated with
great kindness, and several offices
were shared with him. At first mild
and just, he soon became suspicious
and cruel. In Britain alone were
the Roman arms successful during
his reign. In all other places defeat
and disgraceful compromises with
the enemy marked his campaigns.
Finally his cruelty became unbearable,
and a conspiracy was formed
by the officers of the guard, several
of his intimate friends, and even his
wife Domatilla, and he was slain
after a desperate struggle. Creighton,
p. 98; The Early Empire, Ch. XI.
27. dominum: here it has the
New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’
Page 73.
13. Palātiō: in the
Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill.
Extensive remains of this structure
still exist. At first the word Palātium
was applied only to the hill,
but from the time of Augustus it
meant a ‘palace,’ especially the imperial
palace of the Caesars.
Book VIII
Ch. 1.
20. Nerva: Marcus Cocceius
Nerva was born at Narnia in
Umbria in 32 A.D. He was consul
with Vespasian in 71 A.D. and with
Domitian in 90 A.D. After the assassination
of Domitian he was declared
emperor by the Roman people and
the soldiers, and his administration
restored tranquillity to the troubled
state. He stopped proceedings
against those accused of treason
and permitted many exiles to return.
Though he was virtuous and
humane, he did not possess the
necessary vigor for checking the
many abuses that existed. He
adopted as his son and successor
Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was
then at the head of the army in Germany.
He died suddenly on the 27th
of January, 98 A.D. Creighton, p. 99;
The Age of the Antonines, Ch. I.
22. operam dante: ‘giving him
aid, assisting him.’
Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō:
Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian
soldiers from putting them to
death.
Page 74.
3. aetātis … annō:
Eutropius is mistaken. He was
sixty-five years old when he died.
[154]
4. inter Dīvōs relātus est: cf.
Dīvus appellātus, Bk. VII, 10.
Ch. 2.
5. Trāiānus: Marcus
Ulpius Traian was born at Italica
near Seville in Spain, September 18,
52 A.D. He was trained to arms,
and rose through the various offices
to the rank of praetor. He was
adopted by Nerva in 97 A.D. After
Nerva’s death he became emperor,
being the first Roman emperor who
was born out of Italy. He was a
great soldier and a good administrator.
Good sense, a knowledge of
the world, and sound judgment
characterized him. Just and sincere
in his desire for the happiness
of the people, he was one of the
best emperors that governed Rome.
He crushed the Dacians, successfully
waged war against the Parthians,
and brought peace and
prosperity to the whole Roman
world. Creighton, p. 99; The Age
of the Antonines, Ch. II.
13. Dāciam: Trajan conducted
two campaigns against the Dacians,
101-103 A.D. and 104-106 A.D. On
his return from the second campaign
he celebrated a triumph and
entertained the people with games
lasting 123 days. “It is said that
11,000 animals were slaughtered
during these amusements, and that
10,000 gladiators fought in the
arena.”
16. tenuit ＝ habuit.
Ch. 3.
17. Armeniam: Trajan
began this campaign in 114 A.D. The
winter of the same year he spent at
Antioch. During the next two years
he conquered the greater part of the
Parthian empire, taking the capital
city Ctesiphon.
Page 75.
Ch. 4.
3. amīcōs …
frequentāns: ‘going often to his
friends to salute them.’
4. fēstōs diēs habuissent:
‘they were celebrating feast days.’
indiscrēta: ‘with no distinction
of rank.’
6. nihil … agēns: his finances
were prosperous, partly owing to
good management, and partly from
the success of certain mining operations
in Dacia.
9. per orbem … multa: “He
constructed several good roads in
the provinces and Italy; among
them was the road across the
Pomptine Marshes. At Ostia he
built a large new basin. At Rome
he constructed the aqueduct called
by his name, built a theater in the
Campus Martius, and, above all,
made the Forum Traianum, with its
basilicas and libraries, and his
column in the center.”
10. nihil nōn: the figure of Litotes,
affirming a thing by denying
its contrary; cf. nōn compāruisset,
Bk. I, 2.
Ch. 5.
19. bellī domīque: H.
484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G.
258, d; G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2.
20. Seleuciam: it is generally
stated that he lived to reach Selinus
in Cilicia, where he died in August,
117 A.D.
23. sōlus … sepultus est: he
was the only one of the emperors
who was buried within the city.[155]
This privilege was enjoyed by the
Vestal Virgins.
24. in forō: the Forum Trāiānum
was probably the most magnificent
of all the Roman fora. It
occupied a large space between the
Capitoline and the Quirinal Hills,
the latter of which was cut away to
make room for it. Among the many
buildings it contained were two
libraries, one for Latin and the other
for Greek manuscripts. It contained
also the famous Column of Trajan.
This column, composed of huge
drums of white marble, is pierced
within. A bas-relief of the chief
events of the Dacian war winds
round the shaft. It is still standing.
25. CXLIV pedēs: this was the
height of the Quirinal Hill that was
cut away.
26. habet ＝ est.
hūius … dēlātum est: ‘so
much respect has been paid to his
memory.’
Page 76.
Ch. 6.
3. Aelius Hadriānus:
Publius Aelius Hadrian
was with Trajan when the latter
died. With the consent of the
Syrian army he assumed the reins
of government and his act was ratified
by the senate. Although he
lost some of the territory that Trajan
had added to the Empire, he
strengthened and united the remainder.
He was, in general, a
just and able ruler; yet at times he
showed himself revengeful, suspicious,
and cruel. He died of dropsy
at Baiae, 138 A.D., in the sixty-third
year of his life. Creighton, p. 100;
The Age of the Antonines, Ch.
III.
7. glōriae invidēns: more probably
he saw that the Empire had
become too large to be governed
successfully.
Ch. 7.
17. orbem Rōmānum
circumiit: he visited every province
in the Empire, correcting
abuses, and examining the administration
of government.
18. multa aedificāvit: among
other famous buildings the Mausoleum
of Hadrian, now called the
Castle of St. Angelo.
Ch. 8.
27. T. Antōnīnus: his
full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius
Boionius Antoninus, called Pius
because he persuaded the senate to
grant to his adopted father Hadrian
the apotheosis and other honors
usually paid to deceased emperors.
“His reign is almost a blank in history—a
blank caused by a suspension
for a time of war, violence,
and crime.” Although he waged
no war for conquest, he defended
the provinces with vigor, warring
against the Moors and Britons, and
the untamed races of the Rhine and
the Danube. Creighton, p. 101;
The Age of the Antonines, Ch. IV.
Page 77.
6. bonīs honōrem
habēns: ‘paying respect to the
good.’
14. Lorium: in Etruria on the
Via Aurelia.
Ch. 9.
18. M. Antōnīnus Vērus:
he is generally known as Marcus
Aurelius. He was the adopted son
of Antoninus Pius. When only[156]
twelve years old he assumed the
philosophic mantle and gave himself
up to the study of philosophy,
attaching himself to the Stoic school.
After he became emperor he associated
Lucius Antoninus Verus, his
brother, with him in the government.
Although they were entirely
different in character, they reigned
conjointly with no disagreement.
His ‘Meditations’ have survived.
Creighton, p. 101; The Age of the
Antonines, Ch. V.
23. singulōs … Augustōs:
‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’
Ch. 10.
28. contrā Parthōs:
Lucius Verus nominally had the
guidance of the war, but it was carried
on by his lieutenants while he
lingered in Antioch.
Page 78.
Ch. 12.
21. Apollōnium
Chalcēdōnium: called Apollonius
Dyscolus. “He is the father
of scientific Grammar, being the first
to reduce it to a systematic form.”
24. Frontō: Marcus Cornelius
Fronto. He acquired great reputation
as a rhetorician and grammarian
at Rome in the reign of Hadrian.
Some of his letters to his pupils,
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus,
were found in the present century.
hīc … ēgit: ‘he treated all at
Rome with equality.’
26. prōvinciās … trāctāvit:
he did not visit the provinces, but
kept himself thoroughly informed of
the details of their administration.
Page 79.
1. eō prīncipe: ‘during
his reign’; cf. hīs rēgnantibus,
Bk. I, 2.
bellum … Marcomannicum:
the Marcomanni, ‘men of the
marshes,’ were a German tribe
that threatened destruction to the
Roman Empire. For thirteen years
Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held
them in check. He built many fortresses
and a great wall to restrain
them.
2. quantum … fuit: ‘it was
greater than any in the memory
of man’; i.e. there had been no
war with the Germans equally formidable.
5. pestilentiae: the plague broke
out in 167 A.D. and lasted for several
years, despite all efforts to
check its ravages. It was probably
brought to Rome by the soldiers returning
from the expedition against
the Parthians.
Ch. 13.
10. Quādī: a powerful
people who dwelt in the southeastern
part of Germany. They had been
taken under the protection of Rome
by Tiberius. In 174 A.D. Marcus
Aurelius defeated them in a fierce
battle. They appear again during
the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8).
Towards the end of the fourth century
they disappear from history. The
Age of the Antonines, pp. 106-108.
Vandalī: a confederacy of German
peoples, who dwelt originally
on the northern coast of Germany.
Later they settled north of the
Marcomanni, whom they joined.
They invaded Spain, and later
Africa. Under their king Genseric
they invaded Italy, and took
and plundered Rome, 455 A.D.[157]
Suēvī: an important confederacy of
German tribes. Their name survives
in the modern Suabia.
13. Caesarem fēcerat: the title
of Caesar was now given to the person
next in rank to the emperor,
and who was intended to succeed
him.
15. indīcere … aliquid: ‘to
make any demands on the provinces
or the senate.’
16. īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs:
‘royal furniture.’
22. comparāta: ‘their purchases.’
Ch. 14.
28. obiit: he died at
Vindobona, now Vienna.
29. vītae LXI: it is generally
said that he died in the fifty-ninth
year of his life.
Page 80.
Ch. 15.
1. L. Antōnīnus
Commodus: he was the
son of Marcus Aurelius, but like
him in no respect. After concluding
a disgraceful treaty with the
Germans, he hastened to Rome,
where he gave himself up to the
grossest vices. Creighton, p. 102.
6. in amphitheātrō: he was the
conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing
delighted him more than to be called
the ‘Hercules of Rome.’
7. strangulātus vel venēnō: he
was poisoned and afterwards strangled
by his favorite Marcia.
Ch. 16.
11. Pertināx: Creighton,
p. 103.
Ch. 17.
18. perpetuum composuit
ēdictum: this was a digest of
the mass of edicts that had been
issued by the praetors and the provincial
governors. It was the basis
of the Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis of Justinian.
19. Mulvium pontem: about
two miles north of Rome, on the
Via Flaminia. Here the ambassadors
of the Allobroges, that had
been tampered with by the fellow-conspirators
of Catiline, were arrested,
63 B.C. The foundations of
this bridge still remain and are
built into the Ponte Mollo at the
same place.
Ch. 18.
21. Septimius Sevērus:
Lucius Septimius Severus was commander
in chief of the army in
Pannonia and Illyria at the death
of Pertinax, 193 A.D. He was proclaimed
emperor by the army. For
nearly a hundred years the emperors
were made and unmade at the will
of the soldiers. Creighton, p. 104.
23. omnī memoriā: ‘in all
time.’
24. fiscī advocātus: a Roman
officer appointed to look after the
interests of the imperial treasury.
Page 81.
Ch. 19.
16. vāllum …
dēdūxit: the celebrated wall of
Severus, extending from the Solway
Firth to the mouth of the Tyne.
It was erected to prevent incursions
of the Caledonians.
17. Eborācī: the modern York.
22. Geta … periit: he was
murdered by order of Caracalla.
Ch. 20.
23. Caracalla: the name
of Caracalla was derived from a
species of Gallic cassock he introduced
at Rome.
24. mōrum … fuit: his whole
life was only one series of cruelties[158]
and acts of extravagant folly.
Creighton, p. 105.
25. thermae Antōnīniānae:
these accommodated about 1600
persons at once. The ruins are
still to be seen.
Page 82.
Ch. 22.
9. M. Aurēlius
Antōnīnus: known in history
as Heliogabalus. He was the grandson
of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius
Severus, and the son of
Symiasera. He was priest in the
temple of the Sun at Emesa in
Syria when Caracalla died. Through
the instrumentality of his grandmother
he was proclaimed emperor
by the soldiers and acknowledged
by the senate. He was the most
profligate of the Roman emperors.
Ch. 23.
16. Aurēlius Alexander:
Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally
known as Alexander Severus.
He had been adopted by Heliogabalus
and had been created Caesar.
“He was distinguished by justice,
wisdom, and clemency in all public
transactions, and by the simplicity
and purity of his private life.”
Creighton, p. 106.
20. adsessōrem: ‘legal adviser.’
21. Ulpiānum: Domitius Ulpianus
was one of the most celebrated
Roman lawyers. His works are
often quoted in the Corpus Iūris
Cīvīlis of Justinian. He was assassinated
in a mutiny of the soldiers
caused by his strict discipline.
Book IX
Page 83.
Ch. 1.
1. Māximīnus:
his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus
Maximinus. He was born of barbaric
parentage, his father being a Goth
and his mother a German. He was
famous for his gigantic size and his
marvelous feats of strength. His
government was characterized by
oppression and excesses.
Ch. 2.
9. Gordiānus: Marcus
Antonius Gordianus was the grandson
of the elder Gordianus. He
was a mere boy, probably not more
than twelve years old, when he
was proclaimed emperor by the
soldiers.
Page 84.
Ch. 3.
1. Philippī:
Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an
Arabian by birth. After the death
of Misithus, the father-in-law of
Gordianus, he became praetorian
praefect, and caused the soldiers to
revolt, to slay Gordianus, and to
proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed
his son of the same name
Caesar, though he was only seven
years old.
3. mīllēsimus annus: this anniversary
was marked by the celebration
of the Saecular Games with
unusual magnificence, 248 A.D.
Ch. 4.
8. Decius: his full name
was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus
Decius. He was sent by
Philippus to Moesia to crush an
insurrection, and was compelled by
the soldiers to proclaim himself
emperor. His reign was occupied
chiefly with warring against the
Goths. He persecuted the Christians
with great severity.
Ch. 6.
21. exstinctus est: he
was slain by the soldiers.
[159]
Ch. 7.
23. Galliēnus: the son of
Valerianus.
Page 85.
5. superātus est: at
first Valerianus was successful; but
he followed the enemy too rashly.
He was captured near Edessa. After
his death his skin was stuffed and
long preserved as a trophy in the
chief temple of the nation.
Ch. 9.
22. Postumus: this
period is known as the ‘Rule of the
Thirty Tyrants.’ These men, who
revolted from Gallienus and set up
separate governments for themselves,
were noted in the main for
their courage. They repelled the
invaders and established governments
that gave peace and security
to their provinces.
28. vīlissimus opifex: he is said
to have been a smith, ferrī opifex.
Page 86.
3. mātrimōnia: here
has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’
Ch. 10.
10. Odenāthum: he was
the ruler of Palmyra. He checked
the incursions of the Persians and
drove Sapor out of Syria. In return
for these services Gallienus
honored him with the title of Augustus.
Ch. 11.
16. occīsus est: he was
slain by his soldiers while besieging
Milan.
18. Gothōs … vīcit: he conquered
the Goths at Naisus in Dardania
and received the surname
Gothicus in consequence.
Page 87.
Ch. 13.
3. Aurēliānus:
his reign presents a succession
of brilliant exploits, and it
seemed for a time that he would
restore Rome to her former position.
The Goths, Vandals, and the
Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia,
who had succeeded her husband as
ruler of Palmyra, was captured and
carried to Rome. Tetricus was
crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian
commenced many works of public
utility, including a new city wall.
He was on his way to chastise the
Persians when he was killed by
some of his officers, a conspiracy
having been formed against him.
Creighton, p. 109.
11. ‘Ēripe mē’: Aeneid, VI,
365.
12. Zēnobiam: she was not content
with the power she had, but
tried to extend her sway over all
Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian
captured Palmyra in 273 A.D., and
took her prisoner. After adorning
his triumphal procession, her
life was spared and she lived near
Tibur for several years.
occīsō Odenāthō: it is said that
he was assassinated and that Zenobia
had a hand in it.
Page 88.
Ch. 15.
2. Dāciam
… intermīsit: he made the Danube
the boundary of the empire, as
Augustus had done.
8. servī: the private secretary of
the emperor. He is generally said
to have been a freedman.
13. mors … fuit: Tacitus had
the assassins put to death soon after
the beginning of his reign.
Ch. 17.
21. Probus: his full
name was Marcus Aurelius Probus.
He was as just and virtuous as he[160]
was warlike, and is deservedly regarded
as one of the greatest and
best of the Roman emperors.
27. apud Sirmium: it was his
birthplace.
Page 89.
4. tumultū mīlitārī:
the soldiers mutinied because he
had employed them in laborious
public works.
Ch. 18.
14. oculōrum dolōre
correptus: ‘affected with a disease
of the eye.’
Ch. 19.
24. mātrimōnia: cf.
mātrimōnia, Ch. 9.
Page 90.
4. Dioclētiānum: he
was born near Salona in Dalmatia.
He rose in the army from one position
to another until on the assassination
of Numerianus he was chosen
emperor. He made a great change
in the system of government. In
286 A.D. he associated Maximianus
with himself as a colleague and gave
him the title of Augustus. Six
years later, 292 A.D., Constantius
Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed
Caesars, and the government
of the Roman world was
divided among four men, Diocletian
taking the East, with Nicomedia as
his residence; Maximianus taking
Italy and Africa, with Milan as his
residence; Constantius taking Britain,
Gaul, and Spain, with Treves
as his residence; Galerius taking
Illyricum and the whole line of the
Danube, with Sirmium as his residence.
This division was natural
and possessed many advantages. It
was the only way that the falling
empire could be preserved, and
a semblance of union retained.
Creighton, p. 109.
Ch. 21.
22. strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine:
‘by a course of active service.’
24. accēpisset: sc. imperium.
29. Britanniās occupāvit: in
287 A.D.
Page 91.
Ch. 22.
5. Cōnstantium:
surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’
6. nepōs Claudī: ‘the grandnephew
of Claudius.’ He was the
son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble,
and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus,
the brother of Claudius.
14. pāx convēnit: Carausius was
recognized as a colleague.
Page 92.
Ch. 25.
18. extrīnsecus
＝ praetereā, a late usage.
Ch. 26.
28. rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis
fōrmam: Diocletian introduced
the customs of an Oriental
monarch. He wore the diadem, the
robes of silk and gold, and replaced
the republican form of salutation by
the adoring prostration of the East.
Ch. 27.
9. ingravēscente aevō:
he was sixty years old, being born
in 245 A.D., and abdicating in 305 A.D.
17. pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī:
‘with a famous succession of pictures.’
Fercula are representations
of cities, rivers, and other objects
in the conquered countries, carried
in procession at a triumph.
Ch. 28.
24. post nātōs hominēs:
‘since men were created.’
Book X
Page 94.
Ch. 1.
11. adeō …
modicī: ‘of so modest a mode of
living.’
[161]
13. argentō: ‘silver plate.’
trīclīnia: properly a couch for
three persons reclining at meals.
Here it means the table, which was
square, and surrounded on three
sides by one-armed couches, while
the fourth side remained open for
convenience in serving. Each couch
accommodated three persons, who
reclined upon the left arm.
14. Gallīs: he had reserved Gaul
for his peculiar province.
17. Eborācī: he was on an expedition
against the Picts.
Page 95.
Ch. 2.
1. Cōnstantīnus:
known in history as Constantine
the Great. The most important
change he introduced was the adoption
of Christianity as the state religion.
The story is told that while
marching from Gaul at the head of
his legions, he saw in the heavens a
luminous cross with this inscription,
‘By this conquer.’ In 313 A.D. he
issued the famous Milan decree that
gave imperial sanction to the religion
of the Christians. Although he
openly acknowledged Christianity,
his religion was a strange mixture of
Christianity and Paganism. Creighton,
p. 112.
6. in vīllā pūblicā: a building
in the Campus Martius, intended for
a lodging house or hotel for foreign
ambassadors.
11. quās … habuit: ‘which
he utterly disregarded.’
Ch. 3.
18. nūdāre: ‘to deprive
of his power.’
Page 96.
Ch. 4.
1. Licinius:
his full name was Publius Flavius
Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius.
By birth he was a Dacian
peasant, and an early friend and
companion of the Emperor Galerius.
He was invested with the
command of the Illyrian province
in 307 A.D. After the death of
Galerius he concluded an arrangement
with Maximinus, by which
the Hellespont and the Bosporus
were to form the boundary of the
two empires. After his marriage
with the sister of Constantine, he
and Constantine strove with each
other for the undivided sovereignty
of the Roman world.
Ch. 5.
20. apud Cibalās: this
was in the great battle of Adrianople,
July, 323 A.D., and was followed
by the reduction of Byzantium.
Ch. 6.
25. apud Nicomediam:
this victory, September, 323 A.D.,
made Constantine the sole ruler of
the Roman Empire. Licinius was
made a prisoner, and although his
life was spared for a time, Constantine
had him put to death in 324 A.D.
27. tribus Caesaribus: they
were the sons of Constantine the
Great, Constantine, Constans, and
Constantius.
Page 97.
Ch. 8.
20. urbem nōminis:
Constantinople, a city which he
built on the site of ancient Byzantium.
This he aimed to make his
capital city. Here he had a second
senate, a praefect of the city,
regiones, and even largesses; all of
which showed that the supremacy
of Rome was at an end.
24. in vīllā pūblicā: a building[162]
similar in character to the one at
Rome, Ch. 2.
Page 98.
Ch. 10.
15. Cōnstantī:
he ruled from 337 to 361 A.D.
He was the third son of Constantine
the Great. Under him the whole
empire again became subject to one
ruler. But in 355 A.D. he was compelled
to make Julian Caesar and to
send him into Gaul to oppose the
barbarians.
Page 99.
Ch. 14.
24. Iūliānum:
called the Apostate, because, although
he had been brought up a
Christian, later he rejected Christianity
and returned to Paganism.
He was a brave soldier and a good
general. Forced by his soldiers to
assume the purple, he hesitated to
begin a civil war, but was relieved
of the necessity by the opportune
death of Constantius in 361 A.D.
“Julian was an extraordinary character.
As a monarch, he was indefatigable
in his attention to business,
upright in his administration, and
comprehensive in his views; as a
man, he was virtuous in the midst
of a profligate age, and did not yield
to the luxurious temptations to
which he was exposed.” Many of
his literary works are extant.
Creighton, p. 116.
Page 100.
Ch. 16.
21. cuī
… interfuī: what part Eutropius
took in this expedition is not
known.
24. remeāns victor: in the last
battle fought on the 26th of June,
Julian was mortally wounded by an
arrow and died the same day.
Page 101.
Ch. 17.
15. Ioviānus:
his full name was Flavius
Claudius Jovian. His short reign is
remarkable only for the disgraceful
peace he made with the Persians.
Although he was a Christian, he protected
the pagans.
20. fīnibus: he agreed that the
Romans would surrender their conquests
beyond the Tigris and would
give up several fortresses in Mesopotamia.
24. Pontium Telesīnum: it is
generally stated that Gavius Pontius
was the leader of the Samnites in
the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps
Eutropius confuses him with
Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the
Samnites in the Social war.
Page 102.
Ch. 18.
8. nimiā
crūditāte: ‘violent indigestion.’
21. quam … reservāmus:
whether he ever fulfilled his intention
and wrote another book is
unknown.
Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are
derived. To this there are two exceptions: (1) When neither the simple
verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in
the case of certain verbs like sūmō and surgō, which, though themselves compounds,
came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served as a basis for other
compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple verbs indicates that they are
not found in the text, but that two or more compounds occur.
All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words
when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary.
A.
A. , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus.
ā, ab, abs (ā only before consonants or h, ab before vowels and consonants, abs usually only before t and q, especially frequent before te), prep. with abl., 1, of place, from, away from, out of;
2, of time, from, since, after;
3, of agency, by;
4, of separation, source, cause, from, through, because of.
abdūcō, see dūcō.
abeō, see eō.
aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus [ab + oleō], to destroy, abolish, wipe out.
abrogō, see rogō.
absēns, sentis [orig. part. of absum], adj., absent, away.
absimilis, e [ab + similis], adj., unlike.
abstineō, see teneō.
absum, see sum.
abundantia, ae [abundō, to overflow; ab + unda], f., plenty, fullness, abundance.
ac, see atque.
accēdō, see cēdō.
accidō, see cadō.
accipiō, see capiō.
acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + clāmō, to shout], to shout loudly, exclaim.
ācer, ācris, ācre, comp. ācrior, sup. ācerrimus, adj., sharp, bitter; keen, vigorous, fierce.
acerbē [acerbus], adv., bitterly, cruelly, severely.
acerbitās, ātis [acerbus], f., harshness, severity, unkindness.
acerbus, a, um, adj., bitter, harsh, cruel.
Achaea, ae, f., a district in the Peloponnesus.
Later the Roman province of Southern Greece.
Achillēs, is, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by Paris, the hero of the Iliad.
Achilleus, ī, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 A.D.
aciēs, ēī, f., the sharp point of a sword; battle line; battle.
Acilius, ī, m., see Glabriō.
Actium, ī, n., a town in Epirus;
a promontory near the town.
āctuārius, ī, m., a secretary, shorthand writer.
āctus, a, um, see agō.
ad, prep. with accus., 1, of place, to, towards, to the house of, at, near;
2, of time, up to, towards, until, at;
3, of purpose, to, in order to, for, for the sake of.
addō, see dō.
[166]
addūcō, see dūcō.
adēmī, ademptus, see adimō.
adeō [ad + eō, adv.], adv., to this point, so, very, to such a degree.
adeptus, see adipīscor.
adfectātor, ōris [adfectō], m., one that strives for.
adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + fectō, freq. of faciō], to strive after, aspire to.
adferō, see ferō.
adficiō, see faciō.
adfīnitās, ātis [ad + fīnis], f., relationship (by marriage).
adflīgō, see *flīgō.
Adherbal, alis, m., a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by Jugurtha.
adhortor, ārī, ātus sum [ad + hortor, to urge], to encourage, exhort, stimulate, urge.
adhūc [ad + hūc], adv., up to this time or place; still, although, yet.
Adiabēnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern part of ancient Assyria.
Adiabēnicus, a, um, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a conqueror of the Adiabeni.
adimō, see emō.
adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum [ad + apīscor, to gain], to get, obtain, reach.
adicio, see *iaciō.
adiungo, see iungō.
adiūtor, ōris [adiūvō, to assist], m., a helper, assistant, confederate.
administrātiō, ōnis [administrō], f., management, government.
administrō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ministrō, to manage], to manage, govern, regulate, carry on (war).
admīrātiō, ōnis [admīror], f., admiration, wonderment, astonishment.
admīror, see mīror.
admittō, see mittō.
admodum [ad + modus], adv., up to the full limit, very, exceedingly.
adnītor, see nītor.
adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + notō, to mark], to observe, remark.
adoleō, ēre, uī [ad + oleō, to emit a smell], to turn to vapor, burn.
adoptiō, ōnīs [adoptō], f., adoption.
adoptō, see optō.
adōrō, see ōrō.
adrigō, see regō.
adsentor, see sentiō.
adserō, see *serō.
adsertor, ōris [adserō], m., a claimant.
adsessor, ōris [adsideō, to sit by], m., an assistant, aid; legal adviser.
adspiciō, see *speciō.
adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus [ad + surgō (sub + regō), to rise], to rise, arise.
adulēscēns, entis [adolēscō, to grow up], m., young;
as substantive, a young man.
adventō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ventō, intens. of veniō], to arrive.
adventus, ūs [adveniō, to arrive], m., arrival.
adversus, a, um [advertō, to turn to], adj., turned to or towards; opposed to, adverse.
adversus and adversum, prep. with accus., facing, in opposition to, against.
advocātus, ī [advocō, to call to aid], m., a pleader, advocate; aider, helper.
advolō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + volō, to fly], to fly to, hurry on, rush.
aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus [aedis + faciō], to build.
aedīlīcius, ī [aedīlis, aedile, a Roman magistrate], m., one who has been an aedile.
[167]
aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick, feeble.
aegrē [aeger], adv., with difficulty, scarcely.
aegritūdō, inis [aeger], f., sickness, grief, vexation, mortification.
aegrōtō, āre, āvī [aeger], to be sick, languid, pine.
Aegyptus, ī, m., Egypt.
Aeliānus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.
Aelius, ī, m., see Hadriānus.
Aemiliānus, ī, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 A.D.
Aemilius, ī, m, the name of a Roman gens.
1. Lūcius Aemilius, consul 224 B.C.
2. Mārcus Aemilius (Mamercus), dictator.
See Lepidus, Paulus.
aemula, ae [aemulus], f., a rival.
aemulor, ārī, ātus sum [aemulus], to rival, vie with, emulate.
aemulus, a, um, adj., striving earnestly after, emulating, rivaling; envious.
aēneüs, a, um [aes, copper], adj., of copper, bronze.
aequālis, e [aequus], adj., equal, like;
as subst., a companion.
Aequī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aequi, a people dwelling in the upper valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of Latium.
aequitās, ātis [aequus], f., evenness, fairness, justice.
aequō, āre, āvī, ātus [aequus], to make even, place on an equality.
aequus, a, um, adj., even, level; fair, just;
aequō animō, impartially.
aerārium, ī [aes, copper], n., treasury, fund.
aestās, ātis, f., summer.
aetās, ātis, f., time of life, life; old age; period of time, time.
Aetōlī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of Greece.
aevum, ī, n., period of life, life, age.
Āfer, Āfrī, m., an African, especially an inhabitant of Carthage.
Āfranius, ī, m., L. Afranius, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed in Africa, 46 B.C.
Āfrica, ae, f., Africa; often the northern part of the continent, especially the part near Carthage.
Āfricānus, ī, m., see Scīpiō.
ager, agrī, m., field, farm, estate; territory, land; the country.
aggredior, see *gradior.
āgnōscō, see nōscō.
agō, agere, ēgī, āctus, to set in motion, drive, lead; act, do, perform; treat, deal; spend, pass time;
grātiās agere, to give thanks.
con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus, to drive together, collect; force.
ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive out; complete; pass, end.
re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive back; reduce; render, bring.
sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive under, put down, conquer.
trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to carry through, finish, settle, perform.
agrestis, e [ager], adj., of the fields, rustic;
as subst., countryman.
Agrigentum, ī, n., a Greek colony in Sicily.
Agrippa, ae, m., M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa, son-in-law of Atticus, minister of Augustus.
Agrippīna, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul.
āla, ae, f., a wing, flank.
Alamannī, ōrum, pl. m., the Alamanni,[168]
a name applied to a confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main.
Albānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Albānī, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea.
Albīnus, ī, m., a family name at Rome.
1. Clōdius Albīnus, governor of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 A.D.
2. Sp. Postumius (Albīnus), consul 344 and 321 B.C.
3. Aulus Postumius Albinus, consul 242 B.C.
4. L. Postumius Albīnus, consul 234 and 229 B.C.
5. Sp. Postumius Albinus, consul 186 B.C.
6. Sp. Postumius Albīnus, consul 110 B.C.
Albis, is, m., the river Elbe in Germany.
Alexander, drī, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the conqueror of Persia; B.C. 356-323.
Alexander, drī, m., see Aurēlius.
Alexandrīa, ae, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.
Alexandrīnus, a, um, adj., Alexandrine, pertaining to Alexandrīa.
Algidus, ī, m., a mountain in Latium.
aliās [alius], adv., at another time, under other circumstances.
aliēnus, a, um [alius], adj., belonging to another, another’s.
aliquamdiū [aliquis + diū], adv., for a while, for some time.
aliquantus, a, um, adj., some, considerable.
aliquī, quae, quod [alius + quī], indef. pron. adj., some one or other, some, any.
aliquis, qua, quid [alius + quis], indef. pron., some one, something; any one, anything; some;
as subst., aliquid, n., something, anything.
aliquot [alius + quot], indef. indecl. adj., some, several.
alius, alia, aliud, adj., another, other, different, else;
alius … alius, one … one, another … another; pl., some … others;
longē aliam (aliō) atque, very different from.
Allectus, ī, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain.
Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about 11 miles north of Rome.
Alma, ae, f., a mountain in Pannonia.
Alpēs, ium, f., the Alps.
alter, altera, alterum, pron. adj., one of two, the other, the second;
alter … alter, the one … the other.
Altīnum, ī, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the mouth of the river Silis.
altitūdō, inis [altus, high], f., height, depth.
amābilis, e [amō, to love], adj., worthy of love, lovely, amiable.
Amandus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.
ambō, ae, ō, adj., both.
Ambrōnēs, um, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae in 102 B.C.
amīcitia, ae [amīcus], f., friendship.
amīcus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., friendly;
[169]as subst., amīcus, ī, m., a friend.
Amīsus, I, Gr. acc. Amīson, f., a coast city of Pontus, the residence of Mithradates the Great.
āmittō, see mittō.
amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream.
amoenitās, ātis [amoenus], f., pleasantness, agreeableness.
amoenus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., pleasing, charming.
amor, ōris [amō, to love], m., love; a beloved object, one’s love.
amphitheātrum, ī, n., amphitheater.
amplē [amplus], adv., largely.
amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus + faciō], to increase, enlarge.
ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus], to enlarge, magnify.
amplius [amplus], comp. of amplē, more, further.
amplus, a, um, adj., great, large; noble, distinguished.
ancilla, ae, f., a maid-slave, maid.
Ancus, ī, m., see Mārcius.
Andriscus, ī, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of Perseus and assumed the name of Philip.
angustia, ae [angustus, narrow], f., narrowness; pl., narrow places, a pass.
Anicius, ī, m., C. Anicius, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, 176-168 B.C.
Aniēn, ēnis or Aniō, ōnis, m., a small tributary of the Tiber.
animus, ī, m., soul, mind; disposition, feelings; courage, spirit.
Annius, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
annus, ī, m., a year.
annuus, a, um [annus], adj., annual; lasting a year.
ante, adv., of space, before, in front of;
of time, before, previously, ago;
prep. with accus., both of space and time, in front of, before.
anteā [ante], adv., before, formerly.
Antemnātēs, um, pl. m., the inhabitants of Antemnae, a Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber.
Anthemūsia, ae, f., a province of Mesopotamia.
Antiochēnsēs, ium, m., the inhabitants of Antioch.
Antiochīa, ae, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes.
Antiochus, ī, m., kings of Syria.
1. Antiochus II., called Theos, 261-246 B.C.
2. Antiochus III., called the Great, 223-187 B.C.
3. Antiochus IV., called Epiphanes, 175-164 B.C.
antīquus, a, um [ante], adj., old, belonging to a former time.
Antōnīniānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Antonines.
Antōnīnus, ī, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors.
1. T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius, 138-161 A.D.
2. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-180 A.D.
3. L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-169 A.D.
4. L. Antōnīnus Commodus, 180-193 A.D.
5. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla, 211-217 A.D.
6. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, Heliogabalus, 218-222 A.D.
Antōnius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
1. C. Antōnius, consul 63 B.C.
2. L. Antōnius, consul 41 B.C.
3. M. Antōnius, the friend of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C.
Anullīnus, ī, m., a Roman senator.
ānulus, ī [dim. of ānus, a circle], m., a ring.
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Aper, prī, m., Arrius Aper, praetorian praefect. He was put to death by Diocletian, 284 A.D.
āperiō, see *pariō.
Apollonia, ae, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus.
Apollōnius, ī, m., Apollōnius Chalcēdonius, called Dyscolus, “the ill-tempered.” A rhetorician.
apoplēxis, is, f., apoplexy.
apparātus, ūs, m., equipment, preparation; splendor, pomp.
appareō, see pareō.
appellō, see pellō.
appetō, see petō.
Appiōn, ōnis, m., Appiōn Ptolemaeus, king of Cyrene, 117-96 B.C.
Appius, ī, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens.
Appius, a, um, adj., Appian; especially the via Appia, the famous road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C.
appōnō, see pōnō.
apprīmē [prīmus], adv., most of all.
apud, prep. with acc., of place, near;
of persons, with, among, in the presence of, at the house of;
with the name of an author, in the works of.
Āpūlia, ae, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy.
aqua, ae, f., water.
Aquilēia, ae, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
Aquīlius, ī, m., see Flōrus.
Aquītānia, ae, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees.
Arabēs, ūm, pl. m., the inhabitants of Arabia.
Arabia, ae, f., Arabia.
Arabicus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Arabia, cognomen of Septimius Severus.
arbitrium, ī [arbiter, judge], n., judgment; will; power.
*arceō, ēre, uī, —, to inclose; prohibit.
con—coërceō, ēre, uī, itus, to shut in; restrain, check.
ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus, to exercise, drill.
Archelāus, ī, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates.
(2) Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 B.C.-14 A.D.
Ardea, ae, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.
ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus, to be hot, burn; be eager, excited.
argenteus, a, um [argentum], adj., of silver.
Argentorātum, ī, n., a city in Belgic Gaul.
argentum, ī, n., silver; money.
Argī, ōrum, pl. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus.
Ariarātus, ī, m., called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-162 B.C.
Arīminum, ī, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.
Ariobarzēnēs, is, m., king of Cappadocia, 93-63 B.C.
Aristarchus, ī, m., made king of Colchis by Pompey.
Aristō, ōnis, m., an Athenian philosopher who surrendered Athens to Mithradates, 87 B.C.
Aristobūlus, ī, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, 63 B.C.
Aristonīcus, ī, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus.
arma, ōrum, pl. n., weapons; warfare.
Armenēs, is, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta.
[171]Armenia, ae, f., a country of Asia southeast of the Black Sea.
Armenia Minor, the portion west of the Euphrates.
Armeniacus, a, um, adj., pertaining to or belonging to Armenia.
Armeniī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Armenia.
armō, āre, āvī, ātus [arma], to arm, equip;
ārmatī, armed men, soldiers.
Armoricum, ī, n., the northern part of Celtic Gaul.
arō, āre, āvī, ātus, to plow.
ars, artis, f., skill, art, knowledge.
ārsī, see ārdeō.
Artacēs, is, m., a king of Hiberia, conquered by Pompey.
Artaxata, ae, f., the capital city of Armenia Māior.
Ārūns, ūntis, m., the son of Tarquinius Superbus.
Arvernī, ōrum, pl. m., an important tribe of Celtic Gaul.
Arzanēna, ae, f., a district of Armenia Maior, bounded on the south by the Tigris.
ascendō, see *scandō.
Asclēpiodotus, ī, m., a praetorian praefect during the reign of Diocletian.
Asia, ae, f., Asia; Asia Minor.
Asiāgenēs, is, m., a Greek term for the Latin Asiāticus; cognomen of L. Cornēlius Scīpiō, conqueror of Antiochus.
Asina, ae, m. (1) Cn. Cornēlius Asina, consul 260 B.C.
(2) P. Cornēlius (Asina), consul 218 B.C.
Asinius, ī, m., Hierius Asinius, leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war, 90 B.C.
asper, aspera, asperum, adj., rough, bitter; violent, severe.
asperitās, ātis [asper], f., roughness, harshness.
aspis, idis, f., an asp, viper.
assiduus, a, um [adsideō, to sit by or near], adj., continually present, busied; diligent, persistent, faithful; continual, unceasing, unremitting.
Assyria, ae, f., a division of Asia between Media, Mesopotamia, and Babylon.
Ātella, ae, f., a small town in Campania.
Athēnae, ārum, pl. f., Athens, the chief city of Attica.
Athēniēnsis, e, adj., Athenian.
Atīlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Bulcus, Rēgulus.
atque, ac (the latter used only before consonants), conj., and, and especially, and even; than, as;
simul ac, as soon as;
idem ac, the same as;
alius ac, other than;
contrā atque, differently from what.
atrōx, ōcis, adj., savage, fierce, cruel, terrible.
Attalus, ī, m., kings of Pergamus.
1. Attalus I., 241-197 B.C.
2. Attalus Philadelphus, 159-138 B.C.
3. Attalus Philometor, 138-133 B.C.
Attalus, ī, m., king of Paphlagonia.
atterō, ere, trīvī, trītus [ad + terō, to rub], to rub against, rub away, wear; destroy, waste.
attingō, see *tangō.
attrītus, see atterō.
attulī, see adferō.
auctor, ōris [augeō], m., producer, originator, cause.
auctōritās, ātis [auctor], f., authority, power; influence, weight, dignity.
auctus, a, um, see augeō.
audāx, ācis [audeō], adj., bold, daring, audacious.
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audeō, ēre, ausus sum, to dare, attempt.
audiō, īre, īvī, ītus, to hear, hear of, listen to.
ob—oboediō, īre, īvī, ītus, to give ear to, hearken, listen; yield.
audītōrium, ī [audiō], n., a lecture hall.
auferō, see ferō.
Aufidius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Orestēs.
augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus, to increase, spread; praise, honor; enrich.
Augustus, ī, m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in 27 B.C., and after him to all the Roman emperors.
Aureliānus, ī, m., Lucius Domitius Aureliānus, Roman emperor, 270-275 A.D.
Aurēlius, a, um, adj., Aurelian; esp. via Aurēlia, the Aurelian road.
Aurēlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
Aurēlius Alexander, Roman emperor, 222-235 A.D.
See Antōnīnus, Cotta.
aureus, a, um [aurum], adj., golden, of gold; embroidered with gold.
Aureus mōns, m., a mountain in Upper Moesia.
aurum, ī, n., gold.
Aurunculēius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cotta.
auspicium, ī [avis + *speciō], n., divination by watching the flight, or noting the cries, of birds; an omen; auspices.
ausus, see audeō.
aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or.
autem, conj., always postpositive, but, however, moreover.
auxilium, ī [augeō], n., help, aid;
pl., auxiliary troops (usually foreign and light armed).
avārē [avārus, greedy], adv., greedily.
avāritia, ae [avārus, greedy], f., greed, avarice.
Aventīnus, ī, m. (sc. mōns), the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome.
āvertō, see *vertō.
avidus, a, um, adj., comp. avidior, desirous, eager, greedy.
avis, is, f., bird.
avunculus, ī [dim. of avus], m., mother’s brother, uncle.
avus, ī, m., grandfather, ancestor.
B.
Babylōn, ōnis, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.
Bacaudae, ārum, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in the reign of Diocletian.
Balbīnus, ī, m., (D. Caelius) Balbīnus was elected emperor by the Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 A.D.
barbaria, ae [barbarus], f., a strange land, a foreign country (opposed to Greece and Italy).
barbaricus, a, um [barbarus], adj., foreign, strange;
as subst., Barbaricum, ī, n., strange land.
barbarus, a, um, adj., foreign, barbarous, barbarian;
as subst., barbarī, ōrum, pl. m., foreigners, barbarians.
Bassiānus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
Bassus, ī, m., L. (P.) Ventidius Bassus, a Roman general who gained several victories over the Parthians. Consul 43 B.C.
Basternae, ārum, pl. m., a warlike German people living near the mouth of the Danube.
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beātus, a, um [beō, to bless], adj., blessed, happy, prosperous.
Bēdriacum, ī, n., a small town in Cisalpine Gaul.
Belgicus, a, um, adj., Belgic;
Gallia Belgica, or absol. Belgica, the northern part of Gaul between the Rhine and the Seine.
bellicōsus, a, um [bellicus], adj., warlike, fond of war, fierce.
bellicus, a, um [bellum], adj., pertaining to war, military, martial.
bellō, āre, āvī, ātus [bellum], to wage war.
re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātus, to wage war again, rebel.
bellum, ī [for duellum, from duo], n., war, warfare.
bene [bonus], adv., comp. melius, sup. optimē; well, successfully.
Beneventum, ī, n., a city in Campania in Italy.
benīgnitās, ātis [benīgnus], f., good-will, kindness.
benīgnus, a, um, adj., kind, favorable.
Berenīcē, ēs, f., a city in Cyrenaica in Africa.
Bessī, ōrum, pl. m., a mountain tribe of Thrace.
Bēstia, ae, m., L. Calpurnius Bēstia, consul 111 B.C.
bēstia, ae, f., a beast, animal.
bibō, ere, bibī, —, to drink.
Bibulus, ī, m., L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus, consul with Caesar 59 B.C.
biennium, ī [bis + annus], n., two years’ time.
bīnī, ae, a [bis], dist. num. adj., two by two, two each.
bis [duis; cf. duo], num. adv., twice.
Bīthȳnia, ae, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and Black Sea.
Bituītus, ī, m., a king of the Arverni in Gaul.
Blaesus, ī, m., C. Semprōnius Blaesus, consul 253 B.C.
blanditia, ae, f., flattery;
in pl., blandishments, allurements.
blatteus, a, um [blatta, purple], adj., purple-colored.
blattinus, a, um [blatta, purple], adj., purple-colored.
Bocchus, ī, m., a king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.
Bōiōnius, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
bonitās, ātis [bonus], f., goodness.
Bononia, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul, now Boulogne.
Bonōsus, ī, m., a Spaniard who usurped the imperial title in Gaul in the reign of Probus, 281 A.D.
bonus, a, um, adj., comp. melior, sup. optimus; good, advantageous, friendly;
bonō animō esse, to feel friendly;
as subst., bonum, ī, n., profit;
bonī, ōrum, pl. m., good men, loyal citizens;
bona, ōrum, pl. n., goods.
Bosporānī, ōrum, pl. m., dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus.
Bosporus, ī, m.
1. Cimmerius Bosporus, the strait leading from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov.
2. A city in the Crimea on the Cimmerian Bosporus.
bracchium, ī, n., an arm.
breviārium, ī [brevis], n., a summary, abridgment, epitome.
brevis, e, adj., short, brief.
brevitās, ātis [brevis], f., shortness.
Britannicus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Britain, British;
as subst., Britannicus, ī, m., son of the emperor Claudius and Messalina.
Britannī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Britain, Britons.
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Britannia, ae, f., Britain, England and Scotland;
in the pl. includes Ireland.
Brundisīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of the city of Brundisium, in Calabria.
Bruttiī, ōrum, pl. m., a people in the southwestern part of Italy.
Brūtus, ī, m., a family name at Rome.
1. D. Iūnius Brūtus. He conquered the Callaeci and Lusitani, and won the name of Callaecus in consequence. Consul 138 B.C.
2. L. Iūnius Brūtus, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Collatinus 509 B.C.
3. (M. Iūnius) Brūtus, one of the murderers of Caesar.
Budalia, ae, f., a town in Lower Pannonia, the birthplace of the emperor Decius.
Bulcus, ī, m., C. Atīlius Bulcus, consul 237 B.C.
Burdigala, ae, f., a city in Aquitania, now Bordeaux.
Burziaonē, ēs, f., a city in the modern Bulgaria.
Bȳzantium, ī, n., a city on the Thracian Bosporus, later Constantinople.
C.
C., abbreviation of the praenomen Gaius.
C. ＝ centum, 100.
Cabīra, ōrum, pl. n., a city in Pontus, on the border of Armenia.
Cabylē, ēs, f., a town in Thrace.
cadāver, eris [cadō], n., a corpse.
cadō, ere, cecidī, casūrus, to fall, be killed, die; happen.
ad—accidō, ere, cidī, —, to happen, befall, come to pass.
con—concidō, ere, cidī, —, to fall, be slain, perish.
in—incidō, ere, cidī, —, to fall, fall in with, meet; happen.
Caecilius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
Q. Caecilius, consul 206 B.C.
See Metellus.
Caecus, ī, m., Appius Claudius (Caecus), consul 307 B.C.
caedēs, is [caedō], f., killing, slaughter, massacre.
caedo, ere, cecīdī, caesus, to cut, cut to pieces; kill, conquer, rout;
virgīs caedere, flog.
ex—excīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus, to cut out, cut down, cut off; demolish, lay waste.
ob—occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus, to cut down, kill, slay.
Caelius, a, um, adj., Caelian;
Caelius Mōns, the Caelian Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.
caelum, ī, n., heaven, sky.
Caenīnēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Caenīna, a town of the Sabines.
Caenophrūrium, ī, n., a town in Thrace.
Caepiō, ōnis, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. Cn. Servīlius Caepiō, consul 253 B.C.
2. Q. (Cn.) Servīlius Caepiō, consul 140 B.C.
3. Q. (Servīlius) Caepiō, consul 106 B.C.
Caesar, aris, m., a family name in the Julian gens.
1. C. Iūlius Caesar, the famous dictator. See Notes, p. 144.
2. Sex. Iūlius Caesar, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 B.C.
3. C. Octāviānus, see Augustus, Octāviānus.
Caesarēa, ae, f., the name given to several cities founded in honor of the Caesars.
[175]1. Caesarēa in Cappadocia.
2. Caesarēa in Mauretania.
3. Caesarēa in Palestine.
caesus, a, um, see caedō.
Calābria, ae, f., a division of southern Italy.
calamitās, ātis, f., a calamity, defeat.
calceāmentum, ī, n., a shoe.
calidus, a, um, adj., comp. calidior; warm, hot.
Caligula, ae, m., C. Caesar, surnamed Caligula, Roman emperor 37-41 A.D.
Callaecī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of the northern part of Spain.
Callatis, is, f., a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea.
callidē [callidus, shrewd], adv., keenly, shrewdly.
Callinīcum, ī, m., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.
Calpurnius, ī, m., see Bēstia.
Calvīnus, ī, m., Sex. Domitius Calvīnus, consul 127 B.C.
calx, cis, f., limestone, lime; the goal of the race-course.
Camillus, ī, m., 1. (M.) Fūrius Camillus, a famous Roman hero.
2. L. Fūrius (Camillus), consul 349 B.C.
Campānia, ae, f., a district of Italy on the western side, south of Latium.
campus, ī, a plain;
Campus Mārtius, the level space north of the Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was outside of the walls in the earliest times, and served as a place for exercise.
Canīna, ae, m., C. Claudius Canīna, consul 273 B.C.
Cannae, ārum, pl. f., a small town in Apulia, where one of the most important battles of the Second Punic War was fought, 216 B.C.
Cantabria, ae, f., a division in the northern part of Spain.
cantō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of canō, to sing], to produce melodious sounds, sing.
capiō, ere, cēpī, captus, to take, get, seize, capture, arrive at;
consilium capere, to form a plan.
ad—accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to accept, receive; listen to, learn.
dē—dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take in, catch, deceive, cheat.
ex—excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take out, except, take up; intercept, capture; receive.
prae—praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take beforehand, foresee; bid, order, direct, instruct.
re—recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take back, receive; admit;
sē recipere, to retreat.
sub—suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take up; admit, support; undertake, incur, undergo.
Capitōlium, ī, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; the hill on which this stood, the Mōns Capitōlīnus, the citadel as well as the chief sanctuary of Rome.
Cappadocia, ae, f., a province in Asia Minor.
Cappadox, ocis, m., a Cappadocian.
captīvus, a, um [capiō], adj., captive;
as subst., captīvus, ī, m., captīva, ae, f., captive, prisoner of war.
captus, a, um, see capiō.
Capua, ae, f., a Greek city near Naples, in Campania.
caput, itis, n., the head; a person, man; mouth (of a river); life.
Caracalla, ae, m., see M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus.
Carausius, ī, m., a commander of the fleet under Maximian. He revolted, and after some time was slain, 293 A.D.
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Carbō, ōnis, m., 1. Cn. (Papīrius) Carbō, consul 113 B.C.
2. (Cn.) Papīrius Carbō, consul 82 B.C.
carcer, eris, m., prison.
Cardueni, ōrum, pl. m., a powerful and warlike people in the southeastern part of Armenia Māior.
careō, ēre, uī, itus, to be without, be free from, be destitute of; refrain from, abstain from.
Carīnās, ātis, m., C. Carīnās, a leader of the Marian party.
Carīnus, ī, m., the son of the emperor Carus. He was associated with his father in the government.
Carnuntum, ī, n., an ancient Celtic town in Upper Pannonia, on the Danube.
Carpī, ōrum, pl. m., a German people living between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube.
Carrae, ārum, pl. f., a city in Mesopotamia.
Carthalō, ōnis, m., a leader of the Carthaginians, slain by Q. Fabius Maximus.
Cārus, ī, m., (M. Aurēlius) Cārus, Roman emperor, 282-283 A.D.
Casca, ae, m., (P.) Servīlius Casca, consul 44 B.C.
Cassius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
See Longīnus, Viscellīnus.
castellum, ī [dim. from castrum], n., a stronghold, castle, fort.
castrum, ī, n., a fortified place, town;
pl., castra, ōrum, pl. n., a camp; a campaign.
cāsus, ūs [cadō], m., that which befalls; event, chance, misfortune, death.
Catalaunī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Belgic Gaul.
catēna, ae, f., a chain, fetter.
catēnō, āre, āvī, ātus [catēna], to bind with chains.
Catilīna, ae, m., L. Sergius Catiline, a conspirator during the consulship of Cicerō, 63 B.C.
Catinēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Catina, or Catana, in Sicily.
Catō, ōnis, m., a family name in the Porcian gens.
1. (M.) Porcius Catō, consul 89 B.C.
2. C. (Porcius) Catō, consul 114 B.C.
3. M. Porcius Catō, consul 118 B.C.
4. M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis.
Cattī, ōrum, pl. m., one of the most important nations in Germany, in Hesse, and Thuringia.
Catulus, ī, m., a family name at Rome.
1. C. Lutātius Catulus, consul 242 B.C.
2. Q. Lutātius (Catulus), consul 241 B.C.
3. Q. Lutātius Catulus, consul 202 B.C.
4. Q. (Lutātius) Catulus, consul 78 B.C.
Caudex, icis, m., Appius Claudius (Caudex), consul 264 B.C.
Caudīnus, a, um, adj., Caudine;
Furculae Caudīnae, the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite mountains.
Caudium, ī, n., a town in Samnium.
causa, ae, f., reason, motive; pretext; case, state;
causā, with gen. postpositive, for the sake of, on account of;
causam dare, to occasion, cause.
causidicus, ī [causa + dīcō], m., a pleader, advocate, special pleader.
cecidī, see cadō.
cecīdī, see caedō.
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cēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move, yield, retreat.
ad—accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to move towards, draw near; be added; agree to, enter into.
con—concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to withdraw, retire, depart; submit; allow, grant, concede.
dē—dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to go away, withdraw, depart; to die (sc. vītā).
in—incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to advance, approach; march; move slowly.
inter—intercēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to go between; intervene; occur.
prae—praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to go before.
prō—prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move forward, advance, make progress.
re—recēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move back, withdraw, retire, retreat.
sub—succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to come up, advance; succeed, follow.
celeber, bris, bre, adj., famous.
celebrō, āre, āvī, ātus [celeber], to practice, repeat; celebrate.
celeritās, ātis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, speed, alertness.
celerō, āre, —, — [celer, swift], to hasten.
Celtiberia, ae, f., a mountainous country in the central part of Spain.
cēna, ae, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about three o’clock.
cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus [cēna], to dine, eat.
cēnsor, ōris [cēnseō, to value], m., censor, a Roman magistrate, elected every four years, to classify the citizens.
Cēnsōrīnus, ī, m., L. Mānlius Cēnsōrīnus, consul 149 B.C.
cēnsus, ūs [cēnseō, to value], m., the census, an enumeration and classification of the people according to wealth.
centēnī, ae a, a [centum], distrib. num. adj., a hundred each.
centēsimus, a, um [centum], num. adj., hundredth.
centum, indecl. num. adj., a hundred.
Centumalus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, consul 229 B.C.
2. Cn. Fulvius (Centumalus), consul 211 B.C.
centuriō, ōnis [centum], m., a century, a division of the army or the people, containing a hundred men.
cēpī, see capiō.
cernō, ere, crēvī, certus, to separate; see, perceive; decide, determine.
dē—dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus, to decide, determine; decree, vote, intrust (by a decree); contend, fight.
certāmen, inis [certō, to fight], n., a struggle, battle, engagement.
certātim [certō, to fight], adv., in rivalry, zealously.
certē [certus, certain], adv., certainly, surely.
cessī, see cēdō.
cessō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of cēdō], to be inactive, loiter, delay; come to an end, cease.
(cēterus), a, um [nom. sing. m. lacking], adj., the rest, the others, others.
Chaerōnēnsis, e, adj., belonging to Chaerōnēa, a town in Boeotia.
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Chalcēdōn, ōnis, f., a Greek city in Bithynia.
Chalcēdōnius, a, um, adj., belonging to Chalcedon.
chlamys, ydis, f., a Grecian upper garment of wool, military cloak, state mantle.
Christiānus, a, um, adj., Christian;
Christiāna religiō, Christianity.
Cibalae, ārum, pl. f., a town in Pannonia.
Cicerō, ōnis, m., M. Tullius Cicerō, the famous orator, consul 63 B.C.
Cilicia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea.
Cimbrī, ōrum, pl. m., a Germanic tribe which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius, 101 B.C.
Cimbricus, a, um, adj., Cimbrian.
Cincinnātus, ī, m., a Roman family name.
1. L. Quīntius Cincinnātus, consul 460 B.C.
2. T. Quīntius Cincinnātus, conquered the Praenestini near the river Allia.
Cīneas, ae, m., the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
cingō, ere, cīnxī, cīnctus, to encircle, surround;
gird, gird on, equip;
obsidiōne cingere, to blockade, besiege.
Cinna, ae, m., L. Cornelius Cinna, consul 87, 86 B.C.
circā, adv. and prep. with acc., around, round about, throughout.
Circēsium, ī, n., a city of Mesopotamia on the Euphrates.
circueō, see circumeō.
circuitus, ūs [circumeō], m., a going round, circuit, winding way.
circumdūcō, see dūcō.
circumeō, see eō.
circumferō, see ferō.
circumlātus, see circumferō.
circus, ī, m., a circle, inclosure for athletic sports, esp. chariot races;
Circus Māximus, see Notes, p. 108.
citharoedicus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to the citharoedī, those who play on the cithara, accompanying it with the voice.
*citō, āre, āvī, ātus [intens. of cieō, to cause to move], to rouse.
con—concitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to arouse, urge, excite.
ex—excitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to rouse forth, excite, stimulate.
cito, adv., quickly, speedily, soon.
cīvīlis, e [cīvis], adj., pertaining to a citizen;
civil;
polite, moderate.
cīvīlissimē, see cīvīliter.
cīvīlitās, ātis [cīvīlis], f., the art of government, politics;
courteousness, politeness, affability.
cīvīliter [cīvīlis], adv., sup. cīvīlissimē;
citizenlike, as becomes a private citizen.
cīvis, is, m., a citizen.
cīvitās, ātis, f., citizenship;
state, community;
city.
clārē [clārus], adv., clearly;
loudly.
clārēscō, ere, clarui, — [incho. of clāreō, to be bright], to grow bright;
become audible, sound clear;
become illustrious, grow famous.
clārus, a, um, adj., bright;
famous, renowned;
of sound, clear, loud.
classis, is, f., a class or division of citizens;
the navy;
fleet.
Claudius, ī, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of the Roman gentes.
1. Claudius I., Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero, Roman emperor, 41-54 A.D.
[179]2. Claudius II., M. Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor, 268-270 A.D.
See Caecus, Canīna, Caudex, Crassus, Mārcellus, Nerō, Pulcher.
Claudius, a, um, adj., Claudian.
claudō, ere, clausī, clausus, to shut, close, inclose.
con—conclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus, to shut up, confine.
ex—exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus, to shut out, cut off, exclude.
claustrum, ī [claudō], n., a barrier, hindrance; frontier, fortress, point of control.
clēmentia, ae [clēmēns, gentle], f., mercifulness, forbearance, kindness.
Cleopatra, ae, f., the famous queen of Egypt.
clībanārius, ī, m., a soldier clad in mail; a cuirassier.
clipeus, ī, m., a round shield, as distinguished from scutum, an oblong shield.
cloāca, ae, f., a sewer drain.
Clōdius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Albīnus.
Cluentius, ī, m., a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war.
Clypea, ae, f., a fortified town in the northern part of Africa, near Carthage.
Cn., abbreviation of the praenomen Gnaeus.
coāctus, see cōgō.
Cōchē, ēs, f., a city on the Tigris, near Ctesiphon.
coepī, isse, coeptus, defective verb, to begin.
coërceō, see *arceō.
coërcitor, ōris [coërceō], m., one who restrains, an enforcer.
cognitus, see cognōscō.
cognōmen, inis [con + (g)nōmen], n., a surname, a name added to the individual and clan names of a person, either as a title of honor, as Africānus, Māgnus, or as a nickname, as Cicerō. Cognōmina served to distinguish different families of the same gens.
cognōmentum, ī [cognōmen], n., a surname (rare).
cognōscō, see nōscō.
cōgō, see agō.
Colchī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Colchis, in Asia.
Collātīnus, ī, m., (L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus, the husband of Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C.
collīnus, a, um, [collis, a hill], adj., pertaining to a hill, hilly;
Porta Collīna, the Colline Gate.
collum, ī, m., neck.
colō, ere, uī, cultus, to till, cultivate; dwell in; practice, cherish; clothe, adorn; honor, esteem.
in—incolō, ere, uī, —, to dwell, settle, inhabit.
colōnia, ae, [colō], f., a colony, settlement.
columna, ae, f., a column, pillar.
coma, ae, f., hair.
comes, itis [con + eō], m. and f., a companion, comrade; attendant, follower.
comētēs, ae, Gr. acc. comētēn, m., a comet.
Commāgēnē, ēs, f., a district in the northern part of Syria.
commemorō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + memor, mindful], to call to mind, mention, tell.
commendātiō, ōnīs [commendō], f., commending, recommendation.
commendō, see mandō.
committō, see mittō.
commodē [commodus], adv., fitly, easily, properly, rightly.
commodum, ī [commodus], n., convenience, advantage, utility.
Commodus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
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commodus, a, um [con + modus], adj., in due measure, suitable, fit, convenient.
commoror, ārī, ātus sum [con + moror, to delay], to tarry, linger, abide, remain.
commoveō, see moveō.
commūnis, e [con + mūnus], adj., common; ordinary; public;
rēs commūnis, the public interest.
compāreō, see pāreō.
comparō, see parō.
comparō, āre, āvī, ātus [compār, like], to compare.
compellō, see pellō.
comperiō, see *pariō.
compescō, ere, uī, —, to confine, hold in check, repress, curb, restrain.
compleō, see *pleō.
complexus, ūs [complector, to embrace], m., surrounding, embrace.
compōnō, see pōnō.
compulī, see compellō.
computātiō, ōnis [computō, to sum up], f., a reckoning.
concēdō, see cēdō.
concidō, see cadō.
concitō, see *citō.
concitor, ōris [concitō], m., he who arouses, a stirrer up.
conclūdō, see claudō.
Concordia, ae, f., a Roman colony founded in Venetia.
concubīna, ae, f., a concubine.
condiciō, ōnis [condīcō, to agree], f., a condition, state; terms, stipulation.
condiscipulus, ī [con + discipulus, a student], m., a fellow-student, schoolmate.
conditor, ōris [condō], m., a founder, inventor, writer.
condō, see dō.
cōnfectus, see cōnficiō.
cōnferō, see ferō.
cōnfestim, adv., immediately, at once.
cōnficiō, see faciō.
cōnfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus [con + fīgō, to fix], to fasten together, unite.
cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + fīrmō, to make firm], to confirm, strengthen, encourage, affirm.
cōnflīgō, see *flīgō.
cōnfluō, see fluō.
cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus [con + fodiō, to dig], to dig; stab.
cōnfugiō, see fugiō.
cōnfundō, see fundō.
cōnfūsus, see cōnfundō.
congerō, see gerō.
congredior, see *gradior.
congregō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + grex, a herd], to collect, unite.
congressus, see congredior.
cōniciō, see *iaciō.
coniungō, see iungō.
coniūnx, coniugis [coniungō], m. and f., a husband, wife.
coniūrātiō, ōnis [coniūrō], f., a conspiracy, plot.
coniūrō, see iūrō.
conlātus, see conferō.
conlēga, ae [conligō], m., a colleague.
conligō, see legō.
conlocō, see locō.
conloquium, ī [con + loquor, to speak], n., an interview, conference.
cōnor, ārī, ātus sum, to attempt, try.
cōnscendō, see *scandō.
cōnsecrō, see *sacrō.
cōnsecūtus, see cōnsequor.
cōnsēdī, see cōnsīdō.
cōnsenēscō, see senēscō.
cōnsēnsī, see cōnsentiō.
cōnsēnsus, ūs [cōnsentiō], m., consent, assent, united opinion;
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commūnī cōnsēnsū, by common consent.
cōnsentio, see sentiō.
cōnsenuī, see cōnsenēscō.
cōnsequor, see sequor.
cōnserō, see *serō.
cōnsīdō, see sīdō.
cōnsilium, ī [cōnsulō], n., a plan, advice; counsel, wisdom; authority; council.
cōnsistō, see *sistō.
cōnsōbrīna, ae [con + soror], f., a cousin-german, first cousin.
cōnspectus, ūs [cōnspiciō], m., sight, presence.
cōnspiciō, see *speciō.
Cōnstāns, antis, m., the youngest of the three sons of Constantine the Great.
Cōnstantia, ae, f., daughter of Constantius Chlorus.
Cōnstantīnopolis, is, f., Constantinople, a city built on the site of Byzantium by Constantine the Great.
Cōnstantīnus, ī, m.,
1. Cōnstantīnus, surnamed “the Great.” Roman emperor 306-337 A.D.
2. Cōnstantīnus, son of (1).
Cōnstantius, ī, m.,
1. Cōnstantius Chlōrus, father of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 305-306 A.D.
2. Cōnstantius, third son of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 337-361 A.D.
cōnstitī, see cōnsistō.
cōnstituō, see *statuō.
cōnsuētūdō, inis [cōnsuēscō, to become accustomed], f., habit, custom, manner.
cōnsul, ulis, m., a consul. The usual name of the two highest officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their names were used in place of a date.
cōnsulāris, e [cōnsul], adj., of a consul, of consular rank;
as subst., an ex-consul.
cōnsulātus, ūs [cōnsul], m., consulate, consulship.
cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus, to consult, consider; counsel, give advice to; provide for; ask advice of.
cōnsultō [cōnsulō], adv., purposely.
cōnsultum, ī [cōnsulō], n., resolution, decree;
senātūs cōnsultum, decree of the senate.
cōnsultus, a, um [cōnsulō], adj., experienced, learned;
iūris cōnsultus, a lawyer.
cōnsūmō, see sūmō.
contāminō, āre, āvī, ātus [contāmen, touch], to bring into contact, mingle; corrupt, defile, pollute.
contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus [con + temnō, to scorn], to despise, scorn.
contendō, see tendō.
contentiō, ōnis [contendō], f., exertion, struggle; contest, contention.
contentus, a, um [contineō], adj., content, satisfied.
contigī, see contingō.
contineō, see teneō.
contingō, see *tangō.
continuus, a, um [contineō], adj., successive, uninterrupted.
cōntiō, ōnis [contr. from conventiō, assembling], f., assembly; an address (to the assembly).
contrā, prep. with acc., against, opposite to, contrary to;
adv., on the other hand;
contrā atque, contrary to what.
contrāctus, a, um, see contrahō.
contrādīcō, see dīcō.
contrahō, see trahō.
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contrōversia, ae [contrā + vertō], f., dispute, controversy.
contulī, see cōnferō.
conveniō, see veniō.
conventus, ūs [conveniō], m., a meeting, assembly.
conversus, see convertō.
convertō, see *vertō.
convīcium, ī [con + vocō], n., a loud noise, clamor, cry; insult.
convincō, see vincō.
convīvium, ī [con + vīvō], n., a feast.
cōpia, ae [co(n) + ops], f., abundance, supply;
pl., troops, supplies; means, force, wealth.
cōpiōsus, a, um [cōpia], adj., abounding in, well supplied, rich.
Corinthiī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Corinth.
Corinthus, ī, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 B.C.
Coriolānus, ī, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of Corioli, 493 B.C.
Coriolī, ōrum, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium.
Cornēlius, ī, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. See Asina, Cinna, Dolābella, Faustus, Fuscus, Galbus, Lentulus, Rūfīnus, Scīpiō, Sulla.
cornū, ūs, n., a horn; trumpet; wing (of an army).
corpus, oris, n., a body.
corrēctor, ōris [corrigō], m., a corrector, improver; a land bailiff, governor.
corrēctus, see corrigō.
corrēxī, see corrigō.
corrigō, see regō.
corripiō, see rapiō.
corrumpō, see rumpō.
Corsica, ae, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy.
Corvīnus, ī, m., M. Valerius Corvīnus, twice dictator, six times consul.
corvus, ī, m., a raven.
Corycus, ī, m., a city in Cilicia.
Cosconius, ī, m., C. Cosconius, a praetor during the Social War, 89 B.C.
Cotta, ae, m., 1. M. Aurēlius Cotta, consul 78 (74) B.C.
2. (L.) Aurunculēius (Cotta), one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul.
Cottius, ī, m., a king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps.
Cottius, a, um, adj., Cottian;
Alpēs Cottiae, the Cottian Alps, between France and Italy, from Mt. Viso to Mt. Cenis.
Cotys, yis, m., a Thracian king.
Crassus, ī, m., a Roman family name.
1. Appius Claudius Crassus, decemvir.
2. M. Licinius Crassus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C.
3. P. Licinius Crassus, consul 171 B.C.
4. P. Licinius Crassus, called Dives Mucianus, consul 131 B.C.
crēber, bra, brum, adj., crowded, numerous, frequent.
crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus, to believe, trust, think; intrust, commend to.
creō, āre, āvī, ātus, to create, make, beget; elect, declare elected.
crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus, to grow, increase; become influential, prosper.
Crēta, ae, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; modern Candia.
Crēticus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Crete;
Crēticum bellum, war against Crete.
crīmen, inis [cernō], n., accusation, slander; fault, crime, offense.
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crīnītus, a, um [crīnis, hair], adj., covered with hair.
Crīnītus, ī, m., see Trāiānus.
Crixus, ī, m., one of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus.
crūdēlitās, ātis [crūdēlis, cruel], f., cruelty.
crūdēliter [crūdēlis, cruel], adv., cruelly.
crūditās, ātis [crūdus, unripe], f., overloading of the stomach; indigestion.
cruentus, a, um [cruor], adj., blood-stained, bloody.
cruor, ōris, m., running blood, gore.
Crustumīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Crustumerium, a town in the territory of the Sabines, north of Rome.
crystallinus, a, um [crystallum, crystal], adj., of crystal.
Ctēsiphōn, ōntis, f., a city in Assyria, on the Tigris.
cubiculum, ī [cubō, to lie down], n., a bedchamber.
culpō, āre, āvī, ātus [culpa, fault], to find fault with, blame.
cultus, ūs [colō], m., cultivation, worship; culture, training; mode of life; dress, splendor.
cum, prep. with abl., with, together with.
cum, conj., of time, when, while, whenever;
of cause, since;
of concession, although;
cum … tum, both … and, not only … but also.
cūnctus, a, um [coniunctus, con + iungo], adj., all together, all.
cupiditās, ātis [cupidus, desirous], f., desire, longing; greediness, avarice.
cūra, ae, f., care, anxiety.
Cūria, ae, f., the Roman senate house, either the Curia Hostilia, adjoining the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.
Cūriō, ōnis, m., C. Scrībōnius, consul 76 B.C.
Curius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Dentātus.
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, to run.
ob—occurro, currere, (cu)curri, cursus, to run to meet; meet with, encounter; withstand; occur.
currus, ūs [currō], m., a chariot.
Cursor, ōris, m., L. Papīrius Cursor, a celebrated general, six times consul, dictator twice.
cursus, ūs [currō], m., running, speed; course, voyage.
cūstōdia, ae [cūstōs, a guard], f., care, guard, custody.
Cȳrēnē, ēs, f., a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt.
Cȳzicus, ī, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor.
Cȳzicēnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Cȳzicus.
D.
D., abbreviation of the praenomen Decimus.
D. ＝ 500.
Dācī, ōrum, pl. m., the Dacians, inhabitants of Dacia.
Dācia, ae, f., a country north of the Danube.
Dalmatae, ārum, pl. m., the Dalmatians, the inhabitants of Dalmatia.
Dalmatia, ae, f., a country bordering on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.
Dalmatius, ī, m., Dalmatius Caesar, a nephew of Constantine the Great.
damnō, āre, āvī, ātus [damnum, injury], to condemn, sentence; bind, compel; censure.
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Dānuvius, ī, m., the Danube.
Daphnēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Daphnē, a place near Antioch.
Dardanī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Upper Moesia.
Dardania, ae, f., a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont.
datus, see dō.
dē, prep. with abl., of place, from, down from, out of;
of time, after, during;
of cause, in consequence of, through;
of relation, concerning, in respect to.
dēbeō, see habeō.
dēcēdō, see cēdō.
decem, indecl. num. adj., ten.
decemvir, ī [decem + vir], m., one of a commission of ten men, decemvir.
Decentius, ī, m., Māgnus Decentius, brother of Magnentius, by whom he was created Caesar, 351 A.D.
dēceptus, see dēcipiō.
dēcernō, see cernō.
dēcessī, see dēcēdō.
decet, ēre, uit, — (impers.), to be suitable, becoming.
Decibalus, ī, m., a celebrated king of the Dacians.
deciēs [decem], num. adv., ten times.
decimus, a, um [decem], num. adj., Tenth.
dēcipiō, see capiō.
Decius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
(Metius) Decius, Roman emperor 249-251 A.D. See Mūs.
decorō, āre, āvī, ātus [decus, honor], to decorate, distinguish.
dēcrēvī, see dēcernō.
dēdecus, ōris [dē + decus, honor], n., disgrace, dishonor.
dēdicātiō, ōnis [dēdicō, to dedicate], f., a dedication, consecration.
dēdidī, see dēdō.
dēditiō, ōnis [dēdō], f., a surrender.
dēditus, see dēdō.
dēdō, see do.
dēdūcō, see dūcō.
dēfēcī, see dēficiō.
dēfendō, ere, fendī, fēnsus, to ward off, repel; defend, protect.
dēfēnsor, ōris [dēfendō], m., a defender.
dēferō, see ferō.
dēficiō, see faciō.
dēfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + fōrma], to bring out of shape, deform, disfigure, spoil, mar.
dēfungor, fungī, fūnctus sum [dē + fungor, to perform], to perform, finish.
dēiciō, see *iaciō.
dein, see deinde.
deinceps [deinde + capiō], adv., one after the other, successively; next, moreover.
deinde or dein [dē + inde], adv., afterwards, next, then, thereafter.
Dēiotarus, ī, m., tetrarch of Galatia.
dēlectō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of dēliciō], to delight, please.
dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to destroy, overthrow, ruin.
dēliciae, ārum, pl. f., delights, pleasure, luxury.
dēmergō, see mergō.
Dēmētrius, ī, m., son of Philip V., king of Macedonia.
dēminuō, see minuō.
dēmum, adv., at last, finally;
tum dēmum, then at last, not till then.
dēnique, adv., at last, finally; briefly, in fine.
Dentātus, ī, m., M. Curius Dentātus, consul 290 and 275 B.C.
dēnūntiō, see nūntiō.
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dēpōnō, see pōnō.
dēpopulor, see populō.
dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + prāvus], to distort; pervert, seduce, corrupt, deprave.
dēprecātiō, ōnis [dēprecor], f., warding off by prayer; supplication, intercession.
dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum [dē + precor, to ask], to plead against, plead, avert by prayer; decline.
dēprehendō, see *prehendō.
dēscrībō, see scrībō.
dēserō, see *serō.
dēsinō, see sinō.
dēspērātiō, ōnis [dēspērō], f., despair, desperation.
dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + spērō, to hope], to give up hope, despair.
dēstituō, see *statuō.
dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus [dē + tegō, to cover], to uncover, disclose, betray.
dētergeō, ēre, tersī, tersus [dē + tergeō, to rub], to wipe off, remove, cleanse, empty.
dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus [dē + terreō, to terrify], to frighten away, deter.
dētestātiō, ōnis [dētestor], f., the invocation of a curse; deprecation.
dētestor, ārī, ātus sum [dē + testor, to cause to witness], to curse, execrate; avert, ward off, deprecate.
dētrahō, see trahō.
deus, ī, m., a god, divinity.
dēvincō, see vincō.
dexter, era, erum and tra, trum, adj., right; on the right hand.
diadēma, ātis, n., a royal head-dress, diadem.
Diadumenus, ī, m., son of the emperor Macrinus.
(diciō), ōnis, f., dominion, sovereignty, sway, rule.
dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to say, speak, tell; assent, promise; appoint, call.
contrā—contrādīcō, ere, dīxi, dictus, to contradict, oppose.
in—indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to proclaim, declare; appoint.
dictātor, ōris [dictō, to say often], m., a dictator, a magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of supreme peril.
dictātūra, ae [dictātor], f., the office of dictator, dictatorship.
dictum, ī, [dīcō], n., a saying, remark, word; command.
dīdūcō, see dūcō.
diēs, ēī, m., and sometimes in the sing. f., day, time.
differō, see ferō.
difficiliter [dis + facilis, easy], adv., comp. difficilius; with difficulty.
diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum [dis + fīdō, to trust], to distrust, doubt.
diffugiō, see fugiō.
diffundō, see fundō.
dīgnitās, ātis [dīgnus], f., value, merit; rank, dignity.
dīgnor, ārī, ātus sum [dīgnus], to deem worthy, deign, condescend.
dīgnus, a, um, adj., worth, worthy, deserving.
dīligēns, tis [dīligō], adj., careful, diligent, attentive; sparing; fond of.
dīligentia, ae [dīligēns], f., diligence, activity, earnestness.
dīligō, see legō.
dīmicātiō, ōnis [dīmicō], f., a combat, struggle.
dīmicō, āre, āvi, ātus, to fight.
dīmidius, a, um [dis + medius], adj., half;
as subst., dīmidium, ī, n., a half.
dīmittō, see mittō.
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Dioclētiānus, ī, m., (Valerius) Dioclētiānus, emperor 284-305 A.D.
Diogenēs, is, m., son of Archelaus, slain in the siege of Athens.
dīripiō, see rapiō.
dīruō, ere, uī, utus [dis + ruō, to fall], to tear asunder, destroy.
dīs, dītis, adj., sup. dītissimus; rich.
disciplīna, ae [discō, to learn], f., learning, instruction, discipline; system.
dispertiō, īre, īvī, ītus [dis + partiō, to share], to distribute, divide.
displiceō, see placeō.
dispōnō, see pōnō.
dissimulātiō, ōnis [dissimulō, to make unlike], f., a disguising, dissembling, concealment.
dissolūtus, a, um [part. of dissolvō, to take apart], adj., lax, remiss, negligent, careless.
distrahō, see trahō.
distribuō, see tribuō.
dītō, āre, āvī, ātus [dīs], to make rich, enrich.
diū, adv., comp. diūtius, sup. diūtissimē; long, for a long time;
quam diū, as long as.
diūturnitās, ātis [diūturnus], f., long continuance, length of time.
diūturnus, a, um [diū], adj., prolonged.
dīversus, a, um [part. of dīvertō, to turn aside], adj., scatter, separate; different; contrary, opposed to.
dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus, to divide, separate.
dīvīnus, a, um [dīvus], adj., divine, sacred.
dīvīsor, ōris [dīvidō], m., one who distributes, an executor.
dīvitiae, ārum [dīves, rich], pl. f., wealth, riches.
dīvus, a, um, adj., divine, deified;
as subst., Dīvus, ī, m., a god. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death.
dō, dare, dedī, datus, to give, put, place; furnish, yield;
dare negōtium, to commission, direct;
dare in fugam, to put to flight;
dare manūs, to yield;
dare operam, to attend to, assist;
dare poenās, to pay the penalty;
dare verba, to deceive.
ad—addō, dere, didī, ditus, to add, join to.
con—condō, dere, didī, ditus, to put together, compose, build, found; conceal.
dē—dēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give up, surrender; devote.
ex—ēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to put forth, show, elevate; bear, produce.
in—indō, dere, didī, ditus, to put into; confer, apply.
per—perdō, dere, didī, ditus, to lose, destroy, ruin; waste.
prō—prōdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give or put forth, make known; hand down; betray, surrender.
re—redō, dere, didī, ditus, to give back, return; render.
trāns—trādō, dere, didī, ditus, to give over, give up, deliver, surrender; intrust; transmit;
trāditur, it is said.
doceō, ēre, uī, tus, to teach, point out.
docilitās, ātis [docilis, teachable], f., teachableness, docility.
documentum, ī [doceō], n., a lesson, example; evidence, proof.
Dolābella, ae, m., Cn. Cornēlius Dolābella, consul 159 B.C.
doleō, ēre, luī, litūrus, to feel pain; grieve.
dolor, ōris [doleō], m., pain, sorrow, distress, vexation.
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dolus, ī, m., fraud, guile, stratagem.
domesticus, a, um [domus], adj., private, domestic;
domesticum bellum, civil war.
dominus, ī [domō], m., a master, lord.
Domitiānus, ī, m., T. Flavius Domitiānus, Roman emperor 81-96 A.D.
Domitius, ī, m., a Roman family name.
1. Cn. Domitius, consul 32 B.C.
2. L. Domitius, a Roman general in the war with Sertorius.
See Calvīnus.
domō, āre, uī, itus, to tame, conquer.
per—perdomō, āre, uī, itus, to subdue, vanquish.
domus, ūs, f., a house, home; household;
domī, loc., at home.
dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to give, present, confer.
dōnum, ī, n., a gift.
Drusus, ī, m., Nerō Claudius Drusus, son of Ti. Claudius Nero, and stepson of Augustus.
dubiē [dubius], adv., doubtfully, uncertainly.
dubietās, ātis [dubius], f., doubt, hesitation (late).
dubius, a, um, adj., doubtful, uncertain.
ducentī, ae, a [duo + centum], adj., two hundred.
dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead; think, consider; protract, put off;
uxōrem dūcere, to marry;
vītam dūcere, to live.
ab—abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead away, withdraw.
ad—addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead to, bring; induce, influence.
circum—circumdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead around, draw around, surround.
dē—dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead, withdraw; induce; launch, disembark.
dis—dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to draw apart, separate, relax.
ex—ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead out.
in—indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead in; induce; put on, cover.
prō—prōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead forward or out; prolong.
re—redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead back; draw back; remove.
ductus, ūs [dūcō], m., leadership.
Duilius, ī, m., C. Duilius, consul 260 B.C., commander of the Roman fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 B.C.
dum, conj., while, until.
duo, ae, o, num. adj., two.
duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. num. adj., twelve.
duodecimus, a, um [duo + decimus], num. adj., twelfth.
duplex, icis [duo + plicō, to fold], adj., twofold, double.
duplicō, āre, āvi, ātus [duplex], to double, repeat.
dūrus, a, um, adj., hard, harsh, difficult.
dux, ducis [dūcō], m., a leader, guide, commander.
E.
ē, see ex.
Eborācum, ī, n., a city in Britain, modern York.
Edessa, ae, f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia.
ēdictum, ī [ēdīcō, to make known], n., a proclamation, edict.
ēditiō, ōnis [ēdō], f., a statement, account.
ēdō, see dō.
ēdūcō, see dūcō.
efferō, see ferō.
efficiō, see faciō.
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effringō, see frangō.
effugiō, see fugiō.
ego, meī, pers. pron., I;
pl. nōs, we.
ēgredior, see *gradior.
ēgregiē [ēgregius], adv., excellently, exceedingly, strikingly.
ēgregius, a, um [ē + grex, herd], adj., select, distinguished, eminent.
ēiciō, see *iaciō.
ēlegāns, antis [ēlegō, for ēligō], adj., select, elegant, polite.
elementum, ī, n., a first principle, simple substance; rudiments.
elephantus, ī, m., elephant.
ēligō, see legō.
ēmineō, ēre, uī, —, to stand out, be conspicuous.
emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take; buy, purchase; gain, acquire.
ad—adimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take away, destroy, deprive of.
inter—interimō, ere, ēmī ēmptus, to take from the midst of, kill.
per—perimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take away entirely; annihilate, destroy.
re—redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to buy back, redeem, ransom.
ēmptor, ōris [emō], m., a buyer, purchaser.
enim, conj., always postpositive, namely, in fact, you know, for, because.
eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go or come, march.
ab—abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go away, depart.
circum—circumeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go around, surround.
inter—intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to perish, die.
ob—obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go to meet; attend to, perform; die, perish.
per—pereō, īre, īvi (iī), itūrus, to perish, disappear, die.
re—redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go back, return.
trāns—trānseō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go across, cross; pass through or by; desert.
eō [is], adv., for that reason, therefore; to that place, thither; to that degree, so far.
Ephesus, ī, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor.
Ēpīrus, ī, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper.
epistola, ae, f., a letter.
epulae, ārum, pl. f., a banquet, feast.
eques, itis [equus], m., a horseman, knight; pl. cavalry;
magister equitum, master of the horse, aid-de-camp of the dictator.
equitātus, ūs [equitō, to ride], m., cavalry.
equus, ī, m., a horse.
ērēctus, a, um [orig. part. of ērigō], adj., upright, erect.
ergō, adv., expressing an inference, now, then, therefore.
ēripiō, see rapiō.
errō, āre, āvī, ātus, to wander, stray, rove; be in error, err.
ērudiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [ē + rudis, rough], to polish, educate, train.
ērudītiō, ōnis [ērudiō], f., a polishing, training.
ērumpō, see rumpō.
Ēsquilīnus, ī, m. (sc. collis), the Esquiline, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.
et, conj., and, also, even, and yet;
et … et, both … and.
etenim, conj., for, for truly, and indeed, because, since.
etiam [et + iam], conj., also, even.
Eumenēs, is, m., king of Pergamus, 197-159 B.C.
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Eumenia, ae, f., a city in Phrygia.
Euphrātēs, is, dat. Euphrātae, p. 83, l. 22, m., the Euphrates, a river in Syria.
Eutropius, ī, m., see Life.
Eurōpa, ae, f., Europe.
ēvādō, see *vādō.
ēvehō, see vehō.
ēveniō, see veniō.
ēventus, ūs [ēveniō], m., outcome, result; occurrence, event.
ēvertō, see *vertō.
ēvocō, see vocō.
ex or ē (last never before vowels), prep. with abl.;
of place, out of, from;
of cause, in consequence of, because of; according to.
exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + anima], to put out of breath, kill; weaken.
exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, ārsus [ex + ārdēscō, to take fire], to take fire; be angry.
exauctōrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to discharge from service, release from the military oath.
excidium, ī, n., downfall, ruin.
excīdō, see caedō.
excipiō, see capiō.
excitō, see *citō.
exclūdō, see claudō.
exemplum, ī, n., a specimen, example.
exerceō, see *arceō.
exercitus, ūs [exerceō], m., an army.
exhauriō, see hauriō.
exhibeō, see habeō.
exigō, see agō.
exiguus, a, um [exigō], adj., small, scanty.
exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + aestimō, to reckon], to compute, value, judge, think, estimate, believe, suppose, imagine.
exitiābilis, e [exitium], adj., destructive, deadly.
exitium, ī [exeō], n., destruction, ruin.
exitus, ūs [exeō], m., a going out, way of egress; result.
exōrdium, ī [ex + ōrdō], n., a beginning.
exōsus, a, um [part. of exodī], adj., hating, detesting.
expavēscō, ere, pāvī, — [ex + pavēscō, incho. of paveō, to become alarmed], to dread, fear greatly (rare).
expedītiō, ōnis [expediō, to set fire], f., an expedition, campaign.
expellō, see pellō.
experior, īrī, pertus sum, to test, try; await, undergo; find, learn.
expers, tis [ex + pars], adj., having no part in; destitute of, devoid of, free from, without.
expleō, see *pleō.
explōrātor, ōris [explōrō, to search out], m., a scout.
exportō, see *portō.
expūgnō, see pūgnō.
exsecrābilis, e [exsecror], adj., accursed.
exsecrātiō, ōnis [exsecror], f., an execration, malediction, curse.
exsecror, see *sacrō.
exsequiae, ārum [exsequor, to follow out], f., funeral procession, funeral.
exsilium, ī [exsul, a banished person], n., banishment, exile.
exsistō, see *sistō.
exspectātiō, ōnis [exspectō], f., expectation, anticipation.
exspectō, see spectō.
exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus [ex + stinguō, to extinguish], to quench, kill, blot out, destroy, extinguish, put an end to.
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exsulō, āre, āvī, ātus [exsul, a banished person], to be in exile.
externus, a, um [exter, outer], adj., external, foreign, strange.
extorqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus [ex + torqueō, to twist], to twist out, extort.
extrā [exter, outer], adv., on the outside, without;
prep. with acc., outside of, beyond.
extrahō, see trahō.
extrīnsecus, adv., without, on the outside; ＝ praetereā, in addition.
F.
Fabius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
Fabia familia, the Fabian gens.
C. Fabius, consul 477 B.C.
Q. Fabius, the first Roman annalist.
C. Fabius Pictor, consul 269 B.C.
See Licinius, Māximus, Vibulānus.
Fābricius, ī, m., (C.) Fābricius (Luscinus), a Roman statesman and general, prominent in the war with Pyrrhus; consul 283 and 278 B.C.
facile [facilis, easy], adv., comp. facilius; easily; readily.
facilitās, ātis [facilis, easy], f., ease, kindliness, kindness, courtesy.
faciō, ere, fēcī, factus, to do, make, act, form; choose, appoint;
pass. fīō, fierī, factus sum, to be done, occur, take place, happen;
certiōrem facere, to inform.
ad—adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do something to, influence; treat, visit with.
con—cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do thoroughly, complete; wear out, exhaust; prepare, collect, furnish.
dē—dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to fail, desert, be wanting; revolt.
ex—efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to form, effect; accomplish; render; build; produce.
inter—interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to slay, kill.
prae—praeficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to place in command of, appoint.
factiō, ōnis [faciō], f., a party, political party, faction.
factum, ī [faciō], n., a deed, act.
fācundia, ae [fācundus], f., eloquence, oratory.
fācundus, a, um, adj., eloquent.
Faliscī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Falerium, a town in Etruria, near Mount Soracte.
falsō [falsus, false], adv., falsely.
fāma, ae [for, to speak], f., report, rumor; renown, honor.
Famea, ae, m., the surname of Hamilco, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry in the third Punic war.
famēs, is, f., hunger, starvation.
familia, ae [famulus, slave], f., the slaves in a household; family, household; race, estate, retinue;
māter familiās (old gen.), mistress, matron.
familiāris, e [familia], adj., belonging to a family, private, intimate, friendly;
as subst., an intimate friend;
rēs familiārēs, property.
familiāritās, ātis [familiāris], f., intimacy, friendship.
famula, ae, f., a slave woman.
fastīgium, ī, n., top, height; slope, descent; rank, dignity.
fātāliter [fātālis, fatal], adv., fatally, according to fate.
fatīgātiō, ōnis [fatīgō], f., weariness, fatigue.
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fatīgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to tire, vex; test.
fātum, ī [for, to speak], n., an utterance, prophetic declaration, oracle; fate, destiny.
Fausta, ae, f., Flavia Māximiāna, the daughter of Maximianus and wife of Constantine the Great.
Faustīna, ae, f., Galēria Faustīna (called Junior to distinguish her from her mother), the daughter of Amira Galeria Faustina. She was the wife of M. Aurelius.
Faustus, ī, m., L. Cornēlius Faustus, son of the dictator Sulla.
faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, to be favorable, favor, support, cherish.
favor, ōris [faveō], m., favor, good will, praise.
favōrābilis, e [favor], adj., favored, in favor; winning favor, pleasing.
Fēlīcissimus, ī, m., the name of the director of the mint under the emperor Aurelian.
fēlīcitās, ātis [fēlīx], f., good fortune, success.
fēlīciter [fēlīx], adv., comp. fēlicius, sup. fēlicissimē; luckily, happily.
fēlīx, īcis, adj., happy, successful, fortunate.
fēmina, ae, f., a woman, female.
fera, ae [ferus], f., a wild beast.
ferculum, ī [ferō], n., a means of carrying, a frame, barrow, litter.
ferē, adv., almost, nearly, for the most part, usually; about;
with neg., hardly, scarcely.
fēriātus, a, um [fēriae, days of rest], adj., keeping holidays, idle; festive.
fermē [for ferimē, sup. of ferē], adv., almost, about (especially of numbers).
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear, lift; endure; bring, receive, report; drive, blow (of the wind);
pass., to rush; enter;
sīgna ferre, to advance;
fertur, is said;
ferre sententiam, to judge.
ab—auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus, to take or carry away, remove.
ad—adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus, to bring, present, produce, affirm; carry word.
circum—circumferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to cast around, go around.
con—cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring together, collect; convey; impute; compare;
sē cōnferre, betake one’s self, go.
dē—dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring down, bring; report, inform; assign, confer upon; offer; accuse;
rem dēferre ad populum, to submit a matter to the people.
dis—differō, ferre, distulī, dīlātus, to carry asunder, scatter; postpone; delay; differ.
ex—efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus, to carry out or away; spread abroad; raise, elate; bury.
in—īnferō, ferre, intulī, inlātus, to bring in or upon; introduce; throw; inflict; make, produce; inspire;
bellum īnferre, to wage (offensive) war;
sīgna īnferre, to advance against;
sē īnferre, to betake one’s self.
ob—offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus, to bring before, offer; promise; expose.
per—perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry through; convey, report; endure.
prae—praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry before; put before, prefer.
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re—referō, ferre, rettulī, lātus, to bring back; report, relate;
pedem referre, retreat;
grātiam referre, make return, requite.
trāns—trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear or take over or across; transport, transfer.
ferōcia, ae [ferōx, fierce], f., fierceness, courage, cruelty.
ferrātus, a, um [ferrum], adj., furnished with iron, ironed;
mīlitēs ferrātī, cuirassiers.
ferrum, ī, n., iron; sword, spear.
ferus, a, um, adj., wild, barbarous, cruel.
festīnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to hasten.
fēstus, a, um, adj., festive;
diēs fēstus, feast day.
fētor, ōris, m., an offensive smell.
fīctus, a, um [fingō, to form], adj., false, fictitious.
Fīdēnae, ārum, pl. f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, five miles north of Rome.
Fīdēnātēs, um, pl. m., the inhabitants of Fīdēnae.
fidēs, ēī, f., good faith, loyalty; promise; alliance; trust.
fīdus, a, um, adj., trusty, faithful.
fīlia, ae, f., daughter.
fīlius, ī, m., son.
fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus [fīnis], to bound, limit; end, finish.
fīnis, is, m., a limit, boundary; end, purpose;
pl., territory, country.
finitimus, a, um [fīnis], adj., bordering, neighboring;
as subst., fīnitimī, ōrum, pl. m., neighbors.
fīō, fierī, factus sum, see faciō.
fīrmus, a, um, adj., strong, powerful; trusty.
fiscus, ī, m., a purse; treasury.
Flaccus, ī, m., 1. (M.) Fulvius Flaccus, consul 264 B.C.
2. Q. Fulvius (Flaccus), consul 237 B.C.
flāgitiōsus, a, um [flagitium, a crime], adj., shameful, disgraceful, infamous.
Flāminīnus, i, m., T. Quīntius Flāminīnus, consul 123 B.C.
Flāminius, i, m., (C.) Flaminius (Nepos), consul 223 and 217 B.C.
fleō, ere, flēvī, flētus, to weep.
flētus, ūs [fleō], m., weeping, entreaties; tears.
*flīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to strike (ante-classical).
ad—adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to dash against, scatter, ruin.
con—cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to strike together; contend, fight.
prō—prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to rout, overthrow.
flōreō, ēre, uī, —[flōs, a flower], to bloom, flourish, prosper.
Flōriānus, ī, m., (M. Annius) Floriānus, the brother of the emperor Tacitus, upon whose death he was proclaimed emperor at Rome, 276 A.D.
Flōrus, ī, m., C. Aquīlius Flōrus, consul with L. Scipio, 259 B.C.
flūmen, inis [fluō], n., a stream, river.
fluō, ere, fluxī, fluxus, to flow.
con—cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, —, to run together, crowd, throng.
fluvius, ī [fluō], m., a river.
foedō, āre, āvī, ātus [foedus], to make foul, pollute; dishonor.
foedus, a, um, adj., foul, unseemly.
foedus, eris, n., a treaty, alliance, league.
forem, ēs, et, etc., see sum.
fōrma, ae, f., form, figure, beauty.
fortis, e, adj., brave, strong.
fortitūdō, inis [fortis], f., courage, bravery.
fortuītus, a, um [fors, chance], adj., causal, accidental (rare).
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fortūna, ae [fors, chance], f., luck, fortune; state, property.
fortūnātus, a, um [fortūna], adj., lucky, fortunate.
forum, ī (cf. forīs, out of doors), n., an out of doors place, market, Forum; esp., the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and business life of Rome.
fossa, ae [fodiō, to dig], f., a ditch, pit, moat.
Francī, ōrum, pl. m., the Francī, i.e. “the Freemen,” a confederacy of German tribes on the lower Rhine.
frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break; wreck, subdue, tire out.
ex—effringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break off, break open.
in—īnfringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break off; subdue, overcome.
frāter, tris, m., a brother.
frāternus, a, um [frāter], adj., brother’s, brotherly.
fraus, fraudis, f., foul play; treachery.
frequēns, entis, adj., crowded, frequent; in great numbers.
frequenter [frequēns], adv., often.
frequentō, āre, āvī, ātus [frequēns], to visit repeatedly; frequent; throng.
frīgidus, a, um [frīgeō, to be cold], adj., cold.
frīgus, oris, n., cold.
Frontō, ōnis, m., (M. Cornēlius) Frontō, a celebrated teacher of rhetoric during the reign of Hadrian.
frūmentum, ī [fruor, to enjoy], n., grain, corn;
pl., crops.
frūstrā, adv., in vain.
fuga, ae, f., flight.
fugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee; avoid, escape.
con—cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, take refuge.
dis—diffugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee apart, scatter.
ex—effugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee from, escape.
prō—profugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, escape.
re—refugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee back, escape.
fugō, āre, āvī, ātus [fugiō], to put to flight, rout.
fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, —, to flash, gleam.
fulmen, inis [fulgeō], n., lightning, thunderbolt.
Fulvius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Centumalus, Flaccus, Nōbiliōr.
fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour, shed; rout, vanquish.
con—cōnfundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour together, mingle, unite, confuse.
dis—diffundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to spread out, extend, stretch.
fūnestus, a, um [fūnus], adj., causing death, deadly, destructive.
fūnis, is, f., a rope, cable.
fūnus, eris, n., burial, funeral rites; corpse.
furca, ae, f., a two pronged fork; yoke.
furcula, ae [furca], f., a forked prop;
pl., a narrow pass.
Fūrius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
C. Fūrius Placidus, consul 251 B.C.
See Camillus.
Fuscus, ī, m., Cornēlius Fuscus, one of the most active adherents of Vespasian in his contest for the empire.
futūrus, see sum.
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G.
Gabiī, ōrum, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.
Galatia, ae, f., a province of Asia Minor settled by Gallic tribes in the third century B.C.
Galba, ae, m., Servius (Sulpīcius) Galba, Roman emperor 68-69 A.D.
Gālerius, ī, m., see Māximiānus.
Gallia, ae, f., the country of the Gauls; modern France and the territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy was settled by Gauls, and was called Gallia Cisalpina; hence the pl. Galliae.
Galliēnus, ī, m. (P. Licinius Valeriānus Egnatius) Galliēnus, Roman emperor 260-268 A.D.
Gallus, ī, m.,
1. C. (Cn.) Cornēlius Gallus, governor of Egypt under Augustus.
2. Gallus Hostīliānus, Roman emperor 251-253 A.D.
Gallus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Gaul;
Gallī, ōrum, pl. m., the Gauls.
gaudium, ī [gaudeō, to rejoice], n., joy.
gaza, ae, f., treasure, riches.
geminus, a, um, adj., twin, twofold;
as subst., geminī, ōrum, pl. m., the twins.
gemma, ae, f., a bud; gem, precious stone.
gener, erī, m., a son-in-law.
genitūra, ae, f., hour of birth; nativity.
gēns, gentis, f., a gens or clan; tribe, people, nation.
Gentius, ī, m., a king of the Illyrians.
Genucius, ī, m., L. Genucius, consul 365 B.C.
genus, generis, n., race, family, stock, birth; kind, class, sort.
Germānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Germans.
Germānia, ae, f., Germany.
Germāniciānus, a, um, adj., stationed or serving in Germany (late).
gerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bear, carry; perform, do, carry out; wage;
sē gerere, to conduct one’s self, behave;
rem pūblicam gerere, to administer the state;
rēs gestae, exploits, history.
con—congerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bring together, collect.
Geta, ae, m., Septimius Geta, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was assassinated, 212 A.D.
Glabriō, ōnis, m., M. Acilius Glabriō, consul 191 B.C.
gladiātor, ōris [gladius], m., a gladiator.
gladiātōrius, a, um [gladiātor], adj., pertaining to a gladiator, gladiatorial.
gladius, ī, m., a sword.
glōria, ae, f., glory, honor, fame.
glōriōsē [glōria], adv., gloriously.
Gordiānus, ī, m., (M. Antōnius) Gordiānus, the name of three Roman emperors, father, son, and grandson, 237-244 A.D.
1. Gordiānus, senior.
2. Gordiānus Augustus, son of (1).
3. Gordiānus Augustus, son of (2).
Gothī, ōrum, pl. m., the Goths, a Germanic people.
Gracchus, ī, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome.
Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus, consul 218 B.C. See Notes, p. 124.
*gradior, gradī, gressus sum, to step, walk.
ad—aggredior, gredī, gressus sum, to approach, attack, undertake.
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con—congredior, gredī, gressus
sum, to come together, unite with, engage, attack.
ē—ēgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to go out, leave, disembark; surpass.
in—ingredior, gredī, gressus sum, to enter.
prō—prōgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to advance, proceed.
re—regredior, gredī, gressus sum, to step back, retreat, return.
trāns—trānsgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to step over or across, cross.
Graecē, adv., in the Greek language, in Greek.
Graecia, ae, f., Greece.
Graecus, a, um, adj., Grecian, Greek;
as subst., Graecī, ōrum, pl. m., the Greeks.
grandaevus, a, um [grandis + aevum, age], adj., aged.
grandis, e, adj., large, grand.
grātia, ae [grātus], f., favor, regard; return, acknowledge; friendship, love, popularity, influence;
grātiae, ārum, pl. f., thanks;
grātiā, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose, for the sake of.
grātus, a, um, adj., welcome, pleasing, grateful.
gravis, e, adj., heavy, hard, severe; important, grave; troublesome, grievous.
graviter [gravis], adv., comp. gravius, sup. gravissimē; weightily, vigorously, seriously, with dignity.
H.
habēna, ae [habeō], f., a holder, halter, rein;
only in pl., the reins, direction, management, government.
habeō, ēre, uī, itus, to have, hold, possess, keep; regard, consider; render (honor);
habēre sē, to be.
dē—dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus, to owe, ought;
pass., be due;
dēbet, dēbuit, inf., ought.
ex—exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold forth, show, display; furnish, procure.
prae—praebeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold in front, offer, furnish, exhibit.
habitō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of habeō], to dwell, inhabit, live.
habitus, ūs [habeō], m., state, condition; habit, manner; dress.
Hadriānus, ī, m., (P.) Aelius Hadriānus, Roman emperor 117-138 A.D.
Haemus, ī, m., a lofty range of mountains separating Thrace and Moesia.
Hamilcar, aris, m., a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war.
Hannibal, alis, m., the son of Hamilcar Barca, the great general of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war.
Hannō, ōnis, m.,
1. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, taken captive in Sicily 210 B.C.
2. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, defeated by Scipio 203 B.C.
Hasdrubal, alis, m.,
1. Surnamed Calvus, “the Bald,” commander of the Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the second Punic war 215 B.C.
2. Brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain at the battle of the Metaurus 207 B.C.
3. The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war 149-146 B.C.
haud, adv., by no means, not at all, not.
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hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to drink.
ex—exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to take out, empty out, exhaust.
Helena, ae, f., the name of a Roman camp in Spain where Constans died.
Heliogabalus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
Helvētiī, ōrum, pl. m., a Celtic tribe living north of Lake Geneva in modern Switzerland.
Hēraclēa, ae, f., a city in Thrace on the Propontis.
Herculius, ī, m., a cognomen of Maximianus.
Hērennius, ī, m., T. Hērennius (Pontius), leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.
hērēs, ēdis, m., an heir.
Hibērī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Hibēria.
Hibēria, ae, f., a country of Asia.
hīc, haec, hōc, dem. pron., this; he, she, it; the following; the latter.
hiems, hiemis, f., winter; storm.
Hiempsal, alis, m., son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, was murdered by Jugurtha.
Hierda, ae, m., king of Mauretania.
Hierius, ī, m., Hierius Asinius, leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.
Hierō, ōnis, m., king of Syracuse, an ally of the Romans.
Hierosolyma, ōrum, pl. n., Jerusalem.
hinc [hīc], adv., from this place or time, hence.
Hīrtius, ī, m., (A.) Hirtius, friend of Caesar; consul 43 B.C.
Hirtulēius, ī, m., a distinguished general of Sertorius in Spain.
Hispānia, ae, f., Spain (including Portugal). It was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pl. Hispaniae.
Hispānus, a, um, adj., Spanish;
as subst., Hispānus, ī, m., a Spaniard.
historia, ae, f., history, account, story.
historicus, ī, m., an historian.
Hister, trī, f., a town in Lower Moesia.
Histrī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Histria, a peninsula in the northern extremity of the Adriatic Sea.
hodiē [hōc + diē], adv., to-day.
homō, hominis, m. and f., a human being; man, mankind.
honestās, ātis [honestus], f., honor, virtue.
honestus, a, um [honor], adj., honorable, upright, noble, illustrious.
honor, ōri, m., honor, respect, esteem; public office.
honōrificē [honōrificus, conferring honor], adv., with honor, honorably.
honōrō, āre, āvī, ātus [honor], to honor, respect, adorn; celebrate.
hōra, ae, f., hour, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset) or night.
Horātius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Pulvillus.
Hormisda, ae, m., king of Persia, 303-310 A.D.
horror, ōris, m., dread, terror, horror.
hortus, ī, m., garden, orchard, park.
Hostīliānus, ī, m., see Gallus.
hostīlis, e [hostis], adj., hostile.
Hostīlius, ī, m., Tullus Hostīlius, the third king of Rome, 672-640 B.C.
See Mancīnus.
hostis, is, m., an enemy, foe.
hūiusmodī [hīc + modus], adv., of this (i.e. the following) kind.
hūmānus, a, um [homo], adj., human; refined, civilized; humane.
humerus, ī, m., the shoulder.
humiliter [humus, the ground], adv., basely, meanly, abjectly, humbly.
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I.
iaceō, ēre, uī, —, to lie, lie dead.
*iaciō, ere, iēcī, iactus, to throw, cast, hurl; throw up, construct.
ad—adiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus, to throw to, fling; add.
con—cōniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus, to throw together, unite; hurl, throw; conjecture.
dē—dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or hurl down, bring down; lay low, dislodge, destroy.
ex—ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to cast or drive out, expel.
inter—intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or place between, interpose; intervene (in pass.).
ob—obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw before, put in the way of; put in the hands of; expose.
sub—subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or place under; hand up; present; subdue.
trāns—trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus, to throw or carry across, transport; pierce, penetrate, transfix; go or pass over, cross.
iam, adv., now, already, at once.
Iāniculum, ī, n., Janiculum, a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.
Iānus, ī, m., Janus, an old Latin divinity, who presided over the beginnings of all things; commonly represented with two faces.
ibi, adv., there; thereupon, then.
ibīdem [ibi], adv., in the same place, just there.
icō, ere, īcī, ictus, to strike, smite;
foedus icere, to strike (conclude) a treaty (rare).
ictus, ūs [icō], m., a blow, stroke, wound.
idcircō [id + abl. of circus], adv., on that account, therefore.
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same; often best rendered by an adv., also, too, besides.
idōneus, a, um, adj., suitable, fit; capable.
Īdūs, uum, pl. f., the Ides; the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth of other months.
igitur, adv., then, therefore, accordingly.
ignāvē [ignāvus], adv., sluggishly, slothfully, without spirit.
ignāvia, ae [ignāvus], f., idleness, sloth; cowardice, baseness.
ignāvus, a, um, adj., inactive, lazy, slothful; cowardly, dastardly.
īgnis, is, m., fire.
ignōbilis, e [in + (g)nōbilis], adj., unknown, unrenowned, obscure; base, ignoble.
ignōbiliter [ignōbilis], adv., meanly (late Latin).
ignōminia, ae [in + (g)nōmen], f., disgrace, dishonor, ignominy.
ignōminiōse [ignōminiōsus, disgraceful], adv., ignominiously, disgracefully.
ignōrō, āre, āvī, ātus [ignārus, ignorant], to be ignorant, not to know, overlook.
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it; the former.
illīc [ille], adv., there, in that place.
illūstris, e, adj., clear, distinguished, glorious.
Īllyricum, ī, n., a country east of the Adriatic Sea.
Īllyriī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Illyricum.
imāgō, inis, f., likeness, semblance, image; statue.
imitātiō, ōnis [imitor], f., a copying, imitation.
imitor, ārī, ātus sum, to imitate.
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immānis, e, adj., huge, immense.
immemor, oris [in + memor], adj., unmindful, careless.
immeritō [immeritus, undeserved], adv., unjustly, undeservedly.
immineō, ēre, uī, —, to overhang, threaten.
immodicus, a, um [in + modus], adj., beyond bounds, enormous, high; excessive.
immūnitās, ātis [in + munus, burden], f., freedom from public duties, immunity.
impār, paris [in + pār], adj., unequal.
impatiēns, entis [in + patiēns], adj., impatient; intolerant, impetuous.
impatientia, ae [impatiēns], f., impatience.
impellō, see pellō.
imperātōr, ōris [imperō], m., commander-in-chief, general, emperor.
imperium, ī [imperō], n., command, control, government, military authority; sovereignty, empire.
imperō, āre, āvī, ātus, to rule, command; order, levy; to be emperor.
impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to procure, gain; accomplish, bring to pass; succeed.
impetus, ūs [in + petō], m., an attack; violence, vehemence.
impleō, see *pleō.
impōnō, see pōnō.
improbō, āre, āvī, ātus [improbus], to disprove, blame, censure; reject.
improbus, a, um [in + probus, upright], adj., wicked, outrageous.
imprōsper, spera, sperum [in + prōsperus, fortunate], adj., unfortunate, unprosperous.
imprūdēns, entis [in + prūdens, foreseeing], adj., not foreseeing, imprudent, off guard.
impudīcē [impudīcus, shameless], adv., unchastely.
impulsor, ōris [impellō], m., one who incites, instigator.
in, prep. with acc., of place, into, to, on, upon, towards, against;
of purpose, for, with a view to;
of other relations, respecting, according to;
in diēs, day by day;
with abl., of place, in, on, upon, in the midst of, among;
of time, in, in the course of, during;
of other relations, in the midst of, in the case of, respecting, according to.
incēdō, see cēdō.
incendō, ere, cendī, cēnsus [in + candeō, to shine], to set on fire, burn; excite.
incidō, see cadō.
incīvīlis, e [in + cīvīlis], adj., rude, uncivil.
inclutus, a, um, adj., famous.
incognitus, a, um [in + cognōscō], adj., unknown.
incolō, see colō.
incolumis, e, adj., safe, unharmed.
incommodus, a, um [in + commodus], adj., inconvenient, unsuitable, unfit.
incōnsultē [incōnsultus, not asked], adv., unadvisedly, inconsiderately.
incrēmentum, ī [incrēscō, to increase], n., growth, increase.
inde, adv., from that place, thence; next, then.
Indī, ōrum, pl. m., the people of India.
India, ae, f., India, modern Hindustan.
indīcō, see dīcō.
indigeō, ēre, uī, — [in + egeō], to be poor, to have need of, want.
indiscrētus, a, um [in + discernō, to distinguish], adj., undistinguishable; without distinction of rank.
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indō, see dō.
indolēs, is, f., nature, disposition.
indūcō, see dūcō.
indulgeō, ēre, dulsī, dultus, to be complaisant; be kind, be tender; yield, grant, spare; bestow, confer.
industria, ae, f., industry, diligence; ability.
indūtiae, ārum, pl. f., truce, armistice.
iners, ertis [in + ars], adj., unskillful, idle, effeminate.
īnfāmis, e [in + fāma], adj., infamous.
īnfantia, ae [in + for, to speak], f., infancy.
īnfēlīcitās, ātis [īnfēlis, unfortunate], f., ill-luck, misfortune.
īnferior, ius (comp. of īnferus), adj., lower, inferior.
īnferō, see ferō.
īnfēstō, āre, —, — [īnfēstus, hostile], to attack, molest, infest.
īnfīdus, a, um [in + fīdus], adj., not to be trusted, faithless, treacherous, false.
īnfīnītus, a, um [in + fīniō], adj., unbounded, vast, enormous; numberless;
as subst., īnfīnītum, ī, n., a large amount, a large number.
īnfringō, see frangō.
ingenium, ī, n., disposition, ability, nature, wit.
ingēns, entis, adj., large, huge, great.
Ingenuus, ī, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; defeated and slain by Gallienus.
ingluviēs, —, acc. em, abl. ē, f., the crop, maw; gluttony.
ingravēscō, ere, —, —, to be burdensome, be wearied; increase, grow worse.
ingredior, see *gradior.
ingruō, ere, uī, —, to break in; assault in force.
inhonōrus, a, um, adj., unsightly.
inimīcitia, ae [inimīcus, unfriendly], f., enmity.
initium, ī [ineō], n., a beginning.
iniūcundus, a, um [in + iūcundus], adj., unpleasant, disagreeable.
iniūria, ae [in + iūs], f., wrong, injustice, violence, injury.
iniūstē [iniūstus], adv., unjustly.
iniūstus, a, um [in + iūstus], adj., unjust.
innoxius, a, um, adj., harmless; not guilty, blameless, innocent.
innumerus, a, um [in + numerus], adj., countless.
inopia, ae [inops, needy], f., want, scarcity, poverty.
inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus, to stain, defile; dishonor.
inritus, a, um [in + ratus], adj., undecided, unsettled; void, of no effect.
inrumpō, see rumpō.
īnsatiābilis, e [in + satur, full], adj., unsating, not cloying.
īnsectātor, ōris, m., a persecutor.
īnsequor, see sequor.
īnserō, see *serō.
īnsidiae, ārum [īnsideō, to sit upon], pl. f., ambush; treachery.
īnsīgne, is [īnsīgnis], n., a sign, badge, ornament.
īnsīgnis, e [in + sīgnum], adj., remarkable, distinguished.
īnsīgniter [īnsīgnis], adv., remarkably, extraordinarily.
īnsolēns, entis [in + soleō], adj., unusual; haughty, insolent.
īnsolentia, ae [īnsolēns], f., unusualness; haughtiness, arrogance, insolence.
īnsolentius (comp. of īnsolenter), adv., too haughtily, insolently.
īnstituō, see *statuō.
īnstō, see stō.
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īnstrūmentum, ī [īnstruō], n., tool;
collectively, stock of tools, plant.
īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus [in + struō, to pile up], to build; arrange, draw up or array (troops); make ready, equip, fit out.
īnsula, ae, f., an island.
īnsulsē [īnsulsus, without taste], adv., tastelessly, insipidly; foolishly, absurdly.
insum, see sum.
integer, gra, grum [in + root tag in tango], adj., untouched, new; full, entire, vigorous.
inter, prep. with acc., of place, between, among; of time, during.
Interamna, ae, f., a town in Umbria.
intercēdō, see cēdō.
intereā [inter + is], adv., in the meantime, meanwhile.
intereō, see eō.
interfector, ōris [interficiō], m., a slayer, murderer.
interficiō, see faciō.
interim, adv., meanwhile.
interimō, see emō.
intericiō, see *iaciō.
interior, ius [inter], adj., comp., no positive, sup. intimus; inner, interior.
intermittō, see mittō.
interneciō, ōnis [internecō, to destroy], f., slaughter, utter ruin.
intersum, see sum.
interveniō, see veniō.
intolerābilis, e [in + tolerābilis, supportable], adj., unendurable.
intrā, adv. and prep. with acc., inside of, within, during.
intrō, āre, āvī, ātus [intrō, within], to enter.
intueor, see tueor.
inultus, a, um [in + ulcīscor, to avenge], adj., without satisfaction, unavenged, unpunished.
inūsitātus, a, um [in + ūsitātus, usual], adj., unusual, unfamiliar, novel.
invādō, see *vādō.
invehō, see vehō.
inveniō, see veniō.
invicem [in + vicem], adv., by turns, in turn, one after another, alternately.
invīctus, a, um [in + vincō], adj., unconquerable, invincible.
invideō, see videō.
invidia, ae [invideō], f., envy, ill-will.
invīsus, a, um [invideō], adj., hateful, hostile, troublesome.
invītō, āre, āvī, ātus, to invite, summon.
invītus, a, um, adj., unwilling.
invius, a, um [in + via], adj., impassible.
Ioviānus, ī, m., (Flavius Claudius) Ioviānus, Roman emperor 363-364 A.D.
ipse, a, um, intensive pron., himself, herself, itself, themselves;
often best rendered by very, mere, in person, even, actually.
īra, ae, f., anger, passion.
īrācundia, ae [īrācundus, irascible], f., a proneness to anger, hasty temper; anger, wrath, passion.
īrātus, a, um [īrāscor, to be angry], adj., angry.
is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it; such.
Isaurī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Isauria.
Isauria, ae, f., a country of Asia Minor.
Isauricus, ī, adj., Isaurian, a surname of P. Servilius (Vatia), who conquered the Isaurians.
Īsīum, ī, n., the temple of Isis.
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ita [is], adv., in this way, so, thus; as follows, in such a way; accordingly, and so.
Ītalica, ae, f., a city in Spain.
Ītalicus, a, um, adj., Italian.
itaque [ita + que], adv., and so, therefore, consequently.
item, adv., likewise, just so, also, moreover.
iter, itineris [eō], n., a journey, march; road, highway.
iterum, adv., again, once more, for the second time.
Itūraeī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Ituraea, a district in Coelesyria.
Iuba, ae, m.,
1. King of Numidia, defeated by Caesar in the battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C.
2. King of Mauretania.
iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus, to order, command.
iūcundus, a, um, adj., pleasant; pleasing, joyful, dear.
Iūdaea, ae, f., Judea, a part of Palestine.
Iūdaeī, ōrum, pl. m., the Jews.
iūdex, icis [iūs + dīcō], m., a judge.
iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus [iūdex], to judge, think, be of the opinion; pronounce.
iūgerum, ī [iungō], n., a measure of land, somewhat more than half an acre.
iūgis, e [iungō], adj., joined together.
iugulō, āre, āvī, ātus [iugulum, neck], to cut the throat, kill, slay, murder.
iugum, ī [iungō], n., a yoke; ridge.
Iugurtha, ae, m., king of Numidia. See Notes, p. 135.
Iugurthīnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Iugurtha.
Iūlia, ae, f., Iūlia Maesa, wife of Caracalla.
Iūliānus, ī, m.,
1. (Flavius Claudius) Iūliānus, Roman emperor 361-363 A.D.
2. Salvius Iūliānus, an eminent Roman jurist.
3. Salvius Iūliānus, Roman emperor from March 28 to June 1, 193 A.D.
Iūlius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Caesar, Libō.
iungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to join together, unite, bind, fasten; yoke.
ad—adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to join to, fasten to, add.
con—cōniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to fasten together, connect, form by associating.
iūnior, see iuvenis.
Iūnius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Brūtus, Pullus, Sīlānus.
Iuppiter, Iovīs, m., the chief god of the Latins. He was originally a personification of the sky, and had control of the thunder, lightning, rain, and storms.
iūrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to take an oath, swear.
con—coniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to take an oath together, conspire, plot.
iūs, iūris, n., right, justice, authority; court.
(iussus, ūs) [iubeō], m., only in the abl. sing. iussū, by order of, command.
iūstus, a, um [iūs], adj., just, fair; proper, fitting, regular.
iuvenīlis, e [iuvenis], adj., youthful.
iuvenis, e, adj., comp. iūnior; young.
iuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus, to help, aid.
iūxtā, adv. and prep. with acc., near.
Iuventius, ī, m., P. (M’.) Iuventius (Thalma), praetor 167 B.C.
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K.
Kal. ＝ Kalendae, ārum, pl. f., the Kalends, the first day of the month.
Karthāginiēnsis, e, adj., Carthaginian;
as subst., Karthāginiēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the Carthaginians.
Karthāgō, inis, f.,
1. Carthage, a city founded by the Phoenicians on the northern coast of Africa; destroyed by the Romans 146 B.C.
2. Karthāgō Nova, a city founded by the Carthaginians on the eastern coast of Spain.
L.
L., abbreviation of the praenomen Lucius.
L. ＝ 50.
labor, ōris, m., labor, toil; misfortune.
labōriōsus, a, um [labor], adj., full of labor, laborious, toilsome; wearisome, difficult.
labōrō, āre, āvī, ātus [labor], to toil, strive; be in distress; be troubled.
Lacedaemoniī, ōrum, pl. m., the Lacedaemonians, the inhabitants of Lacedaemon or Sparta.
lacrima, ae, f., a tear.
lacrimābilis, e [lacrimō, to weep], adj., lamentable.
laedō, ere, laesī, laesus, to hurt, injure.
Laeliānus, ī, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants; emperor in Gaul after the death of Postumus.
Laelius, ī, m., C. Laelius, consul 190 B.C.
laetitia, ae [laetus, joyful], f., joy, rejoicing.
laetor, ārī, ātus sum [laetus, joyful], to rejoice, be joyful, be glad.
Laevīnus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. L. Valerius (Laevīnus), consul 206 B.C.
2. M. Valerius Laevīnus, consul 210 B.C.
3. P. Valerius Laevīnus, consul 280 B.C.
laevus, a, um, adj., left;
as subst., laeva, ae, f., the left;
in laevā, on the left side.
Lamponius, ī, m., a leader of the Marian party in the Civil war between Marius and Sulla.
languor, ōris, m., faintness, feebleness, weariness.
Larcius, ī, m., T. Larcius (Flavus), the first dictator, 501 B.C.
largior, īrī, ītus sum, to give freely, distribute; bribe.
largītiō, ōnis [largior], f., liberality, bribery.
lascīvia, ae [lascīvus, sportive], f., jollity.
lātē [lātus, broad], adv., broadly, widely; on all sides, far and wide.
lateō, ere, uī, —, to lie hid, escape notice.
Latīnē, adv., in Latin.
Latīnus, a, um, adj., Latin, pertainingto Latium;
as subst., Latīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Latins.
latrō, ōnis, m., a robber, brigand.
latrōcinor, ārī, — [latrō], to be a robber, commit piracy.
latus, eris, n., a side; flank.
laudō, āre, āvī, ātus [laus], to praise, commend.
laurea, ae, f., the laurel tree.
laus, laudis, f., praise, fame, glory; ability, merit.
lavācrum, ī [lavō], n., bath.
lavō, āre, lāvī, lautus, to wash, bathe.
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laxō, āre, āvī, ātus, to loose, spread out, relax.
lectīcula, ae [dim. of lectīca, couch], f., a litter; bier.
lēctiō, ōnis [legō], f., a reading.
lēgātiō, ōnis [legō], f., an embassy.
lēgātus, ī [legō], m., an ambassador, legate; lieutenant, deputy.
legiō, ōnis [legō], f., a legion.
legō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to gather, collect; select, appoint, choose; read.
con—conlegō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to collect, gather; obtain, get, acquire.
dis—dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus, to single out, esteem, love, prize.
ex—ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus, to pick out, choose, select.
lēnitās, ātis [lēnis, soft], f., softness, smoothness, gentleness, mildness.
lēniter [lēnis, soft], adv., softly, mildly, lightly.
Lentulus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. (L.) Cornēlius Lentulus, consul 275 B.C.
2. L. Cornēlius Lentulus, consul 237 B.C.
3. P. Cornēlius Lentulus, consul 71 B.C.
leō, ōnis, m., lion.
Lepidus, ī, m., M. Aemilius Lepidus, a member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 46 B.C.
Leptis, is, f., a Phoenician colony in the northern part of Africa.
levis, e, adj., light, trivial, easy.
lēx, lēgis, f., a law, decree.
libenter [libēns, glad], adv., gladly, cheerfully.
līber, era, erum, adj., free;
as subst., līberī, ōrum, pl. m., children.
līberālis, e [līber], adj., freeborn, noble; liberal, generous.
līberālitās, ātis [līberālis], f., generosity, kindness; a gift.
līberō, āre, āvī, ātus [līber], to set free, release.
lībertās, ātis [līber], f., freedom.
lībertīnus, ī [lībertus], adj. used as subst., m., a manumitted slave, freedman.
lībertus, ī [līber], m., a freedman.
libīdō, inis [libet, it pleases], f., pleasure; lust, wantonness, passion.
Libō, ōnis, m., L. Iūlius Libō, consul 267 B.C.
lībra, ae, f., a pair of scales; a pound.
Liburnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Liburnians, an Illyrian people living between Histria and Dalmatia;
nāvēs Liburnae, light galleys built after a model used by them.
Libya, ae, f., the northern part of Africa, west of Egypt.
Libyssa, ae, f., a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
licet, licēre, licuit or licitum est, impers., it is allowed, permitted.
Licinius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens.
1. C. Fabius Licinius, consul 273 B.C.
2. (P. Flavius) Licinius, Roman emperor 307-324 A.D.
See Crassus, Lūcullus, Valeriānus.
Ligurēs, um, pl. m., the people of Liguria, a district on the western coast of Italy.
Lilybaeum, ī, n., a town in western Sicily.
Lingonēs, um, Gr. acc. Lingonas, pl. m., a Celtic people of Gaul.
līs, lītis, f., a strife, dispute, quarrel; a suit, action.
littera, ae, f., a letter (of the alphabet);
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pl., writing, literature, letters; a letter.
lītus, oris, n., a shore, beach.
Līvius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Salīnātōr.
locō, āre, āvī, ātus [locus], to place.
con—conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus, to place, arrange, station, establish.
locuplētātor, ōris [locuplētō, to enrich], m., an enricher.
locus, ī, pl. locī and loca, m., a place, spot; room; position, rank, condition.
Lollius, ī, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 B.C.
longē [longus], adv., at a distance, far, by far.
Longīnus, ī, m.,
1. C. Cassius Longīnus, consul 124 B.C.
2. C. Cassius (Longīnus), murderer of Caesar.
longus, a, um, adj., long, tall; distant; tedious.
lōrīca, ae [lōrum, a strap], f., a corselet of leather, a coat of mail.
Lorium, ī, n., a town in Etruria.
Lūcānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Lucania.
Lūcānia, ae, f., a district in southern Italy.
Lucrētia, ae, f., the wife of Collatinus.
Lucrētius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Tricipitīnus.
lūctus, ūs [lugeō], m., grief, sorrow, mourning.
Lūcullus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. L. Licinius Lūcullus, consul 74 B.C.
2. M. Licinius Lūcullus, brother of (1).
lūcus, ī, m., a sacred grove, grove.
lūdus, ī, m., play, game; place of training, school.
Lugdūnum, ī, n., a city in Gaul, now Lyons.
lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus, to mourn, bewail.
Lūsitānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Lūsitānia.
Lūsitānia, ae, f., a province in the southwest of Spain.
Lutātius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Catulus.
luxūria, ae [lūxus, excess], f., luxury, extravagance.
Lycia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor.
M.
M., abbreviation of the praenomen Marcus.
M’., abbreviation of the praenomen Manius.
Macedo, onis, m., a Macedonian.
Macedonia, ae, f., an extensive country north of Greece, between Thessaly and Thrace.
Macedonicus, a, um, adj., Macedonian; a surname of Q. Caecilius Metellus, who conquered Macedonia; also of L. Aemilius Paulus.
māchinor, ārī, ātus sum, to contrive skillfully, devise, scheme, plot.
Macrīnus, ī, m., (M.) Opilius Macrīnus, Roman emperor 217-218 A.D.
Madena, ae, f., a part of Armenia.
Maedī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Thrace.
maeror, ōris, m., mourning, sadness, grief, sorrow, lamentation.
magis, adv., comp., more, rather;
eō magis, all the more;
sup., māximē, greatly, chiefly, exceedingly.
magister, trī, m., a master, ruler, teacher;
magister equitum, master of the horse, aid-de-camp of the dictator.
Māgnentiānus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Māgnentius.
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Māgnentius, ī, m., Roman emperor, 350-353 A.D.
Māgnēsia, ae, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mount Sipylus in Lydia.
māgnificentissimē [māgnificus], adv., sup. of māgnificē; splendidly, very magnificently.
māgnificus, a, um [māgnus + faciō], adj., sup. māgnificentissimus; splendid, magnificent, noble.
māgnitūdō, inis [māgnus], f., magnitude, greatness, size.
māgnus, a, um, adj., comp. māior, sup. māximus; great, large, abundant, powerful.
Māgō, ōnis, m., the brother of Hannibal, captured by Scipio in Spain.
māiestās, ātis [māior], f., greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty.
māior, see māgnus.
Māius, ī, m., the month of May; usually as adj., Māius, a, um, agreeing with mēnsis, Kalendae, Nōnae, Īdūs.
male [malus], adv., comp. pēius, sup. pessimē; badly, ill, unhappily, unsuccessfully.
mālo, see volō.
malus, a, um, adj., comp. pēior, sup. pessimus; bad, evil, hurtful;
as subst., malum, ī, n., misfortune.
Mamaea, ae, f., (Iūlia) Mamaea, mother of Alexander Severus.
Mancīnus, ī, m., C. Hostīlius Mancīnus, consul 137 B.C.
mandō, āre, āvī, ātus [manus + dō], to commission, command, send word.
con—commendō, āre, āvī, ātus, to commend or commit for protection, intrust, recommend.
re—remandō, āre, āvī, ātus, to send back word (very rare).
maneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsus, to stay, continue, abide by.
per—permaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, to continue, remain.
re—remaneō, ēre, mānsī, to remain behind.
Mānīlius, ī, m., M. Manilius, consul 149 B.C.
Mānlius, ī, m.,
1. A. Mānlius, consul 241 B.C.
2. M. Mānlius, consul 105 B.C.
See Cēnsōrīnus, Torquātus, Vulsō.
mānsuētūdō, inis [mānsuētus, tame], f., mildness, gentleness.
manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus [manus + mittō], to set free, emancipate; enfranchise.
manus, ūs, f., hand, arm; band, troop; force; combat;
manūs cōnserere, to join battle;
dare manūs, to yield.
Mārcellus, ī, m., the name of a famous Roman family.
1. M. Claudius Mārcellus, consul 222 B.C.
2. (M.) Claudius Mārcellus, consul 166 B.C.
3. (M.) Claudius Mārcellus, consul 51 B.C.
Mārcius, ī, m.,
1. Ancus Mārcius, the fourth king of Rome, 640-616 B.C.
2. C. Mārcius, consul 310 B.C.
3. Q. Mārcius, surnamed Coriolanus.
See Coriolānus.
Marcomannicus, a, um, adj., belonging or pertaining to the Marcomannī.
Marcomedī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of western Asia.
Mardī, ōrum, pl. m., a powerful, warlike people that dwelt on the southern shore of the Caspian sea.
mare, is, n., the sea.
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Margum, ī, n., a town in Upper Moesia.
Mariānus, a, um, adj., belonging or pertaining to Marius.
maritimus, a, um [mare], adj., marine, maritime, on the seashore.
marītus, ī [mās, male], m., a husband.
Marius, ī, m., the name of a family at Rome.
1. C. Marius, seven times consul, leader of the democratic party in the Civil war between him and Sulla. See Notes, p. 137.
2. C. Marius, son of (1). Consul 82 B.C.
3. M. Aurēlius Marius, one of the Thirty Tyrants.
Mārs, Mārtis, m., the Roman god of war.
Marsī, ōrum, pl. m., a brave and warlike Sabellian people, who dwelt in the mountains of central Italy.
Mārtius, a, um, adj., pertaining to Mars.
Mārtius, ī, m., the month of March;
usually used as an adj., Mārtius, a, um, agreeing with mēnsis, Kalendae, Nōnae, Īdūs.
Masinissa, ae, m., a king of Numidia, an ally of the Romans.
Massilia, ae, f., a city in Gaul, modern Marseilles.
māter, tris, f., mother.
māternus, a, um [māter], adj., of a mother, mother’s; maternal, on the mother’s side.
mātrimōnium, ī [māter], n., marriage; pl. wives.
mātrōna, ae [māter], f., a matron, woman.
Mauretania, ae, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, embracing parts of modern Morocco and Algiers.
Māxentius, ī, m. (M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māxentius, Roman emperor 306-312 A.D.
māximē, see magis.
Māximiānus, ī, m.,
1. Gālerius (Valerius) Māximiānus, Roman emperor, 305-311 A.D.
2. (M. Aurēlius Valerius) Māximiānus, surnamed Herculius, Roman emperor 286-305 A.D.
Māximīnus, ī, m.,
1. (C. Iūlius Verus) Māximīnus, Roman emperor 235-238 A.D.
2. Gālerius (Valerius) Māximīnus, Roman emperor 305-314 A.D.
Māximus, ī, m.,
1. Q. Fabius Māximus, consul six times.
2. Q. Fabius Māximus, defeated by the Samnites 292 B.C.
3. Q. Fabius Māximus (Cunctātor), five times consul.
māximus, see māgnus.
Māzaca, ae, f., a city in Cappadocia, later called Caesarēa ad Argaeum from Mount Argaeus upon which it stood.
medicus, ī [medeor, to heal], m., a physician, surgeon.
medie [medius], adv., in the middle, moderately, tolerably.
medietās, ātis [medius], f., the middle, place in the middle, midst.
mediocris, cre [medius], adj., common, moderate, mediocre.
Mediōlānum, ī, n., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, modern Milan.
medius, a, um, adj., in the middle, middle, midst of;
as subst., medium, ī, n., middle, midst, space between.
melior, see bonus.
melius, see bene.
Memmius, ī, m., L. Memmius, consul 151 B.C.
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memorābilis, e [memorō, to bring to mind], adj., worth telling, remarkable.
memoria, ae [memor, mindful], f., memory; report, record, time, age.
mēns, mentis, f., the mind; disposition; reason.
mēnsis, is, m., a month.
mentiō, ōnis, f., mention.
mentum, ī, n., the chin.
mereō, ēre, uī, itus, to get, earn, deserve; serve.
mergō, ere, mersī, mersus, to dip, plunge, sink.
dē—dēmergō, ere, mersī, mersus, to sink.
meritō [meritum, desert], adv., deservedly, justly.
Mesopotamia, ae, f., Mesopotamia, a division of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
Messāla, ae, m., M. (M’.) Valerius (Messāla), consul 263 B.C.
Messēniī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Messēnē, an island in the Tigris river.
-met, an intensive enclitic particle, self.
Metellus, ī, m., the name of a prominent family at Rome.
1. C. Caecilius Metellus, consul 113 B.C.
2. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 251 B.C.
3. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 123 B.C.
4. (Q. Caecilius) Metellus Macedonicus, consul 143 B.C.
5. Q. Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus), consul 109 B.C.
6. Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, consul 69 B.C.
7. L. (Caecilius) Metellus, carried on war against Mithradates.
8. M. (Caecilius) Metellus.
metus, ūs, m., fear, dread.
Micipsa, ae, m., king of Numidia, the eldest of the sons of Masinissa.
migrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to migrate, remove.
mīles, itis, m. and f., a soldier.
mīliārium, ī, n., a milestone, mile.
mīlitāris, e [mīles], adj., military;
as subst., a soldier;
rēs mīlitāris, the art of war, military operations.
mīlitia, ae [mīles], f., military service.
mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātus [mīles], to be a soldier, wage war.
mīlle, indecl. num. adj., a thousand;
as subst. with part. gen., mīlia, um, pl. n., thousand, thousands.
mīllēsimus, a, um [mīlle], num. adj., thousandth.
mināx, ācis [minor, to threaten], adj., threatening.
minimē, see parum.
minimus, see parvus.
minister, trī, m., an attendant, servant.
minor, us, see parvus.
Minucius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Rūfus.
minuō, ere, ī, ūtus [minus], to make small, diminish, reduce.
dē—dēminuō, ere, ī, ūtus, to make smaller, lessen, diminish.
minus, adv., see parum.
mīrābilis, e [mīror], adj., wonderful.
mīror, ārī, ātus sum, to wonder at, be astonished.
ad—admīror, ārī, ātus sum, to wonder at, admire.
Mithradātēs, is, m., surnamed the Great, king of Pontus 120-63 B.C.
Mithradāticus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Mithradātēs.
mītis, e, adj., mild, kind, placid.
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mittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send, dispatch; throw, shoot; let go.
ab—āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send away, lose; dismiss.
ad—admittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to permit, admit, give audience to.
con—committō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send or bring together, join; intrust, commit, bring about, cause, allow;
pūgnam or proelium committere, to begin battle.
dis—dimittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send away, dismiss; give up, abandon.
inter—intermittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send between, interpose, interrupt; stop, cease.
per—permittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to let pass; permit, allow.
praeter—praetermittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to permit to go by, let pass, let go; omit, neglect.
prō—prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to put forward; promise, assure.
re—remittō, ere, mīsī, missus, to send back, relax; abate.
moderātē [moderātus], adv., sup. moderātissimē; with moderation, moderately.
moderātiō, ōnis [moderor], f., moderation, self-control.
moderātor, ōris [moderor], m., a manager, governor, director.
moderātus, a, um [moderor], adj., self-controlled, temperate, modest.
moderor, ārī, ātus sum [modus], to set bounds to, check, restrict, regulate.
modestia, ae [modestus], f., moderation; shame, modesty; sense of honor, dignity.
modestus, a, um [modus], adj., keeping due measure, moderate, modest, temperate.
modicus, a, um [modus], adj., small, moderate.
modius, ī [modus], m., a measure, peck.
modo [modus], adv., only; just now, lately;
modo … modo, at one time … at another, now … now;
nōn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also.
modus, ī, m., measure, limit, end; way, manner.
Moesia, ae, f., the modern Bulgaria and Servia, divided into Moesia Superior and Inferior; hence the pl., Moesiae.
Mogontiacum, ī, n., a city in Belgic Gaul, modern Mainz.
molestus, a, um [mōlēs, mass], adj., troublesome, annoying, vexatious.
mōlior, īrī, ītus sum [mōlēs, mass], to struggle, toil; undertake, attempt.
mollis, e, adj., gentle, smooth; yielding.
moneō, ēre, uī, itus, to advise, warn, remind.
monētārius, ī [monēta, mint], m., a minter, coiner.
mōns, montis, m., a mountain, hill, height.
monumentum, ī [moneō], n., a monument, record; tomb.
mōrātus, a, um [mōs], adj., mannered, of morals, constituted; characteristic.
morbus, ī, m., sickness, disease.
morior, morī, mortuus sum, to die.
moror, ārī, ātus sum [mora, delay], to delay, wait.
mors, mortis [morior], f., death.
mōs, mōris, m., a custom, habit; manner, fashion;
pl., customs, character.
mōtus, ūs [moveō], m., motion, disturbance, revolt.
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moveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus, to move, remove; influence, excite.
con—commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus, to arouse, disturb, move, influence.
re—removeō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus, to remove, put aside, dismiss, withdraw.
sub—submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus, to drive off, dislodge.
mox, adv., soon, directly, then.
Mūcius, ī, m., see Scaevola.
muliebris, e [mulier, a woman], adj., pertaining to a woman, woman-like.
multitūdō, inis [multus], f., a multitude.
multō, āre, āvī, ātus [multa, a fine], to fine, deprive; punish, condemn.
multō [multus], adv., by far, much.
multus, a, um, adj., comp. plūs, sup. plūrimus; much, many a;
pl., many.
Mulvius, a, um, adj., Mulvian;
Mulvius pōns, the Mulvian bridge, about two miles north of Rome.
Mummius, ī, m., L. Mummius, the conqueror of Corinth; consul 146 B.C.
Munda, ae, f., a Roman colony in the south of Spain, where a battle was fought in 45 B.C. between Caesar and the Pompeians.
mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [moenia, walls], to fortify, secure, guard.
mūnus, eris, n., duty, service; present, gift.
Mūrēna, ae, m., L. (Licinius) Mūrēna, consul 62 B.C.
murrinus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the stone murra, murine.
Mursa, ae, f., a town in Pannonia.
mūrus, ī, m., a wall.
Mūs, Mūris, m., (P.) Decius Mūs, consul 279 B.C.
mūtō, āre, āvī, ātus, to change.
N.
Nabis, idis, m., tyrant of Sparta.
nactus, see nancīscor.
nam, conj., for, but.
nancīscor, ī, nactus sum, to get, obtain.
Narbō, ōnis, m., a city in the southern part of Gaul.
nārrātiō, ōnis [nārrō, to tell], f., a relating, narrative.
Narseus, ī, m., king of Persia, 294-303 A.D.
Nāsīca, see Scīpiō.
nāscor, ī, nātus sum, to be born; spring from, arise.
nātiō, ōnis [nāscor], f., nation, tribe, people.
nātūra, ae [nātus], f., nature, disposition; situation.
nātus, a, um [nāscor], adj., lit. born;
with annōs and numerals, old.
naufragium, ī [nāvis + frangō], n., shipwreck, ruin.
nāvālis, e [nāvis], adj., naval.
nāvigātiō, ōnis [nāvigō], f., a voyage; navigation.
nāvigō, āre, āvī, ātus [nāvis + agō], to sail, navigate.
nāvis, is, f., ship, vessel;
nāvis longa, war ship, galley;
nāvis onerāria, transport.
nē, 1, adv., not; nē … quidem, not even, not at all;
2, conj., in order that not, lest, not to, for fear that.
ne, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and then translatable only by the inflection of the voice;
(2) as conj. with indirect questions, whether.
nec, see neque.
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necessārius, a, um [necesse, necessary], adj., necessary, indispensable;
as subst., an intimate friend, relative.
necessitūdō, inis [necesse, necessary], f., friendship, intimacy.
neglegenter [neglegēns, heedless], adv., heedlessly, carelessly, negligently.
negō, āre, āvi, ātus, to say no, deny, refuse.
negōtium, ī [nec + ōtium], n., business; toil, labor, trouble.
nēmō, inis [nē + homō], m. and f., no one.
Nepotiānus, ī, m., (Flavius Popilius) Nepotiānus, Roman emperor for 28 days in 350 A.D.
nepōs, ōtis, m., grandson; nephew (late);
pl., descendants.
nēquāquam [nē + quāquam, anywhere], adv., not at all, by no means.
neque or nec [nē + que], adv. and conj., and not, but not, nor, nor yet;
neque (nec) … neque (nec), neither … nor.
Nerō, ōnis, m.,
1. Nerō (Claudius Caesar Drūsus Germānicus), Roman emperor 54-68 A.D.
2. Appius Claudius Nerō, consul 207 B.C.
Nerōniānus, a, um, adj., belonging or pertaining to Nerō; Nerōniānae thermae.
Nerva, ae, m. (M. Coccēius) Nerva, Roman emperor 96-98 A.D.
neuter, tra, trum [nē + uter], pron., neither (of two).
nex, necis, f., death; murder, slaughter.
Nīcomēdēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Nīcomēdia.
Nīcomēdia, ae, f., the capital city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
Nicomēdēs, is, m.,
1. Surnamed Epiphanes, king of Bithynia, 149-91 B.C.
2. Surnamed Philopator, king of Bithynia, 91-74 B.C.
Niger, grī, m. (C.) Pescennius Niger, Roman emperor 193-194 A.D.
nihil [nē + hilum, a trifle], n., indecl., nothing, not at all.
Nīlus, ī, m., the river Nile.
nimietās, ātis [nimius], f., a too great number or quantity; superfluity, excess.
nimis, adv., too much, very, excessively.
nimius, a, um [nimis], adj., too much, too great, excessive.
nisi [nē + sī], conj., if not, unless, except.
Nisibis, is, f., a city in Mesopotamia.
nītor, ī, nīsus or nīxus sum, to strive, attempt; rely upon.
ad—adnītor, ī, nīsus or nīxus sum, to lean against or upon; strive.
Nōbiliōr, ōris, m., a celebrated Roman family.
1. M. Fulvius (Nōbiliōr), consul 189 B.C.
2. Ser. Fulvius Nōbiliōr, consul 255 B.C.
nōbilis, e [nōscō], adj., noted, notable; renowned, noble.
nōbilitās, ātis [nōbilis], f., renown, nobility;the nobles.
nōbiliter [nōbilis], adv., famously, excellently, splendidly, nobly.
nocturnus, a, um [nox], adj., by night, nocturnal.
Nōla, ae, f., a city in Campania in Italy.
nōlō, see volō.
nōmen, inis [nōscō], n., a name; account; pretense; authority.
Nōmentānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Nōmentum, a Sabine city.
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nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus [nōmen], to name, call, mention.
nōn, adv., not, no.
Nōnae, ārum, pl. f., the Nones, the seventh of March, May, July, and October, and the fifth of other months.
nōnāgēsimus, a, um [nōnāgintā], num. adj., ninetieth.
nōnāgintā, indecl. num. adj., ninety.
nōnnūllus, a, um [nōn + nūllus], adj., some, several.
nōnus, a, um [novem], num. adj., ninth.
Norbānus, ī, m. (C.) Norbānus, consul 83 B.C.
Nōricum, ī, n., a Roman province south of the Danube.
nōscō, ere, nōvī, nōtus, to come to know, become acquainted with;
in perf. system, to know.
ad—āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus, to recognize.
con—cognōscō, ere, cognōvī, cognitus, to learn, perceive, understand.
re + con—recognōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus, to recall, recognize.
noster, tra, trum [nōs], adj., our, our own.
notābilis, e [notō, to mark], adj., noteworthy, conspicuous, notable.
nōtus, a, um [nōscō], adj., well known, familiar.
novem, num. adj., nine.
noverca, ae, f., stepmother.
novus, a, um, adj., fresh, new, young, recent;
novae rēs, a revolution.
nox, noctis, f., night.
nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptus, to veil one’s self, marry.
nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus [nūdus], to make bare, strip, expose.
nūdus, a, um, adj., naked, bare.
nūllus, a, um [nē + ūllus] (gen. nūllīus, dat. nūllī), adj., none, no;
as subst., no one.
Numa, ae, m., see Pompilius.
Numantia, ae, f., a city in Spain.
Numantīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Numantia.
nūmen, inis [nuō, to nod], n., a divinity, power.
numerōsus, a, um [numerus], adj., in full numbers, numerous, manifold.
Numeriānus, ī, m., the younger of the two sons of the emperor Carus.
numerus, ī, m., number, account; character, rank.
Numidae, ārum, pl. m., the Numidians.
Numidia, ae, f., a country of northern Africa, west of Carthage.
nummus, ī, m., money; coin; sesterce (＝ 4.1 cents).
numquam [nē + umquam], adv., never.
nunc, adv., at the present moment, now.
nūncupō, āre, āvī, ātus [nōmen + capiō], to call, call by name.
nūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus [nūntius], to tell, announce, report.
dē—dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus, to announce, denounce, order, threaten.
prō—prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus, to tell, declare, recite, appoint.
nūntius, ī, m., a messenger; message.
nusquam [nē + usquam], adv., nowhere, in no place.
nūtō, āre, āvī, ātus, to nod; waver, be ready to give way.
O.
ob, prep. with acc., to, towards; for, on account of, by reason of.
obeō, see eō.
obiciō, see *iaciō.
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obitus, ūs [obeō], m., destruction, death.
oboediō, see audiō.
obscēnē [obscēnus, ill-omened], adv., sup. obscēnissimē; immodestly, indecently.
obscēnitās, ātis [obscēnus, ill-omened], f., moral impurity, foulness, unchastity, lewdness, obscenity.
obscūrē [obscūrus], adv., comp. obscūrius, sup. obscūrissimē; obscurely.
obscūrus, a, um, adj., dark, obscure; ignoble, mean, low.
obsecrō, see *sacrō.
obsequor, see sequor.
obses, idis [obsideō], m. and f., a hostage.
obsideō, see sedeō.
obsidiō, ōnis [obsideō], f., a siege.
obtemperō, āre, āvī, ātus [temperō, to soften], to submit.
obtineō, see teneō.
obvius, a, um [ob + via], adj., in the way, meeting;
with esse, fierī, or venīre, to meet.
occāsiō, ōnis [occidō, to happen], f., an occasion, opportunity.
Occidēns, tis [occidō], m. (sc. sōl), the setting sun, the West, the Occident.
occīdō, see caedō.
occulō, ere, culuī, cultus, to cover, cover over; hide, conceal.
occultō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of occulō], to hide, conceal; secrete.
occultus, a, um [occulō], adj., hidden, secret, concealed.
occupō, āre, āvī, ātus [ob + capiō], to take possession of, seize, hold, occupy; attack, employ.
occurrō, see currō.
Ōceanus, ī, m., the Atlantic and its divisions in contrast with the Mediterranean Sea.
Octāviāna, ae, f., sister of Octavianus and wife of M. Antonius.
Octāviānus, ī, m., see Caesar, Augustus.
Octāvius, ī, m., C. Octāvius, consul 87 B.C.
octāvus, a, um [octō], num. adj., eighth.
octingentēsimus, a, um [octingentī], num. adj., eight hundredth.
octingentī, ae, a [octō + centum], num. adj., eight hundred.
octō, indecl. num. adj., eight.
octōdecim [octō + decem], indecl. num. adj., eighteen.
octōgēsimus, a, um [octōgintā], num. adj., eightieth.
octōgintā [octō], indecl. num. adj., eighty.
oculus, ī, m., the eye.
Odenāthus, ī, m., ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the Persians, and was honored with the title of Augustus by Gallienus.
odēum, ī, n., a public building designed for musical performances, odeon.
odium, ī [odī, to hate], n., hatred, aversion.
odor, ōris, m., odor, stench.
Oenomaus, ī, m., a leader of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus.
offēnsa, ae, f., disfavor, offense, hatred, enmity.
offerō, see ferō.
officium, ī [opus + faciō], n., service, favor; duty, office.
Ogulnius, ī, m., Q. Ogulnius, consul 269 B.C.
olim [ole, old form of ille], adv., formerly.
Olympias, adis, f., an Olympiad, the space of four years intervening between the games at Olympus. The period was used in assigning dates, the first Olympiad beginning in 776 B.C.
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Olympus, ī, m., a city in Lycia in Asia Minor.
ōmen, inis, n., a foreboding, prognostication, omen.
omnīnō [omnis], adv., in all, altogether, only, in general; at all.
omnis, e, adj., every, all.
opera, ae [opus], f., work, pains, aid;
operam dare, to attend to, assist, aid.
opifex, ficis [opus + faciō], m., workman, artisan.
opīnor, ārī, ātus sum, to think, believe.
oppidum, ī, n., a walled town.
Oppius, ī, m., see Sabīnus.
opprimō, see premō.
oppūgnātiō, ōnis [oppūgnō], f., an assault, attack, siege.
oppūgnō, see pūgnō.
(ops), opis, f., power, help;
pl. opēs, um, wealth, resources.
optimus, see bonus.
optō, āre, āvī, ātus, to hope, desire.
ad—adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus, to adopt.
opulentus, a, um [ops], adj., rich, wealthy.
opus, operis, n., work, business, need; fortification.
ōrātor, ōris [ōrō], m., an orator, ambassador.
orbis, is, m., circle;
orbis terrae or terrārum, the world.
orbitās, ātis [orbus, destitute], f., bereavement, orphanage.
Orchadēs, um, pl. f., a group of islands north of Scotland, now Orkney Islands.
ōrdinārius, a, um [ōrdinō], adj., of order, usual, regular, ordinary.
ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus [ōrdō], to arrange, regulate.
ōrdō, inis, f., an order, rank, row.
Orestēs, is, m., Cn. Aufidius Orestes, consul 73 B.C.
Oriēns, entis [orior], m. (sc. sōl), the rising sun, the East, the Orient.
orīgō, inis [orior], f., an origin, source, pedigree.
orior, īrī, ortus sum, to rise, begin, spring from.
oriundus, a, um [orior], adj., descended, sprung from, originating, born.
ōrnāmentum, ī [ōrnō, to fit out], n., a preparation; decoration, ornament, jewel.
ōrō, āre, āvī, ātus [ōs, mouth], to pray, beg, entreat.
ad—adōrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to supplicate; worship, reverence.
Orōdēs, is, m., a king of the Parthians, conquered by Pompey.
os, ossis, n., a bone.
Osdroēna, ae, f., Osroēnē, a district in the west of Mesopotamia.
Osdroēnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Osdroēna.
ostendō, see tendō.
ōstiātim, adv., from door to door, from house to house.
ōstium, ī [ōs, mouth], m., the mouth of a river.
Otācilius, ī, m., (T.) Otācilius Crassus, consul 263 B.C.
Othō, ōnis, m., (M. Salvius) Othō, Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 A.D.
ōtium, ī, n., leisure; ease, idleness; rest, peace.
ovō, āre, —, —, to exult, rejoice; receive an ovation, triumph.
P.
P., abbreviation of the praenomen Publius.
pācō, āre, āvī, ātus [pāx], to pacify, make peaceful.
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Pacorus, ī, m., son of Orodes I., king of Parthia.
Paelīgnī, ōrum, pl. m., a Sabine people dwelling in central Italy.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
Palaeopharsālus, ī, f., a city in Thessaly where Caesar defeated Pompey 48 B.C. It is generally written Pharsalus.
Palaestīna, ae, f., Palestine.
palam, adv., openly, publicly.
Palātīnus, ī (sc. mōns), adj., the Palatine Hill.
Palātium, ī, n., the Palatine Hill;
the imperial palace, which was on the hill.
pallium, ī, n., a Grecian cloak, mantle.
palūs, ūdis, f., a marsh, fen.
Pamphȳlia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor.
Pannonia, ae, f., one of the most important provinces of Rome, lying between the Danube and the Alps.
Pannonicus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Pannonia.
Pannoniī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Pannonia.
Pānsa, ae, m., (C. Vibius) Pānsa, consul 43 B.C.
Panticapaeum, ī, n., a city in the modern Crimea.
Paphlagōn, onis, m., a Paphlagonian.
Paphlagonia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor on the Black Sea.
Papirius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Carbō, Cursor.
parēns, entis [pariō], m. and f., a father or mother, parent; relative (late).
pāreō, ēre, uī, —, to appear; obey, serve.
ad—appāreō, ēre, uī, —, to become visible, appear; serve.
con—compāreō, ēre, uī, —, to appear, show one’s self.
*pariō, ere, peperī, partus, to give birth to, bring forth.
ab—āperiō, īre, uī, tus, to uncover, bare; open, disclose.
con—comperiō, īre, perī, pertus, to find out, learn.
re—reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus, to find (again), meet with, discover.
parō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make ready, prepare; resolve, plan; get, acquire.
con—comparō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make ready, prepare; obtain, procure.
prae—praeparō, āre, āvī, ātus, to make ready beforehand, provide.
re—reparō, āre, āvī, ātus, to renew.
parricīdium, ī [pater + caedō], n., murder of a father, parricide.
pars, partis, f., a part, number; district; side, direction; party, faction.
Parthenius, ī, m., the slayer of Domitian.
Parthenopolis, is, f., a city in Lower Moesia on the Black Sea.
Parthī, ōrum, pl. m., a Scythian people southeast of the Caspian Sea.
Parthicus, a, um, adj., belonging to Parthia, cognomen of Septimius Sevērus.
Parthomasīris, is, m., king of Armenia.
partim [pars], adv., partly.
partus, ūs [pariō], m., a bringing forth, delivery, birth; progeny.
parum, adv., too little, not enough;
comp., minus, less, by no means, not;
sup., minime, least of all, by no means, not at all;
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as a subst., parum, indecl. n., too little, not enough.
parvus, a, um, adj., little, small;
comp., minor, smaller, less; younger (sc. nātū);
sup., minimus, smallest, least.
pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus, to feed;
of animals, to graze, browse.
passus, ūs [passus from pandō, to spread], m., a step, pace;
mīlle passuum, pl. mīlia passuum, a Roman mile ＝ 4854 English feet.
patefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus [pateō + faciō], to lay open, disclose, bring to light.
pateō, ēre, uī, —, to be open, extend, be manifest.
pater, tris, m., a father, ancestor.
paternus, a, um [pater], adj., fatherly, of a father.
patior, patī, passus sum, to suffer, bear, endure; experience; allow, permit.
per—perpetior, ī, pessus sum, to endure, be patient under.
patria, ae [pater], f., fatherland, country, home.
patrimōnium, ī [pater], n., inheritance, patrimony, property.
patrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to carry out, perform, execute.
patruēlis, e [patruus], adj., of a father’s brother, child of a father’s brother;
as subst., a cousin.
patruus, ī [pater] m., of a father’s brother, paternal uncle.
paucus, a, um, adj., few, little.
paulisper [paulum, by a little], adv., a short time.
paulus, a, um, adj., little, small;
as subst., paulum, ī, n., a little, trifle;
abl., paulō, by a little.
Paulus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. L. Aemilius Paulus, consul 216 B.C.
2. L. Aemilius Paulus, surnamed Macedonicus, consul 168 B.C.
3. M. Aemilius Paulus, consul 255 B.C.
pauper, eris, adj., poor.
pāx, pācis, f., peace.
pectus, oris, n., the breast.
pecūnia, ae [pecus, cattle], f., money.
pedes, itis [pēs], m., a foot soldier, infantry.
pellō, ere, pepulī, pulsus, to drive out or away, expel; defeat, rout.
ad—appellō, āre, āvī, ātus, to call, address, name; appeal to; accuse.
con—compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive together, collect; force, compel.
ex—expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to drive out or away, expel, dislodge.
in—impellō, ere, pulī, pulsus, to urge on, incite, impel.
pendeō, ēre, pependī, —, to hang, be suspended; rest, depend.
penetrō, āre, āvī, ātus [penitus], to enter, penetrate.
penitus, adv., inwardly, within; deeply, completely.
per, prep. with acc. (1) of place, through, across, over, throughout;
(2) of time, through, during;
(3) of means or agency, by means of, by the agency of, through.
percussor, ōris [percutiō], m., a stabber, murderer.
percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus [per + quatiō, to shake], to thrust through, strike, kill.
perdō, see dō.
perdomō, see domō.
pereō, see eō.
perferō, see ferō.
perficiō, see faciō.
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perfidia, ae [perfidus, faithless], f., treachery.
perfuga, ae [perfugiō, to flee for refuge], m., a fugitive, deserter, refuge.
Pergamum, ī, n., a city in Mysia in Asia Minor.
pergō, see regō.
perīculum, ī, n., trial; danger, peril.
perimō, see emō.
perinde [per + inde], adv., in the same manner, just as, equally.
perītus, a, um, adj., skillful, experienced, familiar with.
permaneō, see maneō.
permittō, see mittō.
permūtātiō, ōnis [permūtō, to change], f., change, exchange.
perniciēs, ēī [per + nex], f., destruction, ruin.
perniciōsē [perniciōsus], adv., dangerously, destructively.
perniciōsus, a, um [perniciēs], adj., dangerous, destructive.
Perperna, ae, m., (M.) Perperna, consul 130 B.C.
perpetior, see patior.
perpetuus, a, um, adj., continuous, uninterrupted;
in perpetuum, forever.
Persae, ārum, pl. m., the Persians.
persequor, see sequor.
Perseus, eī, m., the last king of Macedonia, 178-168 B.C.
persevērō, āre, āvī, ātus, to persist, persevere.
Persis, idis, f., Persia.
Pertināx, ācis, m., (Helvius) Pertināx, Roman emperor from January 1 to March 28, 193 A.D.
Perusia, ae, f., an ancient town in Etruria in Italy.
perveniō, see veniō.
pēs, pedis, m., a foot, pedem referre, to retreat.
Pescennius, ī, m., see Niger.
pestilentia, ae [pestis, plague], f., a pestilence, plague.
petō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus, to strive for, seek; beg, ask, request; assail, attack.
ad—appetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus, to strive for, reach after; assail, attack; long for, desire; draw nigh, approach, be at hand.
re—repetō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus, to seek again, try to get back, demand back; recall, repeat; attack.
Petrēius, ī, m., M. Petrēius, a partisan of Pompey; fought against Caesar in Spain, Greece, and Africa.
Petrōnius, ī, m., Petrōnius Secundus, a partisan of Nerva.
Pharnacēs, is, m., Gr. acc. Pharnacēn, the son of Mithradates, who succeeded his father as king of Pontus.
Phasēlis, idis, f., a city of Lycia in Asia Minor.
Philippī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Macedonia where Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavian 44 B.C.
Philippus, ī, m.,
1. Philip V., king of Macedonia 220-178 B.C.
2. (M. Iūlius) Philippus I., Roman emperor 244-249 A.D.
3. (M. Iūlius) Philippus II., son of (2).
4. L. Mārcius Philippus, consul 91 B.C.
5. Q. Mārcius Philippus, consul 186 B.C.
philosophia, ae, f., philosophy.
philosophus, ī, m., a philosopher.
Phoenīcē, ēs, f., Phoenicia, a country of Syria.
Phrygia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor.
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Pīcentēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Picenum.
Pīcēnum, ī, n., a division of Italy on the Adriatic Sea, north of Latium.
pīlum, ī, n., a heavy javelin; pike.
pingō, ere, pīnxī, pīctus, to paint; represent, delineate, portray.
Pīraeus, ī, m., the chief harbor of Athens.
pīrāta, ae, m., a pirate.
pīrāticus, a, um [pīrāta], adj., pertaining to pirates, piratical;
Pīrāticum bellum, war against the pirates.
piscis, is, f., a fish.
piscor, ārī, ātus sum [piscis], to fish.
pius, a, um, adj., reverent, pious.
placeō, ēre, uī, —, to please, be agreeable to; seem best to;
impers., placet, placuit, placitum est, to be resolved by.
dis—displiceō, ēre, uī, —, to displease.
placidus, a, um, [placō, to soothe], adj., calm, quiet, tranquil.
Plautius, ī, m., A. Plautius, sent by the emperor Claudius in 43 A.D. to subdue Britain.
plēbs, plēbis, and plēbēs, ēī, f., the common people, populace, plebeians.
plēnus, a, um [pleō], adj., full.
*pleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus, to fill.
con—compleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus, to fill (to the brim); complete.
ex—expleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus, to fill up, fill.
in—impleō, ēre, plēvī, plētus, to fill up, finish.
plērīque, aeque, aque, adj., very many, most.
plērumque, adv., mostly, generally, very often.
Plōtīna, ae, f., the wife of the emperor Trajan.
plūrimus, see multus.
Plūtarchus, ī, m., a Greek philosopher and biographer.
pōculum, ī, n., cup.
poēma, atis, n., a poem.
poena, ae, f., compensation, punishment, penalty.
Poenī, ōrum, pl. m., the Carthaginians.
Polemō, ōnis, m., king of Pontus 39-62 A.D.
Polemōniacus, a, um, adj., belonging to Polemō.
polliceor, ērī, itus sum, to promise, volunteer.
pompa, ae, f., a procession, parade, pomp.
Pompēius, ī, m.,
1. Cn. Pompēius, consul 89 B.C.
2. Cn. Pompēius, surnamed Magnus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C.
3. Cn. Pompēius, son of the triumvir.
4. Q. Pompēius, consul 141 B.C.
5. Sex. Pompēius, younger son of the triumvir.
Pompilius, ī, m., Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, 715-672 B.C.
pondō [pondus], adv., by weight.
pondus, eris, [pendo, to weigh], n., weight.
pōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put down, place, set, deposit; serve (at meals); spend; set up, build; pitch.
ad—appōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put before, place near; serve (at table).
con—compōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to arrange, settle; conclude, finish.
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dē—dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to lay down or aside, put down; stop; arrange, establish.
dis—dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to arrange, array, dispose.
in—impōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to place or put upon or in; establish.
prae—praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to set over, put in charge of.
re—repōnō, ere, posuī, positus, to put back, replace, restore.
pōns, pontis, m., a bridge.
Ponticus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Pontus;
Ponticum (mare), the Black Sea.
pontifex, ficis, m., priest.
Pontius, ī, m., see Telesīnus.
Pontus, ī, m.,
1. Pontus Euxīnus, the Black Sea.
2. A country of Asia Minor on the Black Sea.
populō, āre, āvī, ātus, to plunder, ravage, lay waste.
dē—dēpopulor, ārī, ātus sum, to lay waste, ravage, plunder, pillage.
populus, ī, m., a people, nation.
Porcius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Catō.
porrō [prō], adv., forward, henceforth, furthermore, again.
Porsenna, ae, m., Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria.
porta, ae, f., a city gate, gate.
*portō, āre, āvī, ātus [porta], to bear, carry.
ex—exportō, āre, āvī, ātus, to carry out, export.
re—reportō, āre, āvī, ātus, to carry back, report.
porticus, ūs, f., a colonnade, arcade, portico.
pōscō, ere, poposcī, —, to ask, demand.
possideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus [sedeō], to occupy, hold, possess.
possum, posse, potuī, — [potis, able + sum], to be able, can;
plurimum posse, to have great power.
post, (1) adv., after, later, afterwards;
(2) prep. with acc., after, behind.
posteā [post + is], adv., afterwards.
posterus, a, um [post], adj., following, next;
comp. posterior, us, gen. ōris, later;
sup. postrēmus, last, lowest;
ad postērum, finally;
as subst., posterī, ōrum, pl. m., descendants, posterity.
postquam or post … quam [post + quam], conj., after, when.
postrēmō [posterus], adv., at last, finally.
Postumius, ī, m., see Albīnus.
Postumus, ī, m., (M. Cassiānus) Postumus, one of the Thirty Tyrants.
potēns, entis [possum], adj., powerful.
potestās, ātis [possum], f., power, might; opportunity, permission; authority, sovereignty.
potior, īrī, ītus sum [potis, able], to get possession, acquire.
potius [comp. of potis, able], adv., sup. potissimum; rather, more, sooner.
prae, prep. with abl., before, in front of, in comparison with.
praebeō, see habeō.
praecēdō, see cēdō.
praeceps, cipitis [prae + caput], adj., headlong, hasty; steep, precipitous.
praecipiō, see capiō.
praecipitō, āre, āvī, ātus [praeceps], to throw headlong, cast down; rush down.
praecipuē [praecipuus], adv., chiefly, principally, especially.
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praecipuus, a, um [praecipiō], adj., special, particular; eminent, prominent.
praeclārus, a, um [prae + clārus], adj., very bright or brilliant, excellent, distinguished.
praeda, ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder.
praefectūra, ae, f., the office of overseer, superintendence; praefecture.
praefectus, ī, m., overseer, superintendent; praefect.
praeferō, see ferō.
praeficiō, see faciō.
praemium, ī [prae + emō], n., reward, prize.
Praeneste, is, n., a town in Latium east of Rome, modern Palestrina.
Praenestīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Praeneste.
praeparō, see parō.
praepōnō, see pōnō.
praesēns, entis [praesum], adj., at hand, present.
praeses, sidis [praesideō], m., a protector, guard, defender; president.
praesidium, ī [praesideō], n., help, aid, defense; defensive force, garrison; fort, station, post.
praestō, see stō.
praesum, see sum.
praeter, prep. with acc., past, beyond; contrary to, against; besides, except.
praetereā [praeter + is], adv., in addition to this, besides, moreover.
praetermittō, see mittō.
praetexō, ere, uī, tus [texō, to weave], to provide with a border;
toga praetexta, a (purple) bordered toga, worn by magistrates and freeborn children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they became of age and assumed the toga virīlis, which was wholly white;
the girls wore the toga praetexta until they married.
praetor, ōris [orig. praeitor, from prae + eō], m., a leader, commander; praetor, magistrate, judge.
praetōriānus, a, um [praetōrium], adj., belonging to the bodyguard; praetorian;
as subst., praetōriānī, ōrum, pl. m., the praetorians.
praetōrium, ī, n., the imperial bodyguard.
praetōrius, a, um [praetor], adj., of or belonging to the praetor or commander;
as subst., praetōrius, ī, m., a man of praetorian rank, an ex-praetor.
praeveniō, see veniō.
prandium, ī, n., lunch.
prāvus, a, um, adj., crooked, wrong; perverse, wicked.
*prehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to grasp.
dē—dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to seize, catch; surprise, detect, discover.
re—reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus, to hold back, check; blame, criticise, reprove.
premō, ere, pressī, pressus, to press; press hard, crush.
ob—opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus, to crush utterly, overpower, overwhelm.
pretium, ī, n., price, value; reward, money, ransom.
prīmō [prīmus], adv., at first.
prīmum [prīmus], adv., first.
prīmus, see prior.
prīnceps, cipis [prīmus + capio], adj., first, foremost;
as subst. m., leading man, chief, leader.
prīncipātus, ūs [prīnceps], m., a chief authority (in the state); headship, leadership; reign, sovereignty.
prīncipium, ī [prīnceps], n., beginning, origin.
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prior, us, gen. priōris, comp. adj., former, previous, first, prior;
sup. prīmus, first, foremost.
prīscus, a, um [prius], adj., former, elder; primitive, strict.
Prīscus, ī, m., see Tarquinius.
prīstinus, a, um [prius], adj., former, old.
prius [prior], adv., before, sooner, previously, first of all.
prīvātim [prīvātus], adv., privately, as a single individual.
prīvātus, a, um [prīvō, to set apart], adj., private, individual;
as subst., prīvātus, ī, m., a man in private life, a private citizen.
prīvīgna, ae, f., a stepdaughter.
prīvīgnus, ī, m., a stepson.
prō, prep. with abl., in front of, before in behalf of;
in comparison with, in accordance with.
probe [probus, estimable], adv., right, well, properly, correctly.
probrōsus, a, um [probrum], adj., shameful, ignominious, infamous.
probrum, ī, m., a shameful act, base deed; immodesty, lewdness; insult, reproach.
Probus, ī, m., (M. Aurēlius) Probus, Roman emperor 276-282 A.D.
prōcēdō, see cēdō.
prōclīvus, a, um [prō + clīvus, slope], adj., sloping, steep; liable, prone; subject, ready.
prōcōnsul, is [prō, in place of + cōnsul], m., a proconsul, governor of a province.
prōcōnsulātus, a, um [prōcōnsul], adj., the office of a proconsul, proconsulate.
procul, adv., at a distance, far from.
Proculus, ī, m., a famous Roman jurist.
prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitus [prō + cumbō, to lie], to lie down, sink, fall forward; fall, sink down, be beaten down.
prōdō, see dō.
prōdūcō, see dūcō.
proelium, ī, n., a battle, combat, engagement.
proficīscor, ī, fectus sum [prō + facīscor, from faciō], to set out, proceed; spring from.
prōflīgō, see *flīgō.
prōfluvium, ī, n., a flowing forth;
ventris prōfluvium, diarrhea.
profugiō, see fugiō.
prōgredior, see *gradior.
prōmittō, see mittō.
prōmptus, a, um [prōmō, to set forth], adj., prepared, quick, prompt.
prōnūntiō, see nūntiō.
prōnus, a, um, adj., turned forward, inclined; tendency; disposed, prone.
prōpalam [prō + palam], adv., openly, publicly, manifestly.
prope, adv., near by; nearly, almost.
prōpēnsus, a, um, adj., hanging down; inclined, disposed, prone.
propior, us [prope], comp. adj., nearer;
sup. proximus, nearest, next; latest, last; next, following.
proprius, a, um, adj., not common with others, own, special, individual.
propter, prep. with acc., on account of.
proptereā [propter + is], adv., for this reason, therefore;
proptereā quod, because.
prōpūgnātor, ōris [prōpūgnō, to defend], m., a defender.
prōscrībō, see scrībō.
prōscrīptiō, ōnis [prōscrībō], f., a public notice of sale, proscription.
prōsequor, see sequor.
prōsper and prōsperus, a, um [prō + spēs], adj., according to one’s hopes, favorable, prosperous.
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prōsperē [prōsperus], adv., propitiously, successfully.
prōstituō, see *statuō.
prōsum, see sum.
prōtrahō, see trahō.
prōvidē [prōvideō, to provide, foresee], adv., carefully, prudently (very rare).
prōvincia, ae, f., an office, duty; province.
prōvinciālis, e [prōvincia], adj., of a province, provincial;
as subst., prōvinciālis, is, m., a provincial.
prōvīsiō, ōnis [prōvideō, to foresee], f., a foreseeing, foreknowledge; foresight, providence.
prōvocō, see vocō.
proximus, see propior.
prūdentia, ae [prūdēns, foreseeing], f., foresight, practical wisdom, good sense.
prūna, ae, f., a burning coal, live coal.
Prūsiās, ae, m., king of Bithynia 228-180 B.C.
Pseudopersēs, eī, m., a pretended son of Perseus.
Pseudophilippus, ī, m., a pretended son of Philip, king of Macedonia.
Ptolemaeus, ī, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great.
1. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, 285-247 B.C.
2. Ptolemaeus Euergetēs, 247-222 B.C.
3. Ptolemaeus Philometor, 181-146 B.C.
4. Ptolemaeus Aulētēs, 47-43 B.C.
Ptolemāïs, is, f., a city in Libya.
pūblicē [pūblicus], adv., in the name of (by order of) the state, publicly, officially.
pūblicus, a, um [orig. poplicus], adj., belonging to the people, public; official.
Pūblicola, ae, m., L. (P.) Valerius Pūblicola, consul 509 B.C.
pudīcitia, ae [pudīcus], f., modesty, virtue.
pudīcus, a, um [pudeō, to be ashamed], adj., modest, virtuous.
puer, puerī, m., a child; boy; slave.
pūgna, ae, f., a combat, fight, battle.
pūgnātor, ōris, m., a fighter, combatant.
pūgnō, ārē, āvī, ātus [pūgna], to fight; oppose, resist.
ex—expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to take by storm, capture; overpower, prevail upon.
ob—oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to fight against, assault, besiege.
Pulcher, chrī, m., P. Claudius Pulcher, consul 249 B.C.
Pullus, ī, m., L. Iūnius Pullus, consul 249 B.C.
Pulvillus, ī, m., (M.) Horātius Pulvillus, consul 500 B.C.
Pūnicus, a, um, adj., Phoenician, Punic; Carthaginian;
Pūnicum bellum, Punic war, first, 264-241 B.C.;
second, 218-202 B.C.;
third, 149-146 B.C.
pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus [poena], to punish.
Pupiēnus, ī, m. (M. Clōdius) Pupiēnus (Māximus), Roman emperor 238 A.D.
pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus [pūrus + agō], to make clear; clear away, excuse.
purpura, ae, f., purple-color, purple, purple garment.
purpureus, a, um [purpura], adj., purple-colored; clothed in purple.
purpurō, āre, āvī, ātus [purpura], to be clothed in purple.
putō, āre, āvī, ātus, to think, consider, suppose.
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Pylaemēnēs, is, m., king of Paphlagonia.
Pȳrēnaeus, a, um, adj. (sc. mōns), the Pyrenees mountains.
Pyrrhus, ī, m., king of Epirus, waged war against Rome 281-272 B.C.
Q.
Q., abbreviation of the praenomen Quīntus.
Quādī, ōrum, pl. m., a Suabian people.
quadrāgēsimus, a, um [quadrāgintā], num. adj., fortieth.
quadriennium, ī [quattuor + annus], n., a period of four years.
quadringentī, ae, a [quattuor + centum], num. adj., four hundred.
quadringentiēs [quadringentī], num. adv., four hundred times.
quaerō, ere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, to seek; ask; get, obtain.
quaestor, ōris [orig. quaesitor; cf. quaerō, quaesō], m., quaestor, quartermaster, a name given to certain magistrates who had the care of public moneys and military supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces.
qualis, e, adj., (1) interrog., of what kind? what sort of?
(2) rel., of such a kind, such as, as.
quam [quis], adv., how, how much;
after a comp., than;
with a sup., as possible;
quam prīmum, as soon as possible;
quamdiū, as long as;
tam … quam, as … so, not only … but also.
quamquam, conj., although, even if.
quamvīs [quam + vīs, from volō], adv. and conj., however much, although.
quantus, a, um [quam], adj., (1) interrog., how great? how much?
(2) rel., correl. to tantus, as great as, as.
quantum, adv., how much? how far?
quārē [quā + rē], adv., (1) interrog., why?
(2) rel., for which reason, wherefore, therefore.
quārtō [quārtus], adv., for the fourth time.
quārtus, a, um [quattuor], num. adj., fourth.
quasi, adv. and conj., as if, just as if, as though; on the ground that.
quātenus, adv., (1) interrog., to what point? how far?
(2) rel., as far as.
quater [quattuor], num. adv., four times.
quaternī, ae, a [quater], dist. num. adj., four each, by fours, four at a time.
quattuor, indecl. num. adj., four.
quattuordecim [quattuor + decem], indecl. num. adj., fourteen.
-que, conj. enclitic, and, and yet, but.
queror, ī, questus sum, to complain.
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, what, that; whoever, whatever.
quī, quae, or qua, quod, indef. pron. used adjectivally, any, some.
quia, conj., because, since.
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever, whichever, whatever.
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam, and as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a certain one, somebody; a certain.
quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, to be sure;
nē … quidem, not even, not at all.
quiēscō, ere, ēvī, ētus, to rest, repose, keep quiet.
quiētus, a, um [quiēscō], adj., at rest, free from exertion; undisturbed, quiet, peaceful.
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quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet (quidlibet), indef. pron., any one you please, any one, who or whatsoever.
quīn [quī, adv., how? + ne], conj., how not? why not? that, that not, but that;
quīn et or etiam, nay more.
quīngentēsimus, a, um [quīngentī], num. adj., five hundredth.
quīngentī, ae, a [quīnque + centum], num. adj., five hundred.
quīnī, ae, a [quīnque], dist. num. adj., five each, by fives.
quīnquāgēsimus, a, um [quīnquāgintā], num. adj., fiftieth.
quīnquāgintā, indecl. num. adj., fifty.
quīnque, indecl. num. adj., five.
Quīnquegentiānī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Libya.
Quīntillus, ī, m., (M. Aurēlius) Quīntillus, brother of the emperor M. Aurelius Claudius.
Quīntius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cincinnātus, Flaminīnus.
quīntō [quīntus], num. adv., for the fifth time.
quīntus, a, um [quīnque], num. adj., fifth.
quippe, adv., indeed, as you see, surely.
quīque ＝ et quī.
Quirīnālis, is (sc. collis), m., the Quirinal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used substantively, some one, any one, something, anything.
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron., adj., or noun, any one, anything, any.
quō [quī], adv., (1) rel., whither, where;
(2) interrog., whither? where?
(3) indef., to any place, anywhere.
quō [quī], conj., with comparatives, in order that, that, that thereby;
quō minus, that not.
quod [quī], conj., because, supposing that, in that, so far as;
quod sī, but if.
quondam, adv., once, formerly, sometime.
quoque, conj., also, too.
quoūsque, adv., till when? how long? until (late).
R.
Raetia, ae, f., a Roman province south of the Danube.
rapiō, ere, rapuī, raptus, to seize and carry off, drag off; plunder, destroy.
con—corripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to seize, snatch up, grasp; collect, carry off, plunder.
dis—dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to tear asunder, ravage, plunder.
ex—ēripiō, ere, uī, reptus, to take or snatch away; rescue; deprive.
ratiō, ōnis [reor, to think], f., reckoning, calculation, account; method, plan.
rationālis, e [ratiō], adj., of or belonging to accounts;
as subst., rationālis, is, m., an accountant.
ratus, a, um [reor, to think], adj., thought out, defined, fixed.
Ravenna, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul.
rebellō, see bellō.
recēdō, see cēdō.
recēns, entis, adj., recent, late, fresh.
receptor, ōris [recipiō], m., a harborer, concealer.
[224]
recipiō, see capiō.
recognōscō, see nōscō.
reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus, to procure again, regain; reunite, reconcile.
recordor, ārī, ātus sum [re + cor, heart], to remember, recall.
rēctus, a, um [regō], adj., straight, direct.
recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + causa], to refuse, object, decline, hesitate.
redō, see dō.
redeō, see eō.
redigō, see agō.
redimō, see emō.
redūcō, see dūcō.
referō, see ferō.
refōrmō, āre, —, ātus [re + fōrma], to shape again, reform, change.
refugiō, see fugiō.
rēgīna, ae [rēx], f., a queen.
regiō, ōnis [regō], f., a direction; region, territory.
rēgius, a, um [rēx], adj., royal, kingly.
rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus [rēgnum], to be king, rule.
rēgnum, ī [rēx], n., kingship, supremacy; kingdom, reign.
regō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to regulate, rule, conduct.
ad—adrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to set up, raise, erect; rouse, encourage.
con—corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus, to straighten, correct, improve.
per—pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus, to go straight on, proceed, hasten;
with acc., pursue with vigor, perform.
regredior, see *gradior.
Rēgulus, ī, m., 1. M. Atīlius Rēgulus, consul 267 B.C.
2. M. Atīlius Rēgulus, consul 256 B.C.
religiō, ōnis, f., sense of duty; religion, devotion to the gods; scruple.
relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus [re + linquō, to leave], to leave behind, leave; bequeath; appoint by will.
reliquiae, ārum [relinquō], pl. f., remainder, remnant, residue.
reliquus, a, um [relinquō], adj., remaining, rest.
remandō, see mandō.
remaneō, see maneō.
remeō, āre, āvī, —, to go back, return.
remittō, see mittō.
removeō, see moveō.
rēmus, ī, m., an oar.
Remus, ī, m., the brother of Romulus.
renovō, āre, āvī, ātus [re + novus], to renew.
reparō, see parō.
repente [repēns, sudden], adv., suddenly.
repentīnus, a, um [repēns, sudden], adj., sudden, unexpected.
reperiō, see *pariō.
repetō, see petō.
repōnō, see pōnō.
reportō, see *portō.
reprehendō, see *prehendō.
repressor, ōris [reprimō, to check], m., a restrainer, represser.
repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus, to cast off, divorce; reject, scorn.
rēs, reī, f., thing, matter; affair, deed, exploit, event; circumstance; story; property, fortune; trouble;
rēs familiāris, private property;
rēs pūblica, the commonwealth, state;
rēs gestae, exploits.
reservō, see servō.
resideō, see sedeō.
resistō, see *sistō.
respondeō, see spondeō.
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respōnsum, ī [respondeō], n., an answer.
rēs pūblica, see rēs.
restituō, see *statuō.
resūmō, see sūmō.
rēte, is, n., a net, snare.
retineō, see teneō.
retrō, adv., backward, behind.
reus, ī, m., defendant, accused person; prisoner.
revehō, see vehō.
reverentia, ae [re + vereor], f., respect, awe, reverence.
revertor, see *vertō.
revocō, see vocō.
rēx, rēgis [regō], m., a king.
Rēx, Rēgis, m., Q. Mārcius Rēx, consul 118 B.C.
Rhēa, ae, f., Rhēa Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus.
Rhēnus, ī, m., the Rhine.
Rhodanus, ī, m., the Rhone.
Rhodiī, ōrum, pl. m., the Rhodians, the people of the island of Rhodes.
Rhodopa, ae, f., a lofty mountain in Thrace.
Rhodus, ī, f., Rhodes, an island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.
rīpa, ae, f., the bank of a river.
rīpēnsis, e [rīpa], adj., situated or stationed on the banks of a river;
Dācia rīpēnsis, Dacia on the Danube.
rogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to ask, inquire; request, implore.
ab—abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus, to appeal; annul, abrogate.
Rōma, ae, f., Rome.
Rōmānus, a, um, adj., Roman;
as subst., Rōmānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Romans.
Rōmulus, ī, m., the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, the founder of Rome.
rōstrātus, a, um [rōstrum], adj., furnished with beaks.
rōstrum, ī, n., the beak of a ship;
pl., the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum (adorned with the beaks of captured ships).
ruber, bra, brum, adj., red;
Rubrum mare, the Red Sea.
Rūfīnus, ī, m., P. Cornēlius Rūfīnus, consul 290 B.C.
Rūfus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family.
1. M. Minucius Rūfus, consul 221 B.C.
2. (Q.) Minucius Rūfus, consul 110 B.C.
3. P. Sulpicius (Rūfus), a partisan of Marius.
rumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to break, destroy.
con—corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to destroy; seduce, bribe, corrupt.
ex—ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to break forth or out, burst forth.
in—inrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus, to break in, fall upon; interrupt.
rūrsus or rūrsum [orig. revorsus;
cf. revertō], adv., back; again.
rūsticus, a, um [rūs, the country], adj., of the country, rustic;
as subst., rūsticānī, ōrum, pl. m., countrymen.
Rutilius, ī, m., P. Rutilius, consul 90 B.C.
S.
Sabīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Sabines, a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the east.
Sabīnus, ī, m.,
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1. Oppius Sabīnus, a Roman general slain by Dacians during the reign of Domitian.
2. Q. Titūrius (Sabīnus), a lieutenant of Caesar.
3. (Flavius) Sabīnus, brother of the emperor Vespasian.
sacer, cra, crum, adj., holy, sacred;
as subst., sacrum, ī, n., a holy thing, sacred vessel;
pl. religious rites, sacrifices.
sacerdōs, ōtis [sacer], m. and f., priest, priestess.
sacrāmentum, ī [sacrō], n., an oath.
*sacrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to set apart;
bless;
curse.
con—cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to dedicate, consecrate, devote.
ex—exsecror, ārī, ātus sum, to curse, abhor.
ob—obsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to implore, supplicate.
saepe, adv., frequently, often.
saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [saevus], to be fierce or cruel, rage;
punish cruelly.
saevitia, ae [saevus], f., fury, cruelty.
saevus, a, um, adj., raging, fierce, cruel.
sagāx, ācis, adj., of quick perception, sagacious, keen-scented.
sagitta, ae, f., arrow.
sagittārius, ī [sagitta], m., an archer, bowman.
Saguntīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Saguntum.
Saguntum, ī, n., a city on the eastern coast of Spain.
salārius, a, um [sāl, salt], adj., of salt, salty;
via Salāria, the road from Rome to Reate.
Salassī, ōrum, pl. m., a people living in the Alps.
Salīnātōr, ōris, m., M. Līvius Salīnātōr, consul 210 B.C.
Sallentīnī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Calabria in southern Italy.
Salōnae, ārum, pl. f., a city in Dalmatia.
saltō, āre, āvī, ātus, to dance, leap.
salūtō, āre, āvī, ātus [salūs, health], to wish one health, greet, salute, visit.
Salvius, ī, m., see Iūliānus.
salvus, a, um, adj., well, safe, sound.
Samnītēs, um, Gr. acc. pl. Samnītas, pl. m., the Samnites, a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.
Samnium, ī, n., a division of middle Italy.
Samus, ī, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Asia Minor.
sanguinārius, a, um [sanguis], adj., bloodthirsty, bloody, sanguinary.
sanguis, inis, m., blood.
Sapōr, ōris, m., the name of several Persian kings.
1. Sapor I., 240-273 A.D.
2. Sapor II., 310-381 A.D.
Sardī, ōrum, pl. m., the Sardinians, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia.
Sardica, ae, f., a city in Lower Moesia.
Sardinia, ae, f., Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy.
Sardiniēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the Sardinians, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia.
Sarmatae, ārum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Sarmatia.
Sarmatia, ae, f., Sarmatia, now the eastern part of Poland and the southern part of Russia in Europe.
Sāturnīnus, ī, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.
sauciō, āre, āvī, ātus [saucius], to wound.
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Sauromātae, ārum, pl. m., a people of Asia dwelling on the Tanaïs.
Saxonēs, um, pl. m., the Saxons.
saxum, ī, n., a stone, rock, boulder.
*scandō, ere, —, —, to climb, mount.
ad—ascendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to climb up, mount, ascend.
con—cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus, to mount, ascend; go on board.
Scaevola, ae, m., Q. Mūcius Scaevola, consul 117 B.C.
scelerātus, a, um [scelus], adj., wicked, infamous.
scelus, eris, n., a sin, crime.
scēna, ae, f., a stage.
scientia, ae [sciō], f., knowledge, skill.
scīlicet [scīre + licet], adv., plainly, of course, doubtless.
sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus, to know, understand.
Scīpiō, ōnis, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome.
1. Cornēlius Scīpiō, consul 83 B.C.
2. Cn. Cornēlius Scīpiō, consul 222 B.C.
3. L. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō, consul 259 B.C.
4. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, consul 218 B.C.
5. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, consul 191 B.C.
6. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō, praetor 94 B.C.
7. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus, consul 205 B.C., the conqueror of Hannibal in the First Punic War.
8. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus (Minor), consul 147 B.C. He brought the Third Punic War to a close by capturing and destroying Carthage.
9. L. Cornēlius Scīpiō Asiāgenēs, consul 83 B.C.
10. P. (Cornēlius) Scīpiō Nāsīca, consul 91 B.C.
Scordiscī, ōrum, pl. m., a Thracian people.
scrība, ae [scrībō], f., a clerk, secretary.
scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write.
dē—dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to copy off, sketch, describe.
prō—prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to offer for sale; proscribe, outlaw.
Scrībonius, ī, m., see Curiō.
scrīnium, ī, n., a case, box (especially for books and papers).
Scythae, ārum, pl. m., a wandering tribe of Europe and Asia north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
sē, see suī.
sectiō, ōnis, f., a sale at auction of confiscated property.
secundō [secundus], adv., for the second time.
secundus, a, um [sequor], adj., second; favorable, successful.
Secundus, ī, m., Petrōnius Secundus, a partisan of Nerva.
sēcūritās, ātis [sēcūrus, free from care], f., freedom from care, security.
sed, conj., but; yet.
sedeō, ēre, sēdī, sessus, to sit, settle, remain, be encamped.
ob—obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus, to besiege, occupy; watch closely.
re—resideō, ēre, sēdī, —, to sit back, remain sitting, be left behind, remain.
sēdēs, is [cf. sedeō], f., seat, chair; residence, abode.
sēditiō, ōnis [sed + itiō, from eō], f., dissension, rebellion, revolt.
sēditiōsē [sēditiō], adv., seditiously.
Seleucīa, ae, f.,
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1. A city in Assyria.
2. A city in Cilicia.
3. A city in Syria.
sella, ae [sedeō], f., a seat, chair.
semel, adv., once.
sēmibarbarus, ī, m., semi-barbarian.
semper, adv., always.
Semprōnius, ī, m., P. Semprōnius, consul 268 B.C. See Blaesus, Gracchus.
Sēna, ae, f., a city in Umbria in Italy.
senātor, ōris [senātus], m., a senator.
senātus, ūs [cf. senex], m., council of elders, senate, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.
senectūs, ūtis [senex], f., old age.
senēscō, ere, senuī, — [senex], to grow old.
con—cōnsenēscō, ere, senuī, —, to grow old.
senex, gen. senis, adj., old;
comp. senior, elder;
sup. māximus (nātū), eldest.
As subst., senex, senis, m., an old man;
seniōrēs, um, pl. m., the elders (men over 45).
senior, see senex.
Senonēs, um, pl. m., a people of Celtic Gaul.
Senonēs, um, pl. m., the chief city of the Senones.
sententia, ae [sentiō], f., an opinion, judgment; sense.
sentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, to discern by sense, feel; see, perceive.
ad—adsentor, ārī, ātus sum, to assent, flatter, fawn.
con—cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, to agree; conspire, plot.
Sentius, ī, m., Cn. Sentius, a Roman general during the reign of the emperor Claudius.
sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus, to bury, inter.
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven.
September, bris, m., September, the seventh month of the year beginning with March.
septendecim [septem + decem], indecl. num. adj., seventeen.
septennium, ī [septem + annus], n., the space of seven years.
Septimius, ī, m., see Sevērus.
septimus, a, um [septem], num. adj., seventh.
septingentēsimus, a, um [septingentī, seven hundred], num. adj., seven hundredth.
septuāgenārius, a, um [septuāgintā], num. adj., of or belonging to the number seventy.
septuāgēsimus, a, um [septuāgintā], num. adj., seventieth.
septuāgintā [septem], indecl. num. adj., seventy.
sepultūra, ae [sepeliō], f., burial, funeral.
Sēquanī, ōrum, pl. m., an important tribe in eastern Gaul north of the Rhone.
sequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow, pursue; ensue.
con—cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to pursue, overtake; arrive; obtain.
in—īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to pursue, follow up.
ob—obsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to submit to, indulge in, assist.
per—persequor, ī, secūtus sum, to pursue, prosecute; relate.
prō—prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum, to follow after, pursue, address.
Serāpīum, ī, n., Serāpīum, the temple of Serapis.
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Serdica, ae, f., a town in Upper Moesia, the modern Sofia.
Sergius, ī, m., see Catilīna.
sēricus, a, um, adj., of silk, silken.
sermō, ōnis, m., talk, conversation,
discourse.
*serō, ere, —, tus, to bind together.
ad—adserō, ere, uī, tus, to claim, lay claim to.
con—cōnserō, ere, uī, tus, to join in battle;
cōnserere manūs, to fight hand to hand.
dē—dēserō, ere, uī, tus, to leave, abandon, desert.
in—īnserō, ere, uī, tus, to fasten into;
insert.
Sertōrius, ī, m., Q. Sertōrius, an officer in the army of Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in 82 B.C. and maintained an independent command until his death in 72 B.C.
Servīlius, ī, m., Q. Servīlius, consul 365 B.C. See Caepiō, Casca, Vatia.
serviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus, to be the slave of, devote one’s self to;
have regard to.
Servius, ī, m., see Tullius.
servitium, ī [servus], n., slavery;
slaves.
servitūs, ūtis [servus], f., slavery.
servō, āre, āvī, ātus, to save, preserve, watch.
con—cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus, to keep safe, preserve.
re—reservō, āre, āvī, ātus, to keep back, reserve, preserve.
servus, ī, m., a slave, servant.
sēsē, see suī.
sēstertius, ī [sēmis, half, + tertius], m., (sc. nummus), a sesterce, a small silver coin equivalent originally to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. In naming large sums the Romans spoke of “so many times a hundred thousand sestertii” (centēna mīlia sēstertium).
sevērē [sevērus], adv., sup. sevērissimē;
strictly, severely.
sevērissimē, see sevērē.
sevēritās, ātis [sevērus], f., strictness, severity, sternness.
sevērus, a, um, adj., serious, strict, harsh.
Sevērus, ī, m.,
1. (L.) Septimius Sevērus, Roman emperor 193-211 A.D.
2. (Flavius Valerius) Sevērus, Roman emperor 306-307 A.D.
sex, indecl. num. adj., six.
Sex., abbreviation of the praenomen Sextus.
sexāgenārius, a, um [sexāgintā], num. adj., belonging to sixty;
māior sexāgenāriō, older than sixty years.
sexāgēsimus, a, um [sexāgintā], num. adj., sixtieth.
sexāgintā [sex], indecl. num. adj., sixty.
sexcentēsimus, a, um [sexcentī], num. adj., six hundredth.
sexcentī, ae, a [sex + centum], num. adj., six hundred.
sexdecim or sēdecim [sex + decem], indecl. num. adj., sixteen.
sexiēs [sex], num. adv., six times.
Sextus, ī, m., Sextus Chaeronēnsis, a teacher of Antoninus Pius.
sextus, a, um [sex], num. adj., sixth.
sī, conj., if whether;
quod sī, but if.
sīc, adv., so, thus;
sīc … ut, just as.
Sicilia, ae, f., the island of Sicily.
Siculī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Sicily.
sīcut [sīc + ut], adv., just as.
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sīdō, ere, —, —, to seat one’s self, sit down.
con—cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessus, to sit down; settle, encamp, take a position.
sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus [sīgnum + faciō], to make signs, show; point out, indicate.
sīgnum, ī, n., sign, signal; military standard, ensign; statue, image.
Sīlānus, ī, m., a celebrated Roman family.
1. D. Iūnius Sīlānus, consul 62 B.C.
2. M. Iūnius Sīlānus, consul 109 B.C.
Silvānus, ī, m., a Roman who revolted in Gaul during the reign of the emperor Constantius.
Silvia, see Rhēa.
similis, e, adj., sup. simillimus; like, similar.
simul, adv., at the same time;
simul atque or ac, as soon as.
sine, prep. with abl., without.
Singara, ae, f., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris.
singulāris, e [singulī], adj., one by one, single, individual; remarkable, singular, unparalleled.
singulī, ae, a, adj., one at a time, one apiece, single.
sinister, tra, trum, adj., left.
sinō, ere, sīvī, situs, to put, place; permit, let.
dē—dēsinō, ere, sīvī (iī), situs, to cease, stop.
Sinōpē, ēs, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea.
Sipylus, ī, m., a mountain in Lydia.
Sirmium, ī, n., a city in Lower Pannonia.
*sistō, ere, stitī, status, to cause to stand, place, set; stand.
con—cōnsistō, ere, stitī, —, to stand, take position (of an army); stop, halt; be firm, endure, continue.
ex—exsistō, ere, stitī, —, to make come out; appear, arise, project, exist.
re—resistō, ere, stitī, —, to oppose, withstand, resist.
situs, a, um [orig. part. of sinō], adj., placed, situate, lying.
Smyrna, ae, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports of Asia Minor.
socer, erī, m., father-in-law.
sociālis, e [socius], adj., social.
socius, ī, m., a comrade, ally, confederate.
sōcordia, ae, f., dullness, carelessness; laziness, indolence.
sōl, sōlis, m., the sun;
Sōl, Sōlis, m., the Sun-god.
sōlitūdō, inis [sōlus], f., loneliness; lonely place, wilderness.
sollers, ertis, adj., skillful, expert.
sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus [sollicitus, agitated], to urge, incite, tempt, solicit.
sollicitūdō, inis [sollicitus, agitated], f., uneasiness of mind, care, anxiety.
solum, ī, n., the ground, soil.
sōlum [sōlus], adv., only.
sōlus, a, um, gen. sōlīus, dat. sōlī, adj., only, alone.
solvō, ere, solvī, solūtus, to loose; set sail; annul; pay; unseal, open.
Sophanēnē, ēs, f., or Sophene, a division of Armenia Maior.
soror, ōris, f., a sister.
Sp., abbreviation of the praenomen Spurius.
Spartacus, ī, m., a Roman gladiator who led an insurrection of gladiators and slaves, 73 B.C.
spatiōsus, a, um [spatium, space], adj., roomy, of great extent, ample, extensive.
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*speciō, ere, spēxī, —, (obsolete), to look.
ad—adspiciō, ere, spēxī, spectus, to look at, examine, inspect.
con—cōnspiciō, ere, spēxī, spectus, to catch sight of, spy; see.
spectāculum, ī [spectō, to look at], n., a show, spectacle.
spectō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of *speciō], to look at, watch, behold.
ex—exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus, to look out for, wait for, await.
speculātor, ōris, m., a spy.
spēs, eī, f., hope, expectation.
spolium, ī, n., spoil, booty.
spondeō, ēre, spopondī, spōnsus, to promise.
re—respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus, to answer, reply; correspond to, agree with.
sponte [abl. of spōns, obs.], f., voluntarily;
with meā, tuā, or suā, of my, your, or his own free will.
stadium, ī, n., a stade, stadium, furlong, 606¾ English feet; a course for foot races; race course; Stadium, the race course built by Domitian.
statim [stō], adv., instantly, at once.
statiō, ōnis [stō], f., a picket, guard.
statīvus, a, um [stō], adj., permanent, stationary;
castra statīva, a permanent camp.
statua, ae [stō], a statue, image.
*statuō, ere, ī, ūtus [stō], to cause to stand, set up, place; determine; determine on; arrange, appoint.
con—cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set up, erect; set in order, organize; arrange, appoint; resolve.
dē—dēstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set down, deposit.
in—īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set in place, arrange; found, establish; determine, undertake, begin; train, teach.
prō—prōstituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set forth in public, expose; dishonor, prostitute, offer for sale.
re—restituō, ere, ī, ūtus, to set up again, replace, restore, reinstate; repair, remedy, save.
status, ūs [stō], m., state, position, rank.
stella, ae, f., a star.
stercus, oris, n., dung, excrement, manure.
sternō, ere, strāvī, strātus, to lay low, scatter; pave.
stilus, ī, m., stilus, pen.
stīpendiārius, a, um [stīpendium], adj., tributary, paying tribute.
stīpendium, ī [stips, gift + pendō], n., a payment; salary, pay; campaign.
stīpes, itis, m., a log, stock, post, trunk.
*stō, āre, stetī, status, to stand, take the part of, stand firm; continue.
ad—astō, āre, stitī, —, to stand at, be at hand.
in—īnstō, āre, stitī, statūrus, to draw near, be present; press on, pursue.
prae—praestō, āre, stitī, stitus, to show; bestow, supply; surpass; be preferable; do, perform.
Stoicus, a, um, adj., Stoic.
stolidē, adv., stupidly, stolidly.
strangulō, āre, āvī, ātus, to strangle, throttle, kill.
Stratonīcē, ēs, f., a city in Caria in Asia Minor.
strēnuē [strēnuus], adv., sup. strēnuissimē, vigorously.
strēnuissimē, see strēnuē.
strēnuus, a, um, adj., brisk, active, vigorous.
strictim, adv., superficially, summarily, briefly.
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studeō, ēre, uī, —, to be eager, take pains about, pay attention to; wish, try; favor.
studiōsē [studiōsus, eager], adv., eagerly, zealously.
studium, ī [studeō], n., zeal, enthusiasm; desire, pursuit, study; good will, affection.
stuprō, āre, āvī, ātus [stuprum], to debauch, dishonor.
stuprum, ī, n., debauchery, defilement, dishonor.
suādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus, to advise, urge, exhort.
sub, prep. with acc., under, towards, until, after;
with abl., under, beneath, at the foot of, close to; in the reign of.
subiciō, see *iaciō.
subigō, see agō.
subitō [subitus], adv., suddenly.
subitus, a, um [subeō], adj., sudden, unexpected.
subiugō, āre, āvī, ātus [sub + iugum], to bring under the yoke; subject, subjugate.
sublātus, see tollō.
submoveō, see moveō.
subtīlis, e, adj., nice, precise, accurate, subtle.
suburbānus, a, um [urbs], adj., near the city, suburban.
subveniō, see veniō.
succēdō, see cēdō.
successor, ōris [succēdō], m., a follower, successor.
successus, ūs [succēdō], m., favorable outcome, success.
sūdor, ōris [sūdō, to sweat], m., sweat; fatigue.
Suessa, ae, f., Suessa Pōmētia, a city of the Volsci, in Latium.
Suēvī, ōrum, pl. m., a confederacy of German tribes.
Suēvia, ae, f., Suēvia, the land of the Suevi, modern Bavaria and Wurtemberg.
suī, gen., sibi, dat., sē (sēsē), acc. and abl., reflex. pron., sing. and pl., himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Sulla, ae, m., L. Cornēlius Sulla, surnamed Felix, consul 88 B.C.
Sulpicius, ī, m.,
1. C. Sulpicius, dictator 304 B.C.
2. P. Sulpicius, consul 279 B.C.
3. P. Sulpicius, consul 211 B.C.
See Rūfus.
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, to be, exist, live;
with gen., belonging to, be a part of; be true, be so; happen, take place;
with dat., have, possess.
ab—absum, esse, āfuī, —, to be away or absent, be far from;
prope abesse, to be at no great distance, be near.
in—īnsum, īnesse, īnfuī, —, to be in or on; belong to.
inter—intersum, esse, fuī, —, to be present at, take part in.
prae—praesum, praeesse, fuī, —, to be over or before; rule, govern, be in command of.
prō—prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, —, to benefit, profit, aid.
super—supersum, esse, fuī, —, to be over and above, remain; survive, outlive.
summus, see superus.
sumō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to use up, spend.
con—cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to use up; devour, waste; destroy; spend, pass; use, employ.
re—resūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, to take up again, take back, resume.
sūmptus, ūs [sūmō], m., outlay, expense.
supellex or supellectilis, is, f., household stuff, furniture.
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super, prep. with acc., over, above, upon, in addition to;
with abl., over, above, upon, on; about, of, concerning.
superbia, ae [superbus], f., haughtiness, pride.
superbus, a, um, adj., haughty, proud, august.
superfluus, a, um [super + fluō], adj., running over, superfluous; unnecessary.
superior, see superus.
superō, āre, āvī, ātus [super], to pass over or around, overcome, conquer; survive.
supersum, see sum.
superus, a, um [super], adj., above, on high;
comp. superior, ius, upper, higher, earlier, superior; victorious; elder;
sup. summus, a, um, highest, chief, utmost.
superveniō, see veniō.
supplicium, ī [supplex, a suppliant], n., punishment, execution, torture.
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc., above, over, before, on.
Surēna, ae, m., a general of the Parthians who defeated Crassus in 54 B.C.
suscipiō, see capiō.
suspectus, a, um [orig. part. of suspiciō], adj., mistrusted, suspected.
suspīciō, ōnis [suspiciō, to suspect], f., distrust, suspicion.
sustineō, see teneō.
sustulī, see tollō.
Sutrinī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Sutrium, a city in Etruria in Italy.
suus, a, um [suī], pron. adj., his own, her own, its own, their own; his, her, its, their;
as subst., suī, ōrum, pl. m., his (their) friends, followers, soldiers or fellow-citizens.
Symiasera, ae, f., the mother of Heliogabalus.
Syphāx, ācis, m., a king of Numidia.
Syrācūsānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Syracuse, a Greek city in Sicily.
Syrācūsānus, a, um, adj., belonging to Syracuse;
urbs Syrācūsāna, the city of Syracuse.
Syria, ae, f., Syria, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Syriacus, a, um, adj., belonging to Syria, Syrian;
Syriacum bellum, Syro-Aetolian war, 192-189 B.C.
T.
T., abbreviation of the praenomen Titus.
tabula, ae, f., a board, plank; picture (sc. pīcta, painted); writing tablet; record, list.
Tacitus, ī, m., (M. Claudius) Tacitus, Roman emperor 275-276 A.D.
Taifalī, ōrum, pl. m., a tribe of Dacia.
talentum, ī, n., a talent, a Greek money measure worth about $1100.
tālis, e, adj., such, of such a kind;
tālis … qualis, such … as.
tam, adv., to such a degree, so much, as much, so;
tam … quam, as … so, not only … but also.
tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, all the same, however, nevertheless.
tamquam, adv. and conj., as, as if, as though.
tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally.
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*tangō, ere, tetigī, tāctus, to touch; reach to.
ad—attingō, ere, tigī, tāctus, to border on, touch, attain.
con—contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus, to touch, reach; occur, happen to.
tantum [tantus], adv., so much (and no more), only, merely.
tantus, a, um, adj., so great, such.
Tarentīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Tarentum.
Tarentum, ī, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy.
Tarquinius, ī, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria.
1. (L.) Tarquinius Prīscus, the fifth king of Rome, 616-578 B.C.
2. L. Tarquinius Superbus, the son of Priscus, the last king of Rome, 534-510 B.C.
3. (Sextus) Tarquinius, son of (2).
4. (L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia, consul 509 B.C.
Tarracō, ōnis, f., a city in Spain.
Tarsus, ī, f., a city in Cilicia in Asia Minor.
Tauromenītānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Tauromenium, a city on the eastern coast of Sicily.
Taurus, ī, m., a mountain range in Asia Minor.
taxō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of tangō], to touch sharply, harass, vex.
tēctōrium, ī [tegō, to cover] n., a covering, cover; plastering.
Telesīnus, ī, m., Pontius Telesīnus, commander of the Samnites in the war against Sulla. See Notes, p. 162.
temeritās, ātis [temerē, rashly], f., rashness, heedlessness, temerity.
tempestās, ātis [tempus], f., point of time, period of time; storm, tempest.
templum, ī, n., a sacred spot; temple.
temptō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of tendō], to touch, handle; try, attempt; sound, try to win over.
tempus, oris, n., time, period, season; opportunity, occasion.
tenāx, ācis [teneō], adj., holding fast, tenacious; firm, steadfast, persistent.
tendō, ere, tetendī, tentus, and tēnsus, to spread out, stretch;
īnsidiās tendere, to lay a trap for, plot against.
con—contendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch; exert one’s self, strive, insist; hasten, march quickly.
ob(s)—ostendō, ere, ī, tentus, to stretch out, show; produce, furnish; disclose, make known.
teneō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold, keep, possess; maintain, guard, defend; seize.
ab—abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold back or from; keep aloof from; refrain from, abstain.
con—contineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold, keep, contain; restrain, rule, curb.
ob—obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold, possess; rule, govern.
re—retineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold or keep (back); retain, detain.
sub(s)—sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus, to hold up, support, sustain; bear, endure, hold in check, restrain.
ter, num. adv., three times.
Terentius, ī, m., see Varrō.
tergum, ī, n., the back;
tergum vertere, to flee.
terminus, ī, n., the end, boundary.
terra, ae, f., the earth; land; territory, country.
terrester, tris, tre [terra], adj., of the earth or land.
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terribilis, e [terreō], adj., frightful, dreadful.
territōrium, ī [terra], n., a territory, domain.
terror, ōris [terreō], m., fear, terror.
tertiō [tertius], num. adv., the third time.
tertius, a, um [cf. trēs], num. adj., third.
Tervingī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Dacia.
testāmentum, ī [testis, a witness], n., a will, testament.
Tetricus, ī, m., (C. Pesuvius) Tetricus, one of the Thirty Tyrants.
Teutobodus, ī, m., a leader of the Cimbri.
Teutonēs, um, pl. m., the Teutonēs, a Germanic people which with the Cimbri invaded Italy, but were defeated by Marius, 102 B.C.
Theodōra, ae, f., the wife of Constantius.
thermae, ārum, pl. f., warm baths.
Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a large district in the northeastern part of Greece.
Thessalonīca, ae, f., a city in Macedonia.
Thrācia, ae, f., Thrace, a large district in the southeastern part of Europe, between the Aegean Sea, Macedonia, and the Black Sea.
Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber.
Tiberius, ī, m., Tiberius (Claudius Nerō), Roman emperor 14-37 A.D.
Tigrānēs, is, m., king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithradates, 96-56 B.C.
Tigrānocerta, ae, f., the capital city of Armenia Maior.
Tigris, idis, m., the Tigris, a river in Mesopotamia.
timeō, ēre, uī, —, to fear, be anxious.
timor, ōris [timeō], m., fear, a cause of fear.
tīrō, ōnis, m., a recruit; beginner.
Titūrius, ī, m., see Sabīnus.
Titus, ī, m., T. Flavius Sabīnus Vespasiānus, Roman emperor 79-81 A.D.
toga, ae, f., the toga, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.
togātus, a, um [toga], adj., clad in the toga; in peaceful garb, unarmed.
tollō, ere, sustulī, sublātus, to lift, raise, take up; remove, abolish.
Tolumnius, ī, m., (Lar) Tolumnius, leader of the Veientes.
Tomī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Lower Moesia.
Torquātus, ī, m.,
1. (T.) Mānlius Torquātus, dictator 353 B.C.
2. T. Mānlius Torquātus, consul 235 B.C.
torquis, is, m., a twisted collar, necklace.
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
tōtus, a, um, gen. tōtīus, dat. tōtī, adj., all, all the, the whole, entire.
tractō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of trahō], to treat.
trāctus, ūs [trahō], m., a stretch, tract.
trādō, see dō.
tragicus, a, um [tragoedia], adj., of tragedy, tragic.
tragoedia, ae, f., tragedy.
trahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw, drag; detain.
con—contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw together, collect, assemble.
dē—dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw or strip off, remove; drag.
dis—distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to pull asunder, part, separate.
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ex—extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, to draw or pull out; prolong, waste.
prō—prōtrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus, trāctus, to draw forth, bring forward, produce; discover, disclose.
trāiciō, see *iaciō.
Trāiānus, ī, m., (M.) Ulpius Crīnītus Trāiānus, Roman emperor 98-117 A.D.
tranquillē [tranquillus], adv., calmly, tranquilly.
Tranquillīna, ae, the wife of the emperor Gordianus.
tranquillitās, ātis [tranquillus], f., calmness, stillness;
Tranquillitās, ātis (as title of emperor), Serene Highness.
tranquillus, a, um, adj., calm, peaceful, tranquil.
trāns, prep. with acc., across, beyond, over.
trānsalpīnus, a, um [trāns + Alpēs], adj., across the Alps, transalpine.
trānseō, see eō.
trānsferō, see ferō.
trānsfuga, ae [trānsfugiō, to flee over], m., a deserter.
trānsgredior, see *gradior.
trānsigō, see agō.
trānsitōrius, a, um [trānseō], adj., adapted for passing through, having a passage way;
forum Trānsitōrium.
trānsmarīnus, a, um [trāns + mare], adj., beyond the sea.
Trebelliānus, ī, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.
Trebia, ae, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, where the second battle of the Second Punic War was fought.
trecentēsimus, a, um [trecentī], num. adj., three hundredth.
trecentī, ae, a [trēs + centum], num. adj., three hundred.
Tremellius, ī, m., a Roman quaestor who conquered Pseudoperses.
trēs, tria, num. adj., three.
Triballī, ōrum, pl. m., a Thracian people of Lower Moesia.
tribūnus, ī [tribus], m., chief of a tribe, tribune;
tribūnus mīlitum or mīlitāris, military tribune, captain, one of the minor officers of a legion, six in number;
tribūnus plēbis, tribune of the people, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C. to protect the plebeians from the patricians. Ten tribunes were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.
tribuō, ere, ī, ūtus [tribus], to assign, grant, give.
dis—distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus, to divide, distribute, apportion.
tribus, ūs [cf. trēs], f., a tribe (orig. a third part of the people).
tribūtum, ī [tribuō], n., a tax, tribute.
trīcēsimus, a, um [trīgintā], num. adj., thirtieth.
trīciēs [trīgintā], num. adv., thirty times.
Tricipitīnus, ī, m., Sp. Lucrētius Tricipitīnus, consul 509 B.C.
trīclīnium, ī, n., a couch for three persons reclining at meals, a dinner sofa.
trīduum, ī [trēs + diēs], n., the space of three days, three days.
triennium, ī [trēs + annus], n., the space of three years, three years.
trīgintā, indecl. num. adj., thirty.
Tripolitānus, a, um, adj., belonging to Tripolis;
tripolitāna prōvincia, the province of Tripolis, in northern Africa.
trīstis, e, adj., sad, sorrowful; stern, strict, severe.
trīticum, ī, n., wheat.
triumphō, āre, āvī, ātus, to celebrate a triumph.
triumphus, ī, m., a triumph, a[237]
splendid procession in which the victorious general entered the city accompanied by his soldiers and the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed around the Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
Trōia, ae, f., Troy, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, renowned for its ten years’ siege by the Greeks.
trux, trucis, adj., wild, savage, stern.
tū, tuī, pl. vōs, vestrūm or vestrī, pers. pron., thou, you.
tueor, ērī, tūtus or tuitus sum, to look at, watch;
defend, protect.
in—intueor, ērī, itus sum, to look closely at or upon, gaze at.
Tugurīnī, or Tigurīnī, ōrum, pl. m., a Helvetian people who invaded Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones.
Tullius, ī, m., Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, 578-534 B.C.
Tullus, ī, m., see Hostīlius.
tum, adv., then, at that time;
thereupon.
tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum [tumultus], to make a disturbance, riot.
tumultus, ūs, m., a disturbance, uproar;
rebellion, riot.
tumulus, ī [tumeō, to swell], m., a hillock, mound, hill.
tunc, adv., then, at that time;
accordingly, thereupon.
turbō, āre, āvī, ātus [turba, a crowd], to disturb, confuse.
turpis, e, adj., ugly;
base, dishonorable.
turris, is, f., a tower.
Tuscī, ōrum, pl. m., the Etruscans, inhabitants of Etruria.
Tuscia, ae, f., Etruria, a division of central Italy.
Tusculum, ī, n., an old town in Latium, about ten miles southeast of Rome.
tūtor, ōris [tueor], m., a guardian, tutor.
tūtus, a, um [tueor], adj., safe.
tuus, a, um [tū], pron. adj., your, yours.
tyrannicus, a, um [tyrannus], adj., tyrannical.
tyrannis, idis [tyrannus], f., the sway of a tyrant, arbitrary power, despotic rule.
tyrannus, ī, m., a ruler, tyrant.
U.
ubi, adv., where, when;
ubi prīmum, as soon as.
ubicumque, adv., wherever.
ubīque [ubi + que], adv., anywhere.
ūllus, a, um, gen. ūllīus, dat. ūllī, adj., any.
Ulpiānus, ī, m., (Domitius) Ulpiānus, a celebrated Roman jurist.
Ulpius, ī, m., see Trāiānus.
ulterior, ius, gen. ōris [ultrā], adj., further, remoter;
sup. ultimus, farthest, last, utmost, greatest.
ultiō, ōnis [ulcīscor, to avenge], f., revenge.
ultrā, prep. with acc., on the further side, beyond.
umquam, adv., at any time, ever;
usually with a negative.
ūndecimus, a, um [ūndecim, eleven], num. adj., eleventh.
unguentum, ī [unguō, to anoint], n., ointment, unguent, perfume.
unguis, is, m., a nail, hoof, claw.
ūnicē [ūnicus], adv., alone, singly, uniquely.
ūnicus, a, um [ūnus], adj., only, sole, single;
uncommon.
ūniversus, a, um [ūnus + *vertō], adj., all in one, whole, entire.
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ūnus, a, um, gen. ūnīus, dat. ūnī, adj., one, only, sole, alone.
urbs, urbis, f., a city; The City (Rome).
urna, ae [ūrō, to burn], f., a vessel, urn (of baked clay).
Uscudama, ae, f., a city in Thrace.
ūsque, adv., all the way, right on, continuously, even.
ūsūrpō, āre, āvi, ātus [ūsus + rapiō], to make use of, enjoy; usurp.
ūsus, ūs [ūtor], m., use, employment; experience, training; profit, advantage, convenience.
ūsus, a, um, see ūtor.
ut, adv., interrog., how? in what way? rel., as, just as; since, seeing that;
ut … ita, just as … so.
ut, conj., (1) with ind., when;
ut prīmum, as soon as;
(2) with subj. of purpose, in order that, that; of result, so that, that.
uterque, traque, trumque [uter + que], adj., each (of two), both.
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum, to make use of, employ; enjoy; have, possess; associate with, be intimate with.
utrimque [uterque], adv., from or on both sides, on either hand.
uxor, ōris, f., a wife.
uxōrius, a, um [uxor], adj., of a wife.
V.
V. ＝ 5.
vacuus, a, um [vacō, to be empty], adj., empty, unoccupied.
*vādō, ere, —, —, to go, rush.
ex—ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus, to go forth or away; get away, escape; get to be, become.
in—invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus, to enter; attack; seize, take possession of..
vagor, ārī, ātus sum, to wander.
Valēns, entis, m.,
1. (F.) Valēns, consul 96 A.D.
2. Valēns, emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D.
Valeria, ae, f., daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius.
Valeriānus, ī, m.,
1. (P.) Licinius Valeriānus, Roman emperor 253-260 A.D.
2. (P.) Licinius Valeriānus, son of (1).
Valerius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Corvīnus, Laevīnus, Messāla, Pūblicola.
valētūdō, inis [valeō, to be well], f., health (good or bad), sickness, weakness.
validus, a, um [valeō, to be well], adj., strong, healthy, effective.
vallum, ī, n., stockade, rampart, wall.
Vandalī, ōrum, pl. m., Vandals, a confederacy of German peoples that invaded Italy in the fifth century A.D..
variē [varius], adv., variously.
varius, a, um, adj., diverse, various.
Varrō, ōnis, m.,
1. M. (Terentius) Varrō, a legate of Pompey in Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar.
2. P. (C.) Terentius Varrō, consul 219 and 216 B.C.
Varroniānus, ī, consul 363 A.D.
Vārus, ī, m., Q. Vārus, one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at the battle of Thapsus.
vās, vāsis (pl. vāsa, ōrum), n., a vessel, dish.
vāstitās, ātis [vāstō], f., devastation.
vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus, to lay waste, devastate, destroy.
Vatia, ae, m., P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isauricus, consul 79 B.C.
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Vēcta, ae, f., an island off the southern coast of England, now the Isle of Wight.
vehementer [vehemēns, earnest], adv., earnestly, seriously, severely; exceedingly.
vehiculum, ī [vehō], n., a vehicle, carriage.
vehō, ere, vexī, vectus, to bear, carry, convey;
in pass. with nāvī or equō, to sail, ride.
ex—ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus, to lift, raise, elevate.
in—invehō, ere, vexī, vectus, to carry in or to;
in pass., ride into, sail into.
re—revehō, ere, vexī, vectus, to carry back, bring back, return.
Vēientānī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Vēiī.
Vēientēs, ium, pl. m., the people of Vēiī.
Vēiī, ōrum, pl. m., Vēiī, a powerful town in Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome.
vel [old imperative of volō], adv. and conj., even; or, or else;
vel … vel, either … or.
vēnditiō, ōnis [vēndō], f., an auction sale, auction.
vēndō, ere, didī, ditus [contr. from venumdō], to sell.
venēnum, ī, n., poison.
venerābilis, e [veneror], adj., venerable, reverend.
venerātiō, ōnis [veneror], f., veneration, reverence.
veneror, ārī, ātus sum, to worship, revere, respect, honor.
Venetia, ae, f., a district at the head of the Adriatic Sea.
venia, ae, f., favor, grace, kindness.
veniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come, go.
con—conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come together, assemble; be agreed upon, be suitable.
ex—ēveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to turn out, come to pass.
in—inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come upon, find, discover.
inter—interveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come upon, appear, intervene.
per—perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come to, reach; penetrate, attain to.
prae—praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come before, get start of, anticipate, outstrip.
sub—subveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come to help, aid, assist.
super—superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus, to come to the rescue, arrive; surpass.
venter, tris, m., the stomach; appetite.
Ventidius, ī, m., see Bassus.
verberō, āre, āvī, ātus [verber, lash], to whip, scourge, beat.
vērē [vērus, true], adv., truly, really.
vereor, ērī, itus sum, to fear, dread, respect.
Vergiliānus, a, um, adj., Vergilian;
Vergiliānus versus, a verse from the Aeneid of Vergil.
Vērōna, ae, f., an important town in Cisalpine Gaul.
*vertō, ere, ī, versus, to turn, change;
in pass., turn about, return.
ab—āvertō, ere, ī, versus, to turn away or aside, avert, divert.
con—convertō, ere, ī, versus, to turn round, change; turn, direct; divert, misuse.
ex—ēvertō, ere, ī, versus, to overturn, destroy, ruin.
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re—revertor, ī, revertī or (less
often) reversus sum, to return; revert, recur.
versus, ūs [vertō], m., a line, verse.
vērum [vērus, true], adv., truly, certainly; but.
Vērus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.
Vespasiānus, ī, m., (T. Flavius) Vespasiānus, Roman emperor 70-79 A.D.
vespera, ae, f., evening.
vespillo, ōnis, m., a corpse bearer.
Vestālis, e, adj., pertaining to the goddess Vesta.
vester, tra, trum, pron. adj., your, yours;
Vestra (as title of emperor), “Your Serene Highness.”
vestis, is, f., clothing, garments; a robe.
vetō, āre, uī, itus, not allow, forbid.
Vetraniō, ōnis, m., a commander of the legions in Illyria who was proclaimed emperor by the troops.
Vettius, ī, m., T. Vettius, a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war.
Veturia, ae, f., the mother of Coriolanus.
Veturius, ī, m., T. Veturius, consul 321 B.C.
Vetus, eris, m., consul with Valens, 96 A.D.
vetus, eris, adj., old, aged; of a former time, ancient.
via, ae, f., a way, road, journey; passage.
(Vibulānus, ī), m., C. Fabius (Vibulānus), consul for the third time 479 B.C. His praenomen is generally given as Kaeso.
vīcēsimus, a, um [vīgintī], num. adj., twentieth.
vīcīnus, a, um [vīcus], adj., near, neighboring.
vicissim [vicis, alternation], adv., in turn.
Victoalī, ōrum, pl. m., a West Gothic people.
victor, ōris [vincō], m., a conqueror;
as adj., victorious.
victōria, ae [vincō], f., victory.
Victorīnus, ī, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants.
victrīx, icis [vincō], f., a victress, a female conqueror;
as adj., victorious.
vīcus, ī, m., a town, village.
videō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus, to see, perceive, understand;
in pass., seem.
in—invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus, to look askance at, envy.
vīgintī, indecl. num. adj., twenty.
vīlis, e, adj., cheap, common, worthless.
vīlissimē, see vīliter.
vīliter [vīlis], adv., sup. vīlissimē; at a low price, cheaply.
vīlla, ae, f., a country house, farm, villa.
Viminācium, ī, n., a town in Upper Moesia.
Vīminālis, e [vīmen, an osier], adj., of osiers;
as subst., Vīminālis, is, m. (sc. collis), the Viminal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.
vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus, to bind, fetter.
vincō, ere, vīcī, victus, to conquer, defeat; surpass;
intrans., prevail.
con—convincō, ere, vīcī, victus, to overcome; convict, refute; expose.
dē—dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus, to conquer completely, subdue.
Vindelicī, ōrum, pl. m., a people dwelling in the Roman province of Vindelicia, south of the Danube.
vindicō, āre, āvī, ātus [vīs + dīcō], to claim; liberate; avenge, take vengeance on.
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vīnea, ae, f., a plantation of vines, vineyard; vine.
vir, virī, m., a man; hero; husband.
vīrēs, see vīs.
virga, ae, f., a rod.
Virgīnius, ī, m.,
1. L. (T.) Virgīnius, consul 479 B.C.
2. (L.) Virgīnius, father of Virginia, a maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius Claudius led to the overthrow of the decemvirs; consul 449 B.C.
virgō, inis, f., a young girl, maiden, virgin.
Viriāthus, ī, m., a celebrated Lusitanian chief who maintained a separate command against the Romans for several years.
viridis, e, adj., green, fresh, new.
Viridomarus, ī, m., a leader of the Gauls who was slain by Marcellus.
virītim [vir], adv., man by man, separately, individually.
virtūs, ūtis [vir], f., manliness, valor; goodness; virtue.
vīs, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. vim, abl. vī, f., strength, force; hostile force, violence; quantity, number;
pl. vīrēs, energy, vigor, resources;
vim facere, to use violence.
Viscellīnus, ī, m., Sp. Cassius (Viscellīnus), the first master of the horse at Rome.
vīta, ae [vīvō], f., life, conduct.
Vitellius, ī, m.,
1. (A.) Vitellius, Roman emperor, 69 A.D.
2. (L.) Vitellius, brother of (1).
vitiō, āre, āvī, ātus [vitium], to make faulty, taint, corrupt, defile, dishonor.
vitiōsus, a, um [vitium], adj., full of faults, faulty; wicked, depraved.
vitium, ī, n., a fault, vice.
vīvō, ere, vīxī, —, to live.
vīvus, a, um [vīvō], adj., living, alive.
vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely.
vocō, āre, āvī, ātus [vōx], to call, summon; rouse; name.
ex—ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus, to call out, summon.
prō—prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus, to challenge.
re—revocō, āre, āvī, ātus, to recall, recover.
volō, velle, voluī, —, to be willing, wish.
magis—mālō, mālle, māluī, —, to wish, rather, prefer.
nē—nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —, to be unwilling, not to wish, not to want.
Volscī, ōrum, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium.
Volumnia, ae, f., the wife of Coriolanus.
voluntārius, a, um [voluntās], adj., of free will, voluntary.
voluntās, ātis [volō], f., will, desire, inclination.
Volusiānus, ī, m., son of the emperor Gallus. His father conferred the title of Caesar upon him in 251 A.D. and Augustus in 252 A.D.
voracitās, ātis, f., greediness, ravenousness.
vōx, vōcis, f., voice, sound, tone; cry, call; saying, speech.
vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus [vulnus], to wound, hurt, injure.
vulnus, eris, n., a wound; blow, misfortune.
Vulsō, ōnis, m., L. Mānlius Vulsō, consul 256 B.C.
vultus, ūs, m., the expression of the face, features, countenance.
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X.
X. ＝ 10.
Xanthippus, ī, m., a Lacedaemonian who commanded the Carthaginians against the Romans under Regulus.
Xerxēs, is, m., a king of the Persians who was conquered by Alexander Severus.
Z.
Zēnobia, ae, f., queen of Palmyra.
TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & CO., NORWOOD, MASS.
