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Title: History of Lace Author: Mrs. Bury Palliser Editor: Alice Dryden Margaret Jourdain Release date: April 21, 2018 [eBook #57009] Language: English Credits: Produced by Keith Edkins, Constanze Hofmann, David Edwards and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF LACE *** Produced by Keith Edkins, Constanze Hofmann, David Edwards and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index. * * * * * HISTORY OF LACE [Illustration: ANNE, DAUGHTER OF SIR PETER VANLORE, KT., FIRST WIFE OF SIR CHARLES CÆSAR, KT., ABOUT 1614. The lace is probably Flemish, Sir Peter having come from Utrecht. From the picture the property of her descendant, Captain Cottrell-Dormer.] _Frontispiece._ HISTORY OF LACE BY MRS. BURY PALLISER ENTIRELY REVISED, RE-WRITTEN, AND ENLARGED UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF M. JOURDAIN AND ALICE DRYDEN WITH 266 ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1902 LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION Nearly thirty years have elapsed since the third edition of the HISTORY OF LACE was published. As it is still the classical work on the subject, and many developments in the Art have taken place since 1875, it seemed desirable that a new and revised edition should be brought out. The present Revisers have fully felt the responsibility of correcting anything the late Mrs. Palliser wrote; they have therefore altered as little of the text as possible, except where modern research has shown a statement to be faulty. The chapters on Spain, Alençon and Argentan, and the Introductory chapter on Needlework, have been almost entirely rewritten. Much new matter has been added to Italy, England and Ireland, and the notices of Cretan and Sicilian lace, among others, are new. The original wood-cuts have been preserved with their designations as in the 1875 edition, which differ materially from the first two editions. Nearly a hundred new illustrations have been added, and several portraits to show different fashions of wearing lace. The Revisers wish to record their grateful thanks to those who have assisted them with information or lace for illustration; especially to Mrs. Hulton, Count Marcello and Cavaliere Michelangelo Jesurum in Venice, Contessa di Brazza and Contessa Cavazza in Italy, M. Destrée in Brussels, Mr. Arthur Blackborne, Salviati & Co., and the Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. M. JOURDAIN. ALICE DRYDEN. _London, September, 1901._ CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I.--NEEDLEWORK 1 II.--CUT-WORK 14 III.--LACE 26 IV.--ITALY.--VENICE--MILAN ("Milano la Grande")--FLORENCE--THE ABRUZZI--ROMAGNA--NAPLES--GENOA ("Genova La Superba")-- CANTU--SICILY 45 V.--GREECE--CRETE--TURKEY--MALTA 82 VI.--SPAIN--PORTUGAL 90 VII.--FLANDERS--BRUSSELS (BRABANT)--MECHLIN--ANTWERP--FLANDERS (WEST)--FLANDERS (EAST)--HAINAULT 109 VIII.--FRANCE TO LOUIS XIV. 139 IX.--LOUIS XIV. 150 X.--LOUIS XIV.--_continued_ 161 XI.--LOUIS XV. 171 XII.--LOUIS XVI. TO THE EMPIRE 179 XIII.--THE LACE MANUFACTURES OF FRANCE--ALENÇON (Dép. Orne), NORMANDY 188 XIV.--ARGENTAN (Dép. Orne) 202 XV.--ISLE DE FRANCE.--PARIS (Dép. Seine)--CHANTILLY (Dép. Oise) 209 XVI.--NORMANDY--SEINE INFÉRIEURE--CALVADOS--BRETAGNE 216 XVII.--VALENCIENNES (Dép. du Nord)--LILLE (Dép. du Nord)--ARRAS (Artois) (Dép. Pas-de-Calais)--BAILLEUL (Dép. du Nord) 230 XVIII.--AUVERGNE AND VÉLAY--LE PUY (Dép. Haute-Loire)--AURILLAC AND MURAT (Dép. Cantal) 242 XIX.--LIMOUSIN--LORRAINE--CHAMPAGNE--BURGUNDY--LYONNOIS-- ORLÉANOIS--BERRY--POITOU 250 XX.--HOLLAND, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND, AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY-- HOLLAND--SAXONY--GERMANY (NORTH AND SOUTH)--SWITZERLAND 258 XXI.--DENMARK--SWEDEN--RUSSIA 272 XXII.--ENGLAND TO QUEEN ELIZABETH 285 XXIII.--QUEEN ELIZABETH 299 XXIV.--JAMES I. TO THE RESTORATION.--JAMES I.--CHARLES I.-- THE COMMONWEALTH 315 XXV.--CHARLES II. TO THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.--CHARLES II.-- JAMES II.--WILLIAM III.--QUEEN ANNE 335 XXVI.--GEORGE I.--GEORGE II. 351 XXVII.--SMUGGLING 358 XXVIII.--GEORGE III. 363 XXIX.--THE LACE MANUFACTURES OF ENGLAND 371 XXX.--BEDFORDSHIRE--BUCKINGHAMSHIRE--NORTHAMPTONSHIRE--SUFFOLK 375 XXXI.--WILTSHIRE AND DORSETSHIRE 395 XXXII.--DEVONSHIRE--HONITON--TROLLY LACE--JAPAN 399 XXXIII.--SCOTLAND 418 XXXIV.--LACE MANUFACTURES OF SCOTLAND 428 XXXV.--IRELAND 435 XXXVI.--BOBBIN NET AND MACHINE-MADE LACE--BOBBIN NET--FRANCE-- BELGIUM--MACHINERY LACE 447 APPENDIX 459 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 503 INDEX 507 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE ANNE, DAUGHTER OF SIR PETER VANLORE, KT. _Frontispiece_ Gold Lace found in a barrow Fig. 1 4 ARGENTAN.--CIRCULAR BOBBIN RÉSEAU; VENETIAN NEEDLEPOINT PLATE I 12 ITALIAN BOBBIN RÉSEAU; SIX-POINTED STAR-MESHED BOBBIN RÉSEAU; BRUSSELS BOBBIN RÉSEAU; FOND CHANT OF CHANTILLY AND POINT DE PARIS; DETAILS OF BOBBIN RÉSEAU AND TOILE; DETAILS OF NEEDLE RÉSEAU AND BUTTONHOLE STITCHES PLATE II 14 Point Coupé Fig. 2 18 ALTAR OR TABLE-CLOTH OF FINE LINEN (PROBABLY ITALIAN) PLATE III 18 Laces Fig. 3 19 Elizabethan Sampler " 5 22 Impresa of Queen Margaret of Navarre " 4 23 Spider-work Figs. 6, 7 24 FAN MADE AT BURANO PLATE IV 24 ITALIAN PUNTO REALE " V 24 Grande Dantelle au Point devant l'Aiguille Fig. 8 28 Petite Dantelle Figs. 9-12 29 Passement au Fuseau Figs. 13, 14 30 Passement au Fuseau Fig. 15 31 Merletti a Piombini " 16 31 ITALIAN.--MODERN REPRODUCTION AT BURANO PLATE VI 32 HERALDIC (CARNIVAL LACE) " VII 32 Old Mechlin Fig. 17 35 ITALIAN, VENETIAN, FLAT NEEDLE-POINT LACE PLATE VIII 36 PORTION OF A BAND OF NEEDLE-POINT LACE " IX 36 Guipure Fig. 18 39 Tape Guipure " 19 40 ITALIAN.--POINT DE VENISE À LA ROSE PLATE X 44 ITALIAN.--POINT PLAT DE VENISE " XI 46 ITALIAN.--POINT DE VENISE À RÉSEAU " XII 48 Mermaid Lace Fig. 20 50 Reticella " 21 50 Punto a Gropo " 22 52 Gros Point de Venise " 23 52 Punto a Maglia " 24 53 Punto Tirato " 25 54 Point de Venise à Bredes Picotées " 26 54 Venise Point " 27 55 Gros Point de Venise " 28 56 Point de Venise " 29 56 Point Plat de Venise " 30 56 Point de Venise à Réseau " 31 58 Burano Point " 32 60 ITALIAN.--MODERN POINT DE BURANO PLATE XIII 60 ITALIAN.--MODERN REPRODUCTION AT BURANO " XIV 62 ITALIAN.--MILANESE, BOBBIN-MADE " XV 64 Reticella from Milan Fig. 33 65 ITALIAN.--VENETIAN, NEEDLE-MADE PLATE XVI 66 ITALIAN.--MILANESE, BOBBIN-MADE " XVII 66 Unfinished Drawn-work Fig. 34 69 CUSHION MADE AT THE SCHOOL PLATE XVIII 70 ITALY.--GROUP OF WORKERS AT BRAZZA SCHOOL " XIX 70 Genoa Point, Bobbin-made Fig. 35 74 Lace Pattern found in the Church at Santa Margherita " 36 76 ITALIAN.--BOBBIN TAPE WITH NEEDLE-MADE RÉSEAU PLATE XX 76 ITALIAN, GENOESE.--BORDER " XXI 76 Parchment Pattern used to cover a Book Fig. 37 77 Fringed Macramé " 38 80 ITALIAN.--OLD PEASANT LACES, BOBBIN-MADE PLATES XXII, XXIII 80 ITALIAN.--MODERN PEASANT LACE PLATE XXIV 80 Silk Gimp Lace Fig. 39 84 SICILIAN.--OLD DRAWN-WORK PLATE XXV 84 SOUTH ITALIAN " XXVI 84 Reticella, or Greek Lace Fig. 40 85 Loubeaux de Verdale " 41 88 ITALIAN, RAPALLO--MODERN PEASANT LACE PLATE XXVII 88 MALTESE.--MODERN BOBBIN-MADE " XXVIII 88 Bobbin Lace (Ceylon) Fig. 42 89 The Work Room (16th century engraving) " 43 91 Unfinished Work of a Spanish Nun " 44 94 SPANISH.--MODERN THREAD BOBBIN LACE PLATE XXIX 94 SPANISH, BLONDE.--WHITE SILK DARNING ON MACHINE NET " XXX 94 Unfinished Work of a Spanish Nun Fig. 45 95 " " " " 46 96 Old Spanish Pillow Lace " 47 100 PORTRAIT, DUCHESSE DE MONTPENSIER PLATE XXXI 100 JEWISH " XXXII 104 SPANISH " XXXIII 104 Bobbin Lace (Madeira) Fig. 48 106 " (Brazil) " 49 107 SPANISH.--PILLOW-MADE 19TH CENTURY PLATE XXXIV 108 PARAGUAY.--"NAUDUTI" " XXXV 108 Lace-making Fig. 50 110 FLEMISH.--PORTION OF BED-COVER PLATE XXXVI 110 Cap of Emperor Charles V. Fig. 51 112 Isabella Clara Eugenia, Daughter of Philip II. " 52 112 Mary, Queen of Hungary, Cuff " 53 113 Belgian Lace School " 54 114 Old Flemish Bobbin Lace " 55 114 Old Flemish.--Trolle Kant " 56 115 BRUSSELS.--POINT D'ANGLETERRE À BRIDES PLATE XXXVII 116 FLEMISH.--TAPE LACE, BOBBIN-MADE " XXXVIII 116 Brussels Needle-Point Fig. 57 118 " " " 58 120 Brussels.--Point à l'Aiguille " 58A 120 Old Brussels.--Point d'Angleterre " 59 122 " " " " 60 124 MECHLIN, 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY PLATE XXXIX 126 Mechlin.--Period Louis XVI. Fig. 61 127 Mechlin, formerly belonging to H.M. Queen Charlotte " 62 128 MECHLIN.--THREE SPECIMENS FROM VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM PLATE XL 128 A Lady of Antwerp Fig. 63 130 Antwerp Pot Lace " 64 130 Valenciennes Lace of Ypres " 65 132 FLEMISH.--FLAT SPANISH BOBBIN LACE PLATE XLI 132 FLEMISH.--GUIPURE DE FLANDRE " XLII 134 BELGIAN.--BOBBIN-MADE, BINCHE " XLIII 136 " " MARCHE " XLIV 136 DRAWN AND EMBROIDERED MUSLIN, FLEMISH " XLV 136 RUFF, EDGED WITH LACE " XLVI 142 BRUSSELS.--FLOUNCE, BOBBIN-MADE " XLVII 144 Cinq-Mars.--M. de Versailles Fig. 66 145 " .--After his portrait by Le Wain " 67 146 Lace Rose and Garter " 68 147 Young Lady's Apron, time of Henry III " 69 148 BRUSSELS.--BOBBIN-MADE, PERIOD LOUIS XIV. PLATE XLVIII 150 " .--POINT D'ANGLETERRE À RÉSEAU " XLIX 150 Anne of Austria Fig. 70 151 A Courtier of the Regency " 71 152 Canons of Louis XIV " 72 154 Chateau de Louvai " 73 156 CHENILLE RUN ON A BOBBIN-GROUND PLATE L 156 BRUSSELS.--BOBBIN-MADE " LI 156 Le Grand Bébé Fig. 74 162 Louvois, 1691 " 75 163 Madame de Maintenon " 76 164 Lady in Morning déshabille " 77 165 Le Grand Dauphin en Steinkerque " 78 168 Madame du Lude en Steinkerque " 79 168 Madame Palatine " 80 169 BRUSSELS.--MODERN POINT DE GAZE PLATE LII 170 Madame Sophie de France, 1782 Fig. 81 175 Madame Adélaide de France " 82 176 MADAME LOUISE DE FRANCE PLATE LIII 176 Madame Thérèse Fig. 83 177 Marie-Antoinette " 84 179 Madame Adélaide de France " 85 182 FRENCH.--BORDER OF POINT PLAT DE FRANCE PLATE LIV 188 Colbert, + 1683 Fig. 86 189 Venice Point " 87 191 FRENCH.--POINT D'ALENÇON PLATE LV 192 Argentella, or Point d'Alençon à Réseau Rosacé Fig. 88 194 Bed made for Napoleon I. " 89 197 Alençon Point à Petites Bredes " 90 200 Point d'Alençon, Louis XV. " 91 200 POINT D'ALENÇON. FLOUNCE PLATE LVI 202-3 Point d'Argentan Fig. 92 204 " " . Grande Bride ground " 93 206 FRENCH.--POINT D'ARGENTAN, 18TH CENTURY PLATE LVII 208 Point de Paris Fig. 94 210 Point de France " 95 210 FRENCH (OR DUTCH).--VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM PLATE LVIII 212 Chantilly Fig. 96 214 Cauchoise " 97 217 FRENCH, CHANTILLY.--FLOUNCE PLATE LIX 218 FRENCH, LE PUY.--BLACK SILK GUIPURE " LX 218 Petit Poussin, Dieppe Fig. 98 219 Ave Maria, Dieppe " 99 220 Point de Dieppe " 100 221 Dentelle à la Vierge " 101 222 Duc de Peuthièvre " 102 223 FRENCH.--BLONDE MALE, IN SPANISH STYLE PLATE LXI 226 Modern Black Lace of Bayeux Fig. 103 227 Point Colbert " 104 228 Valenciennes, 1650-1780 " 105 230 " Period, Louis XIV. " 106 232 " 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY PLATE LXII 232 " Fig. 107 234 Valenciennes Lappet " 108 234 Lille " 109 236 " " 110 238 Arras " 111 240 FRENCH, CAMBRAI PLATES LXIII, LXIV 246 FRENCH, LE PUY PLATE LXV 246 Point de Bourgogne Fig. 112 256 WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE PLATE LXVI 258 Dutch Bobbin Lace Fig. 113 260 Tomb of Barbara Uttmann " 114 261 Barbara Uttmann " 114A 262 SWISS, NEUCHATEL PLATE LXVII 264 GERMAN, NUREMBERG " LXVIII 264 ENGLISH, BUCKS " LXIX 264 HUNGARIAN.--BOBBIN LACE " LXX 268 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN " LXXI 268 Shirt Collar of Christian IV. Fig. 115 273 Tönder Lace, Drawn Muslin " 116 274 RUSSIAN--NEEDLEPOINT; GERMAN--SAXON PLATE LXXII 276 RUSSIAN, OLD BOBBIN-MADE " LXXIII 276 RUSSIAN, BOBBIN-MADE IN THREAD PLATE LXXIV 280 Dalecarlian Lace Fig. 117 281 Collar of Gustavus Adolphus " 118 282 Russia, Bobbin-made, 19th Century " 119 284 CAP, FLEMISH OR GERMAN PLATE XXV 288 Fisher, Bishop of Rochester Fig. 120 292 ENGLISH.--CUTWORK AND NEEDLE-POINT PLATE LXXVI 292 ENGLISH.--DEVONSHIRE "TROLLY." " LXXVII 292 Fisher, Bishop of Rochester Fig. 121 293 MARIE DE LORRAINE PLATE LXXVIII 298 Queen Elizabeth's Smock Fig. 122 308 Christening Caps, Needle-made Brussels Figs. 123, 124 309 MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE PLATE LXXIX 316 HENRY WROTHESLEY, THIRD EARL OF SOUTHAMPTON " LXXX 320 Monument of Princess Sophia Fig. 125 321 " " " Mary " 126 322 Mary, Countess of Pembroke " 127 323 ELIZABETH, PRINCESS PALATINE PLATE LXXXI 326 Falling Collar of the 17th Century Fig. 128 327 Boots, Cuffs Figs. 129, 130 328 English Needle-made Lace Fig. 131 328 JAMES HARRINGTON PLATE LXXXII 332 JAMES, THE OLD PRETENDER, AND HIS SISTER, PRINCESS LOUISA PLATE LXXXIII 344 JOHN LAW, THE PARIS BANKER " LXXXIV 352 Ripon Fig. 132 373 ENGLISH, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, BOBBIN LACE PLATE LXXXV 374 Buckinghamshire Trolly Fig. 133 381 " Point " 134 382 " " " 135 383 ENGLISH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, BOBBIN LACE PLATE LXXXVI 384 Old Flemish Fig. 136 385 Old Brussels " 137 385 "Run" Lace, Newport Pagnell " 138 386 English Point, Northampton " 139 386 "Baby" Lace, Northampton " 140 387 " " Beds " 141 387 " " Bucks " 142 387 Wire Ground, Northampton " 143 388 Valenciennes " " 144 388 Regency Point, Bedford " 145 389 Insertion, " " 146 389 Plaited Lace, " " 147 392 Raised Plait, " " 148 393 ENGLISH, SUFFOLK, BOBBIN LACE PLATE LXXXVII 394 English Needle-made Lace Fig. 149 396 HONITON WITH THE VRAI RÉSEAU PLATE LXXXVIII 402 Bone Lace from Cap, Devonshire Fig. 150 404 Monument of Bishop Stafford, Exeter Cathedral " 151 406 Monument of Lady Doddridge " " " 152 407 Honiton, sewn on plain pillow ground " 153 408 Old Devonshire " 154 408 Honiton Guipure " 155 410 Honeysuckle, Sprig of Modern Honiton " 156 411 Old Devonshire Point " 157 412 Lappet made by the late Mrs. Treadwin of Exeter " 158 412 Venetian Relief in Point " 159 414 ENGLISH.--DEVONSHIRE. FAN MADE AT BEER FOR THE PARIS EXHIBITION, 1900 PLATE LXXXIX 416 Sir Alexander Gibson Fig. 160 424 Scotch, Hamilton " 161 431 IRISH, YOUGHAL PLATE XC 436 IRISH, CARRICKMACROSS " XCI 442 IRISH, LIMERICK LACE " XCII 442 IRISH, CROCHET LACE " XCIII 446 Arms of the Framework Knitters' Company Fig. 162 447 The Lagetta, or Lace-bark Tree " 163 456 Metre P. Quinty Figs. 164, 165 460 Pattern Book, Augsburg " 166, 167 462 Augsburg Fig. 168 463 Le Pompe, 1559 " 169 473 Manner of Pricking Pattern " 170 486 Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1605 " 171 492 Monogram " 172 492 "Bavari," from "Ornamento nobile" of Lucretia Romana " 173 498 {1}HISTORY OF LACE. CHAPTER I. NEEDLEWORK. "As ladies wont To finger the fine needle and nyse thread."--_Faerie Queene._ The art of lace-making has from the earliest times been so interwoven with the art of needlework that it would be impossible to enter on the subject of the present work without giving some mention of the latter. With the Egyptians the art of embroidery was general, and at Beni Hassan figures are represented making a sort of net--"they that work in flax, and they that weave network."[1] Examples of elaborate netting have been found in Egyptian tombs, and mummy wrappings are ornamented with drawn-work, cut-work, and other open ornamentation. The outer tunics of the robes of state of important personages appear to be fashioned of network darned round the hem with gold and silver and coloured silks. Amasis, King of Egypt, according to Herodotus,[2] sent to Athene of Lindus a corslet with figures interwoven with gold and cotton, and to judge from a passage of Ezekiel, the Egyptians even embroidered the sails of their galleys which they exported to Tyre.[3] {2}The Jewish embroiderers, even in early times, seem to have carried their art to a high standard of execution. The curtains of the Tabernacle were of "fine twined linen wrought with needlework, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, with cherubims of cunning work."[4] Again, the robe of the ephod was of gold and blue and purple and scarlet, and fine twined linen, and in Isaiah we have mention of women's cauls and nets of checker-work. Aholiab is specially recorded as a cunning workman, and chief embroiderer in blue, and in purple, and in scarlet, and in fine linen,[5] and the description of the virtuous woman in the Proverbs, who "layeth her hands to the spindle" and clotheth herself in tapestry, and that of the king's daughter in the Psalms, who shall be "brought unto the king in a raiment of needlework," all plainly show how much the art was appreciated amongst the Jews.[6] Finally Josephus, in his _Wars of the Jews_, mentions the veil presented to the Temple by Herod (B.C. 19), a Babylonian curtain fifty cubits high, and sixteen broad, embroidered in blue and red, "of marvellous texture, representing the universe, the stars, and the elements." In the English Bible, _lace_ is frequently mentioned, but its meaning must be qualified by the reserve due to the use of such a word in James I.'s time. It is pretty evident that the translators used it to indicate a small cord, since lace for decoration would be more commonly known at that time as _purls_, _points_, or _cut-works_.[7] "Of lace amongst the Greeks we seem to have no evidence. Upon the well-known red and black vases are all kinds of figures clad in costumes which are bordered with ornamental patterns, but these were painted upon, woven into, or embroidered upon the fabric. They were not lace. Many centuries elapsed before a marked and elaborately ornamental character infused itself into twisted, plaited, or looped thread-work. During such a period the fashion of ornamenting borders of costumes and hangings existed, and underwent a few phases, as, for instance, in the Elgin marbles, where crimped {3}edges appear along the flowing Grecian dresses." Embroidered garments, cloaks, veils and cauls, and networks of gold are frequently mentioned in Homer and other early authors.[8] The countries of the Euphrates were renowned in classical times for the beauty of their embroidered and painted stuffs which they manufactured.[9] Nothing has come down to us of these Babylonian times, of which Greek and Latin writers extolled the magnificence; but we may form some idea, from the statues and figures engraved on cylinders, of what the weavers and embroiderers of this ancient time were capable.[10] A fine stone in the British Museum is engraved with the figure of a Babylonian king, Merodach-Idin-Abkey, in embroidered robes, which speak of the art as practised eleven hundred years B.C.[11] Josephus writes that the veils given by Herod for the Temple were of Babylonian work ([Greek: peplos babylônios])--the women excelling, according to Apollonius, in executing designs of varied colours. The Sidonian women brought by Paris to Troy embroidered veils of such rich work that Hecuba deemed them worthy of being offered to Athene; and Lucan speaks of the Sidonian veil worn by Cleopatra at a feast in her Alexandrine palace, in honour of Cæsar.[12] Phrygia was also renowned for its needlework, and from the shores of Phrygia Asiatic and Babylonian embroideries were shipped to Greece and Italy. The _toga picta_, worked with Phrygian embroidery, was worn by Roman generals at their triumphs and by the consuls when they celebrated the games; hence embroidery itself is styled "Phrygian,"[13] {4}and the Romans knew it under no other name (_opus Phrygianum_).[14] Gold needles and other working implements have been discovered in Scandinavian tumuli. In the _London Chronicle_ of 1767 will be found a curious account of the opening of a Scandinavian barrow near Wareham, in Dorsetshire. Within the hollow trunk of an oak were discovered many bones wrapped in a covering of deerskins neatly sewn together. There were also the remains of a piece of gold lace, four inches long and two and a half broad. This lace was black and much decayed, of the old lozenge pattern,[15] that most ancient and universal of all designs, again found depicted on the coats of ancient Danes, where the borders are edged with an open or net-work of the same pattern. [Illustration: Fig. 1. GOLD LACE FOUND IN A BARROW.] Passing to the first ages of the Christian era, we find the pontifical ornaments, the altar and liturgical cloths, and the draperies then in common use for hanging between the colonnades and porches of churches all worked with holy images and histories from the Holy Writ. Rich men chose sacred subjects to be embroidered on their dress, and one senator wore 600 figures worked upon his robes of state. Asterius, Bishop of Amasus, thunders against those Christians "who wore the Gospels upon their backs instead of in their hearts."[16] In the Middle Ages spinning and needlework were the occupation of women of all degrees. As early as the sixth {5}century the nuns in the diocese of St. Césaire, Bishop of Arles, were forbidden to embroider robes enriched with paintings, flowers, and precious stones. This prohibition, however, was not general. Near Ely, an Anglo-Saxon lady brought together a number of maidens to work for the monastery, and in the seventh century an Abbess of Bourges, St. Eustadiole, made vestments and enriched the altar with the work of her nuns. At the beginning of the ninth century St. Viborade, of St. Gall, worked coverings for the sacred books of the monastery, for it was the custom then to wrap in silk and carry in a linen cloth the Gospels used for the offices of the Church.[17] Judith of Bavaria, mother of Charles the Bold, stood sponsor for the Queen of Harold, King of Denmark, who came to Ingelheim to be baptised with all his family, and gave her a robe she had worked with her own hands and studded with precious stones. "Berthe aux grands pieds," the mother of Charlemagne, was celebrated for her skill in needlework,[18] "à ouvrer si com je vous dirai N'avoit meillor ouvriere de Tours jusqu'à Cambrai;" while Charlemagne[19]-- "Ses filles fist bien doctriner, Et aprendre keudre et filer." Queen Adelhaïs, wife of Hugh Capet (987-996), presented to the Church of St. Martin at Tours a cope, on the back of which she had embroidered the Deity, surrounded by seraphim and cherubim, the front being worked with an Adoration of the Lamb of God.[20] Long before the Conquest, Anglo-Saxon women were skilled with the needle, and gorgeous are the accounts of the gold-starred and scarlet-embroidered tunics and violet sacks worked by the nuns. St. Dunstan himself designed the ornaments of a stole worked by the hands of a noble Anglo-Saxon lady, Ethelwynne, and sat daily in her bower with her maidens, directing the work. The four daughters of {6}Edward the Elder are all praised for their needle's skill. Their father, says William of Malmesbury, had caused them in childhood "to give their whole attention to letters, and afterwards employed them in the labours of the distaff and the needle." In 800 Denbert, Bishop of Durham, granted the lease of a farm of 200 acres for life to an embroideress named Eanswitha for the charge of scouring, repairing, and renewing the vestments of the priests of his diocese.[21] The Anglo-Saxon Godric, Sheriff of Buckingham, granted to Alcuid half a hide of land as long as he should be sheriff on condition she taught his daughter the art of embroidery. In the tenth century Ælfleda, a high-born Saxon lady, offered to the church at Ely a curtain on which she had wrought the deeds of her husband, Brithnoth, slain by the Danes; and Edgitha, Queen of Edward the Confessor, was "perfect mistress of her needle." The famous Bayeux Tapestry or embroidery, said to have been worked by Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, is of great historical interest.[22] It is, according to the chroniclers, "Une tente très longue et estroite de telle a broderies de ymages et escriptaux faisant représentation du Conquest de l'Angleterre"; a needle-wrought epic of the Norman Conquest, worked on a narrow band of stout linen over 200 feet long, and containing 1,255 figures worked on worsted threads.[23] Mr. Fowke gives the Abbé Rue's doubts as to the accepted period of the Bayeux tapestry, which he assigns to the Empress Matilda. Mr. Collingwood Bruce is of opinion that the work is coeval with the events it records, as the primitive furniture, buildings, etc., are all of the eleventh century. That the tapestry is not found in any catalogue before 1369 is only a piece of presumptive evidence against the earlier date, and must be weighed with the internal evidence in its favour. After the Battle of Hastings William of Normandy, on {7}his first appearance in public, clad himself in a richly-wrought cloak of Anglo-Saxon embroidery, and his secretary, William of Poictiers, states that "the English women are eminently skilful with the needle and in weaving." The excellence of the English work was maintained as time went on, and a proof of this is found in an anecdote preserved by Matthew of Paris.[24] "About this time (1246) the Lord Pope (Innocent IV.) having observed the ecclesiastical ornaments of some Englishmen, such as choristers' copes and mitres, were embroidered in gold thread after a very desirable fashion, asked where these works were made, and received in answer, in England. 'Then,' said the Pope, 'England is surely a garden of delights for us. It is truly a never-failing spring, and there, where many things abound, much may be extracted.' Accordingly, the same Lord Pope sent sacred and sealed briefs to nearly all the abbots of the Cistercian order established in England, requesting them to have forthwith forwarded to him those embroideries in gold which he preferred to all others, and with which he wished to adorn his chasuble and choral cope, as if these objects cost them nothing," an order which, adds the chronicler, "was sufficiently pleasing to the merchants, but the cause of many persons detesting him for his covetousness." Perhaps the finest examples of the _opus anglicanum_ extant are the cope and maniple of St. Cuthbert, taken from his coffin in the Cathedral of Durham, and now preserved in the Chapter library. One side of the maniple is of gold lace stitched on, worked apparently on a parchment pattern. The Syon Monastery cope, in the Victoria and Albert Museum, is an invaluable example of English needlework of the thirteenth century. "The greater portion of its design is worked in a chain-stitch (modern tambour or crochet), especially in the faces of the figures, where the stitch begins in the centre, say, of a cheek, and is then worked in a spiral, thus forming a series of circular lines. The texture so obtained is then, by means of a hot, small and round-knobbed iron, pressed into indentations at the centre of each spiral, and an effect of relief imparted to it. The general {8}practice was to work the draperies in feather-stitch (_opus plumarium_)."[25] In the tenth century the art of pictorial embroidery had become universally spread. The inventory of the Holy See (in 1293) mentions the embroideries of Florence, Milan, Lucca, France, England, Germany, and Spain, and throughout the Middle Ages embroidery was treated as a fine art, a serious branch of painting.[26] In France the fashion continued, as in England, of producing groups, figures and portraits, but a new development was given to floral and elaborate arabesque ornament.[27] It was the custom in feudal times[28] for knightly families to send their daughters to the castles of their suzerain lords, there to be trained to spin, weave and embroider under the eye of the lady châtelaine, a custom which, in the more primitive countries, continued even to the French Revolution. In the French romances these young ladies are termed "chambrières," in our English, simply "the maidens." Great ladies prided themselves upon the number of their attendants, and passed their mornings at work, their labours beguiled by singing the "chansons à toile," as the ballads written for those occasions were termed.[29] {9}In the wardrobe accounts of our kings appear constant entries of working materials purchased for the royal ladies.[30] There is preserved in the cathedral at Prague an altar-cloth of embroidery and cut-work worked by Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Richard II. During the Wars of the Roses, when a duke of the blood royal is related to have begged alms in the streets of the rich Flemish towns, ladies of rank, more fortunate in their education, gained, like the French emigrants of more modern days, their subsistence by the products of their needle.[31] Without wishing to detract from the industry of mediæval ladies, it must be owned that the swampy state of the country, the absence of all roads, save those to be traversed in the fine season by pack-horses, and the deficiency of all suitable outdoor amusement but that of hawking, caused them to while away their time within doors the best way they could. Not twenty years since, in the more remote provinces of France, a lady who quitted her house daily would be remarked on. "Elle sort beaucoup," folks would say, as though she were guilty of dissipation. So queens and great ladies sewed on. We hear much of works of adornment, more still of piety, when Katharine of Aragon appears on the scene. She had learned much in her youth from her mother, Queen Isabella, and had probably {10}assisted at those "trials" of needlework[32] established by that virtuous queen among the Spanish ladies:-- "Her days did pass In working with the needle curiously."[33] It is recorded how, when Wolsey, with the papal legate Campeggio, going to Bridewell, begged an audience of Queen Katharine, on the subject of her divorce, they found her at work, like Penelope of old, with her maids, and she came to them with a skein of red silk about her neck.[34] Queen Mary Tudor is supposed, by her admirers, to have followed the example of her illustrious mother, though all we find among the entries is a charge "to working materials for Jane the Fole, one shilling." No one would suspect Queen Elizabeth of solacing herself with the needle. Every woman, however, had to make one shirt in her lifetime, and the "Lady Elizabeth's grace," on the second anniversary of Prince Edward's birth, when only six years of age, presented her brother with a cambric smock wrought by her own hands. The works of Scotland's Mary, who early studied all female accomplishments under her governess, Lady Fleming, {11}are too well known to require notice. In her letters are constant demands for silk and other working materials wherewith to solace her long captivity. She had also studied under Catherine de Médicis, herself an unrivalled needlewoman, who had brought over in her train from Florence the designer for embroidery, Frederick Vinciolo. Assembling her daughters, Claude, Elizabeth and Margaret, with Mary Stuart, and her Guise cousins, "elle passoit," says Brantôme, "fort son temps les apres-disnées à besogner apres ses ouvrages de soye, où elle estoit tant parfaicte qu'il estoit possible."[35] The ability of Reine Margot[36] is sung by Ronsard, who exalts her as imitating Pallas in the art.[37] Many of the great houses in England are storehouses of old needlework. Hatfield, Penshurst, and Knole are all filled with the handiwork of their ladies. The Countess of Shrewsbury, better known as "Building Bess," Bess of Hardwick, found time to embroider furniture for her palaces, and her samplar patterns hang to this day on their walls. Needlework was the daily employment of the convent. As early as the fourteenth century[38] it was termed "nun's work"; and even now, in secluded parts of the kingdom, ancient lace is styled by that name.[39] Nor does the occupation appear to have been solely {12}confined to women. We find monks commended for their skill in embroidery,[40] and in the frontispieces of some of the early pattern books of the sixteenth century, men are represented working at frames, and these books are stated to have been written "for the profit of men as well as of women."[41] Many were composed by monks,[42] and in the library[43] of St. Geneviève at Paris, are several works of this class, inherited from the monastery of that name. As these books contain little or no letterpress, they could scarcely have been collected by the monks unless with a view to using them. At the dissolution of the monasteries, the ladies of the great Roman Catholic families came to the rescue. Of the widow of the ill-fated Earl of Arundel it is recorded: "Her gentlewomen and chambermaids she ever busied in works ordained for the service of the Church. She permitted none to be idle at any time."[44] Instructions in the art of embroidery were now at a premium. The old nuns had died out, and there were none to replace them. Mrs. Hutchinson, in her _Memoirs_, enumerates, among the eight tutors she had at seven years of age, one for needlework, while Hannah Senior, about the same period, entered the service of the Earl of Thomond, to teach his daughters the use of their needle, with the salary of £200 a year. The money, however, was never paid; so she petitions the Privy Council for leave to sue him.[45] When, in 1614, the King of Siam applied to King James for an English wife, a gentleman of "honourable parentage" offers his daughter, whom he describes of excellent parts for "music, her needle, and good discourse."[46] And these are the sole accomplishments he mentions. The bishops, however, shocked at the proceeding, interfered, and put an end to the projected alliance. [Illustration: PLATE I. ARGENTAN.--Showing buttonhole stitched réseau and "brides bouclées." CIRCULAR BOBBIN RÉSEAU.--Variety of Mechlin. VENETIAN NEEDLE-POINT. Portions of lace very much enlarged to show details of stitches.] [Illustration: VENETIAN NEEDLE-POINT.] {13}No ecclesiastical objection, however, was made to the epitaph of Catherine Sloper--she sleeps in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey, 1620:-- "Exquisite at her needle." Till a very late date, we have ample record of the esteem in which this art was held. In the days of the Commonwealth, Mrs. Walker is described to have been as well skilled in needlework "as if she had been brought up in a convent." She kept, however, a gentlewoman for teaching her daughters. Evelyn, again, praises the talent of his daughter, Mrs. Draper. "She had," writes he, "an extraordinary genius for whatever hands could do with a needle." The queen of Charles I. and the wives of the younger Stuarts seem to have changed the simple habits of their royal predecessors, for when Queen Mary, in her Dutch simplicity, sat for hours at the knotted fringe, her favourite employment, Bishop Burnet, her biographer, adds, "It was a strange thing to see a queen work for so many hours a day," and her homely habits formed a never-ending subject of ridicule for the wit of Sir Charles Sedley.[47] From the middle of the last century, or rather apparently from the French Revolution, the more artistic style of needlework and embroidery fell into decadence. The simplicity of male costume rendered it a less necessary adjunct to female or, indeed, male education. However, two of the greatest generals of the Republic, Hoche and Moreau, followed the employment of embroidering satin waistcoats long after they had entered the military service. We may look upon the art now as almost at an end. {14}CHAPTER II. CUT-WORK. "These workes belong chiefly to gentlewomen to passe away their time in vertuous exercises." "Et lors, sous vos lacis à mille fenestrages Raiseuls et poinct couppés et tous vos clairs ouvrages." --_Jean Godard_, 1588. It is from that open-work embroidery which in the sixteenth century came into such universal use that we must derive the origin of lace, and, in order to work out the subject, trace it through all its gradations. This embroidery, though comprising a wide variety of decoration, went by the general name of cut-work. The fashion of adorning linen has prevailed from the earliest times. Either the edges were worked with close embroidery--the threads drawn and fashioned with a needle in various forms--or the ends of the cloth unravelled and plaited with geometric precision. To judge from the description of the linen grave-clothes of St. Cuthbert,[48] as given by an eye-witness to his disinterment in the twelfth century, they were ornamented in a manner similar to that we have described. "There had been," says the chronicler, "put over him a sheet ... this sheet had a fringe of linen thread of a finger's length; upon its sides and ends were woven a border of projecting workmanship fabricated of the thread itself, bearing the figures of birds and beasts so arranged that between every two pairs there were interwoven among them the representation of a branching tree which divides the figures. This tree, so tastefully depicted, appears to be putting forth its leaves," etc. There can be no doubt that this sheet, for many centuries preserved in the cathedral church of Durham, was a specimen of cut-work, which, though later it came into general use, was, at an early period of our history, alone used for ecclesiastical purposes, and an art which was, till the dissolution of monasteries, looked upon as a church secret. [Illustration: PLATE II. ITALIAN BOBBIN RÉSEAU. SIX-POINTED STAR-MESHED BOBBIN RÉSEAU.--Variety of Valenciennes. BRUSSELS BOBBIN RÉSEAU. FOND CHANT OF CHANTILLY AND POINT DE PARIS. Valenciennes. Lille. Toilé. DETAILS OF BOBBIN RÉSEAU AND TOILÉ. Alençon réseau. DETAILS OF NEEDLE RÉSEAU AND BUTTONHOLE STITCHES. Portions of lace very much enlarged to show details of stitches.] _To face page 14._ {15}Though cut-work is mentioned in Hardyng's _Chronicle_,[49] when describing the luxury in King Richard II.'s reign, he says:-- "Cut werke was greate both in court and townes, Both in menes hoddis and also in their gownes," yet this oft-quoted passage, no more than that of Chaucer, in which he again accuses the priests of wearing gowns of scarlet and green colours ornamented with cut-work, can scarcely be received as evidence of this mode of decoration being in general use. The royal wardrobe accounts of that day contain no entries on the subject. It applies rather to the fashion of cutting out[50] pieces of velvet or other materials, and sewing them down to the garment with a braid like ladies' work of the present time. Such garments were in general use, as the inventories of mediæval times fully attest. The linen shirt or smock was the special object of adornment, and on the decoration of the collar and sleeves much time and ingenuity were expended. In the ancient ballad of "Lord Thomas,"[51] the fair Annette cries:-- "My maids, gae to my dressing-room, And dress me in my smock; The one half is o' the Holland fine, The other o' needlework." Chaucer, too, does not disdain to describe the embroidery of a lady's smock-- "White was her smocke, embrouded all before And eke behynde, on her colar aboute, Of cole blacke sylke, within and eke without." The sums expended on the decoration of this most necessary article of dress sadly excited the wrath of {16}Stubbes, who thus vents his indignation: "These shirtes (sometymes it happeneth) are wrought throughout with needlework of silke, and such like, and curiously stitched with open seame, and many other knackes besides, more than I can describe; in so much, I have heard of shirtes that have cost some ten shillynges, some twenty, some forty, some five pounds, some twenty nobles, and (which is horrible to heare) some ten pound a pece."[52] Up to the time of Henry VIII. the shirt was "pynched" or plaited-- "Come nere with your shirtes bordered and displayed, In foarme of surplois."[53] These,[54] with handkerchiefs,[55] sheets, and pillow-beres,[56] (pillow-cases), were embroidered with silks of various {17}colours, until the fashion gradually gave place to cut-work, which, in its turn, was superseded by lace. The description of the widow of John Whitcomb, a wealthy clothier of Newbury, in Henry VIII.'s reign, when she laid aside her weeds, is the first notice we have of cutwork being in general use. "She came," says the writer, "out of the kitchen in a fair train gown stuck full of silver pins, having a white cap upon her head, with cuts of curious needlework, the same an apron, white as the driven snow." We are now arrived at the Renaissance, a period when so close a union existed between the fine arts and manufactures; when the most trifling object of luxury, instead of being consigned to the vulgar taste of the mechanic, received from artists their most graceful inspirations. Embroidery profited by the general impulse, and books of designs were composed for that species which, under the general name of cut-work, formed the great employment for the women of the day. The volume most generally circulated, especially among the ladies of the French court, for whose use it was designed, is that of the Venetian Vinciolo, to whom some say, we know not on what authority, Catherine de Médicis granted, in 1585, the exclusive privilege of making and selling the _collerettes gaudronnées_[57] she had herself introduced. This work, which passed through many editions, dating from 1587 to 1623, is entitled, "Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts et ouvrages de Lingerie. Servans de patrons à faire toutes sortes de poincts, couppé, Lacis & autres. Dedié à la Royne. Nouvellement inventez, au proffit et contentement des nobles Dames et Demoiselles & autres gentils esprits, amateurs d'un tel art. Par le Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien. A Paris. Par Jean le Clerc le jeune, etc., 1587." Two little figures, representing ladies in the costume of the period, with working-frames in their hands, decorate the title-page.[58] The work is in two books: the first of Point Coupé, or {18}rich geometric patterns, printed in white upon a black ground (Fig. 2); the second of Lacis, or subjects in squares (Fig. 3), with counted stitches, like the patterns for worsted-work of the present day--the designs, the seven planets, Neptune, and various squares, borders, etc. Vinciolo dedicates his book to Louise de Vaudemont, the neglected Queen of Henry III., whose portrait, with that of the king, is added to the later editions. Various other pattern-books had already been published. The earliest bearing a date is one printed at Cologne in 1527.[59] [Illustration: Fig. 2. POINT COUPÉ.--(Vinciolo.)] These books are scarce; being designed for patterns, and traced with a metal style, or pricked through, many perished in the using. They are much sought after by the collector as among the early specimens of wood-block printing. We give therefore in the Appendix a list of those we find recorded, or of which we have seen copies, observing that the greater number, though generally composed for one particular art, may be applied indifferently to any kind of ornamental work. PLATE III. [Illustration: Altar or Table Cloth of fine linen embroidered with gold thread, laid, and in satin stitches on both sides. The Cut out spaces are filled with white thread needle-point lace. The edging is alternated of white and gold thread needle-point lace. Probably Italian. Late sixteenth century.--Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 18_ {19}Cut-work was made in several manners. The first consisted in arranging a network of threads upon a small frame, crossing and interlacing them into various complicated patterns. Beneath this network was gummed a piece of fine cloth, called quintain,[60] from the town in Brittany where it was made. Then, with a needle, the network was sewn to the quintain by edging round those parts of the pattern that were to remain thick. The last operation was to cut away the superfluous cloth; hence the name of cut-work. [Illustration: Fig. 3. LACIS.--(Vinciolo. _Edition_ 1588.) Ce Pelican contient en longueur 70 mailles et en hauteur 65.] {20}The author of the _Consolations aux Dames_, 1620, in addressing the ladies, thus specially alludes to the custom of working on quintain:-- "Vous n'employiez les soirs et les matins A façonner vos grotesques quaintains, O folle erreur--O despence excessive." Again, the pattern was made without any linen at all; threads, radiating at equal distances from one common centre, served as a framework to others which were united to them in squares, triangles, rosettes, and other geometric forms, worked over with button-hole stitch (_point noué_), forming in some parts open-work, in others a heavy compact embroidery. In this class may be placed the old conventual cut-work of Italy, generally termed Greek lace, and that of extraordinary fineness and beauty which is assigned to Venice. Distinct from all these geometric combinations was the lacis[61] of the sixteenth century, done on a network ground (_réseau_), identical with the _opus araneum_ or spider-work of continental writers, the "darned netting" or modern _filet brodé à reprises_ of the French embroiderers. The ground consisted of a network of square meshes, on which was worked the pattern, sometimes cut out of linen and appliqué,[62] but more usually darned with stitches like tapestry. This darning-work was easy of execution, and the stitches being regulated by counting the meshes,[63] effective geometric patterns could be produced. Altar-cloths, baptismal napkins, as well as bed coverlets and table-cloths, were decorated with these squares of net embroidery. In the Victoria and Albert Museum there are several {21}gracefully-designed borders to silk table-covers in this work, made both of white and coloured threads, and of silk of various shades. The ground, as we learn from a poem on lacis, affixed to the pattern-book of "Milour Mignerak,"[64] was made by beginning a single stitch, and increasing a stitch on each side until the required size was obtained. If a strip or long border was to be made, the netting was continued to its prescribed length, and then finished off by reducing a stitch on each side till it was decreased to one, as garden nets are made at the present day. This plain netted ground was called _réseau_, _rézel_, _rézeuil_,[65] and was much used for bed-curtains, vallances, etc. In the inventory of Mary Stuart, made at Fotheringay,[66] we find, "Le lict d'ouvrage à rezel"; and again, under the care of Jane Kennethee, the "Furniture of a bedd of network and Holland intermixed, not yet finished." When the _réseau_ was decorated with a pattern, it was termed _lacis_, or darned netting, the Italian _punto ricamato a maglia quadra_, and, combined with _point-coupé_, was much used for bed-furniture. It appears to have been much employed for church-work,[67] for the sacred emblems. The Lamb and the Pelican are frequently represented.[68] {22}In the inventory of Sir John Foskewe (modern Fortescue), Knight, time of Henry VIII., we find in the hall, "A hanging of green saye, bordered with darning." Queen Mary Stuart, previous to the birth of James I. (1560), made a will, which still exists,[69] with annotations in her own handwriting. After disposing of her jewels and objects of value, she concludes by bequeathing "tous mes ouvrages masches et collets aux 4 Maries, à Jean Stuart, et Marie Sunderland, et toutes les filles";--"masches,"[70] with _punti a maglia_, being among the numerous terms applied to this species of work. These "ouvrages masches" were doubtless the work of Queen Mary and her ladies. She had learned the art at the French court, where her sister-in-law, Reine Margot, herself also a prisoner for many life-long years, appears to have occupied herself in the same manner, for we find in her accounts,[71] "Pour des moulles et esguilles pour faire rezeuil la somme de iiii. L. tourn." And again, "Pour avoir monté une fraize neufve de reseul la somme de X. sols tourn." Catherine de Médicis had a bed draped with squares of reseuil or lacis, and it is recorded that "the girls and servants of her household consumed much time in making squares of reseuil." The inventory of her property and goods includes a coffer containing three hundred and eighty-one of such squares unmounted, whilst in another were found five hundred and thirty-eight squares, some worked with rosettes or with blossoms, and others with nosegays.[72] Though the work of Milour Mignerak, already quoted, is dedicated to the Trés-Chrestienne Reine de France et de Navarre, Marie de Médicis, and bears her cipher and arms, yet in the decorated frontispiece is a cushion with a piece of lacis in progress, the pattern a daisy looking at the sun, the favourite impresa of her predecessor, the divorced Marguerite, now, by royal ordinance, "Marguerite Reine, Duchesse de Valois." (Fig. 4.) [Illustration: Fig. 5. ELIZABETHAN SAMPLER.] _To face page 22._ {23}These pattern-books being high in price and difficult to procure, teachers of the art soon caused the various patterns to be reproduced in "samcloths,"[73] as samplars were then termed, and young ladies worked at them diligently as a proof of their competency in the arts of cut-work, lacis and réseuil, much as a dame-school child did her A B C in the country villages some years ago. Proud mothers caused these _chefs-d'oeuvre_ of their children to be framed and glazed; hence many have come down to us hoarded up in old families uninjured at the present time. (Fig. 5.) A most important specimen of lacis was exhibited at the Art International Exhibition of 1874, by Mrs. Hailstone, of Walton Hall, an altar frontal 14 feet by 4 feet, executed in point conté, representing eight scenes from the Passion of Christ, in all fifty-six figures, surrounded by Latin inscriptions. It is assumed to be of English workmanship. [Illustration: Fig. 4. IMPRESA OF QUEEN MARGARET OF NAVARRE IN LACIS.--(Mignerak.)] Some curious pieces of ancient lacis were also exhibited (_circ._ 1866) at the Museum of South Kensington by Dr. Bock, of Bonn. Among others, two specimens of coloured silk network, the one ornamented with small embroidered shields and crosses (Fig. 6), the other with the mediæval gammadion pattern (Fig. 7). In the same collection was a towel or altar-cloth of ancient German work--a coarse net ground, worked over with the lozenge pattern.[74] {24}But most artistic of all was a large ecclesiastical piece, some three yards in length. The design portrays the Apostles, with angels and saints. These two last-mentioned objects are of the sixteenth century. When used for altar-cloths, bed-curtains, or coverlets, to produce a greater effect it was the custom to alternate the lacis with squares of plain linen. "An apron set with many a dice Of needlework sae rare, Wove by nae hand, as ye may guess, Save that of Fairly fair." Ballad of Hardyknute. [Illustration: Fig. 6. "SPIDERWORK," THIRTEENTH CENTURY.--(Bock Coll. South Kensington Museum).] [Illustration: Fig. 7. "SPIDERWORK," FOURTEENTH CENTURY.--(Bock Coll. South Kensington Museum.)] This work formed the great delight of provincial ladies in France. Jean Godard, in his poem on the Glove,[75] alluding to this occupation, says:-- "Une femme gantée oeuvre en tapisserie En raizeaux deliez et toute lingerie Elle file--elle coud et fait passement De toutes les fassons...." The armorial shield of the family, coronets, monograms, the beasts of the Apocalypse, with fleurs-de-lys, sacrés coeurs, for the most part adorned those pieces destined for the use of the Church. If, on the other hand, intended for a pall, death's-heads, cross-bones and tears, with the sacramental cup, left no doubt of the destination of the article. PLATE IV. [Illustration: FAN MADE AT BURANO AND PRESENTED TO QUEEN ELENA OF ITALY ON HER MARRIAGE, 1896. Photo by the Burano School.] PLATE V. [Illustration: ITALIAN. PUNTO REALE.--Modern reproduction by the Society Æmilia Ars, Bologna. Photo by the Society.] _To face page 24._ {25}As late as 1850, a splendid cut-work pall still covered the coffins of the fishers when borne in procession through the streets of Dieppe. It is said to have been a votive offering worked by the hands of some lady saved from shipwreck, and presented as a memorial of her gratitude. In 1866, when present at a peasant's wedding in the church of St. Lo (Dép. Manche), the author observed that the "toile d'honneur," which is always held extended over the heads of the married pair while the priest pronounces the blessing, was of the finest cut-work, trimmed with lace. Both in the north and south of Europe the art still lingers on. Swedish housewives pierce and stitch the holiday collars of their husbands and sons, and careful ladies, drawing the threads of the fine linen sheets destined for the "guest-chamber," produce an ornament of geometric design. Scarce fifty years since, an expiring relic of this art might be sometimes seen on the white smock-frock of the English labourer, which, independent of elaborate stitching, was enriched with an insertion of cut-work, running from the collar to the shoulder crossways, like that we see decorating the surplices of the sixteenth century. Drawn-thread embroidery is another cognate work. The material in old drawn-work is usually loosely-woven linen. Certain threads were drawn out from the linen ground, and others left, upon and between which needlework was made. Its employment in the East dates from very early times, and withdrawing threads from a fabric is perhaps referred to in Lucan's _Pharsalia_:--[76] "Candida Sidonio perlucent pectora filo, Quod Nilotis acus compressum pectine Serum Solvit, et extenso laxavit stamina velo." "Her white breasts shine through the Sidonian fabric, which pressed down with the comb (or sley) of the Seres, the needle of the Nile workman has separated, and has loosened the warp by stretching out (or withdrawing) the weft." {26}CHAPTER III. LACE. "Je demandai de la dentelle: Voici le tulle de Bruxelles, La blonde, le point d'Alençon, Et la Maline, si légère; L'application d'Angleterre (Qui se fait à Paris, dit-on); Voici la guipure indigène, Et voici la Valenciennes, Le point d'esprit, et le point de Paris; Bref les dentelles Les plus nouvelles Que produisent tous les pays." _Le Palais des Dentelles_ (Rothomago). Lace[77] is defined as a plain or ornamental network, wrought of fine threads of gold, silver, silk, flax, or cotton, interwoven, to which may be added "poil de chèvre," and also the fibre of the aloe, employed by the peasants of Italy and Spain. The term _lacez_ rendered in the English translation of the Statutes[78] as "laces," implying braids, such as were used for uniting the different parts of the dress, appears long before lace, properly so called, came into use. The earlier laces, such as they were, were defined by the word "passament"[79]--a general term for gimps and braids, as well as for lace. Modern industry has separated these two classes of work, but their being formerly so confounded renders it difficult in historic researches to separate one from the other. The same confusion occurs in France, where the first lace was called _passement_, because it was applied to the same {27}use, to braid or lay flat over the coats and other garments. The lace trade was entirely in the hands of the "passementiers" of Paris, who were allowed to make all sorts of "passements de dentelle sur l'oreiller aux fuseaux, aux épingles, et à la main, d'or, d'argent, tant fin que faux, de soye, de fil blanc, et de couleur," etc. They therefore applied the same terms to their different products, whatever the material. The word _passement_ continued to be in use till the middle of the seventeenth century, it being specified as "passements aux fuseaux," "passements à l'aiguille"; only it was more specifically applied to lace without an edge. The term _dentelle_ is also of modern date, nor will it be found in the earlier French dictionaries.[80] It was not till fashion caused the passament to be made with a toothed edge that the expression of "passement dentelé" first appears. In the accounts of Henry II. of France, and his queen, we have frequent notices of "passement jaulne dantellé des deux costez,"[81] "passement de soye incarnat dentellé d'un costé,"[82] etc., etc., but no mention of the word "dentelle." It does, however, occur in an inventory of an earlier date, that of Marguerite de France, sister of Francis I., who, in 1545, paid the sum of VI. livres "pour soixante aulnes, fine dantelle de Florance pour mettre à des colletz."[83] After a lapse of twenty years and more, among the articles furnished to Mary Stuart in 1567, is "Une pacque de petite dentelle";[84] and this is the sole mention of the word in all her accounts. {28}We find like entries in the accounts of Henry IV.'s first queen.[85] Gradually the passement dentelé subsided into the modern dentelle. [Illustration: Fig. 8. GRANDE DANTELLE AU POINT DEVANT L'AIGUILLE.--(Montbéliard, 1598.)] It is in a pattern book, published at Montbéliard in 1598,[86] we first find designs for "dantelles." It contains {29}twenty patterns, of all sizes, "bien petites, petites" (Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12), "moyennes, et grosses" (Fig. 8). [Illustration: Fig. 9. PETITE DANTELLE.--(1598.)] [Illustration: Fig. 10. PETITE DANTELLE.--(1598.)] The word _dentelle_ seems now in general use; but Vecellio, in his _Corona_, 1592, has "opere a mazette," pillow lace, and Mignerak first gives the novelty of "passements au fuzeau," pillow lace (Fig. 13), for which Vinciolo, in his edition of 1623, also furnishes patterns (Figs. 14 and 15); and Parasoli, 1616, gives designs for "merli a piombini" (Fig. 16). [Illustration: Fig. 11. PETITE DANTELLE.--(1598.)] [Illustration: Fig. 12. PETITE DANTELLE.--(1598.)] In the inventory of Henrietta Maria, dated 1619,[87] appear a variety of laces, all qualified under the name of "passement"; and in that of the Maréchal La Motte, 1627, we find the term applied to every description of lace. {30}"Item, quatre paires de manchettes garnyes de passement, tant de Venise, Gennes, et de Malines."[88] Lace consists of two parts, the ground and the pattern. The plain ground is styled in French _entoilage_, on account of its containing the flower or ornament, which is called _toilé_, from the flat close texture resembling linen, and also from its being often made of that material or of muslin. [Illustration: Fig. 13. PASSEMENT AU FUSEAU.--(Mignerak, 1605.)] [Illustration: Fig. 14. PASSEMENT AU FUSEAU.--(Vinciolo, _Edition_ 1623.)] The honeycomb network or ground, in French _fond_, _champ_,[89] _réseau_, _treille_, is of various kinds: wire ground, Brussels ground, trolly ground, etc., _fond clair_, _fond double_, etc. {31}Some laces, points and guipures are not worked upon a ground; the flowers are connected by irregular threads overcast (buttonhole stitch), and sometimes worked over with pearl loops (picot). Such are the points of Venice and Spain and most of the guipures. To these uniting threads, called by our lace-makers "pearl ties"--old Randle Holme[90] styles them "coxcombs"--the Italians give the name of "legs," the French that of "brides."[91] [Illustration: Fig. 15. PASSEMENT AU FUSEAU.--(Vinciolo, _Edition_ 1623.)] [Illustration: Fig. 16. MERLETTI A PIOMBINI.--(Parasole, 1616.)] The flower, or ornamental pattern, is either made together with the ground, as in Valenciennes or Mechlin, or separately, and then either worked in or sewn on (appliqué), as in Brussels. The open-work stitches introduced into the pattern are called _modes_, _jours_; by our Devonshire workers, "fillings." All lace is terminated by two edges, the pearl, picot,[92] or couronne--a row of little points at equal distances, and the footing or _engrêlure_--a narrow lace, which serves to keep the stitches of the ground firm, and to sew the lace to the garment upon which it is to be worn. {32}Lace is divided into point and pillow (or more correctly bobbin) lace. The term pillow gives rise to misconceptions, as it is impossible to define the distinction between the "cushion" used for some needle-laces and the "pillow" of bobbin-lace. The first is made by the needle on a parchment pattern, and termed needle-point, _point à l'aiguille_, _punto in aco_. The word is sometimes incorrectly applied to pillow-lace, as point de Malines, point de Valenciennes, etc. Point also means a particular kind of stitch, as point de Paris,[93] point de neige, point d'esprit,[94] point à la Reine, point à carreaux, à chaînette, etc. "Cet homme est bien en points," was a term used to denote a person who wore rich laces.[95] The mention of point de neige recalls the quarrel of Gros René and Marinette, in the _Dépit Amoureux_[96] of Molière:-- "Ton beau galant de neige,[97] avec ta nonpareille, Il n'aura plus l'honneur d'être sur mon oreille." Gros René evidently returns to his mistress his point de neige nightcap. The manner of making bobbin lace on a pillow[98] need hardly be described. The "pillow"[99] is a round or oval board, stuffed so as to form a cushion, and placed upon the knees of the workwoman. On this pillow a stiff piece of parchment is fixed, with small holes pricked through to mark the pattern. Through these holes pins are stuck into the cushion. The threads with which the lace is formed are wound upon "bobbins," formerly bones,[100] now small round pieces of wood, about the size of a pencil, having round their upper ends a deep groove, so formed as to reduce the bobbin to a thin neck, on which the thread is wound, a separate bobbin being used for each thread. PLATE VI. [Illustration: ITALIAN.--Modern reproduction at Burano of Point de Venise à la feuille et la rose, of seventeenth century. Width, 8 in. Photo by the Burano School.] PLATE VII. [Illustration: Heraldic (carnival lace), was made in Italy. This appears to be a specimen, though the archaic pattern points to a German origin. The réseau is twisted and knotted. _Circ._ 1700. The Arms are those of a Bishop. Photo by A. Dryden from private collection.] _To face page_ 32. {33}By the twisting and crossing of these threads the ground of the lace is formed. The pattern or figure, technically called "gimp," is made by interweaving a thread much thicker than that forming the groundwork, according to the design pricked out on the parchment.[101] Such has been the pillow and the method of using it, with but slight variation, for more than three centuries. To avoid repetition, we propose giving a separate history of the manufacture in each country; but in order to furnish some general notion of the relative ages of lace, it may be as well to enumerate the kinds most in use when Colbert, by his establishment of the Points de France, in 1665, caused a general development of the lace manufacture throughout Europe. The laces known at that period were:-- 1. Point.--Principally made at Venice, Genoa, Brussels, and in Spain. 2. Bisette.--A narrow, coarse thread pillow lace of three qualities, made in the environs of Paris[102] by the peasant women, principally for their own use. Though proverbially of little value--"ce n'est que de la bisette"[103]--it formed an article of traffic with the mercers and lingères of the day. 3. Gueuse.--A thread lace, which owed to its simplicity {34}the name it bore. The ground was network, the flowers a loose, thick thread, worked in on the pillow. Gueuse was formerly an article of extensive consumption in France, but, from the beginning of the last century, little used save by the lower classes. Many old persons may still remember the term, "beggars' lace." 4. Campane.[104]--A white, narrow, fine, thread pillow edging, used to sew upon other laces, either to widen them, or to replace a worn-out picot or pearl. Campane lace was also made of gold, and of coloured silks, for trimming mantles, scarfs, etc. We find, in the Great Wardrobe Accounts of George I., 1714,[105] an entry of "Gold Campagne buttons." Evelyn, in his "Fop's Dictionary," 1690, gives, "Campane, a kind of narrow, pricked lace;" and in the "Ladies' Dictionary," 1694, it is described as "a kind of narrow lace, picked or scalloped."[106] In the Great Wardrobe Account of William III., 1688-9, we have "le poynt campanie tæniæ." 5. Mignonette.[107]--A light, fine, pillow lace, called blonde de fil,[108] also point de tulle, from the ground resembling that {35}fabric. It was made of Lille thread, bleached at Antwerp, of different widths, never exceeding two to three inches. The localities where it was manufactured were the environs of Paris, Lorraine, Auvergne, and Normandy.[109] It was also fabricated at Lille, Arras, and in Switzerland. This lace was article of considerable export, and at times in high favour, from its lightness and clear ground, for headdresses[110] and other trimmings. It frequently appears in the advertisements of the last century. In the _Scottish Advertiser_, 1769, we find enumerated among the stock-in-trade, "Mennuet and blonde lace." 6. Point double, also called point de Paris and point des champs: point double, because it required double the number of threads used in the single ground; des champs, from its being made in the country. 7. Valenciennes.--See Chapter XV. [Illustration: Fig. 17. OLD MECHLIN.] 8. Mechlin.--All the laces of Flanders, with the exception of those of Brussels and the point double, were known in commerce at this period under the general name of Mechlin. (Fig. 17.) 9. Gold lace. 10. Guipure. {36}GUIPURE. Guipure, says Savary, is a kind of lace or passement made of "cartisane" and twisted silk. Cartisane is a little strip of thin parchment or vellum, which was covered over with silk, gold, or silver thread, and formed the raised pattern. The silk twisted round a thick thread or cord was called guipure,[111] hence the whole work derived its name.[112] Guipure was made either with the needle or on the pillow like other lace, in various patterns, shades and colours, of different qualities and several widths. The narrowest guipures were called "Têtes de More."[113] The less cartisane in the guipure, the more it was esteemed, for cartisane was not durable, being only vellum covered over with silk. It was easily affected by the damp, shrivelled, would not wash, and the pattern was destroyed. Later, the parchment was replaced by a cotton material called canetille. Savary says that most of the guipures were made in the environs of Paris;[114] that formerly, he writes in 1720, great quantities were consumed in the kingdom; but since the fashion had passed away, they were mostly exported to Spain, Portugal, Germany, and the Spanish Indies, where they were much worn.[115] Guipure was made of silk, gold and silver; from its costliness, therefore, it was only worn by the rich. PLATE VIII. [Illustration: ITALIAN, VENETIAN, FLAT NEEDLE-POINT LACE. "PUNTO IN ARIA."--The design is held together by plain "brides." Date, _circ._ 1645. Width, 11-5/8 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] PLATE IX. [Illustration: PORTION OF A BAND OF NEEDLE-POINT LACE REPRESENTING THE STORY OF JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES.--The work is believed to be Italian, made for a Portuguese, the inscription being in Portuguese. Date, _circ._ 1590. Width, 8 in. The property of Mr. Arthur Blackborne. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 36._ {37}At the coronation of Henry II. the front of the high altar is described as of crimson velvet, enriched with "cuipure d'or"; and the ornaments, chasuble, and corporaliers of another altar as adorned with a "riche broderie de cuipure."[116] On the occasion of Henry's entry into Paris, the king wore over his armour a surcoat of cloth of silver ornamented with his ciphers and devices, and trimmed with "guippures d'argent."[117] In the reign of Henry III. the casaques of the pages were covered with guipures and passements, composed of as many colours as entered into the armorial bearings of their masters; and these silk guipures, of varied hues, added much to the brilliancy of their liveries.[118] Guipure seems to have been much worn by Mary Stuart. When the Queen was at Lochleven, Sir Robert Melville is related to have delivered to her a pair of white satin sleeves, edged with a double border of silver guipure; and, in the inventory of her clothes taken at the Abbey of Lillebourg,[119] 1561-2, we find numerous velvet and satin gowns trimmed with "gumpeures" of gold and silver.[120] It is singular that the word guipure is not to be found in our English inventories or wardrobe accounts, a circumstance which leads us to infer, though in opposition to higher authorities, that guipure was in England termed "parchment lace"--a not unnatural conclusion, since we know it was sometimes called "dentelle à cartisane,"[121] from the slips of parchment of which it was partly composed. Though Queen Mary would use the French term, it does not seem to have been adopted in England, whereas "parchment lace" is of frequent occurrence. From the Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary,[122] we find she gives to Lady Calthorpe a pair of sleeves of "gold, {38}trimmed with parchment lace," a favourite donation of hers, it would appear, by the anecdote of Lady Jane Grey. "A great man's daughter," relates Strype[123] "(the Duke of Suffolk's daughter Jane), receiving from Lady Mary, before she was Queen, goodly apparel of tinsel, cloth of gold, and velvet, laid on with parchment lace of gold, when she saw it, said, 'What shall I do with it?' Mary said, 'Gentlewoman, wear it.' 'Nay,' quoth she, 'that were a shame to follow my Lady Mary against God's word, and leave my Lady Elizabeth, which followeth God's word.'" In the list of the Protestant refugees in England, 1563 to 1571,[124] among their trades, it is stated "some live by making matches of hempe stalks, and parchment lace." Again, Sir Robert Bowes, "once ambassador to Scotland," in his inventory, 1553, has "One cassock of wrought velvet with p'chment lace of gold."[125] "Parchment lace[126] of watchett and syllver at 7s. 8d. the ounce," appears also among the laces of Queen Elizabeth.[127] King Charles I. has his carpet bag trimmed with "broad parchment gold lace,"[128] his satin nightcaps with gold and silver parchment laces,[129] and even the bag and comb case "for his Majesty's barber" is decorated with "silver purle and parchment lace."[130] Again, Charles II. ornaments the seats on both sides the throne with silver parchment lace.[131] In many of the inventories circ. 1590, "sylke parchment lace" is noted down, and "red" and "green parchment lace," again, appear among the wares found "in y^e Shoppes."[132] But to return to the word guipure. In an inventory of the Church of the Oratoire, at Paris, of the seventeenth century, are veils for the host: one, "de {39}taffetas blanc garny d'une guipure"; the other, "de satin blanc à fleurs, avec une dentelle de guipure."[133] These guipures will have also been of silk. When the term was first transferred to the thread passements which are now called guipure, it is difficult to say, for we can find no trace of it so applied. Be that as it may, the thread guipures are of old date; many of the patterns bear the character of the rich ornamentation and capricious interlacings of the Renaissance; others, again, are "pur Louis Quatorze" (Fig. 18). The finest thread guipures were the produce of Flanders and Italy. They are most varied in their style. In some the bold flowing patterns are united by brides; in others by a coarse réseau, often circular, and called "round ground." [Illustration: Fig. 18. GUIPURE.--(Louis XIV.)] In that class called by the lace-makers "tape guipure," the outline of the flowers is formed by a pillow or handmade braid about the eighth of an inch in width (Fig. 19). {40}The term guipure is now so extensively applied it is difficult to give a limit to its meaning. We can only define it as lace where the flowers are either joined by "brides," or large coarse stitches, or lace that has no ground at all. The modern Honiton and Maltese are guipures, so is the Venetian point. [Illustration: Fig. 19. TAPE GUIPURE, BOBBIN-MADE.--(Genoa.)] Most of these laces are enumerated in a _jeu d'esprit_, entitled "La Révolte des Passemens," published at Paris in 1661.[134] {41}In consequence of a sumptuary edict against luxury in apparel, Mesdames les Broderies-- "Les Poinctes, Dentelles, Passemens Qui, par une vaine despence, Ruinoient aujourd'huy la France"-- meet, and concert measures for their common safety. Point de Gênes, with Point de Raguse, first address the company; next, Point de Venise, who seems to look on Raguse with a jealous eye, exclaims-- "Encore pour vous, Poinct de Raguse, Il est bon, crainte d'attentat, D'en vouloir perger un estat. Les gens aussy fins que vous estes Ne sont bons que, comme vous faites, Pour ruiner tous les estats. Et vous, Aurillac ou Venise, Si nous plions notre valise," what will be our fate? The other laces speak, in their turn, most despondently, till a "vieille broderie d'or," consoling them, talks of the vanity of this world:--"Who knows it better than I, who have dwelt in kings' houses?" One "grande dentelle d'Angleterre" now proposes they should all retire to a convent. To this the "Dentelles de Flandres" object; they would sooner be sewn at once to the bottom of a petticoat. Mesdames les Broderies resign themselves to become "ameublement;" the more devout of the party to appear as "devants d'autel;" those who feel too young to renounce the world and its vanities will seek refuge in the masquerade shops. "Dentelle noire d'Angleterre" lets herself out cheap to a fowler, as a net to catch woodcocks, for which she felt "assez propre" in her present predicament. The Points all resolve to retire to their own countries, save Aurillac, who fears she may be turned into a strainer "pour passer les fromages d'Auvergne," a smell insupportable to one who had revelled in civet and orange-flower. All were starting-- "Chacun, dissimulant sa rage, Doucement ploit son bagage, Resolu d'obéir au sort," when "Une pauvre malheureuse, Qu'on apelle, dit on, la Gueuse," {42}arrives, in a great rage, from a village in the environs of Paris. "She is not of high birth, but has her feelings all the same. She will never submit. She has no refuge--not even a place in the hospital. Let them follow her advice and 'elle engageoit sa chaînette,' she will replace them all in their former position." Next morn, the Points assemble. "Une grande Cravate[135] fanfaron" exclaims:-- "Il nous faut venger cet affront, Revoltons-nous, noble assemblée." A council of war ensues:-- "La dessus, le Poinct d'Alençon Ayant bien appris sa leçon Fit une fort belle harangue." Flanders now boasts how she had made two campaigns under Monsieur, as a cravat; another had learned the art of war under Turenne; a third was torn at the siege of Dunkirk. "Racontant des combats qu'ils ne virent jamais," one and all had figured at some siege or battle. "Qu'avons nous à redouter?" cries Dentelle d'Angleterre. No so, thinks Point de Gênes, "qui avoit le corps un peu gros." They all swear-- "Foy de Passement, Foy de Poincts et de Broderie, De Guipure et d'Orfévrerie, De Gueuse de toute façon," to declare open war, and to banish the Parliament. The Laces assemble at the fair of St. Germain, there to be reviewed by General Luxe. The muster-roll is called over by Colonel Sotte Depense. Dentelles de Moresse, Escadrons de Neige, Dentelles de Hâvre, Escrues, Soies noires, and Points d'Espagne, etc., march forth in warlike array, to conquer or to die. At the first approach of the artillery they all take to their heels, and are condemned by a council of war--the Points to be made into tinder, for the sole use of the King's Mousquetaires; the Laces to be converted into paper; the Dentelles, {43}Escrues, Gueuses, Passemens, and Silk Lace to be made into cordage and sent to the galleys; the Gold and Silver Laces, the original authors of the sedition, to be "burned alive." Finally, through the intercession of Love-- "Le petit dieu plein de finesse," they are again pardoned and restored to court favour. The poem is curious, as giving an account of the various kinds of lace, and as a specimen of the taste of the time, but the "ton précieux" of the Hôtel Rambouillet pervades throughout. The lace trade, up to this period, was entirely in the hands of pedlars, who carried their wares to the principal towns and large country-houses. "One Madame La Boord," says Evelyn, "a French peddling-woman, served Queen Katherine with petticoats, fans, and foreign laces." These hawkers attended the great fairs[136] of Europe, where all purchases were made.[137] Even as early as King Henry III.[138] we have a notice "to purchase robes at the fair of St. Ives, for the use of Richard our brother"; and in the dramas of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, we find constant allusion to these provincial markets:--[139] "Seven Pedlars' shops, nay all Sturbridge fair,[140] will Scarce furnish her."[141] {44}The custom of carrying lace from house to house still exists in Belgium, where at Spa and other places, colporteurs,[142] with packs similar to those borne by our pedlars, bring round to the visitors laces of great value, which they sell at cheaper rates than those exposed in the shops.[143] Many travellers, too, through the counties of Buckingham and Bedford, or the more southern regions of Devon, will still call to mind the inevitable lace box handed round for purchase by the waiter at the conclusion of the inn dinner; as well as the girls who, awaiting the arrival of each travelling carriage or postchaise, climbed up to the windows of the vehicle, rarely allowing the occupants to go their way until they had purchased some article of the wares so pertinaciously offered to their inspection. In Paris, the lace trade was the exclusive privilege of the passementiers.[144] PLATE X. [Illustration: ITALIAN. POINT DE VENISE À LA ROSE. Modern reproduction at Burano of seventeenth century lace. Width, 17 in. Photo by the Burano School.] _To face page 44._ {45}CHAPTER IV. ITALY. "It grazed on my shoulder, takes me away six parts of an Italian cut-work band I wore, cost me three pounds in the Exchange but three days before."--Ben Jonson--_Every Man Out of His Humour_,1599. "Ruffles well wrought and fine falling bands of Italian cut-work."--_Fair Maid of the Exchange_, 1627. The Italians claim the invention of point, or needle-made lace. It has been suggested they derived the art of fine needlework from the Greeks who took refuge in Italy from the troubles of the Lower Empire; and what further confirms its Byzantine origin is, that those very places which kept up the closest intercourse with the Greek Empire are the cities where point lace was earliest made and flourished to the greatest extent.[145] A modern Italian author,[146] on the other hand, asserts that the Italians learned embroidery from the Saracens of Sicily, as the Spaniards acquired the art from the Moors of Granada or Seville, and brings forward, as proof of his theory, that the word to embroider, both in Italian and Spanish,[147] is derived from the Arabic, and no similar word exists in any other European language.[148] This theory may apply to embroidery, but certainly not to lace; for with the exception of the Turkish crochet "oyah," and some darned netting and drawn-work which occur in Persian and Chinese tissues, there is nothing approaching to lace to be found on any article of oriental manufacture. {46}We proceed to show that evidences of the lace-fabric appear in Italy as early as the fifteenth century. In 1476, the Venetian Senate decreed that no Punto in Aria whatever, executed either in flax with a needle, or in silver or gold thread, should be used on the curtains or bed-linen in the city or provinces. Among the State archives of the ducal family of Este, which reigned in Ferrara for so many centuries, Count Gandini found mentioned in a Register of the Wardrobe, dated 1476 (A. C. 87), an order given for a felt hat "alla Borgognona," trimmed with a silver and silk gimp made with bobbins. Besides this, in the same document is noted (A. C. 96) a velvet seat with a canopy trimmed at the sides with a frill of gold and silver, made in squares, with bobbins. The Cavaliere Antonio Merli, in his interesting pamphlet on Italian lace,[149] mentions an account preserved in the Municipal Archives of Ferrara, dated 1469, as probably referring to lace;[150] but he more especially brings forward a document of the Sforza family, dated[151] 1493, in which the word _trina_ (under its ancient form "tarnete") constantly occurs,[152] together with bone and bobbin lace. PLATE XI [Illustration: ITALIAN. POINT PLAT DE VENISE. NEEDLE-POINT.--Seventeenth century. Length, 25 in.; width, 16 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 46._ {47}Again, the Florentine poet, Firenzuola, who wrote from 1520-30, composed an elegy upon a collar of raised point, made by the hand of his mistress. Cavaliere Merli cites, as the earliest known painting in which lace occurs, a majolica disc, after the style of the Della Robbia family, in which, surrounded by a wreath of fruit, is represented the half figure of a lady, dressed in a rich brocade, with a collar of white lace. The costume is of the fifteenth century; but as Luca della Robbia's descendants worked to a later period, the precise date of the work cannot be fixed. Evidences of white lace, or passement, are said to appear in the pictures of Carpaccio, in the gallery at Venice, and in another by the Gentile Bellini, where the dress of one of the ladies is trimmed round the neck with a white lace.[153] The date of this last painting is 1500. Lace was made throughout Italy mostly by the nuns,[154] and expressly for the service of the Church. Venice was celebrated for her points, while Genoa produced almost exclusively pillow-lace. The laces best known in the commercial world in the earlier periods were those of Venice, Milan, and Genoa. VENICE. Mrs. Termagant: "I'll spoil your point de Venise for you."--Shadwell, _Squire of Alsatia_. "Elle n'avoit point de mouchoir, Mais un riche et tres beau peignoir Des plus chers de point de Venise En negligeance elle avoit mise." _Les Combats_, etc., 1663. The Venetian galleys, at an early period, bore to England "apes, sweet wines," and other articles of luxury. They brought also the gold-work of "Luk," Florence, "Jeane," {48}and Venice.[155] In our early parliamentary records are many statutes on the subject. The Italians were in the habit of giving short lengths, gold thread of bad quality, and were guilty of sundry other peccadilloes, which greatly excited the wrath of the nation. The balance was not in England's favour. "Thei bare the gold out of this land And sowkethe the thrifte out of our hande As the waspe sowkethe the honey of the be." It was these cheating Venetians who first brought over their points into England. In Venice itself, extravagance in lace was restrained in 1542, by a sumptuary law, forbidding the metal laces embroidered in silk to be wider than _due dita_ (_i.e._, about two inches). This interference is highly Venetian, and was intended to protect the nobles and citizens from injuring themselves and setting a bad example. At the coronation of Richard III., "fringes of Venice," and "mantil laces of white silk and Venys gold" appear, and twenty years later Elizabeth of York disburses sundry sums for "gold of Venice" and "other necessaries."[156] The queen's accounts are less explicit than those of her royal predecessor; and though a lace is ordered for the king's mantle of the Garter, for which she paid sixteen shillings, the article may have been of home manufacture. From this time downwards appear occasional mention of partlets,[157] knit caul fashion, of Venice gold, and of white thread,[158] of billament lace of Venice, in silver and black silk.[159] It is not, however, till the reign of Elizabeth[160] that Italian cut-works and Venice lace came into general use. These points found their way into France about the same period, though we hear little of them. PLATE XII [Illustration: ITALIAN. POINT DE VENISE À RÉSEAU.--The upper ones are of yellow silk; a chalice veil, with dove and olive branch, and possibly an altar border. Probably late seventeenth century. The lower is thread, early eighteenth century. Width, 2 in. In private collections. Photos by A. Dryden.] _To face page 48._ {49}Of "point couppé" there is mention, and enough, in handkerchiefs for Madame Gabrielle, shirts for the king, and fraizes for La Reine Margot; but whether they be of Venice or worked in France, we are unenlightened. The works of Vinciolo[161] and others had already been widely circulated, and laces and point couppé now formed the favourite occupation of the ladies. Perhaps one of the earliest records of point de Venise will be found in a ridiculous historiette of Tallemant des Réaux, who, gossiping of a certain Madame de Puissieux,[162] writes: "On m'assuroit qu'elle mangeoit du point coupé. Alors les points de Gênes, de Raguse, ni d'Aurillac ni de Venise n'étoient point connus et on dit qu'au sermon elle mangea tout le derrière du collet d'un homme qui etoit assis devant elle." On what strange events hang the connecting threads of history! By 1626 foreign "dentelles et passements au fuseau" were declared contraband. France paying large sums of money to other countries for lace, the Government, by this ordinance, determined to remedy the evil. It was at this period that the points of Venice were in full use.[163] "To know the age and pedigrees Of points of Flanders and Venise"[164] would, in the latter case, have been more difficult, had it not been for the pattern-books so often quoted. The earliest points, as we already know, soon passed from the stiff formality of the "Gotico" into the flowing lines of the Renaissance, and into that fine patternless guipure which is, _par excellence_, called Point de Venise.[165] In the islands of the Lagune there still lingers a tale of the first origin of this most charming production. A sailor youth, bound for the Southern Seas, brought home to his betrothed a bunch of that pretty coralline (Fig. 20) known to the unlearned as the mermaid's lace.[166] The girl, a worker in points, struck by the graceful nature of the seaweed, with its small white knots united, as it were, by {50}a "bride," imitated it with her needle, and after several unsuccessful trials produced that delicate guipure which before long became the taste of all Europe. It would be difficult to enumerate the various kinds of lace produced by Venice in her palmy days. The Cavaliere Merli has endeavoured to classify them according to the names in the pattern-books with which Venice supplied the world, as well as with her points. Out of some sixty of these works, whose names have been collected, above one-third were published in Venice.[167] [Illustration: Fig. 20. MERMAID'S LACE.] 1. Punto a reticella.[168]--Made either by drawing the threads of the cloth, as in the samplar already given (Fig. 5), or by working the lace on a parchment pattern in buttonhole stitch (punto smerlo). (Fig. 21.) This point is identical with what is commonly called "Greek" lace. Under this head comes punto reale (the opposite of reticella), where the linen ground is left and the design cut out.[169] Punto di cartella or cordella (card-work) is similar in effect to reticella, but the button-holing is done entirely over a foundation made by sewing coarse thread and bits of parchment on to the design and covering them with button-hole stitch. [Illustration: Fig. 21. Reticella.] _To face page 50._ {51}2. Punto tagliato.[170]--Cut-work, already described. 3. Punto di Venezia. 4. Punto in aria.[171]--Worked on a parchment pattern, the flowers connected by brides: in modern parlance, Guipure. 5. Punto tagliato a fogliami.[172]--The richest and most complicated of all points, executed like the former, only with this difference, that all the outlines are in relief, formed by means of cottons placed inside to raise them. Sometimes they are in double and triple relief; an infinity of beautiful stitches are introduced into the flowers, which are surrounded by a pearl of geometric regularity, the pearls sometimes in scallops or "campané," as the French term it.[173] This is our Rose (raised) Venice point, the Gros Point de Venise, the Punto a relievo, so highly prized and so extensively used for albs, collerettes, berthes, and costly decoration. We give an example (Fig. 23) from a collar, preserved in the Musée de Cluny, once the property of a Venetian nobleman, worn only on state occasions. Two elaborate specimens were in the possession of Mr. Webb; one is a long narrow piece fringed at both ends, which may have served as a maniple (Fig. 26); the other, a "pale"[174] for the communion, he has given to the Victoria and Albert Museum. These two last are made of silk of the natural cream colour. Both silk and thread unbleached appear to have been greatly in favour. At Paris much lace of this colour has been disposed of by its owners since the revolutions in Italy.[175] Other varieties of so-called rose point are punto neve (point de neige), with its ground of starred threads resembling snowflakes, and the coral point, a small irregular pattern supposed to have been copied from coral. {52}6. Punto a gropo, or gropari.[176]--Groppo, or gruppo, signifies a knot, or tie, and in this lace the threads are knotted together, like the fringes of the Genoese macramè.[177] After this manner is made the trimming to the linen scarfs or cloths which the Roman peasants wear folded square over the head, and hanging down the back. (Fig. 22.) [Illustration: Fig. 22. PUNTO A GROPO (Knotted Point).] 7. Punto a maglia quadra.--Lacis; square netting,[178] the modano of the Tuscans. (Fig. 24.) [Illustration: Fig. 23. GROS POINT DE VENISE.--From the Collar of a Venetian Nobleman. Musée de Cluny, Paris. 16th century. N.B.--This drawing makes the work and design appear heavier than it is in reality. _To face page 52._] {53}This Tuscan sort was not generally embroidered; the pattern consists in knitting the meshes together in different shapes. It was much used for hangings of beds, and those curtains placed across the windows, called _stores_ by the French, and by the Italians, _stuora_.[179] 8. Burato.--The word means a stiff cloth or canvas (_toille clere_ of Taglienti, 1527), on which the pattern is embroidered, reducing it to a kind of rude lace. One of the pattern-books[180] is devoted exclusively to the teaching of this point. [Illustration: Fig. 24. PUNTO A MAGLIA (Lacis)] The needle-made laces fabricated at Burano will be noticed later. 9. Punto tirato--Drawn work.[181] Fig. 25 is a lace ground {54}made by drawing the threads of muslin (_fili tirati_).[182] The present specimen is simple in design, but some are very complicated and beautiful. The ordinance of Colbert must have inflicted a serious injury on the Venice lace trade, which, says Daru, "occupoit la population de la capitale." In _Britannia Languens_, a discourse upon trade, London, 1680,[183] it is said that the laces commonly called Points de Venise now come mostly from France, and amount to a vast sum yearly. Savary, speaking of the thread laces termed Venice point in the early part of the eighteenth century,[184] says, "The French no longer purchase these articles, having established themselves manufactures which rival those of the Adriatic." [Illustration: Fig. 25. PUNTO TIRATO (Drawn Lace).] Still the greater number of travellers[185] make a provision of points in their passage through Venice, and are usually cheated, writes a traveller about this period.[186] He recommends his friend, Mr. Claude Somebody, a French dealer, who probably paid him in ruffles for the advertisement. [Illustration: Fig. 26. POINT DE VENISE À BRIDES PICOTÉES.--Early 18th century. _To Face page 54._] {55}Our porte-bouquets and lace-trimmed nosegays are nothing new. On the occasion of the annual visit of the Doge to the Convent delle Vergini, the lady abbess with the novices received him in the parlour, and presented him with a nosegay of flowers placed in a handle of gold, and trimmed round with the finest lace that Venice could produce.[187] [Illustration: Fig. 27. VENICE POINT.] Fynes Moryson[188] is the earliest known traveller who alludes to the products of Venice. "Venetian ladies in general," he says, "wear a standing collar and ruffs close up to the chin; the unmarried tie their hair with gold and silver lace." Evidently the collars styled "bavari," for which Vecellio[189] gives patterns "all' usanza Veneziana," were {56}not yet in general vogue.[190] The Medici collars were supported by fine metal bars called "verghetti," which were so much in demand that the inhabitants of a whole quarter of Venice were engaged in their production, and the name which it still bears was given to it in consequence. [Illustration: Fig. 28. GROS POINT DE VENISE.--(First half of 17th century.)] [Illustration: Fig. 29. POINT DE VENISE.--End of 17th century.] [Illustration: Fig. 30. POINT PLAT DE VENISE.--Middle of 17th century. _To face page 56._] {57}Fifty years later, Evelyn speaks of the veils of glittering taffetas, worn by the Venetian ladies, to the corners of which hang broad but curious tassels of point laces. According to Zedler, an author who wrote about lace in 1742, the price of Venice point in high relief varied from one to nine ducats per Italian ell. The Venetians, unlike the Spaniards, thought much of their fine linen and the decorations pertaining to it. "La camicia preme assai più del giubbone," ran the proverb--"La chemise avant le pourpoint." Young nobles were not allowed to wear lace on their garments until they put on the robe, which they usually did at the age of five-and-twenty, on being admitted to the council.[191] Towards 1770, the Venice ladies themselves commenced to forsake the fabrics of their native islands; for on the marriage of the Doge's son, in that year, we read that, although the altar was decorated with the richest Venice point, the bride and her ladies wore their sleeves covered up to the shoulders with falls of the finest Brussels lace, and a tucker of the same material.[192] During the carnival, however, the people, both male and female, wore a camail, or hood of black lace, covering the chin up to the mouth, called a "bauta."[193] It was one of these old black lace hoods that Walpole describes Lady Mary Wortley Montagu as wearing at Florence, 1762, in place of a cap. _Point de Venise à réseau_ is chiefly distinguished by the conventional treatment of the flowers and ornament, and a general flat look of the work. The outlining thread or cordonnet is stitched to the edge of the pattern and worked in flatly. A minute border to the cordonnet of small meshes intervenes between it and the réseau, which is of square {58}meshes and always very fine. Whether the lace was derived from the Alençon, and was the result of an attempt to win back the custom the French manufacturers were taking away from Venice, or whether it was Alençon that imitated the Venetian réseau, is a moot point, but certain it is that the Venetian product surpassed in fineness both Alençon and Brussels. Its very delicacy has been its destruction, so that very few specimens of this lace survive. Plate XII. _Mezzo Punto_, or mixed Venetian guipure, was a mixed point lace, of which the scrolls and flowers were outlined in pillow-lace, or by a tape, and the designs filled in with needle fillings, and connected by pearled brides on a coarse needle-made réseau. This variety of lace was sometimes made of silk. In point de Venise, flat or raised, the pattern is always connected by an irregular network of pearled brides. Real brides connecting the flowers here and there hardly ever occur; and the number of picots attached to one single branch of the bride network never exceeds two. The elaborately ornamental detached brides and a multiplicity of picots are characteristic of "Spanish point" and early point de France. The old Burano laces were a coarser outcome of the point de Venise à réseau, and alone of all Venetian needle laces survived the dark days of the close of the eighteenth century. Some fine specimens of these were shown by M. Dupont d'Auberville in the International Exhibition, and Marini quotes from a document of the seventeenth century, in which, speaking of merletti, it is said that "these laces, styled 'punti in aria,' or di Burano, because the greater part of them were made in the country so called, are considered by Lannoni as more noble and of greater whiteness, and for excellency of design and perfect workmanship equal to those of Flanders, and in solidity superior." A new departure has been taken in modern times, in the making of hand-made laces at the island of Burano, near Venice, where a large number of girls were employed in the eighteenth century, both in the town and the convents, in making a point closely resembling that of Alençon. Here the art lingered on as late as 1845, when a superannuated nun of ninety, with whom Mrs. Dennistoun, of Dennistoun, conversed on the subject, said how in her younger days she and her companions employed their time in the fabric of "punto di Burano";[194] how it was ordered long beforehand for great marriages, and even then cost very dear. She showed specimens still tacked on paper: the ground is made right across the thread of the lace. [Illustration: Fig. 31. POINT DE VENISE À RÉSEAU.--Early 18th century. N.B.--Mrs. Palliser incorrectly described this as Brussels in her first Editions. _To face page 58._] {59}Burano point had not the extreme delicacy of the Venetian point à réseau or of Alençon, and the late Alençon patterns were copied. Though needle-made, it was worked on a pillow arranged with a cylinder for convenience of working. The unevenness of the thread gives the réseau a cloudy appearance, and the cordonnet is, like the Brussels needlepoint, of thread stitched round the outline instead of the Alençon button-hole stitch over horse-hair. The mesh of the réseau is square, as in Alençon. Fig. 32 is copied from a specimen purchased at Burano by the Cav. Merli, of the maker, an old woman known by the name of Cencia Scarpariola. In 1866, the industry was extinct, and the "Contrada del Pizzo," once the headquarters of the lace-makers, was a mystery to the natives, who could no longer account for the denomination. In the church is preserved a splendid series of altar-cloths of so-called Burano point in relief, and a fine _storiato_ piece, representing the mysteries of the Passion. "Venice point is now no more," writes Mrs. Palliser; "the sole relic of this far-famed trade is the coarse torchon lace, of the old lozenge pattern, offered by the peasant women of Palestrina to strangers on their arrival at hotels," the same fabric mentioned by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, when she speaks of "peddling women that come on pretext of selling pennyworths of lace." The formation of the school recently established there,[195] and the revival of the art of lace-making in Burano, arose out of the great distress which in 1872 overtook the island. The extraordinary severity of the winter that year rendered it impossible for the poor fishermen, who form the population {60}of the island, to follow their calling. So great was the distress at that time, while the lagoons were frozen, that the fishermen and their families were reduced to a state bordering on starvation, and for their relief contributions were made by all classes in Italy, including the Pope and the King. This charitable movement resulted in the collection of a fund of money, which sufficed to relieve the immediate distress and leave a surplus for the establishment of a local industry to increase the resources of the Burano population. [Illustration: Fig. 32. BURANO POINT.--(Late 18th century.)] PLATE XIII. [Illustration: ITALIAN. MODERN POINT DE BURANO. Marriage veil of Queen Elena of Italy. Much reduced. Length about 7 ft.; width seen about 4 ft. 6 in. Photo by the Burano School.] _To face page 60._ {61}Unfortunately, the industry at first fixed upon, namely, that of making fishermen's nets, gave no practical result, the fishermen being too poor to buy the nets. It was then that a suggestion was made by Signor Fambri that an effort should be made to revive the ancient industry of lace-making, and Princess Chigi-Giovanelli and the Countess Andriana Marcello were asked to interest themselves in, and to patronise, a school for this purpose. To this application these ladies yielded a ready assent, and at a late period Queen Margherita graciously consented to become the president of the institution. When Countess Marcello, who from that time was the life and soul of the undertaking, began to occupy herself with the foundation of the school, she found an old woman in Burano, Cencia Scarpariola, who preserved the traditions of the art of lace-making, and continued, despite her seventy years and upwards, to make Burano point. As she, however, did not understand the method of teaching her art, the assistance was secured of Madame Anne Bellorio d'Este, a very skilful and intelligent woman, for some time mistress of the girls' school at Burano, who in her leisure hours took lessons in lace-making of Cencia Scarpariola, and imparted her knowledge to eight pupils, who, in consideration of a small payment, were induced to learn to make lace. As the number of scholars increased, Madame Bellorio occupied herself exclusively in teaching lace-making, which she has continued to do with surprising results. Under Madame Bellorio's tuition, the school, which in 1872 consisted of eight pupils (who received a daily payment to induce them to attend), now, in 1897, numbers four hundred workers, paid, not by the day, but according to the work each performs. In Burano everything is extremely cheap, and a humble abode capable of accommodating a small family may be had for from six hundred to one thousand Italian lire. It is not a rare occurrence to find a young lace-worker saving her earnings in order to purchase her little dwelling, that she may take it as a dower to her husband. Nearly all the young men of Burano seek their wives from among the lace-women. The school's diploma of honour speaks of the economical importance of the lace-work "to the poor place of Burano," and "the benefit which the gentle industry {62}brings to the inhabitants of the interesting island, whose welfare, having passed through a series of undeserved trials, is due exclusively to the revival of it practised on a large scale." The lace made in the school is no longer confined, as in the origin it was, to Burano point, but laces of almost any design or model are now undertaken--point de Burano, point d'Alençon, point de Bruxelles, point d'Angleterre, point d'Argentan, rose point de Venise, Italian punto in aria, and Italian punto tagliato a fogliami. The school has been enriched by gifts of antique lace, and Queen Margherita gave the school permission to copy two magnificent specimens of Ecclesiastical lace--now Crown property--that had formerly belonged to Cardinal de Retz, and Pope Clement VII. (Rezzonico). In order the better to carry out the character of the different laces, the more apt and intelligent of these pupils, whose task it is to trace out in thread the design to be worked, have the advantage of being taught by professional artists. The four hundred lace-workers now employed are divided into seven sections, in order that each may continue in the same sort of work and, as much as possible, in the same class of lace. By this method each one becomes thoroughly proficient in her own special department, executes it with greater facility, and consequently earns more, and the school gets its work done better and cheaper. While Countess Marcello was working to re-establish the making of needle-point at Burano, Cav. Michelangelo Jesurum was re-organising the bobbin-lace industry at Pellestrina, a small fishing-town on the Lido. In 1864 the lace of Pellestrina might have been described as an inextricable labyrinth of threads with vaguely distinguishable lines and occasional holes. The lace was so imperfect, and made in such small quantities, that two women who went about selling it in Venice and the country round sufficed to dispose of all that was made. The pricked papers were prepared by an old peasant woman, who made them more and more imperfect at each repetition, losing gradually all trace of the original design. Cav. Jesurum, by a careful copying of the old designs, obtained valuable results, and founded a lace-school and a flourishing industry. About 1875 polychrome lace was introduced in Venice--bobbin-lace worked in colours with designs of flowers, fruits, leaves, arabesques, and animals, with the various tints and shading required. The women who make bobbin-lace now in Venice and in the islands amount to 3,000, but it is difficult to give an exact estimate of their numbers, as many of them are bone-workers, wives and daughters of fishermen, who combine the lace-making with their household duties, with mending of nets, and with field-work. PLATE XIV. [Illustration: ITALIAN.--Modern reproduction at Burano of the flounce now belonging to the Crown of Italy, formerly to Pope Clement XIII., Rezzonico, 1693-1769. Height, 24 in. Photo by the Burano School.] _To face page 62._ {63}MILAN ("MILANO LA GRANDE"). "Margaret: I saw the Duchess of Milan's gown that they praise so. "Hero: O that exceeds, they say. "Margaret: By my troth, it's but a night-gown in respect of yours; cloth o' gold and cuts, and laced with silver."--_Much Ado about Nothing_, iv. 1. One of the earliest records of Italian lace belongs to Milan, and occurs in an instrument of partition between the sisters Angela and Ippolita Sforza Visconti, dated 1493 (see VENICE). This document is of the highest interest as giving the inventory of an Italian wardrobe of the fifteenth century. In it, amidst a number of curious entries, are veils of good network, with cambric pillow-cases, linen sheets, mosquito curtains and various articles, worked _a reticella_ and _a groppi_, with the needle, bobbins, bones, and other different ways[196] mentioned in the pattern-books of the following century. Among other items we find, "Half of a bundle containing patterns for ladies' work."[197] Though the fabric of these fine points dates back for so many centuries, there is little notice of them elsewhere. {64}Henry VIII. is mentioned as wearing one short pair of hose of purple silk of Venice gold, woven like a caul, edged with a passamaine lace of purple silk and gold, worked at Milan.[198] In a wardrobe account of Lord Hay, gentleman of his Majesty's robes, 1606,[199] is noted down to James I., "One suit with cannons thereunto of silver lace, shadowed with silk Milan lace." Again, among the articles furnished against the "Queen's lying down," 1606, in the bills of the Lady Audrye Walsingham,[200] is an entry of "Lace, Milan fashion, for child's waistcoat." A French edict, dated March, 1613, against superfluity in dress, prohibiting the wearing of gold and silver embroidery, specially forbids the use of all "passement de Milan, ou façon de Milan" under a penalty of one thousand livres.[201] The expression "à point de Milan" occurs in the statutes of the passementiers of Paris.[202] "Les galons, passements et broderies, en or et en argent de Milan," says Savary,[203] were once celebrated. Lalande, who writes some years later, adds, the laces formerly were an object of commerce to the city, now they only fabricate those of an inferior quality.[204] Much was consumed by the Lombard peasants, the better sorts serving for ruffles of moderate price.[205] So opulent are the citizens, says a writer of the same epoch, that the lowest mechanics, blacksmiths and shoemakers, appear in gold stuff coats with ruffles of the finest point.[206] And when, in 1767, the Auvergne lace-makers petition for an exemption from the export duty on their fabrics, they state as a ground that the duty prevents them from competing abroad, especially at Cadiz, with the lace-makers of Piedmont, the Milanais, and Imperial Flanders. Milan must, therefore, have made lace extensively to a late period. PLATE XV. [Illustration: ITALIAN. MILANESE BOBBIN-MADE.--Late seventeenth century. Width, 12 in. Photo by A. Dryden from private collection.] _To face page 64._ {65}Fig. 33 is a specimen of what has been termed old Milan point, from the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in that city. It is more often known as Greek lace. [Illustration: Fig. 33. RETICELLA FROM MILAN.] The so-called punti di Milano--points de Milan--were all bobbin-laces, which originated in Milan, and, though imitated by Genoa and Naples, remained unapproached in design and workmanship. After first making passements, Milan imitated the Venetian points, "a fogliami," in which the pattern has the appearance of woven linen, with à jours occasionally introduced to lighten portions of it. The design was at first connected with bars, but later, meshes (in the seventeenth century large meshes, and, still later, smaller {66}meshes) filled the ground. This réseau varies, but most frequently it has four plaited sides to a mesh, as in Valenciennes. Like other Italian laces, Milanese lace frequently has coats-of-arms or family badges woven in it, such as the Doge's horn, the baldachino (a special distinction accorded to Roman princes), the dogs of the Carrara family, and so on, to commemorate a marriage or some other important event in the family. This sort of lace was known as Carnival lace when made of Venetian point. Milan lace is now represented by Cantu, near Lake Como, where the making of white and black pillow-lace gives employment to many thousands of women. The torchon lace of the country is original, and in much request with the peasantry. In the underground chapel of San Carlo Borromeo, in Milan Cathedral, are preserved twenty-six "camicie," trimmed with flounces of the richest point, all more or less splendid, and worked in the convents of the city, but many of the contents of this sumptuous wardrobe have rotted away from the effects of the damp atmosphere. FLORENCE. Of Florence and its products we know but little, though the Elegy of Agnolo Firenzuola proves that ladies made raised point at an early period.[207] His expression "scolpì," carved, sculptured in basso rilievo, leaves no doubt upon the matter. PLATE XVI. [Illustration: ITALIAN, VENETIAN. NEEDLE-MADE.--Very raised and padded. First half of eighteenth century. Width, 3¼ in.] PLATE XVII. [Illustration: ITALIAN, MILANESE. BOBBIN-MADE.--Early eighteenth century. Width, 5¾ in. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 63_ "This collar was sculptured by my lady {67} In bas reliefs such as Arachne And she who conquered her could ne'er excel. Look on that lovely foliage, like an Acanthus, Which o'er a wall its graceful branches trails. Look on those lovely flowers of purest white, Which, near the pods that open, hang in harmony. That little cord which binds each one about, How it projects! proving that she who wrought it Is very mistress of this art. How well distributed are all these points! See the equality of all those little buds Which rise like many fair proportioned hills, One like the other.... This hand-made lace, this open-work, Is all produced by her, this herring-bone, Which in the midst holds down a little cord, Was also made by her; all wrought by her." Henry VIII. granted to two Florentines the privilege of importing for three years' time all "manner of fringys and passements wrought with gold and silver or otherwise,"[208] an account of which will be found in the notice of that monarch's reign. Beyond this, and the statute already mentioned, passed at the "Sute of the Browderers" on account of the "deceyptful waight of the gold of Luk, Florence, Jeane, and Venice,"[209] there is no allusion to the lace of Florence in our English records. In France, as early as 1545, the sister of Francis I. purchases "soixante aulnes fine dantelle de Florence"[210] for her own use, and some years afterwards, 1582, the Queen of Navarre pays 17 écus 30 sols for 10 aulnes et demye of the same passement "faict à l'esguille à haulte dantelle pour mettre à des fraizes."[211] On the marriage of Elizabeth de France with Philip II. in 1559, purchases were made of "passements et de bisette, en fil blanc de Florence." Seeing the early date of these French accounts, it may be inferred that Catherine de Médicis first introduced, on her arrival as a bride, the Italian points of her own native city.[212] In Florence, in the fifteenth century, Savonarola, in his sermons (1484-1491), reproached the nuns with "devoting their time to the vain fabrication of gold laces with which to adorn the houses and persons of the rich." Ray mentions that people of quality sent their daughters {68}at eight years old to the Florentine nunneries to be instructed in all manner of women's work. Lace was also fabricated at Sienna, but it appears to have been the _lavoro di maglia_ or lacis, called by the Tuscans _modano ricamato_--embroidered network. Early in the last century two Genoese nuns, of the Convent Sta. Maria degli Angeli in Sienna, executed pillow laces and gold and silver embroidery of such surpassing beauty, that they are still carefully preserved and publicly exhibited on fête-days. One Francesca Bulgarini also instructed the schools in the making of lace of every kind, especially the Venetian reticella.[213] THE ABRUZZI. In the Abruzzi, and also the Province of the Marche, coarse laces are made. These are worked without any drawing, the rude design being made by skipping the pin-holes on a geometrically perforated card. The pattern is surrounded by a heavy thread, and composed of a close stitch worked between the meshes of a coarse net ground. This lace somewhat resembles Dalecarlian lace. In the eighteenth century fine pillow lace was also made in these provinces. The celebrated industry of Offida in the Marche has sunk into artistic degradation. ROMAGNA. Lace was made in many parts of Romagna. Besides the knotted lace already alluded to,[214] which is still made and worn by the peasants, the peasant women wore on their collerettes much lace of that large-flowered pattern and fancy ground, found alike in Flanders and on the headdresses of the Neapolitan and Calabrian peasants. Specimens of the lace of the province of Urbino resemble in pattern and texture the fine close lace on the collar of Christian IV., figured in our notice of Denmark. The workmanship is of great beauty. Reticella is made at Bologna, and was revived in January, 1900, by the Aemilia-Ars Co-operative Society. The designs are for the most part taken from old pattern-books, such as Parasole. {69}Fig. 34 represents a fragment of a piece of lace of great interest, communicated by the Countess Gigliucci. It is worked with the needle upon muslin, and only a few inches of the lace are finished. This incompleteness makes it the more valuable, as it enables us to trace the manner of its execution, all the threads being left hanging to its several parts. The Countess states that she found the work at a villa belonging to Count Gigliucci, near Fermo on the Adriatic, and it is supposed to have been executed by the Count's great-grandmother above 160 years ago--an exquisite specimen of "the needle's excellency." [Illustration: Fig. 34. UNFINISHED DRAWN-WORK.] Though the riches of our Lady of Loreto fill a volume in themselves,[215] and her image was fresh clad every day of the year, the account of her jewels and plate so overpower any mention of her laces, which were doubtless in accordance with {70}the rest of the wardrobe, that there is nothing to tell on the subject. The laces of the Vatican and the holy Conclave, mostly presents from crowned heads, are magnificent beyond all description. They are, however, constantly in the market, sold at the death of a Cardinal by his heirs, and often repurchased by some newly-elected prelate, each of whom on attaining a high ecclesiastical dignity is compelled to furnish himself with several sets. A lady[216] describing the ceremony of washing the feet by the Pope, writes, in 1771, "One of his cardinals brought him an apron[217] of old point with a broad border of Mechlin lace, and tied it with a white ribbon round his holiness's waist." In this guise protected, he performed the ceremony. Clement IX. was in the habit of making presents of Italian lace, at that period still prized in France, to Monsieur de Sorbière, with whom he had lived on terms of intimacy previous to his elevation. "He sends ruffles," cries the irritated Gaul, who looked for something more tangible, "to a man who never has a shirt."[218] NAPLES. When Davies, Barber Surgeon of London,[219] visited Naples in 1597, he writes, "Among the traffic of this city is lace of all sorts and garters." Fynes Moryson, his contemporary, declares "the Italians care not for foreign apparel, they have ruffles of Flanders linen wrought with Italian cut-work so much in use with us. They wear no lace in gold and silver, but black"; while Lassels says, all they care for is to keep a coach; their point de Venise and gold lace are all turned into horses and liveries.[220] PLATE XVIII. [Illustration: CUSHION MADE AT THE SCHOOL.--These coloured silk laces are reproductions of the sixteenth century. Size, 20 × 12 in.] PLATE XIX. [Illustration: ITALY.--Group of workers of the Brazza School, Torreano di Martignacco, Friuli, showing the different kinds of lacework done and pillows in use. Photos by Contessa di Brazza.] _To face page 70._ {71}Of this lace we find but scanty mention. In the tailor's bill of Sir Timothy Hutton, 1615, when a scholar at Cambridge, a charge is made for "four oz. and a half quarter and dram of Naples lace." And in the accounts of laces furnished for the marriage of the Princess Elizabeth to the Elector Palatine, 1612, is noted "narrow black Naples lace, purled on both sides." The principal fabric of lace was in the Island of Ischia. Vecellio, in 1590, mentions the ladies' sleeves being trimmed with very fine thread lace.[221] Ischia lace may still be met with, and serves for trimming toilets, table-covers, curtains, etc., consisting generally of a square netting ground, with the pattern embroidered. Black silk lace also used to be made in Ischia. Much torchon lace, of well-designed patterns, was also made, similar in style to that given in Fig. 40. Though no longer fabricated in the island, the women at Naples still make a coarse lace, which they sell about the streets.[222] The _punto di Napoli_ is a bobbin lace, resembling the punto di Milano, but distinguished from it by its much rounder mesh and coarser make. Towards the middle of the last century, many of the Italian sculptors adopted an atrocious system, only to be rivalled in bad taste by those of the Lower Empire, that of dressing the individuals they modelled in the costume of the period, the colours of the dress represented in varied marbles. In the villa of Prince Valguarnera, near Palermo, were some years since many of these strange productions with rich laces of coffee-coloured point, admirably chiselled, it must be owned, in giallo antico, the long flowing ruffles and head-*tires of the ladies being reproduced in white alabaster.[223] {72}GENOA ("GENOVA LA SUPERBA"). "Lost,--A rich needle work called Poynt Jean, a yard and a half long and half quarter broad."--_The Intelligencer_, Feb. 29, 1663. "Genoa, for points."--_Grand Tour._ 1756. The art of making gold thread, already known to the Etruscans, took a singular development in Italy during the fourteenth century. Genoa[224] first imitated the gold threads of Cyprus. Lucca followed in her wake, while Venice and Milan appear much later in the field. Gold of Jeane formed, as already mentioned, an item in our early statutes. The merchants mingled the pure gold with Spanish "laton," producing a sort of "faux galon," such as is used for theatrical purposes in the present day. They made also silver and gold lace out of drawn wire, after the fashion of those discovered, not long since, at Herculaneum. When Skippin visited Turin, in 1651, he described the manner of preparing the metal wire. The art maintained itself latest at Milan, but died out towards the end of the seventeenth century. Our earliest mention of Genoa lace is,[225] as usual, to be found in the Great Wardrobe Accounts of Queen Elizabeth, where laces of Jeane of black "serico satten," of colours,[226] and billement lace of Jeane silk, are noted down. They were, however, all of silk. It is not till after a lapse of nigh seventy years that first Point de Gênes appears mentioned in an ordinance,[227] and in the wardrobe of Mary de Médicis is enumerated, among other articles, a "mouchoir de point de Gennes frisé."[228] {73}Moryson, who visited the Republic in 1589, declares "the Genoese wear no lace or gardes." As late as 1597, writes Vulson de la Colombière,[229] "ni les points de Gennes, ni de Flandre n'etoient en usage." It was not before the middle of the seventeenth century that the points of Genoa were in general use throughout Europe. Handkerchiefs, aprons, collars,[230] seem rather to have found favour with the public than lace made by the yard. No better customer was found for these luxurious articles of adornment than the fair Madame de Puissieux, already cited for her singular taste in cut-work. "Elle étoit magnifique et ruina elle et ses enfans. On portoit en ce temps-la," writes St. Simon; "force points de Gênes qui étoient extrêmement chers; c'étoit la grande parure--et la parure de tout age: elle en mangea pour 100,000 ecus (£20,000) en une année, à ronger entre ses dents celle qu'elle avoit autour de sa tête et de ses bras."[231] "The Genoese utter a world of points of needlework," writes Lassels, at the end of the century, and throughout the eighteenth we hear constantly of the gold, silver and thread lace, as well as of the points of Genoa, being held in high estimation. Gold and silver lace was prohibited to be worn within the walls of the city, but they wear, writes Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, exceeding fine lace and linen.[232] Indeed, by the sumptuary laws of the Republic, the richest costume allowed to the ladies was black velvet trimmed with their home-made point. The _femmes bourgeoises_ still edge their aprons with point lace, and some of the elder women wear square linen veils trimmed with coarse lace.[233] {74}"That decayed city, Genoa, makes much lace, but inferior to that of Flanders," states Anderson in his _Origin of Commerce_, 1764. The Genoese wisely encouraged their own native manufacture, but it was now, however, chiefly for home consumption. Savary, speaking of the Genoa fabric, says: As regards France, these points have had the same lot as those of Venice--ruined by the act of prohibition. In 1840, there were only six lace-sellers in the city of Genoa. The women work in their own houses, receiving materials and patterns from the merchant who pays for their labour.[234] Lace, in Genoa, is called _pizzo_. _Punti in aco_ were not made in this city. The points of Genoa, so prized in the seventeenth century, were all the work of the pillow, _a piombini_,[235] or _a mazzetta_, as the Italians term it, of fine handspun thread brought from Lombardy. Silk was procured from Naples. Of this Lombardy thread were the magnificent collars of which we give an example (Fig. 35), and the fine guipures _à réseau_ which were fashioned into aprons and fichus. The old Genoa point still finds favour in the eyes of the clergy, and on fête days, either at Genoa or Savona, may be seen splendid lace decorating the _camicie_ of the ecclesiastics. The Ligurian or Genoese guipures have four entirely distinctive characters. The Hispano-Moresque (or Greek) point de Gênes frisé, the Vermicelli from Rapallo and Santa Margherita, a lace resembling Milanese lace with "brides," and a fourth kind, entirely different from these varieties, called _fugio_ (I fly), as it is very soft and airy. It is an adaptation of guipure-like ribbons of weaving, with open-work variations, held together by a very few bars. In all these laces, as in Neapolitan and Milanese lace, a crochet needle is used to join the bars and design by drawing one thread through a pin-hole in the lace and passing a free bobbin through the loop to draw the knot tight. [Illustration: Fig. 35. GENOA POINT, BOBBIN-MADE. From a collar in the possession of the Author. This is an elaborate specimen of Point de Gênes frisé--Italian merletti a piombini. The plaits almost invariably consist of four threads. _To face page 74._] {75}The lace manufacture extends along the coast from Albissola, on the Western Riviera, to Santa Margherita on the eastern. Santa Margherita and Rapallo are called by Luxada[236] the emporium of the lace industry of Genoa, and are still the greatest producers of pillow-lace on the coast. The workers are mostly the wives and daughters of the coral-fishers who support themselves by this occupation during the long and perilous voyages of their husbands. In the archives of the parochial church of Santa Margherita is preserved a book of accounts, in which mention is made, in the year 1592, of gifts to the church, old nets from the coral fishery, together with _pisetti_ (_pizzi_), the one a votive offering of some successful fishermen, the other the work of their wives or daughters, given in gratitude for the safe return of their relatives. There was also found an old worn parchment pattern for a kind of tape guipure (Fig. 36).[237] The manufacture, therefore, has existed in the province of Chiavari for many centuries. Much of this description of lace is assigned to Genoa. In these tape guipures the tape or braid was first made, and the ground worked in on the parchment either by the needle or on the pillow. The laces consist of white thread of various qualities, either for wear, church decoration, or for exportation to America. Later, this art gave place to the making of black blonde, in imitation of Chantilly, of which the centres in Italy are now Genoa and Cantu. In the year 1850 the lace-workers began to make guipures for France, and these now form their chief produce. The exportation is very great, and lace-making is the daily occupation, not only of the women, but of the ladies of the commune.[238] In 1862 Santa Margherita had 2,210 lace-workers: Rapallo, 1,494. The _maestri_, or overseers, receive all orders from the trade, and find hands to execute them. The silk and thread required for the lace is weighed out and given to the lace-makers, and the work when completed is re-weighed to see that it corresponds with that of the material given. The _maestri_ contrive to realise large fortunes, and become in time _signori_; not so the poor lace-makers, whose hardest day's gain seldom exceeds a franc and a half.[239] Embroidered lace is also made at Genoa. On a band of tulle are embroidered in darning-stitch flowers or small detached springs, and the ground is sometimes _semé_ with little embroidered dots. A coarse thread outlines the embroidery. {76}[Illustration: Fig. 36. LACE PATTERN FOUND IN THE CHURCH AT SANTA MARGHERITA (circ. 1592).] PLATE XX. [Illustration: ITALIAN. BOBBIN TAPE WITH NEEDLE-MADE RÉSEAU. Width, 8 in. Photo by A. Dryden.] PLATE XXI. [Illustration: ITALIAN, GENOESE. SCALLOPED BORDER OF UNBLEACHED THREADS, TWISTED AND PLAITED.--Sixteenth or seventeenth century. Width, 5 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 76._ {77}[Illustration: Fig. 37. PARCHMENT PATTERN USED TO COVER A BOOK, BEARING THE DATE 1577. (Reduced.)] The laces of Albissola,[240] near Savona, of black and white thread, or silk of different colours, were once an article of considerable exportation to the principal cities of Spain, Cadiz, Madrid and Seville. This industry was of early date. In many of the parochial churches of Albissola are specimens of the native fabric dating from 1600, the work of devout ladies; and parchment patterns drawn and pricked for pillow-lace, bearing the earlier date of 1577, have been found covering old law books, the property of a notary of Albissola. The designs (Fig. 37) are flowing, but poor, and have probably served for some shawl or apron, for it was a custom long handed down for the daughters of great nobles, previous {78}to their marriage, to select veils and shawls of this fabric, and, in the memory of an aged workwoman (1864), the last of these bridal veils was made for a lady of the Gentili family. Princes and lords of different provinces in Italy sent commissions to Albissola for these articles in the palmy days of the fabric, and four women would be employed at one pillow, with sixty dozen bobbins at a time.[241] The making of this lace formed an occupation by which women in moderate circumstances were willing to increase their incomes. Each of these ladies, called a _maestra_, had a number of workers under her, either at home or out. She supplied the patterns, pricked them herself, and paid her workwomen at the end of the week, each day's work being notched on a tally.[242] The women would earn from ten soldi to two lire a day. The last fine laces made at Albissola were bought up by the lace-merchants of Milan on the occasion of the coronation of Napoleon I. in that city.[243] Among the Alençon laces is illustrated a beautiful lappet sent from Genoa, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.[244] The pattern is of the Louis Quinze period, and the lovely diapered ground recalls the mayflower of the Dresden and the oeil-de-perdrix of the Sèvres china of that time. It was supposed to be of Italian workmanship, though the very fine ground introduced in the _modes_ of the riband pattern is the true Alençon réseau stitch. M. Dupont Auberville claimed it for Alençon, asserting he had met with the same ground on point undoubtedly of that manufacture. He named it _réseau rosacé_. A considerable quantity of lace was formerly made from {79}the fibre of the aloe (filo d'erba spada)[245] by the peasants of Albissola, either of its natural cream colour or dyed black. This lace, however, like that fabricated in the neighbourhood of Barcelona, would not stand washing.[246] There exists a beautiful and ingenious work taught in the schools and convents along the Riviera. It is carried to a great perfection at Chiavari and also at the Albergo de' Poveri at Genoa. You see it in every stage. It is almost the first employment of the fingers which the poor children of either sex learn. This art is principally applied to the ornamenting of towels, termed Macramé,[247] a long fringe of thread being left at each end for the purpose of being knotted together in geometrical designs (Fig. 38). Macramé at the Albergo de' Poveri were formerly made with a plain plaited fringe, till in 1843, the Baroness A. d' Asti brought one from Rome, richly ornamented, which she left as a pattern. Marie Picchetti, a young girl, had the patience to unpick the fringe and discover the way it was made. A variety of designs are now executed, the more experienced inventing fresh patterns as they work. Some are applied to church purposes. Specimens of elaborate workmanship were in the Paris Exhibition of 1867. These richly-trimmed macramé form an item in the wedding trousseau of a Genoese lady, while the commoner sorts find a ready sale in the country, and are also exported to South America and California.[248] {80}CANTU. Cantu, a small town near Lake Como, is one of the greatest lace-producing centres in Italy. The lace industry was planted there in the sixteenth century by the nuns of the Benedictine order, and until fifty years ago was confined to simple and rude designs. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, however, the industry has been revived and the designs improved. Thousands of women throughout the province work at it and dispose of their lace independently to travelling merchants, or work under the direction of the Cantuese lace-merchants. The laces are all made with bobbins with both thread and silk. [Illustration: Fig. 38. FRINGED MACRAMÉ.--(Genoa.)] SICILY. Sicily was celebrated in olden times for its gold and metal laces, but this fabric has nearly died out. An attempt, however, is now being made to organise a revival of the lace industry as a means of support for the women of Palermo and other populous centres. PLATE XXII. [Illustration: ] PLATE XXIII. [Illustration: ITALIAN. OLD PEASANT LACES, BOBBIN MADE.--Actual size.] PLATE XXIV. [Illustration: ITALIAN. MODERN PEASANT BOBBIN LACE.--Made at the School at Asolo near Bassano, founded by Browning. Width about 4 in. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 80._ {81}At Messina, embroidered net (lacis) was made, and bobbin-laces and the antique Sicilian drawn-work are now copied in the women's prison there. Torchon, a lace which is also made in Sicily, has no design worked upon the parchment. The peasant follows the dictates of her fancy, and forms combinations of webs and nets by skipping the holes pricked at regular intervals over the strip of parchment sewed upon the cushion or _ballon_.[249] There are other variations of old Italian laces and embroideries which have not been mentioned here on account of space; either they are not often met with--certainly not outside Italy--or in some cases they appear to be only local names for the well-known sorts. {82}CHAPTER V. GREECE. "Encor pour vous poincts de Raguse Il est bon, crainte d'attentat, D'en vouloir purger un Estat; Les gens aussi fins que vous estes Ne sont bons que comme vous faites Pour ruiner les Estats."--_La Révolte des Passemens._ We have already spoken of Greece as the cradle of embroidery, and in those islands which escaped the domination of the Turks, the art still lingered on. Cyprus, to which in after times Venice gave a queen, was renowned for its gold, its stuffs, and its needlework. As early as 1393, in an inventory of the Dukes of Burgundy, we find noted "un petit pourpoint de satin noir, et est la gorgerette de maille d'argent de Chippre"--a collar of silver network.[250] The peasants now make a coarse thread lace, and some fine specimens have recently been made in white silk, which were exhibited in the Cyprus Court of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and are now in the possession of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In our own country, in 1423, we have a statute touching the deceitful works of the embroiderers of gold and of silver of Cipre, which shall be forfeited to the king.[251] But the secret of these cunning works became, after a time, known throughout Europe. Of cut-works or laces from Cyprus[252] and the islands of the Grecian seas, there is no mention; but we hear much of a certain point known to the commerce of the seventeenth century as that of Ragusa, which, after an ephemeral existence, disappears from the scene. Of Ragusa, {83}says Anderson, "her citizens, though a Popish state, are manufacturers to a man." Ragusa, comparatively near the Montenegrin sea-board, and north-western coast of Greece, was, in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, one of the principal Adriatic ports belonging to the Venetian Republic. Certain it is that this little republic, closely allied with the Italian branches of the House of Austria, served them with its navy, and in return received from them protection. The commerce of Ragusa consisted in bearing the products of the Greek islands and Turkey to Venice, Ancona, and the kingdom of Naples;[253] hence it might be inferred that the fine productions of the Greek convents were first introduced into Italy by the merchants of Dalmatia, and received on that account the denomination of points de Raguse. When Venice had herself learned the art, these cut-works and laces were no longer in demand; but the fabric still continued, and found favour in its native isles, chiefly for ecclesiastical purposes, the dress of the islanders, and for grave-clothes. In our English statutes we have no allusion to the point de Raguse; in those of France[254] it appears twice. "Tallemant des Réaux"[255] and the "Révolte des Passemens"[256] both give it honourable notice. Judging from the lines addressed to it in the last-named _jeu d'esprit_, point de Raguse was of a more costly character, "faite pour ruiner les estats,"[257] than any of those other points present. If, however, from this period it did still form an article of commerce, we may infer that it appeared under the general appellation of point de Venise. Ragusa had affronted Louis Quatorze by its attachment to the Austro-Italian princes; he kicked out her ambassadors,[258] and if the name of the point was unpleasant, we may feel assured it was no longer permitted to offend the royal ears. {84}[Illustration: Fig. 39. SILK GIMP LACE.] Though no manufacture of thread lace is known at Ragusa, yet much gold and silver lace is made for ornamenting the bodices of the peasants. They still also fabricate a kind of silk lace or gimp, made of twisted threads of cotton covered with metal, which is sewn down the seams of the coats and the bodices of the peasantry. The specimen, illustrated in Fig. 39, may possibly be the old, long-lost point de Raguse. Its resemblance, with its looped edges, to the pattern given from _Le Pompe_,[259] published at Venice in 1557, is very remarkable. We have seen specimens from Italy and Turkey. PLATE XXV. [Illustration: SICILIAN. OLD DRAWN-WORK.--Height, 12 in. Photo by A. Dryden from Salviati & Co.'s Collection.] PLATE XXVI. [Illustration: SOUTH ITALIAN.--The upper one is seventeenth century Church lace--réseau of threads twisted into star-shaped meshes. The three lower are considered eighteenth century CRETAN. All pillow made of thread and silk. Widths: 2, 2½, 1¾, 3¾ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 84._ {85}The conventionally termed Greek lace is really the Italian _reticella_. "The designs of the earliest Greek laces were all geometrical, the oldest being simple outlines worked over ends or threads left after others had been drawn or cut. Next in date come the patterns which had the outlines further ornamented with half circles, triangles, or wheels. Later, open-work with thick stitches was produced." [Illustration: Fig. 40. RETICELLA, OR GREEK LACE.--(Zante.)] The principal seats of the manufacture were the Ionian Isles, Zante, Corfu, Venice, Naples, Rome, Florence and Milan. The Ionian Islands for many years belonged to Venice, which accounts for the similarity in the manufacture. Fig. 40 is from a specimen purchased in the Island of Zante. This lace was much in vogue in Naples for curtains, bed-hangings, and coverlets, and even formed a substitute for {86}tapestry. A room hung with bands of Greek lace, alternated with crimson or amber silk, has a most effective appearance. The church lace of the Ionian Isles was not appreciated by the natives, who were only too glad to dispose of it to the English officers in garrison at Corfu. "Much is still found in Cephalonia: the natives bring it on board the steamers for sale, black with age, and unpleasant to the senses. This is not to be wondered at when we consider that it is taken from the tombs, where for centuries it has adorned the grave-clothes of some defunct Ionian. This hunting the catacombs has now become a regular trade. It is said that much coarse lace of the same kind is still made in the islands, steeped either in coffee or some drug, and, when thus discoloured, sold as from the tombs" (1869). The Greek islands now fabricate lace from the fibre of the aloe, and a black lace similar to the Maltese. In Athens, and other parts of Greece proper, a white silk lace is made, mostly consumed by the Jewish Church. CRETE. Pillow-lace making in Crete would seem to have arisen in consequence of Venetian intercourse with the island. "The Cretan laces[260] were chiefly of silk, which seems to point to a cultivation of silk in the island, as well as to its importation from the neighbouring districts of Asia Minor, when laces were made there, at least one hundred years ago." In 1875, the South Kensington Museum acquired a collection of Cretan laces and embroideries, some of which (the white thread laces) bear distinct traces of Venetian influence, as, for example, those in which costumed figures are introduced. "As a rule, the motives of Cretan lace patterns are traceable to orderly arrangement and balance of simple geometric and symmetrical details, such as diamonds, triangles and quaint polygonal figures, which are displayed upon groundworks of small meshes. The workmanship is somewhat remarkable, especially that displayed in the making of the meshes for the grounds. Here we have an evidence of ability to twist and {87}plait threads as marked, almost as that shown by the lace-makers of Brussels and Mechlin. Whether the twisting and plaiting of threads to form the meshes in this Cretan lace was done with the help of pins or fine-pointed bones, may be a question difficult to solve." The patterns in the majority of the specimens are outlined with one, two, or three bright-coloured silken threads, which may have been worked in with the other threads as the _cordonnet_ in Mechlin. The numerous interlacements which this _cordonnet_ makes with the lace point also to the outline having perhaps been run in with a needle. TURKEY. "The Turks wear no lace or cut stuff," writes Moryson (1589), winding up with "neither do the women wear lace or cut-work on their shirts"; but a hundred and fifty years later fashions are changed in the East. The Grand Turk now issues sumptuary laws against the wearing gold lace "on clothes and elsewhere."[261] A fine white silk guipure is now made in modern Turkey at Smyrna and Rhodes, oriental in its style; this lace is formed with the needle or tambour hook. Lace or passementerie of similar workmanship, called "oyah" is also executed in colours representing flowers, fruits and foliage, standing out in high relief from the ground. Numerous specimens were in the International Exhibition of 1867. The point lace manufactured in the harems is little known and costly in price. It is said to be the only silk guipure made with the needle. Edgings of it resemble in workmanship Figs. 121 and 122. MALTA. The lace once made in Malta, indigenous to the island, was a coarse kind of Mechlin or Valenciennes of one arabesque pattern.[262] In 1833, Lady Hamilton Chichester {88}induced a woman named Ciglia to copy in white the lace of an old Greek coverlet. The Ciglia family from that time commenced the manufacture of the black and white silk guipures, so generally known under the name of Maltese lace. Much Maltese is made in the orphanage in the little adjacent island of Gozo. Malta has certainly the first claim to the invention of these fine guipures, which have since made the fortune of Auvergne, where they have been extensively manufactured at Le Puy, as well as by our own lace-makers of Bedfordshire and in the Irish schools. The black is made of Barcelona silk, the same used in Catalonia for the fabrication of the black blonde mantillas of the Spanish ladies. Fig. 41 represents the lace round the ecclesiastical robe of Hugues Loubeux de Verdale, Cardinal and Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, who died in 1595, and is buried in the church of St. John, where a magnificent tomb is erected to his memory. [Illustration: Fig. 41. LOUBEUX DE VERDALE.--(From the cast of his Tomb, Musée de Versailles.)] Pillow-laces made by women in Ceylon and Travancore, as well as elsewhere in India,[263] seem to owe more to the instruction of the Portuguese than to the Dutch or English. We mention it in this place because the specimens of thread pillow-lace from Point de Galle and Candy bear a striking resemblance to the Maltese. PLATE XXVII. [Illustration: ITALIAN, RAPALLO. MODERN PEASANT LACE, BOBBIN MADE, IN SILK.--Actual size.] PLATE XXVIII. [Illustration: MALTESE. MODERN, BOBBIN MADE IN SILK.--About two-thirds actual size. Photos by A. Dryden.] _To face page 88._ {89}[Illustration: Fig. 42. BOBBIN-LACE.--(Ceylon.)] The specimens of Indian pillow-laces, wrought with white and black threads, in the India Museum, are apparently made in single pieces, and not as in Honiton laces, by separate flowers, which are subsequently placed together for the ground to be worked in between them.[264] "A missionary taught a few Chinese women to make silk lace from the wild silk of this part of China," reports Consul Bullock from Chefoo (at the request of the Nottingham Chamber of Commerce), but the small quantity of lace so produced is sold to Europeans only. The Chinese do not care to buy it. Acting Consul Trotman also reported from Hangkow, that a large quantity of hand-made lace is made in the Roman Catholic orphanages there, but this was entirely for European consumption. White lace in China is not woven by the natives, for white and blue being the national mourning colours, and severe simplicity of dress being _de rigueur_ on these occasions, lace of these colours has no sale.[265] {90}CHAPTER VI. SPAIN. "Of Point d'Espagne a rich cornet, Two night rails and a scarf beset, With a large lace and collaret." --Evelyn, _Voyage to Marryland_. "Hat laced with gold Point d'Espagne."[266] --Wardrobe of a Pretty Fellow, _Roderick Random_. "The Count: 'Voglio una punta di Spagna, larga, massiccia, ben lavorata. Del disegno, della ricchezza, ma niente di luccicante."--Goldoni, _L'Avaro fastoso_. Spanish point, in its day, has been as celebrated as that of Flanders and Italy. Tradition declares Spain to have learned the art from Italy, whence she communicated it to Flanders, who, in return, taught Spain how to make pillow-lace. Though the dress of the Court, guided not by the impulse of fashion, but by sumptuary laws, gave little encouragement to the fabric, on the other hand, the numberless images of our Lady and other patron saints, dressed and redressed daily in the richest vestments, together with the albs of the priests and the decorations of the altars, caused an immense consumption of lace for ecclesiastical purposes. "Of so great value," says Beckford, "were the laces of these favoured Madonnas, that in 1787 the Marchioness of Cogalhudo, wife of the eldest son of the semi-royal race of Medino Coeli, was appointed Mistress of the Robes to our Lady of La Solidad, at Madrid, a much-coveted office." {91}[Illustration: Fig. 43. THE WORK-ROOM.--(From an engraving of the Sixteenth Century after Stradan.)] Point d'Espagne, in the usual sense of the word, signifies that gold or silver lace, sometimes embroidered in colours, so largely consumed in France during the earlier years of Louis XIV.'s reign. Ornaments made of plaited and twisted gold and silver threads were produced in Spain during the seventeenth century, and mention of them is to be found in the ordinances of that time. Towards the end of the century, Narciso Felin, author of a work published in Barcelona, quoted by M. Aubry, writes that, "edgings of all sorts of gold, silver, silk thread and aloe fibres are made at Barcelona with greater perfection than in Flanders." In the sixteenth century, Flanders was part of the Spanish dominions, and from Flanders Spain imported artistic goods, linen and lace included. Mr. A. S. Cole concludes from this that the Barcelona lace-making was more or less an imitation of that which had previously existed in Spanish Flanders. {92}Apart from this, the gold and silver lace of Cyprus, Venice, Lucca and Genoa preceded that from Flanders, and it appears that Spain was later in the field of artistic lace-making than either Italy, Flanders or France. Even the celebrity of the gold point d'Espagne is probably due more to the use of gold lace by Spanish grandees,[267] than to the production in Spain of gold lace. The name point d'Espagne was, I think, a commercial one, given to gold lace by French makers.[268] Dominique de Sera, in his _Livre de Lingerie_, published in 1584, especially mentions that many of the patterns of point couppé and passement given were collected by him during his travels in Spain; and in this he is probably correct, for as early as 1562, in the Great Wardrobe Account of Queen Elizabeth, we have noted down sixteen yards of black Spanish _laquei_ (lace) for ruffs, price 5s. The early pattern-books contain designs to be worked in gold and silver,[269] a manufacture said to have been carried on chiefly by the Jews,[270] as indeed it is in many parts of Europe at the present time; an idea which strengthens on finding that two years after the expulsion of that persecuted tribe from the country, in 1492, the most Catholic kings found it necessary to pass a law prohibiting the importation of gold lace from Lucca and Florence, except such as was necessary for ecclesiastical purposes. Mrs. Palliser was of opinion that thread lace was manufactured in Spain at this epoch, for, "in the cathedral of Granada is preserved a lace alb presented to the church by Ferdinand and Isabella, one of the few relics of ecclesiastical grandeur still extant in the country." The late Cardinal Wiseman stated to Mrs. Palliser that he had himself officiated in this vestment, which was valued at 10,000 {93}crowns. But the following passage from Señor Riano greatly affects the value of what would otherwise be a fact of importance adduced by Mrs. Palliser. "Notwithstanding the opinion of so competent an authority as Mrs. Palliser, I doubt the statement, finding no evidence to support it, that thread lace of a very fine or artistic kind was ever made in Spain, or exported as an article of commerce during early times. The lace alb which Mrs. Palliser mentions to prove this as existing at Granada, a gift of Ferdinand and Isabella in the fifteenth century, is Flemish lace of the seventeenth."[271] The sumptuous "Spanish point," the white thread heavy arabesque lace, was an Italian production originally. It was imported for the Spanish churches and then imitated in the convents by the nuns, but was little known to the commercial world of Europe until the dissolution of the Spanish monasteries[272] in 1830, when the most splendid specimens of nun's work came suddenly into the market; not only the heavy lace generally designated as "Spanish point," but pieces of the very finest description (like point de Venise), so exquisite as to have been the work only of those whose "time was not money," and whose devotion to the Church and to their favourite saints rendered this work a labour of love, when in plying their needles they called to mind its destination. Among the illustrations are some photographs received from Rome of some curious relics of old Spanish conventual work, parchment patterns with the lace in progress. They were found in the Convent of Jesù Bambino, and belonged to some Spanish nuns who, in bygone ages, taught the art to the novices. None of the present inmates can give further information respecting them. The work, like all point, was executed in separate pieces given out to the different nuns and then joined together by a more skilful hand. In Fig. 44 we see the pattern traced out by two threads fixed in their places by small stitches made at intervals by a needle and aloe[273] thread working from underneath. The réseau ground is alone worked in. We see the thread left as by Sister Felice Vittoria when she last plied her task. {94}Fig. 45 has the pearled ground, the pattern traced as in the other. Loops of a coarser thread are placed at the corners, either to fasten the parchment to a light frame, like a schoolboy's slate, or to attach it to a cushion. In Fig. 46 the pattern is just worked. [Illustration: Fig. 44. UNFINISHED WORK OF A SPANISH NUN.] PLATE XXIX. [Illustration: SPANISH. MODERN THREAD BOBBIN LACE MADE AT ALMAGRO.--Slightly reduced.] PLATE XXX. [Illustration: SPANISH, BLONDE. WHITE SILK DARNING ON MACHINE NET.--Nineteenth century. Much reduced. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 94._ {95}A possible reference to lace is found in Father Fr. Marcos Antonio de Campos,[274] in his book, _Microscosmia y gobierno Universal del Hombre Crestiano_, when he writes, "I will not be silent, and fail to mention the time lost these last years in the manufacture of _cadenetas_, a work of thread combined with gold and silver; this extravagance and excess reached such a point that hundreds and thousands of ducats were spent in this work, in which, besides destroying the eyesight, wasting away the lives, and rendering consumptive the women who worked it, and preventing them from spending their time with more advantage to their souls, a few ounces of thread and years of time were wasted with so unsatisfactory a result. I ask myself, after the fancy has passed away, will the lady or gentleman find that the chemises that cost them fifty ducats, or the _basquina_ (petticoats) that cost them three hundred, are worth half their price?" [Illustration: Fig. 45. UNFINISHED WORK OF A SPANISH NUN.] "The most important of Spanish ordinances[275] relating to Spanish art and industry are those which appeared in the {96}fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Toleda and Seville, both remarkable centres for all kinds of artistic productions. In neither of these, nor in the sixteenth and seventeenth century ordinances relating to Granada--another art-centre--is there any mention of lace. [Illustration: Fig. 46. UNFINISHED WORK OF A SPANISH NUN.] "In the laws which were passed by Ferdinand and Isabella at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, no mention is made of lace, though numerous {97}details of costumes are named. It will be seen from these remarks on Spanish lace that we give to Italy the credit of producing the artistic and valuable point lace, which unexpectedly came out of Spain after the dissolution of the monasteries." The ordinance of Philip III, against the wearing of lace, dated 1623, which enjoined "simples rabats, sans aucune invention de point couppé ou passement" for the men, with fraises and manchettes in like trim for the ladies, both too without starch,[276] and which extended to gold and silver lace, was suspended during the matrimonial visit of Prince Charles;[277] indeed, the Queen of Spain herself sent him, on his arrival at Madrid, ten trunks of richly-laced linen. The Prince had travelled incognito, and was supposed to be ill-provided. Whether the surmises of her Majesty were correct, we cannot presume to affirm; we only know that, on the occasion of the Spanish voyage, a charge of two dozen and a half laced shirts, at twelve shillings each, for the Prince's eight footmen, appears in the wardrobe accounts.[278] The best account of Spanish manners of the seventeenth century will be found in the already-mentioned _Letters of a Lady's Travels in Spain_. "Under the vertingale of black taffety," she writes, "they wear a dozen or more petticoats, one finer than the other, of rich stuffs trimmed with lace of gold and silver, to the girdle. They wear at all times a white garment called _sabenqua_; it is made of the finest English lace, and four ells in compass. I have seen some worth five or six hundred crowns;... so great is their vanity, they would rather have one of these lace _sabenquas_ than a dozen coarse ones;[279] and either lie in bed till it is washed, or dress themselves without any, which they frequently enough do." A number of portraits exist in the Spanish galleries, {98}especially by Velasquez and Carrêno, in which these extravagant costumes are fully portrayed, but in very few Spanish portraits of the seventeenth century does thread lace of the kind known to us as point d'Espagne, or de Venise ever appear. Describing her visit to the Princess of Monteleon, the author continues: "Her bed is of gold and green damask, lined with silver brocade, and trimmed with point de Spain.[280] Her sheets were laced round with an English lace, half an ell deep. The young Princess bade her maids bring in her wedding clothes. They brought in thirty silver baskets, so heavy, four women could carry only one basket; the linen and lace were not inferior to the rest." The writer continues to enumerate the garters, mantle, and even the curtains of the Princess's carriage, as trimmed with fine English thread, black and bone lace.[281] Judging from this account, Spain at that period received her "dentelles d'Angleterre" from the Low Countries. Spain was early celebrated for its silk,[282] which with its coloured embroidered laces, and its gold and silver points, have always enjoyed a certain reputation. Of the latter, during the seventeenth century, we have constant mention in the wardrobe accounts and books of fashion of the French court. The description of the celebrated gold bed at Versailles, the interior lacings of the carriages, the velvet and brocade coats and dresses, "chamarrés de point d'Espagne," the laces of gold and coloured silk, would alone fill a volume to themselves.[283] {99}Narciso Felin, writing in the seventeenth century,[284] says that at that time "edgings of all sorts of gold,[285] silver, silk, thread, and aloe, are made there with greater perfection than in Flanders." Campany, another old author, carries the number of lace-makers to 12,000. The Spaniards are said, nevertheless, in 1634, to have derived a great part of their laces from the Île de France, while the French, on their part, preferred those of Flanders.[286] That the lace import was considered excessive is evident by the tariff of 1667; the import duty of twenty-five reals per pound on lace was augmented to two hundred and fifty reals. Much point was introduced into Spain at this time by way of Antwerp to Cadiz, under the name of "puntos de mosquito e de transillas." Madame des Ursins, 1707, in a letter to Madame de Maintenon, ordering the layette of the Queen of Spain from Paris, writes: "If I were not afraid of offending those concerned in the purchase, in my avarice for the King of Spain's money, I would beg them to send a low-priced lace for the linen." {100}This gold point d'Espagne was much fabricated for home consumption. The oldest banner of the Inquisition--that of Valladolid--is described as bordered with real point d'Espagne, of a curious Gothic (geometric) design. At the Auto-da-fè, the grandees of Spain and officers of the Holy Office marched attired in cloaks, with black and white crosses, edged with this gold lace. Silver point d'Espagne was also worn on the uniform of the Maestranza, a body of nobility formed into an order of chivalry at Seville, Ronda, Valencia and Granada. Even the saints were rigged out, especially St. Anthony, at Valencia, whose laced costume, periwig and ruffles are described as "glorious." [Illustration: Fig. 47. OLD SPANISH PILLOW-LACE.] Point d'Espagne was likewise made in France, introduced by one Simon Châtelain, a Huguenot, about 1596, in return for which good services he received more protection than his advanced opinions warranted. Colbert, becoming minister in 1662, guaranteed to Simon his safety--a boon already refused to many by the intolerant spirit of the times. He died in 1675, having amassed a large fortune.[287] That the fabric prospered, the following entry in the wardrobe accounts of the Duke de Penthièvre, 1732, gives proof:[288] "Un bord de Point d'Espagne d'or de Paris, à fonds de réseau." "France," writes Anderson, "exports much lace into Spain." PLATE XXXI. [Illustration: PORTRAIT OF THE DUCHESSE DE MONTPENSIER, INFANTA OF SPAIN, SHOWING MANTILLA. Middle of nineteenth century. M. de Versailles.] _To face page 100._ {101}"The sumptuary law of 1723 has taken away," writes the author of two thick books on Spanish commerce, "all pretence for importing all sorts of point and lace of white and black silk which are not the manufactures of our kingdom. The Spaniards acted on Lord Verulam's policy--that foreign superfluities should be prohibited[289]--for by so doing you either banish them or gain the manufacture." But towards the middle of the eighteenth century there are notices of constant seizures of vessels bound from St. Malo to Cadiz, freighted with gold and silver lace. The _Eagle_, French vessel, taken by Captain Carr, in 1745, bore cases to the value of £150,000.[290] In 1789 we also read that the exports of lace from the port of Marseilles alone to Cadiz exceeded £500,000,[291] and the author of the _Apendice a la Educacion Popular_[292] states that "all the five qualities (of lace) come from foreign lands, and the greater varieties of coarser ones." Gold and silver lace were made at Barcelona, Talavera de la Reyna, Valencia and Seville. In 1808 that of Seville was flourishing. The gold is badly prepared, having a red cast. The manufacture of blonde is almost entirely confined to Catalonia, where it is made in many of the villages along the sea-coast, and especially in the city of Barcelona. In 1809 it gave employment to 12,000 persons, a number which in 1869 was augmented to 34,000. There are no large manufactories, and the trade is in the hands of women and children, who make it on their own account, and as they please.[293] Swinburne, who visited Spain in 1775, writes: "The women of the hamlets were busy with their bobbins making black lace, some of which, of the coarser kind, is spun out of the leaf of the aloe. It is curious, but of little use, for it grows mucilaginous with washing." He adds: "At Barcelona there is a great trade in thread lace."[294] Larruga, in his {102}_Memorias_,[295] mentions a manufacture of gold and silver lace which had been set up lately in Madrid, and in another place he[296] mentions lace made at La Mancha,[297] where "the industry of lace has existed at Almagro from time immemorial." Don Manuel Fernandez and Donna Rita Lambert, his wife, natives of Madrid, established in this town in 1766 a manufacture of silk and thread lace. This industry also existed at Granatula, Manzanares and other villages in La Mancha. At Zamora "lace and blonde were made in private houses." In _Sempere Historia del Lujo_[298] we find that in the ordinance issued in 1723 the "introduction of every sort of edgings or foreign laces was prohibited; the only kinds allowed were those made in the country." Cabanillas writes[299] that at Novelda a third part of the inhabitants made lace, and that "more than 2,000 among women and children worked at this industry, and the natives themselves hawked their wares about the country."[300] The laces of New Castile were exported to America, to which colonies, in 1723, the sumptuary laws were extended, as more necessary than in Spain, "many families having been ruined," says Ustariz, "by the great quantities of fine lace and gold stuffs they purchased of foreign manufacture, by which means Spanish America is drained of many millions of dollars."[301] A Spanish lace-maker does not earn on an average two reals (5d.) a day.[302] The national mantilla is, of course, the principal piece manufactured. Of the three kinds which, _de rigueur_, form the toilette of the Spanish lady, the first is composed of white blonde, a most unbecoming contrast to their sallow, olive complexion; this is only used on state occasions--birthdays, bull-fights, and Easter Mondays. The second is black {103}blonde, trimmed with a deep lace. The third, "mantilla de tiro," for ordinary wear, is made of black silk, trimmed with velvet. A Spanish woman's mantilla is held sacred by law, and cannot be seized for debt.[303] The silk employed for the lace is of a superior quality. Near Barcelona is a silk-spinning manufactory, whose products are specially used for the blondes of the country. Spanish silk laces do not equal in workmanship those of Bayeux and Chantilly, either in the firmness of the ground or regularity of the pattern. The annual produce of this industry scarcely amounts to £80,000.[304] Specimens of Barcelona white lace have been forwarded to us from Spain, bearing the dates of 1810, 1820, 1830 and 1840. Some have much resemblance to the fabric of Lille--clear hexagonal ground, with the pattern worked in one coarse thread; others are of a double ground, the designs flowers, bearing evidence of a Flemish origin.[305] Spain sent to the International Exhibitions, together with her black and white mantillas, fanciful laces gaily embroidered in coloured silks and gold thread--an ancient fabric lately revived, but constantly mentioned in the inventories of the French Court of the seventeenth century, and also by the lady whose letters we have already quoted. When describing a visit to Donna Teresa de Toledo, who received her in bed, she writes: "She had several little pillows tied with ribbons and trimmed with broad fine lace. She had 'lasses' all of flowers of point de Spain in silk and gold, which looked very pretty."[306] The finest specimen of Spanish work exhibited in 1862 {104}was a mantilla of white blonde, the ground a light guipure, the pattern, wreaths of flowers supported by Cupids. In the official report on Lace and Embroidery at the International Exhibition of that year, we read that "the manufacture of black and white Spanish lace shows considerable progress since 1851, both in respect of design and fabrication. The black mantillas vary in value from £4 to £50, and upwards of 20,000 persons are said to be employed in their manufacture." Before concluding our account of Spanish lace, we must allude to the "dentelles de Moresse," supposed by M. Francisque Michel[307] to be of Iberian origin, fabricated by the descendants of the Moors who remained in Spain and embraced Christianity. These points are named in the above-mentioned "Révolte des Passemens," where the author thus announces their arrival at the fair of St. Germain:-- "Il en vint que, le plus souvent. On disoit venir du Levant; Il en vint des bords de l'Ibère. Il en vint d'arriver n'agueres Des pays septentrionaux." What these points were it would be difficult to state. In the inventory of Henry VIII. is marked down, "a purle of morisco work." One of the pattern-books gives on its title-page-- "Dantique et Roboesque En comprenant aussi Moresque." A second speaks of "Moreschi et arabesche."[308] A third is entitled, "Un livre de moresque."[309] A fourth, "Un livre de feuillages entrelatz et ouvrages moresques."[310] All we can say on the subject is, that the making cloths of chequered lace formed for a time the favourite employment of Moorish maidens, and they are still to be purchased, yellow with age, in the African cities of Tangier and Tetuan. They may be distinguished from those worked by Christian fingers from the absence of all animals in the pattern, the representation of living creatures, either in painting, sculpture, or embroidery, being strictly forbidden by Mahommedan law. PLATE XXXII. [Illustration: JEWISH.--Made in Syria. The pattern is only modern Torchon, but the knotting stitch is their peculiar tradition. Same size.] PLATE XXXIII. [Illustration: SPANISH.--The upper one is a copy of Italian lace clumsily made. The lower is probably a "dentelle de Moresse." Widths about 3½ in. Photo by A. Dryden from Salviati & Co.'s Collection.] _To face page 104._ {105}PORTUGAL. Point lace was held in high estimation in Portugal. There was no regular manufacture; it formed the amusement of the nuns and a few women who worked at their own houses. The sumptuary law of 1749 put an end to all luxury among the laity. Even those who exposed such wares as laces in the streets were ordered to quit the town.[311] In 1729,[312] when Barbara, sister of Joseph, King of Portugal, at seventeen years of age, married Ferdinand, Prince of Spain, before quitting Lisbon, she repaired to the church of the Madre de Dios, on the Tagus, and there solemnly offered to the Virgin the jewels and a dress of the richest Portuguese point she had worn on the day of her espousals. This lace is described as most magnificent, and was for near a century exhibited under a glass case to admiring eyes, till, at the French occupation of the Peninsula, the Duchesse d'Abrantès, or one of the Imperial generals, is supposed to have made off with it.[313] When Lisbon arose from her ashes after the terrible earthquake of 1755, the Marquis de Pombal founded large manufactures of lace, which were carried on under his auspices. Wraxall, in his _Memoirs_, mentions having visited them. The fine points in relief of Italy and Spain were the result of such time and labour as to render them too costly for moderate means. Hence they were extensively counterfeited. The principal scroll of the pattern was formed by means of tape or linen cut out and sewn on, and the reliefs were produced by cords fixed and overcast after the work was finished, thus substituting linen and cords for parts of {106}the needlework. These counterfeit points were in France the occasion in 1669 of an ordinance. [Illustration: Fig. 48. BOBBIN-LACE.--(Madeira.)] The modern laces of Portugal and Madeira closely resemble those of Spain; the wider for flounces are of silk: much narrow lace is made after the fashion of Mechlin. Both Spain and Portugal enjoy a certain reputation for their imitation white Chantilly lace. A considerable quantity of coarse white lace, very effective in pattern, was formerly made in Lisbon and the environs;[314] this was chiefly exported, _viâ_ Cadiz, to South America. Both black and white are {107}extensively made in the peninsula of Peniche, north of Lisbon (Estremadura Province), and employ the whole female population. Children at four years of age are sent to the lace school, and are seated at _almofadas_ (pillows) proportioned to their height, on which they soon learn to manage the bobbins, sometimes sixty dozen or more, with great dexterity.[315] The nuns of Odivales were, till the dissolution of the monasteries, famed for their lace fabricated of the fibres of the aloe. [Illustration: Fig. 49. BOBBIN-LACE.--(Brazil.)] Pillow-lace was made at Madeira at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The coarse kind, a species of _dentelle torchon_, served for trimming pillow-cases and sheets--"seaming lace," as it was called (Fig. 49). Sometimes the threads of the linen were drawn out after the manner of cut-work; but the manufacture had entirely ceased until 1850 (circ.), when it was re-established by Mrs. Bayman.[316] {108}Brazil makes a coarse narrow pillow-lace for home consumption. The Republics of Central and South America show indications of lace-making, consisting chiefly of darned netting and drawn-work, the general characteristic of the lace of these countries. The lace-bordered handkerchiefs of Brazil, and the productions of Venezuela, with the borders of the linen trousers of the guachos, and the Creva lace of the blacks of the Province of Minas Geraes, are the finest specimens of drawn-work. The lace of Chili is of the old lozenge pattern, and men also appear to be employed on the work. In Paraguay there are two sorts of work--Nanduti or "toile d'arraignée," made in silk or thread by a needle on a cardboard pattern by the copper-coloured natives as an industry; also embroidery and drawn thread-work on linen, of which there are specimens in the Victoria and Albert Museum--all traditions of the European missionaries and traders who first colonised the country. PLATE XXXIV. [Illustration: SPANISH.--Pillow made nineteenth century. Réseau of two threads twisted and crossed. Slightly reduced.] PLATE XXXV [Illustration: PARAGUAY. "NANDUTI."--End of nineteenth century. Reduced rather over half. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 108._ {109}CHAPTER VII. FLANDERS. "For lace, let Flanders bear away the belle." --Sir C. Hanbury Williams. "In French embroidery and in Flanders lace I'll spend the income of a treasurer's place." --_The Man of Taste_, Rev. W. Bramstone. Flanders and Italy together dispute the invention of lace. In many towns of the Low Countries are pictures of the fifteenth century, in which are portrayed personages adorned with lace,[317] and Baron Reiffenberg, a Belgian writer, asserts that lace cornettes, or caps, were worn in that country as early as the fourteenth century. As evidence for the early origin of pillow-lace in the Low Countries, Baron Reiffenberg mentions an altar-piece, attributed to Quentin Matsys (in a side chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, at Louvain), in which a girl is represented making lace with bobbins on a pillow with a drawer, similar to that now in use.[318] There exists a series of engravings after Martin de Vos (1580-85), giving the occupations of the seven ages of life: in the third,[319] assigned to _âge mûr_, is seen a girl, sitting with a pillow on her knees, making lace (Fig. 50). The occupation must have been then common, or the artist would scarcely have chosen it to characterise the habits of his country. Of the two paintings attributed to Matsys--that in St. Peter's, at Louvain, and that in Lierre, only the former is now assigned to the artist. Both pictures are said to be of the end of the fifteenth century or beginning of the sixteenth. {110}[Illustration: Fig. 50. LACE-MAKING.--(After Martin de Vos.)] The triptych at Louvain is reproduced and described in detail by Van Even in his work, _Louvain dans le passé et dans le présent_;[320] it consists of five panels, the centre panel representing "La famille de Sainte Anne"; but among all the figures none, however, appear to be engaged in making lace or, indeed, in any form of needlework. PLATE XXXVI. [Illustration: FLEMISH. PORTION OF BED COVER, BOBBIN-MADE.--First half of seventeenth century. This is said to have belonged to Philip IV. of Spain. Above the Austrian eagle and crown is the collar of the Golden Fleece. The workmanship is of great skill. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 110._ {111}It has been suggested that the "Lace-maker making lace with bobbins on a pillow with a drawer" (alluded to by Baron Reiffenberg) in the triptych is taken from the above-mentioned engravings by Nicholas de Bruyel and Assuerus van Londonzeel, after the drawings of Martin de Vos. The historian of the Duke of Burgundy[321] declares Charles the Bold to have lost his _dentelles_ at the battle of Granson, 1476; he does not state his authority. Probably they were gold or silver, for no other exist among his relics. In Vecellio's _Corona_ of 1593 and 1596 are two designs of geometrical lace--"ponto fiamengho" and "Manegetti di ponto Fiamengo," point de Flandre. In 1651, Jacob v. Eyck, a Flemish poet, sang the praises of lace-making in Latin verse. "Of many arts one surpasses all; the threads woven by the strange power of the hand, threads which the dropping spider would in vain attempt to imitate, and which Pallas would confess she had never known;" and a deal more in the same style.[322] The lace-manufacture of the Netherlands, as Baron Reiffenberg writes, has a glorious past. After exciting the jealousy of other European nations, in the sixteenth century, when every industrial art fled from the horrors of religious persecution, the lace fabric alone upheld itself, and by its prosperity saved Flanders from utter ruin. Every country of Northern Europe,[323] Germany, and England, has learned the art of lace-making from Flanders. After the establishment of the Points de France by Colbert, Flanders was alarmed at the number of lace-makers who emigrated, and passed an act, dated Brussels, December 26th, 1698, {112}threatening with punishment any who should suborn her workpeople. Lace-making forms an abundant source of national wealth to Belgium, and enables the people of its superannuated cities to support themselves, as it were, on female industry.[324] One-fourth of the whole population (150,000 women) were said to be thus engaged, in 1861. But a small number assemble in the ateliers; the majority work at home. The trade now flourishes as in the most palmy days of the Netherlands. [Illustration: Fig. 51. CAP OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES V.--(Musée de Cluny.) This engraving is not accurately drawn. The spaces contain birds and crosses, and not sprigs.] [Illustration: Fig. 52. ISABELLA CLARA EUGENIA, DAUGHTER OF PHILIP II., ARCHDUCHESS OF AUSTRIA, GOVERNESS OF THE NETHERLANDS.--Died 1633. _To face page 112._] {113}Lace forms a part of female education in Belgium. Charles V. commanded it to be taught in the schools and convents. Examples of the manufactures of his period may be seen in the cap said to be worn by him under his crown, and in the contemporary portrait of his sister Mary, Queen of Hungary. This cap, long preserved in the treasury of the bishop-princes of Basle, has now passed into the Musée de Cluny (Fig. 51). It is of fine linen; the imperial arms are embroidered in relief, alternate with designs in lacis of exquisite workmanship.[325] [Illustration: Fig. 53. MARY, QUEEN OF HUNGARY, GOVERNESS OF THE LOW COUNTRIES. +1558.--(From her portrait, Musée de Versailles.)] Queen Mary's cuffs (Fig. 53) are of the geometric pattern of the age, and we may presume, of Flanders make, as she was Governess of the Low Countries from 1530 till her death. The grand-daughter of Charles V., the Infanta Isabella, who brought the Low Countries as her dower,[326] appears in her portraits (Fig. 52) most resplendent in lace, and her ruff rivals in size those of our Queen Elizabeth, or Reine Margot. But to return to our subject. Of the lace schools there were nearly 900 in 1875, either in the convents or founded by private charity. At the age of five small girls commence {114}their apprenticeship; by ten they earn their maintenance; and it is a pretty sight, an "école dentellière," the children seated before their pillows, twisting their bobbins with wonderful dexterity. (Fig. 54.) [Illustration: Fig. 54. A BELGIAN LACE SCHOOL.] In a tract of the seventeenth century entitled, _England's Improvement by Sea and Land, to outdo the Dutch without Fighting_,[327] we have an amusing account of one of these establishments. "Joining to this spinning school is one for maids weaving bone lace, and in all towns there are schools according to the bigness and multitude of the children. I will show you how they are governed. First, there is a large room, and in the middle thereof a little box like a pulpit. Second, there are benches built about the room as they are in our playhouses. And in the box in the middle of the room the grand mistress, with a long white wand in her hand. If she observes any of them idle, she reaches them a tap, and if that will not do, she rings a bell, which, by a little cord, is attached to the box. She points out the offender, and she is taken into another room and chastised. And I believe this way of ordering the young women in Germany (Flanders) is one great cause that the German women have so little twit-twat,[328] and I am sure it will be as well were it so in England. There the children emulate the father--here they beggar him. Child," he winds up, "I charge you tell this to thy wyfe in bed, and it may be that she, understanding the benefit it will be to her and her children, will turn Dutchwoman and endeavour to save moneys." Notwithstanding this good advice, in 1768 England received from Flanders lace-work £250,000 to her disadvantage, as compared to her exports. [Illustration: Fig. 55. OLD FLEMISH BOBBIN LACE. _To face page 114._] {115}[Illustration: Fig. 56. OLD FLEMISH (Trolle Kant). The piece of lace from which this woodcut is taken has five or six different designs all joined together; probably patterns sent round for orders.] The old Flemish laces are of great beauty, some of varied grounds. Fig. 56 represents a description of lace called in the country "Trolle kant," a name which has been transferred to our own lace counties, where lace of a peculiar {116}make is styled Trolly, with a heavy cordonnet which is called gimp or Trolly. _Kant_ in Flemish is "lace." At one period much lace was smuggled into France from Belgium by means of dogs trained for the purpose. A dog was caressed and petted at home, fed on the fat of the land, then after a season sent across the frontier, where he was tied up, half-starved and ill-treated. The skin of a bigger dog was then fitted to his body, and the intervening space filled with lace. The dog was then allowed to escape and make his way home, where he was kindly welcomed with his contraband charge. These journeys were repeated till the French Custom House, getting scent, by degrees put an end to the traffic. Between 1820 and 1836 40,278 dogs were destroyed, a reward of three francs being given for each.[329] According to some authorities the earliest lace made in Flanders was of the kind known as Pillow Guipure. The pattern is made as of tape, in flowing Renaissance style, sometimes connected by brides, and sometimes altogether without brides, when the points of the pattern touch each other. In the specimens of this type of lace in the Victoria and Albert Museum there is apparently little in the laces by which the country of their origin may be identified. Sometimes they have been considered French, sometimes Flemish, and sometimes Italian. [See the specimens of tape-lace in the Catalogue of the lace in the Victoria and Albert Museum, p. 49, by A. S. Cole.] (Plate XXXVIII.) BRUSSELS (BRABANT). "More subtile web Arachne cannot spin."--Spenser. "From Lisle I came to Brussels, where most of the fine laces are made you see worn in England."--Lord Chesterfield, 1741. At what period the manufacture of Brussels lace commenced we are ignorant; but, judging from the earlier patterns, it may be placed at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The ancient churches of Brabant possess, it is said, many precious specimens, the gifts of munificent princes who have at all periods shown a predilection for Brussels lace, and in every way promoted its manufacture. In usage it is termed Point d'Angleterre, an error explained to us by history. PLATE XXXVII. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. POINT D'ANGLETERRE À BRIDES. CROWN OF A CAP.--Last half of seventeenth century. The property of Mr. Arthur Blackborne.] PLATE XXXVIII. [Illustration: FLEMISH. TAPE LACE, BOBBIN-MADE.--Seventeenth century. Photos by A. Dryden.] _To face page 116._ {117}In 1662 the English Parliament, alarmed at the sums of money expended on foreign point, and desirous to protect the English bone-lace manufacture, passed an Act prohibiting the importation of all foreign lace. The English lace-merchants, at a loss how to supply the Brussels point required at the court of Charles II., invited Flemish lace-makers to settle in England and there establish the manufacture. The scheme, however, was unsuccessful. England did not produce the necessary flax, and the lace made was of an inferior quality. The merchants therefore adopted a more simple expedient. Possessed of large capital, they bought up the choicest laces of the Brussels market, and then smuggling them over to England, sold them under the name of point d'Angleterre, or "English Point."[330] This fact is, curiously enough, corroborated in a second memorandum given by the Venetian ambassador to the English Court in 1695, already mentioned by an informant in London, who states that Venetian point is no longer in fashion, but "that called English point, which, you know, is not made here, but in Flanders, and only bears the name of English to distinguish it from the others." "Questo chiamato punto d'Inghilterra, si sappia che non si fa qui, ma in Fiandra, et porta solamente questo nome d'Inghilterra per distintione dagli altri." The account of the seizure made by the Marquis de Nesmond of a vessel laden with Flanders lace, bound for England, in 1678[331] will afford some idea of the extent to which this smuggling was carried on. The cargo comprised 744,953 ells of lace, without enumerating handkerchiefs, collars, fichus, aprons, petticoats, fans, gloves, etc., all of the same material. From this period "point de Bruxelles" became more and more unknown, and was at last effaced by "point d'Angleterre,"[332] a name it still retains.[333] On consulting, however, the English Royal Inventories of {118}the time, we find no mention of "English point." In France, on the other hand, the fashion books of the day[334] commend to the notice of the reader, "Corsets chamarrés de point d'Angleterre," with vests, gloves, and cravats trimmed with the same material. Among the effects of Madame de Simiane, dated 1681, were many articles of English point;[335] and Monseigneur the Archbishop of Bourges, who died some few years later, had two cambric toilettes trimmed with the same.[336] The finest Brussels lace can only be made in the city itself. Antwerp, Ghent, and other localities have in vain tried to compete with the capital. The little town of Binche, long of lace-making celebrity, has been the most successful. Binche, however, now only makes pillow flowers (point plat), and those of an inferior quality. When, in 1756, Mrs. Calderwood visited the Béguinage at Brussels, she wrote to a friend describing the lace-making. "A part of their work is grounding lace; the manufacture is very curious. One person works the flowers. They are all sold separate, and you will see a very pretty sprig, for which the worker only gets twelve sous. The masters who have all these people employed give them the thread to make them; this they do according to a pattern, and give them out to be grounded; after this they give them to a third hand, who 'hearts' all the flowers with the open work. That is what makes this lace so much dearer than the Mechlin, which is wrought all at once."[337] The thread used in Brussels lace is of extraordinary fineness. It is made of flax grown in Brabant, at Hal and Rebecq-Rognon.[338] The finest quality is spun in dark underground rooms, for contact with the dry air causes the thread to break, so fine is it as almost to escape the sight. The feel of the thread as it passes through the fingers is the surest guide. The thread-spinner closely examines every inch drawn from her distaff, and when any inequality occurs stops her wheel to repair the mischief. Every artificial help is given to the eye. A background of dark paper is placed to throw out the thread, and the room so arranged as to admit one single ray of light upon the work. The life of a Flemish thread-spinner is unhealthy, and her work requires the greatest skill; her wages are therefore proportionably high. [Illustration: Fig. 57. BRUSSELS NEEDLE-POINT. _To face page 118._] {119}It is the fineness of the thread which renders the real Brussels ground (_vrai réseau_, called in Flanders, "droschel") so costly.[339] The difficulty of procuring this fine thread at any cost prevented the art being established in other countries. We all know how, during the last fifty years of the bygone century, a mania existed in the United Kingdom for improving all sorts of manufactures. The Anti-Gallican Society gave prizes in London; Dublin and Edinburgh vied with their sister capital in patriotism. Every man would establish something to keep our native gold from crossing the water. Foreign travellers had their eyes open, and Lord Garden, a Scotch Lord of Session, who visited Brussels in 1787, thus writes to a countryman on the subject: "This day I bought you ruffles and some beautiful Brussels lace, the most light and costly of all manufactures. I had entertained, as I now suspect, a vain ambition to attempt the introduction of it into my humble parish in Scotland, but on inquiry I was discouraged. The thread is of so exquisite a fineness they cannot make it in this country. It is brought from Cambrai and Valenciennes in French Flanders, and five or six different artists are employed to form the nice part of this fabric, so that it is a complicated {120}art which cannot be transplanted without a passion as strong as mine for manufactures, and a purse much stronger. At Brussels, from one pound of flax alone they can manufacture to the value of £700 sterling." There were two kinds of ground used in Brussels lace, the bride and the réseau. The bride was first employed, but, even a century back,[340] had been discontinued, and was then only made to order. Nine ells of "Angleterre à bride" appear in the bills of Madame du Barry.[341] The lace so made was generally of most exquisite workmanship, as many magnificent specimens of "bas d'aube,"[342] now converted into flounces, attest. Sometimes bride and réseau were mixed.[343] In the inventories the description of ground is always minutely specified.[344] (See Plates XXXVII., XLVII., XLVIII., XLIX., LI.) [Illustration: Fig. 58. BRUSSELS NEEDLE-POINT. _To face page 120._] [Illustration: Fig. 58A. BRUSSELS. POINT À L'AIGUILLE.--Formerly belonged to H.M. Queen Charlotte. _To face page 120._] {121}The réseau was made in two ways,[345] by hand (à l'aiguille), and on the pillow (au fuseau). The needleground is worked from one flower to another, as in Fig. 44. The pillow is made in small strips of an inch in width, and from seven to forty-five inches long, joined together by a stitch long known to the lace-makers of Brussels and Bayeux only,[346] called "point de raccroc"--in English, "fine joining"--and consisting of a fresh stitch formed with a needle between the two pieces to be united. It requires the greatest nicety to join the segments of shawls and other large pieces. Since machine-made net has come into use the "vrai réseau" is rarely made, save for royal trousseaux (Figs. 57 and 58). There are two kinds of flowers: those made with the needle are called "point à l'aiguille"; those on the pillow, "point plat."[347] The best flowers are made in Brussels itself, where they have attained a perfection in the relief (point brodé) unequalled by those made in the surrounding villages and in Hainault. The last have one great fault. Coming soiled from the hands of the lace-makers, they have a reddish-yellow cast. In order to obviate this evil the workwoman, previous to sewing the flowers on the ground, places them in a packet of white lead and beats them with the hand, an operation injurious to the health of the lace-cleaner. It also causes the lace to turn black when laid in trunks or wardrobes in contact with flannel or other woollen tissues bleached with sulphur, which discolours the white lead. Bottles containing scent, the sea air, or a heated room, will produce the same disagreeable change, and the colour is with difficulty restored. This custom of powdering yellow lace is of old date. We read in 1782[348]: "On tolère en même temps les dentelles jaunes et fort sales, poudrez-les à blanc pour cacher leur vetusté, dut la fraude paroître, n'importe, vous avez des dentelles vous êtes bien dispensé de la propreté mais non du luxe." Mrs. Delany writes in 1734: "Your head and ruffles are being made up, but Brussels always look yellow;" and she was right, for flax thread soon returns to its natural "crêmée" hue. Yet, "How curled her hair, how clean her Brussels lace!" exclaims the poet.[349] Later, the taste for discoloured lace became general. The "Isabelle" or cream-coloured tint was found to be more becoming than a dazzling white, and our coquettish grandmothers, who prided themselves upon the colour of their point, when not satisfied with the richness of its hue, had their lace dipped in coffee. {122}In the old laces the plat flowers were worked in together with the ground. (Fig. 59.) Application lace was unknown to our ancestors.[350] The making of Brussels lace is so complicated that each process is, as before mentioned, assigned to a different hand, who works only at her special department. The first, termed-- 1. Drocheleuse (Flemish, drocheles), makes the vrai réseau. 2. Dentelière (kantwerkes), the footing. 3. Pointeuse (needlewerkes), the point à l'aiguille flowers. 4. Platteuse (platwerkes), makes the plat flowers. 5. Fonneuse (grondwerkes), is charged with the open work (jours) in the plat. 6. Jointeuse, or attacheuse (lashwerkes), unites the different sections of the ground together. 7. Striqueuse, or appliqueuse (strikes), is charged with the sewing (application) of the flowers upon the ground. The pattern is designed by the head of the fabric, who, having cut the parchment into pieces, hands it out ready pricked. The worker has no reflections to make, no combinations to study. The whole responsibility rests with the master, who selects the ground, chooses the thread, and alone knows the effect to be produced by the whole. The pattern of Brussels lace has always followed the fashion of the day. The most ancient is in the Gothic style (_Gothique pur_), its architectural ornaments resembling a pattern cut out in paper. This style was replaced by the flowing lines which prevailed till the end of the last century. (Fig. 60.) In its turn succeeded the _genre fleuri_ of the First Empire, an assemblage of flowers, sprigs, columns, wreaths, and petits semés, such as spots, crosses, stars, etc. In flowers, the palm and pyramidal forms predominated. Under the Restoration the flowery style remained in fashion, but the palms and pyramids became more rare. Since 1830 great changes have taken place in the patterns, which every year become more elegant and more artistic. [Illustration: Fig. 59. OLD BRUSSELS. (Point d'Angleterre. Bobbin-made, circ. 1750.) _To face page 122._] {123}The lace industry of Brussels is now divided into two branches, the making of detached sprigs, either point or pillow, for application upon the net ground, and the modern _point à l'aiguille gazée_, also called point de Venise, a needlework lace in which the flowers are made simultaneously with the ground, by means of the same thread, as in the old Brussels. It is made in small pieces, the joining concealed by small sprigs or leaves, after the manner of the old point, the same lace-worker executing the whole strip from beginning to end. Point gaze is now brought to the highest perfection, and the specimens in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 were remarkable for the precision of the work, the variety and richness of the "jours," and the clearness of the ground. _Brussels point à l'aiguille, point de gaze_, is the most filmy and delicate of all point lace. Its forms are not accentuated by a raised outline of button-hole stitching, as in point d'Alençon and point d'Argentan, but are simply outlined by a thread. The execution is more open and slight than in early lace, and part of the _toilé_ is made is close, part in open stitch, to give an appearance of shading. The style of the designs is naturalistic. (Plate LII.) "Point Duchesse" is a bobbin lace of fine quality, in which the sprigs resemble Honiton lace united by "brides." Duchesse is a modern name. The work less resembles the old Brussels laces than the "Guipure de Flandre," made at Bruges in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which was much used for cravats, being exceedingly rich and soft in effect. Bobbin lace is sometimes named point Plat; the word point in this case signifies the fine quality of the lace, and has nothing to do with the needle-point. Point Plat appliqué is the name given to Belgian bobbin-made sprigs which are afterwards applied to machine-made net. Bobbin lace is not now made in Brussels itself. Brussels was a favoured lace at the court of the First Empire.[351] When Napoleon and the Empress Marie Louise made their first public entry into the Belgian capital, they {124}gave large orders for albs of the richest point, destined as a present for the Pope. The city, on its part, offered to the Empress a collection of its finest lace, on vrai réseau, of marvellous beauty; also a curtain of Brussels point, emblematic of the birth of the King of Rome, with Cupids supporting the drapery of the cradle. After the battle of Waterloo, Monsieur Troyaux, a manufacturer at Brussels, stopped his lace fabric, and, having turned it into a hospital for forty English soldiers, furnished them with linen, as well as other necessaries, and the attendance of trained nurses. His humane conduct did not go unrewarded; he received a decoration from his sovereign, while his shop was daily crowded with English ladies, who then, and for years after, made a point of purchasing their laces at his establishment when passing through Brussels. Monsieur Troyaux made a large fortune and retired from business.[352] MECHLIN. "And if disputes of empire rise between Mechlin, the Queen of Lace, and Colberteen, 'Tis doubt, 'tis darkness! till suspended Fate Assumes her nod to close the grand debate." --Young, _Love of Fame_. "Now to another scene give place; Enter the Folks with silk and lace, Fresh matter for a world of chat Right Indian this, right Macklin that." --Swift, _Journal of a Modern Lady_. "Mechlin, the finest lace of all!" --Anderson, _Origin of Commerce_. "Rose: Pray, what may this lace be worth a yard? "Balance: Right Mechlin, by this light!" --Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_. [Illustration: Fig. 60. OLD BRUSSELS. (Point d'Angleterre. Formerly belonging to Queen Charlotte.) _To face page 124._] {125}Mechlin is the prettiest of laces, fine, transparent, and effective. It is made in one piece, on the pillow, with various fancy stitches introduced. Its distinguishing feature is the cordonnet or flat silky thread which outlines the pattern, and gives to this lace the character of embroidery (hence it is sometimes called Broderie de Malines[353]); and secondly, the hexagonal mesh of the réseau. "This is made of two threads twisted twice on four sides, and four threads plaited three times on the two other sides. Thus the plait is shorter and the mesh consequently smaller than that of Brussels lace." Mechlin was sometimes grounded with an ornamental réseau called _Fond de neige_, or _Oeil de perdrix_, and also with the six-pointed _Fond Chant_; but these varieties are not common. The earliest Mechlin has the _points d'esprit_, and is very rare. It was made at Mechlin, Antwerp, Lierre and Turnhout, but the manufacture has long been on the decline. In 1834 there were but eight houses where it was fabricated, but at a later date it appears to have partially revived. There was a fine collection of Mechlin lace in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 from Turnhout (Prov. Antwerp), and some other localities. Very little is now manufactured. It is difficult to trace the real point de Malines. Previous to 1665, as elsewhere stated, all Flanders laces, with some exceptions, were known to the French commercial world as "Malines." According to Savary, the laces of Ypres, Bruges, Dunkirk and Courtrai passed at Paris under that name--hence we have in the inventories of the time, "Malines à bride,"[354] as well as "Malines à rézeau."[355] The statute of Charles II. having placed a bar to the introduction of Flanders lace into England, Mechlin neither appears in the advertisements nor inventories of the time. We find mention of this fabric in France as early as Anne of Austria, who is described in the memoirs of Marion {126}de l'Orme as wearing a veil "en frizette de Malines."[356] Again, the Maréchal de la Motte, who died in 1657, has, noted in his inventory,[357] a pair of Mechlin ruffles. Regnard, who visited Flanders in 1681, writes from this city: "The common people here, as throughout all Flanders, occupy themselves in making the white lace known as Malines, and the Béguinage, the most considerable in the country, is supported by the work of the Béguines, in which they excel greatly."[358] When, in 1699, the English prohibition was removed, Mechlin lace became the grand fashion, and continued so during the succeeding century. Queen Mary anticipated the repeal by some years, for, in 1694, she purchased two yards of knotted fringe for her Mechlin ruffles,[359] which leads us to hope she had brought the lace with her from Holland; though, as early as 1699, we have advertised in the _London Gazette_, August 17th to 21st: "Lost from Barker's coach a deal box containing," among other articles, "a waistcoat and Holland shirt, both laced with Mecklin lace." Queen Anne purchased it largely; at least, she paid in 1713[360] £247 6s. 9d. for eighty-three yards, either to one Margaret Jolly or one Francis Dobson, "Millenario Regali"--the Royal Milliner, as he styles himself. George I. indulges in a "Macklin" cravat.[361] "It is impossible," says Savary about this time, "to imagine how much Mechlin lace is annually purchased by France and Holland, and in England it has always held the highest favour." Of the beau of 1727 it is said: "Right Macklin must twist round his bosom and wrists." PLATE XXXIX. [Illustration: MECHLIN.--Four specimens of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Arranged by age, the oldest at the top. The upper one is the end of a lappet, the property of Mr. Arthur Blackborne. Width about 3½ in. Widths of smaller pieces, 1¾ in., lower 2½ in. Photos by A. Dryden.] _To face page 126._ {127}While Captain Figgins of the 67th, a dandy of the first water, is described, like the naval puppy of Smollett in _Roderick Random_, "his hair powdered with maréchal, a cambric shirt, his Malines lace dyed with coffee-grounds." Towards 1755 the fashion seems to have been on the decline in England. "All the town," writes Mr. Calderwood, "is full of convents; Mechlin lace is all made there; I saw a great deal, and very pretty and cheap. They talk of giving up the trade, as the English, upon whom they depended, have taken to the wearing of French blondes. The lace merchants employ the workers and all the town with lace. Though they gain but twopence halfpenny daily, it is a good worker who will finish a Flemish yard (28 inches) in a fortnight." [Illustration: Fig. 61. MECHLIN.--(Period Louis XVI.)] Mechlin is essentially a summer lace, not becoming in itself, but charming when worn over colour. It found great favour at the court of the Regent, as the inventories of the period attest. Much of this lace, judging from these accounts, was made in the style of the modern insertion, with an edging on both sides, "campané," and, being light in texture, was well adapted for the gathered trimmings, later termed[362] "quilles," now better known as "plissés à la {128}vieille."[363] Mechlin can never have been used as a "dentelle de grande toilette"; it served for coiffures de nuit, garnitures de corset, ruffles and cravats.[364] Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, describing an admirer, writes: "With eager beat his Mechlin cravat moves-- He loves, I whisper to myself, he loves!" [Illustration: Fig. 62. MECHLIN.--(Formerly belonging to H. M. Queen Charlotte.)] It was the favourite lace of Queen Charlotte (Fig. 62) and of the Princess Amelia. Napoleon I. was also a great admirer of this fabric, and when he first saw the light Gothic tracery of the cathedral spire of Antwerp, he exclaimed, "C'est comme de la dentelle de Malines." [Illustration: PLATE XL. MECHLIN.--Three specimens of last half of eighteenth century. Victoria and Albert Museum. Width, 5 in. Photos by A. Dryden from Mrs. Ellis' Collection. Width, 4 ½ in. Width, 4 in.] _To face page 123._ {129}ANTWERP. "At Antwerp, bought some ruffles of our agreeable landlady, and set out at 2 o'clock for Brussels."--_Tour_, by G. L., 1767. Before finishing our account of the laces of Brabant, we must touch upon the produce of Antwerp, which, though little differing from that of the adjoining towns, seems at one time to have been known in the commercial world.[365] In the year 1560 we have no mention of lace among the fabrics of Antwerp, at that period already flourishing, unless it be classed under the head of "mercery, fine and rare."[366] The cap, however, of an Antwerp lady[367] of that period is decorated with the fine lace of geometric pattern. (Fig. 63.) As early as 1698 the _Flying Postman_ advertises as follows: "Yesterday, was dropped between the Mitre Tavern and the corner of Princes-street, five yards and better of Antwerp lace, pinner breadth. One guinea reward." According to Savary, much lace without ground, "dentelle sans fond," a guipure of large flowers united by "brides," was fabricated in all the towns of Brabant for especial exportation to the Spanish Indies, where the "Gothic" taste continued in favour up to a very late period. These envoys {130}were expedited first to Cadiz, and there disposed of. In 1696, we find in a seizure made by Monsieur de la Bellière, on the high seas, "2181 pieces de dentelles grossières à l'Espagnole assorties."[368] (Plate XLI.) Since the cessation of this Spanish market, Antwerp lace would have disappeared from the scene had it not been for the attachment evinced by the old people for one pattern, which has been worn on their caps from generation to generation, generally known by the name of "pot lace" (potten kant). It is made in the Béguinages of three qualities, mostly "fond double." The pattern has always a vase (Fig. 64), varied according to fancy.[369] Antwerp now makes Brussels lace. [Illustration: Fig. 63. A LADY OF ANTWERP.--(Ob. 1598. After Crispin de Passe.)] One of the earliest pattern-books, that printed by Vorsterman[370]--the title in English--was published at Antwerp, but it only contains patterns for Spanish stitch and other embroidery--no lace. There is no date affixed to the title-page, which is ornamented with six woodcuts representing women, and one a man, working at frames. This work is most rare; the only copy known may be found in the Library of the Arsenal at Paris. [Illustration: Fig. 64. ANTWERP POT LACE (Potten Kant). _To face page 130._] {131}Turnhout, which with Antwerp and Mechlin form the three divisions of the modern province of Antwerp, seems to have largely manufactured lace up to the present century; as we find in 1803, out of forty lace thread and lace fabrics in the province, there were thirteen at Antwerp, twelve at Turnhout, and nine at Malines.[371] Turnhout now produces Mechlin. FLANDERS (WEST). The most important branch of the pillow-lace trade in Belgium is the manufacture of Valenciennes, which, having expired in its native city, has now spread over East and West Flanders. The art was originally imported into Flanders from French Hainault in the seventeenth century. As early as 1656, Ypres began to make Valenciennes lace. When, in 1684, a census was made by order of Louis XIV., there were only three forewomen[372] and sixty-three lace-makers. In 1850, there were from 20,000 to 22,000 in Ypres and its environs alone. The productions of Ypres are of the finest quality and most elaborate in their workmanship. On a piece not two inches wide, from 200 to 300 bobbins are employed, and for the larger widths as many as 800 or more are used on the same pillow. In the exhibition of 1867, one exhibited with the lace in progress had 1,200 bobbins,[373] while in the International Exhibition of 1874 there were no less than 8,000 bobbins on a Courtrai pillow used for making a parasol cover. The ground is in large clear squares, which admirably throws up the even tissue of the patterns. In these there was little variety until 1833, when a manufacturer[374] adopted a clear {132}wire ground with bold flowing designs, instead of the thick _treille_[375] and scanty flowers of the old laces. (Fig. 65.) The change was accepted by fashion, and the Valenciennes lace of Ypres has now attained a high degree of perfection. Courtrai has made great advances towards rivalling Ypres in its productions. [Illustration: Fig. 65. VALENCIENNES LACE OF YPRES.] Not a hundred years since, when the laces of Valenciennes prospered, those of Belgium were designated as "fausses Valenciennes." Belgium has now the monopoly to a commercial value of more than £800,000.[376] The other principal centres of the manufacture are Bruges, Courtrai, and Menin in West, Ghent and Alost in East, Flanders. When Peuchet wrote in the eighteenth century, he cites "les dentelles à l'instar de Valenciennes" of Courtrai as being in favour, and generally sought after both in England and France, while those of Bruges are merely alluded to as "passing for Mechlin." From this it may be inferred the tide had not then flowed so far north. The Valenciennes of Bruges, from its round ground, has never enjoyed a high reputation. PLATE XLI. [Illustration: FLEMISH. FLAT SPANISH BOBBIN LACE.--Made in Flanders. Seventeenth century. From a photo the property of A. Dryden.] _To face page 132._ {133}In forming the ground, the bobbins are only twisted twice, while in those of Ypres and Alost, the operation is performed four and five times.[377] The oftener the bobbins are twisted the clearer and more esteemed is the Valenciennes. The "guipure de Flandres" made at Bruges in "point plat" is now in high repute, and has proved from its low price a formidable rival to Honiton, which it resembles, but the workmanship is coarser and inferior than in the best Honiton. It is of a brilliant white, and composed of bobbin-made flowers united by _barettes_ or _brides à picot_. In the _L'Industrie Dentellière Belge_ (1860), it is stated that West Flanders has now 180 fabrics and 400 lace schools. Of these, 157 are the property of religious communities, and number upwards of 30,000 apprentices.[378] FLANDERS (EAST). No traveller has passed through the city of Ghent for the last hundred years without describing the Béguinage and its lace school. "The women," writes the author of the _Grand Tour_, 1756, "number nigh 5,000, go where they please, and employ their time in weaving lace." Savary cites the "fausses Valenciennes," which he declares to equal the real in beauty. "They are," continues he, "moins serrées, un peu moins solides, et un peu moins chères." The best account, however, we have of the Ghent manufactures is contained in a letter addressed to Sir John Sinclair by Mr. Hey Schoulthem in 1815. "The making of lace," he writes, "at the time the French entered the Low Countries, employed a considerable number of people of both sexes, and great activity prevailed in Ghent. The lace was chiefly for daily use; it was sold in Holland, France and England. A large quantity of 'sorted' laces of a peculiar quality were exported to Spain and the colonies. It is to be feared that, after an interruption of twenty years, this lucrative branch of commerce will be at an end: the changes of fashion have even reached the West Indian colonists, {134}whose favourite ornaments once consisted of Flemish laces[379] and fringes. These laces were mostly manufactured in the charitable institutions for poor girls, and by old women whose eyes did not permit them to execute a finer work. As for the young girls, the quality of these Spanish laces, and the facility of their execution, permitted the least skilful to work them with success, and proved a means of rendering them afterwards excellent workwomen. At present, the best market for our laces is in France; a few also are sent to England." He continues to state that, since the interruption of the commerce with Spain, to which Ghent formerly belonged, the art has been replaced by a trade in cotton; but that cotton-weaving spoils the hand of the lace-makers, and, if continued, would end by annihilating the lace manufacture.[380] Grammont and Enghien formerly manufactured a cheap white thread lace, now replaced by the making of laces of black silk. This industry was introduced towards 1840 by M. Lepage, and black silk and cotton-thread lace is now made at Grammont, Enghien, and Oudenarde in the southern part of Eastern Flanders. The lace of Grammont is remarkable for its regularity, the good quality of its silk, and its low price, but its grounds are coarse, and the patterns want relief and solidity, and the bobbins are more often twisted in making the ground, which deprives it of its elasticity. Grammont makes no small pieces, but shawls, dresses, etc., principally for the American market. The "industrie dentellière" of East Flanders is now most flourishing. In 1869 it boasted 200 fabrics directed by the laity, and 450 schools under the superintendence of the nuns. Even in the poor-houses (hospices) every woman capable of using a bobbin passes her day in lace-making. HAINAULT. The laces of Mons and those once known as "les figures de Chimay" both in the early part of the eighteenth century enjoyed a considerable reputation. Mrs. Palliser, on visiting Chimay in 1874, could find no traces of the manufacture beyond an aged lace-maker, an inmate of the hospice, who made black lace--"point de Paris"--and who said that until lately Brussels lace had also been made at Chimay. PLATE XLII. [Illustration: FLEMISH. GUIPURE DE FLANDRE, BOBBIN-MADE.--Seventeenth century. In the Musée Cinquantenaire, Brussels.] _To face page 134._ {135}The first Binche lace has the character of Flanders lace, so it has been supposed that the women who travelled from Ghent in the train of Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles le Téméraire, created the taste for lace at Binche, and that the stay of the great ladies, on their visits to the royal lady of the manor, made the fortune of the lace-makers. Afterwards there was much traffic between the lace-workers of Brussels and Binche, and there is a great resemblance between the laces of the two towns. Sometimes the latter is less light, richer, and more complex in effect, and the design is closely sprinkled with open-work, the ground varied and contrasted. Binche was, as early as 1686, the subject of a royal edict, leading one to infer that the laces it produced were of some importance. In the said edict, the roads of Verviers, Gueuse, and Le Catelet, to those persons coming from Binche, are pronounced "faux passages."[381] Savary esteems the products of this little village. The same laces, he adds, are made in all the _monastères_ of the province, that are partly maintained by the gains. The lace is good, equal to that of Brabant and Flanders. The characteristic peculiarities of Binche are, that there is either no cordonnet at all outlining the pattern, or that the cordonnet is scarcely a thicker thread than that which makes the _toilé_.[382] The design itself is very indefinite, and is practically the same as the early Valenciennes laces. Varieties of the _fond de neige_ ground were used instead of the regular _réseau_ ground. Dentelle de Binche appears to have been much in vogue in the last century. It is mentioned in the inventory of the Duchesse de Modène,[383] daughter of the Regent, 1761; and in that of Mademoiselle de Charollais, 1758, who has a "couvrepied, mantelet, garniture de robe, jupon," etc., all of the same lace. In the _Misérables_ of Victor Hugo, the old grandfather routs out {136}from a cupboard "une ancienne garniture de guipure de Binche" for Cosette's wedding-dress.[384] The Binche application flowers have already been noticed. The lace industry of Binche will soon be only a memory. But before 1830 it "was a hive of lace-makers, and the bees of this hive earned so much money by making lace that their husbands could go and take a walk without a care for the morrow," as it is curiously phrased in an account of Binche and its lace. (Plate XLIII.) We have now named the great localities for lace-making throughout the Low Countries. Some few yet remain unmentioned. The needle-point of Liège should be mentioned among the Flanders laces. At the Cathedral of Liège there is still to be seen a flounce of an alb unequalled for the richness and variety of its design and its perfection. Liège in her days of ecclesiastical grandeur carried on the lace trade like the rest.[385] We read, in 1620, of "English Jesuitesses at Liège, who seem to care as much for politics as for lace-making."[386] An early pattern-book, that of Jean de Glen, a transcript of Vinciolo, was published in that city in 1597. It bears the mark of his printing-press--three acorns with the motto, "Cuique sua præmia," and is dedicated to Madame Loyse de Perez. He concludes a complimentary dedication to the lady with the lines:-- "Madame, dont l'esprit modestement subtil, Vigoureux, se délecte en toutes choses belles, Prenez de bonne part ces nouvelles modelles Que vous offre la main de ce maistre gentil." He states that he has travelled and brought back from Italy some patterns, without alluding to Vinciolo. At the end, in a chapter of good advice to young ladies, after exhorting them to "salutairement passer la journée, tant pour l'âme que pour le corps," he winds up that he is aware that other exercises, such as stretching the hands and feet, "se frotter un peu les points des bras," and combing the hair, are good for the health; that to wash the hands occasionally in cold water is both "civil et honnête," etc. [Illustration: PLATE XLIII. BINCHE.--Width, 2-1/8 in.] [Illustration: PLATE XLIV. BELGIAN, BOBBIN-MADE. MARCHE.--End of eighteenth century. In the Musée Cinquantenaire, Brussels.] BELGIAN, BOBBIN-MADE. PLATE XLV. [Illustration: DRAWN AND EMBROIDERED MUSLIN, resembling fine lace.--Flemish work. End of eighteenth century. Width, 2½ in., not including the modern heading. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 136._ {137}"Dentelles de Liège, fines et grosses de toutes sortes," are mentioned with those of Lorraine and Du Comté (Franche-Comté) in the tariff fixed by a French edict of September 18th, 1664.[387] Mrs. Calderwood, who visited Liège in 1756, admires the point-edging to the surplices of the canons, which, she remarks, "have a very genteel appearance." The manufacture had declined at Liège, in 1802, when it is classed by the French Commissioners among the "fabriques moins considérables," and the lace-makers of the Rue Pierreuse, who made a "garniture étroite"--the "caïeteresses"[388]--had died out in 1881. The same work is now carried on at Laroche.[389] The lace products of St. Trond, in the province of Limburgh, appear by the report of the French Commission of 1803 to have been of some importance. Lace, they say, is made at St. Trond, where from 800 to 900 are so employed, either at their own homes or in the workshops of the lace-manufacturers. The laces resemble those of Brussels and Mechlin, and although they have a lesser reputation in commerce, several descriptions are made, and about 8,000 metres are produced of laces of first quality, fetching from twelve to fourteen francs the metre. These laces are chiefly made for exportation, and are sold mostly in Holland and at the Frankfort fairs. The report concludes by stating that the vicissitudes of war, in diminishing the demand for objects of luxury, has much injured the trade; and also suggests that some provisions should be made to stop the abuses arising from the bad faith of the lace-makers, who often sell the materials given them to work with.[390][391] {138}Many of the Belgian churches have lace among the _trésors d'église_. A great number of the convents also possess beautiful lace, for girls who have been educated in them often give their bridal lace, after their marriage, to the chapel of the convent. At Bruges, an ancient turreted house of the fifteenth century, the Gruuthus mansion, now restored, contains one of the finest collections of lace in the world--a collection of Flemish laces presented to the town by the Baroness Liedts. Bruges itself, and the country round, is full of lace-workers, some working in factories or _ateliers_ at the guipure de Flandres, others working at the coarse cheap torchon, sitting in the sun by the quiet canal-sides, or in the stone-cobbled lanes of the old city, where their house-door opens into a room as dark and narrow as a fox-earth, and leading a life so poor that English competition in the cheaper forms of lace is impossible. Within the last few years the immense development of the Belgian lace trade has overthrown the characteristic lace of each city. Lace, white and black, point and pillow, may at the present time be met with in every province of the now flourishing kingdom of Belgium.[392] {139}CHAPTER VIII. FRANCE TO LOUIS XIV. "Il est une déesse inconstante, incommode, Bizarre dans ses goûts, folle en ses ornements, Qui parait, fuit, revient, et renaît, en tout temps: Protée était son père, et son nom est la mode."--Voltaire. "To-day the French All clinquant, all in gold."--Shakespeare. To the Italian influences of the sixteenth century France owes the fashion for points coupés and lace.[393] It was under the Valois and the Médicis that the luxury of embroidery, laces of gold, silver, and thread, attained its greatest height, and point coupé was as much worn at that epoch, as were subsequently the points of Italy and Flanders. Ruffs and cuffs, according to Quicherat, first appeared in France in 1540. The ruff or fraise, as it was termed from its fancied resemblance to the caul[394] or frill of the calf, first {140}adopted by Henry II. to conceal a scar, continued in favour with his sons. The Queen-mother herself wore mourning from the day of the King's death; no decoration therefore appears upon her wire-mounted ruff,[395] but the fraises of her family and the _escadron volante_ are profusely trimmed with the geometric work of the period, and the making of laces and point coupé was the favourite employment of her court. It is recorded that the girls and servants of her household consumed much time in making squares of _réseuil_, and Catherine de Médicis had a bed draped with these squares of _réseuil_ or _lacis_. Catherine encouraged dress and extravagance, and sought by brilliant fêtes to turn people's minds from politics. In this she was little seconded either by her husband or gloomy son, King Charles; but Henry III. and his "mignons frisés et fraisés" were tricked out in garments of the brightest colours--toques and toquets, pearl necklaces and earrings. The ruff was the especial object of royal interest. With his own hand he used the poking-sticks and adjusted the plaits. "Gaudronneur des collets de sa femme" was the soubriquet bestowed on him by the satirists of the day.[396] By 1579 the ruffs of the French court had attained such an outrageous size, "un tiers d'aulne,"[397] in depth that the wearers could scarcely turn their heads.[398] "Both men and women wore them intolerably large, being a quarter of a yard deep and twelve lengths in a ruff," writes Stone. In London the fashion was termed the "French ruff"; in France, on the other hand, it was the "English monster." Blaise de Viginière describes them as "gadrooned like organ-pipes, contorted or crinkled like cabbages, and as big as the sails of a windmill." So absurd was the effect, the {141}journalist of Henry III.[399] declares "they looked like the head of John the Baptist in a charger." Nor could they eat so encumbered. It is told how Reine Margot one day, when seated at dinner, was compelled to send for a spoon with a handle two feet in length wherewith to eat her soup.[400] These monstrosities, "so stiffened that they cracked like paper,"[401] found little favour beyond the precincts of the Louvre. They were caricatured by the writers of the day; and when, in 1579, Henry III. appeared thus attired at the fair of St. Germain, he was met by a band of students decked out in large paper cuffs, shouting, "À la fraise on connoit le veau"--for which impertinence the King sent them to prison.[402] Suddenly, at the Court of Henry, the fraise gave way to the rabat, or turn-down collar.[403] In vain were sumptuary edicts issued against luxury.[404] The court set a bad example; and in 1577, at the meeting of the States of Blois, Henry wore on his own dress four thousand yards of pure gold lace. His successor, Henry IV., issued several fresh ordinances[405] against "clinquants [406] et dorures." Touching the last, Regnier, the satirist, writes:-- "A propos, on m'a dit Que contre les clinquants le roy faict un edict."[407] Better still, the King tried the effect of example: he wore a coat of grey cloth with a doublet of taffety, without either {142}trimming or lace--a piece of economy little appreciated by the public. His dress, says an author, "sentait des misères de la Ligue." Sully, anxious to emulate the simplicity of the King, laughed at those "qui portoient leurs moulins et leurs bois de haute futaie sur leurs dos."[408] "It is necessary," said he, "to rid ourselves of our neighbours' goods, which deluge the country." So he prohibited, under pain of corporal punishment, any more dealings with the Flemish merchants. But edicts failed to put down point coupé; Reine Margot, Madame Gabrielle, and Bassompierre were too strong for him. The Wardrobe Accounts of Henry's first queen are filled with entries of point coupé and "passements à l'aiguille";[409] and though Henry usually wore the silk-wrought shirts of the day,[410] we find in the inventory of his wife one entered as trimmed with cut-work.[411] Wraxall declares to have seen exhibited at a booth on the Boulevart de Bondy, the shirt worn by Henry when assassinated. "It is ornamented," he writes, "with a broad lace round the collar and breast. The two wounds inflicted by the assassin's knife are plainly visible."[412] PLATE XLVI. [Illustration: RUFF, EDGED WITH LACE.--In the Musée de Cluny, Paris.] _To face page 142._ {143}In the inventory[413] made at the death of Madame Gabrielle, the fair Duchesse de Beaufort, we find entered sleeves and towels of point couppé, with fine handkerchiefs, gifts of the King to be worn at court, of such an extraordinary value that Henry requires them to be straightway restored to him. In the same list appears the duchess's bed of ivory,[414] with hangings for the room of rézeuil.[415] The Chancellor Herault,[416] who died at the same period, was equally extravagant in his habits; while the shirts of the combatants in the duel between M. de Crequy and Don Philippe de Savoie are specially vaunted as "toutes garnies du plus fin et du plus riche point coupé qu'on eust pu trouver dans ce temps là, auquel le point de Gennes et de Flandres n'estoient pas en usage."[417] The enormous collarette, rising behind her head like a {144}fan, of Mary de Médicis, with its edgings of fine lace, are well known to the admirers of Rubens:-- "Cinq colets de dentelle haute de demy-piè L'un sur l'autre montez, qui ne vont qu'a moitié De celuys de dessus, car elle n'est pas leste, Si le premier ne passe une paulme la teste."[418] On the accession of Louis XIII, luxury knew no bounds. The Queen Regent was magnificent by nature, while Richelieu, anxious to hasten the ruin of the nobles, artfully encouraged their prodigality. But Mary was compelled to repress this taste for dress. The courtiers importuned her to increase their pensions, no longer sufficient for the exigencies of the day. The Queen, at her wits' end, published in 1613 a "Réglement pour les superfluités des habits," prohibiting all lace and embroidery.[419] France had early sent out books of patterns for cut-work and lace. That of Francisque Pelegrin was published at Paris in the reign of Francis I. Six were printed at Lyons alone. The four earlier have no date,[420] the two others bear those of 1549[421] and 1585.[422] It was to these first that Vinciolo so contemptuously alludes in his dedication, "Aux Benevolles Lecteurs," saying, "Si les premiers ouvrages que vous avez vus out engendré quelque fruit et utilité je m'assure que les miens en produiront davantage." Various editions of Vinciolo were printed at Paris from 1587 to 1623; the earlier dedicated to Queen Louise de Lorraine; a second to Catherine de Bourbon, sister of Henry IV.; the last to Anne of Austria. The _Pratique de Leguille de Milour M. Mignerak_ was published by the same printer, 1605; and we have another work, termed _Bèle Prerie_, also printed at Paris, bearing date 1601.[423] The points of Italy and Flanders now first appear at court, and the Church soon adopted the prevailing taste for the decoration of her altars and her prelates.[424] PLATE XLVII. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. FLOUNCE, BOBBIN-MADE.--Late seventeenth century. Given by Madame de Maintenon to Fénélon, Archbishop of Cambrai. Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Height, 2 ft. 2 in.] _To face page 146._ {145}The ruff is finally discarded and replaced by the "col rabattu," with its deep-scalloped border of point. The "manchettes à revers" are trimmed in the same manner, and the fashion even extends to the tops of the boots. Of these lace-trimmed boots the favourite, Cinq-Mars, left three hundred pairs at his death, 1642. From his portrait, after Lenain, which hangs in the Gallery of Versailles, we give one of these boots (Fig. 66), and his rich collerette of Point de Gênes (Fig. 67). [Illustration: Fig. 66. CINQ-MARS.--(M. de Versailles.)] The garters, now worn like a scarf round the knee, have the ends adorned with point. A large rosette of lace completes the costume of the epoch (Fig. 68). {146}Gold lace shared the favour of the thread fabric on gloves,[425] garters and shoes.[426] "De large taftas la jartière parée Aux bouts de demy-pied de dentelle dorée."[427] The cuffs, collars of the ladies either falling back or rising behind their shoulders in double tier, caps, aprons descending to their feet (Fig. 69), are also richly decorated with lace. [Illustration: Fig. 67. CINQ-MARS.--(After his portrait by Le Nain. M. de Versailles.)] The contemporary engravings of Abraham Bosse and Callot faithfully portray the fashions of this reign. In the Prodigal Son, of Abraham Bosse, the mother, waiting his {147}return, holds out to her repentant boy a collar trimmed with the richest point. The Foolish Virgins weep in lace-trimmed handkerchiefs, and the table-cloth of the rich man, as well as his dinner-napkins, are similarly adorned. Again, the Accouchée recovers in a cap of Italian point under a coverlet of the same. At the Retour de Baptême, point adorns the christening-dress of the child and the surplice of the priest. When, in 1615, Louis XIII. married Anne of Austria, the collerettes of the Queen-Mother were discarded--the reign of Italy was at an end--all was now à l'éspagnole and the court of Castile. [Illustration: Fig. 68. LACE ROSE AND GARTER.--(After Abraham Bosse.)] The prodigality of the nobles[428] having called down royal ordinances on their heads,[429] these new edicts bring forth {148}fresh satires, in which the author deplores the prohibition of cut-work and lace:-- "Ces points couppez, passemens et dentelles, Las! que venaient de l'Isle et de Bruxelles, Sont maintenant descriez, avilis, Et sans faveur gisent ensevelis;"[430] but "Pour vivre heureux et à la mode Il faut que chacun accommode Ses habits aux editz du roi." [Illustration: Fig. 69. YOUNG LADY'S APRON, TIME OF HENRY III.--(After Gaignières. Bib. Nat. Grav.)] Edict now follows on edict.[431] One known as the Code Michaud, entering into the most minute regulations for the toilet, especially excited the risibility of the people. It was never carried out. The caricatures of this period are admirable: one represents a young courtier fresh rigged in his {149}plain-bordered linen, according to the ordinance. His _valet de chambre_ is about to lock up his laced suit:-- "C'est avec regret que mon maître Quitte ses beaux habillemens Semés de riches passemens."[432] Another engraving of Abraham Bosse shows a lady of fashion with her lace discarded and dressed in plain linen cuffs and collar:-- "Quoique l'âge assez de beauté Pour asseurer sans vanité Qu'il n'est point de femme plus belle Il semble pourtant, à mes yeux, Qu'avec de l'or et la dantelle Je m'ajuste encore bien mieux." Alluding to the plain-bordered collars now ordered by the prohibition of 1639, the "Satyrique de la Court" sings:-- "Naguères l'on n'osoit hanter les damoiselles Que l'on n'eust le colet bien garni de dentelles; Maintenant on se rit et se moque de ceux là Qui desirent encore paroistre avec cela. Les fraises et colets à bord sont en usage, Sans faire mention de tous en dentellage." France at this time paying large sums to Italy and Flanders for lace, the wearing of it is altogether prohibited, under pain of confiscation and a fine of 6,000 livres.[433] The Queen-Mother, regardless of edicts, has over _passements d'or_ and all sorts of forbidden articles, "pour servir à la layette que sa majesté à envoyé en Angleterre."[434] Within scarce one year of each other passed away Marie de Médicis, Richelieu, and Louis XIII. The King's effigy was exposed on its "lit de parade vêtue d'une chemise de toile de Hollande avec de tres belles dantelles de point de Gennes au collet et aux manches."[435]--So say the chroniclers. {150}CHAPTER IX. LOUIS XIV. The courtiers of the Regency under Anne of Austria vied with the Frondeurs in extravagance. The latter, however, had the best of it. "La Fronde," writes Joly, "devint tellement à la mode qu'il n'y avoit rien de bien fait qu'on ne dist être de la Fronde. Les étoffes, les dentelles, etc., jusqu'au pain,--rien n'estoit ni bon, ni bien si n'estoit à la Fronde."[436] Nor was the Queen Regent herself less profuse in her indulgence in lace. She is represented in her portraits with a berthe of rich point, her beautiful hand encircled by a double-scalloped cuff (Fig. 70). The boot-tops had now reached an extravagant size. One writer compares them to the farthingales of the ladies, another to an inverted torch. The lords of the Regent's court filled up the apertures with two or three rows of Genoa point (Fig. 71). In 1653,[437] we find Mazarin, while engaged in the siege of a city, holding a grave correspondence with his secretary Colbert concerning the purchase of some points from Flanders, Venice, and Genoa. He considers it advisable to advance thirty or forty thousand livres "à ces achapts," adding, that by making the purchases in time he will derive great advantage in the price; but as he hopes the siege will soon be at an end, they may wait his arrival at Paris for his final decision.[438] PLATE XLVIII. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. BOBBIN-MADE.--Period Louis XIV., 1643-1715. In the Musée Cinquantenaire, Brussels.] PLATE XLIX. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. POINT D'ANGLETERRE À RÉSEAU.--Eighteenth century. Widths, 2 in. and 3½ in. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 150._ {151}[Illustration: Fig. 70. ANNE OF AUSTRIA.--(M. de Versailles.)] Colbert again writes, November 25th, pressing his Eminence on account of the "quantité de mariages qui se feront l'hyver." A passage in Tallemant des Réaux would lead one to suppose these laces were destined as patterns for the improvement of French manufactures. "Per mostra di farne in Francia," as the Cardinal expressed himself. Certainly in the inventory of Mazarin[439] there are no mention of Italian points, no lace coverlets to his "Lict d'ange moire tabizée, couleur de rose chamarrée de {152}dentelles d'or et d'argent." We may almost imagine that the minister and his secretary combined were already meditating the establishment of Points de France. In this reign, fresh sumptuary ordinances are issued. That of November 27th, 1660, is the most important of all,[440] and is highly commended by Sganarelle in the "Ecole des Maris" of Molière which appeared the following year:-- "Oh! trois et quatre fois soit béni cet édit, Par qui des vêtemens le luxe est interdit; Les peines des maris ne seront pas si grandes, Et les femmes auront un frein à leurs demandes. Oh! que je sais au roi bon gré de ses décrets; Et que, pour le repos de ces mêmes maris, Je voudrais bien qu'on fit de la coquetterie Comme de la guipure et de la broderie." [Illustration: Fig. 71. A COURTIER OF THE REGENCY.--(After Abraham Bosse.)] This ordinance, after prohibiting all foreign "passemens, points de Gênes, points coupés," etc., or any French laces or passements exceeding an inch in width, allows the use of the "collerettes and manchettes" persons already possess for the space of one year, after which period they are only to be trimmed with a lace made in the kingdom, not exceeding an {153}inch in width. The ordinance then goes on to attack the "canons," which it states have been introduced into the kingdom, with "un excès de dépense insupportable, par la quantité de passemens, points de Venise et Gênes," with which they are loaded.[441] Their use of them is now entirely prohibited, unless made of plain linen or of the same stuff as the coat, without lace or any ornament. The lace-trimmed "canons" of Louis XIV., as represented in the picture of his interview with Philip IV., in the Island of Pheasants, previous to his marriage, 1660 (Fig. 72), give a good idea of these extravagant appendages. These "Canons à trois étages A leurs jambes faisoient d'ombrages."[442] And, what was worse, they would cost 7,000 livres a pair. "At the Court of France," writes Savinière, "people think nothing of buying rabats, manchettes, or canons to the value of 13,000 crowns."[443] These canons, with their accompanying rheingraves, which after the prohibition of Venice point were adorned with the new productions of France, suddenly disappeared. In 1682, the _Mercure_ announces, "Les canons et les rheingraves deviennent tout à fait hors de mode." At the marriage of the young King with the Infanta, 1660, black lace,[444] probably in compliment to the Spanish[445] {154}court, came into favour, the nobles of the King's suite wearing doublets of gold and silver brocade, "ornés," says the _Chronique_,[446] "de dentelles noires d'un point recherché."[447] The same writer, describing the noviciate of La Vallière at the Carmelites, writes, "Les dames portoient des robes de brocard d'or, d'argent, ou d'azur, par dessus lesquelles elles avoient jetées d'autres robes et dentelles noires transparentes."[448] Under Louis XIV., the gold and silver points of Spain and Aurillac rivalled the thread fabrics of Flanders and Italy; but towards the close of the century,[449] we are informed, they have fallen from fashion into the "domaine du vulgaire." The ordinance of 1660 had but little effect, for various others are issued in the following years with the oft-repeated prohibitions of the points of Genoa and Venice.[450] But edicts were of little avail. No royal command could compel people to substitute the coarse inferior laces of France[451] for the fine artistic productions of her sister countries. Colbert therefore wisely adopted another expedient. He determined to develop the lace-manufacture of France, and to produce fabrics which should rival the coveted points of Italy and Flanders, so that if fortunes were lavished upon these luxuries, at all events the money should not be sent out of the kingdom to procure them. He therefore applied to Monseigneur de Bonzy, Bishop of Béziers, then Ambassador at Venice, who replied that in Venice "all the convents and poor families make a living out of this lace-making." In another letter he writes to the minister, "Je vois que vous seriez bien aise d'establir dans le royaume la manufacture des points de Venise, ce qui se pourrait faire en envoyant d'icy quelques filles des meilleures ouvrières qui pussent instruire celles de France avec le temps."[452] [Illustration: Fig. 72. CANONS OF LOUIS XIV.--(M. de Versailles, 1660.) _To face page 154._] {155}Monseigneur de Bonzy's suggestion was accepted, and a few years later (1673) Colbert writes to M. le Comte d'Avaux, who succeeded M. de Bonzy as ambassador at Venice: "I have gladly received the collar of needlepoint lace worked in relief that you have sent me, and I find it very beautiful. I shall have it compared with those new laces being made by our own lace-makers, although I may tell you beforehand that as good specimens are now made in this kingdom."[453] Alençon, an old lace-making centre, was chosen as the seat of the new manufacture.[454] Favier-Duboulay writes to Colbert that, before the introduction of the new points de France, lace-making was to the peasants "une manne, et une vraie bénédiction du ciel, qui s'est espandue sur tout ce pays." The art had spread far and wide through the district about Alençon; children of seven years of age and aged men earned their daily bread by it, and the shepherdesses worked at their lace while herding their flocks. {156}[Illustration: Fig. 73. CHÂTEAU DE LONRAI, DÉP. ORNE.] M. Odolent Desnos gives the following account of the invention and establishment of point d'Alençon:--[455] "In 1665, at the recommendation of the Sieur Ruel, he (Colbert) selected a Madame Gilbert, a native of Alençon, already acquainted with the manner of making Venice point, and making her an advance of 50,000 crowns, established her at his château of Lonrai (Fig. 73), near Alençon, with thirty forewomen, whom he had, at great expense, caused to be brought over from Venice. In a short time Madame Gilbert arrived at Paris with the first specimens of her fabric. The king, inspired by Colbert with a desire to see the work, during supper at Versailles announced to his courtiers he had just established a manufacture of point more beautiful than that of Venice, and appointed a day when he would inspect the specimens. The laces were artistically arranged over the walls of a room hung with crimson damask, and shown to the best advantage. The king expressed himself delighted. He ordered a large sum to be given to Madame Gilbert, and desired that no other lace should appear at court except the new fabric, upon which he bestowed the name of point de France.[456] Scarcely had Louis retired than the courtiers eagerly stripped the room of its contents. The approval of the monarch was the fortune of Alençon: point de France adopted by court etiquette, the wearing of it became compulsory. All who had the privilege of the 'casaque bleue'--all who were received at Versailles or were attached to the royal household, could only appear, the ladies in trimmings and headdresses, the gentlemen in ruffles and cravats of the royal manufacture." PLATE L. [Illustration: CHENILLE RUN ON A BOBBIN GROUND.--Taken from an early eighteenth century Court dress, and typical of a French dress passementerie of that date. About half size.] PLATE LI. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. BOBBIN-MADE.--Early eighteenth century. Width, 3 in. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 156._ {157}Unfortunately for this story, the Château de Lonrai came into the family of Colbert fourteen years after the establishment of the lace-industry at Alençon,[457] and the name of Gilbert is not found in any of the documents relating to the establishment of point de France, nor in the correspondence of Colbert.[458] An ordinance of August 5th, 1665, founded upon a large scale the manufacture of points de France,[459] with an exclusive privilege for ten years and a grant of 36,000 {158}francs. A company was formed,[460] its members rapidly increased, and in 1668 the capital amounted to 22,000 livres. Eight directors were appointed at salaries of 12,000 livres a year to conduct the manufacture, and the company held its sittings in the Hôtel de Beaufort at Paris. The first distribution of profits took place in October, 1669, amounting to fifty per cent. upon each share. In 1670 a fresh distribution took place, and 120,000 livres were divided among the shareholders. That of 1673 was still more considerable. In 1675 the ten years' privilege ceased, the money was returned, and the rest of the profits divided. Colbert likewise set up a fabric at the Château de Madrid, built by Francis I., on the Bois de Boulogne. Such was the origin of point lace in France. The difficulties met by Colbert in establishing his manufactories can only be estimated by reading his correspondence, in which there are no less than fifty letters on the subject. The apathy of the town authorities and the constant rebellions of the lace-workers who preferred their old stitch were incessant sources of trouble to him, but eventually Colbert's plan was crowned with success. He established a lucrative manufacture which brought large sums of money into the kingdom[461] instead of sending it out. Well might he say that[462] "Fashion was to France what the mines of Peru were to Spain."[463] {159}Boileau alludes to the success of the minister in his "Epistle to Louis XIV":-- "Et nos voisins frustrés de ces tributs serviles Que payait à leur art le luxe de nos villes."[464] The point de France supplanted that of Venice,[465] but its price confined its use to the rich, and when the wearing of lace became general those who could not afford so costly a production replaced it by the more moderate pillow-lace. This explains the great extension of the pillow-lace manufacture at this period--the production did not suffice for the demand. Encouraged by the success of the royal manufactures, lace fabrics started up in various towns in the kingdom. The number of lace-workers increased rapidly. Those of the towns being insufficient, they were sought for in the surrounding country, and each town became the {160}centre of a trade extending round it in a radius of several miles, the work being given out from the manufactory to be executed by the cottagers in their own homes.[466] {161}CHAPTER X. LOUIS XIV.--_continued_. "Tout change: la raison change aussi de méthode; Écrits, habillemens, systèmes: tout est mode." Racine fils, _Epître à Rousseau_. Point de France continued to be worn in the greatest profusion during the reign of Louis XIV. The King affected his new-born fabric much as monarchs of the present day do their tapestries and their porcelains. It decorated the Church and her ministers. Ladies offered "tours de chaire à l'église de la paroisse."[467] Albs, "garnies d'un grand point de France brodé antique";[468] altar-cloths trimmed with Argentan[469] appear in the church registers.[470] In a painting at Versailles, by Rigaud, representing the presentation of the Grand Dauphin to his royal father, 1668, the infant is enveloped in a mantle of the richest point (Fig. 74); and point de France was selected by royal command to trim the sheets of holland used at the ceremony of his "nomination."[471] At the marriage of the Prince de Conti and of Mademoiselle de Blois the toilette[472] presented {162}by the King was "garnie de point de France si haut qu'on ne voyait point de toile."[473] The valance, too, and the coverlet of the bed were of the same material.[474] In this luxury, however, England followed her sister kingdom, for we read in the _Royal Magazine_ of 1763 that on the baptism of the young prince, afterwards Duke of York, the company went to the council chamber at St. James's, where a splendid bed was set up for the Queen to sit on, the counterpane of which is described as of inimitable workmanship, the lace alone costing £3,783 sterling.[475] "What princes do themselves, they engage others to do," says Quintilian, and the words of the critic were, in this case, fully verified: jupes,[476] corsets, mantles, aprons with their bibs,[477] shoes,[478] gloves,[479] even the fans were now trimmed with point de France.[480] At the audience given by the Dauphine to the Siamese ambassadors, "à ses relevailles," she received them in a bed "presque tout couvert d'un tres beau point de France, sur lesquels on avoit mis des riches carreaux."[481] On the occasion of their visit to Versailles, Louis, proud of his fabric, presented the ambassadors with cravats and ruffles of the finest point.[482] These cravats were either worn of point, in one piece, or partly of muslin tied, with falling lace ends.[483] (Fig. 75.) [Illustration: Fig. 74. LE GRAND BÉBÉ. (M. de Versailles.) _To face page 162._] {163}In 1679 the king gave a fête at Marly to the élite of his brilliant court. When, at sunset, the ladies retired to repair their toilettes, previous to the ball, each found in her dressing-room a robe fresh and elegant, trimmed with point of the most exquisite texture, a present from that gallant monarch not yet termed "l'inamusable." Nor was the Veuve Scarron behind the rest. When, in 1674, she purchased the estate from which she afterwards derived her title of Maintenon, anxious to render it productive, she enticed Flemish workers from the frontier to establish a lace manufacture upon her newly-acquired marquisate. How the fabric succeeded history does not relate, but the costly laces depicted in her portraits (Fig. 76) have not the appearance of home manufacture. [Illustration: Fig. 75. LOUVOIS. 1691.--(From his statue by Girardon. M. de Versailles.)] Point lace-making became a favourite employment among ladies. We have many engravings of this reign; one, 1691, of a "fille de qualité" thus occupied, with the motto, "Apres {164}dîner vous travaillez au point." Another,[484] an engraving of Le Paultre, dated 1676, is entitled "Dame en Déshabille de Chambre" (Fig. 77). "La France est la tête du monde" (as regards fashion), says Victor Hugo, "cyclope dont Paris est l'oeil"; and writers of all ages seem to have been of the same opinion. It was about the year 1680 that the "Mode féconde en mille inventions, Monstre, prodige étrange et difforme," was suddenly exemplified in France. [Illustration: Fig. 76. MADAME DE MAINTENON.--(From her portrait. M. de Versailles.)] All readers of this great reign will recall to mind the story of the "Fontanges." How in the hurry of the chase the locks of the royal favourite burst from the ribbon that bound them--how the fair huntress, hurriedly tying the lace kerchief round her head, produced in one moment a coiffure so light, so artistic, that Louis XIV., enchanted, prayed her to retain it for that night at court. The lady obeyed the royal command. This mixture of lace and ribbon, now worn for the first time, caused a sensation, and the next day all {165}the ladies of the court appeared "coiffées à la Fontange." (See Madame du Lude, Fig. 79.) [Illustration: Fig. 77. A LADY IN MORNING DÉSHABILLE.--(From an engraving by Le Paultre. 1676.)] But this head-dress, with its tiers of point mounted on wires,[485] soon ceased to be artistic; it grew higher and higher. Poets and satirists attacked the fashion much as they did the high head-dresses of the Roman matrons more than a thousand years ago.[486] Of the extinction of this mode {166}we have various accounts, some asserting it to have been preached down by the clergy, as were the _hennins_ in the time of Charles VI.; but the most probable story is that which relates how, in October, 1699, Louis XIV. simply observed, "Cette coiffure lui paroissoit désagréable." The ladies worked all night, and next evening, at the Duchess of Burgundy's reception,[487] appeared for the first time in a low head-dress. Fashion,[488] which the author of the before-quoted _Consolation_ would call _pompeux_, was "aujourd'hui en reforme." Louis XIV. never appreciated the sacrifice; to the day of his death he persisted in saying, "J'ai eu beau crier contre les coiffures trop hautes." No one showed the slightest desire to lower them till one day there arrived "une inconnue, une guenille d'Angleterre" (Lady Sandwich, the English Ambassadress!!), "avec une petite coiffure basse--tout d'un coup, toutes les princesses vont d'une extrémité a l'autre."[489] Be the accusation true or not, the _Mercure_ of November, 1699, announces that "La hauteur des anciennes coiffures commence á paroître ridicule"; and St. Simon, in his _Memoirs_, satirises the fontange as a "structure of brass wire, ribbons, hair, and baubles of all sorts, about two feet high, which made a woman's face look as if it were in the middle of her body." In these days lace was not confined to Versailles and the Court.[490] "Le gentilhomme," writes Capefigue, "allait au feu en manchettes poudré à la maréchale, les eaux se senteur sur son mouchoir en point d'Angleterre, l'élégance n'a jamais fait tort au courage, et la politesse s'allie noblement à la bravoure." But war brings destruction to laces as well as finances, {167}and in 1690 the loyal and noble army was found in rags. Then writes Dangeau: "M. de Castanaga, à qui M. de Maine et M. de Luxembourg avoient demandé un passeport pour fair venir des dentelles à l'armée, a refusé le passeport, mais il a envoyé des marchands qui ont porté pour dix mille écus de dentelles, et après qu'on les eut achetées, les marchands s'en retournèrent sans vouloir prendre d'argent, disant qu'ils avoient cet ordre de M. de Castanaga." "J'avois une Steinkerque de Malines," writes the Abbé de Choisy, who always dressed in female attire. We hear a great deal about these Steinkirks at the end of the seventeenth century. It was a twisted lace necktie, and owed its origin to the battle of that name in 1692,[491] when the young French Princes of the Blood were suddenly ordered into action. Hastily tying their lace cravats--in peaceful times a most elaborate proceeding--they rushed to the charge, and gained the day. In honour of this event, both ladies and cavaliers wore their handkerchiefs knotted or twisted in this careless fashion. "Je trouve qu'en été le Steinkerque est commode, J'aime le falbala,[492] quoiqu'il soit critiqué," says somebody. Steinkirks became the rage, and held good for many years, worn alike in England[493] and France by the women and the men. Fig. 78 represents the Grand Dauphin in his "longue Steinkerque à replis tortueux";[494] Fig. 79 the Duchesse du Lude[495] in similar costume and high Fontange, both copied from prints of the time. We find constant mention now of the fashion of wearing a lace ruffle to the ladies' sleeves, concerning the wearing of which "à deux rangs," or "à trois rangs," there was much etiquette. The falbalas were not given up until after the Regency; the use of them was frequently carried to such an excess {168}that a caricaturist of that period drew a lady so enveloped in them that she "looked like a turkey shaking its feathers and spreading its comb." This caricature gave rise to a popular song called "La Dinde aux Falbalas"; but in despite of song and caricature, the flounce continued in popularity. "Les manches plates se font de deux tiers de tour, avec une dentelle de fil de point fort fin et fort haut. On nomme ces manches Engageantes."[496] This fashion, though introduced in 1688, continued in vogue till the French Revolution. We see them in the portrait of Madame Palatine, mother of the Regent (Fig. 80), and in that of Madame Sophie de France, daughter of Louis XV., taken in 1782 by Drouais. [Illustration: Fig. 78. LE GRAND DAUPHIN EN STEINKERQUE.] [Illustration: Fig. 79. MADAME DU LUDE EN STEINKERQUE. _To face page 168._] {169}[Illustration: Fig. 80. MADAME PALATINE (ELIZ. CHARLOTTE DE BAVIÈRE), DUCHESSE D'ORLÉANS. (By Rigaud. M. de Versailles.)] Before finishing with point de France, we must allude to the équipage de bain, in which this fabric formed a great item. As early as 1688, Madame de Maintenon presents Madame de Chevreuse with an "équipage de bain de point de France" of great magnificence. It consisted not only of a peignoir, but a broad flounce, which formed a valance round the bath itself. You can see them in old engravings of the day. Then there were the towels and the _descente_, all equally costly,[497] for the French ladies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries admitted their _habitués_ not only to the _ruelle_,[498] but also to the bath-room.[499] In the latter case the bath {170}was _au lait_, _i.e._, clouded by the mixture of some essence. "Aux autres temps, autres moeurs." The "fameuse poupée" of the reign of Louis XIV. must not be forgotten. The custom of dressing up these great dolls originated in the salons of the Hôtel Rambouillet, where one, termed "la grande Pandore," at each change of fashion was exhibited "en grand tenue"; a second, the little Pandore, in morning _déshabille_. These dolls were sent to Vienna and Italy, charged with the finest laces France could produce. As late as 1764 we read in the _Espion Chinois_, "Il a débarqué à Douvres un grand nombre de poupées de hauteur naturelle habillées à la mode de Paris, afin que les dames de qualité puissent régler leurs goûts sur ces modèles."[500] Even when English ports were closed in war-time, a special permission was given for the entry of a large alabaster doll four feet high, the Grand Courrier de la Mode.[501] In the war of the First Empire this privilege was refused to our countrywomen; and from that time Englishwomen, deprived of all French aid for a whole generation, began to dress badly. Pitt has much to answer for. With this notice finishes our account of the reign of Louis XIV. PLATE LII. [Illustration: BRUSSELS. MODERN POINT DE GAZE.--Actual size. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 170._ {171}CHAPTER XI. LOUIS XV. "Le luxe corrompt tout, et le riche qui en jouit, et le pauvre qui le convoite." --J. J. Rousseau. Louis XIV. is now dead, to the delight of a wearied nation: we enter on the Regency and times of Louis XV.--that age of "fourchettes," manchettes, and jabots--in which the butterfly abbés, "les porte-dentelles par excellence," played so conspicuous a part. The origin of the weeping ruffles, if Mercier[502] is to be credited, may be assigned to other causes than royal decree or the edicts of fashion. "Les grandes manchettes furent introduites par des fripons qui voulaient filouter au jeu et escamoter des cartes." It never answers to investigate too deeply the origin of a new invented mode,--sufficient to say, ruffles became a necessary adjunct to the toilet of every gentleman. So indispensable were they, the Parisians are accused of adopting the custom of wearing ruffles and no shirts. "Les Parisiens," writes Mercier, "achètent quatre ajustemens contre une chemise. Un beau Monsieur se met une chemise blanche tous les quinze jours. Il coud ses manchettes de dentelle sur une chemise sale," and powders over his point collar till it looks white.[503] This habit passed into a proverb. The Maréchal de Richelieu, who, though versed in astronomy, could not spell, said of himself, "Qu'on ne lui avoit pas fourni des chemises, mais qu'il avoit acheté des {172}manchettes."[504] This account tallies well with former accounts[505] and with a letter of Madame de Maintenon to the Princess des Ursins, 1710.[506] At this period it was the custom for grisettes to besiege the Paris hotels, bearing on their arms baskets decked out with ruffles and jabots of Malines, Angleterre, and point. What reader of Sterne will not recollect the lace-seller in his _Sentimental Journey_? The jabot and manchettes of points were the customary "cadeau de noces" of the bride to her intended for his wedding dress--a relic of which practice may be found in the embroidered wedding shirt furnished by the lady, in the North of Europe.[507] The sums expended in these articles would now appear fabulous. The Archbishop of Cambray[508] alone possessed four dozen pairs of ruffles, Malines, point, and Valenciennes. The Wardrobe Bills of the Duke de Penthièvre of 1738 make mention of little else. An ell and a quarter of lace was required for one pair of ruffles. A yard, minus 1/16, sufficed for the jabot.[509] There were manchettes de jour, manchettes tournantes,[510] and manchettes de nuit: these last-named were mostly of Valenciennes.[511] The {173}point d'Alençon ruffles of Buffon, which he always wore, even when writing, were exhibited in 1864 at Falaise, being carefully preserved in the family to whom they have descended. Even, if a contemporary writer may be credited, "Monsieur de Paris," the executioner, mounted the scaffold in a velvet suit, powdered, with point lace jabot and ruffles. "Les rubans, les miroirs, les dentelles sont trois choses sans lesquelles les François ne peuvent vivre. Le luxe démesuré a confondu le maître avec le valet,"[512] says an unknown writer, quoted by Dulaure.[513] The servants of the last century had on their state liveries lace equal in richness to that worn by their masters.[514] Of a Prussian gentleman, we read, "His valets, who according to the reigning tastes were the prettiest in the world, wore nothing but the most costly lace."[515] This custom was not confined, however, to France or the Continent. "Our very footmen," writes the angry _World_, "are adorned with gold and {174}silver bags and lace ruffles. The valet is only distinguished from his master by being better dressed;" while the _Connoisseur_ complains of "roast beef being banished from even 'down stairs,' because the powdered footmen will not touch it for fear of daubing their lace ruffles."[516] But the time, of all others, for a grand display of lace was at a visit to a Parisian lady on her "relevailles," or "uprising," as it was called, in the days of our third Edward. Reclining on a chaise longue, she is described as awaiting her visitors. Nothing is to be seen but the finest laces, arranged in artistic folds, and long bows of ribbon. An attendant stationed at the door asks of each new arrival, "Have you any perfumes?" She replies not, and passes on--an atmosphere of fragrance. The lady must not be spoken to, but, the usual compliments over, the visitors proceed to admire her lace. "Beautiful, exquisite!"--but, "Hist! speak low," and she who gave the caution is the first, in true French style, to speak the loudest.[517] Lace "garnitures de lit" were general among great people as early as 1696. The _Mercure_ speaks of "draps garnis d'une grande dentelle de point d'Angleterre." In 1738 writes the Duc de Luynes,[518] "Aujourd'hui Madame de Luynes s'est fait apporter les fournitures qu'elle avoit choisies pour la Reine, et qui regardent les dames d'honneur. Elles consistent en couvrepieds[519] garnis de dentelle pour le grand lit et pour les petits, en taies d'oreiller[520] garnies du {175}même point d'Angleterre, etc. Cette fourniture coûte environ 30,000 livres, quoique Madame de Luynes n'ait pas fait renouveler les beaux couvrepieds de la Reine." These garnitures were renewed every year, and Madame de Luynes inherited the old ones. [Illustration: Fig. 81. MADAME SOPHIE DE FRANCE, 1782, DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XV. By Drouais. M. de Versailles. (In this picture the hexagonal brides and heavy relief of Point d'Argentan are clearly to be seen.)] {176}[Illustration: Fig. 82. MADAME ADÉLAÏDE DE FRANCE, DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XV.--(M. de Versailles.)] Madame de Créquy, describing her visit to the Duchesse Douairière de La Ferté, says, when that lady received her, she was lying in a state bed, under a coverlet made of point de Venise in one piece. "I am persuaded," she adds, "that the trimming of her sheets, which were of point d'Argentan, were worth at least 40,000 écus."[521] To such a pitch had the taste for lace-trimmed linen attained, that when, in 1739, Madame, eldest daughter of Louis XV., espoused the Prince of Spain, the bill for these articles alone amounted to £25,000; and when Cardinal Fleury, a most economical prelate, saw the trousseau, he observed, "Qu'il croyait que c'etait pour marier toutes les sept Mesdames."[522] (Figs. 81, 82). Again, Swinburne writes from Paris:[523] "The trousseau of Mademoiselle de Matignon will cost 100,000 crowns (£25,000). The expense here of rigging[524] out a bride is equal to a handsome portion in England. Five thousand pounds' worth of lace, linen, etc., is a common thing among them." PLATE LIII. [Illustration: MADAME LOUISE DE FRANCE. Trimmings and tablier of Point d'Argentan. Painted by Nattier at the age of eleven, 1748. M. de Versailles.] _To face page 176._ {177}[Illustration: Fig. 83. MARIE THÉRÈSE ANT. RAPH., INFANTA OF SPAIN, FIRST WIFE OF LOUIS DAUPHIN, SON OF LOUIS XV. --By Tocqué. Dated 1748. M. de Versailles.] The masks worn by the ladies at this period were of black blonde lace[525] of the most exquisite fineness and design.[526] They were trimmed round the eyes, like those described by Scarron:-- "Dirai-je comme ces fantasques Qui portent dentelle à leurs masques, En chamarrent les trous des yeux, Croyant que le masque en est mieux." In the reign of Louis XV., point de France was rivalled {178}by the productions of Angleterre[527] and Malines. Argentan and Alençon (Fig. 83) were declared by fashion to be "dentelles d'hiver:" each lace now had its appointed season.[528] "On porte le point en hiver," says the Dictionary of the Academy. There was much etiquette, too, in the court of France, as regards lace, which was never worn in mourning. Dangeau chronicles, on the death of the Princess of Baden, "Le roi qui avoit repris les dentelles et les rubans d'or et d'argent, reprend demain le linge uni et les rubans unis aussi."[529] "Madame" thus describes the "petit deuil" of the Margrave of Anspach: "Avec des dentelles blanches sur le noir, du beau ruban bleu, à dentelles blanches et noires. C'etoit une parure magnifique."[530] {179}CHAPTER XII. LOUIS XVI. TO THE EMPIRE. "Proud Versailles! thy glory falls."--Pope. [Illustration: Fig. 84. MARIE-ANTOINETTE.--From a picture by Madame Le Brun. M. de Versailles.] In the reign of Louis XVI. society, tired out with ceremony and the stately manners of the old court, at last began to emancipate itself. Marie-Antoinette (Fig. 84) first gave the signal. Rid herself of the preaching of "Madame Etiquette" she could not on state occasions, so she did her best to amuse herself in private. The finest Indian muslin now supplanted the heavy points of the old court. Madame du Barry, in her _Memoirs_, mentions the purchase of Indian muslin so fine {180}that the piece did not weigh fifteen ounces, although sufficient to make four dresses. "The ladies looked," indignantly observed the Maréchale de Luxembourg, "in their muslin aprons and handkerchiefs like cooks and convent porters."[531] To signify her disapproval of this new-fangled custom, the Maréchale sent her grand-daughter, the Duchesse de Lauzun, an apron of sailcloth trimmed with fine point and six fichus of the same material similarly decorated. Tulle and marli[532] were much worn during the latter years of the Queen's life, and entries of tulle, marli, blondes, and embroidered linens occur over and over again in Madame Eloffe's accounts with the Queen. The richer ornamental laces were not worn, and one reads of items such as "a gauze fichu trimmed with white _prétention_." On leaving Versailles for the last time (October 6th, 1789), Marie Antoinette distributed among her suite all that remained of her fans and laces. The arrangement of the lace lappets was still preserved by rule. "Lappets to be pinned up"--lappets to be let down on grand occasions.[533] Later Madame de Staël, like a true _bas-bleu_--without speaking of her curtsey to Marie Antoinette, which was all wrong--on her first visit of ceremony to Madame de Polignac, in defiance of all etiquette, left her lace lappets in the carriage. The democratic spirit of the age now first creeps out in {181}the fashions. Among the rich _parures_ of Du Barry[534] we find "barbes à la paysanne"--everything now becomes "à coquille," "à papillon." Even the Queen's hairdresser, Léonard, "qui "Portait jusques au ciel l'audace de ses coiffures," did not venture to introduce much lace. The affected phraseology of the day is very "precious" in its absurdity. We read of the toilette of Mademoiselle Duthé in which she appeared at the opera. She wore a robe "soupirs étouffés," trimmed with "regrets superflus"; a point of "candeur parfaite, garnie en plaintes indiscrètes"; ribbons en "attentions marquées"; shoes "cheveux de la reine,"[535] embroidered with diamonds, "en coups perfides" and "venez-y-voir" in emeralds. Her hair "en sentiments soutenus," with a cap of "conquête assurée," trimmed with ribbons of "oeil abattu"; a "chat[536] sur le col," the colour of "gueux nouvellement arrivé," and upon her shoulders a Médicis "en bienséance," and her muff of "agitation momentanée." In the accounts of Mademoiselle Bertin, the Queen's milliner, known for her saying, "Il n'y a rien de nouveau dans ce monde que ce qui est oublié," we have little mention of lace.[537] {182}"Blond à fond d'Alençon semé à poix, à mouches," now usurps the place of the old points. Even one of the "grandes dames de la vieille cour," Madame Adélaïde de France herself, is represented in her picture by Madame Guiard with a spotted handkerchief, probably of blonde (Fig. 85). [Illustration: Fig. 85. MADAME ADÉLAÏDE DE FRANCE.--After a picture by Madame Guiard, dated 1787. M. de Versailles.] The Church alone protects the ancient fabrics. The lace of the Rohan family, almost hereditary Princes Archbishops of Strasburg, was of inestimable value. "We met," writes the Baroness de Oberkirch, "the cardinal coming out of his chapel dressed in a soutane of scarlet moire and rochet of English lace of inestimable value. When on great occasions he officiates at Versailles, he wears an alb of old lace 'en point à l'aiguille' of such beauty that his assistants were almost afraid to touch it. His arms and device are worked in a medallion above the large flowers. This alb is estimated at 100,000 livres. On the day of which I speak he wore the rochet of English lace, one of his least beautiful, as his {183}secretary, the Abbé Georget, told me."[538] On his elevation to the see of Bourges (1859), Monseigneur de La Tour d'Auvergne celebrated mass at Rome arrayed with all the sacerdotal ornaments of point d'Alençon of the finest workmanship. This lace descended to him from his uncle, Cardinal de La Tour d'Auvergne, who had inherited it from his mother, Madame d'Aumale, so well known as the friend of Madame de Maintenon. Under the first Empire, a complete suit of lace was offered to the prelate for sale, which had belonged to Marie-Antoinette. This lace is described as formed of squares of old point d'Angleterre or de Flandre, each representing a different subject. The beauty of the lace and its historic interest decided his Eminence to speak of it to his colleague, Cardinal de Bonald, and these two prelates united their resources, bought the lace, and divided it. But this extravagance and luxury were now soon to end. The years of '92 and '93 were approaching. The great nobility of France, who patronised the rich manufactures of the kingdom at the expense of a peasantry starving on estates they seldom if ever visited, were ere long outcasts in foreign countries. The French Revolution was fatal to the lace trade. For twelve years the manufacture almost ceased, and more than thirty different fabrics entirely disappeared.[539] Its merits were, however, recognised by the Etats Généraux in 1789, who, when previous to meeting they settled the costume of the three estates, decreed to the _noblesse_ a lace cravat. It was not until 1801, when Napoleon wished to "faire revenir le luxe," that we again find it chronicled in the annals of the day: "How charming Caroline Murat looked in her white mantelet of point de Bruxelles et sa robe garnie des mêmes dentelles," etc. The old laces were the work of years, and transmitted as heirlooms[540] from generation to generation. {184}They were often heavy and overloaded with ornament. The ancient style was now discarded and a lighter description introduced. By an improvement in the point de raccroc several sections of lace were joined together so as to form one large piece; thus ten workers could now produce in a month what had formerly been the work of years. Napoleon especially patronised the fabrics of Alençon, Brussels, and Chantilly. He endeavoured, too, without success, to raise that of Valenciennes. After the example of Louis XIV., he made the wearing of his two favourite points obligatory at the Court of the Tuileries, and it is to his protection these towns owe the preservation of their manufactures. The lace-makers spoke of the rich orders received from the imperial court as the most remarkable epoch in their industrial career. Never was the beauty and costliness of the laces made for the marriage of Marie-Louise yet surpassed. To reproduce them now would, estimates M. Aubry, cost above a million of francs. Napoleon was a great lover of lace: he admired it as a work of art, and was proud of the proficiency of his subjects. Mademoiselle d'Avrillion relates the following anecdote:--The Princess Pauline had given orders to the Empress Joséphine's lace-maker for a dress and various objects to the value of 30,000 francs. When the order was completed and the lace brought home, the Princess changed her mind and refused to take them. Madame Lesoeur, in despair, appealed to the Empress. She, thinking the price not unreasonable, considering the beauty of the points, showed them to Napoleon, and told him the circumstance. "I was in the room at the time," writes the authoress of the _Mémoires_. The Emperor examined minutely each carton, exclaiming at intervals, "Comme on travaille bien en France, je dois encourager un pareil commerce. Pauline a grand tort." He ended by paying the bill and distributing the laces among the ladies of the court.[541] Indeed, it may be said that never {185}was lace more in vogue than during the early days of the Empire. The morning costume of a French duchesse of that court is described in the following terms:--"Elle portait un peignoir brodé en mousseline garni d'une Angleterre très-belle, une fraise en point d'Angleterre. Sur sa tête la duchesse avait jeté en se levant une sorte de 'baigneuse,' comme nos mères l'auraient appelée, en point d'Angleterre, garnie de rubans de satin rose pâle."[542] The fair sister of Napoleon, the Princess Pauline Borghese, "s'est passionnée," as the term ran, "pour les dentelles."[543] That Napoleon's example was quickly followed by the _élégantes_ of the Directory, the following account, given to the brother of the author by an elderly lady who visited Paris during that very short period[544] when the English flocked to the Continent, of a ball at Madame Récamier's, to which she had an invitation, will testify. The First Consul was expected, and the _élite_ of Paris early thronged the _salons_ of the charming hostess, but where was Madame Récamier? "_Souffrante_," the murmur ran, retained to her bed by a sudden indisposition. She would, however, receive her guests _couchée_. The company passed to the bedroom of the lady, which, as still the custom in France, opened on one of the principal _salons_. There, in a gilded bed, lay Madame Récamier, the most beautiful woman in France. The bed-curtains were of the finest Brussels lace, bordered with garlands of honeysuckle, and lined with satin of the palest rose. The _couvrepied_ was of the same material; from the pillow of embroidered cambric fell "des flots de Valenciennes." The lady herself wore a _peignoir_ trimmed with the most exquisite English point. Never had she looked more lovely--never had she done the honours of her hotel more gracefully. And so she received Napoleon--so she received the heroes of that great empire. All admired her "fortitude," her _dévouement_, in thus sacrificing herself to society, and on the following day "tout Paris s'est fait inscrire chez elle." Never had such anxiety been expressed--never had woman gained such a triumph. {186}The Duchesse d'Abrantès, who married in the year 1800, describing her trousseau,[545] says she had "des mouchoirs, des jupons, des canezous du matin, des peignoirs de mousseline de l'Inde, des camisoles de nuit, des bonnets de nuit, des bonnets de matin, de toutes les couleurs, de toutes les formes, et tout cela brodé, garni de Valenciennes ou de Malines, ou de point d'Angleterre." In the corbeille de mariage, with the cachemires were "les voiles de point d'Angleterre, les garnitures de robes en point à l'aiguille, et en point de Bruxelles, ainsi qu'en blonde pour l'été. Il y avait aussi des robes de blonde blanche et de dentelle noire," etc. When they go to the Mairie, she describes her costume: "J'avais une robe de mousseline de l'Inde brodée au plumetis et en points à jour, comme c'était alors la mode. Cette robe était à queue, montante et avec de longues manches, le lé de devant entièrement brodé ainsi que le tour du corsage, le bout des manches, qu'on appelait alors amadis. La fraise était en magnifique point à l'aiguille, sur ma tête j'avais un bonnet en point de Bruxelles.... Au sommet du bonnet était attachée une petite couronne de fleurs d'oranger, d'où partait un long voile en point d'Angleterre qui tombait à mes pieds et dont je pouvais presque m'envelopper." Madame Junot winds up by saying that "Cette profusion de riches dentelles, si fines, si déliées ne semblaient être qu'un réseau nuageux autour de mon visage, où elles se jouaient dans les boucles de mes cheveux." Hamlet always used to appear on the stage in lace cravat and ruffles, and Talma, the French tragedian, was very proud of his wardrobe of lace. Dr. Doran relates of him that on one occasion, when stopped by the Belgian custom-house officers at the frontier, an official, turning over his wardrobe, his stage costumes, etc., contemptuously styled them "habits de Polichinelle." Talma, in a rage exclaimed, "Habits de Polichinelle! Why, the lace of my jabot and ruffles alone is worth fifty louis a yard, and I wear it on my private costume." "And must pay for it accordingly," added the official. "Punch's clothes might pass untaxed, but Monsieur Talma's lace owes duty to our king." Talma was forced to submit. The French lace manufacture felt the political events of {187}1813 to 1817, but experienced a more severe crisis in 1818, when bobbin net was first made in France. Fashion at once adopted the new material, and pillow lace was for a time discarded. For fifteen years lace encountered a fearful competition. The manufacturers were forced to lower their prices and diminish the produce. The marts of Europe were inundated with tulle; but happily a new channel for exportation was opened in the United States of North America. In time a reaction took place, and in 1834, with the exception of Alençon, all the other fabrics were once more in full activity.[546] But a cheaper class of lace had been introduced. In 1832-33 cotton thread first began to be substituted for flax.[547] The lace-makers readily adopted the change; they found cotton more elastic and less expensive. It gives, too, a brilliant appearance, and breaks less easily in the working. All manufacturers now use the Scotch cotton, with the exception of Alençon, some choice pieces of Brussels, and the finer qualities of Mechlin and Valenciennes. The difference is not to be detected by the eye; both materials wash equally well. We now turn to the various lace manufactures of France, taking each in its order. {188}CHAPTER XIII. THE LACE MANUFACTURES OF FRANCE. France is a lace-making, as well as a lace-wearing, country. Of the half a million of lace-makers in Europe, nearly a quarter of a million are estimated as belonging to France. Under the impulse of fashion and luxury, lace receives the stamp of the special style of each country. Italy furnished its points of Venice and Genoa. The Netherlands, its Brussels, Mechlin, and Valenciennes. Spain, its silk blondes. England, its Honiton. France, its sumptuous point d'Alençon, and its black lace of Bayeux and Chantilly. Now, each style is copied by every nation; and though France cannot compete with Belgium in the points of Brussels, or the Valenciennes of Ypres, she has no rival in her points of Alençon and her white blondes, or her black silk laces. To begin with Alençon, the only French lace not made on the pillow. ALENÇON (DÉP. ORNE), NORMANDY. "Alenchon est sous Sarthe assis, Il luic divise le pays."--_Romant de Rou._ We have already related how the manufacture of point lace was established by Colbert. The _entrepreneurs_ had found the lace industry flourishing at the time of the point de France. (Page 155.) PLATE LIV. [Illustration: FRENCH. Border of POINT PLAT DE FRANCE to a baptismal veil of embroidered muslin.--The orderly arrangement of the "brides" differs from the Venetian, and foreshadows the "grande maille picotée." In the Musée Cinquantenaire, Brussels.] _To face page 188._ {189}[Illustration: Fig. 86. COLBERT + 1683.--M. de Versailles.] Point d'Alençon is mentioned in the _Révolte des Passemens_, 1661, evidently as an advanced manufacture; but the monopoly of the privileged workmen--the new-comers--displeased the old workwomen, and Colbert[548] was too despotic in his orders prohibiting to make any kind of point except that of the royal manufactory, and made the people so indignant that they revolted. The intendant, Favier-Duboulay, writes to Colbert, August 1665, that one named Le Prevost, of this town, having given suspicion to the people that he was about to form an establishment of "ouvrages de fil," the women to the number of above a thousand assembled, and pursued him so that, if he had not managed to escape their fury, he would assuredly have suffered from their violence. "He took refuge with me," he writes, "and I with difficulty appeased the multitude by assuring them that they would not be deprived of the liberty of working. It is a fact that for many years the town of Alençon subsists only by means of these small works of lace: that the same people make and sell, and in years of scarcity they subsist only by this little industry, and that wishing to {190}take away their liberty, they were so incensed I had great difficulty in pacifying them." The Act, it appears, had come from the Parliament of Paris, but as Alençon is in Normandy, it was necessary to have the assent of the Parliament of Rouen. The remonstrance of the intendant (see his letter in Chap. IX., page 155) met with the attention it deserved. On September 14th following, after a meeting headed by Prevost and the Marquis de Pasax, intendant of the city, it was settled that after the king had found 200 girls, the rest were at liberty to work as they pleased; none had permission to make the fine point of the royal pattern, except those who worked for the manufactory; and all girls must show to the authorities the patterns they intended working, "so that the King shall be satisfied, and the people gain a livelihood." The "maîtresse dentellière," Catherine Marcq, writes to Colbert, November 30th, 1665, complaining of the obstinacy of the people, who prefer the old work. "Out of 8,000 women, we have got but 700, and I can only count on 250 who at least will have learnt to perfection the Venetian point, the remainder merely working a month and then leaving the establishment." The new points are duly chronicled.[549] In 1677 the _Mercure_ announces, "They make now many points de France without grounds, and 'picots en campannes' to all the five handkerchiefs. We have seen some with little flowers over the large, which might be styled 'flying flowers,' being only attached in the centre." In 1678 it says: "The last points de France have no brides, the fleurons are closer together. The flowers, which are in higher relief in the centre, and lower at the edges, are united by small stalks and flowers, which keep them in their places, instead of brides. The manner of disposing the branches, called 'ordonnances,' is of two kinds: the one is a twirling stalk, which throws out flowers; the other is regular--a centre flower, throwing out regular branches on each side." In October of the same year, the _Mercure_ says: {191}"There has been no change in the patterns," and it does not allude to them again. What can these be but Venice patterns? The flower upon flower--like "fleurs volante"--exactly answers to the point in high relief (Fig. 87). [Illustration: Fig. 87. VENICE POINT.--"Dentelle Volante."] A memoir drawn up in 1698 by M. de Pommereu[550] is the next mention we find of the fabric of Alençon. "The manufacture of the points de France is also," he says, "one of the most considerable in the country. This fabric began at Alençon, where most of the women and girls work at it, to the number of more than eight to nine hundred, without counting those in the country, which are in considerable numbers. It is a commerce of about 500,000 livres per annum. This point is called 'vilain'[551] in the country; the principal sale was in Paris during the war, but the demand increases very much since the peace, in consequence of its exportation to foreign countries." The number of lace-workers given by M. Pommereu appears small, but Alençon {192}manufacture was then on the decline. The death of its protector, Colbert (1683), and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which reduced the population one-third, the industrial families (qui faisaient le principal commerce) retiring to England and Scotland, the long wars of Louis XIV., and, finally, his death in 1715, all contributed to diminish its prosperity.[552] Savary, writing in 1726, mentions the manufacture of Alençon as not being so flourishing, but attributes it to the long wars of Louis XIV. He adds, "It still, however, maintains itself with some reputation at Alençon; the magnificence, or, if you like, the luxury of France, sufficing to keep it up even in war-time; but it flourishes principally in peace, in consequence of the large exports to foreign countries." Russia and Poland were its great marts: and before the Revolution, Poland estimates the annual value of the manufacture at 11,000,000 to 12,000,000 livres.[553] The workwomen earned from three sous to three livres per day. In 1680, in _Britannia Languens_, a discourse upon trade, it states that "the laces commonly called points de Venise now come mostly from France, and amount to a vast sum yearly." PLATE LV. [Illustration: FRENCH. POINT D'ALENÇON.--Eighteenth century. Period Louis XV. Needle-point lappet end and border. These show in combination the "Alençon," "réseau," and the "Argentan" hexagonal "brides." The ribands in the border show varieties of diaper pattern stitches similar to those in the "modes" of heavy Venetian points. Widths: lappet 4½ in., border 3½ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 192._ {193}Point d'Alençon is made entirely by hand, with a fine needle, upon a parchment pattern, in small pieces, afterwards united by invisible seams. There are twelve processes, including the design, each of which is executed by a special workwoman. These can again be subdivided, until the total number of processes is twenty or twenty-two.[554] The design, engraved upon a copper plate, is printed off in divisions upon pieces of parchment ten inches long, each numbered according to its order. Green parchment is now used, and has been in vogue since 1769, at which date it is noted in an inventory of Simon Geslin (April 13th, 1769). The worker is better able to detect any faults in her work than on white. The pattern is next pricked upon the parchment, which is stitched to a piece of very coarse linen folded double. The outline of the pattern is then formed by two flat threads, which are guided along the edge by the thumb of the left hand, and fixed by minute stitches passed, with another thread and needle, through the holes of the parchment. When the outline is finished, the work is given over to the "réseleuse" to make the ground, which is of two kinds, bride and réseau. The delicate réseau is worked backwards and forwards from the footing to the picot--of the bride, more hereafter. Besides the hexagonal bride ground, and the ground of meshes, there was another variety of grounding used in Alençon lace. "This ground consists of buttonhole-stitched skeleton hexagons, within each of which was worked a small solid hexagon connected with the surrounding figure by means of six little tyes or brides." Lace with this particular ground has been called Argentella.[555] In making the flowers of Alençon point, the worker supplies herself with a long needle and a fine thread; with these she works the "point noué" (buttonhole stitch) from left to right, and when arrived at the end of the flower, the thread is thrown back from the point of departure, and she works again from left to right over the thread. This gives a closeness and evenness to the work unequalled in any other point. Then follow the "modes," and other different operations, which completed, the threads which unite lace, {194}parchment and linen together, are cut with a sharp razor passed between the two folds of linen, any little defects repaired, and then remains the great work of uniting all these segments imperceptibly together. This task devolves upon the head of the fabric, and is one requiring the greatest nicety. An ordinary pair of men's ruffles would be divided into ten pieces; but when the order must be executed quickly, the subdivisions are even greater. The stitch by which these sections are worked is termed "assemblage," and differs from the "point de raccroc," where the segments are united by a fresh row of stitches. At Alençon they are joined by a seam, following as much as possible the outlines of the pattern. When finished, a steel instrument, called a picot, is passed into each flower, to polish it and remove any inequalities in its surface. The more primitive lobster-claw or a wolf's tooth was formerly used for the same purpose. Point d'Alençon is of a solidity which defies time and washing, and has been justly called the Queen of Lace. It is the only lace in which horsehair is introduced along the edge to give firmness and consistency to the cordonnet, rendered perhaps necessary to make the point stand up when exposed to wind, mounted on the towering fabrics then worn by the ladies. The objection to horsehair is that it shrinks in washing and draws up the flower from the ground. It is related of a collar made at Venice for Louis XIII. that the lace-workers, being unsuccessful in finding sufficiently fine horsehair, employed some of their own hair instead, in order to secure that marvellous delicacy of work which they aimed at producing. The specimen, says Lefébure, cost 250 golden écus (about sixty pounds). In 1761, a writer, describing the point de France, says that it does not arrive at the taste and delicacy of Brussels, its chief defect consisting in the thickness of the cordonnet, which thickens when put into water. The horsehair edge also draws up the ground, and makes the lace rigid and heavy. He likewise finds fault with the "modes" or fancy stitches of the Alençon, and states that much point is sent from there to Brussels to have the modes added, thereby giving it a borrowed beauty; but connoisseurs, he adds, easily detect the difference.[556] [Illustration: Fig. 88. ARGENTELLA, OR POINT D'ALENÇON À RÉSEAU ROSACÉ.--Period Louis XV. _To face page 194._] {195}When the points of Alençon and Argentan dropped their general designations of "points de France"[557] it is difficult to say. An eminent writer states the name was continued till the Revolution, but this is a mistake. The last inventory in which we have found mention of point de France is one of 1723,[558] while point d'Argentan is noted in 1738,[559] and point d'Alençon in 1741, where it is specified to be "à réseau."[560] In the accounts of Madame du Barry, no point d'Alençon is mentioned--always point à l'aiguille--and "needle point" is the name by which point d'Alençon was alone known in England during the last century. The purchases of needle point of Madame du Barry were most extensive. Sleeves (engageantes) and lappets for 8,400 livres; court ruffles at 1,100; a mantelet at 2,400; a veste at 6,500; a grande coëffe, 1,400; a garniture, 6,010, etc.[561] In the description of the Department of the Orne drawn up in 1801, it is stated, "Fifteen years back there were from 7,000 to 8,000 lace-workers at Alençon and its environs: the fabric of Argentan, whose productions are finer and more costly, had about 2,000." Almost all these lace-makers, some of whom made réseau, others the bride ground, passed into England, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the courts of the north, especially to Russia. These united fabrics produced to the annual value of at least 1,800,000 fr., and when they had extraordinary orders, such as "parures" for beds and other large works, it increased to 2,000,000 fr. (£80,000). But this commerce, subject to the variable empire of fashion, had declined one-half even before the Revolution. Now it is almost nothing, and cannot be estimated at more than 150,000 to 200,000 fr. per annum. "It supported three {196}cities and their territory, for that of Séez[562] bore its part. Some black laces are still made at Séez, but they are of little importance.--P.S. These laces have obtained a little favour at the last Leipsic fair."[563] The manufacture of Alençon was nearly extinct when the patronage of Napoleon caused it to return almost to its former prosperity. Among the orders executed for the Emperor on his marriage with the Empress Marie Louise, was a bed furniture of great richness. Tester, curtains, coverlet, pillow-cases. The principal subject represented the arms of the empire surrounded by bees. From its elaborate construction, point d'Alençon is seldom met with in pieces of large size; the amount of labour therefore expended on this bed must have been marvellous. Mrs. Palliser, when at Alençon, was so fortunate as to meet with a piece of the ground powdered with bees, bought from the ancient fabric of Mercier, at Lonray, when the stock many years back was sold off and dispersed (Fig. 89). The point d'Alençon bees are appliqué upon a pillow ground, "vrai réseau," executed probably at Brussels. Part of the "équipage" of the King of Rome excited the universal admiration of all beholders at the Paris Exhibition of 1855. Alençon again fell with the empire. No new workers were trained, the old ones died off, and as it requires so many hands to execute even the most simple lace, the manufacture again nearly died out. In vain the Duchesse d'Angoulême endeavoured to revive the fabric, and gave large orders herself; but point lace had been replaced by blonde, and the consumption was so small, it was resumed on a very confined scale. So low had it fallen in 1830, that there were only between 200 and 300 lace-workers, whose products did not exceed the value of 1,200 francs (£48). Again, in 1836, Baron Mercier, thinking by producing it a lower price to procure a more favourable sale, set up a lace school, and caused the girls to work the patterns on bobbin net, as bearing some resemblance to the old "point de bride," but fashion did not favour "point de bride," so the plan failed. In 1840 fresh attempts were made to revive the {197}manufacture. Two hundred aged women--all the lace-makers remaining of this once flourishing fabric--were collected and again set to work. A new class of patterns was introduced, and the manufacture once more returned to favour and prosperity. But the difficulties were great. The old point was made by an hereditary set of workers, trained from their earliest infancy to the one special work they were to follow for life. Now new workers had to be procured from other lace districts, already taught the ground peculiar to their fabrics. The consequence was, their fingers never could acquire the art of making the pure Alençon réseau. They made a good ground, certainly, but it was mixed with their own early traditions: as the Alençon workers say, "Elles bâtardisent les fonds." [Illustration: Fig. 89. BED MADE FOR NAPOLEON I.] In the Exhibition of 1851 were many fine specimens of {198}the revived manufacture. One flounce, which was valued at 22,000 francs, and had taken thirty-six women eighteen months to complete, afterwards appeared in the "corbeille de mariage" of the Empress Eugénie. In 1856 most magnificent orders were given for the imperial layette, a description of which is duly chronicled.[564] The young Prince was "voué au blanc"; white, therefore, was the prevailing colour in the layette. The curtains of the Imperial infant's cradle were of Mechlin, with Alençon coverlet lined with satin. The christening robe, mantle, and head-dress were all of Alençon; and the three _corbeilles_, bearing the imperial arms and cipher, were also covered with the same point. Twelve dozen embroidered frocks, each in itself a work of art, were all profusely trimmed with Alençon, as were also the aprons of the Imperial nurses. A costly work of Alençon point appeared in the Exhibition of 1855--a dress, purchased by the Emperor for 70,000 francs (£2,800), and presented by him to the Empress. A few observations remain to be made respecting the dates of the patterns of Alençon point, which, like those of other laces, will be found to correspond with the architectural style of decoration of the period. The "corbeilles de mariage" preserved in old families and contemporary portraits are our surest guides. In the eighteenth century the réseau ground was introduced, and soon became universally adopted. After carefully examining the engravings of the time, the collection of historical portraits at Versailles and other galleries, we find no traces of Point d'Alençon with the réseau or network ground in the time of Louis XIV. The laces are all of the Venetian character, à bride, and Colbert himself is depicted in a cravat of Italian design; while, on the other hand, the daughters of Louis XV. (Mesdames de France) and the "Filles du Régent" all wear rich points of Alençon and Argentan.[565] The earlier patterns of the eighteenth century are flowery and undulating[566] (Fig. 91), scarcely {199}begun, never ending, into which haphazard are introduced patterns of a finer ground, much as the medallions of Boucher or Vanloo were inserted in the gilded panellings of a room. Twined around them appear a variety of _jours_, filled up with patterns of endless variety, the whole wreathed and garlanded like the decoration of a theatre. Such was the taste of the day. "Après moi le déluge"; and the precept of the favourite was carried out in the style of design: an _insouciance_ and _laisser-aller_ typical of a people regardless of the morrow. Towards the latter end of the reign a change came over the national taste. It appears in the architecture and domestic decoration. As the cabriole legs of the chairs are replaced by the "pieds de daim," so the running patterns of the lace give place to compact and more stiff designs. The flowers are rigid and angular, of the style called _bizarre_, of almost conventional form. With Louis XVI. began the ground _semé_ with compact little bouquets, all intermixed with small patterns, spots (_pois_), fleurons, rosettes, and tears (_larmes_) (Fig. 90), which towards the end of the century entirely expel the bouquets from the ground. The semés continued during the Empire. This point came into the highest favour again during the Second Empire. Costly orders for trousseaux were given not only in France, but from Russia and other countries. One amounted to 150,000 francs (£6,000)--flounce, lappets and trimmings for the body, pocket-handkerchief, fan, parasol, all _en suite_, and, moreover, there were a certain number of metres of _aunage_, or border lace, for the layette. The making of point d'Alençon being so slow, it was impossible ever to execute it "to order" for this purpose. Great as is the beauty of the workmanship of Alençon, it was never able to compete with Brussels in one respect: its designs were seldom copied from nature, while the fabric of Brabant sent forth roses and honeysuckles of a correctness worthy of a Dutch painter. {200}This defect is now altered. The designs of the lace are admirable copies of natural flowers, intermixed with grasses and ferns, which give a variety to the form of the leaves. [Illustration: Fig. 90. ALENÇON POINT, À PETITES BRIDES.--Louis XVI.] [Illustration: Fig. 91. POINT D'ALENÇON.--Louis XV. period. _To face page 200._] {201}Alençon point is now successfully made at Burano near Venice, in Brussels, at Alençon itself, and at Bayeux, where the fabric was introduced, in 1855, by M. Auguste Lefébure, a manufacturer of that town. Departing from the old custom of assigning to each lace-maker a special branch of the work, the lace is here executed through all its stages by the same worker. Perhaps the finest example of point d'Alençon exhibited in 1867 was the produce of the Bayeux fabric; a dress consisting of two flounces, the pattern, flowers, and foliage of most artistic and harmonious design, relieved by the new introduction of shaded tints, giving to the lace the relief of a picture.[567] The ground (point à l'aiguille) was worked with the greatest smoothness and regularity, one of the great technical difficulties when such small pieces have to be joined together. The price of the dress was 85,000 francs (£3,400). It took forty women seven years to complete. In the Exhibition of 1889 in Paris, Alençon itself showed the best piece of lace that had taken 16,500 working days to make. {202}CHAPTER XIV. ARGENTAN (DÉP. ORNE). "Vous qui voulez d'Argentan faire conte, A sa grandeur arrêter ne faut; Petite elle est, mais en beauté surmonte Maintes cités, car rien ne lui defaut; Elle est assise en lieu plaisant et haut, De tout côtè à prairie, à campaigne, Un fleuve aussi, où maint poisson se baigne, Des bois épais, suffisans pour nourrir Biches et cerfs qui sont prompts à courir; Plus y trouvez, tant elle est bien garnie, Plus au besoin nature secourir Bon air, bon vin, et bonne compagnie!" --_Des Maisons._ 1517. The name of the little town of Argentan, whose points long rivalled those of Alençon, is familiar to English ears as connected with our Norman kings. Argentan is mentioned by old Robert Wace as sending its sons to the conquest of England.[568] It was here the mother of Henry II. retired in 1130; and the imperial eagle borne as the arms of the town is said to be a memorial of her long sojourn. Here the first Plantagenet held the "cour plénière," in which the invasion of Ireland was arranged; and it was here he uttered those rash words which prompted his adherents to leave Argentan to assassinate Thomas à Becket.[569] But, apart from historic recollections, Argentan is celebrated for its point lace. A "bureau" for points de France was established at Argentan at the same time as the bureau at Alençon (1665), and was also under the direction of Madame Raffy. In a letter dated November 23rd, 1665, she writes to Colbert: "Je suis très satisfaite de la publication à son de trompe d'un arrêt qui ordonne aux ouvrières d'Argentan de travailler uniquement pour la bureau de la manufacture royale." PLATE LVI. [Illustration: ] [Illustration: POINT D'ARGENTAN.--Modern reproduction at Burano of the flounce now belonging to the Crown of Italy, said formerly to have belonged to Paul de Gondy, Cardinal de Retz 1614-79. This is evidently wrong, as the design and execution is of fifty years later date, but it is a fine specimen of an ecclesiastical flounce. Height, 24 in. Photo by Burano School.] _Between pages 202 and 203._ {203}Point d'Argentan has been thought to be especially distinguished by its hexagonally-arranged brides; but this has also been noticed as a peculiarity of certain Venetian point laces. The bride ground, to which we have before alluded in the notice of Alençon, was of very elaborate construction, and consists of a large six-sided mesh, worked over with the buttonhole stitch. It was always printed on the parchment pattern, and the upper angle of the hexagon is pricked. After the hexagon is formed, by passing the needle and thread round the pins in a way too complicated to be worth explaining, the six sides are worked over with seven or eight buttonhole stitches in each side. The bride ground was consequently very strong. It was much affected in France; the réseau was more preferred abroad.[570] At the present time, it is usual to consider the point d'Alençon as a lace with a fine réseau, the mesh of which is more square than hexagonal in form, worked by looped stitches across horizontal lines of thread, with the flower or ornament worked in fine point stitches, closely resembling the gimp or ornament in the point de Venise à réseau, and outlined by a cordonnet of the finest buttonhole stitches worked over a horsehair or threads, while point d'Argentan is a lace with similar work as regards flower, ornament, and cordonnet, but with a hexagonal bride ground, each side of the hexagon being of the finest buttonhole stitchings. Regarding the date of the introduction of the réseau, the large hexagonal "grande bride" would appear to follow from the points de Venise, Argentan being named before Alençon à réseau. Madame Despierres, however, is of opinion that Argentan simplified the usual réseau by adopting the bride tortillé (_i.e._, twisting the threads round each mesh instead of the more arduous buttonhole stitching). Alençon would then {204}have copied back the petites brides of small hexagonal twisted or buttonholed meshes in Louis XVI.'s reign. To this again succeeded the looped réseau of very thick thread. With the view of showing that Alençon and Argentan were intimately connected the one with the other in the manufacture of lace, M. Dupont says that, whereas considerable mention has been made in various records of the establishment at Alençon of a lace factory, trace of such records with regard to Alençon cannot be found. A family of thread and linen dealers, by name Monthulay, are credited with the establishment of a branch manufactory or _succursale_ for lace at Argentan. The Monthulays, then, sowed Alençon seeds at Argentan, which developed into the so-called Argentan lace. In almost all respects it is the same as Alençon work.[571] The two towns, separated by some ten miles, had communications as frequent as those which passed between Alençon and the little village of Vimoutier, eighteen miles distant, where one workman in particular produced what is known as the true Alençon lace. If a work were made at Argentan, it was called Argentan, if at Alençon, Alençon, though both might have been produced from the same designs. In 1708, the manufacture had almost fallen to decay, when it was raised by one Sieur Mathieu Guyard, a merchant mercer at Paris, who states that "his ancestors and himself had for more than 120 years been occupied in fabricating black silk and white thread lace in the environs of Paris." He applies to the council of the king for permission to re-establish the fabric of Argentan and to employ workwomen to the number of 600. He asks for exemption from lodging soldiers, begs to have the royal arms placed over his door, and stipulates that Monthulay, his draughtsman and engraver, shall be exempted from all taxes except the capitation. The Arrêt obtained by Guyard is dated July 24th, 1708. [Illustration: Fig. 92. POINT D'ARGENTAN. _To face page 204._] {205}Guyard's children continued the fabric. Monthulay went over to another manufacturer, and was replaced in 1715 by Jacques James, who, in his turn, was succeeded by his daughter, and she took as her partner one Sieur De La Leu. Other manufactures set up in competition with Guyard's; among others that of Madame Wyriot, whose factor, Du Ponchel, was in open warfare with the rival house. The marriage of the Dauphin, in 1744, was a signal for open hostilities. Du Ponchel asserted that Mademoiselle James enticed away his workmen, and claimed protection, on the ground that he worked for the king and the court. But on the other side, "It is I," writes De La Leu to the intendant, on behalf of Mademoiselle James, "that supply the 'Chambre du Roi' for this year, by order of the Duke de Richelieu. I too have the honour of furnishing the 'Garderobe du Roi,' by order of the grand master, the Duke de La Rochefoucault. Besides which, I furnish the King and Queen of Spain, and at this present moment am supplying lace for the marriage of the Dauphin."[572] Du Ponchel rejoins, "that he had to execute two 'toilettes et leurs suites, nombre de bourgognes[573] et leurs suites' for the Queen, and also a cravat, all to be worn on the same occasion." Du Ponchel appears to have had the better interest with the controller-general; for the quarrel ended in a prohibition to the other manufacturers to molest the women working for Du Ponchel, though the Maison Guyard asked for reciprocity, and maintained that their opponents had suborned and carried off more than a hundred of their hands.[574] The number of lace-makers in the town of Argentan and its environs at this period amounted to nearly 1,200. In a list of 111 who worked for the Maison Guyard appear the {206}names of many of the good bourgeois families of the county of Alençon, and even some of noble birth, leading one to infer that making point lace was an occupation not disdained by ladies of poor but noble houses. De La Leu, who, by virtue of an ordinance, had set up a manufacture on his own account, applies, in 1745, to have 200 workwomen at Argentan, and 200 at Carrouges, delivered over to his factor, in order that he may execute works ordered for the King and the Dauphin for the approaching fêtes of Christmas. This time the magistrate resists. "I have been forced to admit," he writes to the intendant, "that the workmen cannot be transferred by force. We had an example when the layette of the Dauphin was being made. You then gave me the order to furnish a certain number of women who worked at these points to the late Sieur de Monthulay. A detachment of women and girls came to my house, with a female captain (capitaine femelle) at their head, and all with one accord declared that if forced to work they would make nothing but cobbling (bousillage). Partly by threats, and partly by entreaty, I succeeded in compelling about a dozen to go, but the Sieur de Monthulay was obliged to discharge them the next day.[575] I am therefore of opinion that the only way is for M. De La Leu to endeavour to get some of the workwomen to suborn others to work for him under the promise of higher wages than they can earn elsewhere. M. De La Leu agrees with me there is no other course to pursue; and I have promised him that, in case any appeal is made to me, I shall answer that things must be so, as the work is doing for the king." From this period we have scarcely any notices concerning the fabric of Argentan. In 1763 the widow Louvain endeavoured to establish at Mortagne (Orne) a manufacture of lace like that of Alençon and Argentan, and proposed to send workers from these two towns to teach the art gratuitously to the girls of Mortagne. We do not know what became of her project; but at the same period the Epoux Malbiche de Boislaunay applied for permission to establish an office at Argentan, with the ordinary exemptions, under the title of Royal Manufacture. The title and exemptions were refused. There were then (1763) at Argentan three manufactures of point de France, without counting the general hospital of St. Louis, in which it was made for the profit of the institution, and evidently with success; for in 1764, a widow Roger was in treaty with the hospital to teach her two daughters the fabrication of point d'Argentan. They were to be boarded, and give six years of their time. The fine on non-performance was 80 livres. In 1781, the Sieur Gravelle Desvallées made a fruitless application to establish a manufacture at Argentan; nor could even the children of the widow Wyriot obtain a renewal of the privilege granted to their mother.[576] Gravelle was ruined by the Revolution, and died in 1830. [Illustration: Fig. 93. POINT D'ARGENTAN.--Grande bride ground. Eighteenth century. _To face page 206._] {207}Arthur Young, in 1788, estimates the annual value of Argentan point at 500,000 livres. Taking these data, we may fix the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI. as the period when point d'Argentan was at its highest prosperity. It appears in the inventories of the personages of that time; most largely in the accounts of Madame du Barry (from 1769 to 1773), who patronized Argentan equally with point d'Angleterre and point à l'aiguille. In 1772, she pays 5,740 francs for a complete garniture. Lappets, flounces, engageantes, collerettes, aunages, fichus, are all supplied to her of this costly fabric.[577] One spécialité in the Argentan point is the "bride picotée," a remnant, perhaps, of the early Venetian teaching. It consists of the six-sided button-hole bride, fringed with a little row of three or four picots or pearls round each side. It was also called "bride épinglée," because pins were pricked in the parchment pattern, to form these picots or boucles (loops) on; hence it was sometimes styled "bride bouclée."[578] {208}The "écaille de poisson" réseau was also much used at Alençon and Argentan. The manner of making "bride picotée" is entirely lost. Attempts were made to recover the art some years since (1869), and an old workwoman was found who had made it in her girlhood, but she proved incapable of bringing the stitch back to her memory, and the project was given up.[579] Point d'Argentan disappeared, and was re-established in 1708; but though a few specimens were produced at the Exhibition of Industry in 1808, the industry died out in 1810.[580] It was again revived with some success by M. M. Lefébure in 1874. In January 1874, with the assistance of the mayor, he made a search in the greniers of the Hôtel Dieu, and discovered three specimens of point d'Argentan in progress on the parchment patterns. One was of bold pattern with the "grande bride" ground, evidently a man's ruffle; the other had the barette or bride ground of point de France; the third picotée, showing that the three descriptions of lace were made contemporaneously at Argentan. The author of a little pamphlet on Argentan, M. Eugène[581] de Lonlay, remembers having seen in his youth in the Holy week, in the churches of St. Martin and St. Germain, the statues of the apostles covered from head to foot with this priceless point. Argentan is now much made at Burano. Plate LVI. illustrates one of their fine reproductions. PLATE LVII. [Illustration: FRENCH. POINT D'ARGENTAN.--Eighteenth century. Period Louis XV. Needle-point borders. Both these have the hexagonal ground of the genre "Argentan." The upper one is chiefly filled in with the "oeil de perdrix" or "réseau rosacé." Width, 3-3/8 in. The lower one has been pieced together. Width, 7 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 208._ {209}CHAPTER XV. ISLE DE FRANCE.--PARIS (DÉP. SEINE). "Quelle heure est-il? Passé midi. Qui vous l'a dit? Une petite souris. Que fait-elle? De la dentelle. Pour qui? La reine de Paris."--_Old Nursery Song._ Early in the seventeenth century, lace was extensively made in the environs of Paris, at Louvres, Gisors, Villiers-le-Bel, Montmorency, and other localities. Of this we have confirmation in a work[582] published 1634, in which, after commenting upon the sums of money spent in Flanders for "ouvrages et passemens,[583] tant de point couppé que d'autres," which the king had put a stop to by the sumptuary law of 1633, the author says:--"Pour empescher icelle despence, il y a toute l'Isle de France et autres lieux qui sont remplis de plus de dix mille familles dans lesquels les enfans de l'un et l'autre sexe, dès l'âge de dix ans ne sont instruits qu'à la manufacture desdits ouvrages, dont il s'en trouve d'aussi beaux et bien faits que ceux des étrangers; les Espagnols, qui le sçavent, ne s'en fournissent ailleurs." Who first founded the lace-making of the Isle de France it is difficult to say; a great part of it was in the hands of the Huguenots, leading us to suppose it formed one of the numerous "industries" introduced or encouraged by {210}Henry IV. and Sully. Point de Paris, mignonette, bisette, and other narrow cheap laces were made, and common guipures were also fabricated at St. Denis, Écouen, and Groslay. From 1665 to the French Revolution, the exigencies of fashion requiring a superior class of lace, the workwomen arrived gradually at making point of remarkable fineness and superior execution. The lappet (Fig. 94) is a good example of the delicacy of the fine point de Paris. The ground resembles the fond chant, the six-pointed star meshed réseau. [Illustration: Fig. 94. POINT DE PARIS.--Reduced.] [Illustration: Fig. 95. POINT DE FRANCE.--Bobbin lace. Seventeenth century. With portraits of Louis XIV. and Marie Thérèse. Mrs. Palliser gives this illustration the above designation in her last edition; in her former ones, that of Flemish lace. The lace has lately come into the possession of Mr. Arthur Blackborne. It appears to be Flemish work made for the French Queen. _To face page 210._] {211}Savary, who wrote in 1726, mentions how, in the Château de Madrid, there had long existed a manufacture of points de France.[584] A second fabric was established by the Comte de Marsan,[585] in Paris, towards the end of the same century. Having brought over from Brussels his nurse, named Dumont, with her four daughters, she asked him, as a reward for the care she had bestowed upon him in his infancy, to obtain for her the privilege of setting up in Paris a manufactory of point de France. Colbert granted the request: Dumont was established in the Faubourg St. Antoine--classic land of embroidery from early times--cited in the "Révolte des Passemens," "Telle Broderie qui n'avoit jamais esté plus loin que du Faubourg S. Antoine au Louvre." A "cent Suisse" of the king's was appointed as guard before the door of her house. In a short time Dumont had collected more than 200 girls, among whom were several of good birth, and made beautiful lace called point de France. Her fabric was next transferred to Rue Saint Sauveur, and subsequently to the Hôtel Saint-Chaumont, near the Porte St. Denis. Dumont afterwards went to Portugal, leaving her fabric under the direction of Mademoiselle de Marsan. But, adds the historian, as fashion and taste often change in France, people became tired of this point. It proved difficult to wash; the flowers had to be raised each time it was cleaned; it was thick and unbecoming to the face. Points d'Espagne were now made instead, with small flowers, which, being very fine, was more suitable for a lady's dress. Lastly, the taste for Mechlin lace coming in, the manufacture of Dumont was entirely given up.[586] In the time of Louis XIV. the commerce of lace was distributed in different localities of Paris, as we learn from the "Livre Commode"[587] already quoted. The gold laces, forming of themselves a special commerce, had their shops in the "rue des Bourdonnais (in which silk laces were especially sold) and the rue Sainte-Honoré, entre la place aux Chats et les piliers des Halles," while the rue Bétizy retained for itself the spécialité of selling "points et dentelles." The gold and silver laces of Paris, commonly known as points d'Espagne,[588] often embellished with pearls and other {212}ornaments, were for years renowned throughout all Europe; and, until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, an object of great commerce to France. Its importance is shown by the sumptuary edicts of the seventeenth century forbidding its use, and also by its mention in the _Révolte des Passemens_. It was made on the pillow. Much was exported to Spain and the Indies. How those exiled workmen were received by the Protestant princes of Europe, and allowed to establish themselves in their dominions, to the loss of France and the enrichment of the lands of their adoption, will be told in due time, when we touch on the lace manufactures of Holland and Germany. (Plate LVIII.) Since 1784, little lace has been made in Paris itself, but a large number of lace-makers are employed in applying the flowers of Binche and Mirecourt upon the bobbin-net grounds. CHANTILLY (DÉP. OISE). "Dans sa pompe élégante admirez Chantilli, De héros en héros, d'âge en âge embelli." --Delille. _Les Jardins._ Although there long existed lace-makers in the environs of Paris, the establishment for which Chantilly was celebrated owes its formation to Catherine de Rohan, Duchesse de Longueville, who sent for workwomen from Dieppe and Havre to her château of Étrepagny, where she retired at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and established schools. The town of Chantilly, being the centre of a district of lace-makers, has given its name to the laces of the surrounding district, the trade being distributed over more than a hundred villages, the principal of which are Saint-Maximien, Viarmes, Méric, Luzarches, and Dammartin. The proximity to Paris, affording a ready sale for its productions, caused the manufacture to prosper, and the narrow laces which they first made--gueuse and point de Paris--were soon replaced by guipures, white thread, and black silk lace.[589] PLATE LVIII. [Illustration: FRENCH (OR DUTCH).--Borders of gold and silver thread and gimp lace. Eighteenth century. From the Treasury of St. Mary's Church, Dantzig. Widths: 1-1/8, 1¾ and 4¼ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 212._ {213}Some twenty years since there dwelt at Chantilly an elderly lady, grand-daughter of an old proprietor, who had in her possession one of the original pattern-books of the fabric, with autograph letters of Marie Antoinette, the Princess de Lamballe, and other ladies of the court, giving their orders and expressing their opinion on the laces produced. We find in the inventories of the last century, "coëffure de cour de dentelle de soye noire," "mantelet garni de dentelles noires," a "petite duchesse et une respectueuse," and other "coëffes," all of "dentelle de soye noire."[590] White blonde appears more sparingly. The Duchesse de Duras has "une paire de manchettes à trois rangs, deux fichus et deux paires de sabots en blonde."[591] The latter to wear, probably, with her "robe en singe." Du Barry purchases more largely.[592] See pages 181, 182, and 224. Fig. 96 is a specimen taken from the above-mentioned pattern-book; the flowers and ground are of the same silk, the flowers worked en grillé (see Chap. III., grillé), or open stitch, instead of the compact tissue of the "blondes mates," of the Spanish style. The cordonnet is a thicker silk strand, flat and untwisted. This is essentially "Chantilly lace." The fillings introduced into the flowers and other ornaments in Chantilly lace are mesh grounds of old date, which, according to the district where they were made, are called vitré, mariage, and cinq trous. Chantilly first created the black silk lace industry, and deservedly it retains her name, whether made there or in Calvados. Chantilly black lace has always been made of silk, but from its being a grenadine, not a shining silk, a common error prevails that it is of thread, whereas black thread lace has never been made {214}either at Chantilly or Bayeux. The distinguishing feature of this lace is the _fond chant_ (an abbreviation of Chantilly), the six-pointed star réseau, or, as it is better described, a diamond crossed by two horizontal threads. Chantilly fell with '93. Being considered a Royal fabric, and its productions made for the nobility alone, its unfortunate lace-workers became the victims of revolutionary fury, and all perished, with their patrons, on the scaffold. We hear no more of the manufacture until the Empire, a period during which Chantilly enjoyed its greatest prosperity. In 1805, white blonde became the rage in Paris, and the workwomen were chiefly employed in its fabrication. The Chantilly laces were then in high repute, and much exported, the black, especially, to Spain and her American colonies; no other manufactories could produce mantillas, scarfs, and other large pieces of such great beauty. It was then they made those rich large-patterned blondes called by the French "blondes mates," by the Spaniards "trapeada," the prevailing style since the First Empire. [Illustration: Fig. 96. CHANTILLY.--Reduced.--From one of the Order Books, temp. Louis XVI.] About 1835 black lace again came into vogue, and the lace-makers were at once set to work at making black silk laces with double ground, and afterwards they revived the hexagonal ground of the last century, called fond d'Alençon,[593] for the production of which they are celebrated. The lace industry has been driven away from Chantilly by the increase in the price of labour consequent on its vicinity to the capital. The lace manufacturers, unable to {215}pay such high salaries, retired to Gisors, where in 1851 there were from 8,000 to 9,000 lace-makers. They continued to make the finest lace some years longer at Chantilly; but now she has been supplanted by the laces of Calvados, Caen, and Bayeux, which are similar in material and in mode of fabrication. The generally so-called Chantilly shawls are the production of Bayeux. {216}CHAPTER XVI. NORMANDY. "Dangling thy hands like bobbins before thee." --Congreve, _Way of the World_. SEINE INFÉRIEURE. Lace forms an essential part of the costume of the Normandy peasants. The wondrous "Bourgoin,"[594] with its long lappets of rich lace, descended from generation to generation, but little varied from the cornettes of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (Fig. 97). The countrywomen wore their lace at all times, when it was not replaced by the cotton nightcap, without much regard to the general effect of their daily clothes. "Madame the hostess," writes a traveller in 1739, "made her appearance in long lappets of bone lace, with a sack of linsey wolsey." The manufactures of the Pays de Caux date from the beginning of the sixteenth century. It appears to have been the first centre in Normandy, as in 1661 Havre laces occur in the _Révolte des Passemens_. Lace-making was the principal occupation of the wives and daughters of the mariners and fishermen. In 1692, M. de Sainte-Aignan, governor of Havre, found it employed 20,000 women.[595] {217}[Illustration: Fig. 97. CAUCHOISE.--From an engraving of the eighteenth century.] It was in the province of Normandy, as comprised in its ancient extent, that the lace trade made the most rapid increase in the eighteenth century. From Arras to St. {218}Malo more than thirty centres of manufacture established themselves, imitating with success the laces of Mechlin; the guipures of Flanders; the fond clair, or single ground, then called point de Bruxelles; point de Paris; black thread laces, and also those guipures enriched with gold and silver, so much esteemed for church ornament. The manufactures of Havre, Honfleur, Bolbec, Eu, Fécamp, and Dieppe were most thriving. They made double and single grounds, guipure, and a kind of thick Valenciennes, such as is still made in the little town of Honfleur and its environs. In 1692 the number of lace-makers at Havre and its environs was not less than 22,000. Corneille,[596] 1707, declares the laces of Havre to be "très recherchées"; and in an engraving, 1688, representing a "marchande lingère en sa boutique,"[597] among the stock in trade, together with the points of Spain and England, are certain "cartons" labelled "Point du Havre." It appears also in the inventory of Colbert, who considered it worthy of trimming his pillow-cases and his camisoles;[598] and Madame de Simiane[599] had two "toilettes garnies de dentelle du Hâvre," with an "estuy à peigne," en suite. Next in rank to the points du Havre came the laces of Dieppe and its environs, which, says an early writer of the eighteenth century, rivalled the "industrie" of Argentan and Caen. The city of Dieppe alone, with its little colony of Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont (a village two leagues distant, inhabited by the descendants of a body of workmen who retired from the bombardment of Dieppe),[600] employed 4,000 lace-makers. A writer in 1761[601] says, "A constant trade is that of laces, which yield only in precision of design and fineness to those of Mechlin; but it has never been so considerable as it was at the end of the seventeenth century. Although it has slackened since about 1745 for the amount of its productions, which have diminished in value, it has not altogether fallen. As this work is the occupation of women and girls, a great number of whom have no other means of subsistence, there is also a large number of dealers who buy their laces, to send them into other parts of the kingdom, to Spain, and the islands of America. This trade is free, without any corporation; but those who make lace without being mercers cannot sell lace thread, the sale of which is very lucrative."[602] PLATE LIX. [Illustration: FRENCH, CHANTILLY. FLOUNCE, BLACK SILK, BOBBIN-MADE.--Much reduced.] PLATE LX. [Illustration: FRENCH, LE PUY. BLACK SILK GUIPURE, BOBBIN-MADE. Photos by A. Dryden from laces the property of Mr. Arthur Blackborne.] _To face page 218._ {219}[Illustration: Fig. 98. PETIT POUSSIN.--Dieppe.] About twenty years later we read, "The lace manufacture, which is very ancient, has much diminished since the points, embroidered muslins, and gauzes have gained the preference; yet good workers earn sufficient to live comfortably; but those who have not the requisite dexterity would do well to seek some other trade, as inferior lace-workers are unable to earn sufficient for a maintenance."[603] M. Feret writes in 1824,[604] "Dieppe laces are in little request; nevertheless there is a narrow kind, named 'poussin,' the habitual resource and work of the poor lace-makers of this town, and which recommends itself by its cheapness and pleasing effect when used as a trimming to collars and morning dresses. Strangers who visit our town make an ample provision of this lace" (Fig. 98). The lace-makers of Dieppe love to give their own {220}names to their different laces--vierge, Ave Maria, etc. (Fig. 99)--and the designation of Poussin (chicken) is given to the lace in question from the delicacy of its workmanship. Point de Dieppe (Fig. 100) much resembles Valenciennes, but is less complicated in its make. It requires much fewer bobbins, and whereas Valenciennes can only be made in lengths of eight inches without detaching the lace from the pillow, the Dieppe point is not taken off, but rolled.[605] It is now no longer made. In 1826 a lace school was established at Dieppe, under the direction of two sisters from the Convent of La Providence at Rouen, patronized by the Duchesse de Berri, the Queen of the French, and the Empress Eugénie. The exertions of the sisters have been most successful. In 1842 they received the gold medal for having, by the substitution of the Valenciennes for the old Dieppe stitch, introduced a new industry into the department. They make Valenciennes of every width, and are most expert in the square grounds of the Belgian Valenciennes, made entirely of flax thread, unmixed with cotton, and at most reasonable prices.[606] [Illustration: Fig. 99. AVE MARIA.--Dieppe.] A very pretty double-grounded old Normandy lace, greatly used for caps, was generally known under the name of "Dentelle à la Vierge" (Fig. 101). We find only one mention of a lace so designated, and that in the inventory made in 1785, after the death of Louis-Philippe, Duke of {221}Orleans, the father of Egalité, where in his chapel at Villers-Cotterets is noted, "Une aube en baptiste garnie en gros point de dentelle dite à la Vierge."[607] [Illustration: Fig. 100. POINT DE DIEPPE.--Bobbin-made.] The lace of Eu, resembling Valenciennes, was much esteemed. Located on the site of a royal château, the property of the Duc de Penthièvre, himself a most enthusiastic lover of fine point, as his wardrobe accounts testify, the {222}lace-makers received, no doubt, much patronage and encouragement from the seigneur of the domain. In the family picture by Vanloo, known as the "Tasse de Chocolat," containing portraits of the Duc de Penthièvre, his son, and the unfortunate Princesse de Lamballe, together with his daughter, soon to be Duchess of Orleans, the duke, who is holding in his hand a medal, enclosed in a case, wears a lace ruffle of Valenciennes pattern, probably the fabric of his own people (Fig. 102). [Illustration: Fig. 101. DENTELLE À LA VIERGE.] {223}Arthur Young, in 1788, states the wages of the lace-makers seldom exceed from seven or eight sous per day; some few, he adds, may earn fifteen. Previous to the Revolution, the lace made at Dieppe amounted to 400,000 francs annually. But Normandy experienced the shock of 1790. Dieppe had already suffered from the introduction of foreign lace when the Revolution broke out in all its fury. The points of Havre, with the fabrics of Pont-l'Evêque (Dép. Calvados), Harfleur, Eu, and more than ten other neighbouring towns, entirely disappeared. Those of Dieppe and Honfleur alone trailed on a precarious existence. [Illustration: Fig. 102. DUC DE PENTHIÈVRE.--Vanloo. M. de Versailles.] CALVADOS. The principal lace centres in the department of Calvados are Caen and Bayeux. From an early date both black and white thread laces were made, of which the former was most esteemed. It was not until 1745 that the blondes made their appearance. The first silk used for the new production was of its natural colour, "écrue," hence these laces were called "blondes."[608] {224}The blonde of the time of Marie Antoinette is a very light fabric with spots or outline threads of thicker silk forming a pattern. Later, in the time of the Empire, the Spanish style came into vogue. The eighteenth-century patterns were again copied at Caen in the middle of the nineteenth century. After a time silk was procured of a more suitable white, and those beautiful laces produced, which before long became of such commercial importance. A silk throwster, M. Duval, was in a great degree the originator of the success of the Caen blondes, having been the first to prepare those brilliant white silks which have made their reputation. The silk is procured from Bourg-Argental, in the Cevennes. The Caen workers made the Chantilly lace, "Grillé blanc," already described,[609] and also the "blonde de Caen," in which the flower is made with a different silk from that which forms the réseau and outlined with a thick silk strand. The réseau is of the Lille type, fond simple. It is this kind of blonde which is so successfully imitated at Calais. Lastly the "blonde mate," or Spanish, already mentioned. In no other place, except Chantilly, have the blondes attained so pure a white, such perfect workmanship, such lightness, such brilliancy as the "Blondes de Caen." They had great success in France, were extensively imported, and made the fortune of the surrounding country, where they were fabricated in every cottage. Not every woman can work at the white lace. Those who have what is locally termed the "haleine grasse," are obliged to confine themselves to black. In order to preserve purity of colour, the lace-makers work during the summer months in the open air, in winter in lofts over their cow-houses: warmed by the heat of the animals, they dispense with fire and its accompanying smoke.[610] Generally, it was only made in summer, and the black reserved for winter work. Peuchet speaks of white lace being made in Caen from the lowest price to twenty-five livres the ell.[611] According to Arthur Young, the earnings {225}of the blonde-workers were greater than those of Dieppe or Havre, a woman gaining daily from fifteen to thirty sous. The silk blonde trade did not suffer from the crisis of 1821 to '32: when the thread-lace-makers were reduced to the brink of ruin by the introduction of bobbin net, the demand for blonde, on the contrary, had a rapid increase, and Caen exported great quantities, by smuggling, to England. The blonde-makers earning twenty-five per cent. more than the thread-lace-makers, the province was in full prosperity. The competition with the machine-made blondes of Calais and Nottingham has caused the manufacture of the white blondes to be abandoned, and the Caen lace-makers have now confined themselves to making black lace. Caen also produces gold and silver blondes, mixed sometimes with pearls. In 1847 the laces of Caen alone employed more than 50,000 persons, or one-eighth of the whole population of Calvados. Bayeux formerly made only light thread laces--mignonette, and what Peuchet calls[612] "point de Marli." "On ne voit dans ces dentelles," he writes, "que du réseau de diverses espèces, du fond et une canetille à gros fil, qu'on conduit autour de ces fonds." Marli, styled in the Dictionary of Napoléon Landais a "tissu à jour en fil et en soie fabriqué sur le métier à faire de la gaze," was in fact the predecessor of tulle. It was invented about 1765,[613] and for twenty years had great success, and was much worn by Marie Antoinette. When the mesh ground with an edging of loops, which constituted this lace in the decadence of Louis XVI., had a pattern, it was pois, rosettes, or the spots of point d'esprit. In the _Tableau de Paris_, 1782, we read that Marli employed a great number of workpeople, "et l'on a vu des soldats valides et invalides faire le marli, le promener, l'offrir, et le vendre eux-mêmes. Des soldats faire le marli!" It was to this Marli, or large pieces of white thread net, that Bayeux owed its reputation. No other fabric could produce them at so low a price. Bayeux alone made albs, shawls, and other articles of large size, of thread lace. {226}Lace was first made at Bayeux in the convents and schools, under the direction of the nuns of "La Providence." The nuns were sent there at the end of the seventeenth century, to undertake the supervision of the work-room founded by the Canon Baucher, in the old church of S. George. In 1747 the Abbé Suhard de Loucelles provided additional rooms for them in a house in the Faubourg St. Loup, close by the church of Notre Dame de la Poterie. In a short time more than 400 young women were employed at the two sets of work-rooms, and in 1758 the aldermen of the town presented to the intendant of the province a pair of thread lace cuffs, which, according to the accounts of the municipality, cost 144 livres. It was not until 1740 that a commercial house was established by M. Clément; from which period the manufacture has rapidly increased, and is now one of the most important in France. The black laces of Caen, Bayeux, and Chantilly, are alike; the design and mode of fabrication being identical, it is almost impossible, for even the most experienced eye, to detect the difference. They are mostly composed of "piece goods," shawls, dresses, flounces, and veils, made in small strips, united by the stitch already alluded to, the _point de raccroc_, to the invention of which Calvados owes her prosperity. This stitch, invented by a lace-maker named Cahanet, admits of putting a number of hands on the same piece, whereas, under the old system, not more than two could work at the same time. A scarf, which would formerly have taken two women six months to complete, divided into segments, can now be finished by ten women in one. (Plate LIX.) About 1827, Madame Carpentier caused silk blonde again to be made for French consumption, the fabric having died out. Two years later she was succeeded by M. Auguste Lefébure, by whom the making of "blondes mates" for exportation was introduced with such success, that Caen, who had applied herself wholly to this manufacture, almost gave up the competition. Mantillas (Spanish, Havanese, and Mexican), in large quantities, were exported to Spain, Mexico and the Southern Seas, and were superior to those made in Catalonia. This manufacture requires the greatest care, as it is necessary to throw aside the French taste, and adopt the heavy, overcharged patterns appropriate to the costumes and fashions of the countries for which they are destined. These mantillas have served as models for the imitation made at Nottingham. (Plate LXI.) PLATE LXI. [Illustration: FRENCH. BLONDE MATE, IN SPANISH STYLE.--Nineteenth century. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 226._ {227}[Illustration: Fig. 103. MODERN BLACK LACE OF BAYEUX.--Much reduced.] To the exertions of M. Lefébure is due the great improvement in the teaching of the lace schools. Formerly the apprentices were consigned to the care of some aged lace-maker, probably of deficient eyesight; he, on the contrary, {228}placed them under young and skilful forewomen, and the result has been the rising up of a generation of workers who have given to Bayeux a reputation superior to all in Calvados. It is the first fabric for large pieces of extra fine quality and rich designs; and as the point d'Alençon lace has also been introduced into the city, Bayeux excels equally at the pillow and the needle (Figs. 103 and 104). Messrs. Lefébure have also most successfully reproduced the Venetian point in high relief; the raised flowers are executed with great beauty and the picots rendered with great precision. The discovery of the way in which this complicated point lace was made has been the work of great patience. It is called "Point Colbert." See page 188. In 1851 there were in Calvados 60,000 lace-workers, spread along the sea-coast to Cherbourg, where the nuns of La Providence have an establishment. It is only by visiting the district that an adequate idea can be formed of the resources this work affords to the labouring classes, thousands of women deriving from it their sole means of subsistence.[614] Bayeux is now the centre for high-class lace-making in France. M. Lefébure considers that the fichus, mantillas, etc., that are made of fine white thread in the country round Bayeux have all the suppleness and softness which contribute to the charm of Mechlin lace, to which they have a close affinity. BRETAGNE. No record of lace-making occurs in Bretagne, though probably the Normandy manufacturers extended westward along the coast. At all events, the wearing of it was early adopted. [Illustration: Fig. 104. POINT COLBERT.--Venetian point in relief reproduced by M. Lefébure. _To face page 228._] {229}Embroidered tulle or point d'esprit was made in Brittany as in Denmark, and around Genoa, where its production still continues. Embroidered muslins with open-work lace stitches were also made in Brittany during the eighteenth century, and called Broderie des Indes, after the Indian muslin scarfs that were brought to Europe at that date, and set the fashion. There is a popular ballad of the province, 1587, on "Fontenelle le Ligueur," one of the most notorious partizans of the League in Bretagne. He has been entrapped at Paris, and while awaiting his doom, sends his page to his wife, with these words (we spare our readers the Breton dialect):-- "Page, mon page, petit page, va vite à Coadelan et dis à la pauvre héritière[615] de ne plus porter des dentelles. "De ne plus porter des dentelles, parce que son pauvre époux est en peine. Toi, rapporte-moi une chemise à mettre, et un drap pour m'ensevelir."[616] One singular custom prevails among the ancient families in Bretagne; a bride wears her lace-adorned dress but twice--once on her wedding-day, and only again at her death, when the corse lies in state for a few hours before its placing in the coffin. After the marriage ceremony the bride carefully folds away her dress[617] in linen of the finest homespun, intended for her winding sheet, and each year, on the anniversary of the wedding-day, fresh sprigs of lavender and rosemary are laid upon it until the day of mourning. {230}CHAPTER XVII. VALENCIENNES (DÉP. DU NORD). "Ils s'attachoient à considerer des tableaux de petit point de la manufacture de Valencienne qui representoient des fleurs, et comme ils les trouvoient parfaitement beaux, M. de Magelotte, leur hôte, vouloit les leur donner, mais ils ne les acceptèrent point."--1686. _Voyage des Ambassadeurs de Siam._ Part of the ancient province of Hainault, Valenciennes, together with Lille and Arras, is Flemish by birth, French only by conquest and treaty.[618] Its lace manufacture has been supposed to date from the fifteenth century, its first productions being attributed to Pierre Chauvin and Ignace Harent, who employed a three-thread twisted flax. This early date, however, is probably not correct. It is more probable that Valenciennes developed from and took the place of the lace-making foundation of Colbert at Le Quesnoy. The lace of Le Quesnoy is never mentioned after Louis XIV., whereas after that reign Valenciennes comes into notice. It reached its climax from 1725 to 1780, when there were from 3,000 to 4,000 lace-makers in the city alone. One of the finest known specimens of the earlier fabric is a lace-bordered alb,[619] belonging to the ladies of the Convent of the Visitation,[620] at Le Puy. The lace is 28 inches wide, consisting of three breadths, entirely of white thread, very fine, though thick. The solid pattern, which with its flowers and scrolls partakes of the character of the Renaissance, comes out well from the clear réseau ground. [Illustration: Fig. 105. VALENCIENNES.--1650-1730 _To face page 230._] {231}From 1780 downwards, fashion changed. The cheaper and lighter laces of Brussels, Lille, and Arras, obtained the preference over the costly and more substantial products of Valenciennes--les éternelles Valenciennes, as they were called--while the subsequent disappearance of ruffles from the costume of the men greatly added to the evil. Valenciennes fell with the monarchy. During the war of liberty, foreign occupation decimated its population, and the art became nearly lost. In 1790, the number of lace-workers had diminished to 250; and, though Napoleon used every effort to revive the manufacture, he was unsuccessful. In 1851 there were only two lace-makers remaining, and they both upwards of eighty years of age. The lace made in the city alone was termed "Vraie Valenciennes," and attained a perfection unrivalled by the productions of the villages beyond the walls. In the lace accounts of Madame du Barry we find constant mention of this term.[621] "Vraie Valenciennes" appears constantly in contradistinction to "bâtarde"[622] and "fausse," simply leading us to suppose that the last-mentioned appellations signify the laces fabricated in the neighbourhood. In support of this assertion, M. Dieudonné writes:[623] "This beautiful manufacture is so inherent in the place, that it is an established fact, if a piece of lace were begun at Valenciennes and finished outside the walls, the part which had not been made at Valenciennes would be visibly less beautiful and less perfect than the other, though continued by the same lace-maker with the same thread, and upon the same pillow."[624] {232}[Illustration: Fig. 106. VALENCIENNES.--Period Louis XIV.] PLATE LXII. [Illustration: VALENCIENNES.--Three specimens of seventeenth and eighteenth century. Arranged by age, the oldest at the top, which was made for a royal personage, with the initials E. P.; it is now the property of Mr. Arthur Blackborne. Widths of the middle and lower pieces 1½ and 2½ in. Photos by A. Dryden.] _To face page 232._ {233}The extinction of the fabric and its transfer to Belgium has been a great commercial loss to France. Valenciennes, being specially a "dentelle linge," is that of which the greatest quantity is consumed throughout the universe. Valenciennes lace is altogether made upon the pillow, with one kind of thread for the pattern and the ground (Fig. 106). No lace is so expensive to make, from the number of bobbins required, and the flax used was of the finest quality. The city-made lace was remarkable for the beauty of its ground, the richness of its design, and evenness of its tissue. Its mesh is square or diamond-shaped, and it has no twisted sides; all are closely plaited. The ornament is not picked out with a cordonnet, as is the case with Mechlin; but, like Mechlin, the ground went through various modifications, including the "fond de neige," before the réseau was finally fixed. From their solidity, "les belles et éternelles Valenciennes" became an heirloom in each family. A mother bequeathed them to her daughter as she would now her jewels or her furs.[625] The lace-makers worked in underground cellars, from four in the morning till eight at night, scarcely earning their tenpence a day. The pattern was the especial property of the manufacturer; it was at the option of the worker to pay for its use and retain her work, if not satisfied with the price she received. This lace was generally made by young girls; it did not accord with the habits of the "mère bourgeoise" either to abandon her household duties or to preserve the delicacy of hand requisite for the work. It may be inferred, also, that no eyes could support for a number of years the close confinement to a cellar: many of the women are said to have become almost blind previous to attaining the age of thirty. It was a great point when the whole piece was executed by the same lace-worker. "All by the same hand," we find entered in the bills of the lace-sellers of the time.[626] The labour of making "vraie Valenciennes" was so great that while the Lille lace-workers could produce from three to five ells a day, those of Valenciennes could not complete more than an inch and a half in the same time. Some lace-workers only made half an ell (24 inches) in a {234}year, and it took ten months, working fifteen hours a day, to finish a pair of men's ruffles--hence the costliness of the lace.[627] A pair of ruffles would amount to 4,000 livres, and the "barbes pleines,"[628] as a lady's cap was then termed, to 1,200 livres and upwards. [Illustration: Fig. 107. VALENCIENNES.] [Illustration: Fig. 108. VALENCIENNES LAPPET.--Period Louis XVI. _To face page 234._] {235}The Valenciennes of 1780 was of a quality far superior to any made in the present century. The réseau was fine and compact, the flower resembling cambric in its texture; the designs still betraying the Flemish origin of the fabric--tulips, carnations, iris, or anemones--such as we see in the old Flemish flower-pieces, true to nature, executed with Dutch exactness (Fig. 108). The city owed not its prosperity to the rich alone; the peasants themselves were great consumers of its produce. A woman laid by her earnings for years to purchase a "bonnet en vraie Valenciennes," some few of which still appear in the northern provinces of France at church festivals and holidays. These caps are formed of three pieces, "barbes, passe, et fond." The Norman women also loved to trim the huge fabric with which they overcharge their heads with a real Valenciennes; and even in the present day of "bon marché" a peasant woman will spend from 100 to 150 francs on a cap which is to last her for life. The last important piece made within the city walls was a head-dress of "vraie Valenciennes" presented by the city to the Duchesse de Nemours, on her marriage in 1840. It was furnished by Mademoiselle Ursule Glairo, herself an aged lady, who employed the few old lace-workers then living, with the patriotic wish of exhibiting the perfection of the ancient manufacture.[629] LILLE (DÉP. DU NORD). "Ces points couppés, passements et dentelles, Las! qui venoient de l'Isle et de Bruxelles." --_Consolation des Dames._ 1620. The fabrics of Lille and Arras are identical; both make white lace with single grounds (fond simple); but the productions of Lille are far superior to those of Arras in quality. The manufacture of the capital of French Flanders vies with those of the Netherlands in antiquity. As early as 1582 its lace-makers are described, at the entry of the Duke of Anjou into the city, "as wearing a special costume. A gown of striped stuff, with a cap of fine linen plaited in small flutes." A silver medal suspended from the neck by a black ribbon completed a dress which has descended to the nineteenth century.[630] The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle having transferred Lille to France, many of its artizans retired to {236}Ghent; they are described at that period as making both white and black lace.[631] The art, however, did not die out, for in 1713,[632] on the marriage of the Governor, young Boufflers, to Mademoiselle de Villeroi, the magistrates of Lille presented him with lace to the value of 4,000 livres.[633] [Illustration: Fig. 109. LILLE.] The beauty of the Lille lace is its ground, called "Point de Lille," or fond clair, "the finest, lightest, most {237}transparent, and best made of all grounds."[634] The work is simple, consisting of the ground, with a thick thread to mark the pattern[635] (Fig. 109). Instead of the sides of the mesh being plaited, as in Valenciennes, or partly plaited, partly twisted, as in Brussels and Mechlin, four of the sides are formed by twisting two threads round each other, and the remaining two sides by simple crossing of the threads over each other. In the eighteenth century more than two-thirds of the lace-making population of Europe made it under the name of mignonettes and blondes de fil. The "treille"[636] was finer in the last century; but in 1803 the price of thread having risen 30 per cent.,[637] the lace-makers, unwilling to raise the prices of their lace, adopted a larger treille, in order to diminish the quantity of thread required. The straight edge and stiff pattern of the old Lille lace is well known (Fig. 110). The laces of Lille, both black and white, have been much used in France: though Madame Junot speaks disparagingly of the fabric,[638] the light clear ground rendered them especially adapted for summer wear. They found great favour also in England, into which country one-third of the lace manufactured throughout the Département du Nord was smuggled in 1789.[639] The broad black Lille lace has always been specially admired, and was extensively used to trim the long silk mantles of the eighteenth century.[640] {238}In 1788 there were above 16,000 lace-makers at Lille, and it made 120,000 pieces[641] of lace, representing a value of more than £160,000. In 1851 the number of lace-makers was reduced to 1,600; it is still gradually diminishing, from the competition of the fabric of Mirecourt and the numerous other manufactures established at Lille, which offer more lucrative wages than can be obtained by lace-making. [Illustration: Fig. 110. LILLE.] The old straight-edged is no longer made, but the rose pattern of the Mechlin is adopted, and the style of that lace copied: the semé of little square dots (_points d'esprit_) on the ground--one of the characteristics of Lille lace--is still retained. In 1862 Mrs. Palliser saw at Lille a complete garniture of beautiful workmanship, ordered for a trousseau at Paris, but the commercial crisis and the revolutions of 1848 virtually put an end to the lace industry of Lille and Arras. {239}ARRAS (ARTOIS) (DÉP. PAS-DE-CALAIS). "Arras of ryche arraye, Fresh as floures in Maye."--Skelton. Arras, from the earliest ages, has been a working city. Her citizens were renowned for the tapestries which bore their name: the nuns of her convents excelled in all kinds of needlework. In the history of the Abbaye du Vivier,[642] we are told how the abbess, Madame Sainte, dite la Sauvage, set the sisters to work ornaments for the church:-- "Les filles dans l'ouvroir tous les jours assemblées N'y paroissent pas moins que l'Abbesse zelées, Celle cÿ d'une aiguille ajuste au petit point Un bel etuy d'autel que l'eglise n'a point, Broche d'or et de soÿe un voile de Calice; L'autre fait un tapis du point de haute lice, Dont elle fait un riche et precieux frontal; Une autre coud une aube, ou fait un corporal; Une autre une chasuble, ou chappe nompareille, Où l'or, l'argent, la soÿe, arrangés à merveille, Representant des saints vestus plus richement Que leur eclat n'auroit souffert de leur vivant; L'autre de son Carreau detachant la dentelle, En orne les surplis de quelque aube nouvelle." Again, among the first rules of the institution of the "Filles de Sainte-Agnès," in the same city, it is ordained that the girls "aprendront a filer ou coudre, faire passement, tapisseries ou choses semblables."[643] The Emperor Charles V. is said, however, to have first introduced the lace manufacture into Arras.[644] Arras was one of the seats of Colbert's manufactures, probably of the Flemish bobbin lace. It flourished in the eighteenth century, when, writes Arthur Young, in 1788, were made "coarse thread laces, which find a good market in England. The lace-workers earn from 12 to 15 sous." Peuchet corroborates this statement. "Arras," he says, {240}"fait beaucoup de mignonette et entoilage, dont on consomme boucoup en Angleterre." The fabric of Arras attained its climax during the Empire (1804 to 1812), since which period it has declined. In 1851 there were 8,000 lace-makers in a radius of eight miles round the city, their salary not exceeding 65 centimes a day. In 1881, however, the trade had enormously decreased, only one house making a speciality of the old patterns. The old Arras laces are now no more. [Illustration: Fig. 111. ARRAS.--Modern.] There is little, or, indeed, no variety in the pattern of Arras lace; for years it produced the same style and design. As a consequence of this, the lace-makers, from always executing the same pattern, acquired great rapidity. Though not so fine as that of Lille, the lace of Arras has three good qualities: it is very strong, firm to the touch, and perfectly white; hence the great demand for both home and foreign consumption, no other lace having this triple merit at so reasonable a price (Fig. 111). The gold lace of Arras appears also to have had a reputation. We find among the coronation expenses of George I. a charge for 354 yards of Arras lace "atrebaticæ lacinæ."[645] {241}BAILLEUL (DÉP. DU NORD). As already mentioned, up to 1790 the "vraie Valenciennes" was only made in the city of that name. The same lace manufactured at Lille, Bergues, Bailleul, Avesnes, Cassel, Armentières, as well as that of Belgium, was called "Fausses Valenciennes." "Armentières et Bailleul ne font que de la Valencienne fausse, dans tous les prix," writes Peuchet. "On nomme," states another author,[646] "fausses Valenciennes la dentelle de même espèce, inférieure en qualité, fabriquée moins serrée, dont le dessin est moins recherché et le toilé des fleurs moins marqué." Of such is the lace of Bailleul,[647] whose manufacture is the most ancient and most important, extending to Hazebrouck, Bergues, Cassel, and the surrounding villages.[648] Previous to 1830, Bailleul fabricated little besides straight edges for the Normandy market. In 1832 the scalloped edge was adopted, and from this period dates the progress and present prosperity of the manufacture. Its laces are not much esteemed in Paris. They have neither the finish nor lightness of the Belgian products, are soft to the touch, the mesh round, and the ground thick; but it is strong and cheap, and in general use for trimming lace. The lace, too, of Bailleul, is the whitest and cleanest Valenciennes made; hence it is much sought after, for exportation to America and India. The patterns are varied and in good taste; and there is every reason to expect that in due time it may attain the perfection, if not of the Valenciennes of Ypres, at least to that of Bruges, which city alone annually sends to France lace to the value of from £120,000 to £160,000. {242}CHAPTER XVIII. AUVERGNE AND VÉLAY. ---- LE PUY (DÉP. HAUTE-LOIRE). As early as the fifteenth century the countrywomen from the mountains of the Vélay would congregate together during the winter within the walls of the neighbouring cities, and there, forming themselves into companies, gain their subsistence by making coarse lace to ornament the albs of the priests, the rochets of the bishops, and the petticoats of ladies of quality. And very coarse and tasteless were these early products, to judge from the specimens which remain tacked on to faded altar-cloths, still to be met with in the province, a mixture of netting and darning without design. They also made what was termed "dentelles de menage" with the coarse thread they used for weaving their cloth. They edged their linen with it, and both bleached together in the wearing. The lace region of Central France, of which Le Puy is the centre, is considered to be the most ancient and considerable in France. It is distributed over the four departments,[649] and employs from 125,000 to 130,000 women. It forms the sole industry of the Haute-Loire, in which department alone are 70,000 lace-makers. The lace industry of Le Puy, like all others, has experienced various changes; it has had its trials[650] and its periods of great prosperity.[651] In the chronicles of Le Puy of the sixteenth century[652] we read that the merciers of Notre-Dame {243}des Anges "qui, suivant l'usage faisaient dans notre ville le commerce des passementeries, broderies, dentelles, etc., comptaient alors quarante boutiques, et qu'ils figurent avec enseignes et torches au premier rang dans les solennités religieuses." Judging from local documents, this manufacture has for more than two centuries back formed the chief occupation of the women of this province. It suffered from the sumptuary edicts of 1629, 1635 and 1639, and in 1640 threatened to be annihilated altogether. In the month of January of that year, the Seneschal of Le Puy published throughout the city a decree of the Parliament of Toulouse, which forbade, under pain of heavy fine, all persons of whatever sex, quality, or condition, to wear upon their vestments any lace "tant de soie que de fil blanc, ensemble passement, clinquant d'or ni d'argent fin ou faux;" thus by one ordinance annihilating the industry of the province. The reason for this absurd edict was twofold: first, in consequence of the large number of women employed in the lace trade, there was great difficulty in obtaining domestic servants; secondly, the general custom of wearing lace among all classes caused the shades of distinction between the high and low to disappear. These ordinances, as may be imagined, created great consternation throughout Le Puy. Father Régis, a Jesuit, who was then in the province, did his best to console the sufferers thus reduced to beggary by the caprice of Parliament. "Ayez confiance en Dieu," he said; "la dentelle ne perira pas." He set out to Toulouse, and by his remonstrances obtained a revocation of the edict. Nor did he rest satisfied with his good work. At his suggestion the Jesuits opened to the Auvergne laces a new market in Spain and the New World, which, until the year 1790, was the occasion of great prosperity to the province. The Jesuit Father, who died in December 1640, was later canonised for his good deeds; and under his new appellation of Saint François Régis, is still held in the greatest veneration by the women of Auvergne--as the patron saint of the lace-makers. Massillon, when bishop of Clermont (1717), greatly patronised the lace-makers of his diocese, and, anxious that the province should itself furnish the thread used in the manufacture, he purchased a quantity of spinning-wheels, which he distributed among the poor families of Beauregard, {244}the village in which the summer palace of the bishop, previous to the Revolution, was situated. The lace trade of this province frequently appears on the scene during the eighteenth century. In 1707 the manufacturers demand a remission of the import duties of 1664 as unfair,[653] and with success. Scarce ten years afterwards,[654] notwithstanding the privilege accorded, we again find them in trouble; whether their patterns did not advance with the fashions of the day, or the manufacturers deteriorated the quality of the thread--too often the effect of commercial prosperity--the shops were filled with lace, "propres, les unes pour l'Italie, d'autres pour les mers du Sud," which the merchants refused to buy. To remedy this bad state of affairs, the commissioners assembled at Montpelier coolly decide that the diocese should borrow 60,000 livres to purchase the dead stock, and so clear the market. After some arguments the lace was bought by the Sieur Jerphanion, Syndic of the diocese. Prosperity, however, was not restored, for in 1755 we again hear of a grant of 1,000 livres, payable in ten years by the States of Vélay, for the relief of the distressed lace-makers, and again a fresh demand for exemption of the export duty.[655] This is declared in a memorial of 1761 to be the chief cause of the distress, which memorial also states that, to employ the people in a more lucrative way, a manufacture of blondes and silk laces had been introduced. This distress is supposed to have been somewhat exaggerated by the merciers of Le Puy, whose profits must have been very considerable; the women, according to Arthur Young, earning only from four to eight sous daily. Peuchet, with his predecessor, Savary, and other writers on statistics, describe the manufacture of Le Puy as the most flourishing in France. "Her lace," writes Peuchet, "resembles greatly that of Flanders; much is consumed in the {245}French dominions, and a considerable quantity exported to Spain, Portugal, Germany, Italy and England. Much thread lace is also expedited by way of Cadiz to Peru and Mexico. The ladies of these countries trim their petticoats and other parts of their dress with such a profusion of lace as to render the consumption 'prodigieuse.'" "Les Anglois en donnent des commissions en contrebande pour l'Isthmus de Panama. Les Hollandois en demandent aussi et faisaient expédier à Cadiz à leur compte."[656] We read, however, after a time, that the taste for a finer description of lace having penetrated to Mexico and Peru, the commerce of Le Puy had fallen off, and that from that epoch the work-people had supported themselves by making blondes and black lace. The thread used in Auvergne comes from Haarlem, purchased either from the merchants of Rouen or Lyons. In the palmy days of Le Puy her lace-workers consumed annually to the amount of 400,000 livres. The laces made for exportation were of a cheap quality, varying from edgings of 30 sous to 45 livres the piece of 12 ells; of these the annual consumption amounted to 1,200,000 livres.[657] It may indeed be said that, with the exception of the period of the French Revolution to 1801, the lace trade of Le Puy has ever been prosperous. Formerly they only made at Le Puy laces which had each a distinctive name--ave, pater, chapelets, mie, serpent, bonnet, scie, etc. Le Puy now produces every description of lace, white and coloured, silk, thread, and worsted, blondes of all kinds, black of the finest grounds, application, double and single grounds; from gold and silver lace to edgings of a halfpenny a yard, and laces of goats' and Angora rabbits' hairs. In 1847 more than 5,000 women were employed in making Valenciennes. They have also succeeded in producing admirable needle-points, similar to the ancient Venetian. A dress of this lace, destined to adorn an image of the Virgin, was shown in the French Exhibition of 1855. {246}In 1848 commerce and trade languished, and a cheaper lace was produced, made of worsted, for shawls and trimmings. This lace was not long in fashion, but it re-appeared a few years later under the name of "lama," or "poil de chèvre," when it obtained a great success. The hair of the lama has never been used. Le Puy now offers to the market an infinite variety of lace, and by means of these novelties her laces successfully compete with those of Saxony, which alone can rival her in cheapness; but as the patterns of these last are copied from the laces of Le Puy and Mirecourt, they appear in the foreign, market after the originals. The finest collection of Auvergne lace in the International Exhibition (1867) was from the fabric of Crâponne (Haute-Loire),[658] established in 1830 by M. Théodore Falcon, to whom Le Puy is indebted for her "musée de dentelles," containing specimens of the lace of all countries and all ages, a most useful and instructive collection for the centre of a lace district. Le Puy has also a lace school, numbering a hundred pupils, and a school of design for lace patterns, founded in 1859.[659] AURILLAC AND MURAT (DÉP. CANTAL). "L'on fait à Orillac les dentelles quit ont vogue dans le royaume," writes, in 1670, the author of the _Délices de la France_.[660] The origin of the fabric is assigned to the fourteenth century, when a company of emigrants established themselves at Cuença and Valcameos, and nearly all the points of Aurillac were exported into Spain through this company. In 1688 there was sold on the Place at Marseilles annually to the amount of 350,000 livres of the products of Aurillac, with other fine laces of Auvergne.[661] In 1726 the produce was already reduced to 200,000 livres. The finest "points de France," writes Savary, were made at Aurillac and Murat, the former alone at one time producing to the annual value of 700,000 francs (£28,000), and giving occupation to from 3,000 to 4,000 lace-workers. [Illustration: PLATE LXIII. PLATE LXIV. FRENCH.--Two specimens bought in France as Cambrai. They are typical of Northern French laces that became naturalised in England after the French Revolution. Widths, 2½ and 3½ in. Photos by A. Dryden from private collection.] PLATE LXV. [Illustration: FRENCH. BOBBIN-MADE.--From the environs of Le Puy. Period Louis XIII.-Louis XIV. Now made and called Guipure de Cluny. In the Musée Cinquantenaire, Brussels.] _To face page 246_ {247}An attempt to establish a "bureau" for Colbert's new manufacture of points de France was at first opposed, as we read: "Les trois femmes envoyées par les entrepreneurs pour établir cette manufacture furent attaqués dans les rues d'Aurillac. Les ouvrières de cette ville leur disait 'qu'elles prouvaient s'en retourner, parce qu'elles savaient mieux travailler qu'elles.'"[662] The lace-makers would not give up what the intendant terms "the wretched old point," which M. Henri Duref, the historian of the Département de Cantal, describes, on the contrary, as consisting of rich flowered designs, such as may be seen by studying the portraits of many Auvergnat noblemen of the period. There are various letters on the subject in the Colbert Correspondence; and in the last from Colbert, 1670, he writes that the point d'Aurillac is improving, and there are 8,000 lace-women at work. It appears that he established at Aurillac a manufactory of lace where they made, upon "des dessins flamands modifiés," a special article, then named "point Colbert," and subsequently "point d'Aurillac." In the Convent of the Visitation at Le Puy is shown the lace-trimming of an alb, point d'Angleterre. It is 28 inches wide, of white thread, with brides picotées, of elegant scroll design. If, as tradition asserts, it was made in the country, it must be the produce of this manufactory. It appears that rich "passements," as they are still called in the country, of gold and silver were made long before the period of Colbert. We find abundant mention of them in the church inventories of the province, and in the museum are pieces of rich lace said to have belonged to Francis I. and his successors which, according to tradition, were the produce of Aurillac. They are not of wire, but consist of strips of metal twisted round the silk. In the inventory of the sacristy of the Benedictine monastery at St. Aligre, 1684, there is a great profusion of {248}lace. "Voile de brocard, fond d'or entouré d'un point d'Espagne d'or et argent;" another, "garni de dentelles d'or et argent, enrichi de perles fines"; "20 aubes à grandes dentelles, amicts, lavabos, surplis," etc., all "à grandes ou petites dentelles."[663] In the inventory of Massillon's chapel at Beauregard, 1742, are albs trimmed with "point d'Aurillac"; veils with "point d'Espagne or et argent."[664] Lacis was also made at Aurillac, and some specimens are still preserved among the old families there. The most interesting dates from the early seventeenth century, and belongs to the Chapel of Notre Dame at Thierzac, where Anne of Austria made a pilgrimage in 1631, and which, by the mutilated inscription on a piece of the work, would appear to refer to her. Mazarin held the Aurillac laces in high estimation, and they are frequently met with in the inventory of the effects he left on his death in 1660. Again, in the account of a masked ball, as given in the _Mercure Galant_ of 1679, these points find honourable mention. The Prince de Conti is described as wearing a "mante de point d'Aurillac or et argent." The Comte de Vermandois, a veste edged with the same; while Mademoiselle de Blois has "ses voiles de point d'Aurillac d'argent," and of the Duchesse de Mortemart it is said, "On voyait dessous ses plumes un voile de point d'Aurillac or et argent qui tomboit sur ses 'épaules.'" The Chevalier Colbert, who appeared in an African costume, had "des manches pendantes" of the same material. The same _Mercure_ of April, 1681, speaking of the dress of the men, says, "La plupart portent des garnitures d'une richesse qui empeschera que les particuliers ne les imitent, puisqu'elles reviennent à 50 louis. Ces garnitures sont de point d'Espagne ou d'Aurillac." From the above notices, as well as from the fact that the greater part of these laces were sent into Spain, it appears that point d'Aurillac was a rich gold and silver lace, similar to the point d'Espagne. The laces of Murat (Dép. Haute-Garonne) were "façon de {249}Malines et de Lille." They were also made at La Chaise Dieu, Alenches, and Verceilles. Those points were greatly esteemed, and purchased by the wholesale traders of Le Puy and Clermont, who distributed them over the kingdom through their colporteurs. The fabrics of Aurillac and Murat ended with the Revolution. The women, finding they could earn more as domestic servants in the neighbouring towns, on the restoration of order, never again returned to their ancient occupation. {250}CHAPTER XIX. LIMOUSIN. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a kind of pillow net (torchon entoilage, Mr. Ferguson calls it)[665] for women's sleeves was manufactured at Tulle (Corrèze) and also at Aurillac. From this circumstance many writers have derived tulle, the French name for bobbin net, from this town. M. Lefébure is of this opinion, and adduces in favour of it the fact that lace was made at Tulle in the eighteenth century, and that an account of 1775 mentions certain Mesdemoiselles Gantes as lace-makers in that town. The first dictionary in which the word "tulle" occurs is the French Encyclopædia of 1765, where we find, "Tulle, une espèce de dentelle commune mais plus ordinairement ce qu'on appelait entoilage."[666] Entoilage, as we have already shown, is the plain net ground upon which the pattern is worked[667] or a plain net used to widen points or laces, or worn as a plain border. In Louis XV.'s reign Madame de Mailly is described, after she had retired from the world, as "sans rouge, sans poudre, et, qui plus est, sans dentelles, attendu qu'elle ne portait plus que de l'entoilage à bord plat."[668] We read in the _Tableau de Paris_ how "Le tul, la gaz et le marli ont occupés cent mille mains." Tulle was made on the pillow in Germany before lace was introduced. If tulle derived its name from any town, it would more probably be from Toul, celebrated, as all others in Lorraine, for its embroidery; and as net resembles the stitches made in embroidery by separating the threads (hemstitch, etc.), it {251}may have taken its French name, Tulle, German Tüll, from the points de Tulle of the workwomen of the town of Toul, called in Latin Tullum, or Tullo.[669] LORRAINE. The lace[670] manufactures of Lorraine flourished in the seventeenth century. Mirecourt (Dép. Vosges) and the villages of its environs, extending to the department of Meurthe, was the great centre of this trade, which formed the sole occupation of the countrywomen. For some centuries the lace-workers employed only hempen thread, spun in the environs of Épinal, and especially at Châtel-sur-Moselle.[671] From this they produced a species of coarse guipure termed "passament," or, in the patois of the province, "peussemot."[672] As early as the seventeenth century they set aside this coarse article and soon produced a finer and more delicate lace with various patterns: they now made double ground and mignonette; and at Lunéville (Dép. Meurthe), "dentelles à l'instar de Flandre." In 1715 an edict of Duke Leopold regulates the manufacture at Mirecourt.[673] The lace was exported to Spain and the Indies. It found its way also to Holland, the German States, and England, where Randle Holme mentions "Points of Lorraine, without raisings."[674] The Lorraine laces were mostly known in commerce as {252}"Les dentelles de Saint-Mihiel," from the town of that name, one of the chief places of the fabric. These last-named laces were much esteemed on their first appearance. Previous to the union of Lorraine to France in 1766, there were scarcely 800 lace-makers in Mirecourt. The number amounted to nearly 25,000 in 1869.[675] Early in the nineteenth century the export trade gave place to more extensive dealings with France. "Point de Flandres" was then very much made, the patterns imported by travelling merchants journeying on their way to Switzerland. Anxious to produce novelty, the manufacturers of Mirecourt wisely sent for draughtsmen and changed the old patterns. Their success was complete. They soon became formidable rivals to Lille, Geneva, and the Val de Travers (Switzerland). Lille now lowered her prices, and the Swiss lace trade sank in the contest. Scarcely any but white lace is made; the patterns are varied and in excellent taste, the work similar to that of Lille and Arras. Some few years since the making of application flowers was attempted with success at Mirecourt, and though it has not yet attained the perfection of the Brussels sprigs, yet it daily improves, and bids fair to supply France with a production for which she now pays Belgium £120,000 annually. The Lorraine application possesses one advantage over those of Flanders, the flowers come from the hands of the lace-makers clean and white, and do not require bleaching.[676] The price, too, is most moderate. The production which of late years has been of the most commercial value is the Cluny lace, so called from the first patterns being copied from specimens of old lace in the Musée de Cluny. The immense success of this lace has been highly profitable to Mirecourt and Le Puy. {253}The wages of the 24,000 lace-workers averaging eightpence a day, their annual products are estimated at £120,000. Much of the Lorraine lace is consumed at Paris and in the interior of France; the rest is exported to America, the East Indies, and the different countries of Europe. CHAMPAGNE. The Ardennes lace was generally much esteemed, especially the "points de Sedan," which derived their name from the city where they were manufactured.[677] Not only were points made there, but, to infer from the Great Wardrobe Account of Charles I., the cut-work of Sedan had then reached our country, and was of great price. We find in one account[678] a charge for "six handsome Sedan and Italian collars of cut-work, and for 62 yards of needlework purl for six pairs of linen ruffs" the enormous sum of £116 6s. And again, in the last year of his reign, he has "six handsome Pultenarian Sedan collars of cut-work, with the same accompaniment of 72 yards of needlework purl" amounting to £106 16s.[679] What these Pultenarian collars may have been we cannot, at this distance of time, surmise; but the entries afford proof that the excellency of the Sedan cut-work was known in England. Rheims, Château-Thierry and Sedan are mentioned among the other towns in the ordinance establishing the points de France in 1665. In less than four months Rheims numbered a hundred and forty workers, consisting of Venetians and Flemings, with seven from Paris and the natives of the place. In 1669 the number had fallen to sixty, in consequence of the price demanded for their board and lodging. Their lace was remarkable for its whiteness. Lace was made in the seventeenth century at Sedan, Donchéry, Charleville, Mézières, Troyes and Sens. The thread manufacturers of Sedan furnished the material {254}necessary for all the lace-workers of Champagne. Much point de Sedan was made at Charleville, and the laces of this last-named town[680] were valued at from four up to fifty livres the ell, and even sometimes at a higher rate. The greater part of the produce was sold in Paris, the rest found a ready market in England, Holland, Germany, and Poland.[681] Pignariol de la Force, writing later, says the manufacture of points and laces at Sedan, formerly so flourishing, is now of little value.[682] Most of its lace-makers, being Protestants, emigrated after the Edict of Revocation. Château-Renaud and Mézières were chiefly employed in the manufacture of footings (_engrêlures_).[683] The laces of Donchéry were similar to those of Charleville, but made of the Holland thread. They were less esteemed than those of Sedan. A large quantity were exported to Italy and Portugal; some few found their way to England and Poland. Up to the Revolution Champagne employed from 5000 to 6000 lace-workers, and their annual products were estimated at 200,000 fr. During the twelve years of revolutionary anarchy, all the lace manufactures of this province disappeared. There are differences of opinion as to the exact character of Sedan lace. M. Séguin considers it to have been a lace inferior in design and workmanship to point de Venise à réseau. A single thread intervenes between the pattern and the réseau, instead of the overcast cordonnet of Alençon, and in other respects it resembles late Venetian needlepoint. Certain authorities in Brussels, again, claim the point de Sedan as a needle-made production of Brabant or Liège. M. Lefébure, on the other hand, considers it as an important variety of Alençon. "The floral devices in points de Sedan, which are somewhat large and heavy in execution, spring from bold scroll forms, and in between them are big meshes of the 'grande maille picotée' of the point de France. Instead of an even and slightly raised stitching along their contours, these big flowers are accentuated here and there in well chosen parts by raised stitching, worked somewhat {255}with the effect of vigorous touches of rather forced high lights in a picture. These recurrent little mounds of relief, as they may be called, are frequently introduced with admirable artistic result. The finest bishops' rochets which appear in the later portraits by Hyacinthe Rigaud and de Larguillière are of point de Sedan." It is possible that both types of lace mentioned--the heavy kind, and the lace with the réseau--are the productions of Sedan. BURGUNDY. Colbert was proprietor of the terre de Seignelay, three leagues from Auxerre, which caused him to interest himself in establishing manufactories, and especially that of point de France. In his Correspondence are twelve letters relating to this manufacture for 1667-74, but it did not succeed. At last, worn out, he says "the mayor and aldermen will not avail themselves of the means of prosperity I offer, so I will leave them to their bad conduct." Specimens of a beautifully fine well-finished lace, resembling old Mechlin, are often to be met with in Belgium (Fig. 112), bearing the traditional name of "point de Bourgogne," but no record remains of its manufacture. In the census taken in 1571, giving the names of all strangers in the City of London, three are cited as natives of Burgundy, knitters and makers of lace.[684] In the eighteenth century, a manufactory of Valenciennes was carried on in the hospital at Dijon, under the direction of the magistrates of the city. It fell towards the middle of the last century, and at the Revolution entirely disappeared.[685] "Les dentelles sont grosses," writes Savary, "mais il s'en débite beaucoup en Franche-Comté." {256}LYONNOIS. Lyons, from the thirteenth century, made gold and silver laces enriched with ornaments similar to those of Paris. The laces of St. Etienne resembled those of Valenciennes, and were much esteemed for their solidity. The finest productions were for men's ruffles, which they fabricated of exquisite beauty. A considerable quantity of blonde was made at Meran, a village in the neighbourhood of Beauvoisin, but the commerce had fallen off at the end of the last century. These blondes go by the familiar name of "bisettes." ORLÉANOIS. Colbert's attempts at establishing a manufactory of point de France at Montargis appear by his letters to have been unsuccessful. BERRY. Nor were the reports from Bourges more encouraging. POITOU. Lace was made at Loudun, one of Colbert's foundations, in the seventeenth century, but the fabric has always been common. "Mignonettes et dentelles à poignet de chemises, et de prix de toutes espèces," from one sol six deniers the ell, to forty sols the piece of twelve ells. Children began lace-making at a very early age. "Loudun fournit quelques dentelles communes," says the Government Reporter of 1803.[686] [Illustration: Fig. 112. POINT DE BOURGOGNE.--Bobbin-made. _To face page 256._] {257}Peuchet speaks of lace manufactories at Perpignan, Aix, Cahors, Bordeaux,[687] etc., but they do not appear to have been of any importance, and no longer exist.[688] {258}CHAPTER XX. HOLLAND, GERMANY, SWITZERLAND, AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. ---- HOLLAND. "A country that draws fifty feet of water, In which men live as in the hold of nature, And when the sea does in them break, And drowns a province, does but spring a leak."--_Hudibras._ We know little of the early fabrics of this country. The laces of Holland, though made to a great extent, were overshadowed by the richer products of their Flemish neighbours. "The Netherlanders," writes Fynes Moryson, who visited Holland in 1589, "wear very little lace,[689] and no embroidery. Their gowns are mostly black, without lace or gards, and their neck-ruffs of very fine linen." We read how, in 1667, France had become the rival of Holland in the trade with Spain, Portugal and Italy; but she laid such high duties on foreign merchandise, the Dutch themselves set up manufactures of lace and other articles, and found a market for their produce even in France.[690] A few years later, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes[691] caused 4,000 lace-makers to leave the town of Alençon alone. Many took refuge in Holland, where, says a writer of the day, "they were treated like artists." Holland gained more than she lost by Louis XIV. The French refugees founded a manufactory of that point lace called "dentelle a la Reine"[692] in the Orphan House at Amsterdam.[693] PLATE LXVI. [Illustration: WILLIAM, PRINCE OF ORANGE, FATHER OF WILLIAM III., 1627-1650. School of Van Dyck. The collar is edged with Dutch lace. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 258._ {259}A few years later, another Huguenot, Zacharie Châtelain,[694] introduced into Holland the industry, at that time so important, of making gold and silver lace. The Dutch possessed one advantage over most other nations, especially over England, in her far-famed Haarlem[695] thread, once considered the best adapted for lace in the world. "No place bleaches flax," says a writer of the day,[696] "like the meer of Haarlem."[697] Still the points of Holland made little noise in the world. The Dutch strenuously forbade the entry of all foreign lace, and what they did not consume themselves they exported to Italy, where the market was often deficient.[698] Once alone in England we hear tell of a considerable parcel of Dutch lace seized between Deptford and London from the Rotterdam hoy. England, however, according to Anderson, in 1764, received in return for her products from Holland "fine lace, but the balance was in England's favour." In 1770 the Empress Queen (Marie Theresa) published a declaration prohibiting the importation of Dutch lace into any of her Imperial Majesty's hereditary dominions in Germany.[699] As in other matters, the Dutch carried their love of lace {260}to the extreme, tying up their knockers with rich point to announce the birth of an infant. A traveller who visited France in 1691, remarks of his hotel: "The warming-pans and brasses were not here muffled up in point and cut-work, after the manner of Holland, for there were no such things to be seen."[700] The Dutch lace most in use was thick, strong and serviceable (Fig. 113). That which has come under our notice resembles the fine close Valenciennes, having a pattern often of flowers or fruit strictly copied from nature. "The ladies wear," remarks Mrs. Calderwood, "very good lace mobs." The shirt worn by William the Silent when he fell by the assassin is still preserved at The Hague; it is trimmed with a lace of thick linen stitches, drawn and worked over in a style familiar to those acquainted with the earlier Dutch pictures. SAXONY. "Here unregarded lies the rich brocade, There Dresden lace in scatter'd heaps is laid; Here the gilt china vase bestrews the floor, While chidden Betty weeps without the door." --"Eclogue on the death of Shock, a pet lapdog." _Ladies' Magazine._ 1750. "His olive-tann'd complexion graces With little dabs of Dresden laces; While for the body Mounseer Puff Would think e'en dowlas fine enough." --_French Barber._ 1756. [Illustration: Fig. 113. DUTCH BOBBIN-LACE.--Eighteenth century. _To face page 260._] {261}[Illustration: Fig. 114. TOMB OF BARBARA UTTMANN, AT ANNABERG.] The honour of introducing pillow lace into Germany is accorded by tradition to Barbara Uttman. She was born in 1514, in the small town of Etterlein, which derives its name from her family. Her parents, burghers of Nuremburg, had removed to the Saxon Hartz Mountains, for the purpose of working some mines. Barbara Etterlein here married a rich master miner named Christopher Uttmann, of Annaberg. It is said that she learned lace-making from a native of Brabant, a Protestant, whom the cruelties of the Spaniards had driven from her country. Barbara had observed the mountain girls occupied in making a network for the miners to wear over their hair: she took great interest in the work, and, profiting by the experience derived from her Brabant teacher, succeeded in making her pupils produce first a fine knotted tricot, afterwards a kind of plain lace ground. In 1561, having procured aid from Flanders, she set up, in her own name of Barbara Uttmann, a workshop at Annaberg, and there began to make laces of various patterns. This branch of industry soon spread from the Bavarian frontier to Altenberg and Geissing, giving employment to 30,000 persons, and producing a revenue of 1,000,000 thalers. Barbara Uttmann died in 1575, leaving sixty-five children and grandchildren, thus realising a prophecy made previous to her marriage, that her descendants would equal in number the stitches of the first lace ground she had made: such prophecies were common in those days. She sleeps in the churchyard of Annaberg, near the old lime-tree. On her tomb (Fig. 114) is inscribed: "Here lies Barbara Uttmann, died 14 January, 1575, whose invention {262}of lace in the year 1561 made her the benefactress of the Erzgebirge." "An active mind, a skilful hand, Bring blessings down on the Fatherland." In the Green Vault at Dresden is preserved an ivory statuette of Barbara Uttmann, four and a half inches high, beautifully executed by Koehler, a jeweller of Dresden, who worked at the beginning of the eighteenth century. It is richly ornamented with enamels and precious stones, such figures (of which there are many in the Green Vault) being favourite articles for birthday and Christmas gifts. Previous to the eighteenth century the nets of Germany had already found a market in Paris.[701] "On vend," says the _Livre Commode des Adresses_ of 1692, "le treillis d'Allemagne en plusieurs boutiques de la rue Béthizy." "Dresden," says Anderson, "makes very fine lace," the truth of which is confirmed by nearly every traveller of the eighteenth century. We have reason to believe the so-called Dresden lace was the drawn-work described in Chapter II., and which was carried to great perfection. "Went to a shop at Spaw," writes Mrs. Calderwood, "and bought a pair of double Dresden ruffles, which are just like a sheaf, but not so open as yours, for two pounds two." "La broderie de Dresde est très connue et les ouvriers très habiles," says Savary. This drawn-work, for such it was, excited the emulation of other nations. The Anti-Gallican Society in 1753 leads the van, and awards three guineas as their second prize for ruffles of Saxony.[702] [Illustration: Fig. 114A. BARBARA UTTMANN, WHO INTRODUCED THE LACE MANUFACTURE INTO THE ERZGEBIRGE. From an ivory statuette by Koehler, Green Vault, Dresden. _To face page 262._] {263}Ireland, in 1755, gave a premium of £5 for the best imitation of "Dresden point," while the Edinburgh Society, following in the wake, a year later presents to Miss Jenny Dalrymple a gold medal for "the best imitation of Dresden work in a pair of ruffles." In the _Fool of Quality_,[703] and other works from 1760 to 1770, we have "Dresden aprons," "Dresden ruffles," showing that point to have been in high fashion. Wraxall, too, 1778, describes a Polish beauty as wearing "a broad Medicis of Dresden lace." As early as 1760 "Dresden work" is advertised as taught to young ladies in a boarding-school at Kelso,[704] together with "shell-work in grottoes, flowers, catgut, working lace on bobbins or wires, and other useful accomplishments." The lace of Saxony has sadly degenerated since the eighteenth century. The patterns are old and ungraceful, and the lace of inferior workmanship, but, owing to the low price of labour, they have the great advantage of cheapness, which enables them to compete with France in the American and Russian markets. In all parts of Germany there are some few men who make lace. On the Saxon side of the Erzgebirge many boys are employed, and during the winter season men of all ages work at the pillow; and it is observed that the lace made by men is firmer and of a superior quality to that of the women. The lace is a dentelle torchon of large pattern, much in the style of the old lace of Ischia.[705] The Saxon needle-lace of the present day is made in imitation of old Brussels, with small flowers on a réseau. Some is worked in coloured thread, and also black silk lace of the Chantilly type is made: of this the Erzgebirge is the chief centre. This lace is costly, and is sold at Dresden and other large towns of Germany, and particularly at Paris, where the dealers pass it off for old lace. This fabric employed, in 1851, 300 workers. A quantity of so-called Maltese lace is also made, but torchon predominates. The Museum for Art and Industry, opened at Vienna in 1865, contains several pattern-books of the sixteenth century, and in it has been exhibited a fine collection of ancient lace belonging to General von Hauslaub, Master-General of the Ordnance. {264}GERMANY (NORTH AND SOUTH). Germany in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was renowned for its lacis, cut-work, and embroidery with thread on net, of which there are several good examples in the Victoria and Albert Museum, together with specimens of early Flemish work from their colonies on the Elbe, established in the twelfth century by various German rulers. The work of these towns is of later date--of the fifteenth century--and has continued to the nineteenth century, when they made cambric caps, embroidered or ornamented with drawn-work, and edged with bobbin-made Tönder lace, in the style of eighteenth century Valenciennes. "Presque dans toutes sortes d'arts les plus habiles ouvriers, ainsi que les plus riches négociants, sont de la religion prétendue réformée," said the Chancellor d'Aguesseau;[706] and when his master, Louis XIV., whom he, in not too respectful terms, calls "le roi trop crédule," signed the Act of Revocation (1685), Europe was at once inundated with the most skilful workmen of France. Hamburg alone of the Hanse Towns received the wanderers. Lubec and Bremen, in defiance of the remonstrances of the Protestant princes, allowed no strangers to settle within their precincts. The emigrants soon established considerable manufactures of gold and silver lace, and also that now extinct fabric known under the name of Hamburg point.[707] Miss Knight, in her _Autobiography_, notes: "At Hamburg, just before we embarked, Nelson purchased a magnificent lace trimming for Lady Nelson, and a black lace cloak for another lady, who, he said, had been very attentive to his wife during his absence." On the very year of the Revocation, Frederic William, Elector of Brandenburg, anxious to attract the fugitive workmen to his dominions, issued from Potsdam an edict[708] in their favour. Crowds of French Protestants responded to the call, and before many years had passed Berlin alone boasted 450 lace manufactories.[709] Previous to this emigration she had none. These "mangeurs d'haricots," as the Prussians styled the emigrants, soon amassed large fortunes, and exported their laces to Poland and to Russia. The tables were turned. France, who formerly exported lace in large quantities to Germany, now received it from the hands of her exiled workmen, and in 1723 and 1734 we find "Arrêts du Conseil d'Etat," relative to the importation of German laces.[710] [Illustration: PLATE LXVII. SWISS.--From near Neûchatel. Early nineteenth century. Similar in make to Lille and some Devon lace.] [Illustration: PLATE LXVIII. GERMAN, NUREMBERG.--Used by the peasants on their caps. The cordonnet suggests a Mechlin influence, whilst the heavy réseau is reminiscent of some Antwerp and Flemish and Italian village laces of the end of the seventeenth century.] PLATE LXIX. [Illustration: ENGLISH, BUCKS.--A unique piece designed and made by the lace-makers for Queen Victoria in the early years of her reign; from her lady-in-waiting Emma, Lady Portman, it has descended to the present owner, Mrs. Lloyd Baker. The above is a complete section of the design, which is outlined with gold thread. Photos by A. Dryden from private collections.] _To face page 264._ {265}The Landgrave of Hesse also received the refugees, publishing an edict in their favour.[711] Two fabrics of fine point were established at Hanover.[712] Leipsic, Anspach,[713] Elberfeld, all profited by the migration. "On compte," writes Peuchet, "à Leipsig cinq fabriques de dentelles et de galon d'or et argent." A large colony settled at Halle, where they made "Hungarian" lace--"Point de Hongrie,"[714] a term more generally applied to a stitch in tapestry.[715] The word, however, does occasionally occur:-- "Your Hungerland[716] bands and Spanish quellio ruffs, Great Lords and Ladies, feasted to survey."[717] All these various fabrics were offsets of the Alençon trade. Fynes Moryson expresses surprise at the simplicity of the German costume--ruffs of coarse cloth, made at home. The Dantzickers, however, he adds, dress more richly. "Citizens' daughters of an inferior sort wear their hair woven with lace stitched up with a border of pearl. Citizens' wives wear much lace of silk on their petticoats." Dandyism began in Germany, says a writer,[718] about 1626, when the women first wore silver, which appeared very remarkable, and "at last indeed white lace." A century later luxury at the baths of Baden had reached an excess unparalleled in the {266}present day. The bath mantles, "équipage de bain," of both sexes are described as trimmed with the richest point, and after the bath were spread out ostentatiously as a show on the baths before the windows of the rooms. Lords and ladies, princesses and margraves, loitered up and down, passing judgment on the laces of each new arrival.[719] This love of dress, in some cases, extended too far, for Bishop Douglas[720] mentions how the Leipsic students "think it more honourable to beg, with a sword by their side, of all they meet than to gain their livelihood. I have often," he says, "given a few groschen to one finely powdered and dressed with sword and lace ruffles." Concerning the manufactures of the once opulent cities of Nuremburg and Augsburg we have no record. In the first-mentioned was published, in 1601, the model book, engraved on copper, of Sibmacher.[721] On the frontispiece is depicted a garden of the sixteenth century. From the branches of a tree hangs a label, informing the world "that she who loves the art of needlework, and desires to make herself skilful, can here have it in perfection, and she will acquire praise, honour, and reward." At the foot of the tree is seated a modest young lady yclept Industria; on the right a second, feather-fan in hand, called Ignavia--Idleness; on the left a respectable matron named Sofia--Wisdom. By way of a preface the three hold a dialogue, reviewing, in most flattering terms, the work. A museum was founded in 1865 at Nuremburg for works and objects connected with the lace manufacture and its history. It contains some interesting specimens of Nuremburg lace, the work of a certain Jungfrau Pickleman, in the year 1600, presented by the widow Pfarrer Michel, of Poppenreuth.[722] The lace is much of the Venetian character. One specimen has the figures of a knight and a lady, resembling the designs of Vecellio. The museum also possesses other curious examples of lace, together with a collection of books relative to the lace fabric. (Plate LXVIII.) "In the chapel of St. Egidius at Nuremburg," writes one {267}of our correspondents, "we were led to make inquiries concerning sundry ponderous-looking chairs, bearing some resemblance to confessionals, but wanting the side compartments for the penitents. We learned that they belonged to the several guilds (Innung), who had undertaken to collect money for the erection of a new church after the destruction of the old by fire. For this end the last members sworn in of every trade sat in their respective chairs at the church doors on every Sunday and holiday. The offerings were thrown into dishes placed on a raised stand on the right of the chair, or into the hollow in front. The devices of each trade were painted or embossed on circular plates, said to be of silver, on the back of each chair. One Handwerksstuhl in particular attracted our attention; it was that of the passmenterie-makers (in German, Portenmacher or Posamentier Handwerk), which, until the handicrafts became more divided, included the lace-makers. An elegant scroll-pattern in _rilievo_ surrounds the plate, surmounted by a cherub's head, and various designs, resembling those of the pattern-books, are embossed in a most finished style upon the plate, together with an inscription dated 1718." Misson, who visited Nuremberg in 1698, describes the dress of a newly-married pair as rich in the extreme--that of the bridegroom as black, "fort chargé de dentelles"; the bride as tricked out in the richest "dentelle antique," her petticoat trimmed with "des tresses d'or et de dentelle noire." In the Victoria and Albert Museum there are two women's ruffs from Nuremberg belonging to the latter part of the sixteenth or early seventeenth century, and embroidered in blue and black silk and white cotton, and edged with a coarse thread Mechlin lace with a large meshed irregular plaited réseau, probably late seventeenth century. Perhaps the finest collection of old German point is preserved, or rather was so, in 1840, in the palace of the ancient, but now extinct, Prince-Archbishops of Bamberg. Several more pattern-books were published in Germany. Among the most important is that printed at Augsburg, by John Schwartzenburg, 1534. It is printed in red, and the patterns, mostly borders, are of delicate and elegant design. (See APPENDIX.) Secondly comes one of later date, published by Sigismund Latomus at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1605; and lastly, that {268}of "Metrepière Quinty, demor[=a]t dempre legl[=i]e de iii roies," a cul[=o]ge (Cologne), 1527. In Austria, writes Peuchet, "les dentelles de soie et de fil ne sont pas moins bien travaillées." Many of the Protestant lace-workers took refuge in the cities of Freyburg and Altenburg. There is a collection in the Victoria and Albert Museum of cuffs embroidered in satin stitch, and edged with bobbin-lace "torchon" of the peasants' work in Slavonia in the eighteenth century. The patterns resemble Cretan and Russian laces. There is a comparatively modern variety of lace made in Austria and Bohemia which resembles the old Italian bobbin-lace; the school where it is taught is under Government patronage. This industry was established as a means of relieving the distress of the Tyrol in 1850, and continues to flourish. Austria sent to the International Exhibition of 1874 specimens of needle-point and point plat made in the school of the Grand Duchess Sophie, and specimens of border laces in the style of the Auvergne laces were exhibited from the Erzgebirge and Bohemia. At the Paris Exhibition, Austria and Vienna both exhibited copies of old needle-point laces. At Laybach, in Austria, there was at one time a bobbin-lace factory which produced lace much esteemed in the eighteenth century. The collection of Hungarian peasant lace in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection contains specimens of coarse modern pillow-made lace, with rude floral designs worked in thick thread or yellow silk. The modern laces of Bohemia are tasteless in design. The fabric is of early date. "The Bohemian women," writes Moryson, "delight in black cloth with lace of bright colours." In the beginning of the nineteenth century upwards of 60,000 people, men, women and children, were occupied in the Bohemian Erzgebirge alone in lace-making. Since the introduction of the bobbin-net machine into Austria, 1831, the number has decreased. There were in 1862 scarcely 8,000 employed in the common laces, and about 4,000 on Valenciennes and points.[723] PLATE LXX. [Illustration: HUNGARIAN. BOBBIN LACE.--Latter half of nineteenth century. Widths, 6¼ and 2½ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] PLATE LXXI. [Illustration: AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN, SOUTH SLAVONIAN. CUFF OF LINEN EMBROIDERED IN SATIN STITCH IN WHITE SILK. WHITE SILK BOBBIN LACE.--Eighteenth century. Width, 7½ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 268._ {269}SWITZERLAND. "Dans un vallon fort bien nommé Travers, S'élève un mont, vrai séjour des hivers."--_Voltaire._ In the Preface of the _Neues Modelbuch of Froschowern_, printed at Zurich (see APPENDIX), occurs the following:--"Amongst the different arts we must not forget one which has been followed in our country for twenty-five years. Lace-making was introduced in 1536 by merchants from Italy and Venice. Many women, seeing a means of livelihood in such work, quickly learned it, and reproduced lace with great skill. They first copied old patterns, but soon were enabled to invent new ones of great beauty. The industry spread itself about the country, and was carried to great perfection: it was found to be one specially suitable for women, and brought in good profits. In the beginning these laces were used solely for trimming chemises and shirts; soon afterwards collars, trimmings for cuffs, caps, and fronts and bodies of dresses, for napkins, sheets, pillow-cases and coverlets, etc., were made in lace. Very soon such work was in great demand, and became an article of great luxury. Gold thread was subsequently introduced into some of it, and raised its value considerably; but this latter sort was attended with the inconvenience that it was more difficult to clean and wash than laces made with flax threads only."[724] The above account is interesting, not only in its reference to Switzerland, but from its corroborative evidence of the Italian origin of lace. In 1572, one Symphorien Thelusson, a merchant of Lyons, having escaped from the massacre of St. Bartholomew, concealed himself in a bale of goods, in which he reached Geneva, and was hospitably received by the inhabitants. When, after the lapse of near a hundred and twenty years, crowds of French emigrants arrived in the city, driven from their homes on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a descendant of this same Thelusson took a body of 2,000 refugees into his service, and at once established a manufacture of lace.[725] The produce of this industry was smuggled {270}back into France, the goods conveyed across the Jura over passes known only to the bearers, by which they avoided the custom-house duties of Valence. "Every day," writes Jambonneau, himself a manufacturer, "they tell my wife what lace they want, and she takes their orders." Louis XIV. was furious.[726] Though lace-making employed many women in various parts of the country, who made a common description while tending their flocks in the mountains, Neufchâtel has always been the _chef-lieu_ of the trade. "In this town," says Savary, "they have carried their works to such a degree of perfection, as to rival the laces of Flanders, not only in beauty but in quality." We have ourselves seen in Switzerland guipures of fine workmanship that were made in the country, belonging to old families, in which they have remained as heirlooms; and have now in our possession a pair of lappets, made in the last century at Neufchâtel, of such exquisite beauty as not to be surpassed by the richest productions of Brussels. Formerly lace-making employed a large number of workwomen in the Val de Travers, where, during his sojourn at Moutiers, Jean-Jacques Rousseau tells us he amused himself in handling the bobbins. In 1780 the lace trade was an object of great profit to the country, producing laces valuing from 1 batz to upwards of 70 francs the ell, and exporting to the amount of 1,500,000 francs; on which the workwomen gained 800,000, averaging their labour at scarcely 8 sols per day. The villages of Fleurens and Connet were the centre of this once flourishing trade,[727] now ruined by competition with Mirecourt. In 1814 there were in the Neufchâtel district, 5628 lace-makers; in 1844 a few aged women alone remained. The modern laces of Neufchâtel resemble those of Lille, but are apt to wash thick. (Plate LXVII.) In 1840, a fabric of "point plat de Bruxelles dite de Genève" was established at Geneva. By the sumptuary laws of Zurich,[728] which were most {271}severe, women were especially forbidden to wear either blonde or thread lace, except upon their caps. This must have been a disadvantage to the native fabrics, "for Zurich," says Anderson, "makes much gold, silver, and thread lace." Several pattern-books for lace were published in Switzerland in the later years of the sixteenth century; one, without a date, but evidently printed at Zürich about 1540, by C. Froschowern, is entitled, _Nüw Modelbüch allerley Gattungen Däntel_, etc. Another one, entitled _New Model-buch_, printed by G. Strauben, 1593, at St. Gall, is but a reprint of the third book of Vecellio's _Corona_. Another, called also _Sehr Newe Model-Buch_, was published at Basle in 1599, at the printing-house of Ludwig Künigs. {272}CHAPTER XXI. DENMARK, SWEDEN AND RUSSIA. ---- DENMARK. "ERASTE.--Miss, how many parties have you been to this week? "LADY.--I do not frequent such places; but if you want to know how much lace I have made this fortnight, I might well tell you." --Holberg. _The Inconstant Lady._ "The far-famed lace of Tönder." "A certain kind of embroidery, or cut-work in linen, was much used in Denmark before lace came in from Brabant," writes Professor Thomsen. "This kind of work is still in use among the peasants, and you will often have observed it on their bed-clothes." The art of lace-making itself is supposed to have been first brought over by the fugitive monks at the Reformation, or to have been introduced by Queen Elizabeth,[729] sister of Charles V., and wife of Christian II., that good queen who, had her husband been more fortunate, would, says the chronicler, "have proved a second Dagmar to Denmark." Lace-making has never been practised as a means of livelihood throughout Denmark. It is only in the province of North Schleswig (or South Jutland, as it is also called) that a regular manufacture was established. It is here that King Christian IV. appears to have made his purchases; and while travelling in Schleswig, entries constantly occur in his journal book, from 1619 to 1625, such as, "Paid to a female lace-worker 28 rixdollars--71 specie to a lace-seller for lace for the use of the children," and many similar {273}notices.[730] It was one of those pieces of Tönder lace that King Christian sends to his Chamberlain, with an autograph letter, ordering him to cut out of it four collars of the same size and manner as Prince Ulrik's Spanish. They must contrive also to get two pairs of manchettes out of the same. In the museum of the palace at Rosenborg are still preserved some shirts of Christian IV., trimmed with Schleswig lace of great beauty (Fig. 115), and in his portrait, which hangs in Hampton Court Palace, the lace on his shirt is of similar texture. [Illustration: Fig. 115. SHIRT COLLAR OF CHRISTIAN IV.--(Castle of Rosenborg, Copenhagen.)] It was in the early part of this monarch's reign[731] that the celebrated Golden Horn, so long the chief treasure of the Scandinavian Museum at Copenhagen, was found by a young {274}lace-maker on her way to her work. She carried her prize to the king, and with the money he liberally bestowed upon her she was enabled, says tradition, to marry the object of her choice. The year 1647 was a great epoch in the lace-making of Jutland. A merchant named Steenbeck, taking a great interest in the fabric, engaged twelve persons from Dortmund, in Westphalia, to improve the trade, and settled them at Tönder, to teach the manufacture to both men and women, rich and poor. These twelve persons are described as aged men, with long beards, which, while making lace, they gathered into bags, to prevent the hair from becoming entangled among the bobbins. The manufacture soon made great progress under their guidance, and extended to the south-western part of Ribe, and to the island of Romö.[732] The lace was sold by means of "lace postmen," as they were termed, who carried their wares throughout all Scandinavia and parts of Germany. Christian IV. protected the native manufacture, and in the Act of 1643,[733] "lace and suchlike pinwork" are described as luxurious articles, not allowed to be imported of a higher value than five shillings and sixpence the Danish ell.[734] A later ordinance, 1683, mentions "white and black lace which are manufactured in this country," and grants permission to the nobility to wear them.[735] Christian IV. did not patronise foreign manufactures. "The King of Denmark," writes Moryson, "wears but little gold lace, and sends foreign apparel to the hangman to be disgraced, when brought in by gentlemen." [Illustration: Fig. 116. TÖNDER LACE, DRAWN MUSLIN.--Denmark, eighteenth century. Width 2¾ inches. Victoria and Albert Museum. _To face page 274._] {275}About the year 1712 the lace manufacture again was much improved by the arrival of a number of Brabant women, who accompanied the troops of King Frederick IV. on their return from the Netherlands,[736] and settled at Tönder. We have received from Jutland, through the kind exertions of Mr. Rudolf Bay, of Aalborg, a series of Tönder laces, taken from the pattern-books of the manufacturers. The earlier specimens are all of Flemish character. There is the old Flanders lace, with its Dutch flowers and double and trolly grounds in endless variety. The Brabant, with fine ground, the flowers and _jours_ well executed. Then follow the Mechlin grounds, the patterns worked with a coarse thread, in many, apparently, run in with the needle. There is also a good specimen of that description of drawn muslin lace, commonly known under the name of "Indian work," but which appears to have been very generally made in various manners. The leaves and flowers formed of the muslin are worked round with a cordonnet, by way of relief to the thick double ground (Fig. 116).[737] In the Scandinavian Museum at Copenhagen is a pair of lappets of drawn muslin, a fine specimen of this work. The modern laces are copied from French, Lille, and Saxon patterns; there are also imitations of the so-called Maltese. The Schleswig laces are all remarkable for their fine quality and excellent workmanship. Guipure, after the manner of the Venice points, was also fabricated. A fine specimen of this lace may be seen decorating the black velvet dress of the youthful daughter of Duke John of Holstein. She lies in her coffin within the mortuary chapel of her family, in the castle of Sonderborg. Lace was much used in burials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when it really appears people were arrayed in more costly clothing than in their lives. The author of _Jutland and the Danish Islands_ has often seen mummies in the Danish churches exposed to view tricked out in points of great richness. The lace industry continued to increase in value till the beginning of the present century. The year 1801 may be considered its culminating point. At that period the number of peasants employed in Tönder and its neighbourhood alone was 20,000. Even little boys were taught to make lace till strong enough to work in the fields, and there was scarcely a house without a lace-maker, who would sit before her {276}cottage door, working from sunrise till midnight, singing the ballads handed down from their Brabant teachers.[738] "My late father,"[739] writes Mr. F. Wulff, of Brede, "who began the lace trade the end of the last century, first went on foot with his wares to Mecklenburg, Prussia and Hanover: we consigned lace to all parts of the world. Soon he could afford to buy a horse; and in his old age he calculated he had travelled on horseback more than 75,000 English miles, or thrice round the earth. In his youth the most durable and prettiest ground was the old Flemish, much used by the peasants in Germany. It was solid, and passed as an heirloom through several generations. Later, the fine needle ground came in, and lastly, the fond clair, or point de Lille, far less solid, but easier to work; hence the lace-makers became less skilful than of old." They had not many models, and the best workwomen were those who devoted their whole life to one special pattern. Few were found so persevering. One widow, however, is recorded who lived to the age of eighty and brought up seven children on the produce of a narrow edging, which she sold at sixpence a yard. Each pattern had its proper name--cock-eye, spider, lyre, chimney-pot, and feather. The rich farmers' wives sat at their pillows daily, causing their household duties to be performed by hired servants from North Jutland. Ladies also, a century and a half ago, made it their occupation, as the motto of our chapter, from the drama of Holberg, will show. And this continued till the fashion of "hvidsom"--white seaming--the cut-work already alluded to, was for a time revived. This work was, however, looked upon as _infra dig._ for the wives of functionaries and suchlike, in whom it was unbecoming to waste on such employment time that should be devoted to household matters. Our informant tells of a lady in the north who thus embroidered the christening robe of her child by stealth in the kitchen, fearing to be caught by her visitors--cookery had in those days precedence over embroidery. Among the hoards of this child, born 1755, was found a most exquisite collection of old Tönder lace, embracing all the varieties made by her mother and herself, from the thick Flemish to the finest needle-point. PLATE LXXII. [Illustration: RUSSIAN.--The upper piece of lace is needle-point "à brides picotées." Modern reproduction of a sixteenth century design. Width, 3-3/8 in. GERMAN. SAXON.--The lower piece bobbin-made by the peasants of the Erzgebirge. Nineteenth century. Width, 3¼ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] PLATE LXXIII. [Illustration: RUSSIAN.--Old bobbin-made with coloured silk outlines. The property of Madame Pogosky. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 276._ {277}The fashion of cut-work still prevails in Denmark, where collars and cuffs, decorated with stars, crosses, and other mediæval designs, are exposed in the shop-windows of Copenhagen for sale--the work of poor gentlewomen, who, by their needle, thus add a few dollars yearly to their income. From 1830 dates the decline of the Tönder lace. Cotton thread was introduced, and the quality of the fabric was deteriorated.[740] The lace schools were given up; and the flourishing state of agriculture rendered it no longer a profitable employment either for the boys or the women.[741] The trade passed, from the manufacturers into the hands of the hawkers and petty dealers, who were too poor to purchase the finer points. The "lace postmen" once more travelled from house to house with their little leathern boxes, offering these inferior wares for sale.[742] The art died out. In 1840 there were not more than six lace manufacturers in Schleswig. The old people, however, still believe in a good time coming. "I have in my day," said an aged woman, "sold point at four thalers an ell, sir; and though I may never do so again, my daughter will. The lace trade slumbers, but it does not die." SWEDEN. At a very early period the Scandinavian goldsmith had learned to draw out wires of gold and twine them round threads either of silk or flax--in fact to _guiper_ them. {278}Wadstena, where lies Queen Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of Henry IV., is celebrated for its lace. The art, according to tradition, was introduced among the nuns of the convent by St. Bridget on her return from Italy. Some even go so far as to say she wrote home to Wadstena, ordering lace from Rome; but, as St. Bridget died in 1335, we may be allowed to question the fact: certain it is, though, the funeral coif of the saint, as depicted in an ancient portrait, said to have been taken at Rome after death, is ornamented with a species of perforated needlework.[743] By the rules of the convent, the nuns of Wadstena were forbidden to touch either gold or silver, save in their netting and embroidery. There exists an old journal of the Kloster, called _Diarium Vadstenænse_, in which are, however, no allusions to the art; but the letters of a Wadstena nun to her lover _extra muros_, published from an old collection[744] of documents, somewhat help us in our researches. "I wish," she writes to her admirer, "I could send you a netted cap that I myself have made, but when Sister Karin Andersdotter saw that I mingled gold and silver thread in it, she said, 'You must surely have some beloved.' 'Do you think so?' I answered. 'Here in the Kloster, you may easily see if any of the brethren has such a cap, and I dare not send it by anyone to a sweetheart outside the walls.' 'You intend it for Axel Nilson,' answered Sister Karin. 'It is not for you to talk,' I replied. 'I have seen you net a long hood, and talk and prattle yourself with Brother Bertol.'" From netted caps of thread, worked in with gold and silver, the transition to lace is easy, and history tells that in the middle ages the Wadstena nuns "Knit their laces of {279}gold and silk." We may therefore suppose the art to have flourished in the convents at an early date. At the suppression of the monasteries, under Charles IX., a few of the nuns, too infirm to sail with their sisters for Poland, remained in Sweden. People took compassion on the outcasts, and gave them two rooms to dwell in, where they continued their occupation of making lace, and were able, for a season, to keep the secret of their art. After a time, however, lace-making became general throughout the town and neighbourhood, and was known to the laity previous to the dissolution of Wadstena--a favoured convent which survived the rest of the other monasteries of Sweden. "Send up," writes Gustaf Vasa, in a familiar letter[745] to his Queen Margaret, "the lace passement made for me by Anne, the smith's daughter, at Upsala; I want it: don't neglect this."[746] In an inventory of Ericksholm Castle, drawn up in 1548, are endless entries of "sheets seamed with cut-work, half worn-out sheets with open border of cut-work, towels with cut-work and with the king's and queen's arms in each corner, blue curtains with cut-work seams," etc. The style of Wadstena lace changed with the times and fashion of the national costume. Those made at present are of the single or double ground, both black and white, fine, but wanting in firmness. They also make much dentelle torchon, of the lozenge pattern, for trimming the bed-linen they so elaborately embroider in drawn-work. In 1830 the products in value amounted to 30,000 rixdollars. They were carried to every part of Sweden, and a small quantity even to foreign parts. One dealer alone, a Madame Hartruide, now sends her colporteurs hawking Wadstena lace round the country. The fabric, after much depression, has slightly increased of late years, having received much encouragement from her Majesty Queen {280}Louisa. Specimens of Wadstena lace--the only lace manufactory now existing in Sweden--were sent to the Great International Exhibition of 1862. Hölesom, or cut-work, is a favourite employment of Swedish women, and is generally taught in the schools.[747] At the various bathing-places you may see the young ladies working as industriously as if for their daily sustenance; they never purchase such articles of decoration, but entirely adorn their houses by the labours of their own hands. It was by a collar of this hölesom, worked in silk and gold, that young Gustaf Erikson was nearly betrayed when working as a labourer in the barn of Rankhytta, the property of his old college friend, Anders Petersen. A servant girl observed to her master, "The new farm-boy can be no peasant; for," says she, "his linen is far too fine, and I saw a collar wrought in silk and gold beneath his kirtle." Gold lace was much in vogue in the middle of the sixteenth century, and entries of it abound in the inventory of Gustavus Vasa and his youngest son, Magnus. In an inventory of Ericksholm, 1536, is a pair of laced sheets. It is the custom in Sweden to sew a broad border of seaming lace between the breadths of the sheets, sometimes wove in the linen. Directions, with patterns scarcely changed since the sixteenth century, may be found in the _Weaving Book_ published at Stockholm in 1828.[748] Towards the end of 1500 the term "passement" appears in general use, in an inventory of "Pontus de Gardia." In the neighbourhood of Wadstena old soldiers, as well as women, may be seen of a summer's evening sitting at the cottage doors making lace. Though no other lace manufactory can be said to exist in Sweden beyond that of Wadstena, still a coarse bobbin lace is made by the peasantry for home consumption. The author has received from the Countess Elizabeth Piper, late Grande Maîtresse to her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, specimens of coarse pillow laces, worked by the Scanian peasant women, which, she writes, "form a favourite occupation for the women of our province." PLATE LXXIV. [Illustration: RUSSIAN.--Part of a long border setting forth a Procession. Lacis and embroidery in silk. The lace is bobbin-made in thread. Réseau similar to Valenciennes. The Russian thread is good quality linen. Size of portion shown 18½ x 14 in. The property of Madame Pogosky. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 280._ {281}Latterly this manufacture has been protected and the workwomen carefully directed. Far more curious are the laces made by the peasants of Dalecarlia, still retaining the patterns used in the rest of Europe two hundred years since. The broader[749] kinds, of which we give a woodcut (Fig. 117), are from Gaguef, that part of Dalecarlia where laces are mostly made and used. Married women wear them on their summer caps, much starched, as a shelter against the sun. Others, of an unbleached thread, are from Orsa. This lace is never washed, as it is considered an elegance to preserve this coffee-coloured tint. The firmness and solidity of these last laces are wonderful. [Illustration: Fig. 117. DALECARLIAN LACE.] The specimens from Rättwik are narrow "seaming" laces of the lozenge pattern. There is also a sort of plaiting used as a fringe, in the style of the Genoese macramè, from the ends of a small {282}sheet which the peasants spread over their pillows. No improvement takes place in the designs. The Dalecarlian women do not make a trade of lace-making, they merely work to supply their own wants.[750] Fig. 118 represents a lace collar worn by Gustavus Adolphus, a relic carefully preserved in the Northern Museum at Stockholm. On it is inscribed in Swedish: "This collar was worn by Gustaf Adolf, King of Sweden, and presented, together with his portrait, as a remembrance, in 1632, to Miss Jacobina Lauber, of Augsburg, because she was the most beautiful damsel present." In addition to this collar, there is preserved at the Royal Kladskammar at Stockholm a blood-stained shirt worn by Gustavus at the Battle of Dirschau, the collars and cuffs trimmed with lace of rich geometric pattern, the sleeves decorated with "seaming" lace. In an adjoining case of the same collection are some splendid altar-cloths of ancient raised Spanish point, said to have been worked by the Swedish nuns previous to the suppression of the monasteries. A small escutcheon constantly repeated on the pattern of the most ancient specimens has the semblance of a water-lily leaf, the emblem of the Stures, leading one to believe they may have been of Swedish fabric, for many ladies of that illustrious house sought shelter from troublous times within the walls of the lace-making convent of Wadstena. In the same cabinet is displayed, with others of more ordinary texture, a collar of raised Spanish guipure, worked by the Princesses Catherine and Marie, daughters of Duke Johan Adolf (brother of Charles X.). Though a creditable performance, yet it is far inferior to the lace of convent make. The making of this Spanish point formed a favourite amusement of the Swedish ladies of the seventeenth century: bed-hangings, coverlets, and toilets of their handiwork may still be found in the remote castles of the provinces. We have received the photograph of a flower from an old bed of Swedish lace--an heirloom in a Smaland castle of Count Trolle Bonde. [Illustration: Fig. 118. COLLAR OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. _To face page 282._] {283}RUSSIA. After his visit to Paris early in the eighteenth century, Peter the Great founded a manufacture of silk lace at Novgorod, which in the time of the Empress Elizabeth fell into decay. In the reign of Catherine II. there were twelve gold lace-makers at St. Petersburg, who were scarcely able to supply the demand. In Russia lace-making and embroidery go hand in hand, as in our early examples of embroidery, drawn-work, and cut-work combined. Lace-making was not a distinct industry; the peasants, especially in Eastern Russia, made it in their houses to decorate, in conjunction with embroidery, towels, table-linen, shirts, and even the household linen, for which purpose it was purchased direct from the peasants by the inhabitants of the towns. Many will have seen the Russian towels in the International Exhibition of 1874, and have admired their quaint design and bright colours, with the curious line of red and blue thread running through the pattern of the lace. Darned netting and drawn-work appear, as elsewhere, to have been their earliest productions. The lace is loosely wrought on the pillow, the work simple, and requiring few bobbins to execute the vermiculated pattern which is its characteristic (Fig. 119, and Plates LXXII.-IV.). The specimens vary very much in quality, but the patterns closely resemble one another, and are all of an oriental and barbaric character (Fig. 119). In Nardendal, near Abo, in Finland, the natives offer to strangers small petticoats and toys of lace--a relic of the time when a nunnery of Cistercians flourished in the place. Much of a simple design and coarse quality is made in Belev, Vologda, Riazan, Mzeresk. At Vologda a lace resembling torchon is made, with colours introduced, red, blue, and écru and white.[751] In some laces silks of various colours are employed. Pillow-lace has only been known in Russia for over a hundred years, and although the {284}lace produced is effective, it is coarse in texture and crude in pattern. Late in the nineteenth century the Czarina gave her patronage to a school founded at Moscow, where Venetian needle-point laces have been copied, using the finest English thread, and needle-laces made after old Russian designs of the sixteenth century,[752] called _Point de Moscou_. [Illustration: Fig. 119. RUSSIA.--Bobbin-made nineteenth century. _To face page 284._] {285}CHAPTER XXII. ENGLAND TO QUEEN ELIZABETH. "We weare most fantastical fashions than any nation under the sun doth, the French only excepted."--_Coryat's Crudities._ 1611. It would be a difficult matter for antiquaries to decide at what precise time lace, as we now define the word, first appears as an article of commerce in the annals of our country. As early as the reign of Edward III.,[753] the excessive luxury of veils, worn even by servant girls, excited the indignation of the Government, who, in an Act, dated 1363, forbade them to be worn of silk, or of any other material, "mes soulement de fil fait deinz le Roialme," for which veils no one was to pay more than the sum of tenpence. Of what stuff these thread veils were composed we have no record; probably they were a sort of network, similar to the caul of Queen Philippa, as we see represented on her tomb.[754] That a sort of crochet decoration used for edging was already made, we may infer from the monumental effigies of the day.[755] The purse of the carpenter is described, too, in Chaucer, as "purled with latoun," a kind of metal or wire lace, similar to that found at Herculaneum, and made in some parts of Europe to a recent period. M. Aubry refers to a commercial treaty of 1390, between England and the city of Bruges, as the earliest mention of lace. This said treaty we cannot find in Rymer, Dumont, {286}or anywhere else. We have, as before alluded to, constant edicts concerning the gold wires and threads of "Cipre, Venys, Luk, and Jeane," of embroideries and suchlike, but no distinct allusion to "lace."[756] According to Anderson, the first intimation of such an occupation being known in England is the complaint, made in 1454, by the women of the mystery of thread-working in London, in consequence of the importation of six foreign women, by which the manufacture of needlework[757] of thread and silk, not as yet understood, was introduced. These six women, probably Flemings, had brought over to England the cut-work or darning of the time, a work then unknown in this country. All authors, up to the present period, refer to the well-known Act of Edward IV.,[758] 1463, in which the entry of "laces, corses, ribans, fringes, de soie and de file, laces de file soie enfile," etc., are prohibited, as the first mention of "lace" in the public records. The English edition of the Foedera, as well as the statutes at large, freely translate these words as laces of thread, silk twined, laces of gold, etc.; and the various writers on commerce and manufactures have accepted the definition as "lace," without troubling themselves to examine the question.[759] Some even go so far as to refer to a MS. in the Harleian Library,[760] giving "directions for making many sorts of laces,[761] which were in fashion in the times of King Henry VI. {287}and Edward IV.," as a proof that lace was already well known, and formed the occupation of the "handcraftry"--as those who gained their livelihood by manual occupation were then termed--of the country. Now, the author has carefully examined this already quoted MS., in the principal letter of which is a damaged figure of a woman sitting and "making of lace," which is made by means of "bowys."[762] As regards the given directions, we defy anyone, save the most inveterate lover of crochet-work, to understand one word of its contents, beyond that it relates to some sort of twisted thread-work, and perhaps we might, in utter confusion of mind, have accepted the definition as given, had not another MS. of similar tenor, bearing date 1651, been also preserved in the British Museum.[763] This second MS. gives specimens of the laces, such as they were, stitched side by side with the directions, which at once establishes the fact that the laces of silk and gold, laces of thread, were nothing more than braids or cords--the laces used with tags, commonly called "poynts" (the "ferrets" of Anne of Austria)--for fastening the dresses, as well as for ornament, previous to the introduction of pins. In the Wardrobe Accounts of the time we have frequent notice of these "laces" and corses. "Laces de quir" (cuir) also appear in the Statutes,[764] which can only mean what we now term bootlaces, or something similar. {288}In the "Total of stuffs bought" for Edward IV.,[765] we have entries: "Laces made of ryban of sylk; two dozen laces, and a double lace of ryban"--"corses of sylk with laces and tassels of sylk," etc. Again, to Alice Claver, his sylkwoman, he pays for "two dozen laces and a double lace of sylk." These double laces of ribbon and silk were but plaited, a simple ornament still used by the peasant women in some countries of Europe. There must, however, be a beginning to everything, and these tag laces--some made round, others in zigzag, like the modern braids of ladies' work, others flat--in due course of time enriched with an edging, and a few stitches disposed according to rule, produced a rude lace; and these patterns, clumsy at first, were, after a season, improved upon. From the time of Edward IV. downwards, statute on apparel followed upon statute, renewed for a number of years, bearing always the same expression, and nothing more definite.[766] The Venetian galleys at an early period bore to England the gold work of "Luk," Florence, "Jeane" and Venice. In our early Parliamentary records are many statutes on the subject. It is not, however, till the reign of Henry VII. that, according to Anderson, "Gold and thread lace came from Florence, Venice, and Genoa, and became an article of commerce. An Act was then passed to prevent the buyers of such commodities from selling for a pound weight a packet which does not contain twelve ounces, and the inside of the said gold, silver, and thread lace was to be of equal greatness of thread and goodness of colour as the outside thereof."[767] The Italians were in the habit of giving short lengths, gold thread of bad quality, and were guilty of sundry other misdemeanours which greatly excited the wrath of the nation. The balance was not in England's favour. It was the cheating Venetians who first brought over their gold lace into England. PLATE LXXV. [Illustration: CAP. (FLEMISH OR GERMAN.)--The insertion is cut-work and needle-point. The lace is bobbin-made, and bears a resemblance to Plate XXVI., South Italian. Late seventeenth century. Length of lace about 12 in. Photo by A. Dryden from private collection.] _To face page 288._ {289}A warrant to the Keeper of the Great Wardrobe, in the eighteenth year of King Henry's reign,[768] contains an order for "a mauntel lace of blewe silk and Venys gold, to be delivered for the use of our right dere and well-beloved Cosyn the King of Romayne"--Maximilian, who was made Knight of the Garter.[769] If lace was really worn in the days of Henry VII., it was probably either of gold or silk, as one of the last Acts of that monarch's reign, by which all foreign lace is prohibited, and "those who have it in their possession may keep it and wear it till Pentecost,"[770] was issued rather for the protection of the silk-women of the country than for the advantage of the ever-complaining "workers of the mysteries of thread-work." On the 3rd of October, 1502, his Queen Elizabeth of York pays to one Master Bonner, at Langley, for laces, rybands, etc., 40s.; and again, in the same year, 38s. 7d. to Dame Margrette Cotton, for "hosyn, laces, sope, and other necessaries for the Lords Henry Courtenay, Edward, and the Lady Margrette, their sister." A considerable sum is also paid to Fryer Hercules for gold of Venys, gold of Danmarke, and making a lace for the King's mantell of the Garter.[771] It is towards the early part of Henry VIII.'s reign that the "Actes of Apparell"[772] first mention the novel luxury of shirts and partlets, "garded and pynched,"[773] in addition to clothes decorated in a similar manner, all of which are {290}forbidden to be worn by anyone under the degree of a knight.[774] In the year 1517 there had been a serious insurrection of the London apprentices against the numerous foreign tradesmen who already infested the land, which, followed up by the never-ending complaints of the workers of the mysteries of needlework, induced the king to ordain the wearing of such "myxte joyned garded or browdered"[775] articles of lynnen cloth be only allowed when the same be wrought within "this realm of England, Wales, Berwick, Calais, or the Marches."[776] The earliest record we find of laced linen is in the Inventory of Sir Thomas L'Estrange, of Hunstanton, County of Norfolk, 1519, where it is entered, "3 elles of Holland cloth, for a shirte for hym, 6 shillings," with "a yard of lace for hym, 8d." In a MS. called "The Boke of Curtasye"--a sort of treatise on etiquette, in which all grades of society are taught their duties--the chamberlain is commanded to provide for his master's uprising, a "clene shirte," bordered with lace and curiously adorned with needlework. The correspondence, too, of Honor. Lady Lisle, seized by Henry VIII.[777] as treasonous and dangerous to the State, embraces a hot correspondence with one Soeur Antoinette de Sevenges, a nun milliner of Dunkirk, on the important subject of nightcaps,[778] one half dozen of which, she complains, are far too wide behind, and not of the lozenge (cut) work pattern she had selected. The nightcaps were in consequence to be changed. Anne Basset, daughter of the said Lady Lisle, educated in a French convent, writes earnestly begging for an "edge {291}of perle[779] for her coif and a tablete (tablier) to ware." Her sister Mary, too, gratefully expresses her thanks to her mother, in the same year,[780] for the "laced gloves you sent me by bearer." Calais was still an English possession, and her products, like those of the Scotch Border fortresses, were held as such.[781] Lace still appears but sparingly on the scene. Among the Privy Purse expenses of the king in 1530,[782] we find five shillings and eightpence paid to Richard Cecyll,[783] Groom of the Robes, for eight pieces of "yelowe lace, bought for the King's Grace." We have, too, in the Harleian Inventory,[784] a coif laid over with passamyne of gold and silver. These "Acts of Apparell," as regards foreign imports, are, however, somewhat set aside towards the year 1546, when Henry grants a licence in favour of two Florentine merchants to export for three years' time, together with other matters, "all manner of fryngys and passements wrought with gold or silver, or otherwise, and all other new gentillesses of what facyon or value soever they may be, for the pleasure of our dearest wyeff the Queen, our nobles, gentlemen, and others."[785] The king, however, reserves to himself the first view of their merchandise, with the privilege of selecting anything he may please for his own private use, before their wares were hawked about the country. The said "dearest wyeff," from the date of the Act, must have been Katherine Parr; her predecessor, Katherine Howard, had for some four years slept headless in the vaults of the White Tower chapel. Of these "gentillesses" the king now began to avail himself. He selects "trunk sleeves of redd cloth of gold with cut-work;" knitted gloves of silk, and "handkerchers" edged with gold and silver; his towels are {292}of diaper, "with Stafford knots," or "knots and roses;" he has "coverpanes of fyne diaper of Adam and Eve garnished about with a narrow passamayne of Venice gold and silver; handkerchers of Holland, frynged with Venice gold, redd and white silk," others of "Flanders worke," and his shaving cloths trimmed in like fashion.[786] The merchandise of the two Florentines had found vast favour in the royal eyes. Though these articles were imported for "our dere wyeff's sake," beyond a "perle edging" to the coif of the Duchess of Suffolk, and a similar adornment to the tucker of Jane Seymour,[787] lace seems to have been little employed for female decoration during the reign of King Henry VIII. [Illustration: Fig. 120. FISHER, BISHOP OF ROCHESTER. + 1535. (M. de Versailles.)] That it was used for the adornment of the ministers of the Church we have ample evidence. M. Aubry states having seen in London lace belonging to Cardinal Wolsey. On this matter we have no information; but we know the surplices were ornamented round the neck, shoulders, and sleeves with "white work" and cut-work[788] at this period. The specimens we give (Figs. 120, 121) are from a portrait formerly in the Library of the Sorbonne, now transferred to Versailles, of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal Fisher as he is styled--his cardinal's hat arriving at Dover at the very moment the head that was to wear it had fallen at Tower Hill. PLATE LXXVI. [Illustration: ENGLISH. CUTWORK AND NEEDLE-POINT.--Cross said to have belonged to Cardinal Wolsey.] PLATE LXXVII. [Illustration: ENGLISH. DEVONSHIRE "TROLLY."--First part of nineteenth century. Photos by A. Dryden from private collection.] _To face page 292._ {293}About this time, too, lace gradually dawns upon us in the church inventories. Among the churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary-at-Hill, date 1554, we find entered a charge of 3s. for making "the Bishopp's (boy bishop) myter with stuff and lace."[789] The richly-laced corporax cloths and church linen are sent to be washed by the "Lady Ancress," an ecclesiastical washerwoman, who is paid by the churchwardens of St. Margaret's, Westminster, the sum of 8d.; this Lady Ancress, or Anchoress, being some worn-out old nun who, since the dissolution of the religious houses, eked out an existence by the art she had once practised within the walls of her convent. At the burial of King Edward VI., Sir Edward Waldgrave enters on his account a charge of fifty yards of gold passement lace for garnishing the pillars of the church. [Illustration: Fig. 121. FISHER, BISHOP OF ROCHESTER.--(M. de Versailles.)] The sumptuary laws of Henry VIII. were again renewed by Queen Mary:[790] in them ruffles made or wrought out of England, commonly called cut-work, are forbidden to anyone under the degree of a baron; while to women of a station beneath that of a knight's wife, all wreath lace or passement lace of gold and silver with sleeves, partlet or linen trimmed {294}with purles of gold and silver, or white-works, alias cut-works, etc., made beyond the sea, is strictly prohibited. These articles were, it seems, of Flemish origin, for among the New Year's Gifts presented to Queen Mary, 1556, we find enumerated as given by Lady Jane Seymour, "a fair smock of white work,[791] Flanders making." Lace, too, is now in more general use, for on the same auspicious occasion, Mrs. Penne, King Edward's nurse, gave "six handkerchers edged with passamayne of golde and silke."[792] Two years previous to these New Year's Gifts, Sir Thomas Wyatt is described as wearing, at his execution, "on his head a faire hat of velvet, with broad bone-work lace about it."[793] Lace now seems to be called indifferently purle, passamayne or bone-work, the two first-mentioned terms occurring most frequently. The origin of this last appellation is generally stated to have been derived from the custom of using sheep's trotters previous to the invention of wooden bobbins. Fuller so explains it, and the various dictionaries have followed his theory. The Devonshire lace-makers, on the other hand, deriving their knowledge from tradition, declare that when lace-making was first introduced into their county, pins,[794] so indispensable to their art, being then sold at a price far beyond their means, the lace-makers, mostly the wives of fishermen living along the coast, adopted the {295}bones of fish, which, pared and cut into regular lengths, fully answered as a substitute. This explanation would seem more probable than that of employing sheep's trotters for bobbins, which, as from 300 to 400 are often used at one time on a pillow, must have been both heavy and cumbersome. Even at the present day pins made from chicken bones continue to be employed in Spain; and bone pins are still used in Portugal.[795] Shakespeare, in _Twelfth-Night_, speaks of "The spinsters and the knitters in the sun, And the free maids that weave their threads with bone." "Bone" lace[796] constantly appears in the wardrobe accounts, while bobbin lace[797] is of less frequent occurrence. Among the New Year's Gifts presented to Queen Elizabeth, we have from the Lady Paget "a petticoat of cloth of gold stayned black and white, with a bone lace of gold and spangles, like the wayves of the sea"; a most astounding article, with other entries no less remarkable but too numerous to cite. {296}In the marriage accounts of Prince Charles[798] we have charged 150 yards of bone lace[799] for six extraordinary ruffs and twelve pairs of cuffs, against the projected Spanish marriage. The lace was at 9s. a yard. Sum total, £67 10s.[800] Bone lace is mentioned in the catalogue of King Charles I.'s pictures, drawn up by Vanderdort,[801] where James I. is described "without a hat, in a bone lace falling band."[802] Setting aside wardrobe accounts and inventories, the term constantly appears both in the literature and the plays of the seventeenth century. "Buy some quoifs, handkerchiefs, or very good bone lace, mistress?" cries the pert sempstress when she enters with her basket of wares, in Green's _Tu Quoque_,[803] showing it to have been at that time the usual designation. "You taught her to make shirts and bone lace," says someone in the _City Madam_.[804] Again, describing a thrifty wife, Loveless, in _The Scornful Lady_,[805] exclaims-- "She cuts cambric to a thread, weaves bone lace, and quilts balls admirably." The same term is used in the _Tatler_[806] and _Spectator_,[807] {297}and in the list of prizes given, in 1752, by the Society of Anti-Gallicans, we find, "Six pieces of bone lace for men's ruffles." It continued to be applied in the Acts of Parliament and notices relative to lace, nearly to the end of the eighteenth century.[808] After a time, the sheep's trotters or bones having been universally replaced by bobbins of turned box-wood, the term fell into disuse, though it is still retained in Belgium and Germany. From the reign of Queen Mary onwards, frequent mention is made of parchment lace (see pp. 297-298), a term most generally associated with gold and silver, otherwise we should consider it as merely referring to needle-made lace, which is worked on a parchment pattern. But to return to Queen Mary Tudor. We have among the "late Queen Mary's clothes" an entry of "compas"[809] lace; probably an early name for lace of geometric pattern. Open-work edging of gold and passamaine lace also occur; and on her gala robes lace of "Venys gold," as well as "vales of black network," a fabric to which her sister, Queen Elizabeth, was most partial; partlets,[810] dressings, shadowes, and pynners "de opere rete," appearing constantly in her accounts.[811] It was at this period, during the reign of Henry VIII. and Mary, a peculiar and universally prevalent fashion, varying in degrees of eccentricity and extravagance, to slash the garment so as to show glimpses of some contrasting underdress. Dresses thus slashed, or puffed, banded, "pinched," stiff with heavy gold and metal braid or embroidery, required but little additional adornment of lace.[812] The falling collar, which was worn in the early part of the sixteenth century, before the Elizabethan ruff (introduced from France about 1560), was, however, frequently edged with lace of geometric pattern. Early in the sixteenth century the dresses of the ladies {298}fitted closely to the figure, with long skirts open in front to display the underdress; and were made low and cut square about the neck. Sometimes, however, the dresses were worn high with short waists and a small falling collar. Somewhat later, when the dresses were made open at the girdle, a partlet--a kind of habit-shirt--was worn beneath them, and carried to the throat.[813] Entries of lace in the wardrobe accounts are, however, few and inconsiderable until the reign of Queen Elizabeth. PLATE LXXVIII. [Illustration: MARIE DE LORRAINE, 1515-1560. DAUGHTER OF DUC DE GUISE, MARRIED JAMES V. OF SCOTLAND, 1538. This picture was probably painted before she left France, by an unknown French artist. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 298._ {299}CHAPTER XXIII. QUEEN ELIZABETH. "By land and sea a Virgin Queen I reign, And spurn to dust both Antichrist and Spain."--Old Masque. "Tell me, Dorinda, why so gay? Why such embroidery, fringe and lace? Can any dresses find a way To stop the approaches of decay And mend a ruined face?"--Lord Dorset. Up to the present time our mention of lace, both in the Statutes and the Royal Wardrobe Accounts, has been but scanty. Suddenly, in the days of the Virgin Queen, both the Privy Expenses and the Inventories of New Year's Gifts overflow with notices of passaments, drawn-work, cut-work, crown lace,[814] bone lace for ruffs, Spanish chain, byas,[815] parchment, hollow,[816] billament,[817] and diamond {300}lace[818] in endless, and to us, we must own, most incomprehensible variety. The Surtees' _Wills and Inventories_ add to our list the laces Waborne[819] and many others. Lace was no longer confined to the court and high nobility, but, as these inventories show, it had already found its way into the general shops and stores of the provincial towns. In that of John Johnston, merchant, of Darlington, already cited, we have twelve yards of "loom" lace, value four shillings, black silk lace, "statute" lace, etc., all mixed up with entries of pepper, hornbooks, sugar-candy, and spangles. About the same date, in the inventory taken after the death of James Backhouse, of Kirby-in-Lonsdale, are found enumerated "In y^e great shoppe," thread lace at 16s. per gross; four dozen and four "pyrled" lace, four shillings; four quarterns of statching (stitching or seaming?) lace; lace edging; crown lace; hollow lace; copper lace; gold and silver chean (chain) lace, etc. This last-mentioned merchant's store appears to have been one of the best-furnished provincial shops of the period. That of John Farbeck, of Durham, mercer, taken thirty years later, adds to our list seventy-eight yards of velvet lace, coloured silk, chayne lace, "coorld" lace, petticoat lace, all cheek by jowl with Venys gold and turpentine. To follow the "stitches" and "works" quoted in the Wardrobe Accounts of Elizabeth--all made out in Latin, of which we sincerely trust, for the honour of Ascham, the {301}Queen herself was guiltless--would be but as the inventory of a haberdasher's shop. We have white stitch, "opus ret' alb," of which she had a kirtle, "pro le hemmynge et edginge" of which, with "laqueo coronat' de auro et arg'"--gold and silver crown lace--and "laqueo alb' lat' bon' operat' super oss'"--broad white lace worked upon bone--she pays the sum of 35s.[820] Then there is the Spanish stitch, already mentioned as introduced by Queen Katherine, and true stitch,[821] laid-work,[822] net-work, black-work,[823] white-work, and cut-work. Of chain-stitch we have many entries, such as Six caules of knot-work, worked with chain-stitch and bound "cum tapem" (tape), of sister's (nun's) thread.[824] A scarf of white stitch-work appears also among the New Year's Gifts. As regards the use, however, of these ornaments, the Queen stood no nonsense. Luxury for herself was quite a different affair from that of the people; for, on finding that the London apprentices had adopted the white stitching and garding as a decoration for their collars, she put a stop to all such finery by ordering[825] the first transgressor to be publicly whipped in the hall of his Company. Laid-work, which maybe answers to our modern plumetis, or simply signified a braid-work, adorned the royal garters, "Frauncie," which worked "cum laidwork," stitched and trimmed "in ambobus lateribus" with gold and silver lace, from which hung silver pendants, "tufted cum serico color," cost her Majesty thirty-three shillings the pair.[826] {302}The description of these right royal articles appears to have given as much trouble to describe as it does ourselves to translate the meaning of her accountant. The drawn-work, "opus tract'," seems to have been but a drawing of thread worked over silk. We have smocks thus wrought and decorated "cum lez ruffs et wrestbands."[827] In addition to the already enumerated laces of Queen Elizabeth are the bride laces of Coventry blue,[828] worn and given to the guests at weddings, mentioned in the _Masques_ of Ben Jonson:[829]-- "CLOD.--And I have lost, beside my purse, my best bride-lace I had at Joan Turnips' wedding. "FRANCES.--Ay, and I have lost my thimble and a skein of Coventry blue I had to work Gregory Litchfield a handkerchief." When the Queen visited Kenilworth in 1577, a Bridall took place for the pastime of her Majesty. "First," writes the Chancellor, "came all the lusty lads and bold bachelors of the parish, every wight with his blue bridesman's bride lace upon a braunch of green broom." What these bride laces exactly were we cannot now tell. They continued in fashion till the Puritans put down all festivals, ruined the {303}commerce of Coventry, and the fabric of blue thread ceased for ever. It was probably a showy kind of coarse trimming, like that implied by Mopsa in the _Winter's Tale_, when she says-- "You promised me a tawdry lace:"[830] articles which, judging from the song of Autolycus-- "Will you buy any tape, Or lace for your cape?" were already hawked about among the pedlars' wares throughout the country: one of the "many laces" mentioned by Shakespeare.[831] Dismissing, then, her stitches, her laces, and the 3,000 gowns she left in her wardrobe behind her--for, as Shakespeare says, "Fashion wears out more apparel than the man"[832]--we must confine ourselves to those articles immediately under our notice, cut-work, bone lace, and purle. Cut-work--"opus scissum," as it is termed by the Keeper of the Great Wardrobe--was used by Queen Elizabeth to the greatest extent. She wore it on her ruffs, "with lilies of the like, set with small seed pearl"; on her doublets, "flourished with squares of silver owes"; on her forepart of lawn, "flourished with silver and spangles";[833] on her {304}cushion-cloths,[834] her veils, her tooth-cloths,[835] her smocks and her nightcaps.[836] All nourished, spangled, and edged in a manner so stupendous as to defy description. It was dizened out in one of these last-named articles[837] that young Gilbert Talbot, son of Lord Shrewsbury, caught a sight of the Queen while walking in the tilt-yard. Queen Elizabeth at the window in her nightcap! What a goodly sight! That evening she gave Talbot a good flap on the forehead, and told her chamberlain how the youth had seen her "unready and in her night stuff," and how ashamed she was thereof. Cut-work first appears in the New Year's Offerings of 1577-8, where, among the most distinguished of the givers, we find the name of Sir Philip Sidney, who on one occasion offers to his royal mistress a suit of ruffs of cut-work, on another a smock--strange presents according to our modern ideas. We read, however, that the offering of the youthful hero gave no offence, but was most graciously received. Singular enough, there is no entry of cut-work in the Great Wardrobe Accounts before that of 1584-5, where there is a charge for mending, washing and starching a bodice and cuffs of good white lawn, worked in divers places with broad spaces of Italian cut-work, 20 shillings,[838] and another for the same operation to a veil of white cut-work trimmed with needlework lace.[839] Cut-work was probably still a rarity; and really, on reading the quantity offered to Elizabeth on each recurring new year, there was scarcely any necessity for her to purchase it herself. By the year 1586-7 the Queen's stock had apparently diminished. Now, for the first time, she invests the sum of sixty shillings in six yards of good ruff lawn, well worked, with cut-work, and edged with good white lace.[840] {305}From this date the Great Wardrobe Accounts swarm with entries such as a "sut' de lez ruffes de lawne," with spaces of "opere sciss',"[841] "un' caule de lawne alb' sciss' cum le edge," of similar work;[842] a "toga cum traine de opere sciss';"[843] all minutely detailed in the most excruciating gibberish. Sometimes the cut-work is of Italian[844] fabric, sometimes of Flanders;[845] the ruffs edged with bone lace,[846] needle lace,[847] or purle.[848] The needle lace is described as "curiously worked," "operat' cum acu curiose fact'," at 32s. the yard.[849] The dearest is specified as Italian.[850] We give a specimen (Coloured Plate XV.) of English workmanship, said to be of this period, which is very elaborate.[851] The thread used for lace is termed "filo soror," or nun's thread, such as was fabricated in the convents of Flanders and Italy.[852] If, however, Lydgate, in his ballad of "London Lackpenny," is an authority, that of Paris was most prized:-- "Another he taked me by his hand, Here is Paris thredde, the finest in the land." Queen Elizabeth was not patriotic; she got and wore her {306}bone lace from whom she could, and from all countries. If she did not patronize English manufacture, on the other hand, she did not encourage foreign artizans; for when, in 1572, the Flemish refugees desired an asylum in England, they were forcibly expelled from her shores. In the census of 1571, giving the names of all the strangers in the City of London,[853] including the two makers of Billament lace already cited, we have but four foreigners of the lace craft: one described as "Mary Jurdaine, widow, of the French nation, and maker of purled lace"; the other, the before-mentioned "Callys de Hove, of Burgundy."[854] Various Acts[855] were issued during the reign of Elizabeth in order to suppress the inordinate use of apparel. That of May, 1562,[856] though corrected by Cecil himself, less summary than that framed against the "white-work" of the apprentice boys, was of little or no avail. In 1568 a complaint was made to the Queen against the frauds practised by the "16 appointed waiters," in reference to the importation of haberdashery, etc., by which it appears that her Majesty was a loser of "5 or 600 l. by yere at least" in the customs on "parsement, cap rebone bone lace, cheyne lace," etc.,[857] but with what effect we know not. The annual import of these articles is therein stated at £10,000, an enormous increase since the year 1559, when, among the "necessary and unnecessary wares" brought into the port of London,[858] together with "babies" (dolls), "glasses to looke in," "glasses to drinke in," pottes, gingerbread, cabbages, and other matters, we find enumerated, "Laces of all sortes, £775 6s. 8d.," just one-half less than the more necessary, though less refined item of "eles fresh and salt."[859] In 1573 Elizabeth again endeavoured to suppress "the silk glittering with silver and gold lace," but in vain. {307}The Queen was a great lover of foreign novelties. All will call to mind how she overhauled the French finery of poor Mary Stuart[860] on its way to her prison, purloining and selecting for her own use any new-fashioned article she craved. We even find Cecil, on the sly, penning a letter to Sir Henry Norris, her Majesty's envoy to the court of France, "that the Queen's Majesty would fain have a tailor that has skill to make her apparel both after the French and Italian manner, and she thinketh you might use some means to obtain such one as suiteth the Queen without mentioning any manner of request in the Queen's Majesty's name." His lady wife is to get one privately, without the knowledge coming to the Queen Mother's ears, "as she does not want to be beholden to her." It is not to be wondered at, then, that the New Year's Gifts and Great Wardrobe Accounts[861] teem with entries of "doublets of peche satten all over covered with cut-work and lyned with a lace of Venyse gold,[862] kyrtells of white satten embroidered with purles of gold-like clouds, and layed round about with a bone lace of Venys gold."[863] This gold lace appears upon her petticoats everywhere varied by bone lace of Venys silver.[864] That the Queen drew much fine thread point from the same locality her portraits testify, especially that preserved in the royal gallery of Gripsholm, in Sweden, once the property of her ill-fated admirer, Eric XIV. She wears a ruff, cuffs, tucker, and apron of geometric lace, of exquisite fineness, stained of a pale citron colour, similar to the liquid invented by Mrs. Turner, of Overbury memory, or, maybe, adopted from the saffron-tinted smocks of the Irish, the wearing of which she herself had prohibited. We find among her entries laces of Jean[865] and Spanish lace; she did not even disdain bone lace of copper, and copper and silver {308}at 18d. the ounce.[866] Some of her furnishers are English. One Wylliam Bowll supplies the Queen with "lace of crowne purle."[867] Of her sylkwoman, Alice Mountague, she has bone lace wrought with silver and spangles, sold by the owner at nine shillings.[868] The Queen's smocks are entered as wrought with black work and edged with bone lace of gold of various kinds. We have ourselves seen a smock said to have been transmitted as an heirloom in one family from generation to generation.[869] It is of linen cloth embroidered in red silk, with her favourite pattern of oak-leaves and butterflies (Fig. 122). Many entries of these articles, besides that of Sir Philip Sidney's, appear among the New Year's Gifts.[870] [Illustration: Fig. 122. QUEEN ELIZABETH'S SMOCK.] It was then the custom for the sponsors to give {309}"christening shirts," with little bands and cuffs edged with laces of gold and various kinds--a relic of the ancient custom of presenting white clothes to the neophytes when converted to Christianity. The "bearing cloth,"[871] as the mantle used to cover the child when carried to baptism was called,[872] was also richly trimmed with lace and cut-work, and the Tree of Knowledge, the Holy Dove (Fig. 123), or the Flowerpot of the Annunciation (Fig. 124), was worked in "hollie-work" on the crown of the infant's cap or "biggin." [Illustration: Fig. 123.] [Illustration: Fig. 124.] CHRISTENING CAPS, NEEDLE-MADE BRUSSELS.--Eighteenth century. Aprons, too, of lace appeared in this reign. The Queen, as we have mentioned, wears one in her portrait at Gripsholm.[873] "Those aprons white, of finest thread, So choicelie tied, so dearly bought; So finely fringed, so nicely spread; So quaintly cut, so richly wrought," writes the author of _Pleasant Quippes for Upstart Gentlewomen_, {310}in 1596. The fashion continued to the end of the eighteenth century. Laced handkerchiefs now came into fashion. "Maydes and gentlewomen," writes Stowe, "gave to their favourites, as tokens of their love, little handkerchiefs of about three or four inches square, wrought round about," with a button at each corner.[874] The best were edged with a small gold lace. Gentlemen wore them in their hats as favours of their mistresses. Some cost sixpence, some twelvepence, and the richest sixteenpence. Of the difference between purles and true lace it is difficult now to decide. The former word is of frequent occurrence among the New Year's Gifts, where we have "sleeves covered all over with purle,"[875] and, in one case, the sleeves are offered unmade, with "a piece of purle upon a paper to edge them."[876] It was yet an article of great value and worthy almost of entail, for, in 1573, Elizabeth Sedgwicke, of Wathrape, widow, bequeaths to her daughter Lassells, of Walbron, "an edge of perlle for a remembrance, desirying her to give it to one of her daughters."[877] We now turn, before quitting the sixteenth century, to that most portentous of all fabrications--Queen Elizabeth's ruff. In the time of the Plantagenets Flemish tastes prevailed. With the Tudors, Katherine of Aragon, on her marriage with Prince Arthur, introduced the Spanish fashions, and the inventories from Henry VIII. downwards are filled with Spanish work, Spanish stitch, and so forth. Queen Elizabeth leant to the French and Italian modes, and during the Stuarts they were universally adopted. The ruff was first introduced into England about the reign of Philip and Mary. These sovereigns are both represented on the Great Seal of England with small ruffs about {311}their necks, and with diminutive ones of the same form encircling the wrists.[878] This Spanish ruff was not ornamented with lace. On the succession of Queen Elizabeth the ruff had increased to a large size, as we see portrayed on her Great Seal. The art of starching, though known to the manufacturers of Flanders, did not reach England until 1564, when the Queen first set up a coach. Her coachman, named Gwyllam Boenen, was a Dutchman; his wife understood the art of starching, a secret she seems exclusively to have possessed, and of which the Queen availed herself until the arrival, some time after, of Madame Dinghen van der Plasse, who, with her husband, came from Flanders "for their better safeties,"[879] and set up as a clear-starcher in London. "The most curious wives," says Stowe, "now made themselves ruffs of cambric, and sent them to Madame Dinghen to be starched, who charged high prices. After a time they made themselves ruffs of lawn, and thereupon arose a general scoff, or by-word, that shortly they would make their ruffs of spiders' webs." Mrs. Dinghen at last took their daughters as her pupils. Her usual terms were from four to five pounds for teaching them to starch, and one pound for the art of seething starch.[880] The nobility patronised her, but the commonalty looked on her as the evil one, and called her famous liquid "devil's broth." To keep the ruff erect, bewired[881] and starched though it be, was a troublesome affair--its falling a cause of agony to the wearer. "Not so close, thy breath will draw my ruff," exclaims the fop. The tools used in starching and fluting {312}ruffs were called setting-sticks, struts and poking-sticks: the two first were made of wood or bone, the poking-stick of iron, and heated in the fire. By this heated tool the fold acquired that accurate and seemly order which constituted the beauty of this very preposterous attire. It was about the year 1576, according to Stowe, the making of poking-sticks began. They figure in the expenses of Elizabeth, who, in 1592, pays to her blacksmith, one Thomas Larkin, "pro 2 de lez setting-stickes at 2s. 6d." the sum of 5s.[882] We have frequent allusion to the article in the plays of the day:--[883] "Your ruff must stand in print, and for that purpose, get poking-sticks with fair long handles, lest they scorch your hands."[884] Again, in _Laugh and Lie Down_--[885] "There she sat with her poking-stick, stiffening a fall." When the use of starch and poking-sticks had rendered the arrangement of a ruff easy, the size began rapidly to increase. "Both men and women wore them intolerably large, being a quarter of a yard deep, and twelve lengths in a ruff."[886] In London this fashion was termed the French ruff; in France, on the other hand, it was called "the English monster."[887] Queen Elizabeth wore hers higher and stiffer than anyone in Europe, save the Queen of Navarre, for she had a "yellow throat," and was desirous to conceal it.[888] Woe betide any fair lady of the court who dared let her white skin appear uncovered in the presence of majesty. Her ruffs were made of the finest cut-work, enriched with gold, silver, and even precious stones. Though she consumed endless yards of cut-work, purle, needlework lace, bone lace of gold, of silver, enriched with pearls, and bugles, {313}and spangles in the fabrication of the "three-piled ruff,"[889] she by no means extended such liberty to her subjects, for she selected grave citizens and placed them at every gate of the city to cut the ruffs if they exceeded the prescribed depth. These "pillars of pride" form a numerous item among the New Year's Gifts. Each lady seems to have racked her brain to invent some novelty as yet unheard of to gratify the Queen's vanity. On the new year 1559-60, the Countess of Worcester offers a ruff of lawn cut-work set with twenty small knots like mullets, garnished with small sparks of rubies and pearls.[890] The cut-work ruff is decorated or enriched with ornament of every description. Nothing could be too gorgeous or too extravagant.[891] Great was the wrath of old Philip Stubbes[892] at these monstrosities, which, standing out a quarter of a yard or more, "if Æolus with his blasts or Neptune with his stormes chaunce to hit upon the crazie bark or their bruised ruffes, then they goe flip flap in the winde like ragges that flew abroade, lying upon their shoulders like the dishclout of a slut. But wot ye what? the devill, as he, in the fulnesse of his malice, first invented these great ruffes," etc., with a great deal more, which, as it comes rather under the head of costume than lace, we omit, as foreign to our subject. Lace has always been made of human hair, and of this we have frequent mention in the expenses of Queen Elizabeth. We believe the invention to be far older than her reign, for there is frequent allusion to it in the early romaunces. In the _Chevalier aux ij Epées_ (MS. Bib. Nat.), a lady requires of King Ris that he should present her with a mantle fringed with the beards of nine conquered kings, and hemmed with that of King Arthur, who was yet to conquer. The mantle is to have "de sa barbe le tassel." {314}The entries of Elizabeth, however, are of a less heroic nature; and though we are well aware it was the custom of old ladies to weave into lace their silver-grey locks, and much as the fashion of hair bracelets and chains prevails, in Queen Elizabeth's case, setting aside all sentiment, we cannot help fancying the "laquei fact' de crine brayded cum lez risinge puffs,"[893] as well as the "devices fact' de crine similiter les scallop shells,"[894] to have been nothing more than "stuffings"--false additions, to swell the majesty of the royal "pirrywygge." That point tresse, as this hair-lace is called, was known in her day, we have evidence in the Chartley inventory of Mary Stuart, in which is mentioned, "Un petit quarré fait à point tresse ouvré par la vieille Comtesse de Lennox elle estant à la Tour"; a tribute of affection the old countess would scarcely have offered to her daughter-in-law had she regarded her as implicated in the murder of her son. The writer saw at Chantilly an aged lace-maker employed in making a lace ground of hair on the pillow, used, she was informed, by wig-makers to give the parting of the hair; but the fabric must be identical with the point tresse sent by the mother of Darnley to the Queen of Scots. Point tresse, when made out of the hair of aged people, is occasionally to be met with on the Continent, where, from its rarity, it fetches a high price. Some districts gained a reputation for their work, according to Turner:--"And Bedford's matrons wove their snowy locks." It may be detected by the glittering of the hair when held up to catch the sunbeams, or by frizzing when exposed to the test of fire, instead of blazing. With this mention of point tresse we conclude the reign of Queen Elizabeth. {315}CHAPTER XXIV. JAMES I. TO THE RESTORATION. ---- JAMES I. "Now up aloft I mount unto the Ruffe, Which into foolish mortals pride doth puffe; Yet Ruffe's antiquity is here but small: Within these eighty years not one at all. For the 8th Henry, as I understand, Was the first king that ever wore a Band, And but a falling band plaine with a hem, All other people knew no use of them." Taylor, "Water-Poet." 1640. The ruff single, double, three piled, and Dædalian,[895] to the delight of the satirists, retained its sway during the early days of King James I. It was the "commode" of the eighteenth--the crinoline of the nineteenth century. Every play teems with allusions to this monstrosity. One compares it to "A pinched lanthorn Which schoolboys made in winter;"[896] while a second[897] talks of a "Starched ruff, like a new pigeon-house." The lover, in the play of the _Antiquary_,[898] complains to his mistress in pathetic terms-- "Do you not remember how you fooled me, and set me to pin pleats in your ruff two hours together?" {316}Stubbes stood not alone in his anathemas. The dignitaries of the Church of England waxed wroth, and violent were their pulpit invectives. "Fashion," emphatically preached John King,[899] Bishop of London, "has brought in deep ruffs[900] and shallow ruffs, thick ruffs and thin ruffs, double ruffs and no ruffs. When the Judge of quick and dead shall appear, he will not know those who have so defaced the fashion he hath created." The Bishop of Exeter, too, Joseph Hall, a good man, but no prophet, little wotting how lace-making would furnish bread and comfort to the women of his own diocese for centuries to come, in a sermon preached at the Spitel, after a long vituperation against its profaneness, concludes with these words: "But if none of our persuasions can prevail, hear this, ye garish popinjays of our time, if ye will not be ashamed to clothe yourselves after this shameless fashion, Heaven shall clothe you with shame and confusion. Hear this, ye plaister-faced Jezabels, if ye will not leave your daubs and your washes, Heaven will one day wash them off with fire and brimstone." Whether these denunciations had the effect of lessening the ruffs we know not; probably it only rendered them more exaggerated. Of these offending adjuncts to the toilet of both sexes we have fine illustrations in the paintings of the day, as well as in the monuments of our cathedrals and churches.[901] They were composed of the finest geometric lace, such as we see portrayed in the works of Vinciolo and others. The artists of the day took particular pleasure in depicting them with the most exquisite minuteness. These ruffs must have proved expensive for the wearer, though in James I.'s time, as Ben Jonson has it, men thought little of "turning four or five hundred acres of their best land into two or three trunks of apparel."[902] According to the Wardrobe Accounts,[903] "twenty-five yards of fyne bone lace" was required to edge a ruff, without counting the ground, composed either of lace squares or cut-work. Queen Anne, his consort, pays £5 for her wrought ruff, for "shewing" which eighteen yards of fine lace are purchased at 5s. 8d.[904] PLATE LXXIX. [Illustration: MARY SIDNEY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE, IN 1614. 1555?--1621.--Probably by Marc Gheeraedts. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 316._ {317}The ruffs of the City ladye were kept downe by the old sumptuary law of Elizabeth. "See, now, that you have not your 'city ruff' on, Mistress Sue," says Mistress Simple in the _City Match_.[905] The Overbury murder (1613), and hanging of Mrs. Turner at Tyburn in 1615, are usually said, on the authority of Howel,[906] to have put an end to the fashion of yellow ruffs, but the following extracts show they were worn for some years later. As late as 1620 the yellow starch, supposed to give a rich hue to the lace and cut-work of which ruffs were "built," gave scandal to the clergy. The Dean of Westminster ordered no lady or gentleman wearing yellow ruffs to be admitted into any pew in his church; but finding this "ill taken," and the King "moved in it," he ate his own words, and declared it to be all a mistake.[907] This fashion, again, gave great offence even in France. Since the English[908] {318}alliance, writes the _Courtisane à la Mode_, 1625,[909] "cette mode Anglaise sera cause qu'il pourra advenir une cherté sur le safran qui fera que les Bretons et les Poitevins seront contraints de manger leur beurre blanc et non pas jaune, comme ils sont accoutumés." The Bishops, who first denounced the ruff, themselves held to the fashion long after it had been set aside by all other professions. Folks were not patriotic in their tastes, as in more modern days; they loved to go "as far as Paris to fetch over a fashion and come back again."[910] The lace of Flanders, with the costly points and cut-works of Italy,[911] now became the rage, and continued so for nigh two centuries. Ben Jonson speaks of the "ruffs and cuffs of Flanders,"[912] while Lord Bacon, indignant at the female caprice of the day, writes to Sir George Villiers:--"Our English dames are much given to the wearing of costly laces, and if they may be brought from Italy, or France, or Flanders, they are in much esteem; whereas, if like laces were made by the English, so much thread would make a yard of lace, being put into that manufacture, would be five times, or perhaps ten or twenty times the value."[913] But Bacon had far better have looked at home, for he had himself, when Chancellor, granted an exclusive patent to Sir Giles Mompesson, the original of Sir Giles Overreach, for the monopoly of the sale and manufacture of gold and silver thread, the abuses of which caused in part his fall.[914] James had half ruined the commerce of England by the granting of monopolies, which, says Sir John Culpepper, are "as numerous as the frogs of Egypt. They have got possession of our dwellings, they sip in our cups, they dip in our {319}dish. They sit by our fire. We find them in the dye-vat, wash-bowl, and powdering-tub, etc.; they have marked and sealed us from head to foot."[915] The bone-lace trade suffered alike with other handicrafts.[916] In 1606 James had already given a license to the Earl of Suffolk[917] for the import of gold and silver lace. In 1621, alarmed by the general complaints throughout the kingdom,[918] a proposition was made "for the erection of an Office of Pomp, to promote home manufactures," and to repress pride by levying taxes on all articles of luxury.[919] What became of the Pomp Office we cannot pretend to say: the following year we are somewhat taken aback by a petition[920] from two Dutchmen, of Dort, showing "that the manufacture of gold and silver thread, purle, etc., in England" was "a great waste of bullion," the said Dutchmen being, we may infer, of opinion that it was more to their advantage to import such articles themselves. After a lapse of three years the petition is granted.[921] In the midst of all this granting and rescinding of monopolies, we hear in the month of April, 1623, how the decay of the bone-lace trade at Great Marlow caused great poverty.[922] Though the laces of Flanders and Italy were much patronised by the court and high nobility, Queen Anne of Denmark appears to have given some protection to the fabrics of the country. Poor Queen Anne! When, on the news of Elizabeth's death, James hurried off to England, a correspondence took place between the King and the English Privy Council regarding the Queen's outfit, James considering, {320}and wisely--for the Scotch court was always out of elbows--that his wife's wardrobe was totally unfit to be produced in London. To remedy the deficiency, the Council forwarded to the Queen, by the hands of her newly-named ladies, a quantity of Elizabeth's old gowns and ruffs, wherewith to make a creditable appearance on her arrival in England. Elizabeth had died at the age of seventy, wizened, decayed, and yellow--Anne, young and comely, had but just attained her twenty-sixth year. The rage of the high-spirited dame knew no bounds; she stormed with indignation--wear the clothes she must, for there were no others--so in revenge she refused to appoint any of the ladies, save Lady Bedford, though nominated by the King, to serve about her person in England. On her arrival she bought a considerable quantity of linen, and as with the exception of one article,[923] purchased from a "French mann," her "nidell purle worke," her "white worke," her "small nidell worke," her "pece of lawin to bee a ruffe," with "eighteen yards of fine lace to shewe (sew) the ruffe," the "Great Bone" lace, and "Little Bone" lace were purchased at Winchester and Basing, towns bordering on the lace-making counties, leading us to infer them to have been of English manufacture.[924] The bill of laced linen purchased at the "Queen's lying down" on the birth of the Princess Sophia, in 1606, amounts to the sum of £614 5s. 8d.[925] In this we have no mention of any foreign-made laces. The child lived but three days. Her little monument, of cradle-form, with lace-trimmed coverlets and sheets (Fig. 125), stands close to the recumbent effigy of her sister Mary[926] (Fig. 126), with ruff, collar, and cap of geometric lace, in the north aisle of Henry VII.'s Chapel.[927] PLATE LXXX. [Illustration: HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, THIRD EARL OF SOUTHAMPTON, 1573-1624.--Probably painted in Holland about 1620, by Michiel Van Miereveldt. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 320._ {321}[Illustration: Fig. 125. MONUMENT OF THE PRINCESS SOPHIA. + 1606. FOURTH DAUGHTER OF JAMES I. (Westminster Abbey.)] After a time--epoch of the Spanish marriage[928]--the ruff {322}gave way to the "falling band," so familiar to us in the portraits of Rubens and Vandyke. "There is such a deal of pinning these ruffs, when a fine clean fall is worth them all," says the Malcontent. "If you should chance to take a nap in the afternoon, your falling band requires no poking-stick to recover it."[929] Cut-work still continued in high favour; it was worn on every article of linen, from the richly-wrought collar to the nightcap. The Medicean ruff or gorget of the Countess of Pembroke ("Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother"), with its elaborate border of swans (Fig. 127), is a good illustration of the fashion of her time. [Illustration: Fig. 126. MONUMENT OF THE PRINCESS MARY. + 1607. THIRD DAUGHTER OF JAMES I. (Westminster Abbey.)] Among the early entries of Prince Charles, we have four nightcaps of cut-work, £7,[930] for making two of which for his {323}Highness, garnished with gold and silver lace, Patrick Burke receives £15;[931] but these modest entries are quite put to shame by those of his royal father, who, for ten yards of needlework lace "pro le edginge" of his "galiriculis vulgo nightcaps," pays £16 13s. 4d.[932] Well might the Water-Poet exclaim-- "A nightcap is a garment of high state."[933] [Illustration: Fig. 127. MARY, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE. + 1621. (From her portrait in Walpole's _Royal and Noble Authors_.)] When Queen Anne died, in 1619, we have an elaborate {324}account of her funeral,[934] and of the sum paid to Dorothy Speckart for dressing a hearse effigy with a large veil, wired and edged with peak lace and lawn, curiously cut in flowers, etc. Laced linen, however, was already discarded in mourning attire, for we find in the charges for the king's mourning ruffs, an edging at 14d. the piece is alone recorded.[935] Towards the end of James I.'s reign a singular custom came into fashion, brought in by the Puritan ladies, that of representing religious subjects, both in lace, cut-work, and embroidery, a fashion hitherto confined to church vestments. We find constant allusions to it in the dramatists of the day. Thus, in the _City Match_,[936] we read-- "She works religious petticoats, for flowers She'll make church histories. Her needle doth So sanctify my cushionets, besides My smock sleeves have such holy embroideries, And are so learned, that I fear in time All my apparel will be quoted by Some pious instructor." Again, in the _Custom of the Country_--[937] "Sure you should not be Without a neat historical shirt." {325}We find in a Scotch inventory[938] of the seventeenth century: "Of Holland scheittes ii pair, quhairof i pair schewit (sewed) with hollie work."[939] The entries of this reign, beyond the "hollie work," picked[940] and seaming[941] lace, contain little of any novelty; all articles of the toilet were characterised by a most reckless extravagance. "There is not a gentleman now in the fashion," says Peacham,[942] "whose band of Italian cut-work now standeth him not in the least three or four pounds. Yes, a semster in Holborn told me that there are of threescore pounds." We read how two-thirds of a woman's dower was often expended in the purchase of cut-work and Flanders lace. In the warrant of the Great Wardrobe for the marriage expenses of the ill-fated Princess Elizabeth, on which occasion it is recorded of poor Arabella Stuart, the "Lady Arabella, though still in the Tower, has shewn her joy by buying four new gowns, one of which cost £1,500,"[943] in addition to "gold cheine laze, silver spangled, silver looped, myllen bone lace, drawneworke poynte, black silk Naples lace," etc., all in the most astonishing quantity, we have the astounding entry of 1,692 ounces of silver bone lace.[944] No wonder, in {326}after days, the Princess caused so much anxiety to the Palatine's Privy Purse, Colonel Schomberg, who in vain implores her to have her linen and lace bought beforehand, and paid at every fair.[945] "You brought," he writes, "£3,000 worth of linen from England, and have bought £1,000 worth here," and yet "you are ill provided."[946] CHARLES I. "Embroider'd stockings, cut-work smocks and shirts." --Ben Jonson. Ruffs may literally be said to have gone out with James I. His son Charles is represented on the coins of the two first years of his reign in a stiff starched ruff;[947] in the fourth and fifth we see the ruff unstarched, falling down on his shoulders,[948] and afterwards, the falling band (Fig. 128) was generally adopted, and worn by all classes save the judges, who stuck to the ruff as a mark of dignity and decorum, till superseded by the peruke.[949] PLATE LXXXI. [Illustration: ELIZABETH, PRINCESS PALATINE, GRANDDAUGHTER OF JAMES I., 1618-1680.--Probably about 1638. By Gerard Honthorst. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 326._ {327}[Illustration: Fig. 128. FALLING COLLAR OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.--(After Abraham Bosse.)] Even loyal Oxford, conscientious to a hair's-breadth--always behind the rest of the world--when Whitelock, in 1635, addresses the Quarter Sessions arrayed in the new fashion, owned "one may speak as good sense in a falling band as in a ruff." The change did not, however, diminish the extravagance of the age. The bills for the King's lace and linen, which in the year 1625 amounted to £1,000, in course of time rose to £1,500.[950] Falling bands of Flanders bone lace and cut-work appear constantly in the accounts.[951] As the foreign materials are carefully specified (it was one of these articles, then a novelty, that Queen Anne of Denmark "bought of the French Mann"), we may infer much of the bobbin or bone lace to have been of home produce. As Ben Jonson says, "Rich apparel has strong virtues." It is, he adds, "the birdlime of fools." There was, indeed, no article of toilet at this period which was not encircled with lace--towels, sheets, shirts, caps, cushions, boots (Fig. 129), cuffs (Fig. 130)--and, as too often occurs in the case of excessive luxury, when the bills came in money was wanting to {328}discharge them, Julian Elliott, the royal lace merchant, seldom receiving more than half her account, and in 1630--nothing.[952] There were, as Shakespeare says, "Bonds entered into For gay apparel against the triumph day."[953] The quantity of needlework purl consumed on the king's hunting collars, "colares pro venatione," scarcely appears credible. One entry alone makes 994 yards for 12 collars and 24 pairs of cuffs.[954] Again, 600 yards of fine bone lace is charged for trimming the ruffs of the King's night-clothes.[955] [Illustration: Fig. 129. From an Engraving of Abraham Bosse.] [Illustration: Fig. 130. From an Engraving of Abraham Bosse.] The art of lace-making was now carried to great perfection in England; so much so, that the lease of twenty-one years, granted in 1627 to Dame Barbara Villiers, of the duties on gold and silver thread, became a terrible loss to the holder, who, in 1629, petitions for a discharge of £437 10s. arrears due to the Crown. The prayer is favourably received by the officers of the Customs, to whom it was referred, who answer they "conceive those duties will decay, for the invention of making Venice gold and silver lace within the kingdom is come to that perfection, that it will be made here more cheap than it can be brought from beyond seas."[956] The fancy for foreign articles still prevailed. "Among the goods brought in by Tristram Stephens," writes Sir John Hippisley, from Dover Castle, "are the bravest French bandes that ever I did see for ladies--they be fit for the Queen."[957] [Illustration: Fig. 131. ENGLISH NEEDLE-MADE LACE. _To face page 328._] {329}Gold lace was exported in considerable quantities to India in the days of James I.;[958] and now, in 1631, we find the "riband roses," edged with lace, notified among the articles allowed to be exported. These lace rosette-trimmed shoes were in vogue in the time of James I., and when first brought to that monarch he refused to adopt the fashion, asking, "If they wanted to make a ruffe-footed dove of him." They were afterwards worn in all the extravagance of the French court. (See France to Louis XIV.). Mr. Brooks, in his speech in the House of Commons against costly apparel (18 James I.), says, "Nowadays, the roses worn by Members of the House on their shoes are more than their father's apparel." Peacham speaks of "shoe ties, that goe under the name of roses, from thirty shillings to three, four, and five pounds the pair. Yea, a gallant of the time, not long since, paid thirty pounds for a pair.[959] Well might Taylor say they "Wear a farm in shoe-strings edged with gold, And spangled garters worth a copyhold." It was not till the year 1635 that an effort was made for {330}the protection of our home fabrics, "at the request and for the benefit of the makers of those goods in and near London, and other parts of the realm, now brought to great want and necessity, occasioned by the excessive importation of these foreign wares." Foreign "Purles, Cutworks, or Bone-laces, or any commodities laced or edged therewith," are strictly prohibited. Orders are also given that all purles, cut-works, and bone laces English made are to be taken to a house near the sign of the "Red Hart" in Fore Street, without Cripplegate, and there sealed by Thomas Smith or his deputy.[960] An Act the same year prohibits the use of "gold or silver purles" except manufactured in foreign parts, and especially forbids the melting down any coin of the realm. The manufacture of bone lace in England had now much improved, and was held in high estimation in France. We hear of Henrietta Maria sending ribbons, lace, and other fashions from England, in 1636, as a present to her sister-in-law, Anne of Austria;[961] while, in a letter dated February 7th, 1636, the Countess of Leicester writes to her husband, then in France, who had requested her to procure him some fine bone lace of English make:--"The present for the Queen of France I will be careful to provide, but it cannot be handsome for that proportion of money which you do mention; for these bone laces, if they be good, are dear, and I will send the best, for the honor of my nation and my own credit." Referring to the same demand, the Countess again writes to her lord, May 18th, 1637, Leicester House:--"All my present for the Queen of France is provided, which I have done with great care and some trouble; the expenses I cannot yet directly tell you, but I think it will be about £120, for the bone laces are extremely dear. I intend to {331}send it by Monsieur Ruvigny, for most of the things are of new fashion, and if I should keep them they would be less acceptable, for what is new now will quickly grow common, such things being sent over almost every week." We can have no better evidence of the improvement in the English lace manufacture than these two letters. An Act of 1638 for reforming abuses in the manufacture of lace, by which competent persons are appointed, whether natives or strangers, "who shall be of the Church of England," can scarcely have been advantageous to the community. Lace, since the Reformation, had disappeared from the garments of the Church. In the search warrants made after Jesuits and priests of the Roman faith, it now occasionally peeps out. In an inventory of goods seized at the house of some Jesuit priests at Clerkenwell, in 1627, we find--"One faire Alb of cambric, with needle worke purles about the skirts, necke, and bandes." Smuggling, too, had appeared upon the scene. In 1621 information is laid, how Nicholas Peeter, master of the "Greyhound, of Apsom," had landed at Dover sundry packets of cut-workes and bone laces without paying the Customs.[962] But the "Rebatoes, ribbands, cuffs, ruffs, falls, Scarfes, feathers, fans, maskes, muffs, laces, cauls,"[963] of King Charles's court were soon to disperse at the now outbreaking Revolution. The Herrn Maior Frau (Lady Mayoress), the noble English lady depicted by Hollar,[964] must now lay aside her whisk, edged with broad lace of needle point, and no longer hie to St. Martin's for lace:[965] she must content herself with a plain attire. "Sempsters with ruffs and cuffs, and quoifs and caules And falls,"[966] must be dismissed. Smocks of three pounds a-piece,[967] {332}wrought smocks,[968] are no longer worn by all--much less those "seam'd thro' with cutwork,"[969] or "lace to her smocks, broad seaming laces,"[970] which, groans one of the Puritan writers, "is horrible to think of." The ruff and cuffs of Flanders, gold lace cut-work and silver lace of curle,[971] needle point, and fine gartering with blown roses,[972] are now suppressed under Puritan rule. The "fop" whom Henry Fitz-Geoffrey describes as having "An attractive lace And whalebone bodies for the better grace," must now think twice before he wears it.[973] The officer, whom the poor soldier apostrophises as shining-- "One blaze of plate about you, which puts out Our eyes when we march 'gainst the sunne, and armes you Compleatly with your own gold lace, which is Laid on so thick, that your own trimmings doe Render you engine proof, without more arms"--[974] must no longer boast of "This shirt five times victorious I have fought under, And cut through squadrons of your curious Cut-work, As I will do through mine."[975] In the Roundhead army he will scarce deign to comb his cropped locks. All is now dingy, of a sad colour, soberly in character with the tone of the times. PLATE LXXXII. [Illustration: JAMES HARRINGTON, Author of "Oceana," 1611-1677. Between 1630-1640. By Gerard Honthorst. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 332._ {333}THE COMMONWEALTH. The rule of the Puritans was a sad time for lace-makers, as regards the middle and lower classes: every village festival, all amusement was put down, bride laces and Mayings--all were vanity. With respect to the upper classes, the Puritan ladies, as well as the men of birth, had no fancy for exchanging the rich dress of the Stuart Court for that of the Roundheads. Sir Thomas Fairfax, father of the General, is described as wearing a buff coat, richly ornamented with silver lace, his trunk hose trimmed with costly Flanders lace, his breastplate partly concealed by a falling collar of the same material. The foreign Ambassadors of the Parliament disdained the Puritan fashions. Lady Fanshaw describes her husband as wearing at the Court of Madrid, on some State occasion, "his linen very fine, laced with very rich Flanders lace."[976] Indeed, it was not till the arrival of the Spanish envoy, the first accredited to the Protectorate of Cromwell, that Harrison begged Colonel Hutchinson and Lord Warwick to set an example to other nations at the audience, and not appear in gold and silver lace. Colonel Hutchinson, though he saw no harm in a rich dress, yet not to appear offensive, came next day in a plain black suit, as did the other gentlemen, when, to the astonishment of all, Harrison appeared in a scarlet coat so laden with "clinquaint" and lace as to hide the material of which it was made, showing, remarks Mrs. Hutchinson, "his godly speeches were only made that he might appear braver above the rest in the eyes of the strangers." Nor did the mother of Cromwell lay aside these adornments. She wore a handkerchief, of which the broad point-lace alone could be seen, and her green velvet cardinal was edged with broad gold lace.[977] Cromwell himself, when once in power, became more particular in his dress; and if he lived as a Puritan, his body after death was more gorgeously attired than that of any deceased sovereign, with purple velvet, ermine, and the richest Flanders lace.[978] His effigy, {334}carved by one Symonds, was clad in a fine shirt of Holland, richly laced; he wore bands and cuffs of the same materials, and his clothes were covered with gold lace.[979] The more we read the more we feel convinced that the dislike manifested by the Puritan leaders to lace and other luxuries was but a political necessity, in order to follow the spirit of the age. As an illustration of this opinion we may cite that in the account of the disbursements of the Committee of Safety, 1660, a political _jeu d'esprit_ which preceded the Restoration, we find entered for Lady Lambert-- "Item, for seven new whisks lac'd with Flanders lace of the last Edition, each whisk is valued at fifty pound, £350." Followed up by-- "Six new Flanders lac'd smocks, £300." The whisk, as the gorget was now termed, was as great an object of extravagance to the women as was the falling band to the men. It continued in fashion during the reign of Charles II., and is often mentioned as lost or stolen among the advertisements in the public journals of the day. In the _Mercurius Publicus_, May 8th, 1662, we find: "A cambric whisk with Flanders lace, about a quarter of a yard broad, and a lace turning up about an inch broad, with a stock in the neck, and a strap hanging down before, was lost between the new Palace and Whitehall. Reward, 30_s_." Again, in _The Newes_, June 20th, 1664: "Lost, a Tiffany whisk, with a great lace down, and a little one up, large Flowers, and open Work, with a Roul for the head and Peak." {335}CHAPTER XXV. CHARLES II. TO THE HOUSE OF HANOVER. ---- CHARLES II. "The dangling knee-fringe, and the bib-cravat." --Dryden. _Prologue._ 1674. The taste for luxury only required the restoration of the Stuarts to burst out in full vigour. The following year Charles II. issued a proclamation[980] enforcing the Act of his father prohibiting the entry of foreign bone lace; but, far from acting as he preached, he purchases Flanders lace at eighteen shillings the yard, for the trimming of his fine lawn "collobium sindonis,"[981] a sort of surplice worn during the ceremony of the anointment at the coronation. The hand-spinners of gold wire, thread lace, and spangles of the City of London, no longer puritanically inclined, now speak out boldly. "Having heard a report the Parliament intend to pass an Act against the wearing of their manufacture, they hope it intends the reform, not the destruction of their craft, for by it many thousands would be ruined. Let every person," say they, "be prohibited from wearing gold, silver, and thread lace--that will encourage the gentry to do so."[982] In 1662 is passed an Act prohibiting the importation of foreign bone lace, cut-works, etc., setting forth, "Whereas many poor children have attained great dexterity in the {336}making thereof, the persons so employed have served most parts of the kingdom with bone lace, and for the carrying out of the same trade have caused much thread to be brought into the country, whereby the customs have been greatly advanced, until of late large quantities of bone lace, cut-work, etc., were brought into the kingdom and sold contrary to the former Statutes and the proclamation of November last; all such bone lace is to be forfeited, and a penalty of £100 paid by the offender."[983] This same Act only occasioned the more smuggling of lace from Flanders, for the point made in England had never attained the beauty of Brussels, and indeed, wherever fine lace is mentioned at this period it is always of foreign fabric. That Charles himself was of this opinion there can be no doubt, for in the very same year he grants to one John Eaton a license to import such quantities of lace "made beyond the seas, as may be for the wear of the Queen, our dear Mother the Queen, our dear brother James, Duke of York," and the rest of the royal family. The permission is softened down by the words, "And to the end the same may be patterns for the manufacture of these commodities here, notwithstanding the late Statute forbidding their importation."[984] Charles had evidently received his lessons in the school of Mazarin. As the galleries of the cardinal were filled with sculptures, paintings, and majolica--rich produce of Italian art, as patterns for France, "per mostra di farne in Francia"--so the king's "pilea nocturna," pillow-beres, cravats, were trimmed with the points of Venice[985] and Flanders, at the rate of £600 per annum, for the sake of improving the lace manufacture of England. The introduction of the flowing wig, with its long curls covering the shoulders, gave a final blow to the falling band; {337}the ends floating and tied in front could alone be visible. In time they diminished in size, and the remains are still seen in the laced bands of the lawyer, when in full dress, and the homely bordered cambric slips used by the clergy. The laced cravat now introduced continued in fashion until about the year 1735.[986] It was at its height when Pepys writes in his diary: "Lord's Day, Oct. 19, 1662. Put on my new lace band, and so neat it is that I am resolved my great expense shall be lace bands, and it will set off anything else the more." The band was edged with the broadest lace. In the _Newes_, January 7th, 1663, we find: "Lost, a laced band, the lace a quarter of a yard deep, and the band marked in the stock with a B." Mrs. Pepys--more thrifty soul--"wears her green petticoat of Florence satin, with white and black gimp lace of her own putting on (making), which is very pretty." The custom, already common in France, of ladies making their own lace, excites the ire of the writer of _Britannia Languens_, in his "Discourse upon Trade."[987] "The manufacture of linen,"[988] he says, "was once the huswifery of English ladies, gentlewomen, and other women;" now "the huswifery women of England employ themselves in making an ill sort of lace, which serves no national or natural necessity." The days of Puritan simplicity were at an end. "Instead of homespun coifs were seen Good pinners edged with Colberteen."[989] The laced cravat succeeded the falling collar. Lace handkerchiefs[990] were the fashion, and "Gloves laced and trimmed as fine as Nell's."[991] {338}Laced aprons, which even found their way to the homes of the Anglican clergy, and appear advertised as "Stolen from the vicarage house at Amersham in Oxfordshire: An apron of needlework lace, the middle being Network, another Apron laced with cut and slash lace."[992] The newspapers crowd with losses of lace, and rarer--finds.[993] They give us, however, no clue to the home manufacture. "A pasteboard box full of laced linen, and a little portmanteau with some white and grey Bone lace,"[994] would seem to signify a lace much made two hundred years ago, of which we have ourselves seen specimens from Dalecarlia, a sort of guipure, upon which the pattern is formed by the introduction of an unbleached thread, which comes out in full relief--a fancy more curious than pretty. The petticoats of the ladies of King Charles's court have received due honour at the hands of Pepys, whose prying eyes seem to have been everywhere. On May 21 of the same year he so complacently admired himself in his new lace band, he writes down: "My wife and I to my Lord's lodging; where she and I staid walking in White Hall Gardens. And in the Privy Garden saw the finest smocks and linnen petticoats of my Lady Castlemaine's, laced with rich lace at the bottom, that ever I saw; and it did me good to look at them." Speaking of the ladies' attire of this age, Evelyn says:-- "Another quilted white and red, With a broad Flanders lace below; Four pairs of bas de soye shot through {339} With silver; diamond buckles too, For garters, and as rich for shoe. Twice twelve day smocks of Holland fine, With cambric sleeves rich Point to joyn (For she despises Colbertine); Twelve more for night, all Flanders lac'd, Or else she'll think herself disgrac'd. The same her night gown must adorn, With two Point waistcoats for the morn; Of pocket mouchoirs, nose to drain, A dozen laced, a dozen plain; Three night gowns of rich Indian stuff; Four cushion-cloths are scarce enough Of Point and Flanders,"[995] etc. It is difficult now to ascertain what description of lace was that styled Colbertine.[996] It is constantly alluded to by the writers of the period. Randle Holme (1688) styles it, "A kind of open lace with a square grounding."[997] Evelyn himself, in his _Fop's Dictionary_ (1690), gives, "Colbertine, a lace resembling net-work of the fabric of Monsieur Colbert, superintendent of the French King's manufactures;" and the _Ladies' Dictionary_, 1694, repeats his definition. This is more incomprehensible still, point d'Alençon being the lace that can be specially styled of "the fabric" of Colbert, and Colbertine appears to have been a coarse production.[998] Swift talks of knowing "The difference between Rich Flanders lace and Colberteen."[999] Congreve makes Lady Westport say--[1000] "Go hang out an old Frisonier gorget with a yard of yellow Colberteen." And a traveller, in 1691,[1001] speaking of Paris, writes:--"You shall see here the finer sort of people flaunting it in tawdry gauze or Colbertine, a parcel of coarse staring ribbons; but ten of their holyday habits shall not amount to what a citizen's wife of London wears on her head every day." {340}JAMES II. The reign of James II., short and troubled, brought but little change in the fashion of the day; more prominence, however, was given to the lace cravats, which were worn loosely round the throat, and with their ends hanging down over the upper part of the vest. Charles II., in the last year of his reign, spends £20 12s. for a new cravat to be worn "on the birthday of his dear brother,"[1002] and James expends £29 upon one of Venice point to appear in on that of his queen. Frequent entries of lace for the attendants of the Chapel Royal form items in the Royal Wardrobe Accounts. Ruffles, night-rails, and cravats of point d'Espagne and de Venise now figure in Gazettes,[1003] but "Flanders lace is still in high estimation," writes somebody, in 1668, "and even fans are made of it." Then James II. fled, and years after we find him dying at St. Germains in--a laced nightcap. "This cap was called a 'toquet,' and put on when the king was in extremis, as a compliment to Louis XIV." "It was the court etiquette for all the Royals," writes Madame, in her _Memoirs_, "to die with a nightcap on." The toquet of King James may still be seen by the curious, adorning a wax model of the king's head, preserved as a relic in the Museum of Dunkirk.[1004] Out of mingled gratitude, we suppose, for the hospitality she had received at the French court, and the protection of the angels, which, she writes, "I experienced once when I {341}set fire to my lace night cornet, which was burned to the very head without singeing a single hair"--good Queen Mary of Modena, who shone so brightly in her days of adversity, died, _selon les règles_, coeffed in like fashion. With this notice we finish the St. Germains reign of King James the Second. WILLIAM III. "Long wigs, Steinkirk cravats." --Congreve. _Love for Love._ In William III.'s reign, the full shirt-sleeves, with their lace ruffles, were shown at the wrists, and the loose neckcloths had long pendent ends terminating in lace, if they were not entirely made of that material. The hat, too, was edged with gold lace, and for summer wear the gloves were edged with lace. Women's sleeves, at first short, wide and lace-edged, showing the delicate sleeves of the under garment, soon became tight, and were prolonged to the wrists, where they terminated in deep and wide upturned cuffs, whence drooped a profusion of lace lappets and ruffles. The hair, combed up, and with an inclination backwards from the forehead, was surmounted by a strata of ribbon and lace, sometimes intermingled with feathers, and a kerchief or scarf of some very light material was permitted to hang down to the waist, or below it. In 1698 the English Parliament passed another Act "for rendering the laws more effectual for preventing the importation of foreign Bone lace, Loom lace, Needlework Point, and Cutwork,"[1005] with a penalty of 20s. per yard, and forfeiture. This Act caused such excitement among the convents and béguinages of Flanders that the Government, at that time under the dominion of Spain, prohibited, by way of retaliation, the importation of English wool. In consequence of the general distress occasioned by this edict {342}among the woolstaplers of England, the Act prohibiting the importation of foreign lace into England was repealed,[1006] so far as related to the Spanish Low Countries. England was the loser by this Custom-House war.[1007] Dress, after the Revolution, partook of the stately sobriety of the House of Nassau, but lace was extensively worn. Queen Mary favoured that wonderful erection, already spoken of in our chapter on France,[1008] the tower or fontange, more generally called, certainly not from its convenience, the "commode," with its piled tiers of lace and ribbon, and the long hanging pinners, celebrated by Prior in his "Tale of the Widow and her Cat":-- "He scratch'd the maid, he stole the cream, He tore her best lac'd pinner." Their Flanders lace heads, with the engageantes[1009] or ruffles, and the dress covered with lace frills and flounces--"every part of the garment in curl"--caused a lady, says the _Spectator_, to resemble "a Friesland hen."[1010] Never yet were such sums expended on lace as in the days of William and Mary. The lace bill of the Queen, signed by Lady Derby, Mistress of the Robes, for the year 1694, amounts to the enormous sum of £1,918.[1011] Among the most extravagant entries we find:-- £. s. d. 21 yards of lace for 12 pillow beres, at 52s. 54 12 0 16 yards of lace for 2 toylights (toilets), at £12 192 0 0 24 yards for 6 handkerchiefs, at £4 10s. 108 0 0 30 yards for 6 night shifts, at 62s. 93 0 0 6 yards for 2 combing cloths, at £14 84 0 0 3½ yards for a combing cloth at £17 53 2 6 {343} 3-1/8 do. at £14 42 0 0 An apron of lace 17 0 0 None of the lace furnished by Mr. Bampton, thread lace provider and milliner to the court, for the Queen's engageantes and ruffles, however, seems to have exceeded £5 10_s_. the yard. There is little new in this account. The lace is entered as scalloped,[1012] ruffled, loopt: lace purle[1013] still lingers on; catgut, too, appears for the first time,[1014] as well as raised point[1015] and needlework.[1016] The Queen's pinners are mentioned as Mazzarined;[1017] some fashion named in honour of the once fair Hortense, who ended her exiled life in England. "What do you lack, ladies fair, Mazzarine hoods, Fontanges, girdles?"[1018] King William himself, early imbued with the Dutch taste for lace, exceeded, we may say, his wife in the extravagance of his lace bills; for though the lace account for 1690 is noted only at £1,603, it increases annually until the year 1695-6, when the entries amount to the astonishing sum of £2,459 19s.[1019] Among the items charged will be found:-- £. s. d. To six point cravats 158 0 0 To eight do. for hunting 85 0 0 54 yds. for 6 barbing cloths 270 0 0 63 yds. for 6 combing cloths 283 10 0 117 yards of "scissæ teniæ" (cut-work) for trimming 12 pockethandfs 485 14 3 78 yds. for 24 cravats, at £8 10s. 663 0 0 {344}In this right royal account of expenditure we find mention of "cockscombe laciniæ," of which the King consumes 344 yards.[1020] What this may be we cannot say, as it is described as "green and white"; otherwise we might have supposed it some kind of Venice point, the little pearl-edged raised patterns of which are designated by Randle Holme as "cockscombs." More coquet than a woman, we find an exchange effected with Henry Furness, "Mercatori," of various laces, purchased for his handkerchiefs and razor cloths, which, laid by during the two years of "lugubris" for his beloved consort, the Queen--during which period he had used razor cloths with broad hems and no lace--had become "obsolete"--quite out of fashion. To effect this exchange the King pays the sum of £178 12s. 6d., the lace purchased for the six new razor cloths amounting to £270. In the same page we find him, now out of mourning, expending £499 10s. for lace to trim his twenty-four new nightshirts, "indusiis nocturnis." With such royal patronage, no wonder the lace trade prospered, and that, within ten years of William's death, Defoe should quote the point lace of Blandford as selling at £30 the yard. PLATE LXXXIII. [Illustration: JAMES, THE OLD PRETENDER, 1688-1766, WITH HIS SISTER PRINCESS LOUISA, 1692-1712. In 1695. By Nicolas de Largillière. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 344._ {345}We have already told how the fashion of the laced Steinkirk found as much favour in England[1021] as in France. Many people still possess, among their family relics, long oval-shaped brooches of topaz or Bristol stones, and wonder what they were used for. These old-fashioned articles of jewellery were worn to fasten (when not passed through the button-hole) the lace Steinkirk, so prevalent not only among the nobility, but worn by all classes. If the dialogue between Sir Nicholas Dainty and Major-General Blunt, as given in Shadwell's play, be correct, the volunteers of King William's day were not behind the military in elegance:-- "SIR NICHOLAS.--I must make great haste, I shall ne'er get my Points and Laces done up time enough. "MAJ. GEN. B.--What say'st, young fellow? Points and Laces for camps? "SIR NICH.--Yes, Points and Laces; why, I carry two laundresses on purpose.... Would you have a gentleman go undress'd in a camp? Do you think I would see a camp if there was no dressing? Why, I have two campaign suits, one trimmed with Flanders lace, and the other with rich Point. "MAJ. GEN. B.--Campaign suits with lace and Point!"[1022] In Westminster Abbey, where, as somewhat disrespectfully, say the Brothers Popplewell,[1023] the images of William and Mary "Stand upright in a press, with their bodies made of wax, A globe and a wand in either hand and their robes upon their backs"-- the lace tucker and double sleeves of Queen Mary are of the finest raised Venice point, resembling Fig. 29; King William likewise wears a rich lace cravat and ruffles.[1024] In a memorandum (carta d'informazione) given to the Venetian ambassadors about to proceed to England, 1696, they are to be provided with very handsome collars of the finest Venetian point, which, it is added, is also the best present to make.[1025] Before concluding the subject of the lace-bearing heroes, we may as well state here that the English soldiers rivalled the cavaliers of France in the richness of their points till the extinction of hair-powder (the wearing of which in the army consumes, says some indignant writer, flour enough to feed 600,000 persons per annum), when the lace cravat was replaced by the stiff and cumbersome stock. Speaking of {346}these military dandies, writes the _World_: "Nor can I behold the lace and the waste of finery in their clothing but in the same light as the silver plates and ornaments on a coffin; indeed, I am apt to impute their going to battle so trimmed and adorned to the same reason a once fine lady painted her cheeks just before she expired, that she might not look frightful when she was dead." "To war the troops advance, Adorned and trim like females for the dance. Down sinks Lothario, sent by one dire blow, A well-dress'd hero to the shades below." As the justice's daughter says to her mamma, in Sheridan's _St. Patrick's Day_:-- "Dear; to think how the sweet fellows sleep on the ground, and fight in silk stockings and lace ruffles." Lace had now become an article worthy the attention of the light-fingered gentry. The jewels worn by our great-grandmothers of the eighteenth century, though mounted in the most exquisite taste, were for the most part false--Bristol or Alençon "diamonds," paste, or "Strass." Lace, on the other hand, was a sure commodity and easily disposed of. At the robbery of Lady Anderson's house in Red Lion Square during a fire, in 1700, the family of George Heneage, Esq., on a visit, are recorded to have lost--"A head with fine loopt lace, of very great value; a Flanders lace hood; a pair of double ruffles and tuckers; two laced aprons, one point, the other Flanders lace; and a large black lace scarf embroidered in gold." Again, at an opera row some years later, the number of caps, ruffles, and heads enumerated as stolen by the pickpockets is quite fabulous. So expert had they become, that when first the ladies took to wearing powdered wigs, they dexterously cut open the leather backs of the hack coaches and carried off wig, head and all, before the rifled occupant had the slightest idea of their attack.[1026] To remedy the evil, the police request all ladies for the future to sit with their backs to the horses.[1027] {347}QUEEN ANNE. "PARLEY.--Oh, Sir, there's the prettiest fashion lately come over! so airy, so French, and all that! The Pinners are double ruffled with twelve plaits of a side, and open all from the face; the hair is frizzled up all round head, and stands as stiff as a bodkin. Then the Favourites hang loose upon the temple with a languishing lock in the middle. Then the Caule is extremely wide, and over all is a Cornet rais'd very high and all the Lappets behind."--Farquhar. _Sir Harry Wildair._ Queen Anne, though less extravagant than her sister, was scarcely more patriotic. The point purchased for her coronation,[1028] though it cost but £64 13s. 9d., was of Flanders growth. The bill is made out to the royal laceman of King William's day, now Sir Henry Furnesse, knight and merchant. The Queen, too, in her gratitude, conferred a pension of £100 upon one Mrs. Abrahat, the royal clear-starcher; "because," writes the Duchess of Marlborough, "she had washed the Queen's heads for twenty pounds a year when she was princess." In 1706 Anne again repeals the Acts which prohibit Flanders lace, with the clear understanding that nothing be construed into allowing the importation of lace made in "the dominions of the French King";[1029] an edict in itself sufficient to bring the points of France into the highest fashion.[1030] "France," writes an essayist, "is the wardrobe of the world;" nay, "the English have so great an esteem for the workmanship of the French refugees, that hardly a thing vends without a Gallic name."[1031] To the refugees from Alençon and elsewhere, expelled by the cruel edict of Louis XIV., we owe the visible improvement of our laces in the eighteenth century. Up to the present time we have had mention only of {348}"Flanders lace" in general. In the reign of Queen Anne the points of "Macklin" and Brussels are first noted down in the Royal Wardrobe Accounts. In 1710 her Majesty pays for 26 yards of fine edged Brussels lace £151.[1032] "Mais, l'appétit vient en mangeant." The bill of Margareta Jolly, for the year 1712, for the furnishing of Mechlin and Brussels lace alone, amounts to the somewhat extravagant sum of £1,418 14_s_. Taking the average price of the "Lace chanter on Ludgate Hill," articles of daily use were costly enough. "One Brussels head is valued at £40; a grounded Brussels head, £30; one looped Brussels, £30." These objects, high as the price may seem, lasted a woman's life. People in the last century did not care for variety, they contented themselves with a few good articles; hence among the objects given in 1719, as necessary to a lady of fashion, we merely find:-- £ s. d. A French point or Flanders head and ruffles 80 0 0 A ditto handkerchief 10 0 0 A black French laced hood 5 5 0 When the Princess Mary, daughter of George II., married, she had but four fine laced Brussels heads, two loopt and two grounded, two extremely fine point ones, with ruffles and lappets, six French caps and ruffles.[1033] Two point lace cravats were considered as a full supply for any gentleman. Even young extravagant Lord Bedford, who, at eighteen years of age, found he could not spend less than £6,000 a year at Rome, when on the grand tour, only charges his mother, Rachel Lady Russell, with that number.[1034] The high commode,[1035] with its lace rising tier upon tier, which made the wits about town declare the ladies "carried Bow steeple upon their heads," of a sudden collapsed in Queen Anne's reign. It had shot up to a most extravagant height, "insomuch that the female part of our species were {349}much taller than the men. We appeared," says the _Spectator_,[1036] "as grasshoppers before them."[1037] In 1711 Anne forbade the entry of gold and silver lace,[1038] of which the consumption had become most preposterous,[1039] under pain of forfeiture and the fine of £100. Ladies wore even cherry-coloured stays trimmed with the forbidden fabric.[1040] The point of Spain had the preference over thread lace for state garments, heads and ruffles excepted; and as late as 1763, when the Dowager Lady Effingham was robbed of her coronation robes, among the wonderful finery detailed there is no mention of thread lace. The commerce of Flanders, notwithstanding the French taste, seemed now on a comfortable footing. "The Flander-kins," writes the _British Merchant_ in 1713, "are gone off from wool, which we have got, to lace and linen.... We have learned better, I hope, by our unsuccessful attempt to prohibit the Flanders laces, which made the Flemings retaliate upon us, and lessened our exportation of woollen manufactures by several £100,000 per annum."[1041] Men looked upon lace as a necessary article to their wives' equipment. Addison declares that when the China mania first came in, women exchanged their Flanders point for punch-bowls and mandarins, thus picking their husbands' pockets, who is often purchasing a huge china vase when he fancies that he is buying a fine head for his wife.[1042] Indeed, they could scarcely grumble, as a good wig cost from forty to fifty guineas--to say nothing of their own lace ties and {350}ruffles. Only an old antiquary like Sir Thomas Clayton could note down in his accounts:--"Lace and fal-lalls,[1043] and a large looking-glass to see her old ugly face in--frivolous expenses to please my proud lady." {351}CHAPTER XXVI. GEORGE I. AND II. ---- GEORGE I. "Wisdom with periwigs, with cassocks grace, Courage with swords, gentility with lace."--_Connoisseur._ The accession of the House of Hanover brought but little change either in the fashions or the fabrics. In 1717 the King published an edict regarding the hawking of lace, but the world was too much taken up with the Old Pretender and the court of St. Germains; the King, too, was often absent, preferring greatly his German dominions. We now hear a great deal of lace ruffles; they were worn long and falling. Lord Bolingbroke, who enraged Queen Anne by his untidy dress--"she supposed, forsooth, he would some day come to court in his nightcap"--is described as having his cravat of point lace, and his hands hidden by exaggerated ruffles of the same material. In good old Jacobite times, these weeping ruffles served as well to conceal notes--"poulets"--passed from one wary politician to another, as they did the French sharpers to juggle and cheat at cards. Lace continued the mania of the day. "Since your fantastical geers came in with wires, ribbons, and laces, and your furbelows with three hundred yards in a gown and petticoat, there has not been a good housewife in the nation,"[1044] writes an indignant dramatist. The lover was made to bribe the Abigail of his mistress with a piece of Flanders lace[1045]--an offering not to be resisted. Lace appeared {352}at baptisms,[1046] at marriages, as well as at burials, of which more hereafter--even at the Old Bailey, where one Miss Margaret Caroline Rudd, a beauty of the day, tried for forgery, quite moved her jurors to tears, and nigh gained her acquittal by the taste of her elegantly-laced stomacher, the lace robings of her dress, and single lace flounce, her long pendulous ruffles, hanging from the elbow, heard, fluttering in her agitation, by the court; but, in spite of these allurements, Margaret Caroline Rudd was hanged. Every woman, writes Swift,[1047] is "In choosing lace a critic nice, Knows to a groat the lowest price." Together, they "Of caps and ruffles hold the grave debate, As of their lives they would decide the fate." Again, he says:-- "And when you are among yourselves, how naturally, after the first compliments, do you entertain yourselves with the price and choice of lace, apply your hands to each other's lappets and ruffles, as if the whole business of your life and the public concern depended on the cut of your petticoats."[1048] Even wise Mrs. Elizabeth Montague, who wrote epistles about the ancients, and instead of going to a ball, sat at home and read Sophocles, exclaims to her sister--"Surely your heroic spirit will prefer a beau's hand in Brussels lace to a stubborn Scævola without an arm." PLATE LXXXIV. [Illustration: JOHN LAW, THE PARIS BANKER, Author of the Mississippi Scheme, 1671-1729.--In cravat of Point de France, between 1708-20. Painted by Belle. National Portrait Gallery. Photo by Walker and Cockerell.] _To face page 352._ {353}In the middle of the nineteenth century it was the fashion that no young lady should wear lace previous to her marriage. In the reign of George II. etiquette was different, for we find the Duchess of Portland presenting Mrs. Montague, then a girl, with a lace head and ruffles. Wrathfully do the satirists of the day rail against the expense of "The powder, patches, and the pins, The ribbon, jewels, and the rings, The lace, the paint, and warlike things That make up all their magazines,"[1049] and the consequent distress of the lace merchants, to whom ladies are indebted for thousands. After a drawing-room, in which the fair population appeared in "borrowed," _i.e._, unpaid lace,[1050] one of the chief lacemen became well-nigh bankrupt. Duns besieged the houses of the great:-- "By mercers, lacemen, mantua-makers press'd; But most for ready cash, for play distress'd, Where can she turn?"[1051] The _Connoisseur_, describing the reckless extravagance of one of these ladies, writes:--"The lady played till all her ready money was gone, staked her cap and lost it, afterwards her handkerchief. He then staked both cap and handkerchief against her tucker, which, to his pique, she gained." When enumerating the various causes of suicide, he proposes "that an annual bill or report should be made out, giving the different causes which have led to the act." Among others, in his proposed "Bill of Suicide," he gives French claret, French lace, French cooks, etc. The men, though scarcely coming up to the standard of Sir Courtly Nice,[1052] who has all his bands and linen made in Holland and washed at Haarlem, were just as extravagant as the ladies. {354}GEORGE II. "'How well this ribband's glass becomes your face,' She cries in rapture; 'then so sweet a lace! How charmingly you look!'" --Lady M. W. Montagu. _Town Eclogues._ For court and state occasions Brussels lace still held its sway. In the reign of George II. we read how, at the drawing-room of 1735, fine escalloped Brussels laced heads, triple ditto laced ruffles,[1053] lappets hooked up with diamond solitaires, found favour. At the next the ladies wore heads dressed English, _i.e._, bow of fine Brussels lace of exceeding rich patterns, with the same amount of laced ruffles and lappets. Gold flounces were also worn. Speaking of the passion for Brussels lace, Postlethwait indignantly observes:--"'Tis but a few years since England expended upon foreign lace and linen not less than two millions yearly. As lace in particular is the manufacture of nuns, our British ladies may as well endow monasteries as wear Flanders lace, for these Popish nuns are maintained by Protestant contributions."[1054] Patriotism, it would appear, did come into vogue in the year 1736, when at the marriage of Frederick, Prince of Wales, the bride is described as wearing a night-dress of superb lace, the bridegroom a cap of similar material. All the laces worn by the court on this occasion are announced to have been of English manufacture, with the exception of that of the Duke of Marlborough, who appeared in point d'Espagne. The bride, however, does not profit by this high example, for shortly after we read, in the _Memoirs of Madame Palatine_, of the secretary of Sir Luke Schaub being drugged at Paris by an impostor, and robbed of some money sent to defray the purchase of some French lace ruffles for the Princess of Wales. {355}It was of native-made laces, we may infer, Mrs. Delany writes in the same year:--"Thanks for your apron. Brussels nor Mechlin ever produced anything prettier." It appears somewhat strange that patriotism, as regards native manufactures, should have received an impulse during the reign of that most uninteresting though gallant little monarch, the second George of Brunswick.[1055] But patriotism has its evils, for, writes an essayist, "some ladies now squander away all their money in fine laces, because it sets a great many poor people to work."[1056] Ten years previous to the death of King George II. was founded, with a view to correct the prevalent taste for foreign manufactures,[1057] the Society of Anti-Gallicans, who held their quarterly meetings, and distributed prizes for bone, point lace, and other articles of English manufacture.[1058] This society, which continued in great activity for many years, proved most beneficial to the lace-making trade. It excited also a spirit of emulation among gentlewomen of the middle class, who were glad in the course of the year to add to a small income by making the finer kinds of needle-point, which, on account of their elaborate workmanship, could be produced only in foreign convents or by {356}persons whose maintenance did not entirely depend upon the work of their hands. Towards the year 1756 certain changes in the fashion of the day now again mark the period, for-- "Dress still varying, most to form confined, Shifts like the sands, the sport of every wind." "Long lappets, the horse-shoe cap, the Brussels head, and the prudish mob pinned under the chin, have all had their day," says the _Connoisseur_ in 1754. Now we have first mention of lace cardinals; trollopies or slammerkins[1059] come in at the same period, with treble ruffles to the cuffs; writers talk, too, of a "gentle dame in blonde lace," blonde being as yet a newly-introduced manufacture. Though history may only be all false,[1060] as Sir Robert Walpole said to that "cynic in lace ruffles," his son Horace, yet the newspapers are to be depended upon for the fashion of the day, or, as Lady Mary would say, "for what new whim adorns the ruffle."[1061] The lace apron,[1062] worn since the days of Queen Elizabeth, continued to hold its own till the end of the eighteenth century, though some considered it an appendage scarcely consistent with the dignity of polite society. The anecdote of Beau Nash, who held these articles in the strongest aversion, has been often related. "He absolutely excluded," says his biographer, "all who ventured to appear at the Assembly Room at Bath so attired. I have known him at a ball night strip the Duchess of Queensberry, and throw her apron on one of the hinder benches among the ladies' women, observing that none but Abigails appeared in white aprons; though that apron was of the costliest point, and cost two hundred guineas."[1063] {357}George II. did his best to promote the fabrics of his country, but at this period smuggling increased with fearful rapidity. It was a war to the knife between the revenue officer and society at large: all classes combined, town ladies of high degree with waiting-maids and the common sailor, to avoid the obnoxious duties and cheat the Government. To this subject we devote the following chapter. {358}CHAPTER XXVII. SMUGGLING. "May that mistaken taste be starv'd to reason, That does not think French fashions--English treason. Souse their cook's talent, and cut short their tailors; Wear your own lace; eat beef like Vernon's sailors." --Aaron Hill. 1754. We have had occasional mention of this kindly-looked-upon offence, in the carrying out of which many a reckless seaman paid the penalty of his life in the latter part of the eighteenth century. From 1700 downwards, though the edicts prohibiting the entry of Flanders lace were repealed, the points of France, Spain and Venice, with other fabrics of note, were still excluded from our ports. "England," writes Anderson,[1064] "brings home in a smuggling way from France much fine lace and other prohibited fopperies." Prohibition went for nothing; foreign lace ladies would have, and if they could not smuggle it themselves, the smuggler brought it to them. It was not till 1751 that the Customs appear to have used undue severity as regards the entries, prying into people's houses, and exercising a surveillance of so strict a nature as to render the chance to evade their watchfulness a very madness on the part of all degrees. In short, there was not a female within ten miles of a seaport, writes an essayist, that was in possession of a Mechlin lace cap or pinner but they examined her title to it. Lord Chesterfield, whose opinion that "dress is a very silly thing, but it is much more silly not to be dressed according to your station," was more than acted up to, referring to the strictness of the Customs, writes to his son {359}in 1751, when coming over on a short visit: "Bring only two or three of your laced shirts, and the rest plain ones." The revenue officers made frequent visits to the tailors' shops, and confiscated whatever articles they found of foreign manufacture. On January 19th, 1752, a considerable quantity of foreign lace, gold and silver, seized at a tailor's, who paid the penalty of £100, was publicly burnt.[1065] George III., who really from his coming to the throne endeavoured to protect English manufactures, ordered, in 1764, all the stuffs and laces worn at the marriage of his sister, the Princess Augusta, to the Duke of Brunswick, to be of English manufacture. To this decree the nobility paid little attention. Three days previous to the marriage a descent was made by the Customs on the court milliner of the day, and nearly the whole of the clothes, silver, gold stuffs and lace, carried off, to the dismay of the modiste, as well as of the ladies deprived of their finery. The disgusted French milliner retired with a fortune of £11,000 to Versailles, where she purchased a villa, which, in base ingratitude to the English court, she called "La Folie des Dames Anglaises." In May of the same year three wedding garments, together with a large seizure of French lace, weighing nearly 100 lbs., were burnt at Mr. Coxe's refinery, conformably to the Act of Parliament. The following birthday, warned by the foregoing mischances, the nobility appeared in clothes and laces entirely of British manufacture. Every paper tells how lace and ruffles of great value, sold on the previous day, had been seized in a hackney coach, between St. Paul's and Covent Garden; how a lady of rank was stopped in her chair and relieved of French lace to a large amount; or how a poor woman, carelessly picking a quartern loaf as she walked along, was arrested, and the loaf found to contain £200 worth of lace. Even ladies when walking had their black lace mittens cut off their hands, the officers supposing them to be of French manufacture; and lastly, a Turk's turban, of most Mameluke dimensions, was found, containing a stuffing of £90 worth of lace. Books, {360}bottles, babies, false-bottomed boxes, umbrellas, daily poured out their treasures to the lynx-eyed officers. In May, 1765, the lace-makers joined the procession of the silk-workers of Spitalfields to Westminster, bearing flags and banners, to which were attached long floating pieces of French lace, demanding of the Lords redress, and the total exclusion of foreign goods. On receiving an answer that it was too late, they must wait till next Session, the assemblage declared that they would not be put off by promises; they broke the Duke of Bedford's palings on their way home, and threatened to burn the premises of Mr. Carr, an obnoxious draper. At the next levée they once more assembled before St. James's, but, finding the dresses of the nobility to be all of right English stuff, retired satisfied, without further clamour. The papers of the year 1764 teem with accounts of seizures made by the Customs. Among the confiscated effects of a person of the highest quality are enumerated: "16 black à-la-mode cloaks, trimmed with lace; 44 French lace caps; 11 black laced handkerchiefs; 6 lace hats; 6 ditto aprons; 10 pairs of ruffles; 6 pairs of ladies' blonde ditto, and 25 gentlemen's." Eleven yards of edging and 6 pairs of ruffles are extracted from the pocket of the footman. Everybody smuggled. A gentleman attached to the Spanish Embassy is unloaded of 36 dozen shirts, with fine Dresden ruffles and jabots, and endless lace, in pieces, for ladies' wear. These articles had escaped the vigilance of the officers at Dover, but were seized on his arrival by the coach at Southwark. Though Prime Ministers in those days accepted bribes, the Custom-house officers seem to have done their duty.[1066] When the body of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire was brought over from France, where he died, the officers, to the anger of his servants, not content with opening and searching the coffin, poked the corpse with a stick to ascertain if it was a real body; but the trick of smuggling in coffins was too {361}old to be attempted. Forty years before, when a deceased clergyman was conveyed from the Low Countries for interment, the body of the corpse was found to have disappeared, and to have been replaced by Flanders lace of immense value--the head and hands and feet alone remaining. This discovery did not, however, prevent the High Sheriff of Westminster from running--and that successfully--£6,000 worth of French lace in the coffin of Bishop Atterbury,[1067] when his body was brought over from Calais for interment. Towards the close of the French war, in the nineteenth century, smuggling of lace again became more rife than ever. It was in vain the authorities stopped the travelling carriages on their road from seaport towns to London, rifled the baggage of the unfortunate passengers by the mail at Rochester and Canterbury; they were generally outwitted, though spies in the pay of the Customs were ever on the watch. Mrs. Palliser had in her possession a Brussels veil of great beauty, which narrowly escaped seizure. It belonged to a lady who was in the habit of accompanying her husband, for many years member for one of the Cinque Ports. The day after the election she was about to leave for London, somewhat nervous as to the fate of a Brussels veil she had purchased of a smuggler for a hundred guineas; when, at a dinner-party, it was announced that Lady Ellenborough, wife of the Lord Chief Justice, had been stopped near Dover, and a large quantity of valuable lace seized concealed in the lining of her carriage. Dismayed at the news, the lady imparted her trouble to a gentleman at her side, who immediately offered to take charge of the lace and convey it to London, remarking that "no one would suspect him, as he was a bachelor." Turning round suddenly, she observed one of the hired waiters to smile, and at once settling him to be a spy, she loudly accepted the offer; but that night, before going to bed, secretly caused the veil to be sewn up in the waistcoat of the newly-elected M.P., in such a manner that it filled the hollow of his back. Next morning they started, and reached London in safety, while her friend, who remained two days later, was stopped, and underwent {362}a rigorous but unsuccessful examination from the Customhouse officers. The free trade principles of the nineteenth century put a more effectual stop to smuggling than all the activity of revenue officers, spies, and informers, or even laws framed for the punishment of the offenders. {363}CHAPTER XXVIII. GEORGE III. "In clothes, cheap handsomeness doth bear the bell, Wisdome's a trimmer thing than shop e'er gave. Say not then, This with that lace will do well; But, This with my discretion will be brave. Much curiousnesse is a perpetual wooing, Nothing with labour, fully long a doing." --Herbert, "The Church Porch." In 1760 commences the reign of George III. The King was patriotic, and did his best to encourage the fabrics of his country. From the year 1761 various Acts were passed for the benefit of the lace-makers: the last, that of 1806, "increases the duties on foreign laces."[1068] Queen Charlotte, on her first landing in England, wore, in compliment to the subjects of her royal consort, a fly cap richly trimmed, with lappets of British lace, and a dress of similar manufacture. The Englishman, however, regardless of the Anti-Gallicans, preferred his "Macklin" and his Brussels to all the finest productions of Devonshire or Newport-Pagnel. Ruffles,[1069] according to the fashion of Tavistock Street and St. James's, in May, 1773, still continued long, dipped in the sauce alike by clown and cavalier.[1070] "The beau, A critic styled in point of dress, Harangues on fashion, point, and lace." {364}A man was known by his "points"; he collected lace, as, in these more athletic days, a gentleman prides himself on his pointers or his horses. We read in the journals of the time how, on the day after Lord George Gordon's riots, a report ran through London that the Earl of Effingham, having joined the rioters, had been mortally wounded, and his body thrown into the Thames. He had been recognised, folks declared, by his point lace ruffles.[1071] Mr. Damer, less known than his wife, the talented sculptor and friend of Horace Walpole, appeared three times a day in a new suit, and at his death[1072] left a wardrobe which sold for £15,000.[1073] Well might it have been said of him-- "We sacrifice to dress, till household joys And comforts cease. Dress drains our cellars dry, And keeps our larder bare; puts out our fires, And introduces hunger, frost, and woe, Where peace and hospitality might reign."[1074] There was "no difference between the nobleman and city 'prentice, except that the latter was sometimes the greater beau," writes the _Female Spectator_.[1075] "His hands must be covered with fine Brussels lace."[1076] Painters of the eighteenth century loved to adorn their portraits with the finest fabrics of Venice and Flanders; modern artists consider such decorations as far too much trouble. "Over the chimney-piece," writes one of the essayists, describing a citizen's country box, "was my friend's portrait, which was drawn bolt upright in a full-bottomed periwig, a laced cravat, with the fringed ends appearing through the button-hole (Steinkirk fashion). Indeed, one would almost wonder how and where people managed to afford so rich a selection of laces in their days, did it not call to mind the demand of the Vicaress of Wakefield 'to have as many pearls and diamonds put into her picture as could be given for the money.'" {365}Ruffles were equally worn by the ladies:--[1077] "Frizzle your elbows with ruffles sixteen; Furl off your lawn apron with flounces in rows."[1078] Indeed, if we may judge by the intellectual conversation overheard and accurately noted down by Miss Burney,[1079] at Miss Monckton's (Lady Cork) party, court ruffles were inconvenient to wear:-- "'You can't think how I am encumbered with these nasty ruffles,' said Mrs. Hampden. "'And I dined in them,' says the other. 'Only think!' "'Oh!' answered Mrs. Hampden, 'it really puts me out of spirits.'" Both ladies were dressed for a party at Cumberland House, and ill at ease in the costume prescribed by etiquette. About 1770 the sleeves of the ladies' dresses were tight on the upper arm, where they suddenly became very large, and, drooping at the elbow, they terminated in rich fringes of lace ruffles. A few years later the sleeves expanded from the shoulders till they became a succession of constantly enlarging ruffles and lappets, and again, before 1780, they became tight throughout, with small cuffs and no lace at the elbows, when they were worn with long gloves. Our history of English lace is now drawing to a close; but, before quitting the subject, we must, however, make some allusion to the custom prevalent here, as in all countries, of using lace as a decoration to grave-clothes. In the chapter devoted to Greece, we have mentioned how much lace is still taken from the tombs of the Ionian Islands, washed, mended, or, more often, as a proof of its authenticity, sold in a most disgusting state to the purchaser. The custom was prevalent at Malta, as the lines of Beaumont and Fletcher testify:-- "In her best habit, as the custom is, You know, in Malta, with all ceremonies, She's buried in the family monument, I' the temple of St. John."[1080] {366}At Palermo you may see the mummies thus adorned in the celebrated catacombs of the Capuchin convent.[1081] In Denmark,[1082] Sweden, and the north of Europe[1083] the custom was general. The mass of lace in the tomb of the once fair Aurora Königsmarck, at Quedlenburg, would in itself be a fortune. She sleeps clad in the richest point d'Angleterre, Malines, and guipure. Setting aside the jewels which still glitter around her parchment form, no daughter of Pharaoh was ever so richly swathed.[1084] In Spain it is related as the privilege of a grandee: all people of a lower rank are interred in the habit of some religious order.[1085] Taking the grave-clothes of St. Cuthbert as an example, we believe the same custom to have prevailed in England from the earliest times.[1086] {367}Mrs. Oldfield, the celebrated actress, who died in 1730, caused herself to be thus interred. The lines of Pope have long since immortalised the story:-- "Odious! in woollen! 'twould a saint provoke! (Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke.) No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face; One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead-- And--Betty--give this cheek a little red." "She was laid in her coffin," says her maid, "in a very fine Brussels lace head, a Holland shift with a tucker of double ruffles, and a pair of new kid gloves." Previous to her interment in Westminster Abbey she lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber.[1087] For Mrs. Oldfield in her lifetime was a great judge of lace, and treasured a statuette of the Earl of Stratford, finely carved in ivory by Grinling Gibbons, more, it is supposed, for the beauty of its lace Vandyke collar[1088] than any other sentiment. In 1763 another instance is recorded in the _London Magazine_ of a young lady buried in her wedding clothes, point lace tucker, handkerchief, ruffles and apron; also a fine point lappet head. From this period we happily hear no more of such extravagances. Passing from interments and shrouds to more lively matters, we must quote the opinion of that Colossus of the eighteenth century, Dr. Johnson, who was too apt to talk on matters of taste and art, of which he was no competent judge. "A Brussels trimming," he declaims to Mrs. Piozzi, "is like bread sauce; it takes away the glow of colour from the gown, and gives you nothing instead of it: but sauce was invented to heighten the flavour of our food, and trimming is an ornament to the manteau or it is nothing."[1089] A man whose culinary ideas did not soar higher than bread sauce could scarcely pronounce on the relative effect and beauty of point lace. If England had leant towards the products of France, in {368}1788, an Anglomania ran riot at Paris. Ladies wore a cap of mixed lace, English and French, which they styled the "Union of France and England." On the appearance of the French Revolution, the classic style of dress--its India muslins and transparent gauzes--caused the ancient points to fall into neglect. From this time dates the decline of the lace fabric throughout Europe. Point still appeared at court and on state occasions, such as on the marriage of the Princess Caroline of Wales, 1795, but as an article of daily use it gradually disappeared from the wardrobes of all classes. A scrupulous feeling also arose in ladies' minds as to the propriety of wearing articles of so costly a nature, forgetting how many thousands of women gained a livelihood by its manufacture. Mrs. Hannah More, among the first, in her _Coelebs in Search of a Wife_, alludes to the frivolity of the taste, when the little child exclaiming "at the beautiful lace with which the frock of another was trimmed, and which she was sure her mamma had given her for being good," remarks, "A profitable and, doubtless, lasting and inseparable association was thus formed in the child's mind between lace and goodness." Whether in consequence of the French Revolution, or from the caprice of fashion, "real" lace--worse off than the passements and points of 1634, when in revolt--now underwent the most degrading vicissitudes. Indeed, so thoroughly was the taste for lace at this epoch gone by, that in many families collections of great value were, at the death of their respective owners, handed over as rubbish to the waiting maid.[1090] Many ladies recollect in their youth to have tricked out their dolls in the finest Alençon point, which would now sell at a price far beyond their purses. Among the few who, in England, unseduced by frippery blonde, never neglected to preserve their collections entire, was the Duchess of {369}Gloucester, whose lace was esteemed among the most magnificent in Europe. When the taste of the age again turned towards the rich fabrics of the preceding centuries, much lace, both black and white, was found in the country farm-houses, preserved as remembrances of deceased patrons by old family dependants. Sometimes the hoard had been forgotten, and was again routed out from old wardrobes and chests, where it had lain unheeded for years. Much was recovered from theatrical wardrobes and the masquerade shops, and the Church, no longer in its temporal glory, both in Italy, Spain and Germany, gladly parted with what, to them, was of small value compared with the high price given for it by amateurs. In Italy perhaps the finest fabrics of Milan, Genoa, and Venice had fared best, from the custom which prevailed of sewing up family lace in rolls of linen to ensure its preservation. After years of neglect lace became a "mania." In England the literary ladies were the first to take it up. Sydney Lady Morgan and Lady Stepney quarrelled weekly on the respective value and richness of their points. The former at one time commenced a history of the lace fabric, though what was the ultimate fate of the MS. the author is unable to state. The Countess of Blessington, at her death, left several chests filled with the finest antique lace of all descriptions. The "dames du grand monde," both in England and France, now began to wear lace. But, strange as it may seem, never at any period did they appear to so little advantage as during the counter-revolution of the lace period. Lace was the fashion, and wear it somehow they would, though that somehow often gave them an appearance, as the French say, _du dernier ridicule_, simply from an ignorance displayed in the manner of arranging it. That lace was old seemed sufficient to satisfy all parties. They covered their dresses with odds and ends of all fabrics, without attention either to date or texture. One English lady appeared at a ball given by the French Embassy at Rome, boasting that she wore on the tablier of her dress every description of lace, from point coupé of the fifteenth to Alençon of the eighteenth century. The Count of Syracuse was accustomed to say: "The English ladies buy a scrap {370}of lace as a souvenir of every town they pass through, till they reach Naples, then sew it on their dresses, and make one grande toilette of the whole to honour our first ball at the Academia Nobile." The taste for lace has again become universal, and the quality now produced renders it within the reach of all classes of society; and though by some the taste may be condemned, it gives employment to thousands and ten thousands of women, who find it more profitable and better adapted to their strength than the field labour which forms the occupation of the women in agricultural districts. To these last, in a general point of view, the lace-maker of our southern counties, who works at home in her own cottage, is superior, both in education, refinement, and morality:-- "Here the needle plies its busy task; The pattern grows, the well-depicted flower, Wrought patiently into the snowy lawn, Unfolds its bosom; buds, and leaves, and sprigs, And curling tendrils, gracefully dispos'd, Follow the nimble fingers of the fair-- A wreath that cannot fade, of flowers that blow With most success when all besides decay."[1091] {371}CHAPTER XXIX. THE LACE MANUFACTURERS OF ENGLAND. "Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door, Pillow and bobbins all her little store; Content though mean, and cheerful if not gay, Shuffling her threads about the livelong day: Just earns a scanty pittance, and at night Lies down secure, her heart and pocket light."--Cowper. The bone lace manufactures of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries appear to have extended over a much wider area than they occupy in the present day. From Cambridge to the adjacent counties of Northampton and Hertfordshire, by Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Oxfordshire, the trade spread over the southern counties[1092] of Wiltshire, Somersetshire,[1093] Hampshire, and Dorset, to the more secluded valleys of Devon--the county which still sustains the ancient reputation of "English point"--terminating at Launceston, on the Cornish coast. Various offsets from these fabrics were established in Wales.[1094] Ripon,[1095] an isolated manufactory, represented the {372}lace industry of York; while the dependent islands of Man,[1096] Wight[1097] and Jersey,[1098] may be supposed to have derived their learning from the smugglers who frequented their coast, rather than from the teaching of the Protestant refugees[1099] who sought an asylum on the shores of Britain. Many of these fabrics now belong to the past, consigned to oblivion even in the very counties where they once flourished. In describing, therefore, the lace manufactures of the United Kingdom, we shall confine ourselves to those which still remain, alluding only slightly to such as were {373}once of note, and of which the existence is confirmed by the testimony of contemporary writers. The "women of the mystery of thread-working" would appear to have made lace in London,[1100] and of their complaints and grievances our public records bear goodly evidence. Of the products of their needle we know little or nothing. Various Flemings and Burgundians established themselves in the City; and though the emigrants, for the most part, betook themselves to the adjoining counties, the craft, till the end of the eighteenth century, may be said to have held fair commerce in the capital. [Illustration: Fig. 132. RIPON.] The London fabric can scarcely be looked upon as a staple trade in itself, mixed up as it was with lace-cleaning and lace-washing--an occupation first established by the ejected nuns.[1101] Much point, too, was made by poor gentlewomen, as the records of the Anti-Gallican Society testify. "A strange infatuation," says a writer of the eighteenth century, "prevailed in the capital for many years among the class called demi-fashionables of sending their daughters to convents in France for education, if that could be so termed which amounted to a learning to work in lace. The Revolution, however, put {374}an end to this practice." It is owing to this French education that the fine needle points were so extensively made in England; though this occupation, however, did not seem to belong to any one county in particular; for the reader who runs his eye over the proceedings of the Anti-Gallican Society will find prizes to have been awarded to gentlewomen from all parts--from the town of Leominster in Herefordshire to Broughton in Leicestershire, or Stourton in Gloucester.[1102] Needle point, in contradistinction to bone lace, was an occupation confined to no special locality. In 1764 the attention of the nobility seems to have been first directed towards the employment of the indigent poor, and, indeed, the better classes in the metropolis, in the making of bone lace and point;[1103] and in 1775, sanctioned by the patronage of Queen Charlotte, the Princesses, the Princess Amelia, and various members of the aristocracy, an institution was formed in Marylebone Lane, and also in James Street, Westminster, "for employing the female infants of the poor in the blond and black silk lace-making and thread laces." More than 300 girls attended the school. "They gave," says the _Annual Register_, "such a proof of their capacity that many who had not been there more than six months carried home to their parents from 5s. to 7s. a month, with expectation of getting more as they improve." From this time we hear no more of the making of lace, either point or bone, in the metropolis. PLATE LXXXV. [Illustration: ENGLISH, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. BOBBIN LACE.--First half of nineteenth century. Widths: 3, 3, 3, 4 in. The property of Mrs. Ellis, The Vicarage, Much Wenlock.] _To face page 374._ {375}CHAPTER XXX. BEDFORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, AND NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.[1104] ---- BEDFORDSHIRE. "He wears a stuff whose thread is coarse and round But trimmed with curious lace."--Herbert. It would be a difficult matter now to determine when and by whom lace-making was first introduced into the counties of Bedfordshire and Buckingham. Authors, for the most part, have been glad to assign its introduction to the Flemings,[1105] a nation to whose successive emigrations England owes much of her manufacturing greatness. Originally the laces were of old, wavy, graceful Flemish designs. On the other hand, certain traditions handed down in the county villages of a good Queen who protected their craft, the annual festival of the workers--in the palmy days of the trade a matter of great moment--combined with the residence of that unhappy Queen, for the space of two years[1106] at her jointure manor of Ampthill,[1107] lead us rather to infer {376}that the art of lace-making, as it then existed, was first imparted to the peasantry of Bedfordshire, as a means of subsistence, through the charity of Queen Katherine of Aragon. In the chapter devoted to needlework we have already alluded to the proficiency of this Queen in all arts connected with the needle, to the "trials of needlework" established by her mother, Queen Isabella, at which she, as a girl, had assisted. It is related, also, that during her[1108] sojourn at Ampthill, "she passed her time, when not at her devotions, with her gentlewomen, working with her own hands something wrought in needlework, costly and artificially, which she intended for the honour of God to bestow on some of the churches."[1109] "The country people," continues her contemporary, "began to love her exceedingly. They visited her out of pure respect, and she received the tokens of regard they daily showed her most sweetly and graciously." The love borne by the peasantry to the Queen, the sympathy shown to her in her days of trouble and disgrace, most likely met with its reward; and we believe Katherine to have taught them an art which, aided no doubt by the later introduction of the pillow and the improvements of the refugees, has now, for the space of nigh three centuries, been the staple employment of the female population of Bedfordshire and the adjoining counties. Until the latter half of the nineteenth century--though, like all such festivals in the present age, gradually dying out--the lace-makers still held "Cattern's day,"[1110] November 25th, as the holiday of their craft, kept, they say, "in memory of good Queen Katherine, who, when the trade was dull, burnt all her lace and ordered new to be made. The ladies of the court {377}followed her example, and the fabric once more revived." "Ainsi s'écrit l'histoire"; and this garbled version may rest on as much foundation as most of the folk-lore current throughout the provinces. Speaking of Bedfordshire, Defoe writes: "Thro' the whole south part of this country, as far as the borders of Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire, the people are taken up with the manufacture of bone lace, in which they are wonderfully exercised and improved within these few years past"[1111]--probably since the arrival of the French settlers after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. At the same period the author of the _Magna Britannia_[1112] states that at Woburn "lace of a high price is made in considerable quantities." Savary and Peuchet both declare the town of Bedford alone to have contained 500 lace-workers. In 1863, as Mrs. Palliser wrote: "The lace schools of Bedfordshire are far more considerable than those in Devonshire. Four or five may frequently be found in the same village, numbering from twenty to thirty children each, and they are considered sufficiently important to be visited by Government inspectors. Their work is mostly purchased by large dealers, who make their arrangements with the instructress: the children are not bound for a term, as in the southern counties. Boys formerly attended the lace schools, but now they go at an early age to the fields." These lace-schools are now things of the past. In some cases, however, in the lace counties, the County Council Technical Education Committee have supplemented private efforts with grants for classes to teach the lace industry. The wages of a lace-worker average a shilling a day; under press of business, caused by the demand for some fashionable article, they sometimes rise to one shilling and sixpence. {378}BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Though the first establishment of the fabric may have been in the sister county, the workers of Buckingham appear early to have gained the lion's share of public estimation for the produce of their pillows, and the manufacture flourished, till, suffering from the monopolies of James I., we read how--In the year 1623, April 8th, a petition was addressed from Great Marlow to the High Sheriff of Bucks, representing the distress of the people from "the bone-lace making being much decayed."[1113] Three years later, 1626, Sir Henry Borlase founds and endows the free school of Great Marlow for twenty-four boys to read, write, and cast accounts; and for twenty-four girls "to knit, spin, and make bone lace"; and here at Great Marlow the trade flourished, all English, and even French authors[1114] citing its "manufactures de dentelles au fuseau" as the staple produce of the town, and its surrounding villages, which sold lace, however, they pronounce as "inférieure à celle de Flandres." During the seventeenth century the trade continued to advance, and Fuller testifies to its once more prosperous condition in Bucks, towards the year 1640. "No handicrafts of note," he writes, "(save what are common to other countries) are used therein, except any will instance in bone lace, much thereof being made about Owldney, in this county, though more, I believe, in Devonshire, where we shall meet more properly therewith."[1115] Olney, as it is now written, a small market town, for many years the residence of Cowper, known by its twenty-four-arched bridge, now no more, "of wearisome but needful length" spanning the Ouse--Olney, together with the fellow towns of Newport-Pagnel and Aylesbury, are much quoted by the authorities of the last century, though, as is too often the case in books of travels and statistics, one writer copies from another the information derived from a preceding author. Defoe, however, who visited each county in detail, quotes "Ouldney as possessing a considerable manufacture of bone lace"; {379}while a letter from the poet Cowper to the Rev. John Newton, in 1780, enclosing a petition to Lord Dartmouth in favour of the lace-makers, declares that "hundreds in this little town are upon the point of starving, and that the most unremitting industry is barely sufficient to keep them from it." A distress caused, we may infer, by some caprice of fashion. "The lace manufacture is still carried on," says Lysons,[1116] "to a great extent in and about Olney, where veils and other lace of the finer sorts are made, and great fortunes are said to be acquired by the factors. Lace-making is in no part of the country so general as at Hanslape and in its immediate vicinity; but it prevails from fifteen to twenty miles round in every direction. At Hanslape not fewer than 800 out of a population of 1275 were employed in it in the year 1801. Children are put to the lace-schools at, or soon after, five years of age. At eleven or twelve years of age they are all able to maintain themselves without any assistance; both girls and boys are taught to make it, and some men when grown up follow no other employment; others, when out of work, find it a good resource, and can earn as much as the generality of day labourers. The lace made in Hanslape is from sixpence to two guineas a yard in value. It is calculated that from £8000 to £9000 net profit is annually brought into the parish by the lace manufacture." The bone lace of Stoney Stratford[1117] and Aylesbury are both quoted by Defoe, and the produce of the latter city is mentioned with praise. He writes: "Many of the poor here are employed in making lace for edgings, not much inferior to those from Flanders; but it is some pleasure to us to observe that the English are not the only nation in the world which admires foreign manufactures above its own, since the French, who gave fashions to most nations, buy and sell the finest laces at Paris under the name of 'dentelles d'Angleterre' or 'English laces.'"[1118] In the southern part of Buckinghamshire the hundreds of Burnham and Desborough were especially noted for the {380}art, the lace-workers producing handsome lace of the finest quality, and about the year 1680 lace-making was one of the principal employments in High Wycombe.[1119] But Newport-Pagnel, whether from its more central position, or being of greater commercial importance, is the town which receives most praise from all contemporary authors. "This town," says the _Magna Britannia_ in 1720, "is a sort of staple for bone lace, of which more is thought to be made here than any town in England; that commodity is brought to as great perfection almost as in Flanders." "Newport-Pagnel," writes Defoe, "carries on a great trade in bone lace, and the same manufacture employs all the neighbouring villages"; while Don Manuel Gonzales,[1120] in 1730, speaks of its lace as little inferior to that of Flanders, which assertion he may have probably copied from previous writers. {381}[Illustration: Fig. 133. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE TROLLY.] At one of the earliest meetings of the Anti-Gallican Society, 1752, Admiral Vernon in the chair, the first prize to the maker of the best piece of English bone lace was awarded to Mr. William Marriott, of Newport-Pagnel, Bucks. The principal lace-dealers in London were invited to give their opinion, and they allowed it to be the best ever made in England. Emboldened by this success, we read how, in 1761, Earl Temple, Lord Lieutenant of Bucks, having been requested by Richard Lowndes, Esq., one of the Knights of the Shire, on behalf of the lace-makers, to present to the King a pair of fine lace ruffles, made by Messrs. Milward and Company, at Newport-Pagnel, in the same county, his Majesty, after looking at them and asking many questions respecting this branch of trade, was most graciously pleased to express himself that the inclination of his own heart naturally led him to set a high value on every endeavour to further English manufactures, and whatever had such recommendation would be preferred by him to works of possibly higher perfection made in any other country.[1121] From this period Newport-Pagnel is cited as {382}one of the most noted towns in the kingdom for making bone lace.[1122] As in other places, much complaint was made of the unhealthy state of the lace-working population, and of the injury sustained by long sitting in the vitiated air of the cottages.[1123] [Illustration: Fig. 134. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE "POINT."] In Pennant's _Journey from Chester to London_ (in 1782), he notices in Towcester that, "this town is supported by the great concourse of passengers, and by a manufacture of lace, and a small one of silk stockings. The first was {383}imported from Flanders, and carried on with much success in this place, and still more in the neighbouring county" (Buckinghamshire). [Illustration: Fig. 135. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE "POINT."] At the end of the eighteenth century, the Revolution again drove many of the poorer French to seek refuge on our shores, as they had done a century before; and we find stated in the _Annual Register_ of 1794: "A number of ingenious French emigrants have found employment in Bucks, Bedfordshire, and the adjacent counties, in the manufacturing of lace, and it is expected, through the means of these artificers, considerable improvements will be introduced into the method of making English lace." Figs. 134 and 135 represent the "point" ground, which won the laces of the midland counties their reputation. (See NORTHAMPTONSHIRE for additional matter.) {384}NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. The laces of Northampton do not appear to have attracted the notice of the writers of the eighteenth century so much as those of the sister counties. Anderson mentions that Kettering has "a considerable trade in lace"; and Lysons, later, observes that lace is made at Cheney. Certainly, the productions of this county a century back were of exquisite beauty, as we can bear testimony from the specimens in a pattern-book inherited by Mr. Cardwell, the well-known lace merchant of Northampton, from his predecessor in the trade, which we have had an opportunity of examining. We have also received examples from various localities in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and as there is much similarity in the products of the three counties, we shall, perhaps, better describe them by treating of them all collectively. The earliest English lace was naturally the old Flemish, the pattern wavy and graceful, the ground well executed. Fig. 136, which we select as an example, is a specimen we received, with many others, of old Newport-Pagnel lace, given by Mrs. Bell, of that town, where her family has been established from time immemorial. Mrs. Bell could carry these laces back to the year 1780, when they were bequeathed to her father by an aged relative who had long been in the lace trade. The packets remain for the most part entire. The custom of "storing" lace was common among the country-people. Next in antiquity is Fig. 137, a lace of Flemish design, with the fine Brussels ground. This is among the Northamptonshire laces already alluded to. Many of the early patterns appear to have been run or worked in with the needle on the net ground (Fig. 138). PLATE LXXXVI. [Illustration: ENGLISH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. BOBBIN LACE.--End of nineteenth century. Widths: 1¾, 5¼ and 2 in. Photo by A. Dryden from a private collection.] _To face page 384._ {385}In 1778, according to M'Culloch,[1124] was introduced the "point" ground, as it is locally termed, from which period dates the staple pillow lace trade of these counties. This ground is beautifully clear, the patterns well executed: we doubt if Fig. 139 could be surpassed in beauty by lace of any foreign manufacture. Much of this point ground was made by men. [Illustration: Fig. 136. OLD FLEMISH.--(Newport-Pagnel.)] [Illustration: Fig. 137. OLD BRUSSELS.--(Northampton.)] The principal branch of the lace trade was the making of "baby lace," as those narrow laces were called, most specially employed for the adorning of infants' caps (Figs. 140, 141, 142). The "point" ground was used, the patterns taken from those of Lille and Mechlin--hence the laces of Buckingham and Bedfordshire have often been styled "English Lille." Though the fashion in the mother-country passed away, the American ladies held to the trimmed infant's cap until the breaking out of the Civil War; and up to that date large quantities of "baby lace" were exported to America, the finer sorts varying from five shillings to seven shillings and sixpence a yard, still retaining their ancient name of "points." {386}[Illustration: Fig. 138. "RUN" LACE.--(Newport-Pagnel.)] Many other descriptions of grounds were made--wire (Fig. 143), double, and trolly, in every kind of quality and width. In the making of the finer sorts of edging as many as 200 threads would be employed. [Illustration: Fig. 139. ENGLISH "POINT."--(Northampton.)] On the breaking out of the war with France, the closing of our ports to French goods gave an impetus to the trade, and the manufacturers undertook to supply the English {387}market with lace similar to that of Normandy and the sea-coast villages of France; hence a sort of "fausse" Valenciennes, called the "French ground." But true Valenciennes was also fabricated so fine (Fig. 144) as to rival the products of French Hainault. It was made in considerable quantities, until the expertness of the smuggler and the cessation of the war caused it to be laid aside. [Illustration: Fig. 140. "BABY" LACE.--(Northampton.)] [Illustration: Fig. 141. "BABY" LACE.--(Beds.)] [Illustration: Fig. 142. "BABY" LACE.--(Bucks.)] One-third of the lace-workers of Northampton were {388}employed, previous to the introduction of machine-made net, in making quillings on the pillow. During the Regency, a "point" lace, with the "cloth" or "toilé" on the edge, for many years was in fashion, and, in compliment to the Prince, was named by the loyal manufacturers "Regency Point." It was a durable and handsome lace (Fig. 145). [Illustration: Fig. 143. WIRE GROUND.--(Northampton.)] Towards the year 1830, insertions found their way to the public taste (Fig. 146). Till the middle of the nineteenth century, in lace-making districts, almost the only schools were the lace schools--and there were several in most villages--where lace-making was the principal thing taught and a little reading added. I am indebted to Mrs. Roberts, formerly of Spratton, near Northampton, for the following description, which she kindly allows me to reprint. [Illustration: Fig. 144. VALENCIENNES.--(Northampton.)] {389}[Illustration: Fig. 145. REGENCY POINT.--(Bedford.)] [Illustration: Fig. 146. INSERTION.--(Bedford.)] "The following are the few particulars of the old lace school for which this village was at one time famous. Indeed, it may be borne in mind that, owing to the great interest taken in education by a former squire and a former vicar, Spratton fifty years ago was far ahead of its neighbours in the matter of education; and the Spratton school and Mr. Pridmore, the Spratton schoolmaster, with his somewhat strict discipline, were well known, not only to the children of Spratton, but to the boys and girls of most of the adjacent villages. But the lace school was, no doubt, a commercial institution, and I think it will be admitted that the hours were long and the work severe. The girls left the {390}day school at the age of eight years, and joined the lace school, and here the hours were from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. in the summer, and from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. in the winter. Half an hour was allowed for breakfast and for tea, and one hour for dinner, so that there were ten hours for actual work. The girls had to stick ten pins a minute, or six hundred an hour; and if at the end of the day they were five pins behind, they had to work for another hour. On Saturdays, however, they had a half-holiday, working only to the dinner-hour. They counted to themselves every pin they stuck, and at every fiftieth pin they called out the time, and the girls used to race each other as to who should call out first. "They paid twopence a week (or threepence in winter) for lights, and in return they received the money realised from the sale of the lace they made, and they could earn about sixpence a day. Pay-day was a great event; it came once a month. "In the evenings eighteen girls worked by one tallow candle, value one penny; the 'candle-stool' stood about as high as an ordinary table with four legs. In the middle of this was what was known as the 'pole-board,' with six holes in a circle and one in the centre. In the centre hole was a long stick with a socket for the candle at one end and peg-holes through the sides, so that it could be raised or lowered at will. In the other six holes were placed pieces of wood hollowed out like a cup, and into each of these was placed a bottle made of very thin glass and filled with water.[1125] These bottles acted as strong condensers or lenses, and the eighteen girls sat round the table, three to each bottle, their stools being upon different levels, the highest nearest the bottle, which threw the light down upon the work like a burning-glass. In the day-time as many as thirty girls, and sometimes boys, would work in a room about twelve feet square, with two windows, and in the winter they could have no fire for lack of room." The makers of the best laces would sit nearest the light, and so on in order of merit. A "down" in Northamptonshire is the parchment {391}pattern, generally about twelve inches long. In Buckinghamshire they have two "eachs" ten inches long, and putting one in front of the other, so work round the pillow, which to many commends itself as a better plan than having one "down" and moving the lace back on reaching the end of the "down." The pillow is a hard round cushion, stuffed with straw and well hammered to make it hard for the bobbins to rattle on. It is then covered with the butcher-blue "pillow-cloth" all over; a "lace cloth" of the same, for the lace to lie on, goes over the top; then follows the lace-paper to pin it in as made, covered with the "lacing," which is a strip of bright print. The "hinder" of blue linen covers up all behind, the "worker" keeping the parchment clean in front where the hands rest. A bobbin bag and scissors are then tied on one side and a pin-cushion on the top; a cloth "heller" is thrown over the whole when not used. The pins are fine brass ones made on purpose;[1126] the bobbins are of various sizes and makes--very fine for fine lace, heavier and twisted round with strips of brass for coarser laces and gimp for the threads, which are the tracing ones, dividing the different characters of patterns; some are of bone with words tattoed round in columns. The usual bobbin is plain turned wood, with coloured beads at the end for the necessary weight. The number varies from twenty to five hundred, according to the width of the pattern.[1127] {392}The Exhibition of 1851 gave a sudden impulse to the traders, and from that period the lace industry rapidly developed. At this time was introduced the Maltese guipures and the "plaited" laces, a variety grafted on the old Maltese (Fig. 147). Five years later appears the first specimen of the raised plait, now so thoroughly established in the market. At the time Queen Victoria's trousseau was made, in which only English lace was used, the prices paid were so enormous that men made lace in the fields. In those days the parchments on which the patterns were pricked were worth their weight in gold; many were extremely old and their owners were very jealous of others copying their patterns. But, of late years, we hear of so little store being set by these parchments that they were actually boiled down to make glue. [Illustration: Fig. 147. PLAITED LACE.--(Bedford.)] The decay which threatened almost total extinction of the industry belongs to the last twenty years. The contributory causes were several, chiefly the rapid development of machinery, which enabled large quantities to be sold at lower rates than the hand-workers could starve on, while the quality of the manufactured goods was good enough for the {393}large public that required lace to last but a short time. Foreign competition, the higher wages required by all, and the many new employments opening to women took away the young people from the villages. In 1874 more than thirty young lace-women left a village of four hundred inhabitants to seek work elsewhere. The old workers gave up making good laces and supplied the popular demand with Maltese, which grew more and more inferior both in design and quality of thread, and gradually the old workers died out and no new ones took their places. The Lace Association has been started with the object of stimulating and improving the local manufacture of pillow lace, of providing lace-workers with greater facilities for the sale of their work at more remunerative prices. Its aim is also to save the old designs of the "point" lace and discourage the coarse Maltese, to get new designs copied from old laces, and insist on only the best thread being used,[1128] and good workmanship, and finally, to bring the lace before the public, and send it direct from worker to the purchaser, thus enabling the former to get the full value, saving the large profits which the dealers, buying for the shopkeepers, intercept for their own advantage. [Illustration: Fig. 148. RAISED PLAIT.--Bedford.] Pillow lace was also made to some extent in Derbyshire. {394}SUFFOLK. Suffolk has produced bobbin-made laces of little artistic value. The patterns in most of the specimens in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection are derived from simple Mechlin, Lille, and Valenciennes patterns. "The make of the lace resembles that of Buckinghamshire laces, and that of the Norman laces of the present time. The entire collection displays varied combinations of six ways of twisting and plaiting thread."[1129] PLATE LXXXVII. [Illustration: ENGLISH, SUFFOLK. BOBBIN LACE.--Nineteenth century. Resembling inferior Buckinghamshire, also Normandy and Saxony laces. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 394._ {395}CHAPTER XXXI. WILTSHIRE AND DORSETSHIRE. From Wiltshire and Dorset, counties in the eighteenth century renowned for their lace, the trade has now passed away; a few workers may yet be found in the retired sea-side village of Charmouth, and these are diminishing fast. Of the Wiltshire manufactures we know but little, even from tradition, save that the art did once prevail. Peuchet alludes to it. When Sir Edward Hungerford attacked Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, Lady Arundel, describing the destruction of the leaden pipes by the soldiers, says, "They cut up the pipe and sold it, as these men's wives in North Wiltshire do bone lace, at sixpence a yard." One Mary Hurdle, of Marlborough, in the time of Charles II., tells us in her "Memoirs"[1130] that, being left an orphan, she was apprenticed by the chief magistrate to a maker of bone lace for eight years, and after that period of servitude she apprenticed herself for five years more. Again, at the time of the Great Plague, cautions are issued by the Mayor of Marlborough to all parents and masters how they send their children and servants to school or abroad in making bone lace or otherwise, in any public house, place, or school used for that purpose.[1131] In the proceedings of the Anti-Gallican Society it is recorded that the second prize for needle point ruffles was, in 1751, awarded to Mrs. Elizabeth Waterman, of the episcopal city of Salisbury. Such are the scanty notices we have been able to glean of the once flourishing lace trade in Wiltshire. {396}Dorset, on the other hand, holds a high place in the annals of lace-making, three separate towns, in their day--Blandford, Sherborne, and Lyme Regis--disputing the palm of excellence for their productions. Of Blandford the earliest mention we find is in Owen's _Magna Britannica_ of 1720, where he states: "The manufacture of this town was heretofore 'band-strings,' which were once risen to a good price, but now times hath brought both bands themselves and their strings out of use, and so the inhabitants have turned their hands to making straw works and bone lace, which perhaps may come to nothing, if the fickle humour of fashionmongers take to wearing Flanders lace." Only four years later Defoe writes of Blandford:--"This city is chiefly famous for making the finest bone lace in England, and where they showed us some so exquisitely fine as I think I never saw better in Flanders, France, or Italy, and which, they said, they rated above £30 sterling a yard; but it is most certain that they make exceeding rich lace in this county, such as no part of England can equal." In the edition of 1762, Defoe adds, "This was the state and trade of the town when I was there in my first journey; but on June 4, 1731, the whole town, except twenty-six houses, was consumed by fire, together with the church." Postlethwayt,[1132] Hutchins,[1133] Lysons, and Knight (_Imperial Cyclopædia_) all tell the same story. Peuchet cites the Blandford laces as "comparables à celles qu'on fait en Flandres (excepté Bruxelles), en France, et même dans les Etats de Venise"; and Anderson mentions Blandford as "a well-built town, surpassing all England in fine lace." More reliance is to be placed on the two last-named authorities than the former, who have evidently copied Defoe without troubling themselves to inquire more deeply into the matter. [Illustration: Fig. 149. ENGLISH NEEDLE-MADE LACE, REPRESENTING THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA. _To face page 396._] {397}It is generally supposed that the trade gradually declined after the great fire of 1731, when it was replaced by the manufacture of buttons, and no record of its former existence can be found among the present inhabitants of the place.[1134] Fig. 149 represents a curious piece of lace, preserved as an heirloom in a family in Dorsetshire. It formerly belonged to Queen Charlotte, and, when purchased by the present owner, had a label attached to it, "Queen Elizabeth's lace," with the tradition that it was made in commemoration of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, as the ships, dolphins, and national emblems testify. At this we beg to demur, as no similar lace was made at that period; but we do not doubt its having been made in honour of that victory, for the building is decidedly old Tilbury Fort, familiar to all by the pencil of Stanfield. But the lace is point d'Argentan, as we see by the hexagonal "bride" ground and the workmanship of the pattern. None but the best lace-workers could have made it; it was probably the handiwork of some English lady, or the pattern, designed in England, may have been sent to Argentan to execute, perhaps as a present to Queen Charlotte. "Since the Reformation the clothing trade declined," writes Defoe, of Sherborne. "Before 1700, making buttons, haberdashery wares, and bone laces employed a great many hands"; which said piece of information is repeated word for word in the _Imperial Cyclopædia_. Other authors, such as Anderson, declare, at a far later date, Sherborne to carry on a good trade in lace, and how, up to 1780, much blonde, both white and black, and of various colours, was made there, of which a supply was sent to all markets. From the latter end of the eighteenth century, the lace trade of Sherborne declined, and gradually died out. The points of Lyme Regis rivalled, in the eighteenth century, those of Honiton and Blandford, and when the trade of the last-named town passed away, Lyme and Honiton laces held their own, side by side, in the London market. The fabric of Lyme Regis, for a period, came more before the public eye, for that old, deserted, and half-forgotten mercantile city, in the eighteenth century, once more raised its head as a fashionable watering-place. Prizes were awarded by the {398}Anti-Gallican Society[1135] to Miss Mary Channon, of Lyme Regis, and her fellow-townswoman, Miss Mary Ben, for ruffles of needle point and bone lace. The reputation of the fabric, too, of Lyme Regis reached even the court; and when Queen Charlotte first set foot on English ground, she wore a head and lappets of Dorset manufacture. Some years later a splendid lace dress was made for her Majesty by the workers of Lyme, which, says the annalist of our southern coast,[1136] gave great satisfaction at court. The makers of this costly product, however, received but fourpence a day for their work. The laces of Lyme, like all good articles, were expensive. A narrow piece set quite plain round an old woman's cap would cost four guineas, nor was five guineas a yard considered an exorbitant price. It was a favourite custom at Lyme for lovers to have their initials entwined and worked together on a piece of ornamental lace. The making of such expensive lace being scarcely found remunerative, the trade gradually expired; and when the order for the marriage lace of Queen Victoria reached the southern counties, not one lace-maker was to be found to aid in the work in the once flourishing town of Lyme Regis. {399}CHAPTER XXXII. DEVONSHIRE. "Bone lace and Cyder."--_Anderson._ "At Axminster, you may be furnished with fyne flax thread there spunne. At Honyton and Bradninch with bone lace much in request."--Westcote. HONITON. The lace industry found its way to Devonshire, if the generally-accepted theory be correct, by the Flemish refugees flying from the persecutions of the Duke of Alva. There is much probability to support the theory, and some names,[1137] of undoubted Flemish origin, appear among the entries of the church registers still preserved at Honiton, towards the latter end of the sixteenth century--names all handed down to their descendants in the present generation, and in these families the fabric has continued for a long lapse of years. On the other hand, if there had been any considerable number of Flemings in Devonshire, they would surely have founded a company of their Reformed Church, and no reference is found in the published books of the archives of the London Dutch Church of any such company in Devonshire, whereas references abound to places in the Eastern Counties and Midlands where Flemings were settled. Lace was made on the pillow in the Low Countries by the middle of the sixteenth century, so by the date of the Alva persecution (1568-77) the people might have learned it in sufficient numbers to start it wherever they set up their new home. Up to that date in England lace was made with the needle,[1138] {400}and it was not till we read of "bone-lace" that it may be taken to mean pillow-lace. The term "bone," according to Fuller, was applied from the custom of using sheep's trotters as bobbins. In Devonshire, however, the tradition is that, owing to the high price of pins, the lace-makers, being within reach of the sea, made use of fish-bones, and thus pillow-lace became "bone-lace." The term "bobbin" came into use soon afterwards, but was not so universal as "bone"; it occurs in the Wardrobe Accounts and Royal inventories (where one entry runs, "In ye shoppe, 4 oz. and ½ of Bobbing lace, 6s. 4d."). Although the earliest known MS.[1139] giving an account of the different towns in Devon makes no mention of lace, we find from it that Mrs. Minifie,[1140] one of the earliest-named lace-makers, was an Englishwoman. Queen Elizabeth was much addicted to the collecting and wearing of beautiful clothes; but no mention of English lace by name seems to occur in the inventories and accounts, and the earliest mention of Honiton lace is by Westcote, who, writing about 1620, speaks of "bone lace much in request" being made at Honiton and Bradninch; and again referring to Honiton. "Here," says he, "is made abundance of bone lace, a pretty toye now greatly in request; and therefore the town may say with merry Martial-- "In praise for toyes such as this Honiton second to none is." The oft-cited inscription let into a raised tombstone, near the wall of old Honiton church, together with Westcote, {401}prove the industry to have been well established in the reign of James I. The inscription runs-- "Here lyeth y^e body of James Rodge, of Honinton, in y^e County of Devonshire (Bonelace Siller, hath given unto the poore of Honinton P'ishe, the benyfitt of £100 for ever), who deceased y^e 27 of July A^o D^i 1617 AETATAE SVAE 50. Remember the Poore." There have been traditions that Rodge was a valet who accompanied his master abroad, and there learning the fine Flemish stitches, taught some Devonshire women on his return home, and was enabled to make a comfortable competence by their work, bequeathing a sum of money to the poor of Honiton; but it is more probable that he was an ordinary dealer. Westcote,[1141] who wrote about the year 1620, when noticing bone lace, does not speak of it as a new manufacture; the trade had already taken root and flourished, for, including the above-mentioned Rodge, the three earliest bone lace makers of the seventeenth century on record all at their decease bequeathed sums of money for the benefit of their indigent townspeople, viz., Mrs. Minifie,[1142] before mentioned, who died in 1617, and Thomas Humphrey, of Honiton, laceman, who willed in the year 1658 £20 towards the purchase of certain tenements, a notice of which benefaction is recorded on a painted board above the gallery of the old parish church. By this time English lace had advanced in public estimation. In the year 1660 a royal ordinance of France provided that a mark should be affixed to thread lace imported from England as well as on that of Flanders; and we have already told elsewhere how the Earl of Essex procures, through his countess, bone lace to a considerable amount as a present to Queen Anne of Austria. Speaking of bone lace, writes Fuller in his _Worthies_: "Much of this is made in and about Honyton, and weekly returned to London.... Modern is the use thereof in England, and that not exceeding the middle of the reign of {402}Queen Elizabeth. Let it not be condemned for a superfluous wearing because it doth neither hide, nor heat, seeing it doth adorn. Besides, though private persons pay for it, it stands the State in nothing; not expensive of bullion like other lace, costing nothing save a little thread descanted on by art and industry. Hereby many children, who otherwise would be burthensome to the parish, prove beneficial to their parents. Yea, many lame in their limbs and impotent in their arms, if able in their fingers, gain a livelihood thereby; not to say that it saveth some thousands of pounds yearly, formerly sent over seas to fetch lace from Flanders." The English were always ready to protect their own trades and manufactures, and various were the Acts passed to prohibit the importation of foreign lace, for the encouragement of home workers. In 1698 it was proposed to repeal the last preceding prohibition; and, from the text of a petition sent to the House of Commons, some interesting light is thrown on the extent of the trade at that time. "The making of Bone-lace has been an ancient Manufacture of England, and the Wisdom of our Parliaments all along thought it the Interest of this Kingdom to prohibit its Importation from Foreign Parts.... This has revived the said Languishing Manufacture, and there are now above one hundred thousand in England who get their living by it, and earn by mere Labour £500,000 a year, according to the lowest computation that can be made; and the Persons employed on it are, for the most part, Women and children who have no other means of Subsistence. The English are now arrived to make as good lace in Fineness and all other respects as any that is wrought in Flanders, and particularly since the last Act, so great an improvement is made that way that in Buckinghamshire, the highest prized lace they used to make was about eight shillings per yard, and now they make lace there of above thirty shillings per yard, and in Dorsetshire and Devonshire they now make lace worth six pound per yard.... "... The Lace Manufacture in England is the greatest, next to the woollen, and maintains a multitude of People, which otherwise the Parishes must, and that would soon prove a heavy burthen, even to those concerned in the Woollen Manufacture. On the Resolution, which shall be taken in this affair depends the Well-being, or ruin of numerous families in their Country. Many laws have been made to set our Poor on Work, and it is to be hoped none will be made to take away work from Multitudes who are already employed."[1143] PLATE LXXXVIII. [Illustration: ENGLISH, DEVONSHIRE. REPRODUCTIONS OF OLD HONITON WITH THE VRAI RÉSEAU.--Made under Mrs. Fowler's direction. Widths about 4 inches. Photo by A. Dryden.] _To face page 402._ {403}Even in 1655, when the variety of points furnished matter for a letter from the members of the Baptist Church assembled at Bridgewater, the "Beleeven men," unwilling to injure so nourishing a commerce, merely censure "points and more laces than are required on garments," and these they desired might be proceeded against "with all sweetness and tenderness and long-suffering."[1144] The conciliatory measures of the Puritans, maybe, affected the trade less than the doing of Lord Cambury and Lord Churchill's dragoons in the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion in 1680, by which time the lace-making art was carried on in many small country places in Devon. They pillaged the lace-makers right and left, and, when quartered at Colyton,[1145] these unruly soldiers broke into the house of one William Bard, a dealer in bone lace, and there stole merchandise to the amount of £325 17s. 9d.[1146] "The valuable manufactures of lace, for which the inhabitants of Devon have long been conspicuous, are extending now from Exmouth to Torbay,"[1147] writes Defoe in 1724. {404}These must, however, have received a check as regards the export trade, for, says Savary, who wrote about the same date, "Depuis qu'on imite les dentelles nommées point d'Angleterre en Flandres, Picardie et Champagne, on n'en tire plus de Londres pour la France." Great distress, too, is said to have existed among the Honiton lace-makers after the two great fires of 1756 and 1767. The second was of so devastating a character that the town had to be rebuilt. Shawe declares, writing at the end of the eighteenth century: "For its present condition Honiton is indebted to that dreadful fire which reduced three parts of it to ashes. The houses now wear a pleasing aspect, and the principal street, extending from east to west, is paved in a remarkable manner, forming a canal, well shouldered up on each side with pebbles and green turf, which holds a stream of clear water with a square dipping place opposite each door, a mark of cleanliness and convenience I never saw before." [Illustration: Fig. 150.] Three years previous to the Great Fire,[1148] among a number of premiums awarded by the Anti-Gallican Society for the encouragement of our lace trade, the first prize of fifteen guineas is bestowed upon Mrs. Lydia Maynard, of Honiton, "in token of six pairs of ladies' lappets of unprecedented beauty, exhibited by her." About this time we read {405}in Bowen's _Geography_[1149] that at Honiton: "the people are chiefly employed in the manufactory of lace, the broadest sort that is made in England, of which great quantities are sent to London." "It acquired," says Lysons, "some years since, the name of Bath Brussels lace." To give a precise description of the earliest Devonshire lace would now be impossible. The bone or bobbin lace at first consisted of a small and simple imitation of the beautiful Venetian geometrical cut-works and points, mere narrow strips made by coarse threads plaited and interlaced. They became wider and more elaborate as the workers gained experience. Specimens may be seen on two Devonshire monuments, though whether the lace of the district is imitated on the effigies is another matter; in any case similar patterns were probably made there at the time. One is on the monument of Lady Pole, in Colyton Church, where the lady's cape is edged with three rows of bone lace. The other, which is in excellent preservation, is on the recumbent effigy of Lady Doddridge (a member of the Bampfylde family) in Exeter Cathedral, her cuffs and tucker being adorned with geometric lace of a good pattern. Both belong to the first part of the seventeenth century. In the same Cathedral is the monument of Bishop Stafford.[1150] His collar appears to be of a net-work, embroidered in patterns of graceful design (Fig. 151). Belgium was noted for her linens and delicately spun flax. In consequence the Flemings soon departed from the style of their Italian masters, and made laces of their own fine threads. They worked out their own designs also, and being great gardeners and fond of flowers, it naturally came about that they composed devices of blossoms and foliage. {406}[Illustration: Fig. 151. MONUMENT OF BISHOP STAFFORD, EXETER CATHEDRAL.] These alterations in course of time found their way to England, there being much intercourse between their brethren here established and those remaining in Flanders. The lace continued to get finer and closer in texture, the flax thread being required so fine that it became necessary to spin it in damp underground cellars. That the workers in England could not compete successfully against the foreigner with their home-made threads we find over and over again. They also altered the Brussels designs, and instead of the beautiful "fillings" and open-work stitches, substituted heavy guipure bars. By this period "cordonnet" or "gimp" had come into use in Brussels lace. The "_vrai réseau_" or pillow-net ground, succeeded the "bride" about the end of the seventeenth century. This fashion enabled the flowers to be made separately and worked in with the net afterwards, or rather the net was worked into the flowers on the pillow. It was from the introduction of these separate sprigs that Honiton lace was able to compete with Brussels. The pattern in Fig. 153 is sewn on the plain pillow ground,[1151] which was very beautiful and regular, but very expensive. It was made of the finest thread procured from Antwerp, the market price of which, in 1790, was £70 per pound,[1152] and an old lace-maker told the author her father {407}had, during the war, paid a hundred guineas a pound to the smugglers for this highly-prized and then almost unattainable commodity. Nor were the lace-worker's gains less remunerative. She would receive as much as eighteen shillings a yard for the workmanship alone of a piece of this elaborate net, measuring scarce two inches in width;[1153] and one of the old lace-dealers showed Mrs. Treadwin a piece of ground eighteen inches square, for the making of which she was paid fifteen pounds shortly before the establishment of the machine net manufacture.[1154] The price of lace was proportionately high. A Honiton veil would often cost a hundred guineas. [Illustration: Fig. 152. MONUMENT OF LADY DODDRIDGE. + 1614. (Exeter Cathedral.)] The Flemish character of Fig. 158 is unmistakable. The {408}design of the flower vase resembles those of the old Angleterre à bride, and in execution this specimen may fairly warrant a comparison with the productions of Brabant. If really of English make, we should place its fabrication at the beginning of the eighteenth century, for it was long before the Devonshire lace-makers could rival in beauty the "cordonnet" of the Flemish workers. Fig. 154 is an example of the pattern worked in the favourite design of the butterfly and the acorn, already familiar to us in the old point d'Angleterre and in the smock of Queen Elizabeth. [Illustration: Fig. 153.] The American War had an evil effect upon the lace trade, and still worse was the French Revolution, which was followed by the fashion of classical dress. Lace became no longer necessary to a lady's wardrobe, and the demand for it declined to a serious extent for the workers. Worse than these, however, was the introduction of the machine net, the first factory being set up at Tiverton in 1815. Lysons writes shortly afterwards in 1822: "The manufactory of lace has much declined, although the lace still retains its superiority. Some years ago, at which time it was much patronised by the Royal family, the manufacturers of Honiton employed 2,400 hands in the town and in the neighbouring villages, but they do not now employ above 300." For twenty years the lace trade suffered the greatest depression, and the Honiton lace-workers, forsaking the designs of their forefathers, introduced a most hideous set of patterns, designed, as they said, "out of their own heads." "Turkey tails," "frying pans," "bullocks' hearts," and the most senseless sprigs and borderings took the place of the graceful compositions of the old school. Not a leaf, not a flower was copied from nature. Anxious to introduce a purer taste, Queen Adelaide, to whom a petition had been sent on behalf of the distressed lace-makers, gave the order for a dress to be made of Honiton sprigs,[1155] and commanded that the flowers should all be copied from nature. The order was executed by Mrs. Davey, of Honiton. The skirt was encircled with a wreath of elegantly designed sprigs, the initial of each flower forming the name of her Majesty.[1156] [Illustration: Fig. 154. OLD DEVONSHIRE. _To face page 408._] {409}The example of the Queen found new followers, and when, in the progress of time, the wedding lace was required for Queen Victoria, it was with difficulty the necessary number of workers could be obtained to make it. It was undertaken by Miss Jane Bidney, who caused the work to be executed in the small fishing hamlet of Beer[1157] and its environs. The dress cost £1,000. It was composed entirely of Honiton sprigs, connected on the pillow by a variety of open-work stitches; but the patterns were immediately destroyed, so it cannot be described. The bridal dresses of their Royal Highnesses the Princess Royal, the Princess Alice, and the Princess of Wales were all of Honiton point, the patterns consisting of the national flowers, the latter with prince's feathers intermixed with ferns, and introduced with the most happy effect. The application of Honiton sprigs upon bobbin net has been of late years almost entirely superseded by the modern guipure (Fig. 155). The sprigs, when made, are sewn upon a piece of blue paper, and then united either on the pillow by "cut-works" or "purlings," or else joined with the needle by various stitches--lacet point, réseau, cut-work, and buttonhole stitch (the most effective of all). Purling is made by the yard. The Honiton guipure has an original character almost unique. The large pieces surpass in richness and {410}perfection any lace of the same kind made in Belgium. The reliefs are embroidered with the greatest delicacy, and the beauty of the workmanship is exquisite; and whereas the guipure applications of Belgium require to be whitened with lead, the Honiton workers give up their lace in all its original brilliancy and whiteness.[1158] The fault in the Honiton lace has been its crowded and spiritless designs, but in these great improvement was manifested in the Exhibition of 1867. Captain Marryat took much pains during a residence at Sidmouth to procure for the lace-makers new patterns of flowers, insects, and other natural objects. The younger members of the community accepted with gratitude these new patterns, and one even reproduced a piece of braidwork in imitation of Spanish point, and also a collar from Vecellio's book, in a manner most creditable to her ingenuity. In consequence of this movement, some gentlemen connected with the Bath and West of England Society[1159] proposed that an exhibition should take place at the Annual Agricultural Show, held at Clifton, of Honiton lace, "designs strictly after nature." Prizes to the amount of £100 were given. The exhibition was most successful. Queen Victoria expressed a desire that the articles exhibited should be sent to Windsor for her inspection, and graciously commanded that two flounces with a corresponding length of trimming lace should be made for her. A design executed by Miss Cecilia Marryat having been approved of by her Majesty, the order for the lace was given to Mrs. Hayman, of Sidmouth. (Fig. 156 is from one of the honeysuckle sprigs selected.) [Illustration: Fig. 155. HONITON GUIPURE. _To face page 410._] {411}The Honiton lace-makers show great aptitude in imitating the Brussels designs, and[1160] through the efforts of Mrs. Treadwin have succeeded in reproducing the ancient lace in the most wonderful manner. Fig. 158 is a lappet in the Brussels style shown in the International Exhibition of 1874. Mrs. Treadwin produced admirable specimens after the pillow-made lace of Genoa and Flanders, and also a reproduction of the Venetian point in relief. [Illustration: Fig. 156. HONEYSUCKLE SPRIG OF MODERN HONITON.] A new branch of industry has lately opened to the Devonshire lace-maker--that of restoring or re-making old lace. The splendid mantles, tunics, and flounces which enrich the shop-windows of the great lace-dealers of London are mostly concocted from old fragments by the Devonshire lace-workers. It is curious to see the ingenuity they display in re-arranging the "old rags"--and such they are--sent from London for restoration. Carefully cutting out the {412}designs of the old work, they sew them upon a paper pattern of the shape required. The "modes," or fancy stitches, are dexterously restored, any deficient flower supplied, and the whole joined together on the pillow. [Illustration: Fig. 157. OLD DEVONSHIRE POINT.] TROLLY LACE. Trolly lace comes next in order. It was quite different from anything else made in Devonshire, and resembled many of the laces made in the midlands at the present time. It was made of coarse British thread, and with heavier and larger bobbins, and worked straight on round and round the pillow. The origin of "Trolly" was undoubtedly Flemish, but it is said to have reached Devonshire at the time of the French Revolution, through the Normandy peasants, driven by want of employment from their own country, where lace was a great industry during the eighteenth century. The origin of "trolly" is from the Flemish "Trolle Kant," where the design was outlined with a thick thread, or, possibly, it may be derived from a corruption of the French _toilé_, applied to distinguish a flat linen pattern from the ground or _treille_, a general term for a net ground. It is now almost extinct in Devonshire, remaining in the hands of the midland counties,[1161] where it more properly belongs.[1162] [Illustration: Fig. 158. LAPPET MADE BY THE LATE MRS. TREADWIN, OF EXETER, 1864. _To face page 412._] {413}Trolly lace was not the work of women alone. In the flourishing days of its manufacture, every boy, until he had attained the age of fifteen, and was competent to work in the fields, attended the lace schools daily.[1163] A lace-maker of Sidmouth, in 1869, had learned her craft at the village dame school,[1164] in company with many boys. The men, especially the sailor returned from sea, would again resume the employment of their boyhood, in their hours of leisure, and the labourer, seated at his pillow on a summer's evening, would add to his weekly gains. Mrs. Treadwin, in her younger days, saw some twenty-four men lace-makers in her native village of Woodbury, two of whom, Palmer by name, were still surviving in 1869, and one of these worked at his pillow so late as 1820. Captain Marryat also succeeded in finding out a man of sixty, one James Gooding, dweller in Salcombe parish, near Sidmouth, who had in his day been a lace-maker of some reputation. "I have made hundreds of yards in my time," he said, "both wide and narrow, but never worked regularly at my pillow after sixteen years of age." Delighted to exhibit the craft of his boyhood, he hunted out his patterns, {414}and, setting to work, produced a piece of trolly edging, which soon found a place in the albums of sundry lace-collecting ladies, the last specimen of man-worked lace likely to be fabricated in the county of Devon.[1165] The lace schools of this time were a great feature, there being many in every village, and as few other schools existed, boys in addition to the girls of the place attended and learnt the industry. The usual mode of procedure was this. The children commenced attending at the age of five to seven, and were apprenticed to the mistress for an average of two years, who sold all their work for her trouble: they then paid sixpence a week for a time and had their own lace, then threepence, and so on, according to the amount of teaching they still required. The young children went first from ten to twelve in the morning, to accustom them to work by degrees. At Honiton the full hours were from eight to eight in the summer and in the depth of winter, but in the spring and autumn less, on account of the light, as candles were begun only on September 3rd--Nutting day--till Shrovetide. The old rhyme runs:-- "Be the Shrovetide high or low, Out the candle we will blow." At Sidbury it was _de rigueur_ that directly a young girl married, however young, she wore a cap, but till then the lace-makers were famous for the beautiful dressing of their hair. When school began they stood up in a circle to read the "verses." If any of them read "jokily," they were given a penalty, and likewise for idleness--so much extra work. In nearly all schools they were taught reading from the Bible, and in some they learnt writing; but all these are now things of the past. [Illustration: Fig. 159. VENETIAN RELIEF IN POINT.--Reproduced by the late Mrs. Treadwin. _To face page 414._] {415}Speaking of the occupation of lace-making, Cooke, in his _Topography of Devon_, observes: "It has been humanely remarked as a melancholy consideration that so much health and comfort are sacrificed to the production of this beautiful though not necessary article of decoration. The sallow complexion, the weakly frame and the general appearance of languor and debility of the operatives, are sad and decisive proofs of the pernicious nature of the employment. The small unwholesome rooms in which numbers of these females, especially during their apprenticeship, are crowded together are great aggravations of the evil." He continues at some length, as indeed do many writers of the eighteenth century, to descant on this evil, but times are changed, sanitary laws and the love of fresh air have done much to remedy the mischief.[1166] The pillows, too, are raised higher than formerly, by which means the stooping, so injurious to health, is avoided. Old lace-makers will tell stories of the cruel severities practised on the children in the dame schools of their day--of the length of time they sat without daring to move from the pillow, of prolonged punishments imposed on idle apprentices, and other barbarities, but these are now tales of the past.[1167] Ever since the Great Exhibition of 1851 drew attention to the industry, different persons have been trying to encourage both better design and better manufacture, but {416}the majority of the people have sought a livelihood by meeting the extensive demand for cheap laces. Good patterns, good thread, and good work have been thrown aside, the workers and small dealers recking little of the fact that they themselves were ruining the trade as much as the competition of machinery and machine-made lace, and tarnishing the fair name of Honiton throughout the world, among those able to love and appreciate a beautiful art. Fortunately there are some to lead and direct in the right path, and all honour must be given to Mrs. Treadwin, who started reproducing old laces. She and her clever workers turned out the most exquisite copies of old Venetian rose point, Valenciennes, or Flemish. Her successor, Miss Herbert, carries it on; and while we have Mrs. Fowler and her school at Honiton, and Miss Radford at Sidmouth, it would be easier to say what the heads and hands of the Devon lace-workers could not do than to enumerate the many beautiful stitches and patterns they achieve; needlepoint or pillow, tape guipure or _vrai réseau_--there are able fingers to suit all tastes.[1168] Mrs. Fowler, of Honiton, has made a spirited attempt to teach some young people.[1169] She employs women and girls all the year round, who work under the Factory Acts. The girls are taught needlework in addition, and to put together the sprigs made by the out-workers, the arrangement of which requires great taste and careful superintendence. The County Council grants courses of lessons in various places, some for all ages, others for children.[1170] The Italian laces made at Beer is a new branch, established by Miss Bowdon, and ably carried on by Miss Audrey Trevelyan of Seaton. This Italian lace is made entirely on the pillow, and the way in which the women of Beer have picked up the stitches and mode of making speaks volumes for their skilfulness and adaptability. There are still a good number of workers left in this most picturesque village.[1171] PLATE LXXXIX. [Illustration: ENGLISH, DEVONSHIRE. MADE AT BEER FOR THE PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1900.--Miss A. Trevelyan adapted an Italian design to the old Honiton stitches.] _To face page 416._ {417}A beautiful county and a beautiful art have come down to us hand in hand. Let us do our best to prevent the one being marred and the other lost, and keep them both together to be a joy and a pleasure for all time. JAPAN. The versatile Japanese have copied the Honiton method of making bobbin lace. The Government have encouraged a school at Yokohama for pillow lace making, under the supervision of an English lady, where they turn out lace of a distinctive Japanese character. {418}CHAPTER XXXIII. SCOTLAND. "With the pearlin above her brow."--Old Scotch Song. "Pearlin-lace as fine as spiders' webs."--_Heart of Midlothian._ From her constant intercourse with France, lace must have been early known in Scotland. Of its use for ecclesiastical purposes, at a period when it was still unknown to the laity, we have evidence in the mutilated effigy of a crosiered ecclesiastic which once stood in a niche of the now ruined abbey church of Arbroath. The lace which adorns the robes of this figure is very elaborately and sharply chiselled, and when first discovered, still preserved some remains of the gold leaf with which it had been ornamented. In the Inventories of King James V. we find constant mention of "pasment" of gold and silver,[1172] as well as an entry of--"Ane gown of fresit clayth of gold, with pasment of perle of gold smyth wark lynit with cramasy sating."[1173] And we have other proofs,[1174] in addition to the testimony of Sir Walter Scott, as given in the Monastery,[1175] that pasments of gold and silver as well as "purle," were already in daily use during King James's reign. {419}Indeed, as early as 1575 the General Assembly of Scotland found necessary, as did the bishops in Denmark, to express its mind as to the style of dress befitting the clergy, and prohibit "all begares (gardes) of velvet on gown, hose, or coat, all superfluous cut-out work, all sewing on of pasments and laces." A parchment, too, found in the cabinet of the Countess of Mar,[1176] entitled "The Passement Bond," signed by the Duke of Lennox and other nobles, by which they engaged themselves to leave off wearing "passement," as a matter of expense and superfluity, shows that luxury in dress had early found its way into Scotland. Notwithstanding these entries, it was not until the arrival of Mary Stuart in her northern dominions that lace in all its varieties appears. The inventory of the Queen's effects in 1567, printed by the Bannatyne Club, gives entries of passements, guimpeure d'or, and guimpeure d'argent,[1177] with which her "robes de satin blanc et jaune" were "bordées" and "chamarées." Each style of embroidery and lace is designated by its special name. There is the "natte d'argent faite par entrelatz, passement d'or et d'argent fait à jour, chamarré de bisette,"[1178] etc. The word dentelle, as told elsewhere,[1179] occurs but once. We have also alluded to the will made by the Queen previous to the birth of James VI., and her bequest of her "ouvrages maschés."[1180] A relic of this expression is yet found in the word "mawsch," or "masch," as the pinking of silk and muslin is termed in Scotland, an advertisement of which {420}accomplishment "done here" was seen a few years ago in the shop-windows of the old town of Edinburgh. In the Palace of Holyrood is still exhibited a small basket lined with blue silk, and trimmed with a bone lace of rudely-spun flax, run on with a ribbon of the same colour, recorded to be an offering sent by Queen Elizabeth to her cousin previous to the birth of her godchild. Antiquaries assert the story to be a fable. Whether the lace be of the time or not, as a work of art it is of no credit to any country. How Queen Mary, in her youth, was instructed in the arts of point coupé and lacis, according to the works of Vinciolo, has been already related.[1181] Of her talents as a needlewoman there is ample proof in the numerous beds, screens, etc., treasured as relics in the houses of the nobles where she was held captive. She knitted head-dresses of gold "réseille," with cuffs and collars[1182] en suite,[1183] to say nothing of nightcaps, and sent them as presents to Elizabeth,[1184] all of which, we are told, the Queen received most graciously. Mary, in her early portraits as Dauphine of France, wears no thread lace. Much fine gold embroidered with passament enriches her dresses; her sleeves are of gold rézeuil. In those of a later date, like that taken when in Lochleven Castle, her veil is bordered with a narrow bone lace--as yet a rarity--may be one of the same noted in the Inventory of 1578, as "Fyve litell vaills of wovin rasour (réseau) of threde, ane meekle twa of thame, passmentit with perle and black silk."[1185] When the Queen of Scots ascended the scaffold "she wore {421}on her head," writes Burleigh's reporter, "a dressing of lawn edged with bone lace," and "a vest of lawn fastened to her caul," edged with the same material. This lace-edged veil was long preserved as a relic in the exiled Stuart family, until Cardinal York bequeathed it to Sir John Cox Hippisley. Miss Pigott[1186] describes it of "transparent zephyr gauze, with a light check or plaid pattern interwoven with gold; the form as that of a long scarf."[1187] Sir John, when exhibiting the veil at Baden, had the indiscretion to throw it over the Queen of Bavaria's head. The Queen shuddered at the omen, threw off the veil, and retired precipitately from the apartment, evidently in great alarm. "Cuttit out werk," collars of "hollie crisp," quaiffs of woven thread,[1188] cornettes of layn (linen) sewit with cuttit out werk of gold, wovin collars of threde, follow in quick succession. The cuttit out werk is mostly wrought in gold, silver, cramoisi, or black silk.[1189] The Queen's "towell claiths" are adorned in similar manner.[1190] The Chartley Inventory of 1568[1191] is rich in works of point coupé and rézeuil, in which are portrayed with the needle figures of birds, fishes, beasts, and flowers, "couppés chascune en son carré." The Queen exercised much ingenuity in her labours, varying the pattern according to her taste. In the list are noted fifty-two specimens of flowers designed after nature, "tirés au naturel;" 124 birds; as well as sixteen sorts of four-footed beasts, "entre lesquelles y ha un lyon assailant un sanglier;" with fifty-two fishes, all of {422}divers sorts--giving good proofs of the poor prisoner's industry. As to the designs after nature, with all respect to the memory of Queen Mary, the lions, cocks, and fishes of the sixteenth century which have come under our notice, require a student of mediæval needlework rather than a naturalist, to pronounce upon their identity. James VI. of Scotland, reared in a hotbed of Calvinism, had not the means, even if he had the inclination, to indulge in much luxury in dress. Certain necessary entries of braid pasmentis of gold, gold clinquant, braid pasmentis, cramoisi, for the ornamenting of clokkis, coittis, breikis, and roobes of the King, with "Twa unce and ane half pasmentis of gold and silver to werk the headis of the fokkis," made up the amount of expense sanctioned for the royal wedding;[1192] while 34 ells braid pasmentis of gold to trim a robe for "his Majesties darrest bedfellow the Quene for her coronation,"[1193] gives but a poor idea of the luxury of the Scottish court. Various enactments[1194] were passed during the reign of James VI. against "unnecessary sumptuousness in men's apparel," by which no one except noblemen, lords of session, prelates, etc., were allowed to wear silver or gold lace. Provosts were permitted to wear silk, but no lace pearlin or pasmenterie, only a "watling silk lace" on the seams.[1195] No one but the above same privileged persons were to have pearlin on their ruffles, sarkis, napkins, and sokkis, and that pearlin to be made in the kingdom of Scotland. This Act, dated 1621, is the first mention we have found of Scottish-made lace. James VI. having granted to one James Bannatyne of Leith a patent for the "importing of foraine pearlin" into the country, in consequence of the great complaint of the embroiderers in 1639, this patent is rescinded, and the King forbids the entry of all "foraine pearlin." The word lace does not exist in the Scotch language. "Pearlin" is the term used in old documents, defined in the {423}dictionaries to be "a species of lace made with thread." In the old Scotch songs it frequently occurs:--[1196] "Then, round the ring she dealt them ane by ane, Clean in her pearlin keck, and gown alane." --_Ross Helonora._ Again-- "We maun hae pearlins and mabbies and cocks, And some other things that ladies call smocks." As the latter articles may appear more familiar to the world in general than "kecks," and "mabbies," and "cocks," we may as well explain a "pearlin keck" to signify a linen cap with a lace border; a "mabbie," a mob; a "cock," or cock-up, no more eccentric head-dress than the lofty fontanges or commode of the eighteenth century. Again, in _Rob Roy_ we have the term "pearlin:" when Bailie Nicol Jarvie piteously pleads to his kinswoman, Helen Macgregor, he says-- "I hae been serviceable to Rob before now, forbye a set of pearlins I sent yoursell when you were gaun to be married." The recollection of these delicate attentions, however, has little effect on the Highland chieftainess, who threatens to have him chopped up, if ill befalls her lord, into as many square pieces as compose the Macgregor tartan, or throw him neck and heels into the Highland loch. Montrose, we read, sent his lace ruffles to be starched and dressed before they were sewn on the embroidered sark he had made only to wear at his execution. "Pearlin" was provided for him which cost £10 an ell. The close-fitting velvet cap, enriched with lace, appears in the seventeenth century to have been adopted by the lawyers of the Scotch courts. An example may be seen in the portrait of Sir Thomas Hope, Lord Advocate of Scotland, who died in 1646, which hangs in the Hall of the Advocates of Edinburgh. Another (Fig. 160) appears in the engraving of Sir Alexander Gibson, Bart., Lord Durie, one of the Lords of Session, who died two years previously. In 1672, when lace--"point lace made of {424}thread"--came under the ban of the Covenanters, with a penalty of "500 merks toties quoties," the wearing such vanities on liveries is strictly forbidden; servants, however, are allowed to wear out their masters' and mistresses' old clothes. In 1674, his Majesty, understanding that the manufacture of "pearlin and whyt lace made of thread (whereby many people gain their livelihood) was thereby much prejudiced and impaired, declares that from henceforth it shall be free to all and every person within this kingdom to wear 'whyt lace,' as well as the privileged persons above mentioned." Finding these exclusions of little or no avail, in January, 1685, the Act remits the wearing of lace, both native and foreign, to all folks living. [Illustration: Fig. 160. SIR ALEXANDER GIBSON, BART. (Lord Durie, Lord of Session. + 1644.)] The dead now came under the scrutiny of the Scotch Parliament, who order all lace or poynt, gold or silver, to be disused at interments, under the penalty of 300 pounds Scots.[1197] From the united effects of poverty, Covenanters and {425}legislation, after the departure of the court for England, luxury, small though it was, declined in Edinburgh. It was not till 1680, when James II., as Duke of York, accompanied by Mary of Modena and his "duteous" daughter Anne, visited the Scotch capital, that anything like gaiety or dress can be said to have surprised the strait-laced population. Dryden, sneering at the barbarism of the Scotch capital, writes, in the prologue to a play delivered at Oxford, referring to a portion of the troop that accompanied the court to Scotland-- "Laced linen there would be a dangerous thing; It might perhaps a new rebellion bring-- The Scot who wore it would be chosen king." The Highlander, however, when in full dress, did not disdain to adopt the falling band and ruffles of guipure or Flanders lace. The advertisements and inventories of the first years of the eighteenth century give us little reason to imagine any change had been effected in the homely habits of the people. At the marriage of a daughter of Thomas Smythe, of Methuen, in 1701, to Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, the bride had a head-suit and ruffles of cut-work which cost nearly six pounds ten shillings.[1198] Few and scanty advertisements of roups of "white thread lace" appear in the journals of the day.[1199] And in such a state matters continued till the Jacobites, {426}going and coming from St. Germains, introduced French fashions and luxuries as yet unheard of in the then aristocratic Canongate. It sounds strange to a traveller, as he wanders among these now deserted closes of Edinburgh, to read of the gay doings and of the grand people who, in the last century, dwelt within these poor-looking abodes. A difficult matter it must have been to the Jacobite beauties, whose hoop (from 1725-8) measured nine yards in circumference, to mount the narrow winding staircases of their dwellings; and this very difficulty gave rise to a luxury of underclothing almost unknown in England or elsewhere. Every lady wore a petticoat trimmed with the richest point lace. Nor was it only the jupe that was lace-trimmed. Besides "Twa lappets at her head, that flaunted gallantlie," ladies extended the luxury to finely-laced garters. In 1720 the bubble Company "for the trading in Flanders laces" appears advertised in the Scotch papers in large and attractive letters. We strongly doubt, however, it having gained any shareholders among the prudent population of Edinburgh. The prohibition of lace made in the dominions of the French king[1200] was a boon to the Jacobites, and many a lady, and gentleman too, became wondrous loyal to the exiled family, bribed by a packet from St. Germains. In the first year of George II., says the _Gazette_,[1201] a parcel of rich lace was secretly brought to the Duke of Devonshire, by a mistake in the similarity of the title. On being opened, hidden among the folds, was found a miniature portrait of the Pretender, set round with large diamonds. The packet was addressed to a noble lord high in office, one of the most zealous converts to loyalty.[1202] {427}Smuggling was universal in Scotland in the reigns of George I. and George II., for the people, unaccustomed to imposts, and regarding them as an unjust aggression upon their ancient liberties, made no scruple to elude the customs whenever it was possible so to do. It was smuggling that originated the Porteous riots of 1736; and in his description of the excited mob, Sir Walter Scott makes Miss Grizel Dalmahoy exclaim--"They have ta'en awa' our Parliament. They hae oppressed our trade. Our gentles will hardly allow that a Scots needle can sew ruffles on a sark or lace on an owerlay."[1203] {428}CHAPTER XXXIV. LACE MANUFACTURES OF SCOTLAND. "Sae put on your pearlins, Marion, And kirtle o' the cramasie."--Scottish Song. During the treasonable year of 1745 Scotland was far too occupied with her risings and executions to give much attention to her national industry. Up to that time considerable pains had been taken to improve the spinning of fine thread, prizes had been awarded, and the art taught in schools and other charitable institutions. It was not till the middle of the eighteenth century that Anne, Duchess of Hamilton, known to Society by tradition as "one of the beautiful Miss Gunnings," seeing lace-makers at work when travelling on the Continent, thought employment might be given to the women of her own country by introducing the art into Scotland. The Duchess therefore brought over women from France, and caused them to teach the girls in her schools how to make "bunt lace," as it was termed. Sir John Sinclair thus notices the fabric:--"A small manufacture of thread lace has long been carried on here. At an early period it was the occupation of a good many women, but, from the fluctuation of fashion, it has fallen greatly into disuse. Fashion again revived the demand, and the late Duchess of Hamilton, afterwards of Argyle, found still some lace-workers remaining, to whom her own demand, and that of those who followed her example, gave employment. To these her Grace added twelve orphan girls, who were clothed, maintained, and taught at her expense. Others learned the art, and while the demand lasted, the manufacture employed a good many hands. Though the number is again diminished, there are still above forty at the business, who {429}make handsome laces of different patterns, besides those who work occasionally for themselves or their friends. Perhaps, under the patronage of the present respectable duchess, the manufacture of Hamilton lace may again become as flourishing as ever."[1204] "The Duchess of Hamilton," says the _Edinburgh Amusement_ of 1752, "has ordered a home to be set up in Hamilton for the reception of twelve poor girls and a mistress. The girls are to be taken in at the age of seven, clothed, fed, taught to spin, make lace, etc., and dismissed at fourteen." The work of the fair Duchess throve, for, in 1754, we read how--"The Duchess of Hamilton has now the pleasure to see the good effects of her charity. Her Grace's small orphan family have, by spinning, gained a sum of money, and lately presented the Duke and Duchess with a double piece of Holland, and some suits of exceeding fine lace ruffles, of their own manufacture, which their Graces did them the honour to wear on the Duke's birthday, July 14, and which vied with anything worn on the occasion, though there was a splendid company present. The yarn of which the ruffles were made weighed only ten drops each hank."[1205] It was probably owing to the influence of this impulsive Irishwoman that, in the year 1754, was founded The Select Society of Edinburgh for encouraging the arts and manufactures of Scotland, headed by the Duke of Hamilton. This society was contemporary with the Anti-Gallican in England and the Dublin Society, though we believe, in this case, Dublin can claim precedence over the capital of North Britain. At a meeting of the society it was moved that "The annual importation of worked ruffles and of bone lace and edging into this country is considerable. By proper encouragement we might be supplied at home with these ornaments. It was therefore resolved-- "That a premium be assigned to all superior merit in such work; such a one as may be a mark of respect to women of fashion, and may also be of some solid advantage to those whose laudable industry contributes to their own support. {430}"For the best imitation of Dresden work, or a pair of men's ruffles, a prize of £5 5s. "For the best bone lace, not under twenty yards, £5 5s. The gainers of these two best articles may have the money or a gold medal, at their option." As may be supposed, the newly-founded fabric of the Duchess was not passed over by a society of which the Duke himself was the patron. In the year 1757 we have among the prizes adjudged one of two guineas to Anne Henderson, of Hamilton, "for the whitest and best and finest lace, commonly called Hamilton lace, not under two yards." A prize had already been offered in 1755,[1206] but, as stated the following year, "no lace was given in." Prizes continued in 1758 and 1759 to be given for the produce of Hamilton; in the last year to the value of four guineas.[1207] The early death of the Duke of Hamilton; and the second marriage of the Duchess, did not in any way impede the progress of Hamilton lace, for, as late as 1778, we read in Locke's _Essays on the Scotch Commerce_--"The lace manufactory, under the patronage of the amiable Duchess of Hamilton (now Argyle), goes on with success and spirit." With respect to the quality of this Hamilton lace, laudable as were the efforts of the Duchess, she succeeded in producing but a very coarse fabric. The specimens which have come under our notice are edgings of the commonest description, of a coarse thread, always of the lozenge pattern (Fig. 161); being strong and firm, it was used for nightcaps, never for dresses, and justified the description of a lady who described it as of little account, and spoke of it as "only Hamilton." It appears that the Edinburgh Society died a natural death about 1764, but, notwithstanding the untimely demise of this patriotic club, a strong impetus had been given to the {431}lace-makers of Scotland.[1208] Lace-making was introduced into the schools, and, what was better far, many daughters of the smaller gentry and scions of noble Jacobite houses, ruined by the catastrophe of 1745, either added to their incomes or supported themselves wholly by the making of the finer points. This custom seems to have been general, and, in alluding to it, Mrs. Calderwood speaks of the "helplessness" of the English women in comparison to the Scotch. In the journals of the day we have constant advertisements, informing the public of the advantages to be gained by the useful arts imparted to their offspring in their establishments, inserted by ladies of gentle blood--for the Scotchwomen of the last century no more disdained to employ themselves in the training of youth than does now a French dame de qualité to place herself at the head of the Sacré-Coeur, or some other convent devoted to educational purposes.[1209] [Illustration: Fig. 161. HAMILTON.] The entry of all foreign laces was excluded by law. The {432}Scotch nation of the Hanoverian persuasion were wrath at the frivolity of the Jacobite party. "£400,000 have been sent out of the country during the last year," writes the _Edinburgh Advertiser_ of 1764, "to support our exiled countrymen in France, where they learn nothing but folly and extravagance." English laces were not included in the prohibition. In 1763, that "neat shop near the Stinking Style, in the Lukenbooths," held by Mr. James Baillie, advertises "Trollies, English laces, and pearl edgings." Four years later, black silk lace and guipure are added to the stock, "mennuet," and very cheap bone lace.[1210] Great efforts, and with success, were made for the improvement of the thread manufacture, for the purchase of which article at Lille £200,000 were annually sent from Scotland to France. Badly-spun yarn was seized and burned by the stamp master; of this we have frequent mention.[1211] Peuchet, speaking of Scotland, says:--"Il s'est formé près d'Edinbourg une manufacture de fil de dentelle. On prétend que le fil de cette manufacture sert à faire des dentelles qui non-seulement égalent en beauté celles qui sont fabriquées avec le fil de l'étranger, mais encore les surpassent en durée. Cet avantage serait d'autant plus grand que l'importation de ce fil de l'étranger occasionne aux habitans de ce royaume une perte annuelle de £100,000."[1212] Whether about the year 1775 any change had taken place in the legislation of the customs of Scotland, and they had become regulated by English law, we cannot say, but suddenly constant advertisements of Brussels lace and fine point appear in the _Gazette_, and this at the very time Loch {433}was doing his best to stir up once more Scotch patriotism with regard to manufactures.[1213] The Scotch Foresters set the example at their meeting in 1766, and then--we hear nothing more on the matter. The _Weekly Magazine_ of 1776 strongly recommends the art of lace-making as one calculated to flourish in Scotland, young girls beginning to learn at eight years of age, adding: "The directors of the hospital of Glasgow have already sent twenty-three girls to be taught by Madame Puteau,[1214] a native of Lisle, now residing at Renfrew; you will find the lace of Renfrew cheaper, as good and as neat as those imported from Brussels, Lisle, and Antwerp." David Loch also mentions the success of the young Glasgow lace-makers, who made lace, he says, from 10d. to 4s. 6d. per yard. He adds: "It is a pleasure to see them at work. I saw them ten days ago." He recommends the managers of the Workhouse of the Canongate to adopt the same plan: adding, they need not send to Glasgow for teachers, as there are plenty at the Orphan Hospital at Edinburgh capable of undertaking the office. Of the lace fabricated at Glasgow we know nothing, save from an advertisement in the _Caledonian Mercury_ of 1778, where one William Smith, "Lace-maker," at the Greenhead, Glasgow, informs the public he has for some years "made and bleached candlewicks." Anderson and Loch did not agree on the subject of lace-making, the former considering it an unstable fabric, too easily affected by the caprices of fashion.[1215] {434}Be that as it may, the manufacture of thread for lace alone employed five hundred machines, each machine occupying thirty-six persons: the value of the thread produced annually £175,000. Loch adds, that in consequence of the cheapness of provisions, Scotland, as a country, is better adapted to lace-making than England. In consequence of Loch's remarks, his Majesty's Board of Trustees for the Fisheries and Manufactures, after asking a number of questions, determined to give proper encouragement and have mistresses for teaching the different kinds of lace made in England and France, and oblige them to take girls of the poorer class, some from the hospitals, and the mistress for five years to have the benefit of their work. A girl might earn from 10d. to 1s. per day. They gave a salary to an experienced person from Lisle for the purpose of teaching the making of thread; his wife to instruct in lace-making. With the records of 1788 end all mention of lace-making in Scotland.[1216] {435}CHAPTER XXXV. IRELAND. "The undoubted aptitude for lace-making of the women of Ireland."--_Juror's Report, International Exhibition._ 1862. "It is peculiarly interesting to note the various foreign influences which have done their part in the creation of Irish lace. Italian and Flemish, Greek, French and English, all have lent their aid."--A. Loyd. _The Queen_, Feb. 6th, 1897. Little is known of the early state of manufactures in Ireland, save that the art of needlework was held in high estimation. By the sumptuary laws of King Mogha Nuadhad, killed at the Battle of Maylean, A.D. 192, we learn that the value of a queen's raiment, should she bring a suitable dowry, ought to amount to the cost of six cows; but of what the said raiment consisted history is dark. The same record, however, informs us that the price of a mantle, wrought with the needle, should be "a young bullock or steer."[1217] This hooded mantle is described by Giraldus Cambrensis as composed of various pieces of cloth, striped, and worked in squares by the needle; maybe a species of cut-work. Morgan, who wrote in 1588, declares the saffron-tinted shirts of the Irish to contain from twenty to thirty ells of linen. No wonder they are described-- "With pleates on pleates they pleated are, As thick as pleates may lie."[1218] It was in such guise the Irish appeared at court before Queen Elizabeth,[1219] and from them the yellow starch of Mrs. Turner may have derived its origin. The Irish, however, {436}produced the dye not from saffron, but from a lichen gathered on the rocks. Be that as it may, the Government prohibited its use, and the shirts were reduced in quantity to six ells,[1220] for the making of which "new-fangled pair of Gally-cushes," _i.e._, English shirts, as we find by the Corporation Book of Kilkenny (1537), eighteenpence was charged if done with silk or cut-work. Ninepence extra was charged for every ounce of silk worked in. An Irish smock wrought with silk and gold was considered an object worthy of a king's wardrobe, as the inventory of King Edward IV.[1221] attests:--"Item, one Irishe smocke wrought with gold and silke." The Rebellion at an end, a friendly intercourse, as regards fashion, was kept up between the English and the Irish. The ruff of geometric design, falling band, and cravat of Flanders lace, all appeared in due succession. The Irish, always lovers of pomp and show, early used lace at the interments of the great, as appears from an anecdote related in a letter of Mr. O'Halloran:--"The late Lord Glandore told me," he writes, "that when a boy, under a spacious tomb in the ruined monastery at his seat, Ardfert Abbey (Co. Kerry), he perceived something white. He drew it forth, and it proved to be a shroud of Flanders lace, the covering of some person long deceased." In the beginning of the eighteenth century a patriotic feeling arose among the Irish, who joined hand in hand to encourage the productions of their own country. Swift was among the first to support the movement, and in a prologue he composed, in 1721, to a play acted for the benefit of the Irish weavers, he says:-- "Since waiting-women, like exacting jades, Hold up the prices of their old brocades, We'll dress in manufactures made at home." PLATE XC. [Illustration: IRISH, YOUGHAL.--Needle-point fan mount, made at the Presentation Convent, Youghal, for H.R.H. Princess Maud of Wales on her marriage, 1896. Width in centre 8½ in. Photo in Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 436._ {437}Shortly afterwards, at a meeting, he proposed the following resolution:-- "That the ladies wear Irish manufactures. There is brought annually into this kingdom near £90,000 worth of silk, whereof the greater part is manufactured; £30,000 more is expended in muslin, holland, cambric, and calico. What the price of lace amounts to is not easy to be collected from the Custom-house book, being a kind of goods that, taking up little room, is easily run; but, considering the prodigious price of a woman's head-dress at ten, twelve, twenty pounds a yard, it must be very great." Though a club of patriots had been formed in Ireland since the beginning of the eighteenth century, called the Dublin Society, they were not incorporated by charter until the year 1749; hence many of their records are lost, and we are unable to ascertain the precise period at which they took upon themselves the encouragement of the bone lace trade in Ireland. From their _Transactions_ we learn that, so early as the year 1743, the annual value of the bone lace manufactured by the children of the workhouses of the city of Dublin amounted to £164 14s. 10½d.[1222] In consequence of this success, the society ordain that £34 2s. 6d. be given to the Lady Arabella Denny to distribute among the children, for their encouragement in making bone lace. Indeed, to such a pitch were the productions of the needle already brought in Ireland, that in the same year, 1743, the Dublin Society gave Robert Baker, of Rollin Street, Dublin, a prize of £10 for his imitation of Brussels lace ruffles, which are described as being most exquisite both in design and workmanship. This Brussels lace of Irish growth was much prized by the patriots.[1223] From this time the Dublin Society acted under their good genius, the Lady Arabella Denny. The prizes they awarded were liberal, and success attended their efforts. In 1755 we find a prize of £2 15s. 6d. awarded to {438}Susanna Hunt, of Fishamble Street, aged eleven, for a piece of lace most extraordinarily well wrought. Miss Elinor Brereton, of Raheenduff, Queen's County, for the best imitation of Brussels lace with the needle, £7. On the same occasion Miss Martha M'Cullow, of Cork Bridge, gains the prize of £5 for "Dresden point." Miss Mary Gibson has £2 for "Cheyne Lace,"[1224] of which we have scarcely heard mention since the days of Queen Elizabeth. Bone lace had never in any quantity been imported from England. In 1703 but 2,333 yards, valuing only £116 13s., or 1s. per yard, passed through the Irish Custom House. Ireland, like the rest of the United Kingdom, received her points either from France or Flanders. The thread used in the Irish fabric was derived from Hamburg, of which, in 1765, 2,573 lbs. were imported. It was in this same year the Irish club of young gentlemen refused, by unanimous consent, to toast or consider beautiful any lady who should wear French lace or indulge in foreign fopperies. During the two succeeding years the lace of various kinds exhibited by the workhouse children was greatly approved of, and the thanks of the Society offered to the Lady Arabella Denny.[1225] Prizes given to the children, to the amount of £34 2s. 6d.; the same for bone lace made by other manufacturers; and one half the sum is also to be applied to "thread lace made with knitting needles." A certain Mrs. Rachel Armstrong, of Inistioge (Co. Kilkenny), is also awarded a prize of £11 7s. 6d. "for having caused a considerable quantity of bone lace to be made by girls whom she has instructed and employed in the work." Among the premiums granted to "poor gentlewomen" we find: To Miss Jane Knox, for an apron of elegant pattern and curiously wrought, £6 16s. 6d., and silver medals to two ladies who, we suppose, are above {439}receiving money as a reward. The Society recommend that the bone lace made be exposed for sale in the warehouses of the Irish Silk Company. In consequence of the emulation excited among all classes, advertisements appear in the _Dublin News_ of ladies "very capable of instructing young misses in fine lace-making, needlework point, broderie en tambour, all in the genteelest taste." Lady Arabella stood not alone as a patroness of the art. In 1770 we read how "a considerable quantity of bone lace of extraordinary fineness and elegance of pattern, made at Castlebar in the Co. of Mayo, being produced to the Society, and it appearing that the manufacture of bone lace was founded, and is at present supported there by Lady Bingham, it was ordered that the sum of £25 be paid into the hands of her ladyship, to be disposed of in such encouragements as she shall judge will most effectually conduce to the carrying on and improvement of the said manufacture at Castlebar." The thanks of the Society are at the same time voted to her ladyship. In consequence of the large quantity fabricated, after the lapse of a few years the Society, in 1773, found themselves compelled to put some bounds to their liberality. No prizes are given for any lace exhibited at less than 11s. 4½d. the yard, and that only to those not resident in the city of Dublin or within five miles of it. Twenty per cent. will be given on the value of the lace, provided it shall not exceed £500 in value. The Society do not, however, withdraw the annual premium of £30 for the products of the "famishing children" of the city of Dublin workhouse,[1226] always directed by the indefatigable Lady Arabella Denny.[1227] From that period we hear no more of the Dublin Society and its prizes awarded for point, Dresden, Brussels, or bone lace. The manufacture of gold and silver lace having met with considerable success, the Irish Parliament, in 1778, gave it their protection by passing an Act prohibiting the entry of all such commodities either from England or foreign parts. {440}And now for forty years and more history is silent on the subject of lace-making by the "famishing children" of the Emerald Isle.[1228] No existing Irish lace industry is as old as the appliqué lace which has been made in the neighbourhood of Carrickmacross since the year 1820. The process of its manufacture is simple enough, for the pattern is cut from cambric and applied to net with point stitches. Many accounts have been given of its origin. Some assign its genesis to India or to Persia, while the Florentine historian, Vasari, claims the artist Botticelli as its inventor. In any case, there can be no doubt that vast quantities were produced in Italy from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Such a specimen it was that Mrs. Grey Porter, wife of the then rector of Dunnamoyne, taught her servant, Anne Steadman, to copy, and also spread the art amongst the peasant women in the neighbourhood with such success that Miss Reid, of Rahans, gathered together the young women round Culloville and taught them to make lace on the same model. The girls flocked in from the surrounding districts to learn the work. It was, however, only dependent on private orders, and gradually suffered from over-production, and threatened to die out, until it was revived after the great famine of 1846. By Mr. Tristram Kennedy, the manager of the Bath estate, and Captain Morant, the agent of the Shirley estate, a vacant house was turned into a school, and this gave rise to the Bath and Shirley School, which has done so much to hand down this industry to the present day. Some samples of Brussels and guipure lace were brought to the school, where the teacher had them remodelled and placed in the hands of the best workers: and Carrickmacross became identified with some of the finest "guipure" that Ireland has produced.[1229] In the year 1829 the manufacture of Limerick tambour lace was first established in Ireland. Tambour work is of Eastern origin, and was known in China, Persia, India and {441}Turkey long before it spread to the United Kingdom. This work is still extensively carried on in the East, where it is much appreciated for its varied colours, as well as the labour expended upon it. Until the middle of the last century, tambour lace was unknown in Europe, with the exception of Turkey. It was about that time it was introduced into Saxony and Switzerland, but the knowledge of the art of making the lace did not reach England until 1820. Lace, in the strictest sense of the word, it cannot be termed. It is called tambour from the fact that the frame on which it is worked bears some resemblance to a drum-head or tambourine. On this is stretched a piece of Brussels or Nottingham net. A floss thread or cotton is then drawn by a hooked or tambour needle through the meshes of the net, and the design formed from a paper drawing which is placed before the worker. _Run_ lace is of a finer and lighter character. The pattern is formed on the net with finer thread, which is not drawn in with the tambour, but run in with the point needle. (This description of lace was made in Nottinghamshire during the eighteenth century, and appears to have been copied from foreign designs, chiefly from those of Lille.) It came into fashion after Nottingham machine net had made the work possible, and is still called by old people Nottingham lace. This fabric was first introduced into Ireland by one Charles Walker,[1230] a native of Oxfordshire, who brought over twenty-four girls as teachers, and commenced manufacturing at a place in Limerick called Mount Kennet. His goods were made entirely for one house in St. Paul's Churchyard, until that house became bankrupt in 1834, after which a traveller was sent through England, Scotland and Ireland to take orders. Her Excellency Lady Normanby, wife of the Lord Lieutenant, gave great encouragement to the fabric, causing dresses to be made, not only for herself, but also for Her Majesty the Queen of the {442}Belgians, and the Grand Duchess of Baden. The subsequent history of Limerick laces bears a close resemblance to that of the other Irish lace industries. Mr. Charles Walker died in 1842. Many of his workers returned to England;[1231] the stimulus of constant supervision was gone; old designs deteriorated from inferior copying, and new designs were not forthcoming. It was mainly due to the Convent of the Good Shepherd that this lace industry was saved from absolute extinction. Mrs. R. V. O'Brien has, however, done valuable service in its revival by her energy in establishing and maintaining the Limerick lace training school, which may be said to owe its origin to a lecture delivered by Mr. Alan S. Cole at the Limerick Chamber of Commerce in September, 1888, where photographs of ancient and modern lace and a loan collection of Limerick lace was shown. In this collection the work of the early days of Limerick, when the design was of the highest order, was contrasted with the more modern specimens.[1232] The first attempt to adapt the point de Venise to the necessities of the Irish people was made at Tynan, in Co. Armagh, on the borders of Tyrone. Mrs. Maclean, the wife of the Rev. William Maclean, then rector of the parish, was the owner of some old point de Venise, and she resolved to turn her collection to some practical use. The lace was examined and re-examined, until the secret workings underlying every stitch, every picot, every filling, and every relief, had been grasped and understood. Steps were taken in 1849 to teach the people this industry, and by 1851 a handsome flounce was ready, which was purchased by Lord John George Beresford, then Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland. It was exhibited at the great exhibition of that year in London, and attracted a large amount of attention, and brought many orders in its train. The business was thus considerably extended and enlarged, and the Primate and his nieces, Mrs. Eden and Mrs. Dunbar, did all they could to promote the sale of the work. The good fortune and prosperity of Tynan was, however, but of a temporary character. The Rev. William Maclean died in 1865, and, with his death, the local industry died out from want of supervision and organisation. PLATE XCI. [Illustration: IRISH, CARRICKMACROSS. INSERTION AND BORDER OF APPLIQUÉ LACE, made at the Bath and Shirley Schools. End of nineteenth century. Width of insertion, 6 in.; border, 9¼ in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] PLATE XCII. [Illustration: IRISH. LIMERICK LACE. TAMBOUR EMBROIDERY ON NET, made at Kinsale. End of nineteenth century. Width, 17 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 442._ {443}Irish point[1233] also owes its genesis to the failure of the potato crop in 1846, and its original inspiration was given by a piece of point de Milan which fell into the hands of Mother Mary Ann Smith, of the Presentation Convent at Youghal, Co. Cork. She there conceived the idea of setting up an industry for the children attending the convent school. She studied the lace which had come into her possession, examined the process by which it had been made, unravelled the threads one by one, and at last succeeded in mastering its many details. She then selected some of the convent children who had shown a taste for fine needlework, and taught them separately what she herself learned. The convent school was opened in 1852. The main characteristic of this lace is that it is worked entirely with the needle. Though Irish point lace owes its origin to Youghal Convent, its workers have done much to spread their art in other parts of Ireland, and in few districts more effectually than in the neighbourhood of Kenmare, Co. Kerry, where the late Mother Abbess O'Hagan introduced the industry into the Convent of the Poor Clares in 1861. The work is {444}based upon the same lines, though the Kenmare work claims as its speciality that it is entirely worked in linen thread, while at Youghal cotton is occasionally used. The Convent of the Poor Clares devote themselves chiefly to the production of flat point, appliqué, and guipure laces. Many other convents and lace centres in Ireland have had their teachers from Youghal and Kenmare. Flat point has been made for fifty years under the supervision of the Carmelite convent at New Ross, Co. Wexford, though the workers are now better known for their adaptation of Venetian rose point and the perfection to which they have brought their crochet than for their plain Irish point. For the first ten years the Carmelite nuns confined their attention to cut-work, flat point, and net lace. As the workers grew more expert, a heavy rose point was introduced. This style proved too heavy for the fashion; hence it was that, in 1865, the nuns turned their attention to finer work. It was about that time that a travelling Jewish pedlar called at the convent with a miscellaneous assortment of antique vestments, old books, and other curiosities, among which were some broken pieces of old rose point lace. The then Prioress, the late Mother Augustine Dalton, purchased the specimens from the Jew, as she realised that they would give her the opportunity she wanted of varying the quality of the lace, and making the design finer and lighter in the future than it had been in the past. For weeks and for months she devoted herself to the task of ripping up portions, stitch by stitch, until she had mastered every detail. From this time dates the production of that fine rose point for which the convent at New Ross has deservedly earned so high a reputation. This rose point has gone on increasing in fineness of quality and in beauty of design. The defects in the earlier specimens were mainly due to the want of artistic culture in the girls, who could neither appreciate nor render the graceful sweeps and curves, nor the branching stems. Irish crochet is another widespread national industry. Its main centres have been Cork in the South and Monaghan in the North of Ireland. The industry can be traced as far back as 1845, when the sisters of the Ursuline convent at Blackrock, Co. Cork, received £90 for the work done by the poor children in their schools. It may indeed be said that {445}the growth of this great industry spread from this centre; so much so, that within the space of a few years it formed part of the educational system of almost every convent in the land, and spread from the southern shores of Co. Cork to Wexford, to Monaghan and to Sligo. Cork City was itself the natural centre of the industry, which extended so far and wide through the country that some thirty years ago there were no less than 12,000 women in the neighbourhood of Cork engaged in making crochet, lace collars, and edgings after Spanish and Venetian patterns. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war a further impetus was given to the industry, when the supply of Continental laces was cut off. Several years of unique prosperity followed, until the competition of the machine-made work of Nottingham and Switzerland ousted the Irish crochet from the market. At the present there has been a reaction against the usurpation by machinery of the place that art ought to occupy, and the Cork work is now once more coming to the fore. As Cork has been the centre on the South, so is Clones in the North, and yet the industry which has for so many years done so much for the people of Monaghan owes its origin to the philanthropic efforts of Mrs. W. C. Roberts, of Thornton, Co. Kildare, who helped the poor to ward off the worst attacks of the famine of 1847 by the production of guipure and point de Venise crochet. After a few years of prosperity, the industry languished and disappeared from the neighbourhood, but twenty-four of the best-trained and most efficient of Mrs. Roberts's workers were sent out to other centres. One of these came to Mrs. Hand, the wife of the then Rector of Clones. This parish is the biggest in the county, and the poor from the surrounding mountains flocked down to learn the crochet; and knotted and lifted as well as ordinary guipure, Greek and Spanish, and also Jesuit lace[1234] has been produced with the crochet-needle in Clones, which still continues to be the most important centre of the industry. At the Killarney Presentation Convent at Newton Barry,[1235] and Cappoquin, drawn linen work in the style of {446}the Italian reticella, and at Parsonstown pillow laces of the same character as Honiton are made. In Ardee, a novel lace is made with braid and cord.[1236] The rose point lace is often called "Innishmacsaint" from the village in the county of Fermanagh where the industry was transplanted on the death of the Rev. W. Maclean, of Tynan, by his daughter, who went to live with her sister, Mrs. George Tottenham, the wife of the rector. What was Tynan's misfortune proved a boon to Innishmacsaint, and it became the chief centre of the Irish rose point industry. Both the heavier and finer kinds are made there. As at Tynan, the art of making the lace has been learnt by the unravelling and close examination of Venetian point. As in English work, some of the Irish is spoilt by the woolly cotton thread. Foreign lace likewise in these days suffers from the same fault. The workmanship at the present time can be so good that every effort ought to be made to use only fine silky linen thread. In Ireland, where flax can be grown, there should be no excuse for employing any other. PLATE XCIII. [Illustration: IRISH. CROCHET LACE.--End of nineteenth century. Width of cuff, 5 in.; length of plastron, 12 in. Victoria and Albert Museum.] _To face page 446._ {447}CHAPTER XXXVI. BOBBIN NET AND MACHINE-MADE LACE. [Illustration: Fig. 162. ARMS OF THE FRAME-WORK KNITTERS' COMPANY.] BOBBIN NET. A sketch of the history of lace would be incomplete without a few words on bobbin net and machine lace, manufactures which have risen to so much importance both in England and France, and have placed lace within the reach of all classes of society. The subject has been so ably treated by Mr. Felkin that we refer our readers to his excellent work for its full history.[1237] This manufacture has its epochs:-- 1768. Net first made by machinery. 1809. Invention of bobbin net. 1837. The Jacquard system applied to the bobbin net machine. It has been already told how Barbara Uttmann made a plain thread net in Germany three centuries before any attempt was made to produce it by machinery.[1238] This invention is usually assigned to Hammond, a stocking framework knitter of Nottingham, who, examining one day the broad lace on his wife's cap, thought he could {448}apply his machine to the production of a similar article.[1239] His attempt so far succeeded that, by means of the stocking-frame invented the previous century,[1240] he produced, 1768, not lace, but a kind of knitting, of running loops or stitches, like that afterwards known as "Brussels ground." In 1777, Else and Harvey introduced at Nottingham the "pin" or point net machine, so named because made on sharp pins or points. "Point net" was afterwards improved, and the "barleycorn" introduced: "square" and "spider net" appear in succession. But with all these improvements machinery had not yet arrived at producing a solid net, it was still only knitting, a single thread passing from one end of the frame to the other; and if a thread broke the work was unravelled; the threads, therefore, required to be gummed together, to give stiffness and solidity to the net. To remedy this evil, the warp or chain machine was invented, uniting the knitter's and the weaver's mechanism. Vandyke,[1241] a Flemish workman, and three Englishmen dispute the invention. This new machine was again improved and made "Mechlin net," from which the machine took its name. For forty years from Hammond's first attempt on the stocking-frame, endless efforts were made to arrive at imitating the ground of pillow lace, and there are few manufactures in which so much capital has been expended, and so much invention called forth. Each projector fancied {449}he had discovered the true stitch, and patents after patents were taken out, resulting mostly in disappointment. The machine for making "bobbin" net was invented by John Heathcoat, son of a farmer at Longwhatton (Leicestershire). After serving his apprenticeship he settled at Nottingham, and while occupied in putting together stocking and net machines, gave his attention to improving the Mechlin net frame.[1242] In 1809, in conjunction with Mr. Lacy, he took out a patent for fourteen years for his new and highly ingenious bobbin net machine, which he called Old Loughborough, after the town to which he then removed. "Bobbin net" was so named because the threads are wound upon bobbins.[1243] It was "twisted" instead of "looped" net. Heathcoat began by making net little more than an inch in width,[1244] and afterwards succeeded in producing it a yard wide. There are now machines which make it three yards and a half in width.[1245] In 1811 that vandal association called the Luddites[1246] entered his manufactory and destroyed twenty-seven of his machines, of the value of £8,000. Indignant at their conduct he removed to Tiverton,[1247] in Devonshire. {450}In 1818 the first power machines were put to work, and the year 1823 is memorable for the "bobbin net fever." Mr. Heathcoat's patent having expired, all Nottingham went mad. Everyone wished to make bobbin net. Numerous individuals, clergymen, lawyers, doctors, and others, readily embarked capital in so tempting a speculation. Prices fell in proportion as production increased; but the demand was immense, and the Nottingham lace frame became the organ of general supply, rivalling and supplanting in plain nets the most finished productions of France and the Netherlands.[1248] Dr. Ure says: "It was no uncommon thing for an artisan to leave his usual calling and betake himself to a lace frame, of which he was part proprietor, and realize, by working upon it, twenty, thirty, nay, even forty shillings a day. In consequence of such wonderful gains, Nottingham, with Loughborough and the adjoining villages, became the scene of an epidemic mania. Many, though nearly void of mechanical genius or the constructive talent, tormented themselves night and day with projects of bobbins, pushers, lockers, point-bars, and needles of every various form, till their minds got permanently bewildered. Several lost their senses altogether, and some, after cherishing visions of wealth as in the olden time of alchemy, finding their schemes abortive, sank into despair and committed suicide." Such is the history of the bobbin net[1249] invention in England.[1250] {451}We now pass on to FRANCE. "To the great trading nation, to the great manufacturing nation, no progress which any portion of the human race can make in knowledge, in taste for the conveniences of life, or in the wealth by which these conveniences are produced, can be matter of indifference."--Macaulay. Since the failure[1251] of Lee, in 1610, to introduce the stocking-frame into France, that country remained ignorant of a manufacture which was daily progressing in England, on whom she was dependent for stockings and for net. In 1778 Caillen attempted a kind of net "tricot dentelle," for which he obtained a gratuity from the Academy of £40, but his method did not succeed; it was, like the first efforts of our countrymen, only knitting. In 1784 Louis XVI. sent the Duke de Liancourt to England to study the improvements in the stocking and net machinery, and to bring back a frame. He was accompanied by Rhumbolt, who worked in a manufactory at Nottingham, and having acquired the art, returned to France. Monarchy had fallen, but the French Republic, 1793-4, granted Rhumbolt the sum of 110,000 francs (£4,400). The machine he brought with him was the point net.[1252] The cessation of all commercial intercourse prevented France from keeping pace with the improvements making in England; yet, singularly enough, at the beginning of the nineteenth century more net was manufactured in France than in England. At the time of the Peace of Amiens (1802) there were 2,000 frames in Lyons and Nîmes, while there were scarcely 1,200 in England; but the superiority of the English net was incontestable, so, to protect the national manufacture, Napoleon prohibited the importation. This of course increased its demand; the net was in request in proportion as it was prohibited. The best mart for Nottingham was the French market, so the Nottingham net trade took every means to pass their produce into France. {452}Hayne, one of the proprietors of the "barley-corn" net, had gone to Paris to make arrangements for smuggling it over, when the war broke out, and he was detained. Napoleon proposed that he should set up a machine in France; but he preferred continuing his illicit trade, which he carried on with great success until 1809, when his own agent informed against him, his goods were seized and burned, and having in one seizure lost £60,000 (1,500,000 fr.), he was completely ruined, and fled to England.[1253] The French manufacturers took out various patents for the improvement of their "Mechlin" machines, and one was taken, in 1809, for making a crossed net called "fond de glace"; but the same year Heathcoat producing the bobbin net machine, the inventors could not sustain the competition. Every attempt was made to get over bobbin net machines; but the export of English machinery was punished by transportation, and the Nottingham manufacturers established at their own expense a line of surveillance to prevent the bobbin net machines from going out. In spite of all these precautions, Cutts, an old workman of Heathcoat's, contrived to elude their vigilance, and, in 1815, to import a machine to Valenciennes, whence he removed it to Douai, where he entered into partnership with M. Thomassin. In 1816 they produced the first bobbin net dress made in France. It was embroidered by hand by a workwoman of Douai, and presented by the makers to the Duchesse d'Angoulême. About the end of the year 1816 James Clark introduced a machine into Calais, which he passed in pieces by means of some French sailors. These two were the first bobbin net machines set up in France. It is not within our limits to follow the Calais lace manufacturers through their progress; suffice it to say that it was in 1817 that the first bobbin net machine worked, concealed from all eyes, at Saint-Pierre-lez-Calais, now, if not the rival of Nottingham, at least the great {453}centre of the bobbin net and machinery lace manufactures in France.[1254] St. Quentin, Douai, Cambrai, Rouen, Caen, have all in turn been the seats of the tulle manufacture. Some of these fabrics are extinct; the others have a very limited trade compared with Saint-Pierre and Lyons. At Lyons silk net is mostly made.[1255] Dating from 1791, various patents have been taken out for its manufacture. These silk nets were embroidered at Condrieu (Rhône), and were (the black especially for veils and mantles) much esteemed, particularly in Spain. In 1825 the "tulle bobine grenadine," black and white, was brought out by M. Doguin, who afterwards used the fine silks, and invented that popular material first called "zephyr," since "illusion." His son, in 1838, brought out the "tulle Bruxelles." BELGIUM. In 1834[1256] eight bobbin net machines were set up in Brussels by Mr. Washer, for the purpose of making the double and triple twisted net, upon which the pillow flowers are sewn to produce the Brussels application lace. Mr. Washer devoted himself exclusively to the making of the extra fine mesh, training up workmen specially to this minute work. In a few years he succeeded in excelling the English manufacture; and this net, universally known as "Brussels net," has nearly superseded the expensive pillow ground, and has thereby materially decreased the price of Brussels lace. It is made of English cotton, stated, in the specimens exhibited in 1867, as costing £44 per pound. {454}MACHINERY LACE. "Qui sait si le métier à tulle ne sera pas un jour, en quelque sorte, un vrai coussin de dentellière, et les bobines de véritables fuseaux manoeuvrés par des mains mécaniques."--Aubry, in 1851. If England boasts the invention of bobbin net, to France must be assigned the application of the Jacquard system to the net-frame, and consequently the invention of machinery lace. Shawls and large pieces in "run lace," as it is termed, had previously been made after this manner at Nottingham and Derby. The pattern proposed to be "run in" is printed by means of engraved wood blocks on the ground, which, if white, is of cotton; if black, of silk. The ground is stretched on a frame; the "lace-runner" places her left hand under the net, and with the right works the pattern. The filling up of the interior is termed either "fining" or "open-working," as the original meshes of the net are brought to a smaller or larger size by the needle.[1257] In 1820 Symes, of Nottingham, invented a pattern which he called "Grecian" net. This was followed by the "spot," or "point d'esprit," and various other fancy nets--bullet-hole, tattings, and others. The Jacquard system had been used at Lyons with the Mechlin frame in 1823-4 for making patterned net and embroidered blondes. This suggested the possibility of applying the Jacquard cards to making lace, and in 1836 to 1838 Mr. Ferguson,[1258] by applying it to the circular bobbin net frame, brought out the black silk net called "dentelle de Cambrai," an imitation of Chantilly. The pattern was woven by the machine, the brodé or relief "run in." Various patents[1259] were immediately taken out in England and France. Nottingham and Saint-Pierre-lez-Calais rival {455}each other in the variety of their productions. At the International Exhibition of 1867 Nottingham exhibited Spanish laces, most faithful copies of the costly pillow-made Barcelona; imitations of Mechlin, the brodé and picot executed by hand; Brussels needle-point; Caen blondes, and Valenciennes rivalling those of Calais; also Cluny and the black laces of Chantilly and Mirecourt. The French, by adopting what is technically termed eight "motives," produce their lace of a finer make and more complex pattern. The Calais lace is an admirable copy of the square-grounded Valenciennes, and is the staple trade of the manufacture. Calais also produces blondes, black and white, silver and gold, the white nearly approaching in brilliancy and whiteness the famed productions of Caen, which, by their cheapness, they have expelled from competition. She also imitates the woollen laces of Le Puy, together with black and white laces innumerable. "Broadly speaking, lace-making by machinery is more nearly like the pillow lace-making process than that of needle-point. The machine continues to twist any desired threads around one another. In pillow lace-making, besides twisting, we have plaiting, and this plaiting has not been reproduced by the majority of lace machines. Quite recently, however, a French machine, called the 'Dentellière,' has been invented to do the plaiting. A description of this machine has been published in _La Nature_ (March 3rd, 1881). "Whilst the ordinary lace-making machine belongs to the family of weaving machines, the Dentellière more nearly resembles the pillow of a lace-worker with the threads arranged over the pillow. In general appearance it looks something like a large semicircular frame-work of iron--with thousands of threads from the outer semicircle converging to the centre, representing the table or pillow. Over this central table is the apparatus which holds the end threads side by side, and which regulates the plaiting of them. The cost of producing lace in this manner is said to be greater at present than by hand."[1260] {456}Almost every description of lace is now fabricated by machinery;[1261] and it is often no easy task, even for a practised eye, to detect the difference. Still, we must ever be of opinion that the most finished productions of the frame never possess the touch, the finish, or the beauty of the laces made by hand. The invention of machine-made lace has this peculiarity--it has not diminished the demand for the finer fabrics of the pillow and the needle. On the contrary, the rich have sought more eagerly than ever the exquisite works of Brussels and Alençon, since machinery has brought the wearing of lace within the reach of all classes of society. [Illustration: Fig. 163. THE LAGETTA, OR LACE-BARK TREE.] The inner bark of the Lagetta, or Lace-bark tree[1262] of Jamaica, may be separated into thin layers, and then into distinct meshes, bearing some resemblance to lace (Fig. 163). Of this material a cravat and ruffles were presented to King Charles II. by the Governor of Jamaica; and at the Exhibition of 1851 a dress of the same fibre was presented to Queen Victoria, which her Majesty was graciously pleased to accept. {457}Caterpillars have been made to spin lace veils by the ingenious contrivance of a gentleman of Munich.[1263] These veils are not strong, but surprisingly light--one, a yard square, would scarcely weigh five grains, whilst a patent net veil of the same size weighs 262. Asbestos has also been woven into lace: and a specimen of this mineral lace is, we have been told, in the Cabinet of Natural History at the Garden of Plants, Paris. {459}APPENDIX. _The Notes marked with an * show that the works referred to have been examined by the Author._[1264] 1. [Sidenote: 1527. _Cologne. P. Quentell._] Eyn new kunstlich boich, dair yn. C. vnd. xxxviij. figuren, monster ad' stalen befonden, wie man na der rechter art, Lauffer werck, Spansche stich, mit der nälen, vort vp der Ramen, vnd vp der laden, borden wirckenn sall, wilche stalen all etzo samen verbessert synt, vnd vyl kunstlicher gemacht, d[=a] dye eirsten, &c. Sere nutzlich allen wapen sticker, frauwen, ionfferen, vnd met ger, dair uns solch kunst lichtlich tzu leren. D Gedruckt tzu Collen vp dem Doemhoff dwrch Peter Quentell. Anno. M. D. XXXVJJ.[1265] Small 8vo, 22 ff., 42 plates. Title in Gothic letters; beneath, woodcuts representing women at work. On the back of the leaf, a large escutcheon, the three crowns of Cologne in chief; supporters, a lion and a griffin. Below, "O Foelix Colonia. 1527." The patterns consist of mediæval and arabesque borders, alphabets, etc., some on white, others on black grounds. Some with counted stitches. Quentell refers to a previous edition. Brunet and the Marquis d'Adda mention a copy, 1529, with the portrait of Charles V., and a second edition 1532. 2. [Sidenote: 1527. _Cologne. P. Quinty._] Liure noveau et subtil touchant lart et sci[=e]ce tant de brouderie fronssures, tapisseries c[=o]me aultres mestiers qu[=o] fait alesguille, soit au petit mestier, aultelisse ou sur toille clere, tresvtile et necessaire a toutes, gens usans des mestiers et ars {460}dessuld, ou semblables, ou il y ha C. et. xxxviij patrons de diuers ouvraiges faich per art et proportion. En primere a culoge (Cologne) par matrepiere quinty demor[=a]t denpre leglie de iii roies.[1266] The same cut as the preceding, with the arms of Cologne, which seems to have been engraved for a great Bible printed by Quentell, in 1527, and is no guide for the date. Figs. 164, 165. [Illustration: Fig. 164. METRE P. QUINTY.--Cologne, 1527.] [Illustration: Fig. 165. METRE P. QUINTY.--Cologne, 1527.] 3. [Sidenote: 1530. _Venice. A. Taglienti_] Opera nuova che insegna a le D[=o]ne a cuscire: a racc[=a]mare: e a disegnar a ciascuno: Et la ditta opera sara di grande utilita ad ogni artista: per esser il disegno ad ogniuno necessario: la qual e ititolata esempio di rac[=a]mi.[1267] 4to, 23 ff., 36 plates. Title in red Gothic letters; beneath four woodcuts representing women at work. Two pages of dedication to the ladies, by Giovanni Antonio Taglienti, in which he says his book is for the instruction of each "valorosa donna & tutte altre donzelle, con gli huomini insieme & fanciulli, liquali si dilettarano de imparar a disegnar, cuscir, & raccammar." {461}Then follows a most miscellaneous collection of what he terms, in his dedication, "fregi, frisi, tondi maravigliosi, groppi moreschi et arabeschi, ucelli volanti, fiori, lettere antique, maiuscoli, & le francesche," etc., three pages very much like the pictures in a child's spelling book, rounds (tondi) for cushions, and two pages representing hearts and scrolls; hearts transfixed, one with an arrow, another with a sword, a third torn open by two hands, motto on the scroll:-- "La virtù, al huomo sempre li resta Nè morte nol pò privar di questa." On the other page hearts transfixed by two arrows, with two eyes above: "Occhi piangete accompagnete il core. Inclita virtus." Then follow six pages of instructions, from which we learn the various stitches in which these wonderful patterns may be executed, "damaschino, rilevato, a filo, sopra punto, ingaseato, Ciprioto, croceato, pugliese, scritto, incroceato, in aere, fatto su la rate, a magliata, desfilato, & di racammo," to be sewn in various coloured silks, gold and silver thread, or black silk, for "collari di huomo & di donna, camisciole con pettorali, frisi di contorni di letti, entemelle di cuscini, frisi di alcun boccassino, & scufie," etc. On the last page, "Stampa in Vineggia per Giovan Antonio Tagliente & i Fratelli de Sabbio. 1530." Brunet gives an edition dated 1528. 4. [Sidenote: 1530. _Paris F. Pelegrin._] La fleur de la science de pourtraicture et patrons de broderie. Facon arabicque, et ytalique. Cum priviligio regis. Frontispiece. Title in Gothic letters. A large figure of Sol (?), with a yoke, his feet chained, a ball, maybe the Earth, at the end of the chain. In one hand he holds a scroll with the legend, "Exitus acta probat." Privilege of "Francoys par la grace de Dieu roy de France," to "Francisque pelegrin de Florence," to publish "ung livre de fueillages, entrelatz et ouvraiges moresques, et Damasquins," for six years. "D[=o]ne a bordeaulx le xvii. jour de Juing. L'an de grace mil cinq cens tr[=e]te Et de nostre regne le seiziesme." Ce present livre a este imprime a paris par jaques nyverd. Le iv. jour daoust. Lan de grace mil cinq c[=e]s xxx. Pour noble h[=o]me messire Francisque Pelegrin de florence. On les vend a paris En la grant rue sainct Anthoyne devant les tournelles. Au logis de monseigneur le comte de Carpes. Par messire Fr[=a]cisque pelegrin de florence.[1268] Small fol., 62 ff., 58 plates, consisting of graceful moresque patterns, no animals or natural objects represented. At plate 33, surrounded by arabesques, is an N, the initial of the printer. 5. [Sidenote: 1529. _Venice. N. Zoppino._] Esemplario di lavori: dove le tenere fanciulle & altre donne nobile potranno facilment imparare il modo & ordine di lavorare, cusire, racamare, & finalmente far tutte quelle gentillezze & lodevoli opere, le quali pò fare una donna virtuosa con laco in {462}mano, con li suoi compasse & misure. Vinezia, per Nicolo D'Aristotile detto Zoppino MDXXIX. 8vo.[1269] 46 plates. The Cav^{re} Merli quotes another edition, date 1530, in the possession of the Avvocato Francesco Pianesani, and another he believes of 1529. 6. [Sidenote: 1532. _Venice. N. Zoppino._] Convivio delle belle Donne, dove con li. Nuovi raccami, &c. In fine: Finisce il convivio delle, &c. Nuovamente stampato in Vinegia, per Nicolo d'Aristotile, detto Zoppino del mese d'Agosto. MDXXXII. In 4to, ff. 24.[1270] 7. [Sidenote: 1537. _Venice. N. Zoppino._] Gli universali de i belli Recami antichi, et moderni, ne i quali un pellegrino ingegno, si di huomo come di donna potra in questa nostra eta con l'ago vertuosamente esercitar si. Non ancora da alcuni dati altri inluce. Frontispiece, two ladies at work; dedication to "gli virtuosi Giovani et gentilissime Fanciulle." At the end styles himself "Nicolo d'Aristotile detto Zoppino." March, 1537. In 4to, ff. 25, printed on both sides.[1271] 8. [Sidenote: 1534. _Augsburg. Schartzemberger._] Ain New Formbüchlin bin ich gnandt Allen Künstlern noch unbekandt Sih mich (lieber kauffer) recht an, Findst drefftlich in diser kunff stan Sch[=o]n gschnierlet, geböglet, auf gladt, Und gold, auch sch[=o]n von premen stadt, Es gibt dir ain prem unb ain kledyt. Wenn mans recht aussainander schneydt, Das kanst schneyden auss der Ellen, Von Samat, Seyden, wie manss wolle, Ich mag braucht wern in allem landt, Wen man mich ers[=u]cht mit verstandt. (At the end.) Gedruckt in der Kaiserlichen Riechstatt, Augspurg, durch Johan Schartzemberger. Fomschneyder. 1534.[1272] Small obl., 20 ff., 38 plates. Frontispiece. Title in black Gothic letters, at the foot three subjects of women at work, printed in red. The patterns, consisting of graceful arabesque borders, are also in red (Figs. 166, 167, 168). [Illustration: Fig. 166. PATTERN BOOK.--Augsburg, 1534.] [Illustration: Fig. 167. PATTERN BOOK.--Augsburg, 1534.] _To face page 462._ {463}[Illustration: Fig. 168. AUGSBURG. 1534.] 9. [Sidenote: _N. D. Antwerp. W. Vorsterman._] A neawe treatys: as c[=o]cernynge the excellency of the nedle worcke spânisshe stitche and weavynge in the frame, very necessary to al theym wiche desyre the perfect knowledge of seamstry, quiltinge and brodry worke, côteinynge an cxxxviij figures or tables, so playnli made & set tout in portrature, the whiche is difficyll; and natôly for crafts m[=e] but also for gentlewem[=e] & and iôge damosels that therein may obtayne greater conynge delyte and pleasure. These books be to sell at Andwarp in the golden Unycorne at Will[=m] Vorstermans. Gheprent tot Antwerpen in die camerstrate in den gulden eenhoren bey Willem Vorsterman.[1273] 8vo, 24 ff., 46 plates. Title in Gothic letters, with figures. P. 1, dorso: Woodcut of a woman at work and a man sitting by her side. Patterns mediæval, small black squares, arabesques, etc. Vorsterman worked from 1514 to 1542.[1274] 10. [Sidenote: 1542. _Venice._] Giardinetto novo di punti tagliati et gropposi, per exercitio et ornamento delle donne. Ven. 1542, in 4to.[1275] {464}11. [Sidenote: 1543. _Venice._] Esemplare che insegna alle donne el modo di cucire. Venetia, 1543.[1276] 12. [Sidenote: 1544. _Venice._] Il Specchio di pensiere (_sic_), delle belle donne dove si vede varie sorti di punti, cioè, punti tagliati, gropposi, &c. Venetia, 1544. In 4to.[1277] 13. [Sidenote: 1544. _Venice._] Ornamento delle belle donne et virtuose: Opere in cui troverai varie sorti di frisi con li quali si potra ornar ciascun donna. Ven. 1544.[1278] 14. [Sidenote: 1546. _Paris. Gormont._] Le livre de moresques, tres utile et necessaire à tous orfevres, tailleurs, graveurs, painctres, tapissiers, brodeurs, lingieres et femmes qui besongnent de l'aiguille. Paris. Gormont, 1546. Fig. en bois.[1279] 15. [Sidenote: 1549. _Lyon. P. de Ste. Lucie._] La fleur des patrons de lingerie, a deux endroitz, a point croise, a point couche, et a point picque, en fil dor, fil darg[=e]t, & fil de soye, ou aultre en quelque ouvraige que ce soit, en comprenant lart de broderie et tissuterie. Imprimees a Lyon, en la maison de Pierre de saincte Lucie (dict le Prince, Pres nostre Dame de Confort).[1280] (At the end.) Imprimé à Lyon par Piarre de saincte Lucie, dict le Prince. 1549. 8vo, 12 ff., 21 plates. Frontispiece. Title in Gothic letters, with woodcuts representing people at work. Below, two women sitting at frames; above, two others; and between, a man with a frame in his hand. On each side a shield, one with crowned heart, on the other a lion, three fleurs de lys in chief. Patterns mediæval. At the end, the device of the printer, a mountain, on the top of which is a city against which a youth is placing his hand: motto, "Spero." At the foot of the mountain a cavern in which is seated a Fury. This device is engraved No. 616 in Silvestre, who gives 1530 to 1555 as the date of Pierre de Saincte Lucie. {465}16. [Sidenote: _N. D. Lyon. P. de Ste. Lucie._] Livre nouveau, dict patrons de lingerie, cest assavoir a deux endroitz, a point croise, point couche & point picque, en fil dor, dargent, de soye & autres, en quelque ouvrage que ce soit: comprenant lart de Broderie & Tissoterie. Imprimees a Lyon, chez Pierre de Saincte Lucie, pres nostre Dame de Confort.[1281] 8vo, 24 ff., 44 plates. Frontispiece. Title in Gothic letters; the same shields as the preceding; two women at work. Patterns mediæval. At the end the same device. The copy of the Arsenal is a different impression. Instead of "Imprimees," &c, we have, "On les vend," etc. 17. [Sidenote: _N. D. Lyon. P. de Ste. Lucia._] Patrons de diverses manieres Inventez tressubtilement Duysans a Brodeurs et Lingieres Et a ceusy lesquelz vrayement Veullent par bon entendement User Dantique, et Roboesque, Frize et Moderne proprement, En comprenant aussi Moresque. A tous massons, menuisiers, & verriers Feront prouffit ces pourtraictz largement Aux orpheures, et gentilz tapissiers A ieunes gens aussi semblablement Oublier point ne veuly auscunement C[=o]trepointiers & les tailleurs dymages Et tissotiers lesquelz pareillement Par ces patrons acquerront heritages. Imprimees a Lyon, par Pierre de Saincte Lucie, dict le Prince, pres nostre Dame de Confort.[1282] 8vo, 16 ff., 31 plates. Title in Gothic letters. Patterns mediæval. The copy at the Arsenal is a later impression. "On les vend a Lyon, par Pierre de saincte Lucie, en la maison du deffunct Prince, pres," etc. It has only 12 ff., and 23 plates. 18. [Sidenote: _N. D. Lyon. Le Prince._] Sensuyuent lis patrons de messire Antoine Belin, Reclus de sainct Martial de Lyon. Item plusieurs autres beaulx Patrons nouveaulx, qui out este inventez par Jeban Mayol Carme de Lyon. On les vend à Lyon, chez le Prince.[1283] {466}Small 8vo, 6 ff., 85 plates. Copy at the Arsenal has 12 ff. The same device of the printer in the frontispiece and at the end of the book. "Finis." One of the patterns represents St. Margaret holding the cross to a dragon, but in these four books the designs are copied from each other, and are many of them repetitions of Quinty. 19. [Sidenote: _N. D. Lyon. D. Celle._] Ce livre est plaisant et utile A gens qui besongnent de leguille Pour comprendre legèrement Damoyselle bourgoyse ou fille Femmes qui out l'esperit agille Ne scauroint faillir nullement Corrige est nouvellement Dung ho[=n]este ho[=m]e par bon zelle Son nom est Dominicque Celle Qui a tous lecteurs shumylie Domicille a en Italie. En Thoulouse a prins sa naissance. Mise il a son intelligence A lamender subtillement Taillé il est totallement Par Jehan coste de rue merciere A Lyon et consequemment Quatre vingtz fassons a vrayement Tous de differente maniere.[1284] 28 ff., 27 plates. Title in Gothic letters. Dedication to the Reader, in which it states the book is for the profit of "tant hommes que femmes." Patterns mediæval. At the end of the Preface, "Finis coronat opus." 20. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice. G. A. Vavassore._] Esemplario di lavori: che insegna alle d[=o]ne il modo e ordine di lavorare: cusire: e racámare: e finalm[=e]te far tutte [=q]lle opere degne di memoria: lequale po fare una donna virtuosa con laco in mano. Et uno documento che insegna al c[=o]pratore accio sia ben servito.[1285] In 8vo, 25 ff., printed on both sides, 48 plates. Title in red Gothic characters, framed round by six woodcuts similar to that of Vorsterman; at the foot, "fiorio Vavasore fecit." Then follows the "Documento per el compratore," and an Address to Ladies and Readers, by "Giovandrea Vavassore detto Guadagnino," saying that he had already "fatti alcuni libri di esempli di diverse sorte." There is no date to this copy; but in the library of Prince Messimo, at Rome, is a copy dated Venice, 18 Feb., 1546, containing 50 plates; and Brunet quotes an edition, "Stampato in Vinezia, 1556;" Cav. Merli also possesses an edition of the same date. Mr. E. Arnold has also a copy with the same date. The patterns are mediæval, on black grounds, with counted stitches, a large flower pot, mermaid, Paschal lamb, and a double plate representing Orpheus playing to the beasts. {467}21. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice. G. A. Vavassore._] Essemplario novo di pin di cento variate mostre di qualunque orte bellissime per cusire intitolato Fontana di gli essempli. Oblong 8vo. No date. 16 ff., 28 plates. In the frontispiece is a fountain with the motto, "Solicitudo est mater divitiarum," and on each side of the fountain-- "Donne donzelle ch Per farvi eterne alla. El cusir seguite Fonte venite." On the back of the frontispiece is the Dedication, headed, "Il Pelliciolo alla molta magnifica Madona Chiara Lipomana;" the page finished by a sonnet; in the last leaf, "Avviso alle virtuose donne et a qualunque lettore Giovanni Andrea Vavassore detto Guadagnino." Says he has "negli tempi passati fatto imprimere molto e varie sorte d'essemplari di mostre," etc. At the foot, "Nuovamente stampato."[1286] This work is also described by Count Cicognara with the same title, only with the date 1550. In the Bibliotheca Communitativa, Bologna, is a copy of the same date. In this last edition the author writes his name Valvassore. 22. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice. G. A. Vavassore._] Vavassore Gio. Andrea. Opera nova Universal intitulata corona di ricammi; Dove le venerande donne e fanciulle: trovera[=n]o di varie opere [per] fare colari di camisiola & torni[=a][=e]nti di letti [=e]ternelle di cuscini boccasini schufioni: cordlli di piu sorte; et molte opere per rec[=a]matori [per] dipitore poreuesi: (_sic_) de lequale opere o vero esempli ciascuno le potra pore in opera sec[=o]do el suo bisogno: con gratia novamente stampata ne la inclita citta di vineggia per Giovanni Andrea Vavassore detto Guadagni[=o]. 36 pp., sm. 4to. 13 ff., 52 designs, none of which are repetitions of the preceding.[1287] 23. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice. G. A. Vavassore._] Vavassore Gio. Andrea detto Guadagnino. Opera nova, etc. ... dove le venerande donne et fanciulle trovaranno di varie opere et molte opere per recamatori et per dipintori; etc. Nuovamente stampata, etc.[1288] Quite a different collection from the preceding. A little of everything in this volume. Zoan Andrea Vavassore was the pupil in drawing and engraving of Andrea Mantegna. Towards the beginning of the sixteenth century, he worked on his own account, and his engravings are much sought after. So greedy was he of gain as to obtain for him the name of Guadigno, in Venetian patois, "covetous." He lived to a great age. {468}24. [Sidenote: _N. D. A. Paganino._] Libro questo di rechami per el quale se impara in diversi modi l'ordine e il modo de recamare, cosa non mai più fatta n' è stata mostrata. By Alessandro Paganino.[1289] 20 plates, with a long explanation how these works are done. (Communicated by Prince Massimo.) 25. [Sidenote: _N. D. Paris Vve. Ruelle._] Patrons pour Brodeurs, Lingieres, Massons, Verriers, et autres gens d'esprit. A Paris. Pour la Veuve Jean Ruelle, rue S. Jacques, à l'enseigne Sainct Nicolas.[1290] 4to, 23 ff., 32 plates of mediæval designs. Ornamented title-page. 26. [Sidenote: 1548. _Venice. M. Pagan._] Il specchio di pensieri delle belle et virtudiose donne, dove si vede varie sorti di Punti, cioè punti tagliati, punti gropposi, punti in rede, et punti in Stuora. MDXLVIII. Stamp. in Venetia, per Mathio Pagan in frezzaria, in le case nove Tien per insegna la fede.[1291] 16 ff. 27. [Sidenote: 1551. _Venice. M. Pagan._] 1. L'honesto Essempio del vertuoso desiderio che hanno le donne di nobile ingegno circa lo imparare i punti tagliati e fogliami. In Venetia per Mathio Pagan in Frezaria al segno della Fedo, M.D.L.[1292] In the V. and A. Museum is a copy dated 1550. 28. [Sidenote: 1551. _Venice. M. Pagan._] Giardineto novo di Punti tagliati et gropposi, per esurcitio et ornamento delle donne. At the end, Venetia, Mathio Pagan in Frezzaria, in le case nove (tien per insegna della Fede) MDLI. Dedication, Alla signora Lucretia, Romana Mathio Pagan, salute.[1293] See also No. 38. 29. [Sidenote: 1554. _Dubois._] Variarum protractionum quas vulgo Maurusias vocant omnium antehac excusarum libellus longe copiasissimus pictoribus, aurifabris, polymilariis, barbaricariis variisque id genus {469}artificibus etiam acu operantibus utilissimus nuncque primen in lucem editus anno 1554. Balthazar Sylvius (Dubois) fecit. Jo. Theodoret, Jo. Israel de Bry excud.[1294] In 4to, ff. 23, copperplate. 30. [Sidenote: 1555. _Padua. Fra Hieronimo._] Triompho di Lavori a Fogliami de i quali si puo far ponti in aere; opera d' Fra Hieronimo da Cividal di Frioli, de l'Ordine de i Servi di Osservantia. Cum gratia et privileggio per anni xi.[1295] Obl. 4to, 14 ff., 22 pl. Ornamental title-page. On the top, a female seated in a triumphal car drawn by unicorns, with attendants. On each side of the title are women teaching children to work. P. 1, dorso. Dedication of the author, "Alla Magnifica & Illustre Signora Isabella Contessa Canossa," whose "Immortal Triompho" is represented in the above woodcut. Fra Hieronimo speaks of preparing "più alte e divine imprese." Then follow three pages of verses in terzette, and p. 3, dorso, the impresa of the printer, a lion rampant, holding a sword in his fore paws. Below, "In Padou per Jacobo Fabriano, ad instantia de Fra Hieronimo da Cividal di Frioli: de l'Ordine de i Servi di Osservantia 1555." 31. [Sidenote: 1556. _Venice. Torello._] Lucidario di ricami di Guiseppe Torello. Venezia, 1556. In 4to. 32. [Sidenote: 1556. _Strasburg. H. Hoffman._] New Modelbüch, allen Nägerin, unnd Sydenstickern sehr nutzlich zü branchë, vor nye in Druck aussgangen durch Hans Hoffman, Burger und formschneider zu Strassburg. At the end, Zu Strassburg Gedruckt am Kommarckt durch Jacob Frölich. 1556. 4to.[1296] 4to. A to G in fours. (28 leaves.) Title printed in red and black. On it a woodcut of two women, one engaged in embroidery, the other fringing her some stuff. The last leaf (Giiii.) has on the recto a woodcut of a woman at a frame, the verso blank. 33. [Sidenote: _N. D. Zurich. C. Froschover._] Nüw Modelbüch, allerley gattungen Däntelschnür, so diser zyt in hoch Tütschlanden geng und brüchig sind, zu underricht jren Leertöchteren unnd allen anderen schurwirckeren zu Zurych {470}und wo die sind, yetz nüwlich zübereit, und erstmals in truch verfergket durch R. M.[1297] No place or date, but as appears, both from the title and preface, to be printed at Zurich, by Christopher Froschover. The date probably from 1530 to 1540. 4to. Signatures A to F in fours. 24 leaves. On the title a woodcut of two women working at lace pillows. 34. [Sidenote: _N. D. Frankfort._] Modelbüch Welscher, Ober und Niderlandischer Arbait. Getruckt zü Franckfort. No date, but probably at least as early as 1530. 4to. Signatures A to D in fours. 20 leaves. Title enclosed in an elegant woodcut border. 35. [Sidenote: 1537. _Frankfort. C. Egenolffs._] Modelbüch, von erhabener unnd flacher Arbait, Auff der Ramen, Laden, und nach der Zale. Getruckt zu Franckfort, Bei Christian Egenolffs, Erben. The date, 1537, occurs on one of the patterns. 4to. AA to HH in fours. 32 leaves. Title in a woodcut border. 178 patterns. 36. [Sidenote: 1571. _Frankfort on the Mayn. N. Baseus._] New Modelbüch. Von allerhandt Art, Nehens und Stickens, jetzt mit viellerley Welscher Arbeyt, Mödel und Stahlen, allen Steinmetzen, Seidenstickern und Neterin, sehr nützlich und kunstlich, von newem zugericht. Getruckt zu Frankfurt am Mayn, 1571. Device and motto of Nicolas Baseus on title-page. Sm. 4to. (Library V. and A. Museum.) 37. [Sidenote: 1568. _Frankfort on the Mayn. N. Baseus._] Das new Modelbüch, &c. Franckfurt am Mayn, 1568, 4to. Printer, Nicholas Baseus, ff. 40. 38. [Sidenote: 1569. _Frankfort on the Mayn._] Modelbüch; Zweiter Theil: Franckfurt am Mayn, 1569. 4to, ff. 44. Nos. 36 and 37 are cited by the Marquis d'Adda. {471}39. [Sidenote: 1558. _Venice. M. Pagan._] La Gloria et l'honore de ponti tagliati et ponti in aere Venezia per Mathio Pagan in Frezzeria al segno della Fede. 1558.[1298] 16 plates. Dedicated to Vittoria Farnese, Duchess of Urbino. 40. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice._] Il Monte. Opera nova di recami intitolata il monte, nella quale si ritrova varie, & diverse sorti di mostre, di punti in aiere, à fogliami. Dove le belle & virtuose Donne protranno fare ogni sorte di lavoro, accommodate alle vera forma misura & grandezza, che debbono essere ne mai piu per l'adietro da alcuno vedute. Opera non men bella che utile, & necessaria.[1299] Below, the impresa of the printer, an eagle with its young; motto, "Virtute parta sibi non tantum." In Venetia. 4to, 16 ff., 29 plates of bold scroll borders. 41. [Sidenote: 1559. _Venice. G. A. Bindoni._] Il Monte (libro secondo) Opera dove ogni bella donna potrà fare ogni sorte di lavori cioè colari, fazzoletti, maneghetti, avertadure (berthes), &c., in Venetia, 1560.[1300] Printer's mark and motto as No. 39: afterwards the dedication dated 1559, "à Vittoria da Cordova Gio. Ant. Bindoni," in which he states "Ho preso arditamente di presentarvi questo secondo Monte." 4to. ff. 16. 42. [Sidenote: 1558. _Venice._] Bellezze de recami et dessegni opera novo non men bella che utile, e necessaria et non più veduta in luce. Venezia, 1558.[1301] Ob. 4to. 20 plates of patterns. 43. [Sidenote: 1558. _Venice. I. Foresto._] Lo Splendore delle virtuose giovani con varie mostre di fogliami e punti in aere. Venezia. Per Iseppo Foresto in calle dell'acqua a S. Zulian all' insegno del Pellegrino, 1558.[1302] 16 plates. {472}44. [Sidenote: 1559. _Venice._] Trionfo di Virtù Libro novo da cucir, con fogliami, ponti a fili, ponti cruciati, &c. Venezia, 1559.[1303] 16 plates. 45. [Sidenote: _N. D._] Burato. Consisting of four leaves, with patterns of canvas (tela chiara), in squares, for works in "punta" of various widths, with instructions how to increase or diminish the patterns. See CUTWORK. On the back of the last page is printed in large characters, "P. Alex. Pag. (Paganinus). Benacensis F. Bena. V. V."[1304] 46. [Sidenote: _N. D._] Burato ... con nova maestria, gratiose donne, novo artificio vi apporto. A second edition without date. 4to, ff. 59; frontispiece, ladies at work, verso, Triumph of Fame. Four books of designs of great elegance and taste. The Marquis d'Adda assigns them to Vavassore. 47. [Sidenote: _N. D. A. Passerotti._] Passerotti Aurelio Pittore Bolognese dissegnatore e miniatore figlio di Bartolommeo Passerotti circa al 1560. Libro Primo di lavorieri alle molto illustre et virtuosissime gentildonne Bolognesi. Libro secondo alle molto magnifici et virtuosissimi signori.[1305] In fol. obl. 67 ff., including two dedications and a frontispiece. Designs for embroidery, etc., drawn with a pen. In the title-page of the first book is the device of a sunflower, "Non san questi occhi volgere altrove." 48. [Sidenote: 1557. _Venice._] Le Pompe. Opera nova di recami dove trovansi varie mostre di punto in aere. Venezia, 1557.[1306] Probably an earlier impression of the following. 4to, ff. 16. 49. [Sidenote: 1559.] Le Pompe, opera nova nella quale si ritrovano varie, & diverse sorti di mostre, per poter far Cordelle over Bindelle, d' Oro, di Seta, di Filo, overo di altra cosa di Dove le belle et virtuose donne potranno fare ogni sorte di lavoro, cioè merli di diverse sorte, Cavezzi, Colari, Maneghetti, & tutte quelle cose {473}che le piaceranno. Opera non men bella, che utile, & necessaria. E non più veduta in luce. 1559.[1307] Below, the same impresa of the eagle, as in "Il Monte," Nos. 39 and 40. 8vo, 16 ff., 30 plates. A great variety of borders and indented patterns (merli). (Fig. 169.) "Si vendeno alla Libraria della Gatta." [Illustration: Fig. 169. LE POMPE, 1559.] In the Cat. d'Estrées is noted, "Le Pompe, Opera nella quale si retrovano diverse sorti di mostse per poter far cordelle, Bindelle, d'oro di seta, di filo. 1559, fig." Probably the same work. 50. [Sidenote: 1560. _Venice._] Le Pompe, Libro secondo. Opera nuova nella quale si ritrovana varie e diverse sorti di Mostre, per poter fare Cordelle, ovver Bindelle, d'Oro, di Seta, di Filo, ovvero di altra cosa. Dove {474}le belle & virtuose Donne potranno far ogni sorte di lavoro, coèi Merli di diverse sorte, Cavezzi, Colari, Maneghetti & tutte quelle cose che li piaceno. Opera hon men bello che utile & necessaria e non più veduta in luce. Impresa of the printer, "Pegasus," and below, In "Venetia 1560." Obl. 8vo, 16 ff., 29 plates.[1308] Mrs. Stisted's copy is dated 1562, and there is one at Vienna, in the Imperial Library, of the same date. 51. [Sidenote: 1563. _Venice. J. Calepino._] Splendore delle virtuose giovani dove si contengono molte, & varie mostre a fogliami cio è punti in aere, et punti tagliati, bellissimi, & con tale arteficio, che li punti tagliati serveno alli punti in aere. Et da quella ch' è sopragasi far si possono, medesimamente molte altre. In Venetia Appresso Jeronimo Calepino, 1563.[1309] 8vo, 20 ff., 35 plates of scroll patterns in the style of "Il Monte." Dedication "Alla molto honorata M. Anzola ingegniera succera mia digniss." Francesco Calepino, wishing, he says, to "ristampare la presente opera," he dedicates it to her. In Bib. Melzi, Milan, a copy dated 1567. 52. [Sidenote: 1563. _Venice. J. Calepino._] Lucidario di recami, nel qual si contengono molte, & varie sorti di disegni. A punti in aere et punti tagliati, & a fogliami, & con figure & di più altre maniere, come al presente si usano non più venute in luce Per lequali ogni elevato ingegno potrà in diversi modi commodissimamente servirsi. In Venetia, Appresso Ieronimo Calepino, 1563.[1310] 8vo, 16 ff., 29 plates of flowing borders like the preceding. 53. [Sidenote: 1564. _Venice._] I Frutti opera nuova intitulata i frutti de i punti in stuora, a fogliami, nella quale si ritrova varie, et diverse sorti di mostre di ponti in Stuora, a fogliami, & punti in gasii & in punti in Trezola.[1311] Dove ogni bella et virtuosa donna potrà fare ogni sorte di lavoro, cioè fazoletti, colari, maneghetti, Merli, Frisi, Cavezzi, Intimelle, overo forelle, avertadure da camise, & altre sorti di lavori, come piu a pieno potrai vedere, ne mei per l' adietro d' alcun altro fatte & poste in luce. {475}Opera non men bella, che utile et necessaria a ciascuna virtuosa gentildonna. In Vinegia, 1564.[1312] Obl. 8vo, 16 ff., 30 plates of patterns either in dots or small squares. 54. [Sidenote: 1564. _Paris._] Patrons pour brodeurs, lingières, massons, verriers, et autres gens d'esperit; nouvellement imprimé, à Paris, rue Saint-Jacques, à la Queue-de Regnard M.DLXIIII.[1313] 55. [Sidenote: 1564. _Venice. D. de Franceschi._] Fede (Opere nova) intitulata: Dei Recami nella quale si contiene varie diverse sorte di mostre di punti scritto, tagliato, in Stuora, in Rede, &c. In Venetia, appresso Domenico de Franceschi in Frezzaria, all' insegna della Regina. M.DLVIII. In 4to, ff. 16. In his _Avis au Lecteur_, Franceschi alludes to three other works he had published, styled _La Regina_, _La Serena_, and _La Speranza_. 56. [Sidenote: 1564. _Venice. D. de Franceschi._] Serena opera nova di recami, nella quale si ritrova varie et diverse sorte di punti in stuora et punti a filo. In Venetia, Domenico di Franceschi. 1564. Obl. 4to, ff. 16. Nos. 55 and 56 cited by Marquis d'Adda. 57. [Sidenote: 1581. _Lyon. J. Ostans._] Le trésor des patrons, contenant diverses sortes de broderies et lingeries; pour coudre avec grande facilité et pour ouvrer en diverses sortes de piquer avec l'ésguille, pulveriser par dessus et faire ouvrages de toutes sortes de points &ct par Jean Ostans. Lyon, Ben. Rigaud. 1581, in 4-to.[1314] 58. [Sidenote: 1567. _Venice. J. Ostans._] Ostans Giovanni. La vera perfettione del disegno di varie sorti di Recami, et di cucire, &c. ... punti a fogliami punti tagliati punti a fili et rimessi punti in cruciati, punti a stuora, et ogni altra arte che dia opera a disegni. Fatta nuovamente per Gio. Ostans. Vittoria, con gratia et privilegio dell' Illus. {476}Senato Venetiano per anni.[1315] In Venetia appresso Gio. Ostans, 1567. 4to obl., 4 cahiers of 8 ff., 74 plates. Letter of Ostans to Lucretia Contarini; verso, an engraving of Lucretia Romana, surrounded by her women, signed Jose. Sal. (Joseph Salviati), who furnished the design, two sonnets, and Aves. A striking example of the borrowing between France and Italy in the sixteenth century, probably of the school of Fontainebleau. Grotesques like A. du Cerceau, scrolls after E. de Laulne, fresco of figures from G. Tory. Brunet describes a copy dated 1591. 59. [Sidenote: 1584. _Venice. Valvassore's heirs._] Ostans. La vera perfettione del desegno &ct. Venetia M.DLXXXIIII., presso gli heredi Valvassori e Gio. Dom. Micheli al segno dell' Ippogrifo. In 4to obl. (Cited by Marquis d'Adda.) 60. [Sidenote: 1582. _B. Tabin._] Neues Künstlicher, Modelbuch von allerhand artlichen und gerechten Mödeln, &c., bei B. Tabin.[1316] 61. [Sidenote: _Paris._ 1584. _D. de Sera._] Le livre de Lingerie, composé par Maistre Dominique de Sera, Italien, enseignant le noble & gentil art de l'esguille, pour besongner en tous points: utile & profitable à toutes Dames & Damoyselles, pour passer le temps, & euiter oysiveté. Nouvellement augmenté, & enrichi, de plusieurs excelents & divers patrons, tant du point coupé, raiseau, que passement, de l'invention de M. Jean Cousin, Peintre à Paris. A Paris. Chez Hierosme de Marnef, & la veufve de Guillaume Cauellat, au mont S. Hilaire à l'enseigne du Pelican. 1584. Avec privilege du Roy.[1317] In the Cat. d'Estrées; No. 8848, is _Livre de Pourtraicture de Jean Cousin_. Paris, 1637, in 4 fig. 4to, 28 ff., 51 plates of mediæval design. Frontispiece, three women and a child at work, on each side of the title a man and a woman at work under a trifoliated canopy. Privilege for three years to H. de Marnef, "juré libraire en l'Université de Paris." "L'auteur aux lecteurs." He takes his pen to portray what he has seen "en Italie, Espagne, Romanie, Allemagne, & autre païs, dont je ne fais aucune mention à cause de trop longue plexite," that he gives at {477}least eighty designs for the use and singular profit of many, "hommes tant que femmes." Below, "Finis coronat opus." Then follows a "Balade" of 28 lines. On the last page, the impresa of Cavellat, a pelican in its piety, "Mors in me vita in me." 62. [Sidenote: 1596. _G. Frano._] Frano Gio. Libro delle mostre da ceuser per le donne. 16 engravings on wood and 8 on copper. (Cited by Marquis d'Adda.) 63. [Sidenote: _Bologna. A. Parisini._] Danieli Bartholomeo Recamatore libro di diversi disegni per Collari, punti per Fazzoletti et Reticelle divarie sorte. Agostino Parisini forma in Bologna. 15 leaves obl. 8vo, entirely engraved au burin, towards the end of the sixteenth century.[1318] 64. [Sidenote: _N. D._] Ornamento delle belle et virtuose donne opera nova nella quale troverrai varie sorti di frisi, con li quali si potra ornar ciascuna donna, & ogni letti con ponti tagliato, ponti gropposi, & ogni altra sorte di ponti per fare quelle belle opere che si appartengono alle virtuose & lodevoli fanciulle. On a scutcheon, with 3 figures below, "Libro Primo." Lib. Victoria and Albert Museum. 65. [Sidenote: 1587. _Paris. 1st Edit. 1st Part. F. Vinciolo._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts et ouvrages de Lingerie. Servans de patrons à faire toutes sortes de poincts, couppé, Lacis & autres. Dedie a la Royne. Nouvellement inventez, au proffit & c[=o]tentement, des nobles Dames & Damoiselles & autres gentils esprits, amateurs d'un tel art. Par le Seigneur Federic (_sic_) de Vinciolo Venitien. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, ruë Chartiere, au Chef Sainct Denis. 1587. Avec privilege du Roy.[1319] [Sidenote: _2nd Part._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts et ouvrages de Lingerie ou est representé les sept planettes, & plusieurs autres figures & pourtraitz servans de patrons à faire de plusieurs sortes de Lacis. Nouvellement inventez, au proffit & c[=o]tentement des nobles Dames & Damoiselles & autres gentils esprits, amateurs d'un tel art. Par le Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, ruë Chartiere, au Chef Sainct Denis. 1587. Avec privilege du Roi. (At the end.) Privilege for nine years to "Iean le Clerc le ieune, 'tailleur d'histoires,' à Paris," signed 27 June, 1587. "De l'Imprimerie de David le Clerc Rue Frementel à l'Estoille d'Or." {478}4to. The first part consists of 40 ff., 36 of patterns and 4 preliminary pages. P. 1. The title-page with decorated border, in which are two ladies at work. (See Title-page of this work.) P. 2. Dedication of "Le Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo aux Benevolles Lecteurs," in which he sets forth that several authors before him having published certain patterns for work that "les Seigneurs, Dames, & Damoyselles ont eu pour agréable," he, to show "la bonne volonté que je porte à la France, laquelle m'ayant été douce et favorable, depuis certain temps que j'ay quitté Venize, païs de ma nativité," wish to portray the present "pourtraicts d'ouvrages magnifiques tous differ[=e]s, & non encor usitez en cette c[=o]tree ni aultres, & que j'ay tenus cachés & inc[=o]gnus jusques à maintenant," feeling assured that if the first you had seen "on engendré quelque fruit & utilité, ceux cy en aporteront d'avantage," and if I see this my invention pleases you, I will "vous faire participer d'un aultre seconde bande d'ouvrages." P. 3. Dedication "A la Royne," Louise de Vaudemont, by Le Clerc, saying that having received from Italy some rare and singular patterns, and "ouvrages de l'ingerie & en ay[=a]t inv[=e]te quelques uns, selon mon petit sçavoir, j'ay pensé puis que ces choses là appartienent principallement aux Dames," that he cannot do better than present them to the Queen, as if these patterns are useful (as he hears some less perfect and more rudely sketched have served and profited before), they ought to be offered to her Majesty. Signed last day of May, 1587. P. 4. A sonnet. AUX DAMES ET DAMOISELLES. "L'un sefforce à gaigner le coeur des gr[=a]ds seigneurs Pour posséder enfin une exquise richesse, L'autre aspire aux Estats pour monter en altesse, Et l'autre par la guerre alléche les honneurs. Quand à moy, seulement pour chasser mes langueurs, Je me sen satisfait de vivre en petitesse, Et de faire si bien, qu'aux dames je délaisse Un grand contentement en mes graves labeurs. Prenez doncques en gré (mes Dames), je vous prie, Ces pourtrais ouvragez lesquelz je vous dédie, Pour tromper vos ennuis, et l'esprit employer. En ceste nouveauté, pourrés beaucoup apprendre, Et maistresses en fin en cest oeuvre vous rendre. Le travail est plaisant. Si grand est le loyer." "_Morir assidouamente per virtu,_ _Non morirè._" Then follow the 36 patterns set off in white on a black ground, viz., 20 "Ouvrages de point Couppé," the first plate with the double [Greek: ll], according to the fashion introduced by Francis I. of using Greek monograms, standing for Queen Louise. On the second page are two escutcheons, one of France, the other with the letter H for Henry III. Then follow eight "Passemens de point Couppé," which are succeeded by eight more "Ouvrages de point Couppé." Part 2, 24 ff. Same decorated frontispiece and 22 plates of subjects in squares for stitches like the German patterns of the present day. These consist of the Seven Planets, Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Four in squares of various designs; two of Amorini shooting stags and birds; Neptune and the winds; an arabesque with impresa of a column with circle and double triangle; five borders and squares, and {479}two "bordures à carreaux," diamond-shaped meshes. The last page contains the Extract from the Privilege. This is the original edition of Vinciolo, of which we know but one copy existing--that in the Library at Rouen. It was followed the same year by two other editions, with alterations.[1320] 66. [Sidenote: 1587. _2nd Ed. 1st Part. F. Vinciolo._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts pour les ouvrages de Lingerie. Nouvellement augmentez de plusieurs differens pourtraits servans de patrons à faire toutes sortes poincts couppé, Lacis, et autres reseau de poinct conté. Dedié à la Royne. Le tout inventé, au proffit & contentement des nobles Dames & Damoiselles & autres gentils esprits, amateurs d'un tel art. Par le Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien. A. Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, ruë Chartiere, au Chef Sainct Denis, pres le college de Coqueret. Avec privilege du Roy. 1587. [Sidenote: _2nd part._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts pour les ouvrages de Lingerie ou avons augm[=e]té plusieurs nouveaux & differens portraitz de reseau, tout point conté, plusieurs nouvelles bordures et autres sortes differentes. Nouvellement inventez au proffit & c[=o]tentement des nobles Dames & Damoiselles & autres gentils esprits amateurs d'un tel art. Par le Seigneur Federick de Vinciolo Venitien. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, Ruë Chartiere, au Chef Sainct Denis, pres le college de Coqueret. Avec privilege du Roy. 1587.[1321] 1st Part, 40 ff. The same frontispiece, dedications, date, and sonnet, as the first, the same number of patterns, only the eight styled in the first "Passemens" are here all called, like the others, "Ouvrages" de point couppé. (See Fig. 4.) 2nd Part, 32 ff. This part has 30 patterns, comprising the 24 of the first edition, and six additional ones, consisting of squares and two hunting subjects. 67. [Sidenote: 1587. _3rd Edit. No. 1. Parts 1 and 2._] Les singuliers et nouveaux Pourtraicts, du Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien, pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie. Dedie a la Royne. Derechef et pour la troisieme fois augmentez Outre le reseau premier et le point couppé et lacis, de plusieurs beaux et differens portrais de reseau de point c[=o]té avec le nombre des mailles, choze non encor veue ni inventée. {480}A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, ruë Chartiere, au Chef Sainct Denis, pres le College de Coqueret. Avec privilege du Roy. 1587.[1322] This must be the first impression of the third edition. [Sidenote: 1588. _3rd Edit. No. 2. 1st Part._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts, du Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien, pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie. Dedié a la Royne. Derechef et pour la troisiesme fois augmentez, outre le reseau premier & le point couppé & lacis, de plusieurs beaux et differens portrais de reseau de point c[=o]té, avec le nombre des mailles, chose non encor veuë, ny inventée. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, au mont Saint Hilaire, du Chef Sainct Denis, pres le Clos Bruneau. Avec privilege du Roy. 1588.[1323] 68. [Sidenote: _2nd Part._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts, du Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien, pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie. Dedié a la Royne. Derechef et pour la troisiesme fois augmentez, outre le reseau premier & le point couppé & lacis, de plusieurs beaux et differens portrais de reseau de point c[=o]té, avec le nombre des mailles, chose non encor veuë, ny inventée. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc le ieune, au mont Saint Hilaire, au Chef Sainct Denis, pres le Clos Bruneau. Avec privilege du Roy. 1588.[1324] This must be subsequent to the Brussels impression, as Jean le Clerc has changed his address. In the third edition, dorso of pp. 1 and 2, we have the addition of portraits of Louise de Vaudemont and Henry III., with a complimentary stanza of four lines under each. In his Advertisement au lecteur, Vinciolo says that having promised, since the first impression of his book, to give a "nouvelle bande d'ouvrages," and not to disappoint certain ladies who have complained that he has not made "du reseau assez beau à leur fantaisie," I have wished for the third time to place before their eyes many new and different patterns of "reseau de point conté que j'ay cousus et attachez à la fin de mes premières figures," beneath which I have put the number and quantity of the stitches. Same dedication and sonnet as before. Privilege for nine years dated Paris, 25 May, 1587. "De l'Imprimerie de David le Clerc, ruë S. Jacques, au petit Bec, devant le College de Marmouttier." 1st Part, 40 ff., 36 plates, 27 of point couppé, two stomachers, and seven "Passemens" de point couppé; the same lettered "Ouvrages" as in the preceding impression. 2nd Part, 36 ff., 50 plates. The thirty already published in the second edition, after which follow the twenty additional of "reseau de point conté," announced in the Preface, consisting of "6 Quarrés, 2 Coins de {481}Mouchoir, 2 Bordures, 6 animals: Lion, Pelican, Unicorn, Stag, Peacock, and Griffon"; and the Four Seasons. "Déesse des fleurs, representant le Printemps," etc. These last twenty have the number of stitches given. (See Fig. 5.) On the last page is an escutcheon with the arms of France and Poland. 69. [Sidenote: 1588. _3rd Edit. No. 3. Parts 1 and 2._] A later impression still. Same title, date, portraits, dedication, and sonnet, only the Privilege is dated "ce douzième jour de Novembre 1587. De l'Imprimerie de David le Clerc, Rue S. Jaques, aux trois Mores."[1325] 34 ff. 30 plates, 1st part; 50 plates in 2nd. 70. [Sidenote: 1595. _3rd Edit. No. 4. Parts 1 and 2._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts, du Seigneur Frederic de Vinciolo, Venitien, pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie. Dedie à la Royne Douairière de France. De Rechef et pour la troisiesme fois augmentez, outre le reseau premier & le point couppé & lacis, de plusieurs beaux & differens portrais de reseau de point c[=o]té, avec le nombre des mailles, chose non encore veuë ny inventée. A Paris. Par Iean le Clerc, ruë Saint Jean de Latran, à la Salemandre. Avec privilege du Roy. 1595.[1326] This impression is dedicated to Louise de Vaudemont, now "Reine Douairière," Henry III. having died in 1589. 71. [Sidenote: 1606. _3rd Edit. No 5. Parts 1 and 2._] The same title as that of 1595--differing only in date.[1327] Privilege for six years, "donné à Mantes, le 3 Juillet 1593." At the foot, "De l'Imprimerie de David le Clerc au Petit Corbeil 1606." The 1st part has 32 ff. and 36 plates; 32 "Ouvrages de poinct couppé," and 4 stomachers. The 2nd part 46 plates, same as those of 1588, only four less. On the last page the escutcheon of France and Navarre. 72. [Sidenote: 1589. _4th Edit. Turin. Parts 1 and 2._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts, du Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien, pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie. Dedie a la Royne. Derechef et pour la quatrieme fois augmentez, outre le reseau premier et le point couppé et lacis, de plusieurs beaux et differens portrais de reseau de point conté, avec le nombre de mailles, chose non encore veue ni inventee. A Thurin. Par Eleazaro Thomysi. 1589.[1328] Described in Cat. Cicognara with the date 1658. The 1st part 44 ff. and 39 plates; the 2nd with 36 plates. {482}The editions of 1613 and 1623 are described in their chronological order. Nos. 64 and 71. That of 1603 we have not seen; but M. Leber states it to be equally rich with that of 1623. The copies of Vinciolo in the Bodleian bear the dates of 1588, 1603, and 1612. Baron Pichon has a copy of an impression of 1612. One at Bordeaux, in the Bib. de la Ville, is dated 1588. In a book sale at Antwerp, March, 1864, there was sold the following:-- Lot 528. _Livre de Patrons de Lingerie dediè a la Royne, nouvellement invente par le seign^r Frederic de Vinciolo, Venitien._ Paris, Jean le Clerc, 1598.--_Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraicts pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie._ Paris, _Ibid._, 1598.--_Les secondes oeuvres et subtiles inventions de Lingerie._ Paris, _Ibid._, 1598.--_Nouveaux pourtraicts de Point coupé et Dantelles en petite moyenne et grande forme._ A. Montbeliard, Jacques Foillet, 1598. 4 tom. 1 vol. in-4. v. anc. fig. sur bois. It went for 440 francs to a Mr. Ross. We do not know the editions of 1598. As M. Leber observes, the various editions of Vinciolo, published by Le Clerc and his widow, from 1587 to 1623, and perhaps later, are only impressions more or less varied of the two distinct books, the one of point coupé, the other of lacis. The work of Vinciolo has been reprinted in several countries. In England it has been translated and published by Wolfe. (See No. 72.) At Liege, by Jean de Glen. (See No. 79.) Mr. Douce says that it was reprinted "at Strasburg, 1596, and at Basle, 1599, with a second part, which is rare, and sometimes contains a portrait by Gaultier of Catherine de Bourbon." In the Bib. Nat. (Grav. B. c. 22), a volume headed _Vinciolo (Federigo) Peintre Venitien et ses imitateurs_, contains, with "La pratique," etc., of Mignerak (See No. 93), a German copy of the "nouveaux pourtraits," the work printed by Ludwig Künigs, at Basle, 1599 (See No. 85); and a German work headed "Broderies sur filet," 50 plates engraved upon copper. 73. [Sidenote: 1591. _London. Wolf._] New and singular patternes and workes of Linnen. Serving for patternes to make all sortes of Lace edging and Cut-workes. Newly invented for the profite and contentment of Ladies, Gentlewomen, and others that are desirous of this Arte. London: Imprinted by J. Wolfe and Edward White, 1591.[1329] EPISTLE TO THE READER. Having framed a body of the best and rarest manner in true perfection of sundrie sortes of deuises or workes, as well for frame-workes as other needle-workes, I devised with all diligence and industrious studie to sattisfy the gentle mindes of vertuous women by bringing to light things never before as yet seene nor committed to print; All which devises are soe framed in due proportion as taking them in order, the one is formed or made by the other, and soe proceedeth forward; Whereby with more {483}ease they may be sewed and wrought in Cloth, and keeping true accompt of the threads, maintaine the bewtey of the worke. And more, who desyrith to bring the worke into a lesser forme, let them make the squares lesse. And if greater, then inlarge them, and so may you worke in divers sortes, either by stitch, pouncing, or pouldering upon the same as you please. Alsoe it is to be understood that these squares serve not onely for cut-workes, but alsoe for all other manner of seweing or stitching, noteing withall that they are made to keepe the work or deuise in good order and even proportion--And even if ye will that squares be greater, make of two, one, four, two, and soe they will be larger. And in this manner may you proceed in all. God prosper your desires. Then follows the dedication: To the Right Worshipful Gentlewoman, Mistress Susan Saltonstall, wife to the right Worshipfull Mr. Richard Saltonstall, Alderman of the City of London (afterwards Lord Mayor, and knighted in 1597). It being my chance (Right Worshipfull) to lighten upon certaine paternes of cut-worke and others brought out of Foreign Countries which have bin greatly accepted of by divers Ladies and Gentlewomen of sundrie nations and consequently of the common people; This seemed unto mee a sufficient instance and argument to bestowe likewise some paines for the publishing thereof, But being in suspense of the dedication two causes induced mee to imbolden myselfe to present it unto your acceptation and patronage: First because that rare devises and inventions are for the most part more agreeable and gratefuller accepted, than ordinarie and common things, although of great price and value, Secondlie because these workes belong chiefly to Gentlewomen for to passe away their time in vertuous exercises Wherefore to fit and accommodate the dedication aright to the contents and subject of the book I thought it not amisse to offer it unto your worship in token of thankfullness for so many benefites which I have received so bountifullie at your hands Assuring myselfe moreover that as these patternes will bring sufficient contentment and profite to all well-willers, that are desirous of this Arte, soe they shall for ever acknowledge themselves to be beholden chiefly unto you, being the chiefest occasion of the publishing and setting forthe thereof. And therefore uppon hope that you will take these inventions in good parte, which in time I am purposed (If God permit) to increase and augment with more paternes of worke. In the meantime I pray God give to your Worship a happie prosperous and long life with a full accomplishment of all your vertuous desires. Your worshipps most dutiful Servant and Kinsman, ADRIAN POYNTZ. 74. [Sidenote: 1591. _Bologna. T. Pasini._] Fiori di ricami nuovamente posti in luce ne i quali sono varii, et diversi dissegni di lavori; Come Merli, Bauari, Manichetti, & altre sorti di opere, che al presente sono in uso, utilissimi ad ogni stato di Donne. Seconda Impressione. Impresa of Mercury. Below-- In Bologna, per Giovanni Rossi. MDXCI. Ad instanza di Tomaso Pasini.[1330] {484}Obl. 8vo, 20 ff., 18 plates like Vecellio, one "bavaro." Dedicated by the author to "La Signora Silveria Rossi Ghisolieri." Mostly indented patterns on black grounds. 75. [Sidenote: 1591. _Venice. F. di Franceschi._] Prima Parte de' fiori, e disegni di varie sorti di Ricami moderni come merli, bavari, manichetti, & altri nobili lavori che al presente sono in uso. A figure of Peace. Below-- In Venetia, Appresso Francesco di Franceschi Senese all' insegna della Pace 1591.[1331] Obl. 8vo, 20 ff., 17 plates in the style of Vecellio. Dedication to "La Signora Gabriella Zeno Michele," signed "Di Venetia alli 19 di Marzo, 1591, Giovanbattista Ciotti." The last plate a figure of Fortune, with "Finis in Venetia 1591. Appresso Nicolo Moretti, ad instantia di Francesco di Franceschi." 76. [Sidenote: 1591. _Venice. F. di Franceschi._] La vera perfettione del disegno di varie sorti di ricami & di cucire ogni sorti de punti à foglami, punti tagliati, punti a fili & rimessi, punti incrociati, punti à stuoro & ogn' altre arte, che dia opera à disegni. E di nuovo aggiuntovi varie sorti di merli, e mostre, che al presente sono in uso & in pratica. Impresa of Peace differing from the preceding. In Venetia, Appresso Francesco di Franceschi Senese all' insegna della Pace. 1591.[1332] Obl. 8vo, 86 ff., 72 plates. Dedicated to "Signora Lucretia Contarini, per matrimonio Priula Nobile Gentildonna Venetiana," by Giovanni Ostans. A woodcut of Lucretia working with her maidens, signed Jose Sol. 1557. Patterns, Small Squares, Gorgets, Youth, Paris, Pyramus and Thisbe, Arabesques, Grotesques, and an Alphabet. On the last leaf, dorso, A. B. C. D. "tutte sono quaderni." A figure again of Peace, and "In Ven. 1590." 77. [Sidenote: 1592. _Venice. 1st Book. C. Vecellio._] Corona delle nobili et virtuose donne. Libro primo. Nel quale si dimostra in varij Dissegni, tutti le sorti di Mostre di punti tagliati, punti in aria, punti à Reticello, e d' ogni altra {485}sorte cosi per Freggi come per Merli, & Rosette, che con l' Aco si usano hoggidì per tutta l' Europa. Et molte delle quali Mostre possono servire anchora per Opere à Mazzette. Aggiuntivi in questa Quarta impressione molti bellissimi dissegni non mai più veduti. Then follows the printer's impresa of the stork and serpent. "Voluptatum et malorum effetuu dissipatio," with a lady at work on each side, and below-- Con privilegio. In Venetia, Appresso Cesare Vecellio in Frezzaria nelle Case de' Preti. 1592.[1333] Which is repeated in the 2nd and 3rd Books. Obl. 4to, 32 ff., 28 plates. Dedication of Vecellio "Alla Clarissima, et Illustrissima Signora, Viena Vendramina Nani, dignatissima Consorte dell' Illust^{amo} Sig. Polo Nani, il Procurator di S. Marco," in which he refers to his work on costume, and says that he dedicates this book to her for the delight she takes in these works and "in farne essercitar le donne di casa sua, ricetto delle piu virtuose giovani che hoggidì vivano in questa città." Signed: Venice, Jan. 20, 1591. Beautiful designs, among which are three corners for handkerchiefs, the last lettered: "Diverse inventioni p. cantoni dee fazoletti." On Plate 3, within a point coupé border, is a statue of Venus standing upon a tortoise, with other figures, and above, "Conviensi, che della Donna la bontà, & non la bellezza sia divulgata," and underneath:-- "Veneer io son, de le mirabil mani Del dotto Fidia d' un bel marmo finta. In me vedete atti gentili, e humani, Ch' esser dè Donna à gentilezza accinta. Io sopra una Testugine dimora, Perchè stia in Casa, e sia tacita ogn' hora." [Sidenote: _2nd Book._] Corona delle nobili et virtuose donne. Libro secondo. Nel quale si dimostra in varij Dissegni, tutte le sorti di Mostre de puute tagliati, punti in aria, punti à Reticello, e d' ogni altra sorte, cosi per Freggi, come per Merli, & Rosette, che con l' Aco si usano hoggidì per tutta l' Europa. Et molti delle quali Mostre possono servire anchora per Opere à Mazzette. Aggiuntivi in questa Quarta Impressione molti bellissimi dissegni non mai più veduti. Con Privilegio. In Venetia, Appresso Cesare Vecellio, in Frezzaria nelle Case de' Preti. 1592. 28 ff., 26 plates. The dedication of this and the next book, though differently worded, are addressed to the same lady as the first. This is dated Jan. 24, 1591. Among the patterns are two designs for handkerchiefs, and on the last plate a statue of Vesta, within a point coupé border. [Sidenote: _3rd Book._] Corono delle nobili et virtuose donne. Libro terzo. Nel {486}quale si dimostra in varii dissegni molte sorti di Mostri di Punti in Aria, Punti tagliati, Punti a reticello, and ancora di picciole; cosi per Freggi, come per Merli, & Rosette, che con l' Aco si usano hoggidi per tutta l'Europa. Con alcune altre inventione di Bavari all' usanza Venetiana. Opera nouva e non più in luce. Con privilegio. In Venetia Appresso Cesare Vecellio, stà in Frezzaria nelle Case de' Petri. 1592. Dedication dated June 15, 1591. Vecellio says he has added "alcune inventioni di bavari all' usanza nostra." In the copy (Bib. de l'Arsenal, 11,955 _bis_) are added instructions to transfer the patterns upon parchment without injuring the book. The last plate shows how to reduce the patterns and how to prick them (Fig. 170). This is sometimes given at the end of the first book instead of the third. 28 ff., 26 plates, two of bavari. [Illustration: Fig. 170. MANNER OF PRICKING THE PATTERN.--(Vecellio.)] On Pl. 27, woman with a torch and Cupid. At Pl. 28, in a point coupé border, is a fox holding the bust of a lady, the conceit of which is explained by the verses to be, that sense is better than beauty:-- "Trovò la Volpe d' un Scultore eletto Una testa sì ben formata, tale, Che sol le manca Spirito havresti detto, Tanto l' industria, e l' arteficio vale, La prende in man, poi dice; O che perfetto Capo, e gentil; ma voto è d' inteletto." 78. [Sidenote: 1594. _Venice. C. Vecellio._] Gioiello della corona per le nobili e virtuose donne. Libro quarto. Nel quale si dimostra altri nuovi bellissimi Dissegni di tutte le sorte di Mostre di Punti in Aria, Punti tagliati & Punti à Reticello; così per Freggi, come per Merli, & Rosette, che con l' Aco si usano hoggidì per tutta l' Europa. Et molte delle quali mostre possono servire anchora per opere à Mazzette Nuovament posto in luce con molte bellissime inventioni non mai più usate, nè vedute. Con privilegio. In Venetia, Appresso Cesare Vecellio, in Frezzaria nella Casa de i Preti. 1594. Same impresa of the stork and serpent. Dedicated to the Sign. Isabella Palavicina Lupi Marchesa di Soragana, dated "Venetia alli 20 Novembrio 1592." Cesare Vecellio. 30 plates.[1334] {487}Vecellio, author of the _Corona_ and _Gioiello_, also published a work on costume styled _Degli Habiti Antichi et Moderni_. _In Venezia_, 1590. _Presso Damian Zenero._ In the frontispiece is a salamander; on the last leaf a figure of Vesta. It has been reproduced by F. Didot, Paris. He was not, as is often incorrectly stated, a relation, or even of the same family as Titian. These are the earliest impressions we have had an opportunity of examining of Vecellio's works, which appear to have been widely circulated. The Bib. de l'Arsenal possesses two copies of the _Corona_ (No. 11,955), from which we have described. In the other (No. 11,155 _bis_), Book 1 "ultima," Book 2 "quarta," are both dated 1593; and Book 3 "nuovamente ristampata la quarta volta," 1592. The plates all the same. The Library of Rouen (No. 1,315) has a volume containing the _Corona_ and _Gioiello_. Book 1 "quarta Imp.," Book 2 "ultima," both dated 1594; and Book 3 "quinta," 1593. The _Gioiello_, 1593. In the Bodleian is a copy of the three books, date 1592; and another, date 1561, was in the possession of the late Mrs. Dennistoun of Dennistoun. At Venice, in the Doge's Library, is a volume containing the three books of the _Corona_ and the _Gioiello_, dated 1593. Mrs. Stisted, Bagni di Lucca, also possesses the three books of the Corona, dated 1597, and the Gioiello, 1592. At Bologna the Library has one volume, containing the first and second books only, evidently the original impressions. The titles are the same as the above, only to each is affixed, "Opera nuova e non più data in luce," and "Stampata per gli Hered' della Regina. 1591. An instantia di Cesare Vecellio, Stà in Frezzaria." The same Library also possesses a volume, with the three books of the _Corona_, the first and third "ottava," the second "quarta," and the _Gioiello_, "nuovamente posto in luce." All "In Venetia appresso gli heredi di Cesare Vecellio, in Frezzaria. 1608." At Vienna, in the new Museum for Art and Industry, is a copy of the five books, dated 1601.[1335] Cav. Merli cites from a copy of the four books, dated 1600. The various impressions, therefore, date from 1591 to 1608. We see these different parts, like those of Vinciolo and all these old collections, have been printed and reprinted independently of each other, since the third part was at its fifth impression in 1593, while the first, which ought to have preceded it, was only at its fourth in 1594.[1336] 79. [Sidenote: 1593. _St. Gall. G. Strauben._] New Model Buch darinnen allerley Gattung schöner Modeln der newen aussgeschitnen Arbeit auff Krägen, Hempter, Jakelet und dergleichen zu newen, so zuvor in Teutschlandt nicht gesehen. Allen thugentsamen Frawen und Jungkfrawen, Nätterinnen, auch allen audern so lust zu solcher kunstlichen Arbeit haben, sehr dienstlich. {488}Getruckt in uerlegung George Strauben, von S. Gallem, Anno 1593.[1337] _Translation._ New Patternbook, in which are all sorts of beautiful patterns of the new cutwork for collars, shirts, jackets, and such like, such as never before were seen in Germany. Most useful to all virtuous dames and such artistic works, very respectfully dedicated. Printed for the publisher, G. Strauben. A reprint of the third book of Vecellio's Corona. 80. [Sidenote: _N.D. Lindau am Bodensee._] Neu Model-Buch, darinnen allerley gattung schöner Modeln der neuen, etc. Probably a reprint of No. 79. 27 plates. 81. [Sidenote: 1597. _Liége. J. de Glen._] Les singuliers et nouveaux pourtraits, pour toutes sortes de lingeries de Jean de Glen, dediés à Madame Loyse de Perez; à Liége, chez Jean de Glen, l'an 1597.[1338] Obl. 4to, 39 plates, mostly borrowed from Vinciolo, as well as the title. 82. [Sidenote: 1596. _Florence. M. Florini._] Fior di Ricami nuovamente porti in luce. Fiorenze, 1596, ad instanza di Mattheo Florini. 4to obl., 24 plates and 2 leaves of text.[1339] 83. [Sidenote: 1603. _Siena. M. Florini._] Fiori di Ricami nuovamente porti in luce nei quali sono varie et diversi disegni di lavori, como merli, bavari, manichetti e altre sorte di opera. Siena, appresso Matteo Florini, 1603. 4to obl., 24 pages.[1340] 84. [Sidenote: 1603. _Siena. M. Florini._] Giojello, &c. Nel quale si di mostra altri novi bellissimi disegni di tutte le sorte, di mostre &c. ... di punti &c., cosi {489}per fregi come per merli et rosette che con l' aco si usanno hoggi di per tutte l' Europa. Opere a Mazzetto nuovamente posta in luce con motte bellissime inventioni non mai più usate ne vedute. In Siena, Matteo Florini MDCIII. 4to obl. (Cited by Marquis d'Adda.) 85. [Sidenote: 1597. _Nuremberg. B. Laimoxen._] Schön neues Modelbuch von allerley lüstigen Mödeln naczunehen zu würken un zu sticke; gemacht im Jar Ch. 1597, zu Nürmberg, bey Balthaser Laimoxen zu erfragen.[1341] _Translation._ Fine new Patternbook of all sorts of pleasant patterns for sewing, working, and embroidering: made in the year of Christ 1597, at Nurmberg: to be had of Balthasar Laimoxen. Obl. fol., 27 ff. 5 sheets, title-page, and poem, signed J. S. (Johann Sibmacher.) Mr. Gruner has communicated to us a work with the same title, dated 1591.[1342] 86. [Sidenote: 1598. _Montbéliard. J. Foillet._] Nouveaux pourctraicts de point coupé et dantelles en petite moyenne et grande forme nouvellement inventez & mis en lumiere Imprimé a Montbéliard par Jacques Foillet (|)|)xciix (1598).[1343] Small 4to, 82 ff., 78 plates. Frontispiece with borders composed of squares of point coupé. "Avertissement aux dames," of three pages, stating these works are all composed of "point devant l'esguille, de point en toille, en bouclages, & de cordonnages." The writer gives patterns of roses of all sizes, "very little, middling, large, and very large," with from one to nine _pertuis_, or openings, holes. Also Carreaux in different forms, and lastly _dantelles_. "Je n'ay voulu omettre de vous dire que pour faire des dantelles, il vous fault jetter un fil de la grandeur que desiré faire vos dantelles, & les cordonner, puis jetter les fils au dedans, qui fera tendre le cordon & lui donnera la forme carrée, ronde, ou telle forme que desires, ce qu'estant faict vous paracheverès facilement. Enoultre vous verrez qu'estant bien petites deviennent peu a peu bien grandes jusques a la fin. Elles vous enricheront & embelliront vos ouvrages en les applicant aux bords d'iceux." Directions, we confess, perfectly enigmatical to us. The author finishes by exhorting the ladies to imitate Minerva and Arachne, "qui ont acquis un grand renom, pour avoir (c[=o]me à l'envie l'une de l'autre) travaillé de l'esguille." The avertissement is followed by an "Exhortation aux jeunes filles." in verse, of 21 lines, beginning-- "Si nuisible est aux humains la paresse," etc. 40 patterns of "roses," of point coupé. {490}And 18 of "Carreaux," variously disposed. Then follow 20 patterns of lace, of "bien petites, petites, moyennes, & grosses," all "au point devant l'Esguille." (See Figs. 8 to 12.) At the end: "La fin courone l'oeuvre." This is the earliest pattern-book in which the word "dantelle" occurs. 87. [Sidenote: 1598. _Montbéliard. J. Foillet._] New Modelbuch darinnen allerley ausgeschnittene Arbeit, in kleiner, mittelmässiger und grosser form erst neulich erfunden. Allen tugenden Frawen vnnd Jungfrawen sehr nutzlich. Gedruckt zu Mumpelgarten durch Jacob Foillet, 1598.[1344] 88. [Sidenote: 1599. _Basle._] Fewrnew Modelbuch von allerhandt Künstlicher Arbeidt, nämlich Gestricht, Aussgezogen, Aussgeschnitten, Gewiefflet, Gesticht, Gewirckt, und Geneyt: von Wollen, Garn, Faden, oder Seyden: auff der Laden, und Sonderlich auff den Ramen, Jetzt Erstmals in Teutschlandt an Tag gebracht: Zu Ehren und Gl[=u]cklicher Zeitvetreibung allen dugentsamen Frawen, und Jungfrawen Nächerinen, auch allen andern, so lust zu solcher Kunstlicher Arbeit haben sehr dienstlich. Getruckt zu Basel. In verlegung Ludwig K[=u]nigs MDXCIX.[1345] Small obl., 33 ff., 32 plates. Frontispiece border of point coupé. Title in Gothic red and black. Patterns, mostly borders, number of stitches given, "Mit xxxxvii., Bengen," etc. "Ende dieses modelbuchs." 89. [Sidenote: 1601. _Paris._] Béle Prérie contenant divers caracters, et differentes sortes de lettres alphabetiques, à sçavoir lettres Romaines, de formes, lettres pour appliquer sur le reseuil ou lassis, et autres pour marquer sur toile et linges, par Pier. le Bé. Paris, 1601.[1346] In 4to obl. 90. [Sidenote: 1601. _Nuremberg. Sibmacher._] Modelbuch in Kupfer gemacht, Nürmberg, bei Michel Kuisner, 1601, by J. Sibmacher.[1347] 91. [Sidenote: 1604. _Nuremberg. J. Sibmacher._] Newes Modelbûch fûr Kûpfer gemacht, darinnen allerhand art newen Model von dem Mittel und Dick ausgeschniden duer {491}Arbeit auch andern kunstlichen Nahework zu gebrauchen mit Fluss fur druck verfertigt. Mit Röm. Kais. Maj trentich Nürmberg 1604.[1348] _Translation._ New book of patterns (on copper) in which are copied out all kinds of new patterns for thick and thin materials, to be used also in the making of other artistic needlework. Obl. 4to, 58 plates carefully engraved upon copper. Title-page surrounded by a richly ornamented border, with two figures, one sewing, the other at embroidery; also a second ornamented frontispiece, dedication to Maria Elizabeth, Electress Palatine, dated 1601. Nuremberg, J. Sibmacher, citizen and engraver. Then follow five pages of dialogue, given page 6, note 24, and 227. A printed title to the next plate. "The following pattern may be worked in several different ways, with a woven seam, a flat, round, or crossed Jew stitch."[1349] It is probably meant for cut-work made on thin materials. Then follow 58 leaves of patterns, the greater number of which have the number of rows written over each pattern. Pl. 38, with two patterns, is inscribed, "The following patterns are for thick cut-work." In the upper pattern, on the first leaf, are the arms of the Palatine; on the second, those of Juliers and Mark. 92. [Sidenote: 1600. _Venice. I. C. Parasole._] Pretiosa gemma delle virtuose donne dove si vedono bellissimi lavori di ponti in aria, reticella, di maglia e piombini disegnati da Isabella Catanea Parasole. E di nuovo dati in luce da Luchino Gargano con alcuni altri bellissimi lavori nuovamente inventati. Stampata in Venetia ad instantia di Luchino Gargano MDC.[1350] See also No. 99. 93. [Sidenote: _N. D._] Allerhand Model zum Stricken un Nähen.[1351] Obl. 4to, 64 plates. No date. 94. [Sidenote: 1604. _Padua. P. P. Fozzi._] A book of models for point coupé and embroidery, published at Padua, October 1st, 1604, by Pietro Paolo Fozzi. "Romano."[1352] 95. [Sidenote: 1605. _Frankfort on the Mayn. S. Latomus._] Schön newes Modelbuch von 500 schönen aussor wählten, Kunstlichen, so wol Italiähnischen, Frantzösischen, {492}Niederländischen, Engelländischen, als Teutschen Mödeln, Allen, Näher.... hstichern, &c., zu nutz. (_Some of the words are illegible._) Livre des Modelles fort utile à tous ceux qui besoignent à l'esguille. At the foot of last page recto is, "Franckfurt am Mayn, bey Sigismund Latomus, 1605."[1353] Small obl. 100 plates (Fig. 171), and coloured title-page with figures. [Illustration: Fig. 171. FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, 1605.] In the first plate is an escutcheon with this monogram (Fig. 172) surrounded with embroidery. [Illustration: Fig. 172. MONOGRAM.] In the Nuremberg copy it is at p. 83. 96. [Sidenote: 1607. _Frankfort on the Mayn. S. Latomus._] Schön newes Modelbuch, Von hundert vnd achtzig schönen kunstreichen vnd gerechten Mödeln, Teutsche vnd Welsche, welche auff mancherley Art können geneet werden, als mit Zopffnath, Creutz vnnd Judenstich, auch auff Laden zu wircken: Dessgleichen von ausserlesenen Zinnigen oder Spitzen. Allen Seydenstickern, Mödelwirckerin, Näderin, vnd solcher Arbeitgeflissenen Weibsbildern sehr dienstlich, vnd zu andern Mustern {493}anleytlich vnd verstendig. Franckfurt am Mayn, In Verlegung Sigismundi Latomi. M.D.C.VII.[1354] Small 4to obl. 180 patterns. Sheets A-O (the last has only 3 leaves). On the title-page are two ladies, one working at a pillow, the other at a frame; in the back-ground, other women employed at various works. Another copy dated 1629. Mr. Arnold and Mr. F. S. Ellis. 97. [Sidenote: 1605. _Paris. M. Mignerak._] La pratique de l'aiguille industrieuse du très excellent Milour Matthias Mignerak Anglois, ouvrier fort expert en toute sorte de lingerie ou sont tracez Divers compartimens de carrez tous differans en grandeur et invention avec les plus exquises bordures, desseins d'ordonnances qui se soient veux jusques à ce jourd'hui tant poetiques historiques, qu'au tres ouvrages de point de rebord. Ensemble Les nouvelles invencions Françoises pour ce qui est de devotion et contemplation. A la Tres-Chrestiene Roine de France et de Navarre. Avec privilege 1605 du Roy.[1355] A Paris, par Jean Leclerc, rue St.-Jean de Latran, à la Salamandre roialle. EXTRACT FROM "DISCOURS DU LACIS." "Ce chef d'oeuvre divin n'est pas à l'adventure Mais par art composé, par nombre, et par mesure; Il commence par un, et va multipliant Le nombre de ses trouz qu'un noeud va reliant, Sans perdre aucunement des nombres d'entresuitte, Croissant, et decroissant d'une mesme conduitte: Et ainsi qu'il commence il acheve par un, Du monde le principe et le terme commun. Si l'on veut sans faillir cet ouvrage parfaire, Il faut multiplier, adjouster, et soustraire: Il faut bien promptement assembler, et partir, Qui veut un beau Lacis inegal compartir. Mais se peut il trouver, souz la voute azurée, Chose plus justement en tous sens mesurée? Ouvrage ou il y ait tant de proportions, De figures, de traicts et de dimensions? D'un point premièrement une ligne l'on tire, Puis le filet courbé un cercle va descrire, Et du cercle noué se trouve le quarré Pour lequel retrouver tant d'esprits ont erré. De six mailles se faict une figure egale, De trois costez esgaux, pour forme pyramidale: Et l'ouvrage croissant, s'en forme promptement {494} Une autre dont les deux sont egaux seulement. Si l'on tire un des coings, se forme une figure. D'un triangle en tout sens, d'inegale mesure. Le moule plus tiré faict les angles pointuz, Et l'ouvrage estendu faict les angles obtuz. De mailles à la fin un beau quarré se faict, Composé de quarrez, tout egal, et parfaict, Quarré qui toutesfois se forme variable, Or en lozange, et or en figure de table. La bande de Lacis recouvert, à nos yeux, Est comme un beau pourtraict de l'escharpe des cieux, Dont chaque endroit ouvré nous represente un signe, Le milieu, les degrez de l'Eclyptique ligne; Le quarré, des vertus le symbole, et signal De science du livre et bonnet doctoral, Nous va representant l'Eglise et la Justice. La façon de lacer figure l'exercice D'enfiler une bague on bien l'art d'escrimer. . . . . . Le lacis recouvert sert de filet aux dames Pour les hommes suprendre et enlacer leurs ames, Elles en font collets, coiffures, et mouchoirs, Des tentures de lits, tauayoles, pignoirs, Et maint autre ornement dont elles les enlacent, C'est pourquoi en laçant les femmes ne se lassent." In 4to, 76 ff., 72 plates. Frontispiece: Two ladies, with frames in their hands, labelled "Diana" and "Pallas." On the top, an escutcheon per pale France and Medicis, supported by Cupids. Beneath, Cupids with distaff and winding reels. Between the sides of a pair of scissors is a cushion on which is extended a piece of lacis, a "marguerite" in progress. (See Fig. 6.) Above, "Petrus Firens fecit, I. le Clerc excud." Below, "A Paris par Jean le Clerc Rue St. Jean de Latran à la Salamandre royalle." Dedication of Jean le Clerc "A la royne," then Marie de Medicis, stating: "J'avois recouvré d'un personnage Anglois tres-expert en toute sorte de Lingerie;" but who this Milour Mignerak may be, history tells not. Then follows the "Discours du Lacis," a poem, of which we give an extract. The privilege is signed Aug. 2, 1605. The patterns consist of the Queen's arms and cypher, 4 Scripture subjects: Adam and Eve, the annunciation, Ecce Homo, and Magdalen; 4 Elements, 4 Seasons; Roman Charity, Lucretia, Venus, and "Pluye d'or;" 6 Arbes à fruit, 6 Pots à fleurs, 30 Carrés grands, moyens et petits; 6 Bordures, and, what is quite a novelty, 6 "Passements faits au fuseau." (See Fig. 13): the first mention of pillow lace in any of the French pattern-books. 98. [Sidenote: 1613. _Paris. F. Vinciolo._] Les secondes oeuvres, et subtiles inventions de Lingerie du Seigneur Federic de Vinçiolo Venitien; nouvellement augmenté de plusieurs carrez de point de rebort. Dediée à Madame, soeur unique du roy. Ou sont representees plusieurs figures de Reseau, nombres de Carrez et Bordures tous differents, le tout de poinct conté, avec autres sortes de Carrez de nouvelles inventions non encore vues. {495}A Paris. Par Jean le Clerc, rue sainct Jean de Latran, à la Salemandre, 1613. Avec privilege du Roy.[1356] A scarce and valuable volume, the fullest edition of the second part of Vinciolo's work. 4to, 68 ff., 61 plates. It contains a-- SONNET AUX DAMES & DAMOYSELLES. "Esprits rarement beaux qui fuyez la paresse, Je vous fais un present qui la pourra chasser, Quand vous desirez de gayement passer Vostre temps, et monstrer de vostre main l'adresse. Le present est utile et plein de gentillesse, Il monstre les moyens de bien entrelasser. Et faire au point couppé tout ce qu'on peut penser. Cet exercise plaist à Pallas la Deesse. Par ses enseignemens, avec l'esguille on fait Des fleurons, des oyseaux, en ouvrage parfait, Des chiffres et des noeuds, tels que l'amour desire. Aymez cet exercise, et vous y occupez, Et puis vous cognoistrez que sur les points couppez En diverses façons quelque portrait se tire." The author's address to the reader, and a Dedication to "Madame, soeur unique du roy" (Catherine de Bourbon, sister of Henry IV., married, 1599, to the Duc de Bar), signed by Le Clerc. On the second plates are her arms, a lozenge, France and Navarre with crown and cordelière, and the same lozenge also surmounts the decorated frontispiece, supported on either side by a genius (?) working at a frame and point coupé drapery. 7 Scripture subjects: The Salutation, St. Sacrement, Passion, Crucifixion, Adoration of the Kings, etc.; the number of the stitches given to each. 2 Stomachers, and various patterns of "carrez " and borders. 2 of "Point de rebort." At the end is the "Discours du Lacis," already printed by Mignerak. 99. [Sidenote: 1616. _Rome. E. C. Parasole._] Teatro delle nobili et virtuose donne, dove si rappresentano varij disegni di lavori novamente inventati et disegnati da Elisabetta Catanea Parasole Romana. Dedicata alla Serenissima Principessa Donna Elisabetta Borbona d' Austria, Principessa di Spagna, da E. C. Parasole. Data di Roma a di 5 Marzo 1616.[1357] Other editions, 1620, 1625, and 1636. The last is dedicated to the Grand Duchess of {496}Tuscany, and has the Medici and Della Rovere arms in the title-page. Obl. 4to, 47 ff., 46 plates (44 in Prince Massimo's copy) beautifully executed, the titles printed to each plate, as "Lavori di punti in aria, Merletti di ponti reticella, Merletti a piombini," etc. (See Fig. 15.) 100. [Sidenote: 1600. _Venice. I. C. Parasole._] Pretiosa gemme delle virtuose donne dore si vedono bellisimi lavori di ponto in aria, reticella, dimaglia e piombini disegnati da Isabella Catanea Parasole. E di nuovo dati in luce da Luchino Gargano con alcuni altri bellisimi lavori nuovamente inventate. Stampata in Venetea ad instantia de Luchino Gargano MDC.[1358] 101. [Sidenote: 1625. _Rome. I. C. Parasole._] Gemma pretiosa delle virtuose donne, dore si vedono bellisimi lavori de Ponti in Aria, Reticella, di Maglia, e Piombini disegnatida Isabella Catanea Parasole. In Rome, appreso Guliegno Facciotti, 1625. 102. [Sidenote: 1618. _Frankfort on the Mayn. D. Meyer._] Zierat Buch, von allerhandt Kutschnur, Schleyer deckel, Krägen, Leibgürtel, Passmenten, Händschug, Wehrgeheng und Schubenehen, Messerscheyden, Secklen, Früchten, Blumen und ands. mehr. Allen Perlenbefftern, Nederin, Lehrinngen und andern welche lust zu dieser Kunst tragen, sehr nützlich. Inn diese Format zusammen ordiniert und gsetzt durch Daniel Meyer Mahlern. 1ster Theil. Franckfuhrt am Mayn, bey Eberhardt Kusern zu finden. 11 ff., 9 plates. _Translation._ Decoration book of all sorts of Cords, Veil covers, Collars, Belts, Laces, Gloves, Shoulder knots, shoe-seams (?), Knife sheaths, Bags, Fruit, Flowers, and other things besides. Very useful to all Beadworkers, Seamstresses, Apprentices, and others, who take a pleasure or are fond of this art. Arranged and put into this form by D. M. M. 1st part. 103. [Sidenote: 1619. _Leipsic. A. Bretschneider._] New Modelb[)u]ch Darinnen allerley kunstliche Virsirung und Müster artiger Z[)u]ege und schöner Bl[)u]mmen zu zierlichen Ueberschlagen, Haupt Schurtz Schn[)u]ptüchern Hauben Handschuhen, Uhren (?) gehenzen, Kampfütern [)u]nd dergleichen auf Muhler naht und Seidenst[)u]cker arbeit gantz Kunstlich gemahlt {497}und vorgerissen, dergleichen sie bevorn noch nie in Druck ausgegangen. 16 Leipzicht 19. Inn Verleg[)u]ng Henning Grosseren, de J[)u]ngeren Andreas Bretschneider Mahller.[1359] _Translation._ New pattern-book, in which all sorts of artistic ornamentations and patterns of pretty stuffs and beautiful flowers for covers for Head, Aprons, and Pocket-handkerchiefs, Caps, Gloves, Clock cases, Comb Cases, and such like, artistically sketched from painter and silk embroiderer's work, and which have never before gone out of print. Small folio, 53 plates, and half a sheet of text, containing the dedication of the work to Madame Catherine von Dorstats, née Löser. There appear to be 3 plates wanting. 104. [Sidenote: 1624. _London._] A Schole House for the Needle. 1624.[1360] Obl. 4to. Was sold at the White Knight's sale for £3 15s. 105. [Sidenote: 1620. _Venice. Lugretia Romana._] Corona delle nobili et virtuose donne. Libro terzo. Nel quale si dimostra in varii dissegni tutte le sorti di Mostre di punti tagliati e punti in aria, punti Fiamenghi, punti a Retcello, e d' ogn' altra sorte, Cosi per Fregi, per merli e Rosette, che con Aco si viano hoggidi per lutta l'Europa. E molte delle quali Mostre porsono Serviri ancora per opera à Mozzete. Con le dichiarationi a le Mostre a' Lavori fatti da Lugretia Romana. In Venetia, appresso Allessandro de Vecchi, 1620.[1361] 27 ff., obl. 8vo. 106. [Sidenote: 1625. _Venice. Lugretia Romana._] Corona delle Nobili et Virtuose Donne, Libro primo, nel quale si dimostra in varij Dissegni tutte le sorti di Mostre di punti tagliati, punti in Aria, punti Fiamenghi, punti a Reticello, e d' ogni altre sorte, cosi per Freggi, per Merli, e Rosette, che con l' Aco si usano per tutta l'Europa. E molte delle quali Mostre possono servire ancora per opere a Mazzete. Con le dichiarazioni a le Mostre, a Lavori fatti da Lugretia Romana. In Venetia appresso Alessandro de Vecchi MDCXXV. Si vendono in Venetia al Ponte de' Baretteri alla libreria delle tre Rose.[1362] Lady Wilton, in her _Art of Needlework_, quotes a copy dated 1620. Obl. 4to, ff. 27. Portrait of Maria d'Aragon. {498}107. [Sidenote: _N. D. Venice. Lucretia Romana._] Ornamento nobile, per ogni gentil matrona, dove si contiene bavari, frisi d' infinita bellezza, lavori, per Linzuoli, Traverse, e Facuoli, Piena di Figure, Ninfe, Satiri, Grotesche, Fontane, Musiche, Caccie di Cervi, Uccelli, ed altri Animali. Con ponti in aria, fiamenghi, et tagliati, con Adornamenti bellissimi, da imperare, per ogni Virtuosa Donna, che si diletta di perfettamente cucire. Opera, per Pittori, Scultori, e disegnatori giovevole alle lor professioni, Fatta da Lucretia Romana, il quinto volume di Suoi lavori. Dedicato alle Virtuose donne, in Venetia.[1363] Fol., 20 plates. Frontispiece, in point coupé frame. A woman in classic attire is represented under a Doric porch, standing on a tortoise, symbol of a home-loving woman. (See No. 77.) She holds a ball of thread in her hand. Behind, on the left, are two women at work; on the right, a sculptor chiselling a statue of Minerva. The plates, which are rich and beautiful, are each accompanied by a short explanation, as "Degna de esser portata de ogni imperatrice;" "Hopera bellissima che per il piu il Signora Duchesa et altre Signore si servano per li suoi Lavori;" "Questa bellissima Rosette usano auco le gentildonne Venetiane da far traverse," etc. (Fig. 173.) The bavari are executed in three different stitches: punto d' aieri, p. flamingo, and p. tagliato. This author and Vecellio give Flemish patterns (punti Fiamenghi). They consist mostly of rosettes and stars (gotico). 108. [Sidenote: 1623. _Paris._] Les excellents eschantillons, patrons et modelles du Seigneur Federic de Vinciolo Venitien, pour apprendre à faire toutes sortes d'ouvrages de Lingerie, de Poinct couppé, grands et petits passements à jour, et dentelles exquises. Dediez à la Royne. A Paris. Chez la Veufve Jean le Clerc, ruë Sainct Jean de Latran, à la Salamandre Royalle. Avec Privilege du Roy, 1623.[1364] In 4to, 56 ff. The old frontispiece and same "Avertissement." Dedication to the Queen, Anne of Austria. The Goddess Pallas invented "les ouvrages de lingerie, le poinct couppé, les grands and petits passements à jour, toutes sortes de dentelles, tant pour se desennuyer que se parer, par l'artifice de ses ingenieuses mains. Araciné s'y adonna, and bien qu'inferieure se voulant comparer à elle & en venir à l'experience, mais sa presomption fut chastiée." Many illustrious ladies have delighted in this "honneste exercise." Fastrade and Constance, wives of the Emperor Charlemagne and of King Robert, "s'employèrent de cette manufacture, & de leurs ouvrages ornèrent les églises & les autels." This royal "mestier" has reached perfection through the works of Vinciolo. I reprint and again increase his work, which I dedicate to your Majesty, to whom I presume they will be agreeable; the subject of which it treats is "une invention de déesse & une occupation de Royne--vous estant autant Royne des vertus que vous l'estes de deux royaumes." Signed, "la Veufve de feu Iean le Clerc." Same sonnet. Privilege for six years, dated Paris, last day of March, 1623. 55 ff., 58 plates, 24 ouvrages de point couppé and 8 of "Passements au fuzeau" (see Figs. 14 and 15), and alphabet. [Illustration: Fig. 173. BAVARO DI PONTO D' AERE.--Con belissime figure ed altri flori. "BAVARI."--From _Ornamento mobile_ of Lucretia Romana. _To face page 498._] {499}109. A Schole Howse for the Needle. Teaching by sundry sortes of patterns and examples of different kindes, how to compose many faire workes; which being set in order and forme according to the skill and understanding of the workwoman will, no doubt, yield profit unto such as live by the needle and give good content to adorne the worthy. London printed in Shoe Lane at the "Faulcon" by Richard Shorleyker, 1632. TO THE READER. Gentle Reader, I would have you know that the Diversities of Examples which you shall find in this "Schoole-howse for the Needle" are only but patternes which serve but to helpe and inlarge your invention. But for the disposing of them into forme and order of Workes that I leave to your own skill and understanding. Whose ingenious and well practised wits will soe readily (I doubt not) compose them into such beautiful formes as will be able to give content, both to the workers and the wearers of them. And againe for your behoafe I have in the end of this booke made two scales or checker patternes which by enlarging or contracting into greater or lesser squares you may enlarge or make lesser any of the saide patternes and examples in the booke or any other whatever. VALE! And because I would not have any one mistaken in any of these patternes contayned in this Booke, for some peradventure will look to find workes set out in order as they should be wrought with the needle or florished upon the Tent, &c. But as I have said before in the beginning of this Booke, that, that is here published are only but diversitie of patternes, out of which the workwoman is to take her choice of one or more at her pleasure and so have them drawne out into forme and order of worke. Of which skill if it may be I would have serving-men (such as have time enough) to practice and be skilful in which will be quickly learned if they would, with a little patience applie their mindes to practise it. A quarter of the time that they spend in playing at cards, tables, quaffing and drinking would make them excellent in this knowledge especially such as are ingenious and indued with good wits, as for the most part all of them have; Againe it is a thing that no doubt would yield them both praise and profit, beside the pleasure and delight it would be unto them, and a good inducement to drawe on others of their own ranke and qualitie to the like practice and imitation. 110. [Sidenote: 1632. _London._] Here followeth certaine patternes of Cut-workes; and but once Printed before. Also sundry sorts of Spots, as Flowers, Birds, and Fishes, &c., and will fitly serve to be wrought, some {500}with Gould, some with Silke, and some with Gewell (_sic_) or otherwise at your pleasure. London; Pinted (_sic_) in Shoe-lane, at the signe of the Faulcon, by Richard Shorleyker. 1632.[1365] Obl. 4to. The copy in the Bodleian is probably due to the above. It has no date and varies in title: "Newly invented and never published before," with "crewell in coullers," etc.; and "Never but once published before." Printed by Rich. Shorleyker. 33 patterns and title. 111. [Sidenote: 1640.] The needles excellency, a new booke wherein are divers admirable workes wrought with the needle. Newly invented and cut in copper for the pleasure and profit of the industrious. Printed for James Boler, &c., 1640.[1366] "Beneath this title is a neat engraving of three ladies in a flower garden, under the names of Wisdom, Industrie, and Follie. Prefixed to the patterns are sundry poems in a commendation of the needle, and describing the characters of ladies who have been eminent for their skill in needlework, among whom are Queen Elizabeth and the Countess of Pembroke. These poems were composed by John Taylor, the Water Poet. It appears the work had gone through twelve impressions.... From the costume of a lady and gentleman in one of the patterns, it appears to have been originally published in the reign of James I."--(Douce.) From this description of the frontispiece, it seems to be copied from Sibmacher. "The Needle's Excellency, or a new Book of Patterns, with a poem by John Taylor, in Praise of the Needle." London, 1640. Obl. 4to, engraved title, and 28 plates of patterns. Sold, 1771, £6 17s. 6d. (Lowndes, _Bibliographer's Manual_. New edit., by H. Bohn). Another copy of the same date, marked 12th edition, is in the Library of King's College, Cambridge. It consists of title, four leaves with the poem, subscribed John Taylor, and 31 leaves of copper cuts of patterns. 112. [Sidenote: 1642 _Pistoja. P. A. Fortunato._] Le Pompe di Minerva, per le nobili e virtuose donne che con industriosa mano di trattenersi dilettano di far Rezze, maglia quadra, punti in aria, punti in tagliati, punti a reticello, cosi per fregio come per merletti e rosette di varie sorti, si come oggidi con l'aco di lavorar usati per tutto l'Europa, arrichite di bellissimi et vaghi intagli cavati da più celebri autori di tal professione. In Pistoja, per Piero A. Fortunato. In 8vo obl., dedicated to Caterina Giraldini, in Cellesi. August 20 1642.[1367] {501}113. [Sidenote: 1666. _Nuremberg._] Dass Neue Modelbuch von schönen Nädereyen, Ladengewerk und Soterleins arbeit. Ander theil. Nürnberg, bey Paulus Fürsten Kunsthändler. Obl. 4to, 3 sheets of text, 50 plates. Dedicated to the Princess Rosina Helena. Nürnberg, March 20, 1666.[1368] 114. In the Bib. Imp. (Gravures, L. h. 4. c.) is a vol. lettered "Guipure, gravures burin," containing a collection of patterns engraved on copper, 43 plates, four of which are double, pasted in the book, without title or date. Pomegranates, narcissus, lilies, carnations, most of them labelled "Kreutzstick, Frantzösischenstick, and Fadengewürck" (thread work), the number of stitches given, with Clocks (Zwickel) of stockings and other patterns. 115. [Sidenote: 1676. _Nuremberg. C. Gerharts._] Model Buch, dritter Theil von unterschiedlicher Vögeln, Blumen und Früchten &cte. Von und in Verlegung Rosina Helena Fürtin. Nürnberg, Christoff Gerharts, 1676. 4to obl., engraved title and printed list; 42 wood plates, 4 large. 116. [Sidenote: 1722. _Paris._] Methode pour faire une infinité de desseins differens, avec des carreaux mi-partis de deux couleurs par une ligne diagnonale ou observations du père Dominique Donat, religieux carme de la province de Touleuse sur une mémoire inserée dans l'histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences à Paris, l'année 1704, presenté par le Rev. Père Sebastien Truchet. Paris, 1722.[1369] 72 geometric squares, with directions how to make them useful to architects, painters, embroiderers, "tous ceux qui se servent de l'aiguille," and others. 117. [Sidenote: 1784. _Nuremberg and Leipzig. Christoph Weigel._] Neues Neta- und Strickbuch fur das schöne Geschlecht, worinnen allerhand Zierrathen, wie auch viele neue Zwickel, nebst Buchstaben und Zahlen, sowohl zum Nähen als Stricken in zierlichen Nissen und Mustern befindlich sind. Mit vielen Kupfertafeln. Nürnberg und Leipzig, der Christoph Weigel und Schneider. 1784.[1370] {502}118. [Sidenote: _N. D. Nuremberg. F. M. Helmin._] Continuation der kunst- und fleisz-übenden Nadel-Ergötzung oder des neu ersonnenen besondern Nehe-Buchs dritter Theil, worinnen fleiszige Liebhaberinnen deeser nöthig und nützlichen Wissenchaft, ihr kunstliches Nadel-Exercitium, beij unterschiedlich vorfallenden Belegenheiten zu haben allerhand noch nie vorgeko[=m]ene Muster zu Deso gebrauch, vorlegt und en die Hand gegeben werden von Fr. Margaretha Helmin, zu finden in Nürnberg bei Joh. Christoph Weigel. Nürnburg. No date.[1371] Oblong fol. 119. [Sidenote: _N. D. Nuremberg. J. Chr. Weigel._] Zierlich webende Minerva, oder neu erfundenes Kunst- und Bild-Buch der Weber- und Zeichner-Arbeit, worinnen treue Anweisung geschieht, wie man kunstlich wirken und schöne Arbeit verfertigen soll, von der vierschäfftigen an, bis auf zwey und dreissig-schafftige. Nurnberg (Johann Christoph Weigel). No date.[1372] 49 plates in sheets. {503}GLOSSARY OF TERMS. _Bars._ See _Brides_. _Bead Edge._ A simple heading for pillow lace. _Bobbins._ Small elongated wooden or bone reels on which the thread is wound for the purpose of lace-making. They are frequently ornamented with patterns pricked or stained, and polished. They are weighted with "gingles" or "jingles" (_i.e._, beads, coins, seals, seeds, or various articles). _Brides._ A small strip or connection (1) of threads overcast with buttonhole stitches, or (2) of twisted or plaited threads. It is used instead of a ground-work of net; the word is French, its English equivalent being _pearl-tie_. The French word is chiefly employed. _Brides ornées_ = brides ornamented with picots, loops, or pearls. _Buttonhole Stitch._ One of the chief stitches in needle-made lace; also known as _close stitch_, _Point noué_, and _Punto a Feston_. _Cartisane._ A strip of parchment or vellum covered with silk or gold or metal thread, used to form a pattern. _Close Stitch_ = Buttonhole stitch. _Cordonnet._ The outline to ornamental forms. The cordonnet consists (1) of a single thread, or (2) of several threads worked together to give the appearance of one large thread, or (3) of a thread or horsehair overcast with buttonhole stitches. In England called _gimp_. _Couronnes._ Ornaments to the cordonnet. When they ornament the raised cordonnet in the body of the pattern they are known as _fleurs volantes_. _Coxcombs_ = Bars. _Dentélé_ = Scalloped border. _Droschel._ Flemish word used in Belgium for net-ground made with bobbins. _Dressed Pillow._ A term used by bobbin-lace makers to intimate that all accessories necessary are in their proper positions.[1373] {504}_Edge._ There are two edges to lace; the outer, which in trimmings and flounces is either scalloped or ornamented with picots, and the _engrêlure_ or _footing_. _Engrêlure_ = Footing, or heading, of a lace, used to sew the lace on to the material it is to decorate. _Entoilage._ French term for a plain mesh ground or galloon.[1374] _Fil de Crin._ A thick or heavy outline or cordonnet.[1374] _Fil de Trace._ The name by which the outlines of needle-made laces are distinguished.[1374] _Fillings._ A word occasionally used for _modes_ or _jours_; fancy stitches employed to fill in enclosed spaces in needle-made and bobbin laces.[1374] _Flax._ Is composed of the filaments of the fibrous portion of _Linum usitatissimum_, an annual, native of Europe, and from it linen thread is spun. That of Flanders is the best for lace-making. _Fleurs Volantes._ See _Couronnes_. _Fond._ Identical with _champ_, _entoilage_, and _treille_. The groundwork of needle-point or bobbin lace as distinct from the toilé or pattern which it surrounds and supports. Grounds are divided into _fonds claires_, _brides claires_, and _brides ornées_. The _fond claires_ include the _Réseau_ or net-patterned grounds. _Fond de Neige_ is also known as _Oeil de Perdrix_. _Fond Simple._ Sometimes called _Point de Lille_; is the purest, lightest, and most transparent of all grounds. The sides of the meshes are not partly plaited as in Brussels and Mechlin, nor wholly plaited as in Valenciennes and Chioggia; but four of the sides are formed by twisting two threads round each other, and the remaining two sides by simply crossing of the threads over each other. [See _Grounds_.][1374] _Footing._ See _Engrêlure_. _Gimp._ The _pattern_ which rests on the ground or is held together by brides. The work should not, however be confounded with the material gimp, which was formerly called _guipure_. In Honiton and the Midlands, the word denotes the coarse glazed thread used to raise certain edges of the design.[1374] _Gingles._ A name given in Buckinghamshire, etc., to the bunches of coloured beads hung on to bobbins by means of brass wire, in order to give extra weight and so increase the tension of the threads.[1374] {505}_Groppo_ [Italian]. A knot or tie. _Grounds._ The grounds of laces are divided into two classes, one being called the _bride_, the other the _Réseau_. The _bride_ ground is formed with plain or ornamental bars, in order to connect the ornaments forming the pattern. The _Réseau_ ground is a net made with the needle or with bobbins, to connect the ornaments forming the pattern. _Guipure._ A lace-like trimming of twisted threads. The word is now used to loosely describe many laces of coarse pattern. _Guipure d'Art_ is the name given to modern darned netting.[1375] _Heading_ = _Footing_, _engrêlure_. _Jours._ Ornamental devices occurring in various parts of a piece of lace. The earliest forms of _jours_ may be seen in Venetian point lace, where they are introduced into the centre of a flower or other such device. [_Modes_ are identical with _jours_.] _Legs_ = Bars. _Mat_, or _Math_. The closely-plaited portions of flowers or leaves in bobbin-made lace; also the closely-worked portion of any lace.[1375] _Modes._ See _Jours_. _Oeil de Perdrix._ See _Fond_. _Orris._ A corruption of Arras. The term is now used to denote galloon for upholstering purposes. In the eighteenth century it was applied to laces of gold and silver.[1375] _Passement._ Until the seventeenth century, laces, bands, and gimps were called _passements à l'aiguille_; bobbin laces, _passements au fuseau_. At present the word denotes the pricked pattern on parchment upon which both needle-point and bobbin laces are worked. _Passementerie._ Now used for all kinds of fringes, ribbons, and gimp for dress trimmings. _Pearls_, or _Purls_ = _Bars_. _Pearl edge_, or _Purl edge_. A narrow thread edge of projecting loops used to sew upon lace as a finish to the edge.[1375] _Pearlin_, or _Pearling_ [Scotch]. Lace. _Picot._ Minute loops worked on to the edge of a _bride_ or _cordonnet_, or added as an enrichment to a flower--as in the case of rose point, in which _picots_ play an important part. {506}_Pillow Lace._ Lace made on the pillow, by twisting and plaiting threads. The French term is _dentelle au fuseau_. _Pizzo_ [Italian]. Lace. _Ply_ = A single untwisted thread. _Point Lace._ Lace made with the point of the needle. The French term is _Point à l'aiguille_. The term point has been misused to describe varieties of lace, such as _Point d'Angleterre_, _Point de Malines_, etc., which are laces made on the pillow, and not with the point of the needle. _Point de Raccroc._ A stitch used by lace-makers to join _réseau_ ground. _Point Noué_ = Buttonhole stitch. _Point Plat._ A French term for flat point executed without a raised cordonnet or outline cord.[1376] _Pricked._ The term used in pillow lace-making to denote the special marking out of the pattern upon parchment. _Pricker._ A short instrument used in bobbin lace to prick holes in the pattern to receive the pins.[1376] _Punto a Feston_ = Buttonhole stitch. _Purls_ = _Brides_. _Purlings_ = A stitch used in Honiton guipure to unite the bobbin-made sprigs.[1376] _Réseau._ Ground of small regular meshes made on the pillow in various manners, and made by the point of the needle in fewer and less elaborate manners. The French term, as here given, is generally used in preference to any English equivalent. _Réseau Rosacé._ See _Argentella_ (Ch. ARGENTAN). _Rouissage._ The process of steeping the flax preparatory to its being spun for lace-making. _Rezél_, _Reseuil._ See LACIS, Chap. II. _Runners._ The name by which the bobbins which work across a pattern in bobbin lace are known. _Sam cloth._ Old name for a sampler. {507}INDEX Aberdeen, qualifications of schoolmistress of, 431 n1209 Aberdein, Mrs. Frank, cited, 400 n1140 Abrahat, Mrs., pensioned by Queen Anne, 347 Abrantès, Duchesse d', 105, 128 n343, 185 n542, 186 and n545, 237 n638 Abruzzi, the, lace-making in, 68 Addison, cited, 349 Addo, Marquis d', 459 n1264 Adelaide, Queen, 409 and n1155, n1156 Adélaïde de France, 182 Adelhaïs, Queen (wife of Hugh Capet), 5 Agriculture, women employed in, lace-makers contrasted with, 370 Aquesseau, Chancellor d', quoted, 264 Alb lace, at Granada, 92 Albert, Archduke of Austria, 113 n326 ------ Museum (Exeter), tallies in, 78 n242 Albissola, lace manufacture at, 75, 77 and n240, 78, 79 and n246 Alcuid, embroidery taught by, 6 Alenches, 249 Alençon numbers of lace-workers at Chantilly and, (1851), 257 n688, refugees from, in 18th century, 347 --------, Duke d', 140 n395 -------- lace (see Point d'Alençon) Alice, Princess, bridal dress of, 409 Almagro, lace industry at, 102 and n297, 103 n305 Aloe thread, Florentine use of, 93 n273 ---- thread lace Greek, 86 Italian, 79 and n245 Portuguese, 107 Spanish, 91, 93, 99, 101 Alost Valenciennes, ground stitch of, 133 Altar-cloths, alternate designs on, 24 Bock collection, in, 23 Prague, at (by Anne of Bohemia), 9 Altar frontal in point conté, (Mrs. Hailstone's), 23 Altenburg, 268 Alva, Duke of, 366 n1085 Alvin, M., 480 n1322 Amelia, Princess, 128 America, impulse given to lace industry by U.S., 187 lace imported to, from-- Bailleul, 241 England (baby lace) 385 Grammont, 134 Italy, 75, 79 Mirecourt, 253 Portugal, 106 Saxony, 263 Spain, 102 Puritan lace-makers in, 372 n1099 war with, effect of, on lace trade, 408 Amsterdam, establishment of lace fabric at, 259 Anderson, quoted, 74, 83, 101, 124, 271,288, 371 n1093, 384, 396; cited, 264 n709, 265 n713, 286, 397 --------, Lady, robbery at house of, 346 Angoulême, Duchesse d', 196 Anne of Austria, influence of, on French fashions, 147, 150 Mechlin veil of, 125-126 and n356 pattern-book dedicated to, 144, 498 pilgrimage to Thierzac, 248 presents of English lace from Henrietta Maria to, 330 and n961, 401 ---- of Bohemia, Queen (wife of Richard II.), altar-cloth by, 9 ---- of Denmark, cost of lace of, 317 and n904, 320 and n925 Elizabeth's old clothes presented to, 320 English home industries encouraged by, 319 foreign lace purchased by, 327 funeral of, 325 and n934 ---- of England (Queen Anne) household management of, 174 n516 Mechlin lace of, 126 and n360 period of, 347-350 Anspach, 265 --------, Margrave of, 178 Anti-Gallican Society Edinburgh and Dublin Societies contemporaneous with, 429 prizes awarded by, 119, 262, 297, 355 and n1058, 374 and nn, 380, 395, 398, 404 records of, cited, 373 Antwerp book sale at (1864), 482 Brussels lace made at, 130 Mechlin lace made at, 125 -------- lace arrêt concerning (1688), 129 n365 Brussels lace compared with, 118 first mention of, 129 and n367 Spanish market for, 129-130 -------- lace-makers, in London (1618-1688), 129 n366 Anzola, M., 474 Application lace, 122; flowers, 252 Appliqueuse, work of, 122 Aprons, laced, 309 and n873, 338, 356 and n1062 Aranda, Madame d', 98 n280 Arbroath, effigy formerly in church of, 418 Ardee, braid and cord lace made at, 446 Ardfert Abbey, lace shroud found at, 436 Argentan, 202 and n569 -------- lace. _See_ Point d'Argentan Argentella, 78 n244, 193 and n555 Argentine of Dorset, 310 n877 Argyle, Duchess of. _See_ Hamilton Armada pattern lace of Queen Charlotte, 397 Armstrong, Mrs. Rachel, 438 Arnold, E., cited, 466, 469 n1286, 471 n1299 Arras early industries of, 239 gold lace of, 240 lace industry of, 238-240 lace of, compared with that of Lille, 235, 240; with that of Mirecourt, 252 number of lace workers (1851), 257 n688 Arundel, Countess of, 12 --------, Lady, quoted, 395 Assizes, Maiden, custom of presenting laced gloves at, 337 n991 Asti, Baroness A. d', 79 Athens, white silk lace of, 86 Atterbury, Bishop, lace smuggled in coffin of, 361 Auberville, M. Dupont, exhibits by, 58; cited, 78 Aubry, Felix, quoted, 132 n376, 160 n466, 228 n614, 231, 257 n688; cited, 184, 285, 292 Audiganne, A., cited, 228 n614 Augsburg, 266, 267 Augusta, Princess, marriage of, 359 Aumale, Madame d', 183 Aurillac, 154, 246-250 Austria Albert Archduke, 113 n326 Anne of. _See_ Anne lace of, 268 Auto-da-fè, lace worn at, 100 Auvergne ancient names preserved in, 246 n658 lace exhibited (1867), 246 Maltese guipures made in, 88 mignonette made in (1665), 35 number of lace-makers in (1851), 257 n688 petition of lace-makers in (1767), 64 thread used in, 245 --------, Mgr. de la Tour d', 183 Auvray, quoted, 224 n611 Avaux, M. le Comte d', 155 Avrillion, Mlle., 177 n526; cited, 184 n541 Axmouth, lace-workers of, 409 n1157 Aylesbury, lace industry of, 378, 379 Baby lace, 385 Babylon, embroidery of, 3 Backhouse, James, 300 Bacon, Lord, 318 Baden, Princess of, 178 Bailey's Dictionary, quoted, 303 n830 Bailleul, 241 and n647, 257 n688 Baillie, James, 432 Baker, Robert, 437 Baldachino in Italian lace, 66 "Ballad of Hardyknute" quoted, 24 Bamberg, collection of German Point at, 267 Bampton, Mr., 343 Bands Falling. _See_ Falling Bands Lawyers', 337 Bannatyne, James, 422 Baptism ceremony, excess of lace at, 352 n1046 Barante, M. de, cited, 111 Barbara, Princess of Portugal (1729), 105 Barbes, 168 n496, 180 and n533 ------ pleines, 234 and n627, n628 Barcelona, lace industry of, 91, 101 and n294, 103 n305 pillows used at, 103 n305 silk of, used in Maltese lace-making, 88; used for blondes, 103 Bard, William, 403 Barleycorn net, 448 Barry, Madame Du. _See_ du Barry Bars, Genoese lace joined by, 74, 75 n236 Baseus, N., 470 Basing, lace purchased at, by Anne of Denmark, 320 Basset, Anne, 290 ------, Mary, 291 Bassompierre, 142 Bath and West of England Society, 410 and n1159 Bath Brussels lace, 405 Baucher, Canon, 226 Bauta, 57 and n193 Bavari, 55 Bavaria, Queen of, 421 Bavière, Isabeau de, 139 n393 Bay, Rudolf, 274 Bayeux, black lace of, 214, 226 Chantilly shawls made at, 215 lace industry, establishment of, 226; Lefébure's development of, 228; number of lace-makers engaged in, 228 n614 mignonette made at (1665), 35 n109 point d'Alençon of, 200 point de Marli of, 225 and n613 point de raccroc of, 120 Spanish silk laces contrasted with those of, 103 Tapestry, 6 Bayman, Mrs., 107 Bayonne, linen work of (1679), 79 n248 Beale, Mrs., thefts from, 349 Bearing cloths, 309 and n871 Beau Nash on aprons, 356 Beaucaire, fair at, 43 n136 Beaufort, Duchesse of, edicts ignored by, 142; extracts from inventory of, 143 and n413, n414, n415. Beauharnais, Eugène, 123 n351 Beaumont and Fletcher, quoted, 292 n788, 296 and n805, 315 and n896, 324, 363 n1070, 365 Beauregard, 248 and n664 Becket, Thomas à, 202 and n569 Beckford, quoted, 90, 98 n280 Beckmann, quoted, 92 n267 Bedford, number of lace-makers in, 377 --------, Lady, 320 --------, Duke of, 360 --------, Lord, 348 Bedfordshire lace, 88, 375-377, 385 Beds, lace trimmings for, 27 n84, 98 and n280 Beer (Devon), lace-workers at, 409 and n1157, 416 n1169, 417 and n1171 Beggars' lace, 34 Béguinage, 126, 130, 133 "Bèle, Prerie," 144 Belev lace, 283 Belgium (See also Flanders and Brabant) lace industry (_See also_ Antwerp, Brussels etc.) application exported to France, annual value of, 252 centres of, before 1665, 44 n144 development of, 138 female education in, 112-113 guipures made by, 410 importance of, 112 and n324 numbers employed in (1861), 112 pillow lace. _See_ Valenciennes Valenciennes industry transferred to, 232 lace schools in, 113-115 linens and flax of, 405-407 pedlar lace-sellers in, 44 and n143 smuggling lace of, into France, 116 thread, fineness of, 119 n339 weaving of lace in fourteenth century in, 109 Bell, Mrs., old lace of, 384 Bellière, M. de la, 130 and n368 Bellini, lace in picture by, 47 Ben, Miss Mary, 398 Beni Hassan, figures at, 1 Beresford, Lord John George, 443 Berkeley, Bishop, quoted, 371 n1092 Berlin, number of lace fabrics in (_circ._ 1685), 264 Bernhardi, N. R., cited, 497 n1359 Berry lace industry, 256 Berthe (mother of Charlemagne), 5 Bertin, Mlle., 181 Bertini, Cav., 462 n1270 Bess of Hardwick, 11 Béziers, Bishop of, 154, 155 Bible printed by Quentell, 460 Bidney, Miss Jane, 409 Bigazzi, M., 468 n1293, 471 n1300 Billament lace, 48 and n159, 299 and n817 Binche, royal edict concerning, 135 and n381 ------ lace, 118, 135 and n383, 136, 212 Bindoni, G. A., 471 Bingham, Lady, 439 Bisette (bizette), 33 and n102, 210, 256 Bishops, denouncement of ruffs by, 316-317; ruffs worn by, 318 Black lace Caen fabric, 225 Caen, Bayeux and Chantilly, similarity of fabrics of, 226 Calvados, 223 Chantilly fabric, 212-215 and n584, 226 East Flanders fabric, 134 England, imported to, from Low Countries, 117 n330; fashion introduced into, 153 n444; Lille fabric popular in, 237 fond d'Alençon, ground, 214 France, fashion introduced into, 153-154 Le Puy fabric, 245 Liège fabric, 137 n391 Lille fabric, 236, 237 loom-made, 432 n1212 masks of, 177 Saxony fabric, 263 Turin, at court of, 153 n445 Blanche of Lancaster, 285 n755 Blandford, lace industry of, 344, 396 and nn, 397 n1134 Blessington, Countess of, lace collection of, 369 Blois, Mlle. de, 161-162 and n472 Blonde de fil, 34 and n108, 237 Blonde-workers, wages of, 225 Blondes Almagro, at, 102 n297 Barcelona silk used for, 103 Caen, of, 224 Catalonian, 102 England, introduction of manufacture into, in George II.'s time, 356; made at Sherborne, 397 French court, at, 182 Genoese manufacture of, 75 Le Puy, of, 245 Spanish, 103 n305 Vélay, of, 244 white, 214 Bobbin lace (_See also_ Pillow lace) Belgian, 123 bobbins used for, 296 n798 pillow lace a term for, 32 point duchesse, 123 royal inventories, mentioned in, 295 n797 value of, per oz. (Queen Elizabeth's time), 295 n797 ------ net English machine-made, 447-450 France, first made in, 187 Bobbins description of, 32, 33, 295 n795, 391 and n1127 Honiton, at, 415 n1166 long, used for bobbin lace, 296 n798 materials used for, 32, 74 n235 number of, 33 n101 Peniche, at, 106 n314 Bock, Dr., collection of, 23 and n74, 24 Boenen, G., 311 Bohemia, modern lace of, 262 Boileau, quoted, 159 Boislaunay, Epoux Malbiche de, 206 _Boke of Curtasye_, quoted, 290 Bolbec lace, 218 Bolingbroke, Lord, 351 Bologna, lace-making at, 68, 81 n248 Bonald, Cardinal de, 183 Bone, bobbins made of, 74 n235 ---- lace bobbin lace distinguished from, 296 n798 explanation of term, 400 ---- pins (_See also_ Bobbins), 295 n795 Bone-work, why so called, 294 Bonzy, Monseigneur de, 154-155 Books, parchment patterns on covers of, 77 Boot tops, 145, 150 Bordeaux fair, 43 n136 Borlase, Sir Henry, 378. Bosse, Abraham, engravings by, 146, 147, 149 Bottles used as light reflectors, 390 and n1125 Boufflers, Governor, 236. Bourbon, Catherine de, 144, 482, 494 --------, Duchesse de, extracts from the inventory of, 120 n344, 125 n354, 128 n364, 162 n475, 168 n496, 169 n497, 174 n519, 195 n560 Bourg-Argental, 224 Bourges, 5, 256 --------, Archbishop of, 118 and n336 Bourgogne, Duc de, 99 n283 Bowdon, Miss, 417 Bowen, Emanuel, quoted, 405 Bowes, Sir Robert, 38, 298 Bowie, J., 430 n1207 Bowll, William, 308. Boys as lace-makers, 263, 377, 413, 414 Brabant (_See also_ Belgium) lace-workers from, settled at Tönder, 274 point de Sedan, attributed to, 254 Brabant lace. _See_ Brussels, Mechlin, etc. Braid, lace a term used for, 26 ------ lace (Devonshire), 414 n1156 ------ and cord lace, 446. Braidwork, in imitation of Spanish point, 410 and n1159 Branscombe, lace-workers of, 409 n1138 Brazil, lace of, 108. Brazza, Contessa di, cited, 71 n222, 75 n237, 78 n244; quoted, 75 n236; lace school under direction of, 81 n248 Bremen, refusal of, to receive strangers, 264 Brennar, Mr., 442 n1232 Brereton, Miss Elinor, 438 Bretagne, 229 and n617 Bretschneider, A., 496 Briattes, Jean-Ph., 225 n613 Bribes of lace, 351 n1045 Bridal veils, 78 Bride ground. _See_ Argentan ground. ------ lace, 302 and n829 Brides definition of, 31 and n91 Milanese lace, in, 75 n237 Spanish point, in, 58 thread guipures, in, 39, 40 _vrai réseau_ the successor of, 406 Bridgewater Baptist Church, manifesto of, 403 and n1144 "Britannia Languens" (1680), cited, 54 and n183, 192 Brittany, 229 and n617 Brithnoth, exploits of, in embroidery, 6 Broderie des Indes, 229 -------- de Malines. _See_ Mechlin lace Brooks, Mr., speech of, quoted, 329. Brotherton, Mr., invention of lace loom by, 432 n1212 Brown, Rawdon, cited, 345 n1025 Bruce, Mr. Collingwood, cited, 6 Bruges collection of lace at, 138 export trade with France, value of, 241 guipure de Flandres of, 123, 133 Valenciennes made at, character of, 232 n624 Brunet, H., cited, 161 n472, 236 n633, 459, 461, 476; quoted, 466 Brunfaut, M. Duhayon, 131 and n374 Brussels lace Alençon, 200 application, rivalry of Mirecourt, 252 arrêt concerning (1688), 129 n365 branches of industry, 123 Brussels the only place for, 118 colour of, 121 compared with-- Alençon, 199; Binche, 135; Lille, 237; point de France, 194; St. Trond, 137; Saxony needle point, 263 Cretan mesh work compared with, 87 designing of, 122 English Court fashion for, in George II.'s time, 354 exported as "English point," 117 flowers of, 121 grounds of, 120; Mechlin ground distinguished from, 125 Honiton imitations of, 405, 406, 410 made at Antwerp, 130; at Chimay, 135 manufacture described, 31, 118, 119; titles of workers of various processes in, 122 Marie Louise, Empress, presented with, 124 patterns of, 122; date of earliest patterns, 116 point de Bruxelles. _See_ Point d'Angleterre popular establishment for English buyers, 124 price per pound, 119 n339; causes of high price, 118, 119; comparative cost of ground, 120; price of flounce of, 124 n352 thread used in, 118 and n338; fineness of 119 n339 value of, from one pound of flax, 120; intrinsic value of, 124 n352 veil of, presented to Empress Josephine, 123 n351; smuggled, 361 Venetian wear of, 57 and n192 -------- -lace-makers, point de raccroc of, 120 -------- net, 120 n345 Bruyel, Nicholas de, 111 Buckingham, Duchess of, 345 n1024 Buckinghamshire lace, 378-383; value of, 402 Buffon, ruffles of, 173 Bulgarini, Francesea, 68 and n213 Bullock, Consul, quoted, 89 Bunt lace, 428 Buoy, lace seized in, 360 n1066 Burano Alençon point made at, 62, 200 Argentan made at, 62, 208 English thread used at, 394 n1128 number of lace-workers at, 394 n1128 revival of lace industry at, 58-62 Burato, 53 Burgoigne, 205 n573, 216 n594 Burgundy, lace industry of, 255 and n684, n685; lace-makers from, in London, 373 --------, Duke of (Charles the Bold), 111 --------, Dukes of, inventory of, quoted, 82 --------, Duchess of, 167 n492 Burke, Patrick, 323 Burnet, Bishop, quoted, 13 Burnham (Buckinghamshire), lace industry of, 379 Burning of badly-spun yarn, 432 and n1211 Butterfly and acorn design, 308, 408 Byas, 299 and n815 Byzantine Empire, origin of lace traced to, 45 Cabanillas, cited, 102 Cadenetas, 95 Calderwood, Mrs., cited, 127, 431; quoted, 118 and n337, 137, 260; Dresden ruffles of, 262 Caen black lace of, 226 blonde lace of, patterns, 224; quality, 224; rise and fall of industry, 225 Chantilly industry outrivalled by, 215; Chantilly made at, 224 number of lace-makers employed in (1847), 225; (after 1848), 228 n614 price of lace of, 224 Cahanet, 226 Calais, machine-made blondes of, 225 Calepino, T., 474 Callot, engravings of, 146 Calthorpe, Lady, 37, 297 Calvados lace industry, 213, 223, 226, 228 and n614, 257 n688 Cambray, Archbishop of, 173 and n508 Cambrensis, Giraldus, cited, 435 Cambury, Lord, 403 Campan, Mme. de, 180 n533 Campane, 34 and n104, n106, 51 Campanner, 343 n1017 Campany, cited, 99 Campos, Father Fr. Marcos Antonio de, quoted, 95 Candy, thread lace from, 38 Canetille, 36 "Canons," 153 and n441 Canossa, Contessa, 469 Cant, Miss Anne, 430 n1207 Cantor Lectures on the Art of Lace-making, cited, 2 n7 Cantu, lace-making at, 66, 80 Capefigue, quoted, 166 Card-sharping aided by ruffles, 171, 351 Cardinals, 356 and n1059 Cardwell, Mr., 384 Carew, Sir G., 308 n870 Carpaccio, lace in pictures of, 47 Carpentier, Madame, 226 Carrêno, lace rare in paintings of, 98 Carrickmacross, lace industry at, 440 Carrouges, 206 Cartisan, 36 Cary, John, quoted, 849 n1325 Castanaga, M. de, 167 Castlebar, lace industry at, 439 Catalonia, blonde made at, 101; blonde mantillas of, 88, 226 Catgut lace, 343, 430 n1207 Catherine de Bourbon, 144, 482, 494 ---------- of Braganza, 43 n137 ---------- de Médecis, bed of, 22 bizette of, 33 n102 Florentine lace probably introduced into France by, 67 lace-making at court of, 140 and n395 needlework of, 11 Vinciolo patronised by, 11, 17 Cattern's Day, 376 Cauellat, Veuve, 476 Cavenne, Citoyen, 137 n390 Cayette, V. P., cited, 140 n397 Cecil, letter from, regarding French tailors, quoted, 307 Cecyll, Richard, 291 Celle, D., 466 Cephalonia, Ionian lace at, 86 Cerceau, A. du, 476 Ceylon, pillow-laces of, 88 Challus, Anne, 184 n540 Chambrières, 8 Champagne, lace industry of, 253-255 Chandos, infant daughter of Duke of, 352 n1046 --------, Lady, 294 n791, 297 n811, 307 n862, 308 n867 Channel Islands, lace industry in, 372 n1098 Channon, Miss Mary, 398 "Chansons a toile", 8 and n29 Chantilly number of lace-workers at Alençon and, (1851), 257 n688 point tresse made at, 314 ---------- lace black, 226 Caen manufacture of, 224 Genoese imitation of, 75 industry of, 212-215 Saxony lace compared with, 263 Spanish silk laces contrasted with, 103 Spanish and Portuguese imitation of, 106 Charles I. (England) Carisbrook clothing expenses of, 372 n1097 carpet bag trimmings of, 38, 298 extravagance of, 326, 327 and n950, 328 Great Wardrobe Account, quoted, 253 and n678, n679, 205 n612 marriage accounts, 296 period of, 326-332 picture catalogue of, cited, 296 -------- II. (England) Collobium sindonis of, 335 and n981 Flanders lace, importation of, prohibited by, 125 foreign lace imported by, 336 and n985 period of, 335-339 silver parchment lace of, 38, 298 and n841 --------, Prince (England), accounts of, cited, 322, 325 n940, n941 -------- V. (Belgium) cap of, 113 lace-making encouraged by, 113 portrait of, in Quentell's pattern book, 459 -------- VIII. (France), 139 n393 -------- IX. (Sweden), 279 -------- X., 143 n412 -------- the Bold, 111 Charleville lace, 183 n539, 254 and n680 Charlotte, Queen Armada pattern lace of, 397 British lace worn by, 363, 398 favourite lace of, 128 lace industry started by, 374 sponsor to children of aristocracy, 352 n1046 Charmouth, lace-workers at, 395 Charollais, Mlle. de, inventory of, quoted, 125 n353, 129 n364, 162 n475, 175 n520, 135 ruffles of, 233 n626 Chat, 181 and n536 Château de Madrid, lace factory at, 158, 210 and n584 -------- -Renaud lace, 254 -------- -Thierry, lace industry at, 157 n459, 253 Châtel-sur-Moselle, 251 and n671 Châtelain, Simon, 100 and n287 ----------, Zacharie, 259 Chaucer, quoted, 15 and n50 Chaumont, 251 n673 Chauvin, Pierre, 230 Cheney, lace industry at, 384 Chesterfield, Lord, quoted, 358 Cheveux de la reine, 181 and n535 Chevreuse, Madame de, 168 Cheyne lace, 438 Chiavari _Macramé_ of, 79 tape guipure of, 75 Chicago Exhibition. _See under_ Exhibitions Chichester, Lady Hamilton, 87 and n262 Chick, Mrs., 407 n1153 Chigi-Giovanelli, Princess, 61 Children as lace-makers, 103 n305, 107, 155, 209, 377, 438 Chili lace, 108 Chimay lace, 134-135 China drawn work of, 46 silk lace not in demand in, 89 ------, lace exchanged for, 349 Choïsy, Abbé de, 167 Christening shirts of Queen Elizabeth's reign, 308 and n872 Christian IV. of Denmark, 68, 272-274 Christina, Queen, 73 n230 Church of England appointment of parsons of, for reform of lace-making abuses, 331 inventories of, lace mentioned in, 293 ruffs worn by Bishops, 318; sermons against ruffs, 316 ------ of France, extravagance of prelates (Louis XVI.), 182-183 Churchill, Lord, 403 Cibber, Colley, cited, 344 n1021 Cicognara, Count, 467 and n1286 Ciglia family, Maltese lace made by, 88 Cinq Mars, boots and collarette of, 145 Ciprioto, 82 n252 Cistercians, 7 "City Match," quoted, 324 Clarke, Jane, 443 n1233 Claver, Alice, 288 Clayton, Sir Thomas, accounts of, quoted, 350 Clement VII., Pope, 62 -------- IX., Pope, 70 -------- X., Pope, 172 n505 Clément, M., 226 Clermont, Mlle. de, inventory of, quoted 128 n363, 195 n560, 207 n578 Clonard Abbey, effigy in, 437 n1222 Clones, lace and crochet industry of, 445 Cluny, Musée de, punto a relievo in, 51 ------ lace Le Puy Fabric, 246 n659 Mirecourt fabric, 252 Coccolia, lace school at, 81 n249 Cochon, cited, 256 n686 Cock (fontange), 423 ----, Hieronymus, 493 n1354 Cockscombes, 344 Code Michaud, 148 Coggeshall (Essex), lace made at, 441 n1230 Coigny, Duchesse de, 123 n351 "Col rabattu," 145 Colbert, Chevalier Aurillac lace of, 248 chief director of trade, 158 n461 death of, 192 development of lace industry by, 154; extract from letter to M. le Comte d'Avaux, 155 difficulties in establishing lace factories, 158 and n461, n462 fabrics attempted by, 255, 256 fabrics established by, at Arras, 239 and n644 Aurillac, 247 Château de Madrid, 158, 210 n584 Le Quesnoy, 230 Loudun, 256 Huguenots protected by, 100 inventory of, quoted, 218 n596, 259 n692 Mazarin, correspondence with, concerning lace, referred to, 150-151 ordinance of, 54 point d'Alençon established by, 188 points de France, established by, 33, 111 Raffy, Madame, letter from, quoted, 202 Colbertine, 337, 339 and n996, n997, n998 Colchester, complaints of, regarding foreign lace-makers, 324 n935 Cole, A. S. cited, 91-92 and n268, 446 n1236; quoted, 193 n555, 203 n570 Kinsale lace revival due to, 442 and n1232 Collaert, engraving by, 109 n319 Collars, hunting, 328 Collectors of lace, 364 Cologne pattern book, 268 Colombière, Vulson de la, quoted, 73, 149 and n435 Colporteurs, lace sold by, 44 and n142, n143 Colyton military thieves at, 403 tomb in church of, 403 n1145 Commode. _See_ Fontange Commonwealth, the, needlework in the time of, 13 Compas lace, 297 and n809 Compton, Lord, cited, 296 n800 Conclave, the holy, laces of, 70 Condé, Princesse de, inventory of, quoted, 125 n355, 161 n468, 168 n496, 169 n497, 174 n519, n520, 195 n558 Congreve, cited, 344 n1021; quoted, 339 Contarini, Lucretia, 476, 484 Conti, Prince de, marriage-toilette of, 161-162 and n472 point d'Aurillac cloak of, 248 Contrada del Pizzo, 59 Connet, lace trade at, 270. Cooke, quoted, 414 Copper lace (St. Martin's), 331 n965 Coral point, 51 Coralline, Point de Venise copied from, 49-50 Cordonnet, 87, 406, 408 Corfu, Greek lace made at, 85 Cork, crochet industry of, 444, 445 "Corona" of Vecellio. _See_ Vecellio Cotgrave, quoted, 33 n102, 36 n112 Cotton lace, 187 ------ weaving, at Ghent, 134 Couronne (picot), 31 and n92 Courtrai, flax grown at, 118 n338 -------- lace. _See under_ Valenciennes lace Cousin, Jean, 476 Couvin lace, 138 n392 Covenanters, sumptuary enactments of, 424 Coventry blue, 302 Cow-houses, lace worked in lofts over, 224 Cowper, quoted, 364, 370, 379 Coxcombs, 31 Cranfield, Sir Lyonell, cited, 324 n934 Crâponne fabric, 246 Cravat, laced introduction of, 337 origin of, 42 n135 stock the successor of, 345 Creaden, the Queen of, 437 n1223 Créquy, M. de, 143 ------, Madame de, quoted, 175 ------, Marquise de, quoted, 173 n511, 250 and n668 Crete, lace manufacture of, 86-87 Crochet, Irish, 444-445 -------- hook used in Genoese guipures, etc., 74 -------- needle, used in Punto di Rapallo, 75 n237 Cromwell, Oliver, dress of, 333, 334 Crown lace, 299 and n814 Croïy, Duc de, 366 n1083 Crusaders, art of lace-making, traced to, 45 n148 Cuença, 246 Cuipure (guipure), 37 Culpepper, Sir John, quoted, 318-319 Cunningham, quoted, 308 n866 Curragh point, 443 and n1233 Curtius, M., 143 and n412 "Custom of the Country" quoted, 324 Cut-work ecclesiastical use of, 15 Elizabeth's use of, 303-305 Italian, 325 James I.'s time, 322, 325 lace known as, 2 name explained, 19 pall of, used in Dieppe, 25 Ricci's "Last Supper" depicted in, 79 n248 smocks adorned with, 25 toile d'honneur of, use at St. Lo, 25 Cyprus, needlework of, 82 d'Abranthès, Duchesse, 105, 128 n343, 185 n542, 186 and n545, 237 n638 d'Addo, Marquis, 459 n1264, 467 n1287, n1288, 469 n1294, 470, 472, 475, 476 and n1315, 477 Daedalian ruffs, 315 and n895 Daimeries, Mme., quoted, 138 n392 Dalecarlian lace, 68, 281, 282, 338 Dalrymple, Miss Jenny, 263 Dalton, Mother Augustine, 444 Damer, Mr., 364 Dammartin lace, 212 Dangean, quoted, 167, 178 Dantelle (dentelle), first occurrence of word, 490 d'Aranda, Madame, 98 n280 Darned netting, 20, 21 Dartmouth, Lord, 379 Dauphin, ceremony at birth of, 162 n474 Davies, Barber Surgeon, quoted, 70 Davies' _Epigrams_ quoted, 323 n933 Davey, Mrs., 409 Dawson, Mrs., 446 n1235 de la Motte, Maréchal, 29, 126 and n357 de Lonlay, Eugène, cited, 208 de Staël, Madame, 180 Deaf and dumb, net lace used by, in Sardinia, 81 n248 Debts for lace, 353 and n1050. Decker, T., quoted, 315 n895 Defoe, quoted, 43 n140, 171 n503, 377 and n1111, 378, 379, 380 and n1119, 396, 397, 403; cited, 344 Delaney, Mrs., quoted, 120 n344, 121, 355; cited, 413 n1161 Denbert, Bishop of Durham, 6 Denmark cut-work of, 276, 277 embroidered tulle of, 229 grave-clothes, lace adorned in, 275, 366 and n1082 lace industry. (_See also_ Schleswig and Tönder) export trade, 274 n736 lace postmen, 274, 277 origin of, 272 protected by Christian IV., 274 quality of lace, 275 Wulff's revival of, 276 and n739 Dennistoun, Mrs., 58-59, 487 Denny, Lady Arabella, 437, 438 and n1225, 439 and n1227 Dentelière, work of, 122 Dentelle, definition of term, 27 and n80 -------- à la Reine, 259 and n692 -------- à la Vierge, 220 "Dépit Amoureux" quoted, 32 Derby Alice, Countess of, effigy of, 321 n927 ------, Lady, 342 ------ rib, 448 n1239 Derbyshire, pillow lace made in, 393 Derode, V., quoted, 236 n630, n633 Desborough, lace industry of, 379 Desmarquets, cited, 219 n603 Desmond, Countess of, 437 n1222 Desnos, Joseph Odolant, quoted, on establishment of point d'Alençon, 155 n455 ------, Odolent, quoted, on invention and establishment of point d'Alençon, 155-157 Despierres, Mme., quoted, 157 n457, n458, 159 n464, 195 n557, 204 n571, 307; cited, 192 n552, 203 d'Este, Madame Anne Bellorio, 61 family, auctions of, cited, 46 Devonshire bone pins used in, 294 lace of. _See_ Honiton, Trolly villages in, noted for lace-making in 1698, 403 n1143; those now engaged in, 403 n1147 ----------, Duke of, coffin of, searched for lace, 360 ----------, Duke of, Jacobite lace brought to, 426 Diamond lace, 299-300 and n818 "Diarium Vadstenoense" 278 Didot, F., 487 Dieppe cut-work, pall used in, 25 lace industry of, 218-220, 223 ------ lace, 183 n539 Dieudonné-- quoted, 225 n613, 231; cited 237 n639 Dijon, Valenciennes made at, 255 Dike, Ric. 319 n918 Dinant muslin-work, 138 n392 Dinghen, Madame, 311 Doddridge, Lady, effigy of, 405 Doge's horn in Italian laces, 66 Dogs as lace-smugglers, 116 and n329 Dolls dressed in French fashions, 170 and n500, n501 "Don Quixote," cited, 98 n281 Donat, Père, 501 Donchéry lace, 254 Doran, Dr., anecdote related by, 186 Dorsetshire lace, 396-398; value of, 402 Dorstats, Madame Catherine von, 497 Douairière de la Ferté, Duchesse, 175-176 Double ground, 386 Douce, Mrs., cited, 500 n1366 Douglas, Bp., letters of, quoted, 265 and n720 Dover, refugee lace-makers at, 324 n935 "Down," 390 Draper, Mrs., 13 Drawn-work, method of, 25 Sicilian, 81 South American, 188 wire, 72 Dresden lace, 262, 263, 430 and n1207 Drocheleuse, work of, 122 Droschel, 119 Drouais, 168 Dryden, quoted, 425 Du Barry, Madame accounts of, quoted, 34 n106, 120 and n341, n343, n344, 126 n356, 129 n364, 162 n475, 168 n496, 175 n520, 178 n529, 181 n534, 195, 207 and n577, 231 and n621, n622, 233 n625, n626 Indian muslin bought by, 179 inventories of, quoted, 213 n592, 250 n666, n667 Du Haillan, 142 n408 Dublin Society, The, 429, 437-439 Dubois, C., cited, 137 n389, 138 n392 ------, 468 Duchesse lace, 123 Dulaure, cited, 173 and n513 Dumont, manufactory of, 211 ------, Mlle., 105 n312 Dunbar, Mrs., 443 Dunkirk, James II.'s cap in Museum at, 340 and n1004 Duponchel (Du Ponchel), 205, 207 n576 Dupont, M., cited, 204 Duras, Duc de, 207 n577 ------, Duchesse de, 213 and n591 Duref Henri, cited, 247 Durham, St. Cuthbert's cope and maniple at, 7; his grave-clothes, 14, 15, 366 Durie, Lord, engraving of, 423 Dussen, B. v. d., cited, 133 and n378 Duthie, Mlle., 181 Duval, M., 224 Dysart, Countess of, 344 n991 "Each," 391 _Eagle_ (French vessel), seizure of, 101 Earnings and wages of lace-workers Alençon, 192 Arras (1788), 239; (1851), 240 Bedfordshire, 377 blonde-workers, 225 Denmark (1848), 277 n741 Devonshire, 414, 416 n1168; Honiton, 407 and n1153 Dorsetshire, 398 Flemish thread-spinners', 119 France, average (1851), 257 n688; their savings, 159 n464 Genoa, 77, 78 Mechlin, 127 Mirecourt, 252 n675, 253 Normandy, 223, 228 n614 Northamptonshire (Spratton), 390 Scotland, 434 Spain, 102 Switzerland, 270 Val, 233, 234 n627 Vélay, 244 Ypres Valenciennes, 131 n373 Eaton, John, 336 ------, Prestwick, letters from, cited, 98 n282 Ecclesiastical lace Athenian--for Jewish Church, 86 Burano school allowed to copy, 62 decline of, since the Reformation, 331 Greek, 83 Ionian, 86 Italian, 47 and n154 Katherine of Aragon's work of, 376 and n1108 Maltese, 88 Scotch, 418, 419 Spanish, 90, 92 washing of, 373 n1101 Ecouen lace, 210 n589 Eden, Mrs., 443 Edgithe, Queen, 6 Edict of Nantes, Revocation of effect on lace industry (France and other countries), 192, 212, 254, 258 settlement of fugitives in Germany, 264-265 Edinburgh Society for Encouraging the Arts and Manufactures of Scotland, 262, 263, 429, 430 and nn Edward the Elder, daughters of, 6 Edward III. pins for his daughter's trousseau, 294 n794 thread veils of time of, 285. Edward IV. Irish smock of, 436 wardrobe accounts of, quoted, 288 Edward VI., funeral lace of, 293 Effingham, Dowager Lady, 349 ----------, Earl of, 364 Egenolffs, C., 470 Egyptians (Ancient), embroidery of, 1 Ekenmark, cited, 280 n748 Elberfeld, 265 Eleanor of Austria, 262 n701 Elgin marbles, designs in, 3 Elizabeth, Princess (wife of Elector Palatine), 71, 325 ---------- of Austria (Elisabetta Borbona d'Austria), 495 ---------- of Bohemia, 294 n794 ---------- of Denmark, 272 ----------, Queen anecdote referring to, 38, 297 cost of lace for revels at court of, 308 n871 cut-work of, 303-305 false hair of, 314 and n894, n895 foreign tastes of, 305, 307, 310 Irish at court of, 435 laces of, 299-300; lace made from human hair, 313; Genoa and Spanish lace, 307; parchment lace, 298; cost of lace furnished to, 308 New Year's gifts to, 294 n791, 295, 303 n833, 304 n834, n835, n836, n837, 307 and n862, 308 n867, n870, 310 n875, n876 old clothes of, presented to Anne of Denmark, 320 presents to, from Mary Stuart, 420 and n1184; from the Baroness Aletti, 421 n1187 ruffs of, 310-313; 316 n901 skill of, in needlework, 500 smock made by, 10 and n32; smocks of, 308, 408 stocking-frame inventor discouraged by, 448 n1240 wardrobe accounts of, cited, 72; quoted, 92, 98 n282, 297 and n811, 299 and n814, n815, n816, n817, 300-301 and n820, n821, n824, n826, 302 and n827, 304 n834, n838, 307 and n861, n865, 309 n873, 311 n880, 312 n882, 314 n895, 372 n1098 ----------, reign of christening shirts and bearing cloths of, 308-309 habits of people in, 310 n877 importation of pins (annual) in, 294 n794 lace, use of, in, 300 laced handkerchiefs of, 310 and n874 measures against luxury of the people, 301 sumptuary laws, 306 and n855 value of lace and thread imported (1559 and 1568), 306 and n859 Venice lace of, 48 and n154 ---------- of York, Queen, 9 n30, 48, 289 Elliott, Julian, 328 Embroider, Italian and Spanish term for, 45 and n147 Embroidery Anglo-Saxon, 5-7 Babylonian, Sidonian and Phrygian, 3 and n13 drawn-thread work, 25 ecclesiastical, 4-7. Egyptian, 1 Greek, 2, 3 and n8 Jewish, 2 Spanish, 103 Embroidered lace, Genoese, 77 Engageantes, 168 Enghien lace, 134 "Engines" for lace-making, 324 n935 England (_for_ counties, towns, etc., _see their titles_) French fashions, method of obtaining, 170 frugality of nation, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, 310 n877 lace in account of (_See also_ names of sovereigns), 285 _et seq._ date of establishment of industry, 286-288; origin of, 111; centres of, before 1665, 44 n144; impossibility of competing with Belgium, 138 earliest mention of, 285 Flanders, trade with (1768), 115; Flemish lace. _See_ that title foreign, prohibited, 125, 289-290, 341, 347; imported, 245, 251, 288, 291 smuggling of. _See that title_ Protestant refugees in, trades of, 297-298 Reformation, decline of ecclesiastical lace since, 331 sumptuary laws. _See that title_ Vinciolo published in, 482 Engrêlure, 31, 168 n496 Entoilage, 30, 250 Épinal, 251 Equipage de bain, 168 Eric XIV. (Sweden), 307 Ericksholm, 280 ---------- Castle, 279 Erikson, Gustaf, 280 Erzgebirge lace, 263 Essex, Earl of, 401 Este, Madame Anne Belloris, d', 61 ---- family, archives of, cited, 46 Etrepagny lace, 213 n589 Eu lace, 183 n539, 218, 221-222 Eugénie, Empress, 198 Evans, Mrs., 308 n869 Evelyn, quoted, 13, 43, 168 n496, 338, 339; cited, 57 Exeter, Bishop of, 316 ------, Elizabeth, Duchess of, 285 n755 Exhibitions Chicago World's Fair Honiton lace at, 416 n1169 Italian lace at, 46 n150 Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886), Cyprian lace at, 82 Industry, 1808, point d'Argentan at, 208 (1851), Alençon flounce at, 197-198; lace industry developed since, 392 (1855) (Paris) Alençon point dress at, 198 equipage of King of Rome at, 196 needle-point dress at, 245 (1859) (French). Report--cost of Brussels lace, 119 n339 (1862) (International) Spanish exhibits at, 103-104 threads, comparative fineness of, 119 n339 Wadstena lace at, 280 1867 (Paris) Alençon point dress at, 200 Burano laces at, 58 Honiton lace at, 410 macramé shown at, 79 Mechlin lace at, 125 oyah at, 87 point gaze at, 123 Valenciennes lace at, 131 and n373 1874 (International) Austrian lace at, 268 Brussels lappet at, 411 Russian towels at, 283 Valenciennes lace at, 131 1889, point d' Alençon at, 201 1900 (Paris), 268 Eyesight, effect of lace-making on, 112 n324 Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 333 Fairs, 43 and n136, n137, n140, 326 n945 Falbala, 167 and n492 Falcon, T., 246 Fallals, 350 and n1043 Falling bands, 321 n928, 322, 326, 327, 334, 336 Fambri, Signor, 61 "Fameuse poupée," 170 Fanciulle, 462 Fanshaw, Lady, quoted, 333 Farbeck, John, 300 Favier-Duboulay, correspondence of, with Colbert, re lace industry at Alençon, 155 and n454, 189 Feather-stitch, 8 Fécamp lace, 218 Félibien, D. M., quoted, 141 n402 Félice, G. de, quoted, 150 n437 Félin Narciso, quoted, 91, 99 Felkin, Mr., cited, 447 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 92, 93, 96 Feret quoted, 219 and n604 Ferguson, Mr., cited, 250 and n665 Fernandez, Don Manuel, 102 Ferrara archives of, quoted, 46 and n150 Venetian lace-worker at, 78 n243 Fielding quoted, 354 n1053 Filet brodé à reprises, 20 Fillesae, Marie, 157 n458 Fillings, 31 Filo di freta (_See also_ Aloe thread), 79 n245 Firenzuola cited, 46 n152, 47, 57 n172; quoted, 66 and n207 Fisher, Bishop, 292 Fitz-Geoffrey (Geffery), Henry, quoted, 317 n908, 332 Flanders emigration of lace-makers from, preventive legislation, 111-112; emigrants in London, 373; in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, 375 and n1105; in Devonshire, 399 and nn, 400 n1140; expelled from England (1572), 306 lace. _See_ Flemish lace. lace school in, description of, 114-115 Spanish imports of dentelles d'Angleterre from, 98 thread imported from, complaint regarding, 324 n935 water-glass reflectors used in, 390 n1125 --------, East, lace of, 133-134 --------, West lace workers of, 133 and n378 Valenciennes lace of. _See_ Valenciennes Flax age of, 259 n697 cotton substituted for, 187 spinning of, in damp cellars, 405 Fleming, Lady, 10 Flemish lace. (_See also_ Belgium _and_ Brabant) arrêt concerning (1688), 129 n365 Barcelona lace imitated from, 91, 99 black lace exported, 117 n330 cargo of smuggling vessel (1678), 117 coffin containing, 61 Danish imitation of, 275 England bribes for Jacobites in, 351 n1045 exportation to, prohibited, 125, 341 fashionable in, 318, 325, 327, 340 imitations in, 384, 404; Honiton reproductions, 411, 416 trade with (1768), 115 France, popularity in (Louis XIV.), 150; trade (seventeenth century), annual value of, in passemens, 209 n583; prohibited, 142 importance of industry of, 111 Liège, 136-137 "Malines," a term for, 125 origin of, 109 types of, 115-116 white work, 294 and n791 Flemish names in Colyton (Devon), 403 n1145 Fleurens, 270 Fleury, Cardinal, quoted, 176 Florence gold lace from, Spanish exclusion of, 92 Greek lace made at, 85 industrial schools in, lace work of, 81 n248 lace industry of, account of, 66-68; "fine dantelle de," 27 Le Puy, imports from, 245 n657 Florentine merchants, allowed to trade in England (circ. 1546), 291 Florini, M., 488 _Flying Postman_ advertisement in, 129 "Flys," 416 n1170 Foillet, J., 489, 490 Fonneuse, work of, 122 Fontange (Commode) "cock" the Scotch term for, 423 description of, 168 n486, 342, 350 n1043 extinction of mode, 166, 348 and n1035 story of, 164 Fontana, Lavinia, lace in picture by, 47 n153 Fontenay, lace, 212 n589 Fontenelle le Liqueur, 229 and n615 Fonthill, sale of lace at, 162 n475 Foote, quoted, 171 n503 Footing, 31, 168 n496 Forbes, Miss Betsey, 432 n1209 Forçade, M. de la, cited, 340 n1004 Force, P. de la, cited, 254 and n682 Foresto, I., 471 Fortunato, P. A., 500 Foskewe, Sir John, 22 _Four P's, The_, cited, 43 n139 Fournier, quoted, 209 n583 "Fourpenny Spot," 372 n1095 Fowke, Mr., cited, 6 and n23 Fowler, Mrs., lace school of, 416 and n1169 Fozzi, P. P., 491 France. _For_ districts, towns, etc., _see their titles_ bobbin net introduced into, 187 customs of French ladies, 168-170 états Généraux (1789), action of, regarding lace, 183 extravagant cost of lace ornaments (Louis XIV.), 153 Fairs in, 43 n136 Fashions fashion dolls, 170 and n500, n501 Italian influence on, 139 and n393 Louis XIV., under, 167 first appearance of lace in, 139 n393 First Empire Brussels lace at court of, 123 lace industry under, 184 morning costume under, 185 point d'Alençon patterns under, 199 and n566 Florentine lace used in (1545), 67 imports of lace from, to England, forbidden by Queen Anne, 347 Italian guipures exported to, 75 Italy, relations with (16th century), 476 lace industry in. _See_ French lace industry lace-makers from, brought to teach Scotch girls, 428 ladies, addiction of, to needlework, 9, 24; as lace-makers, 163 men as embroiderers in, 13 point d'Espagne consumed in, 90; made in, 100 points de Venise from, 54 Quintain named from Brittany town, 19 lace industry improved by, 383 refugees from, to Channel Islands, 372 n1098; to England, 324 n935 Revolution in, effect of, on lace trade, 183 and n539, 223, 249, 368, 408 Second Empire, point d'Alençon patterns under, 199 Spanish imports of lace from, 101 sumptuary laws in, 138 and n354, n355, 147 and n429, 149, 154 and n451 tariff (1664), Liège lace mentioned in, 137 war with, effect of, on English lace industry, 386, 387 yellow starch, attitude towards, 318 and n909 France and Navarre, Queen of, pattern book dedicated to, 493 Franceschi, Francesco di, 475, 484 Francis I. Aurillac lace of, 247 pattern book dedicated to, 461 Frankfort-on-the-Maine fair at, 43 n136, 326 n945 pattern book published at, 267 Frano, G., 477 Frederick, Prince of Wales, 354 ---------- IV., 274 ---------- William of Brandenburg, 264 French lace industry centres of, before 1665, 44 n144 cheap lace, 187 and n546 Colbert's development establishment and history of the company (1668-1675), 157-158 establishment of point d'Alençon, 155-157 immigration of Venetian workers, 159 n465 principal centres, 159 n464 pupils sent to Venice, 154-155 and n454 First Empire, under, 184 foreign trade Bruges, annual value of, with, 241; with Flanders, 209 n583; Valenciennes trade with Belgium, 132 n376 Germany, with, 265 prohibition of, with Flanders, 142 rivalry of Holland in, 258 smuggling from Belgium, 116; from Switzerland, 270 statistics regarding (18th century), 160 n466 number of lace-makers in (present day), 188; table of (1851), 257 n688 Paris lace-workers, confirmation of statutes of, 150 n437 pattern books, 144 and n420, n421, n422, n423 patterns imitated in Denmark, 275 pillow lace manufacture, extension of (17th century), 159 point d'Espagne, 100 Protestants prohibited from selling lace, 150 n437 varieties of lace made in (1665), 33-35 width of lace restricted, 152-153 Freyburg, 268 Freytag, G., quoted, 265 n718 Friesland hens, ladies likened to, 342 Frondeurs, extravagance of, 150 Froschover, Christopher, pattern book of, 271 Fugio lace, 74 Fuller, quoted, 378, 401 Furnesse, Sir Henry, 344, 347 Fuseaux, dentelle à, 32 n98 Gabrielle de Bourbon, 8 n28 ----------, Madame, 49, 142, 143 and n413, n414, n415 Gaguef lace, 281 _Gan, Le_, quoted, 24 Gantes, Mlles., 250 Garden, Lord, quoted, 119 Garnica, John de, 113 n325 Garnier, Joseph, cited, 255 n685 Garnitures de lit, 174 and n519, n520 Garters Queen Elizabeth's cost per pair, 301 trimmed with point, 145 Gaston, Duke of Orleans, 8 n27 Gaudronnées collerettes, 17 Geneva, rivalry of, with Mirecourt, 252 Genoa Albergo de' Poveri, macramé made at, 79 collars of, 74 earnings of lace-workers, 77, 78 embroidered lace of, 77; embroidered tulle, 229 gold work of, 47, 72 guipures of, 74 lace of Cardinal Mazarin's purchase of, 150, 151 Honiton reproduction of, 411 point de Gênes, 41, 42, 72, 73 and n230, 74 Queen Elizabeth's, 307 and n865 lace trade in, chiefly pillow, 47, 74; decline of, 74 silk work of, 72 sumptuary laws in, 73 Tessada, Signore, old lace of, 72 n225 Genoa, Duchess of, 78 n244 Gentili family, bridal veil made for, 78 Geometrical patterns cuffs of (Queen Mary's), 113 Cretan, 86 Greek lace, 20, 85 ruffs of, 316 Swedish, 25 Vecellio's, 111 Vinciolo's, 18 George I. Mechlin cravat of, 126 and n361 period of, 351-353 wardrobe account of, 240 and n645 ------ II., period of, 354-357 ------ III. English manufactures protected by, 359, 363 and n1068, 381 period of, 363-370 sponsor to children of aristocracy, 352 n1046 ------ IV., wardrobe of, 364 n1073 Geharts, C., 501 Germany fairs in, 43 n136, n140 guipures imported into, 36 lace imported into, 245, 251, 254 lace industry centres of, before 1665, 44 n144 export trade with France, 265 North and South Edict of Nantes Revocation--emigration of fugitives into, 264-265 religion of lace-workers, 264 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 264 Nuremberg (_See that title_) origin of, 111 pattern-books, 266-268 Saxony (_see that title_) luxury, outbreak of, 265-266 Geslin, Simon, 193 _Gespeldewerkte kant_, 32 n98 Ghent lace Brussels lace compared with, 118 manufacture of, 133-134 trade replaced by cotton-weaving, 134 Valenciennes made at Ghent, character of, 231 n624 Ghisolieri, La Signora Silveria Rossi, 484 Gibbons, Grinling, lace carvings of, 367 and n1088 Gibson, Sir Alexander, engraving of, 423 ------, Miss Mary, 438 Gigliucci, Countess, fragment of drawn work possessed by, 69 Gilbert, Madame, 155 and n455, 156, 157 and n458 Gimp Brussels lace, in, 406 method of making, 33 silk, at Ragusa, 84 Gioiello, 486 Giraldini, Catherina, 500 Gisors lace industry, 209, 213 n589, 215 Glairo, Mlle. U., 235 Glandore, Lord, 436 Glen, Jean de, 136, 482, 488 and n1338 ----, Miss, 431 n1209 Gloucester, Duchess of, lace collection of, 369 Gloves, laced, 337 and n991 Goats' hair lace, 245 Godard, Jean, quoted, 24, 146 n425 Goderonné, term explained, 17 n57 Godric, 6 Gohory, Anne, 183 n540 Golbertain (Colbertine), 339 n996 Golconda, King of, 322 n928, 329 and n958 Gold lace (_See also_ Aurillac lace) Arras, of, 240 England, imported to fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, 288, 289, 307 monopoly in, under James I., 318 prohibited, by Queen Anne, 349; by George II., 355 n1057; confiscation and burning of, 359 France, popularity in, 139, 141, 146, 154; of Paris, 211-212 Genoa, wearing prohibited in, 73 Hamburg, of, 264 Holland, introduction into, 259 India, imported into, 322 n928, 329 and n958 Ireland, importation to, prohibited, 439 Jewish manufacture of, 92 Lyons, of, 256 Ragusa, at, 84 Russia, of, 283 Scotland, wearing in, prohibited, 422 Sicily, of, 80 Spain, of, 92, 100-102, 248 Sweden, of, 280 Zurich, of, 271 ---- guipure work, Swedish, 277-278 ---- purles, 330 ---- thread duties on, leased to Dame Villiers, 328 Italian (fourteenth century), 72 ---- wire, protest by handspinners of, 335 Golden Horn, 273 Goldoni, cited, 57 n192 Goldsmith, quoted, 70 n218 Gomberdière, Marquis de la, quoted, 209 and n582 Gonzales, Don Manuel, cited, 380 and n1120, 403 n1146 Gooding, James, 413, 414 Gorget (whisk), 334 Gormont, 464 Goudronné, term explained, 17 n57 Gozo, Maltese lace made at, 88 Grafton, Duchess of, 344 n1021, 349 n1037 Gramite, 46 n150 Grammont lace, 134 Granada, lace alb in cathedral of, 92, 93 Granson, battle of, 111 Grave-clothes Duke of Alva's, 366 n1085 Ionian lace sold from, 86 lace decorations of, 365-367 St. Cuthbert's, 14, 15, 366 Gravelle, attempt to establish fabric by, 207 Great Marlow bone lace trade of, 319 lace school at, 378 Great Wardrobe Accounts, where kept, 299 n816 Greek lace. (_See also_ Cyprus _and_ Ragusa) Devonshire imitation of, 414 n1165 Italian cut-work so called, 20 Milan point, 65 reticella so called, 50, 85 Greeks (ancient), embroidery of, 2, 3 and n8 Green, quoted, 296 ------ silk lace, 291 n783 Greene, Mrs., quoted, 321 n926 Gremial, 70 n217 Grey, Lady Jane, anecdote of, 38, 297 Grillé, 30 n89 Gripsholm, portrait of Queen Elizabeth at, 307 Gropari (punto a gropo), 52 Gros point de Venise. _See_ Point de Venise, rose point ---- René, 32 Groslay lace, 210, 213 n589 Ground absent in certain laces, 31 kinds of, 30 round, 39 Gruner, Mr., cited, 476 n1316, 487 n1335, 489 Gruuthus mansion, collection at, 138 Gueuse, 33, 34, 41, 42 Guibray fair, 43 n136 Guipure Flemish, 123, 133 Genoese, 74 Honiton (modern), 409, 410 Maltese, 88 method of making, materials, uses, 35-40 modern, 39, 40 parchment lace probably English term for, 37-38 point de Venise, 49 tape, 39, 75 Turkish, 87 Gunning, Miss (Duchess of Hamilton), 425 n1199, 428, 429 Gurbert, cited, 219 n602 Gustavus Adolphus, 282 Gustaf Vasa, 279, 280 Guyard, Sieur Mathieu, 204-205 Guyenne, annual consumption of Le Puy lace in, 245 n657 Haag, cited, 265 n714, 269 n725 Haarlem thread, 216 n595, 223 n608, 245, 259 and n695, n697 Hailstone, Mrs., 23 Hainault, laces, 134 _et seq._; lace flowers, 121 Hair false, of Queen Elizabeth's time, 314 and nn fashion of wearing, 341 lace made from, 313; horse-hair used in Alençon, 194; goats'-hair and rabbits'-hair lace, 245 wigs, 336, 349 Hal, flax grown at, 118 Haliwell, quoted, 297 n809 Halle lace, 265 Hamburg point, 264 Hamilton, Anne, Duchess of (Miss Gunning), 425 n1199, 428, 429 --------, Lady Jane, 123 n351 Hamilton lace, 430 -------- net-work (modern), 434 n1216 Hamlet on the French stage, 186 Hammond, machine-net invented by, 447 Hand, Mrs., 445 Handkerchiefs, laced, 310 and n874, 337 Hangkow, lace made in, 89 Hanmer, Sir Thomas, 349 n1037 Hanover fabrics, 265 Hanslope lace industry, 380 n1119 Harefield church, sculptured lace on effigy in, 321 n927 Harent, Ignace, 230 Harrison, Major, rich dress of, 333 Hartruide, Madame, 279 Hartshorne, Albert, cited, 321 n927 Hatfield, old needlework at, 11 Hathaway family, embroidered bed linen of, 325 n941 Hauslaub, General von, 263 Havre lace, 183 n539, 217 n595, 218; number of lace-makers (1692), 216, 218 Hay, Lord, 64 Hayman, Mrs., 410 Head, R. E., quoted, 391 n1127 Headdresses (_See also_ Fontange) Louis XIV. styles, 164-166 mignonette lace used for, 35 prices of "heads," 348 Roman, 165 n486 "Heller," 391 Helmin, Fr. Margaretha, 502 Henderson, Anne, 430 Heneage, George, 346 Henrietta Maria inventory of, cited, 29 and n87, 146 n426 present from, to Anne of Austria, 330 and n961 Henry II. (England), 37, 202 and n569 -------- (France), introduces lace ruff, 139, 140 and n393, 262 n701 Henry III. (England), 37, 43; portrait in Pattern Book, 480 ---------- (France), 140 and n396, 141 Henry IV. (France) fashion dolls sent by, to Marie de Médicis, 170 n501 Isle of Paris industry, probable connection with, 210 measures of, against luxury of dress, 141-142 and n405 shirt worn by, when assassinated, 142-143 and n412 ------ VI., laces in fashion in time of, 286 and n761 ------ VII., lace of time of, 288, 289 and n772 ------ VIII. Act for the true making of pins, 294 n794 foreign lace allowed in England by, 67, 291 inventory of, cited, 372 n1098; quoted, 104 lace of, 64, 289, 291-292 and n772 sumptuary laws of, 436 and n1220 wardrobe account of, quoted, 289 and n768, n769 ------, Prince (1607), 296 n798 Herault, Chancellor, 143 and n416 Herbert, Miss, 416 Herbouville, cited, 131 n371 Herculaneum, drawn wire lace found at, 72 Hergosse, M. de, 177 n525 Hesse, Landgrave, French fugitives received by, 265 and n711 Hieronimo, Fra., 469 High Wycombe, lace industry of, 380 Hippisley, Sir John Cox, quoted, 329; veil bequeathed to, 421 Hispano-Moresque point de Gênes frisé, 74 Hoche, General, 13 Hoffmann, Hans, 469 Holcroft, Mr., 169 n499 Hölesom, 280 Holidays in Roman Catholic countries, 102 n302 Holland Dutch extravagance in lace, 260 Haarlem thread, advantage of, to, 259 and n695, n697 lace imported into, 251, 254 lace industry in, 258-260 and n689 rivalry with French lace trade, 258 Hollie work, 325 and n939 Hollow lace, 299 and n816 Holme, Randle, cited, 31, 344; quoted, 251, 296 n799, 339 Holstein, daughter of Duke John of, 275 Holyrood Palace, lace trimmed basket in, 420 Honfleur lace, 183 n539, 218 Honiton, lace school at, 414 -------- lace account of, 399-411 bobbins and pillows used in, 415 n1166 Bruges lace a rival to, 133 guipure, 40 Indian contrasted with, 89 Japanese imitations of, 417 point duchesse compared with, 123 -------- lace-makers, skill of, 417 n1171 Hope, Sir Thomas, portrait of, 423 Horsehair used in making Alençon, 194 Hôtel Rambouillet, dressed dolls of, 170 Hove, Callys de, 306 Howel's Letters, quoted, 317 n906 Hubert, Soeur, cited, 220 n606 Hugo, Victor, quoted, 135, 164; cited, 136 n384 Humphrey, Thomas, 401 Hungarian lace, 268 Hungerford, Sir Edward, 395 Hunt, Susanna, 438 Hurdle, Mary, 395 Hutchins, quoted, 396 n1133 Hutchinson, Colonel, 333 ----------, Mrs., Memoirs of, cited, 12 Hutton, Sir Timothy, 71 Iberian lace, 104 Ile de France. _See_ Isle de France India lace exported to, 241, 251, 253, 322 n928, 329 and n958 pillow-laces of, 88 and n263, 89 India Museum, pillow laces in, 89 Indian muslin, 179-180 ------ work of Denmark, 275 Innishmacsaint, 446 Innocent IV., Pope, 7 Inquisition, lace-trimmed banner of, 100 Insertion, 388 Ionian Isles lace manufacture of, 85 lace from tombs of, 365 Ipsden, Vicar of, MS. in possession of, 286 n761 Ireland Bath and Shirley School, 440 club against "foreign fopperies," 438 Dublin Society, the, 429, 437, 439 lace industry in, 436-446; Maltese guipures made in, 88; Irish point, 443 and n1233 prize offered by, for Dresden point, 262 sumptuary laws in, 435, 436 and n1220 yellow dye of, 307, 435, 436 Iron Mask, 166 n490 Isabella, Infanta, 113 --------, Princess (Sweden), 279 n746 "Isabelle" tint, 121 Ischia lace, 71, 263 and n705 Isle de France lace industry in centres of (17th century), 209 and n582, 210 Chantilly, 212-215 cheap laces, 210 Dumont's fabric, 211 Huguenots engaged in, 209 Spanish imports of lace from, 99 Israel, J., 469 Italians, dishonesty of, in lace trade (Henry VII.'s time), 48, 67, 288 Italy (_For_ towns, etc., _see their titles_) France, relations with, 16th century, 476 invention of lace claimed by, 109; of point lace, 45 lace imported by, 245, 251 n670 lace of (_See also_ Point _and_ Punto) centres of manufacture before 1665, 44 n144 England, fashionable in, 318; imitated in, 416 n1169, 417 Greek lace manufacture, centres of, 85 Points in relief of, counterfeits of, 105 Spanish point attributed to, 93, 97 lace schools of, 81 n249 revolutions in, lace seized during, 51 and n175 silk gimp specimens from, 85 Swiss lace from, origin of, 269 white thread made in, 49 n165 Jabot, 172 Jacobites, 425, 426 James I. gold purle manufacture prohibited by, 319 and n921 Great Wardrobe Account, 311 n878, 317 and n903, 318 nl7 Honiton lace industry in time of, 401 lace of, 64 monopolies granted by, 318-319, 378 period of, 315-326 ruffs under, 315-318 ------ II. Edinburgh visited by, 425 period of, 340 ------ V. (of Scotland), 372 n1098, 418 and n1172 ------ VI. (of Scotland), 422 and n1195 ------, Jacques, 205 Jane Seymour, 292 Japan, Honiton lace imitated in, 417 Jean lace. _See_ Genoa lace Jerphanion, Sieur, 244 Jersey, Isle of, lace industry of, 372 and n1097 Jesuit lace, 445 and n1234 Jesuits, inventory of, cited, 331 Jesurum, Cav. Michelangelo, 62 Jew stick, 491 and n1349 Jewellery of 18th century, 346 Jews Athenian lace used by, 86 embroidery of (ancient), 2 gold and silver lace made by, 92 and n270 Jingles of bobbins, 391 n1127 Johan Adolf, Prince, 282 Johnson, Dr., quoted, 367 Jointeuse, work of, 122 Jolly, Margareta, 348 Jonson, Ben, quoted, 43 n139, 302, 313 n890, 316 and n922, 318 n910, n912, 327 Josephine, Empress, 123 n351, 177 n526 Jours, 31 Judith of Bavaria, 5 Junius, Hadrianus, 114 n327 Junot, Madame. _See_ Abrantès, Duchesse d' Jurdaine, Mary, 306 Jutland lace industry, 274 Katherine of Aragon, Queen Bedfordshire lace-industry attributed to, 375 and n1106, n1107, 376 needlework of, 9, 10 and n32 portrait of, 129 n367 Spanish fashions introduced by 10 n32, 310 ----------, Queen (wife of Charles II.), 43 ---------- Parr, Queen, 10 n34 Keck, 423 Keller, Dr. Ferd, 270 n728 Kenmare, lace industry of, 443, 444 Kennedy, Tristram, 440 Kettering, lace industry of, 384 Killigrew, quoted, 318 n908 Kilravock, Mistress Margaret, daughter of the Baron of, 425 n1198 Kinsale, lace industry at, 422 n1187 Knight, cited, 396 ------, Miss, quoted, 264 Knole, old needlework at, 11 Knotted fringe, 13 and n47 -------- lace, 52, 68 Knox, Miss Jane, 438 Koehler, statuette by, 262 Königsmarck, Aurora, lace in tomb of, 366 La Boord, Madame, 43 La Chaise-Dieu, lace industry at, 249 "La Fontange," story of, 164 La Mancha, lace factory at, 102 La Motte, Maréchal, 29, 126 and n357 La Perrière, 155 n454, 157 n458 "La Providence" nuns, 226 La Vallière, 154, 464 n1280 Laborde, cited, 151 n438 Lace (_See also_ Old lace) Biblical meaning of term, 2 definition of term, 26 foreign equivalent of term, 26 n77 manufactures of, before 1665, 44 n144 parts of, 30 point and pillow, 32 ---- Association, aims of, 393 Laced handkerchiefs, 310 and n874 Lace-makers, ill-health of, 415 Lacis Aurillac, 248 book of (1587), 18 definition of, 20 and n61, 21 _Don Quixote_, mentioned in, 98 n281 German, 264 Punto a maglia quadra, 52 Sicilian, 81 Tuscan, 68 Ladies as lace-makers, 163, 337, 355, 373, 374 and n1103 Ladomie, M., cited, 170 n501 Laffemas, quoted, 209 n583 Laid work, 301 Laimoxen, Balthasar, 489 Lalande, cited, 64 Lalma, 246 Lamb represented in lace, 21 Lamballe, Princesse de, 213 Lappets. _See_ Barbe Larkin, Thomas, 312 Laroche, lace made at, 137 Larruga, cited, 101 Lassels, cited, 70; quoted, 73 Latomus, Sigismund, 267, 491, 492 Lauber, Miss Jacobina, 282 Laulne, E. de, 476 Launceston, lace-making at, 371 n1094 Laval, Geneviève, 183 n540 Laybach, 268 Le Prince, 465 Le Puy lace industry of cheap laces, 246 descriptions of lace of, 245 export trade, 245; value of annual export, 245 and n657 Haarlem thread used in, 245 import duties decreased, 244 and n653 numbers employed in, 242; (1851), 257 n688; in making Valenciennes, 245 sumptuary laws (seventeenth century), effect of, on, 243 lace schools of, 246 and n659 museum at, 246 Valenciennes lace at, 230 and n619 Le Quesnoy lace, 157 n459, 230 Lead, bobbins made of, 74 n235 Leber, M., cited, 487 n1336 Lee, Rev. William, 448 n1240 Lefébure, A. blondes mates exported by, 226 point d'Argentan revived by, 208 quoted, 75 n237, 155 n453, 158 n463, 159 n464, 194, 200; cited, 228, 250, 269 n724 teaching improved by, 227 Leicester, Countess of, 330 Leipsic, fair, 196 and n563; fabrics (1685), 265 Lennox, Countess of, 314 ------, Duke of, 419 and n1176 Léonard, 181 Lepage, M., 134 L'Estoille, P. de, quoted, 141 n399 L'Estrange, Sir Thomas, 290 _Letters of a Lady's Travels in Spain_, quoted, 97-98 Leu, Sieur de la, manufactory of, 205-206 Liedts, Baroness, 138 Liège lace account of industry, 136-137 point de Sedan, connected with, 254 price of (1701), 136 n386 Lierre Mechlin lace made at, 125 pictures in St. Gomar, 109 n317 Light reflectors, bottles used as, 390 and n1125 Liguria, guipures of, 74 Lille lace compared with Spanish lace, 103; with Arras, 235, 240; with Valenciennes, Brussels and Mechlin, 237 cost of thread, 237 and n637 England, popularity in, 237 and n640; Bedfordshire lace called "English Lille," 385 ground, 236-237 modern, 238 lace-industry antiquity of, 235 decline of, 238 dress of lace-makers, 235 and n630 French duty on lace (1761), 237 n635 mignonette made (1665), 35 numbers employed in (1723), 237 n640; (1788), 238, 257 n688 rivalry with Mirecourt, 252 value of (1788), 238 lace-workers, daily amount produced by, 233 thread, fineness of, 119 n339; price of, 192 n553, 237 and n637; export of, to Scotland, 432 Limerick lace, 440, 441 and n1230, 442 n1231, n1232; lace school, 442 Limousin, 250 Lincoln, maiden assize at, 338 n991 Linen embroidery of, 14 macramé, 79 and n248 Lisbon, lace factories at, 105 Lisle, Lady, 290 and n780 Loch, David, quoted, 433 and n1214; cited, 434 Locke, quoted, 430 Loisel, Franç., Phelyplaux, 125 n354, 174 n520 Lombard peasants, lace worn by, 64 London foreigners in (1571-1688), 129 n366, 299 n817, 306 and n853; complaint of women against introduction of foreign merchants, 286; complaints against foreign lace-makers, 324 n935 lace-making in, 373 ------, Bishop of, sermon by, against ruffs, quoted, 316 and n899 ------ _Chronicle_, cited, 4 ------ _Gazette_, quoted, 11 n39, 126 Long Island, lace-making by Protestant settlers in, 372 n1099 Lonlay, Eugène de, cited, 208 Lonrai (Lonray), lace factory at, 155 n455, 156 and n457; sale of stock, 196 ------, Marquise de, 157 n457 _Lord Thomas_ (ballad), quoted, 15 L'Orme, Marion de, quoted, 125 Lorraine, lace industry (_see also_ Mirecourt), 251 and n672, n673; Mignonette made (1665), 35; numbers employed (1851), 257 n688 --------, Queen Louise de, 144 Lost property, advertisements for, 337 and n990, 338 and n992, 342 n1010 Loucelles, Abbé Suhard de, 226 Loudun, 256 Louis XI., 139 n393 ------ XIII. collar made at Venice for, 194 death of, 149 Flemish conquests of, 230 and n618 luxury and fashions of time of, 144-147 ------ XIV. census of (1684), 131 cravats presented to ambassadors by, 163 death of, effect on Alençon industry, 192 fashions of reign of, 161 _et seq._ fête at Marly, 163 Flemish conquests of, 230 and n618 gold and silver lace of period of, 154 Paris lace commerce under, 211 sumptuary laws of, 152 ------ XV. Court of, 172 and n505 fashions under black lace masks, 177 jabots, 172-173 mourning, 178 relevailles of Parisian ladies, 174 ruffles, 171-173 point d'Alençon patterns under, 198-199 and n566 trousseau of eldest daughter of, 176 ------ XVI. fashions under, 179-181 phraseology of time of, 181 point d'Alençon patterns under, 199 and n566 ruffles of, 172 n508 Louisa, Queen (Sweden), 279 Louise de Vaudemont, Queen, 18, 478, 480 Louvain, pictures and altar piece at, 109, 110 and n317 --------, Widow, attempt of, to establish manufacture at Mortagne, 206 Louvres, lace-making at, 209 -------- en-Parisis lace, 212 n589 Lovat, Lady, 426 n1202 Low Countries. _See names of countries_ Lowndes, cited, 497 n1360, 500 --------, Richard, 380 Lubec, 264 Lucca, gold lace, 92 Lude, Duchesse de, 167 and n495 Luxada, cited, 75 Luxembourg, M. de, 167 ----------, Maréchale de, 180 Luynes, Duc de, Memoirs of, quoted, 174 and n518, 176 n522 Luzarches lace, 212 Lydgate, quoted, 305 Lygum Kloster, 274 n736, 276 n738 Lyme Regis, lace industry of, 396-398 Lyons lace, 256 Lysons, cited, 384, 396; quoted, 405, 408 Mabbie, 423 Macaulay, John, 439 n1227 McCulloch, cited, 384 ----------, E., cited, 224 n610 McCullow, Miss Martha, 438 Mache, 22 n70 Machine net, introduction of, 408 Machinery--"engines" of foreigners for lace-making, 324 n935 Maclean, Rev. William, 442, 443 McPherson, quoted, 112 n324 Macramé, 52, 79 and n247 Madden, Sir Fred., quoted, 297 n812 Madeira, laces of, 106, 107 and n316 Madras, Maltese-like lace made in, 88 n263 Madrid, lace factory at, 102 Magnus, Prince (Sweden), 280 Maidstone, complaints of, regarding imported Flemish thread, 324 n935 Mailly, Madame, 250 Maine, Madame de, 167 Maintenon, Madame de, 168, 183; letter to, quoted, 99; lace factory of, 163; letter from, quoted, 172 and n506 _Malcontent_, quoted, 322 Malines exhibition, voile de bénédiction at, 195 n561, 251 n674 -------- lace. _See_ Mechlin lace Malta, grave-clothes lace-trimmed at, 365 Maltese lace account of industry, 87 and n262, 88 Danish manufacture of, 275 English manufacture of, 392, 393, 414 n1165 Greek lace similar to, 86 Guipure, 40 Madeira manufacture of, 107 n316 Saxon manufacture of, 263 Man, Isle of, lace industry of, 372 and n1096 Manchester thread, 119 n339 Manchettes. _See_ Ruffles Manegetti di ponto Fiamengo, 111 Manilla grass thread-work, 89 n265 Mantegna, Andrea, 467 Mantillas, 226 Manzoni, Count, cited, 488 n1340 Mar, Countess of, 419 and n1176 Marcello, Countess Andriana, 61 Marche lace, 68, 138 n392 Marcq, Catherine de, 157 n458, 158 n460, 190 Mare, de la, cited, 148 n431, 152 n440 Margaret of Austria, 23 n74 Margherita, Queen of Italy, 61, 62 Margot, Reine, 11, 22, 49, 141, 142 Marguerite de France, 11 n36, 22, 27, 33 n102 Maria d'Aragon, portrait of, in pattern book, 497 ------ Elizabeth, Electress Palatine, 491 Marie Antoinette autograph letter, referred to, 213 fans and laces distributed by, 180 fashion at court of, 179-180 gazette of (1782), 181 n537 point de Marli worn by, 225 sale of lace of, 183 ------ Louise, Brussels lace presented to, 124; lace trousseau of, 184, 196 ------ Theresa, 259 and n699 Marnef, Hierosme de, 496 Marillac, Maréchal de, 147 n428, 265 n715 Marini, cited, 58 Marlborough, lace industry at, 395 Marli, 180 and n532 Marly, fête at, 163 Marriott, William, 380 Marryat, Captain, cited, 413; lace industry assisted by, 410 --------, Mrs., 500 n1365 --------, Miss Cecilia, 410 Marsan, Comte de, 210 and n585 ------, Mlle. de, 211 Mary, Princess, daughter of George II., 348 ---- I. accounts of, quoted, 297 gift of Spanish work to, 10 n32; Flanders work to, 294 interment of, 180 present to Lady Calthorpe, 297 ruffs of, 310 sumptuary laws, 293 ---- of Burgundy, 135 ----, Queen of Hungary, 113 ---- de Médicis collarette of, 143-144 death of, 149 fashion dolls sent to, 170 n501 pattern book dedicated to, 22, 494 point de Gennes of, 72 sumptuary law published by, 144 and n419; evaded by, 149 and n434 Mary of Modena, Queen, 341, 425 ---- II. fontange of, 342 knotted fringe worked by, 13 and n47 lace bills of, quoted, 168 n496 Mechlin ruffles of, 126 and n364 ---- Stuart dentelle of, 27 finery of, overhauled by Elizabeth, 307 and n860 guipures of, 37 and n120, 38 inventories of, cited, 21, 33 n102, 302 n828, 314, 325 n939, 372 n1098 needlework done by, 10, 11, 420, 421 ruff on effigy of, 316 n901 wardrobe of, 419 and n1177, 420 and n1182, 421 will of, 22 Masch (Mawsch) 22 and n70, 419 Massillon, encouragement of lace industry by, 243 Massimo, Prince, reference to library of, 466, 468 n1290, 495 n1357 Massinger, quoted, 265 n717, 296 and n804 Matignon, Mlle, de, 176 Matilda, Empress, Bayeux Tapestry ascribed to, 6 n22 --------, Queen, Bayeux Tapestry ascribed to, 6 and n23 Matsys, Quentin, 109, 110 Matthew of Paris, anecdote by, 7 Maximilian, King of the Romans, 289 Maynard, Mrs. Lydia, 404 Mayne, Jasper, quoted, 317 and n905, 324 and n936 Mazarin, Cardinal, 143 n412, 150, 151 and n439, 248 Mazzarine, 343 and n1017 Mechlin lace arrêt concerning (1688), 129 n365 "Broderie de Malines" a term for, 125 characteristic of, 31, 125 compared with Bayeux lace, 228; with Brussels, 118; with Cretan mesh work, 87; with Lille, 237; with point de Dieppe, 218; with St. Trond, 137; with Valenciennes, 233 decline of manufacture, 125 description of, 124-125 earliest references to, 125-126 English fashion for, 126 grounds in, 125 imperial layette (1856), in, 198 Lille, pattern adopted at, 238 points de France rivalled by, 177-178 Pope's apron bordered with, 70 Turnhout manufacture of, 125, 131 uses of, 127-128 varieties included by term (1665), 35 ---- net, 448 Medici collars, 56 Médicis family (_See also_ Katherine _and_ Mary), influence on fashions, 139 Melville, Sir Robert, 37 _Memoirs of Madame Palatine_, cited, 354 Men as lace workers Chili, 108 England, 392; south, 371 n1092; Northamptonshire, 385; Devonshire, 413, 414 France, 155 Madeira, 107 n316 Normandy (soldiers), 225 Saxony, 263 work of, compared with that of women, 263 Menin lace, 232 n624 Menzikoff, Prince, funeral of daughter of, 366 n1083 Meran blonde, 256 Mercier, Baron, lace school of, 196 ----, S., quoted, 121 and n348, 170 n500, 171 and n502 Méric lace, 212 Merli, Cav. Antonio, cited, 46 and n150, 47, 50, 462, 466, 468 n1291, n1292, 487 Merli à piombini, 32 n98 Mermaid's lace, 49 Meshes, Cretan skill in, 86 Messina, lace work at, 81 Metal laces, Sicilian, 86 Mexico, mantillas exported to, 226 Meyer, Daniel, 496 Mézières lace, 183 n539, 253, 254 Mezzo punto, 58 Michel, Francisque, cited, 104; quoted, 251 n669 ----, Pfarrer, 266 Michele, La Sig. Gabriella Zeno, 484 Middleton, quoted, 312 n884 Mignerak, Milour, pattern book of, 21, 22, 29, 493 Mignonette, 34 and n107, 35 and nn, 210, 237, 251 Milan Albissola lace bought for Napoleon I.'s coronation at, 78 Cantu the centre of lace of, 66 cathedral, lace camicie in underground chapel of, 66 early record of Italian lace belonging to, 63 Genoese lace contrasted with lace of, 75 n236 Greek lace made at, 85 Old Milan point, 65 punto di Napoli contrasted with point of, 71 réseau of points of, 66 wire lace industry at, 72 Milward & Co., 380 Minas Geraes, lace of, 108 Minifie, Mrs., 400 and n1140, 401 and n1142 Mirecourt lace, 212, 238, 251-253, 257 n688 Misson, F. M., cited, 54 n186; quoted, 267 Mitchell, Mr. and Mrs., advertisement of school of, 431 n1209 Modano, Tuscan, 52, 68 Modène, Duchess of inventory of, quoted, 120 n344, 121 n347, 128 n363, 135 and n383, 175 n520, 213 and n590 ruffles of, 233 Modes, 31 Molière, quoted, 152, 153 n442, 173 n515 Mompesson, Sir Giles, 318 and n914 Monaghan, crochet industry of, 444, 445 Moncrieffe, Sir Thomas, 425 Monks, needlework done by, 12 and n40 Mons lace, 134-135 "Monsieur de Paris," 173 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 57, 59, 73; quoted, 128, 356 and n1061 Montague, Mrs. Elizabeth, quoted, 352 ---- R., account entry by, 335 n982 Montargis, 256 Montbéliard, pattern-book published at, 28 Montchrestien, cited, 209 n583 Monteagle, Lord, 10 n32 Monteleon, Princess of, 98 Monthulay, family, 204 ---- Sieur de, 205, 206 Montmorency, lace-making at, 209, 213 n589 Montrose, pearlin of, 423 Moorish lace, 104 Moors, Spanish lace-making attributed to, 45 Morant, Captain, 440 More, Mrs. Hannah, quoted, 368 Moreau, General, 13 Moretti, Nicolo, 484 Morgan, cited, 435 ---- Sydney, Lady, 369 Morges lace, 212 n589 Morin, M.A., cited, 220 n606 Mortagne, 206 Moryson, Agnes, quoted, 55, 70, 73, 87, 258, 265, 268, 274 Moscow, lace school at, 284 Motteville, Mme., quoted, 154 n447 Mountague, Alice, 308 Mourning, lace discarded in, in James I.'s time, 324 Murat, Caroline, 183 ---- laces, 248, 249 Mzeresk lace, 283 Nanduti, 108 Nani, Signora Viena Vendramina, 485 Nankin silk thread, 223 n608 Naples Greek lace made at, 85 lace from a palace at, 51 n175 lace of, 70-71; lace work of industrial school at, 83 n352 Napoleon bed made for, 196 favourite laces of, 128, 184 lace industry encouraged by, 123-124, 183-185, 196; attempt to revive Valenciennes, 231. Nardendal, custom of natives of, 283 National Gallery portraits, illustrations of ruffs in, 316 n901 Navarre, Queen of, accounts of, quoted, 67, 141 n406, 142 n409, n411 Needle lace (_See also_ Point à l'aiguille) Alençon known as "needle-point," 195 Irish, 443 method of making, 32 Queen Elizabeth's, 305 Nelson, Lord, anecdote of, 264 Nemours, Duchesse de, 235 Nesmond, Marquis de, 117 and n331 Netherlands. _See_ Flanders, Belgium, Holland _and_ Brabant Netting, 20, 21, 52; machine net, 408 Neufchâtel lace industry, 270 and n726 Neville, Mary, marriage clothes of, 291 n779 New Ross convent, lace made at, 444 Newport Pagnel lace, 375 n1105, 378, 382, 384 Newton, Rev. John, letter from Cowper to, 379 Nicholas, Edward, 329 n957 -------- Susanne, 329 n957 Nichols, quoted, 294 n791, 303 n833 Nicolas, Etienne, 160 n466 Night caps, 323 Noailles, Madame de, anecdote of, 180 n533 Normanby, Lady, 441 Normandy lace industry of. (_See also_ Calvados _and_ Dieppe) centres of, 216, 218 French Revolution, effect of, 223 mignonette made (1665), 35 numbers employed in different localities, 228 n614; (1851), 257 n688 value of, 228 n614 peasant women, Valenciennes bought by, 235 Norris, Sir Henry, 307 Northamptonshire lace, 384-393 Nosegays, lace trimmings for, 55 Nottingham lace, 441; Isle of Wight lace compared with, 372 n1097; machine-made blondes, 225; imitation mantillas, 227 Novgorod, fabric at, 283 Nuns, lace washed by, 373 and n1101 ---- as lace-makers Flanders, 354 Italy, 47 and n154; Burano, 58; Florence, 67, 68; Cantu, 80 Portugal, 105, 107 Spain, 93 Nuremberg, 266, 267 Oberkirch, Baroness de, extract from Memoires of, 182 O'Brien, Mrs. R. V., 442 O'Hagan, Mother Abbess, 443 O'Halloran, Mr., 436 Old lace indifference to, 368 and n1090 mania for, 369 restoration of, 411, 412 Oldfield, Mrs., 367 Olney, lace industry of, 378, 380 n1119 Opus tract, 302 Orfreys, 3 n13 Orléans, Duchesse d', quoted, 166 n489 -------- Dukes of, inventories of, quoted, 120 n342, n344, 221 and n607 Orléanois lace industry, 256 Orsa lace, 281 Ostans, Giovanni, 484 ------ Jean, 475 Oudenarde lace, 134 Our Lady of La Solidad, costly robes of, 90 --- ---- of Loreto, laces of, not described, 69 Overbury murder, 317 Oxford, opinion of, on falling bands, 326 ------ Countess of, 9 n31 Oyah (Turkish crochet), 45, 87 Pagan, Mathio, 468, 471 Paganino, Alessandro, 468 Paganinus, P. A., 472 Paget, Lady, 295 Pagodes, 168 n496 Paintings, earliest in which lace occurs, 47; lace in paintings of 18th century, 222, 364 Palatine, Count, 326 -------- Madame, 168; Memoires of, quoted, 178 Pale of rose point, 51 and n174 Palermo grave clothes at, 366 and n1081 sculptured lace in villa near, 71 Palestine, lace-making at, 59 and n195 Pandore, la grande, 170 Parasole, Elisabetta Catanea, 495 -------- Isabella Catanea, 491, 496 Parchment lace, 37 and n122, 38 and n126, n129, n131, 297, 298 Paris churches, lace of, 120 n342, 161 n467, n469 English laces in demand at (1788), 368, 379 exhibitions. _See under_ Exhibitions lace industry Binche and Mirecourt flowers applied at, 212 Bisette made (1665), 33 and n102 commerce of lace under Louis XIV, 211 and n587 Dumont's fabric, 211 factories round, 209 guipures made (1665), 36 and n114 mignonette made (1655), 35 numbers employed (1851), 257 n688 passementiers privileged in, 44 pattern books in, 12 and n43 Parisini, Agostino, 477 Partlet, 297 n810 Pasax, Marquis de, 190 Pasini, Tomaso, 483 Pasment in Scotland, 418 Pasolini, Countess, 81 n248 Passament (passement) definition of term, 26 and n79, 27 guipure a kind of, 36 references to, 27-29 "Passement Bond, The," 419 Passerotti, Aurelio, 472 Pattern-books Belgium Antwerp (n. d.), 130, 463 Liège (1597), 136, 488 cut-works, of (1591), 20 n62 earliest dated, 18; earliest known, 376 n1108 England London (1591), 482; (1624), 497; (1632), 499; (1640), 500 Northampton, 384 France Lyon (n. d.), 92 n269, 465, 466; (1549) 92 n269, 144, 464; (1581), 475 Mignerak's, 21, 22, 29, 144, 493 Montbéliard (1598), 28, 489, 490 Paris, in Bibliothèque Impériale, 12 n43; in St. Geneviève's library, 12; (n. d.), 468; (1530) 144, 461; (1546), 464; (1564), 475; (1584), 476; (1587), 17, 18, 477; (1587, 1588, 1595, 1606), 479-481; (1601), 20 n62, 490; (1605), 493; (1613), 494; (1623), 498; (1722), 501 Germany Augsburg (1534), 267, 462 Cologne (1527), 268, 459 Frankfort (n.d.), 470; (1537), 470 Frankfort-on-the-Maine (1568, 1569, 1571), 470; (1605), 267, 491; (1607), 492; (1618), 496 Leipsic (1619), 496 Lindau am Bodensee (n.d.), 488 Nuremberg (n.d.) 502; (1597), 489; (1601, 1604), 266, 490; (1666), 501; (1676), 501 Nuremberg and Leipzig, (1784), 501 Strasburg (1556), 469 gold and silver lace, of, 92 Italy Bologna (n.d.), 477; (1591), 483 Florence (1596), 488 Padua (1555), 469; (1604), 491 Pistoja (1642), 53 n181, 85, 92 n269, 500 Rome (1616), 495; (1625), 496 Siena (1603), 488 Turin (1589), 481 Venice (n.d.), 466, 471, 498; (1529), 461; (1530), 53 n179, 460; (1532), 462; (1537), 462; (1542), 463; (1543, 1544), 464; (1548), 53 n179, 468; (1551), 468; (1556), 469; (1557), 472; (1558), 471; (1559), 92 n269, 471, 472; (1560), 473; (1563), 474; (1564), 53 n179, 54 n182, 474, 475; (1567), 475; (1584), 476; (1591), 53 n179, 54 n182, 484; (1592) (Corona of Vecellio), 50 n167, 54 n182, 484; (1594), 486; (1600), 68, 491, 496; (1620 and 1625), 54 n182, 497 Samplars a substitute for, 22-23 Switzerland Basle (1599), 271, 490 St. Gall (1593), 271, 487 Zurich, 271, 469 unknown points in, 54 n182 Vienna Museum, in, 263 Pauline, Princess, 184, 185 Pays de Caux, 216 Peacham, quoted, 325, 329 Pearl (picot), 31 ------ ties, 31 Pearlin, 422, 423 Pedlars, lace trade carried on by, 43 and n139, 44 and n142, n143 Pelegrin, Francisque, pattern book of, 144, 461 Pelican represented in lace, 21 Pellestrina, revival of pillow lace at, 62 Pembroke, Countess of, 322, 500 Peniche bobbins used at, 106 n314 lace industry of, 107 and n315 Pennant, quoted, 382; cited, 431 n1208 Penne, Mrs., 294 Penshurst, old needlework at, 11 Penthièvre, Duc de Eu lace patronised by, 221 inventory of, quoted, 117 n333, 195 n549 wardrobe account of, quoted, 172 and n510, n511, 211 n588 Peplos, embroidery of, 3 n8 _Pepys' Diary_, quoted, 153 n444, 337, 338 Persia, drawn-work of, 45 Peru and Mexico, lace imported to, from Le Puy, 245 Perugia, Torchon made at, 81 n248 Peter the Great, 283 Petersen, Anders, 280 Petre, Madame, of Gefle, information supplied by, 282 n750 Peuchet, cited, 132, 224, 256, 265, 377, 395; quoted, 216 n595, 218 n600, 220 n605, 225, 237 n640, 239, 244, 245 and n657, 268, 396, 432 "Pharsalia" quoted, 25 Philip II. (Spain), 67, 310 ------ III. (Spain), 97 Philippa, Queen, 278, 285 and n754 Philippine Islands, Manilla grass threadwork of, 89 n265 Phrygians, embroidery of, 3 and n13 Pianesani, Francesco, 462 Picard, M., 490 n1346 Picchetti, Marie, 79 Pichon, Baron J., 482, 493 n1355, 495 n1356 Pickleman, Jungfrau, 266 Pickpockets, 346 Picot (pearl), 31 and n92 Pigott, Miss, quoted, 421 Pillows Barcelona, 103 n305 description of, 391 foreign names for, 32 n99 Honiton, 415 n1156 Pillow guipure, 116 ------ lace (bobbin lace) Austrian, 268 bobbin lace, so called 32 Ceylon, of, 88 foreign names for, 32 n98 France, extension of industry in (seventeenth century), 159; trade crisis (1818), 187; fabric at Château de Madrid, 210 n584; gold lace of Paris, 212; first mentioned in French pattern-books, 494 Genoese, 74 Germany, introduction into, 260 Madeira, at, 107 Mechlin. _See that title_ method of making, 32-33 origin of, 29, 109 Peniche, at, 107 Russian, 283 and n751 Spanish, 103 n305 Valenciennes. _See that title_ ------ net, 150 ------ -beres, 16 and n56 Pin net machine, 448 Pinheiro, Dona Maria Bordallo, letter from, quoted, 107 n315 Pins for lace-making, 391 and n1126; State papers concerning, 294 n794 Pinwork lace, 294 n794 Piper Countess Elizabeth, 280 Pisa, lace work of industrial school at, 81 n248 Pitt, French fashions excluded by, 170 Pizzo, 74 Plaited laces, 392 Platteuse, work of, 122 Plissés à la vieille, 127 Pluymers, Jean, 158 n460 Point (stitch), kinds of, 32 ------ lace invention of, claimed by Italy, 45 misuse of term, 32 varieties of, 33-35 ------ à l'aiguille, 121; gazée, 123. _See also_ Needle point ------ d'Alençon Argentella, 193 and n555 Bayeux manufacture of, 228 Burano manufacture of, 62 compared, with point d'Argentan, 203, 204 and n571; with Brussels, 194, 199; with Colbertine, 339; with point Gaze, 123; with Sedan lace, 254 dress of, purchased by Emperor Napoleon, 198 earliest use of name, 195 and n557, n558, n560 grounds in, 193 imperial layette of, 198 industry Argentan, connection with, 204 centres of, 200 decline of, causes for, 192 early account of, 188-189 Edict of Nantes, effect of revocation of, 258 establishment of, 155-157 and n455 export trade, 192 method of manufacture, 192-194 Napoleon's patronage of, 196 number of lace-workers (1698), 191; (1786), 195; (1788), 192 n552; (1830), 196 origin of, 111 n323 quality of lace-work, 159 n464, 187, 194 revival of, 155 and n454, 196-197 value of (1786 and 1801), 195; (1830), 196 invention and establishment of, 155-157 and n455 lappet of, from Genoa, 78 and n244 "nun's work," 11 n39 patterns, 190-191; dates of, 198-200; Venice patterns copied, 191 season for, 178 shaded tints introduced in, 201 and n567 specimens of, exhibited, 200, 201 time required in making, 198, 201 Venetian réseau, relation to, 58-59 "vilain," 191 n551 ------ d'Angleterre Angleterre à bride, 408 Aurillac manufacture of, 247 Burano manufacture of, 62 butterfly and acorn pattern in, 408 France, fashionable in, 118 and n336 history of, 117 and n332, and n333 point de France rivalled by, 178 ------ d'Argentan "Argentella" possibly a name for, 78 n244 Armada pattern lace worked in, 397 Burano manufacture of, 62 characteristic of, 207 compared, with point d'Alençon, 203, 204 and n571; with point gaze, 123; with Venetian lace, 203, 204 n571 description of, 203 ground in, 203 and n570, 204 n571, 207-208 industry Alençon, connection with, 204 embroidery, replaced by, 208 n580 Guyard's revival of, 204-205 number of lace workers (c. 1744), 205; (1786), 195 rival houses, 205 value, annual (1786 and 1801), 195; (1788), 207 reference to (1738), 195 and n559 season for, 178 ------ d'Aurillac. 154, 246-249 ------ de Bourgogne, 255 ------ de Brabant, 138 n392 ------ de Bruxelles. _See_ Point d'Angleterre ------ à carreaux, 32 ------ à chaînette, 32 ------ des champs (point de Paris), 35 ------ Colbert, 188 n548, 228 ------ coupé (couppé), 17-18, 49, 140 _et seq._ ------ de Dieppe. _See_ Dieppe ------ double (point de Paris), 35 ------ duchesse, 123 ------ d'Espagne. (_See also_ Gold lace) brides in, 58 definition of, 90 England, importation to, prohibited, 358; Honiton imitation of, 410 Irish imitation of, 443 n1233 point d'Aurillac compared with, 248 Portuguese laces compared with, 98, 106 Queen Elizabeth's, 307 references to, 98-99 n283, n285, 100, 103 n306, 354 ------ d'esprit, 32 and n94, 229 ------ de Flandre (_See also_ Flemish lace), 111, 144-145 ------ de France. (_See also_ Point d'Alençon) description of, made at Alençon, 190 designs in, 158 n463 équipage, de bain of, 168 falbalas of, 167 and n492 industry centres of, 157 n459, 159 n459, 210-211 and n584 Dumont, Mlle., foundress of, 105 n312 establishment and history of company, 157-158 and n459 Flanders, effect on, 111 method of working pattern in, 31 n91 ordinance of 1665, 157 and n459 rivals to, 177-178 popularity in France and England, 161-162 references to, 157 n459, 159 n464, 195 and n557, n558, n559, n560 ------ de Galle, thread lace from, 88 ------ Gaze, characteristics of, 123 ------ de Gênes (Genoa) collerette, 141 France, prohibited in, 148 n431, 154 and n451 history of, 72-73 and n230, 74 "Révolte des Passemens," mentioned in, 41,42 ------ de Hongrie, 265 ------ of Italy, first appearance in France, 144-145 ------ de Marli. _See under_ Bayeux, lace industry. ------ de Milan, Irish imitation of, 443 ------ de Moscow, 284 ------ de neige (punto neve), 32 and n97, 51 ------ de Paris, 32 and n93, 35, 210, 212 ------ plat, 105 n313, 118, 121 and n347, 122 and n350; appliqué, 123 ------ de raccroc, 120, 184, 226 ------ de Raguse, 41, 83 and n254, 84 ------ à la Reine, 32 ------ de Sedan. _See_ Sedan ------ tresse, 314 ------ de Venise Alençon imitations of, 191 characteristics, 123 England, importation to, prohibited, 358 France, prohibited in, 154 and n451 Guipure, 40 Irish imitation of, 442 Mary II., image of, shown wearing, 345 Mazarin's purchase of, 150, 151 Moscow imitations of, 284 origin of, 49-50 point à l'aiguille gazée so called, 123 point de Raguse so called, 83 resemblance of, to point d'Argentan, 203, 204 n591; to Le Puy lace, 245; to point de Sedan, 254 "Révolte des Passemens," mentioned in, 41 rose point (raised), 51 and n175, 62; price of, 57; Honiton reproduction of, 411, 416; Irish reproduction of, 443 n1233, 444 Spanish conventual lace compared with, 93 theft of, 105 and n313 ------ de Venise à réseau, 57, 58 Pointeuse, work of, 122 Points, lace known as, 2 Poitou, 256 Poking-sticks, 312 Poland Alençon, trade with, 192 and n553 point de Sedan imported to, 254 Pole, Lady, effigy of, 403 n1145, 405 Polignac, Madame de, 180 Polychrome lace, 62-63 Pomfret, Countess of, 99 n285 Pommereu, M. de, quoted, 191 and n550 Pomp office, 319 Pompadour, Madame de, 184 n540 _Pompe di Minerva, Le_, cited, 53 n181, 85, 92 n269 Ponchel, du. _See_ Duponchel Pont-l'Evêque lace, 183 n539 Ponthièvre, Duke de, 100 and n288 Ponto fiamengho, 111 Pontoppidan, quoted, 274 n736 Pontus de Gardia, 280 Pope, quoted, 367 ----, the, apron worn by, for feet-washing ceremony, 70 and n217 Popplewell Brothers, quoted, 345 Porlin, quoted, 306 n854 Porter, Mrs. Grey, 440 Portland, Duchess of, 353 Portugal American imports of lace from, 106 bone pins used in, 295 guipures exported to, 36 lace-making in, 105-107 and nn Le Puy, lace imported from, 245 sumptuary laws in, 105 Postlethwait, quoted, 354; cited, 396 Pot lace, 130 and n369 Potter, Amy, 366 n1086 Poussin lace, 219 Poyntz, Adrian, 482 Prague, altar-cloth at, 9 Pridmore, Mr., 389 Princess Royal, bridal dress of, 409 Prior, quoted, 342 Prison-made lace, 81 and n248 Protection to English-made laces, etc., by English sovereigns Charles I., 330 Charles II., 335 George III., 359, 363 and n1068 William III., 341 Puisieux lace, 212 n589 Puissieux, Madame de, 49 and n162, 73 Pultenarian collars, 253. Punto in aria (Burano point), 46, 51 and n171, 58, 62 Punto di cartella (cordella), 50 ------ a gropo, 52 ------ a maglia quadra (lacis), 52 ------ de mosquito e de transillas, 99 ------ di Napoli, 71 ------ neve (point de neige), 32 and n97, 51 ------ pugliese, 71 n222 ------ di Rapallo, 75 n237 ------ reale, 50 ------ a relievo (rose point--_See under_ Point de Venise) ------ a reticella, 50 and n168 ------ ricamento a maglia quadra, 21 ------ tagliato (cut-work), 51 ------ tagliato a fogliami, 51 and n172, 62 ------ tirato (drawn work), 53 and n181 ------ a Vermicelli, 75 n237 Purle lace, 310 and n875, n876, n877 Purling, 409 Purls, lace known as, 2 Puritans, lace industry under, in England, 332-334; in America, 372 n1099 Puteau, Madame, 433 and n1214 Queensberry, Duchess of, 356 Quentell, P., 459 Quicherat, 139 Quilles, 127, 168 n496 Quintain, 19 and n60, 20 Quinty, M., 268 ------, P., 459 Rabat, 141 and n403 Rabbits' hair, lace of 245. Radcliffe, Lady, 310 n875 Radford, Miss, lace school of, 416 and n1169 Raffy, Madame, 157 n458, 202 Ragusa, cut-works and laces of, 82-83 Rapallo, number of lace-workers at (1862), 76 Vermicelli lace from, 74, 75 and nn Ratcliff, Lady, 294 n791 Rättwik lace, 281 Ravenna, lace school near, 81 n248 Rawert, cited, 274 n732, 277 n741 Ray, cited, 67 Réaux, Tallemant des, quoted 49; cited, 83 Rebecq-Rognon, flax grown at, 118 Récamier, Madame, 185 Regency point, 388 Regnard, quoted, 126 and n358, 167 n494 Regnier, quoted, 141 Reid, Miss, 440 Reiffenberg, Baron, cited, 109 and n318 Relevailles of Parisian ladies, 174 Religious subjects in lace, etc, 324 Renaissance, cut-work of, 17 René, Maître, 140 n395 Renfrew, lace industry at, 433 Réseau (réseuil, rézel, rézeuil) Don Quixote, mentioned in, 98 n281 methods of making, 120-121 needle-made by hand, 406 n1151 nosacé, 78 specimens of rézeuil d'or, 23 n74 uses of, 21 Venetian, relation of, to Alençon, 58-59 Restoring of old lace, 411, 412 Reticella (Italian) designs in, 68 Irish imitation of, 446 Retz, Cardinal de, 62 Revel, grave-clothes in church at, 366 n1083 "Révolte des Passemens, La," quoted, 40 and n134, 43, 104; cited, 83, 188 Rheims lace, 253 Rhodes, silk guipure of, 87 Riano, J. F., quoted, 93 Riazan lace, 283 Riband roses, 329 and n959 Ricci, Sebastian, cut work shown in "Last Supper" of, 79 n248 Rich, B., quoted, 317 n908 Richard II., statutes of, 216 n597 -------- III., 48, 294 n794 Richelieu, Duke, 144, 149 ----------, Maréchal de, 171 Ripon, lace-making at, 371 and n1095 Riviera (_See also_ Albissola, Rapallo, Santa Margherita), lace manufacture of, 75, 79 and n245 _Rob Roy_ cited, 423 Roberts, Mrs., 445; account of lace school supplied by, 388-390 Robinson Crusoe, Flanders lace bought by, 134 n379 Rodge, James, 401 Roger, Widow, 207 Rohan, Catherine de, 212 ------ family, 182 Roland, cited, 36 n113 ------ de la Platière, quoted, 154 n451, 223 n608; cited, 245 n656 Romagna, lace-making in, 68 Romana, Lucretia, 498 ------, Lugretia, 497 Romans, embroidery used by, 3 and n13, 4 n14 Rome, Greek lace made at, 85 ----, King of, 196 Rondonneau, M., 152 n440 Rose point of Venice. _See under_ Point de Venise Rosenborg Palace Museum, 273 Rosina Helena, Princess, 501 Ross, Mr., 482 Rossi, Giovanni, 483 Roumanian embroidery, 71 n222 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 270 Rowlands, quoted, 289 n773 Rudd, Margaret Caroline, 352 Rue, Abbé, cited, 6 Ruel, Sieur, 155 Ruelle, Veuve, 468 Ruff cut-work, of, 312-313 England, introduction into, 310 falling band the successor to, 326 France, in, 139-141 and n399 James I., under, 315-318 Medicean, 322 Nuremberg, 267 sermons against the, 316 starching and fluting of, 311-312 Ruffles fashion of, in George I.'s time, 351 ladies wearers of, 365 and n1077 long, in George III.'s time, 363 and n1070 making of, 194 origin of weeping, 171 Valenciennes industry affected by disappearance of, 231 Run lace, 441 Russell, Lady Rachel, 348 Russia embroidery of, 71 n222 lace imported to, from Alençon, 192, 199; from Saxony, 263 lace industry in, 283-284 Ruvigne, M., 331 Rymer, cited, 291 n785 Sabbio, Fratelli de, 461 Sabenqua, 97 Sabière, M. de, 172 n505 Saffron Walden fair, 43 n137 Sainte-Aignau, M. de, 216 Saint-Albin, Mgr. C. de, 173 and n508 St. Aligre, 247-248 and n663 Saint-Brice lace, 213 n589 St. Bridget, lace introduced into Sweden by, 278 and n743 St. Cuthbert cope and maniple of, 7 grave-clothes of, 14-15, 366 St. Denis lace, 210 St. Dunstan, embroideries designed by, 5 St. Eustadiole, 5 Saint François Régis, 243 St. Gervais, 207 n577 St. Giselle, 5 n18 St. Lawrence, Lady, 310 n876 St. Lo, cut-work toile d'honneur used at, 25 St. Louis, hospital at Argentan, 207 St. Margaret's, Westminster, lady ancress of, 293 St. Martin's lace, 331 n965 St. Mary at Hill, 293, 302 n828 Saint Maximien, lace of, 212 St. Nicholas, flax grown at, 118 n338 Saint-Pierre-les-Champs, lace of, 213 n589 St. Simon, quoted, 73, 166 St. Trond, lace industry of, 137 and n390, n391 Salcombe, male lace-maker at, 413 Saltonstall, Mistress Susan, 483 Salviati, Joseph, 476 Samcloths, 23 and n73 Samplars, 9 n30, 23 and n73 Sandford, cited, 285 n754 Sandwich, Lady, 166 Sta. Lucie, Pierre de, 464, 465 Santa Margherita number of lace-workers at (1862), 76 Vermicelli lace from, 74, 75 and nn Saracens, Italian lace-making attributed to, 45 Sarcelles lace, 213 n589 Sardinia deaf and dumb lace-workers in, 81 n248 Le Puy, annual value of lace brought from, 245 n657 Saule, Marchesa Barbaretta, 78 n244 Savary, quoted, 36 and n111, 54, 64, 126, 133, 255, 257 n687, 404; cited, 74, 118 n338, 125, 129, 135, 192, 210, 244, 246 n661, 247, 253 n677, 254 n681, n683, 262, 377 Savinière, quoted, 153 and n443 Savoie, Don Philippe, 143 Savona, 77 n240, 79 n246 Savonarola, quoted, 67 Saxony lace industry Barbara Uttman's work, 260-262 cheap lace of, 246 degeneration of, 263 Dresden lace, 262-263 modern, 263 numbers employed (sixteenth century), 261 patterns imitated in Denmark, 275 revenue from (sixteenth century), 261 treillis d'Allemagne, mention, of, in French inventories, 262 and n701 Scandinavian Museum, Copenhagen, 275 Scandinavians, lace work of, 4 Scarpariola, Cencia, 59, 61 Scarron, quoted, 177 --------, Veuve, 163 Schartzemberger, Johan, 462 Schleswig lace industry, quality of lace, 275; number of fabrics (1840), 277 ----------, North, lace of, 272, 273; districts of lace industry, 276 n738 "Schole House for the Needle, A," 499 Schomberg, Col., quoted, 326 and n946 Schools, Lace Devonshire, 414, 415 and n1167, 416 Italian, 81 n248 Spratton, 388, 390 Schoulthem, Mr. Hey, quoted, 133-134 and n380 Schwartzenburg, John, 267 Scotch servant on old lace, 368 n1090 Scotland lace manufacture of, 422, 425 n1199, 428-434 sumptuary laws in, 422 and n1195, 424 Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, 418 n1175, 427 and n1202 _Scottish Advertiser_ (1769), quoted, 35 Sculptured lace coloured marbles, in, 71 Harefield church, in, 321 n927 Seaming lace, 107, 325 n941, 332 Sedan lace, 183 n539, 253, 254 Sedgewicke, Elizabeth, 310 Sedley, Sir Charles, 13 and n47 Séez black laces, 196 and n562 Séguin, quoted, 113 n325, 139 n393; cited, 254 Select Society of Edinburgh, The, 429, 430 and nn _Sempere Historia del Lujo_, quoted, 102 Senior, Hannah, 12 Sera, Dominique de, cited, 92; Pattern Book of, 476 Sevenges, Madame de, 290 Sévigné, Madame de bequest to, 183 n540 quoted, 154 n448, 162 n477, 366 n1084 Seville lace, 101 Sewell, quoted, 294 n794 Seymour, Lady Jane, 294 Sforza family, documents of, cited, 46, 50 n168, 63, 74 n235 Shadwell, quoted, 343, 345 Shakespeare, laces mentioned by, 295, 303 and n831; quoted, 309 n871 _Shakespeare Memorial, A_, quoted, 325 n941 Shandowes, Lady. _See_ Chandos Shawe, quoted, 404 Sherborne, lace industry of, 396, 397 Sheridan, quoted, 346 Shirts adornments of, 15-16 Irish, 307, 435 Queen Elizabeth's present of, to her brother, 10 Spanish omission of, 97 n279 Shoes, lace rosette-trimmed, 329 Shrewsbury, Countess of, 11 Siam, King of (1614), 12 Sibmacher, 266, 490 Sicily, lace manufacture of, 80-81 Sicotière, Leon de la, 208 n579 Sidbury, lace school at, 414; lace lessons at, 416 n1170 Sidford, lace lessons at, 4l6 n34 Sidmouth, lace school at, 416 and n1169 Sidney, Sir Philip, 304 Sidonian embroidery, 3 Siena lace, 68 Silk guipure. _See_ Guipure ---- lace Almagro, at, 102 n297 Chinese, 89 Cretan, 86 Ragusa, at (gimp), 84 Watling, 422 Silver lace (_See also_ Aurillac lace) England, importation to, prohibited by, Queen Anne, 349; George II., 335 n993; confiscation and burning of foreign, 359 Hamburg, 264 Holland, introduction into, 259 India, exported to, 322 n928, 329 and n958 Ireland, exportation to, prohibited, 439 Large purchase of, by Lady Arabella Stuart, 325 Lyons, at, 256 Ragusa, at, 84 Scotland, wearing prohibited in, 422 Spanish, 100-102, 154, 211, 212 Zurich, 271 ------ net-work, collar of, 82 ------ purles, prohibition of English made, 330 330 ------ thread, duties on, leased to Dame Villiers, 328 Silvestre, cited, 463 n1274, 464 Simiane, Madame de English point belonging to, 118 and n335 inventory of, quoted, 153 n444, 218 and n599 Sinclair, Sir John, quoted, 133-134 and n380, 428 --------, Miss Katherine, 419 n1176 _Sir Courtly Nice_, cited, 353 and n1052 Skelton, quoted, 251 n669 Skippin, quoted, 49 n165, cited, 72 Slammerkins, 356 and n1059 Slavonian peasants' work, 268 Sleeves, 341, 365 Sloper, Catherine, epitaph on, 13 Smith, Mother Mary Anne, 443 Smocks adornments of, 15 labourers' cut-work insertion on, 25 Smuggling of lace, account of, 357-362; of point de Bruxelles, 117; in 1621, 331; in Charles II's time, 336; Isle of Man a centre for, 372; to Scotland, 427 ---------- of thread, 407 Smyrna, silk guipure of, 87 Smythe, Thomas, 425 Society of Anti-Gallicans. _See_ Anti-Gallican -------- of Polite Arts, 262 n702 Sol, José, 484 Soldiers lace made by, 225 rich laces of English, 345, 346 Sonderburg, vault of Schleswig-Holstein family at, 366 n1082 Sonnettes, 34 n104 Sophie de France, 168 ------, Grand Duchess, 268 Soragana, Marchesa di, 486 Sorbière, Mons. de, 70 Souche, Lady, 309 n870 South Kensington Museum, Cretan laces in, 86 Southey, quoted, 303 n830 Spacing lace, 325 n941 Spain America, lace exported to, 102 bone pins used in, 295 conventual lace work of, 93 earnings of lace-makers in, 102 embroidery of, 8 n28, 10 and n32 French fashions influenced by, 147 gold and silver lace, use and manufactures of, 100-102; imported to, 212 grave clothes of grandees in, 366 and n1085 guipures imported to, 36 holidays in, 102 n302 lace imported to, from-- Albissola, 77 Chantilly, 214 Dieppe, 219 Ghent, 133 Isle de France, 209 Le Puy, 245 and n657 Lorraine, 251 Marseilles, 101 Paris, 36, 212 Maestranza, the, uniforms of, 100 mantilla, kinds of, 102-103 and n305; mantillas exported to, 226 manufacture of lace in, centres of, before 1665, 44 n144 Moresse, dentelles de, 104 numbers of lace-makers in, 99, 101, 102 n294, n297, 104 point of. _See_ Point d'Espagne shirts frequently unworn in (1686), 97 n279 sumptuary laws of, 90, 97, 101 two kinds of lace made in, 103 n305 Spangles, 335; of bobbins, 391 n1127 Spanish-American colonies, Chantilly lace exported to, 214 -------- Indies, Brabant lace exported to, 129 guipures exported to, 36 Le Puy lace, annual consumption of, 245 n657 Spelle werk, 32 n98 Spenser, quoted, 303 n830 Spider net, 448 ------ -work, 20 Spiral design, 7 Spratton, lace school at, 388-390 Staël, Madame de, 180 Stafford, Bishop, monument of, 405 and n1150 Stair, Lord, 99 n285 Starch, yellow, 307, 317 and n906, 435 Starching, introduction of, into England, 311; tools used for fluting and, 311-312 Steadman, Anne, 440 Steenbeck, 274 Steinkirk lace, 167 and n491, 344 and n1021, 345, 364 Stephens, quoted, 302 n828 Stepney, Lady, 369 Sterne, cited, 172 Stisted, Mrs., cited, 474 and n1308, 487 Stock, lace cravat succeeded by, 345 Stockholm museums, lace in, 282 Stone, quoted, 140 Stoney Stratford, lace industry of, 375 n1105, 379 and n1117 Stothard, Mrs., quoted, 216 n594 Stowe, cited, 294 n793; quoted, 310, 311 and n879, 312 Strafford, statuette of Earl of, 367 Strasburg, Archbishops of. _See_ Rohan family. Stratford-upon-Avon, embroidered bed linen at, 325 n941 Strauben, George, 271, 487 Strickland, Miss, quoted, 420 n1184 Striqueuse, work of, 122 Strutt, Jedediah, 448 n1239 Strype, quoted, 38, 297 and n813 Stuart, Arabella, 325 ------, Mary, _See_ Mary Stuart Stubbes, quoted, 16, 313 and n892 Stuora, 53 and n179 Sturbridge fair, 43 and n140 Stures family, 282 Suffolk, Duchess, 292 --------, Earl of, 319 and n917, n918 --------, lace industry of, 394 Sully, 142, 210 Sumptuary laws Denmark, 274 and n733, n735 England, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290 and n776, 291, 293, 306 and n855, 319 France, 64, 141 and n404, n405, 144, 147 and n429, 148 and n431, 152, 154 and n450, 158 and n460, 212, 243 Genoa, 73 Ireland (192 A.D.), 435, 436 and n1220 Portugal, 105 "Révolte des Passemens, La," 40-43 Scotland, 422 and n1195, 424 Spain, 90, 97, 101 Turkey, 87 Venice, 48, 57, 79 n245 Zurich, 270 Sweden cut-work in, 25, 280 grave-clothes, lace adorned, 366 lace industry, bobbin lace of, 280 established at Wadstena, 278 growth of, 279 peasant lace work for home use, 281-282 Spanish point and guipure in museums, 282 sheets, laced, 280 Swift, quoted, 124, 339, 349 n1037, 352, 436 Swinburne, Thos. (1572), 301 n822 ---------- (1775), quoted, 101 ---------- (1786), quoted, 176 Switzerland, lace industry in, French refugees, settlement of, 269 mignonette made (1665), 35 Neufchâtel. _See that title_ origin of, 269 pattern books, 271 statistics of, 270 and n727 Zurich sumptuary laws, 270-271 Sylvius, Balthazar, 469 Syon Monastery cope, 7 Syracuse, Count of, quoted, 369 Tabin, B., 476 Taglienti, pattern-book of, 50 n168, 51 n171, 52 n176, n178, 53 n181, 71 n222, 82 n252, 460 Talavera de la Regna, lace made at, 101 Talbot, Gilbert, 304 Tallies, 78 and n154 Talma lace, 186 Talon, 158 n460 Tambour work, Hamilton, 434 n1216 Irish, 440, 441 and n1230, 442 n1231 oriental, 440, 441 Tape lace, 116, 414 n1165 Tapestry, Greek lace a substitute for, 85-86 Tarnete (trina), 46 _Tatler_, quoted, 296 n806 Tatting, Manilla grass, 89 n265 Tax-books, Genoese, cited, 72 n224 Taylor, John, quoted, 323 and n933, 329; cited 500 Temple, Earl, 380 Tessada, Signore, old lace of, 72 n225, 73 n232; cited, 76 n238 Têtes de More (de mort, de moire), 36 and n113 Thelusson, Symphorien, 269 Theodoret, J., 469 Thierzac, lacis at, 248 Thomond, Earl of, 12 Thomsen, Prof., quoted, 272 Thomysi, Eleazaro, 481 Thread, importance of using fine (_see also under_ Lille), 393 and n1104, 446 ------ lace Cyprian, 82 hand spinners of, protest by, 335 importation of, prohibited by George III., 355 n1047 Thynne, quoted, 298 n816 Tickell, quoted, 169 n497 Tighe, Mr., cited, 440 n1228 Tiverton, first machine net factory at, 408 Toilé, 30 and n89 Toile d'arraignée, Paraguayan, 108 Toledo, Donna Teresa de, 103 Tombs. _See_ Grave-clothes Tönder lace industry, 274, 275, 277 and n740, n742 Toquet, 340 Torchon Milanese, 66 prison-made at Perugia, 81 n248 Saxony fabric, 263 Sicilian, 81 Spanish, 102 n297 Torello, 469 Torteroli, Sig. Don Tommaso, 79 n246 Tory, G., 476 Tottenham, Mrs. George, 446 Toul, "tulle" probably derived from, 250-251 and n669 Tournantes, 168 n496 Tournay, flax grown at, 118 n338 Tours, cope presented to Church of St. Martin at, 5 Towcester, lace industry at, 382 Travancore, pillow-laces of, 88 Treadwin, Mrs. cited, 401 n1140, 407, 413 Honiton lace industry, efforts for, 410, 411, 416 Trevelyan, Miss Audrey, 417 Trezola, 474 n1311 Trina, 46 and n150, n152 Trolle Bonde, Count, 282 ------ kant, 115-116 Trollopies, 356 and n1059 Trolly ground, 386 ------ lace, 371 n1095, 412-414 Trotman, Acting Consul, cited, 89 Trousse, Mlle. de la, cited, 40 n134 Troyaux, Mons., 124 Tucker, Mrs. Marwood, 407 n1154 Tulle (town), manufactures of, 250 Tulle embroidered, 229 German manufacture of, 250 lace discarded in favour of, 187 Marie Antoinette, at Court of, 180 origin of name, 250 predecessor of, 225 Turkey oyah made in, 45, 87 silk gimp specimens from, 85 sumptuary laws in, 87 tambour work in, 441 Turn, 401 n1140 Turner, Mrs., yellow starch invented by, 307, 317 and n906, 435 Turnhout, Mechlin lace made at, 125; number of fabrics (1803), 131 Turin, fashion at Court of, 153 n445 Tuscan lacis, 52-53, 68 Tussaud, Madame, 143 n412 Twopenny, Mr. W., 286 n761 Tynan lace industry, 442, 443 Tyrol (Austrian) lace industry, 268 Udine, lace school at, 81 n248 Unbleached thread, pattern worked in, 338 Underclothing lace-trimmed, in Scotland, 426 United States. _See_ America Urbino, lace making in, 68 Urbino, Duchess, 471 Ursins, Madame des, 99, 172 Ustariz, quoted, 102 Uttman, Barbara, 260-262, 447 Val de Travers, rivalry with Mirecourt, 252, 270 Valcameos, 246 Valencia gold and silver lace made at, 101 saints' images decked in lace at, 100 Valenciennes Lace compared with Binche, 135; with Dutch, 260; with Eu lace, 221; with Isle of Man lace, 372 n1096; with Lille, 237; with Mechlin, 233; with point de Dieppe, 220; with Welsh lace, 371 n1094 cost of (1788), 234 and n627 fault of, 235 n629 Honiton reproduction of, 416 industry centres of, 132; after French Revolution, 231 n624; expense and labour in making, 233; cost of thread, 234 n627 decline of, 231 establishment of, date, 230 French Revolution, effect of, 183 n539 method of working pattern in, 31 numbers employed (18th century), 230; (1790 and 1851), 231; at Ypres (1684 and 1850), 131 period of highest merit, 234-235 time required in producing, 233-234 value of Belgium monopoly, 132 and n376 wages and conditions of work, 233 point a misnomer for, 32 réseau of, 66 varieties of Alost (ground stitch), 133 Bailleul, 241 Bohemia, 268 Bruges, 132-133 Courtrai, width of, 131 n373; compared with Ypres, 132; ground stitch, 133 n377; character of, 232 n624 Dijon, 255 fausses Valenciennes, manufactories of, 241, 387 Ghent (ground stitch), 133 n377 Le Puy, 230 and n619, 245 vrai Valenciennes, 231 and n624 Ypres, description of, 131, 231 n624; value of, 131 n373; ground and pattern, 131-133 Valentine de Milan, 139 n393 Valets, extravagance of, 173 and n514 Valguarnera, Prince, 71 Valladolid, lace-trimmed banner at, 100 Valois line, influence of, on French fashions, 139 _Valuables of Glenurquhy_, quoted, 325 and n938 Valvassore's heirs, pattern book of, 476 Van Even, Edward, cited, 110 n320 Van Eyck, Jacob, quoted, 111 and n322 Van Londonzeel, Assuerus, 111 Vandyke edges, origin of term, 448 n1241 Vatican, laces of, 70 Vavassore, Giovanni Andrea, 466, 467, 472 Vecellio cited, 71 and n221 Corona of, 8 n28, 29, 50 n167, 111, 484, 486 Veils, bridal, 78; English, fourteenth century, 285 Vélay lace industry (_See also_ Le Puy), fifteenth century, 242; 18th century, 244; thread used, 245 Venezuela, lace of, 108 Venice Billament lace of, 48 and n159 blonde, formerly made in, 59 n195 Brussels lace worn at, 57 and n192 Colbert, ordinance of, trade affected by, 54 collar made for Louis XIII. at, 194 emigration of workers restricted, 159 n465 English imports from, 43, 288, 307 n863, n864; prohibited, 358 fashion dolls at St. Mark's fair, 170 n501 frauds of lace-makers in, 48, 67, 288 gold work of, 288, 307 n863, n864 Greek lace made at, 85 Medici collars made at, 56 numbers employed on lace-making in, 63 Point of. _See_ Point de Venise polychrome lace, introduction of, 62-63 sumptuary laws in, 48, 57, 79 n245 Swiss lace from, origin of, 269 travellers' allusions to products of, 55, 57 varieties of lace supplied by, 50-53, 57-58 Verbruggen, 129 n367 Verceilles, 249 Verghetti, 56 Vermicelli lace, 74 Verney Papers, quoted, 319 n916 Verona, St. John, life of, executed in needlework at, 8 n26 Veronese, Paul, _macramé_ in picture, by, 79 n248 Verulam, Lord, 101 and n289 Viarmes lace, 212 Victoria, Queen Honiton lace flounces ordered by, 410 Isle of Wight lace patronised by, 372 n1097 State liveries of, 174 n516 trousseau of, 392, 409 Victoria and Albert Museum Alençon in, 193 n555 Bock exhibits in, 23 n74 Cyprian lace in, 82 Danish embroideries in, 275 Genoese lappet in, 78 and n244 German specimens in, 264; Nuremberg ruffs, 267 Hungarian peasant lace in, 268 Irish imitation Venetian point in, 443 n1233 lacis borders in, 20-21 Norwegian cut-work in, 280 n747 pale of rose point in, 51 Paraguayan drawn-work at, 108 pattern-books in, 467 n1287, 468, 470, 477, 488 n1337, 490 n1344, 497 n1361, 501 n1370, 502 n1371 Slavonian peasants' work in, 268 Suffolk laces in, 394 Syon Monastery cope in, 7 tape lace in, 116 Villemarqué, cited, 229 n616 Villiers, Dame Barbara, 328 --------, Sir Edward, 319 n918 --------, Sir George, 318 Villiers-le-Bel, lace-making at, 209, 213 n589 Vimoutier, 204 Vinciolo, Frederick Katharine de Médicis the patroness of, 11,17 pattern book of, 49, 136, 144, 477-482, 487, 494 Virginière, Blaise de, quoted, 140, 141 and n401 Vittoria, Sister Felice, 93 Volant, origin of name, 168 n496 Vologda lace, 283 Voltaire, quoted, 166 n490 Vorsterman, William, 180, 463 Vos, Martin de, engravings after, 106 and n268 Vrai réseau, bride succeeded by, 406 Vrillière, Mgr. de la, 162 n475 Waborne lace, 300 and n819 Wace, Robert, cited, 202 Wadstena lace industry, 278-280 Wages of lace-workers. _See_ Earnings Wakefield, quoted, 440 n1228 Waldgrave, Sir Edward, 293 Wales, lace-making in, 371 and n1094 ------, Princess of, 409 Walker, Charles, 441 and n1230, 442 Walpole, cited, 297 n808, 356 and n1060 Walsingham, 307 n860, 420 n1182 ----------, Lady Audrye, 64, 320 n925 Wareham, lace found in Scandinavian barrow near, 4 Warwick, Lord, 333 Warton, J., quoted, 121 and n349 Washing of ecclesiastical lace, 373 n1101 Waterloo, hospital for English wounded at, 124 Waterman, Mrs. Elizabeth, 395 Watling silk lace, 422 Watt, cited, 482 n1329 Weaving Book, 280 Webb, Mr., 51 Weber, cited, 280 n758 Weigel, Christoph, 501 ------, Joh. Christoph, 502 Weisse, C., cited, 259 n693, 264 n707 West Indies, Spanish lace sold in, 102 n294 Westcote, quoted, 400; cited, 401 Westminster procession of lace-makers to, 360 St. Margaret's, lace washing from, 373 n1101 ------------, Dean of, forbids yellow starch, 317 ------------ Abbey epitaph in cloisters of, 13 lace on images in, 316 n901, 345 Westphalia Jutland industry improved by workers from, 274 thread, fineness of, 119 n339 Whisks, 334 Whitcomb, John, widow of, 17 White, Edward, 482 ------ Knight's sale, 497 Wieselgren, H., cited, 493 n1354 Wight, Isle of, lace industry of, 372 and n1097 Wigs, cost of, 349 falling bands put out of fashion by, 336 Wilhelmina of Bayreuth, 99 n283 Willemin, cited, 475 n1313 William III., period of, 341-346 -------- of Malmesbury, quoted, 6 -------- of Normandy, 6-7 -------- of Poictiers, quoted, 7 -------- the Silent, 260 Willingham, Geo., letter to, cited, 98 n282 Wilton, Lady, cited, 497 Wiltshire and Dorsetshire lace, 395-398 Winchester, lace purchased at, by Anne of Denmark, 320 ----------, Lady Marquis of, 309 n870 Wire, gold and silver lace made from, 72 ---- ground, 386 Wiseman, Cardinal, lace alb used by, 92-93 Wolfe, I., 482 Wolsey, Cardinal, lace of, 292 Women, lace work of, compared with that of men, 263 Woodbury Maltese lace imitation made at, 414 n1165 men lace-makers at, 413 Woollen manufacture in England lace manufacture next to, in 1698, 402 loss to, from edict against Flanders lace 341, 342, 349 Worcester, Countess of, 313 Wotton, Sir Henry, 136 n385 Wraxall, cited, 105, 142; quoted, 263 Wulff, Jens, 276 and n739 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 294 Wyriot, Madame, 205 Yarranton, Andrew, quoted, 114-115 and n327; cited 259 n696 Yemenis, M., cited, 488 n1339 Yokohama, lace school at, 417 Yorck lace, 138 n392 York, Cardinal, 421 Youghal Convent, lace-making at, 443, 444 Young, A., cited, 192 n552, 207, 223, 224, 244; quoted, 234 n627, 239 Ypres Valenciennes. _See under_ Valenciennes Yriarte, Charles, cited, 159 n465 Zante, Greek lace made at, 85 Zedler, cited, 57 Zoppino, Nicolo, 461, 462 Zouch, Lord, cited, 136 n385 Zurich, sumptuary laws of, 270 and n728 LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND 28, GREAT WINDMILL STREET. W. Notes [1] Wilkinson's _Ancient Egyptians_, vol. iii., p. 134. (See Illustration.) [2] Herodotus, ii. 182; iii. 47. [3] Ezekiel, who takes up the cry of lamentation for "Tyrus, situate at the entry of the sea," a merchant of the people for many isles, exclaims, "The merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and Chilmad were thy merchants. These were thy merchants in all sorts of things, in blue cloths and broidered works, and in chests of rich apparel." Another part of the same chapter mentions galley sails of fine linen "with broidered work from Egypt."--Ezekiel xxvii. [4] Exodus xxvi.; xxvii.; xxxiv. 2; Isaiah iii. 18; 1 Kings vii. 17. [5] Exodus xxxviii. 23. [6] Again, in the song of Deborah, the mother of Sisera says, "Have they not divided the prey?... to Sisera a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides."--Judges v. 30. [7] Cantor Lectures on the Art of Lace-making. A. S. Cole (London, 1881). [8] At Athens the maidens who took part in the procession of the Panathenaea embroidered the veil or _peplos_ upon which the deeds of the goddess were embroidered. The sacred _peplos_ borne on the mast of a ship rolled on wheels in the Panathenaic festival "was destined for the sacred wooden idol, Athene Polias, which stood on the Erechtheus. This _peplos_ was a woven mantle renewed every five years. On the ground, which is described as dark violet, and also as saffron-coloured, was inwoven the battle of the gods and the giants." (See page 47, _British Museum Catalogue to the Sculptures of the Parthenon_.) [9] Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, viii. 74. "Colores diversos picturae intexere Babylon maxime celebravit et nomen imposuit." [10] Maspero, _The Dawn of Civilisation in Egypt and Chaldaea_ (ed. Prof. Sayce). [11] Lefébure, _Embroidery and Lace_ (trans. A. S. Cole). [12] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, Book X. [13] The Romans denominated such embroideries _phrygionae_, and the embroiderer _phrygio_. Golden embroideries were specified as _auriphrygium_. This word is the root of the French _orfroi_ (orfreys). [14] Mrs. Palliser quotes an extract from the author of _Letters from Italy_, who, speaking of the cabinet at Portici, mentions an elegant marble statue of Diana "dressed after the purple gowns worn by the Roman ladies; the garment is edged with a lace exactly resembling point; it is an inch and a half broad, and has been painted purple." By an Englishwoman (Mrs. Millar) in the years 1770 and 1771 (London, 1777). [15] Strutt. [16] Lefébure, _Embroidery and Lace_. [17] Mrs. Bury Palliser, "Embroidery," _Encyclopædia Britannica_. [18] St. Giselle, Berthe's sister, founded many convents in Aquitaine and Provence, and taught the nuns all manner of needlework (Lefébure, _Embroidery and Lace_). [19] _Chronique Rimée_, by Philippe Mouskés. [20] Lefébure, _Embroidery and Lace_. [21] Mrs. Palliser, "Embroidery," _Encyclopædia Britannica_. [22] It has been suggested that the embroidery was done by William's granddaughter, the Empress Matilda, widow in 1125 of Henry V., Emperor of Germany, and wife, by her second marriage, of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (Lefébure). [23] Mr. Fowke states that the tradition which would make the tapestry the handiwork of Queen Matilda cannot be traced further back than 1803, when the tapestry was sent to Paris for exhibition. [24] Matt. Par., _Hist. Angl._, p. 473, Edit. Paris, 1644. [25] Mrs. Palliser, "Embroidery," _Encyclopædia Britannica_. [26] At Verona an artist took twenty-six years to execute in needlework the life of St. John, after the designs of Pollajuolo. [27] "Gaston, Duke of Orleans, established hot-houses and botanical gardens, which he filled with rare exotics to supply the needle with new forms and richer tints" (Lefébure). [28] We read, for instance, that Gabrielle de Bourbon, wife of Louis de la Trémouille, "jamais n'estoit oyseuse, mais s'employoit une partie de la journée en broderies et autres menus ouvrages appartenant à telles dames, et y occupoit ses demoyselles dont avoit bonne quantité, et de grosses, riches, et illustres maisons."--_Panegyric de Loys de la Trèmoille par Jean Bouchet._ Again Vecellio dedicates his "Corona" to Signora Nanni, not only on account of the pleasure she takes in works of the needle, but for "il diletto che prende in farne essercitar le donne de casa sua, ricetto delle più virtuose giovani che hoggidi vivono in questa città." "It is usual here," writes a lady from Madrid in 1679, "for good families to put their daughters to ladies, by whom they are employed to embroider in gold and silver, or various colours, or in silk, about the shift, neck, and hands." "I jor fist es chambre son pere, Une estole et i amict pere, De soie et d'or molt soutilment, Si i fait ententivement Mainte croisette et mainte estoile, Et dist ceste chancon à toile." --_Roman de la Violette._ "One day, seated in her father's room, she was skilfully working a stole and amict in silk and gold, and she was making in it, with great care, many a little cross and many a little star, singing all the while this _chanson à toile_." [30] In one of Edward I. we find a charge of eight shillings for silk bought for the embroidery work of Margaret, the King's daughter, and another for four ounces of silk, two hundred ounces of gold thread, a spindle, etc.--_Liber de Garderoba, 23 Edw. I._, Public Record Office. In one of Edward III. the sum of £2 7s. 2d. is expended in the purchase of gold thread, silk, etc., for his second daughter Joanna.--_Liber Garderobae, 12-16 Edw. III._, Public Record Office. Elizabeth of York worked much at her needle. In the account of her household, preserved in the Public Record Office, every page of which is signed by Queen Elizabeth herself, we find-- "To Evan Petreson joiner, for the stuff and making of 4 working stools for the Queen; price of the stool 16 pence--5s. 4d. "To Thomas Fissch, for an elne of linen cloth for a samplar for the queen, 8d." In the Inventory 4 Edward VI., 1552 (Harl. MSS. No. 1419), are entries of-- "Item, XII. samplars" (p. 419). "Item, one samplar of Normandie canvas, wrought with green and black silk" (p. 524). "A book of parchment containing diverses patternes" (p. 474), probably purchases for his sisters. [31] See, for instance, the interesting account of the Countess of Oxford, given by Miss Strickland in her _Life of Queen Elizabeth of York_. [32] These are alluded to in the dialogue between Industria and Ignavia, as given in Sibmacher's "Modelbuch," 1601 (French translation): "La vieille dame raconte l'histoire des concours de travail à l'aiguille chez les anciens Espagnols; comme Isabelle, femme de Ferdinand, a hautement estimé les travaux de l'aiguille." The "Spanish stitch," so often mentioned, was brought in by Katharine, on her marriage with Prince Arthur, in 1501. We have constantly in her wardrobe accounts sheets and pillow-beres, "wrought with Spanish work of black silk at the edge." In the Inventory of Lord Monteagle, 1523 (Public Record Office,) are "eight partlets, three garnished with gold, the rest with Spanish work." In 1556, among the New Year's gifts presented to Queen Mary Tudor, most of the smocks are "wrought with black silk, Spanish fashion." In the Great Wardrobe Accounts of Queen Elizabeth, 3 & 4, Public Record Office, we have "sixteen yards of Spanish work for ruffs." "Twelve tooth cloths, with the Spanish stitch, edged with gold and silver bone lace."--_Ibid._ Eliz. 5 & 6. The Spanish stitch appears in France with Henry II., 1557. "Pour la façon d'ung gaban avec ung grant collet chamarrez à l'Espaignolle de passement blanc," etc.--_Comptes de l'Argentier du Roy._ Archives Nat. K. K. 106. [33] Taylor, the Water Poet, _Katharine of Aragon_. [34] The industry of Henry's last queen was as great as that of his first. Specimens still exist at Sizergh Castle, Westmoreland, of Katharine Parr's needlework--a counterpane and a toilet cover. An astrologer, who cast her nativity, foretold she would be a queen; so when a child, on her mother requiring her to work, she would exclaim, "My hands are ordained to touch crowns and sceptres, not needles and spindles." [35] _Dames Illustres._ [36] The "Reine des Marguerites," the learned sister of Francis I., was not less accomplished with her needle, and entries for working materials appear in her accounts up to the year of her death, 1549. "Trois marcs d'or et d'argent fournis par Jehan Danes, pour servir aux ouvraiges de la dicte dame."--_Livre de dépenses de Marguerite d'Angoulême_, par le Comte de la Ferrière-Percy. Paris, 1862. "Elle addonoit son courage A faire maint bel ouvrage Dessus la toile, et encor A joindre la soye et l'or. Vous d'un pareil exercise Mariez par artifice Dessus la toile en maint trait L'or et la soie en pourtrait." --_Ode à la Royne de Navarre_, liv. ii., od. vii. [38] 1380. "Oeuvre de nonnain."--_Inventaire de Charles V._ [39] "My grandmother, who had other lace, called this" (some needlepoint) "nun's work."--_Extract from a letter from the Isle of Man_, 1862. "A butcher's wife showed Miss O---- a piece of Alençon point, which she called 'nun's work.'"--_Extract from a letter from Scotland_, 1863. 1698, May. In the _London Gazette_, in the advertisement of a sale by auction, among other "rich goods," we find "nun's work," but the term here probably applies to netting, for in the _Protestant Post Boy_ of March 15th, 1692, is advertised as lost "A nun's work purse wrought with gold thread." 1763. In the _Edinburgh Advertiser_ appears, "Imported from the Grand Canaries, into Scotland, nun's work." [40] As, for instance, "the imbrothering" of the monks of the monastery of Wolstrope, in Lincolnshire. [41] _Livre de Lingerie._ Dom. de Sera, 1581. "Donne, donzelle, con gli huomini."--Taglienti, 1530. Patterns which "les Seigneurs, Dames, et Damoiselles ont eu pour agréables."--Vinciolo, 1587. [42] Jehan Mayol, carme de Lyon; Fra Hieronimo, dell' Ordine dei Servi; Père Dominique, religieux carme, and others. [43] One in the Bibliothèque Impériale is from the "Monasterio St. Germani à Pratis." [44] He died in 1595. _Lives of the Earl and Countess of Arundel_, from the original MS. by the Duke of Norfolk. London, 1857. [45] P. R. O. Calendar of State Papers. Domestic. Charles I. Vol. clxix. 12. [46] P. R. O. Calendar of State Papers. Colonial. No. 789. [47] See his epigram, "The Royal Knotter," about the queen, "Who, when she rides in coach abroad Is always knotting threads." [48] Translated from the _Libellus de Admirandis beati Cuthberti Miraculis_ of Reginald, monk of Durham, by Rev. J. Rain. Durham, 1855. [49] _Chronicle of John Hardyng_, circ. 1470. [50] Temp. Rich. II. In their garments "so much pouncing of chesell to make holes, so much dragging (zigzagging) of sheers," etc.--_Good Parson_, Chaucer. [51] Percy, _Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, vol. iii. [52] _Anatomie of Abuses_, by Philip Stubbes, 1583. [53] _The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde_, translated out of Latin by Alex. Barclay, 1508. [54] The inventories of all nations abound in mention of these costly articles. The "smocks" of Katharine of Aragon "for to lay in," were wrought about the collar with gold and silk. Lord Monteagle, 1523, had "two fine smocks of cambric wrought with gold." (Inv. P. R. O.) Among the New Year's Gifts offered to Queen Mary Tudor by the Duchess of Somerset (1556), we find a smock wrought over with silk, and collar and ruffles of damask, gold purl, and silver. Again, in the household expenses of Marguerite de France, 1545, we find a charge of "4 livres 12 sols, pour une garniture de chemise ouvré de soye cramoisie pour madicte dame."--(Bib. Imp. MSS. Fonds François, 10,394.) About the same date (G. W. A. Eliz. 1 & 2, 1558-59) appear charges for lengthening one smocke of drawne work, 20s. Six white smockes edged with white needlework lace, 10s. To overcasting and edging 4 smockes of drawn work with ruffs, wristbands, and collars, three of them with black work, and three of them with red, etc. At the funeral of Henry II. of France, 1559, the effigy was described as attired in "une chemise de toile de Hollande, bordée au col et aux manches d'ouvraige fort excellent."--Godefroy, _Le Cérémonial de France_, 1610. [55] See FRANCE. [56] The pillow-bere has always been an object of luxury, a custom not yet extinct in France, where the "taies d'oreiller, brodées aux armes," and trimmed with a rich point, form an important feature in a modern trousseau. In the inventory of Margaret of Austria, the gentle governess of the Low Countries, are noted-- "Quatre toyes d'oraillers ouvrées d'or et de soye cramoysie et de verde. "Autres quatres toyes d'oraillers faites et ouvrées d'or et de soye bleu à losanges qui ont estées données à Madame par dom Diego de Cabrera."--_Corr. de l'Empereur Maximilien I. et de Marguerite d'Autriche_, par M. Leglay. Paris, 1839. Edward VI. has (Harl. MSS. 1419) "18 pillow-beres of hollande with brode seams of silk of sundry coloured needlework." And again, "One pillow-bere of fine hollande wrought with a brode seam of Venice gold and silver, and silk nedlework." And Lady Zouche presents Queen Elizabeth, as a New Year's gift, with "One pair of pillow-beares of Holland work, wrought with black silk drawne work."--Nichol's _Royal Progresses_. [57] _Goderonné_--_goudronné_, incorrectly derived from pitch (_goudron_), has no relation to stiffness or starch, but is used to designate the fluted pattern so much in vogue in the sixteenth century--the "gadrooned" edge of silversmiths. 1588. Il avait une fraise empesée et godronnée à gros godrons, au bout de laquelle il y avoit de belle et grande dentelle, les manchettes estoient goudronnées de mesme. [58] They are introduced into the Title page of this work. [59] See APPENDIX. [60] "Quintain, quintin, French lawne." Randle Cotgrave. _Dictionarie of the French and English tongues._ 1611. "26 virges de Kanting pro sudariis pro ille 47/8."--_G. W. A. Charles II._, 1683-4. [61] Lacis, espèce d'ouvrage de fil ou de soie fait en forme de filet ou de réseuil dont les brins étaient entre-lacez les uns dans les autres.--_Dict. d'Ant. Furetière_, 1684. [62] Béle Prerie contenant differentes sortes de lettres, etc., pour appliquer sur le réseuil ou lassis. Paris, 1601. See APPENDIX. [63] So, in the Epistle to the Reader, in a Pattern-book for Cut-works (London, J. Wolfe & Edward White, 1591), the author writes of his designs:-- "All which devises are soe framed in due proportion as taking them in order the one is formed or made by the other, and soe proceedeth forward; whereby with more ease they may be sewed and wrought in cloth, and keeping true accompt of the threads, maintaine the bewtey of the worke. And more, who desyreth to bring the work into a lesser forme, let them make the squares lesse. And if greater, then inlarge them, and so may you worke in divers sortes, either by stitch, pouncing or pouldering upon the same as you please. Alsoe it is to be understood that these squares serve not only for cut-workes, but alsoe for all other manner of seweing or stitching."--(See APPENDIX, No. 72). [64] _Pratique de l'aiguille industrieuse du très excellent Milour Matthias Mignerak_, etc. Paris, 1605. See APPENDIX. [65] The inventories of Charles de Bourbon, ob. 1613, with that of his wife, the Countess of Soissons, made after her death, 1644 (Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,426), alone prove how much this _réseuil_ was in vogue for furniture during the seventeenth century. "Item un pavilion de thoille de lin à bende de reseuil blang et noir faict par carel prisé, vi. l. t. (livres tournois). "Item quatre pentes de ciel de cotton blanc à carreaux. "Item trois pentes de ciel de thoille de lin à carreaux et raiseuil recouvert avec le dossier pareil estoffe, et petit carreau à point couppé garny de leur frange, le fonds du ciel de thoille de lin, trois custodes et une bonne grace et un drap pareille thoille de lin à bandes de reseuil recouvert ... prisé xviii. l. t."--_Inv. de Charles de Bourbon._ "Item une autre tapisserie de rezeuil de thoile blanche en huit pièces contenant ensemble vingt aulnes on environ sur deux aulnes trois quarts de haute. "Item une autre tenture de tapisserie de rézeau tout de leine (lin) appliquée sur de la toille blanche en sept pièces contenant dix-huit aulnes de cours sur trois aulnes de haute. "Item trois pantes, fonds de dossier, les deux fourreaux de piliers, la converture de parade, le tout en point couppé et toillé. "Item, une garniture de lict blanc, faict par carré d'ouvrage de poinct couppé, le tout garny avec la couverte de parade, prisé la somme de soixante livres tournois."--_Inv. de la Comtesse de Soissons._ [66] Dated 20 Feb., 1587. Now in the Record Office, Edinburgh. [67] 1781. "Dix-huit Pales de differentes grandeurs, tous de toile garnis tant de petite dentelle que de filet brodé."--_Inv. de l'Eglise de S. Gervais._ Arch. Nat. L.L. 654. [68] _Point and Pillow Lace_, by A. M. S. (London, 1899). [69] In the Record Office, Edinburgh. [70] "Mache, the Masches (meshes) or holes of a net between the thread and thread" (Cotgrave). [71] _Comptes de la Reine de Navarre_, 1577. Arch. Nat. K.K. 162. [72] _Inventory of Catherine de Médicis_, Bonaffé. [73] Randle Holme, in _The School Mistris Terms of Art for all her Ways of Sewing_, has "A Samcloth, vulgarly, a Samplar." [74] In the Bock collection, part of which has since been bought for the Victoria and Albert Museum, are specimens of "rézeuil d'or," or network with patterns worked in with gold thread and coloured silks. Such were the richly-wrought "serviettes sur filez d'or" of Margaret of Austria. "Autre servyette de Cabes (Cadiz) ouvrée d'or, d'argent sur fillez et bordée d'or et de gris. "Autre serviette à Cabes de soye grise et verde à ouvrage de fillez bordée d'une tresse de verd et gris."--Inventory already quoted. [75] "Le Gan," de Jean Godard, Parisien, 1588. [76] Descriptive Catalogue of the Collections of Tapestry and Embroidery in the South Kensington Museum (p. 5). [77] Lace. French, _dentelle_; German, _Spitzen_; Italian, _merletto_, _trina_; Genoa, _pizzo_; Spanish, _encaje_; Dutch, _kanten_. [78] Statute 3 Edw. IV. c. iii. [79] "Passement, a lace or lacing."--_Cotgrave_. [80] Not in those of Rob. Estienne, 1549; Frère de l'Aval, 1549; or Nicot, 1606. Cotgrave has, "Dentelle, small edging (and indented), bone-lace, or needlework." In Dict. de l'Académie, 1694, we find, "Dentelle, sorte de passement à jour et à mailles tres fines ainsi nommé parceque les premières qu'on fit etoient dentelées." [81] _Comptes de l'Argentier du Roi_, 1557.--Arch. Nat. K. K. 106. "Passement de fine soie noire dentelle d'un costé." "Passement blanc," "grise," also occur. [82] _Argenterie de la Reine_, 1556.--Arch. Nat. K. K. 118. [83] _Dépenses de la maison de Madame Marguerite de France, soeur du Roi._--Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 10,394, fol. 62. [84] "Plus de delivré une pacque de petite dentelle qui est estez cousu ensemble pour mettre sur les coutures des rideaux des ditz litz contenant 80 aunes."--Rec. Off., Edin. This custom of trimming the seams of bed-curtains with a lace indented on both sides was common throughout Europe. In the Chartley Inv. of Mary Stuart, 1586, one of the Vasquines (jackets) is described, "Autre de satin noir descouppée a descouppemie dentelés." [85] 1577. "Pour deux aulnes de passement d'argent a hautte dantelle pour mettre à ung renvers, au pris de soixante solz l'aulne. "Pour une aulne de dentelle pour faire deux cornettes pour servir à la dicte dame, quatre livres."--_Cptes. de la Reine de Navarre._ Arch. Nat. K. K. 162. [86] See APPENDIX. [87] "Petits et grands passements; id. à l'esguille; id. faict au mestier; id. de Flandres à poinctes; id. orangé à jour; id. de Flandres satiné;" with "reseuil, dantelles, grandes et petites, or, argent," etc.--_Inv. de Madame, soeur du Roi._ Arch. Nat. K. K. 234. So late as 1645, in the inventory of the church of St. Médard at Paris (Arch de l'Emp. L. L. 858), the word is used. We find, "Quatre tours de chaire de thoille baptiste, ung beau surplis pour le predicateur, six autres, cinq corporaulx," all "à grand passement." Also, "deux petits corporaulx à petit passement," and "trois tours de chaire garnyz de grand passement à dentelle." [88] _Inv. apres le decès de Mgr. le Maréchal de La Motte._--Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,426. [89] The French terms are more comprehensive:-- Champ, fond travaillé à jour. Toilé, fleurs entièrement remplies, formant un tissu sans jour. Grillé, grillage, plein. Also flowers--but distinguished from toilé by having little square spaces between the thread (_grillé_, grating), the work not being so compact. "On appelle couleuvre, une blond dont le toilé continue serpente entre deux rangs de grillage."--_Roland de la Platière_ (the Girondin). Art. Dentelle, _Encyclopédie Méthodique_. Paris, 1780. [90] _Storehouse of Armory and Blason._ 1688. [91] "Brides--petits tissus de fil qui servent à joindre les fleurs les unes avec les autres dans l'espèce de dentelle qu'on appelle Point de France, de Venise, de Malines."--_Dict de l'Académie._ [92] "Une robe et tablier, garnis d'une dentelle d'Angleterre à picot."--_Inv. de decès de la Duchesse de Bourbon._ Arch. Nat. X. 10,064. [93] "Une chemisette de toile d'hollande garnye de point de Paris."--_Inv. d'Anne d'Escoubleau, Baronne de Sourdis, veuve de François de Simiane._ 1681. Arch. Nat. M. M. 802. [94] "Cette dernière sorte de point se fait aux fuseaux."--_Dict. du P. Richelet._ Lyon. 1759. [95] _Dict. d'Ant. Furetière._ Augmenté par M. Basnage. La Haye, 1727. [96] 1656. [97] 1651. "Huit aulnes de toile commune garnies de neige."--_Inv. des emubles de la Sacristie de l'Oratoire de Jésus, à Paris._ Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 8621. "Neuf autres petites nappes; les deux premières de toile unie; la troisième à dentelle quallifié de neige."--_Ibid._ [98] French, _dentelle à fuseaux_; Italian, _merli a piombini_; Dutch, _gespeldewerkte kant_; Old Flemish, _spelle werk_. [99] French, _carreau_, _cousin_, _oreiller_; Italian, _tombolo_; Venice, _ballon_; Spanish, _mundillo_. [100] See Chapter XXIV. [101] The number of bobbins is generally equal to 50 to each square inch. If the lace be one inch wide, it will have 625 meshes in each square inch, or 22,500 in a yard. The work, therefore, goes on very slowly, though generally performed with the greatest dexterity. [102] At Gisors, Saint-Denis, Montmorency, and Villiers-le-Bel.--Savary, _Grand Dict. du Commerce_, 1720. Cotgrave gives, "Bisette, a plate (of gold, silver, or copper) wherewith some kinds of stuffes are stripped." Oudin, "Feuille ou paillette d'or ou d'argent." In these significations it frequently occurs. We find with numerous others: "1545. 55 sols pour une once bizette d'argent pour mectre à des colletz." "Six aulnes bizette de soie noire pour mettre sur une robbe, lv. s.," in the Accounts of Madame Marguerite de France. (Bib. Nat.) "1557. Bizette de soye incarnatte et jaulne pour chamarrer ung pourpoint de satin rouge" of Henry II.--_Cptes. de l'Argentier du Roi._ Arch. Nat. K. K. 106. "1579. Petite bizette d'or fin dentellez des deux costez pour servir à desmanches de satin cramoisy" of Catherine de Médicis.--_Trésorerie de la royne mère du roy._ Arch. Nat. K. K. 115. In the Chartley Inv. 1586, of Mary Stuart, is mentioned, "Un plotton de bisette noire." [103] _Dict. de l'Académie._ [104] Campane, from sonnette, clochette, même grêlot. "Les sonnettes dont on charge les habits pour ornement. Les festons qu'on met aux étoffes et aux dentelles."--_Oudin._ [105] Public Record Office. [106] In the last century it was much the fashion to trim the scalloped edges of a broader lace with a narrower, which was called to "campaner." 1720. "Une garniture de teste à trois pièces de dentelle d'Angleterre à raiseau, garni autour d'une campane à dents."--_Inv. de la Duchesse de Bourbon._ 1741. "Une paire de manches à trois rangs de Malines à raizeau campanée."--_Inv. de decès de Mademoiselle Marie Anne de Bourbon de Clermont._ Arch. Nat. X. 11,071. (Daughter of Mademoiselle de Nantes and Louis Duke de Bourbon.) "Une coëffure de Malines à raizeau à deux pièces campanée."--_Ibid._ In the lace bills of Madame du Barry, preserved in the Bib. Nat., are various entries of Angleterre et point à l'aiguille, "campanée des deux côtés" for ruffles, camisoles, etc. [107] 1759. "Huit palatines tant points que mignonettes."--_Inv. de decès de Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conty, Princesse du Sang, Duchesse de Orléans._ Arch. Nat. X. 10,077. "Trente-vingt paires de manchettes, quatre coëffures, le tout tant de differents points qu'Angleterre, mignonettes que tulles."--_Ibid._ [108] 1758. "Une paire de manchettes à trois rangs de blonde de fil sur entoilage."--_Inv. de Mademoiselle Louise Anne de Bourbon Condé de Charollais_ (sister of Mademoiselle de Clermont). Arch. Nat. X. 10,076. 1761. "Fichus garnis à trois rangs de blonde de fil sur entoilage."--_Inv. de Charlotte Aglaë d'Orléans, Princesse du Sang, Duchesse de Modène_ (daughter of the Regent). 1789. Ruffles of blonde de fil appear also in the _Inv. de decès de Monseigneur le Duc de Duras_. Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,440. [109] Mostly at Bayeux. [110] "On employe aussi pour les coëffures de la mignonette, et on a tellement perfectionné cette dentelle, que estant peu de chose dans son commencement est devenue de consequence et même très chère, j'entends, la plus fine qu'on fait sur de beaux patrons."--_Le Mercure Galant_, 1699. [111] "Guiper. Tordre les fils pendans d'une frange par le moyen de l'instrument qu'on nomme guipoir, fer crochu d'un côté, et chargé de l'autre d'un petit morceau de plomb pour lui donner du poids."--Savary. [112] "Guipure. A grosse black thread covered or whipped about with silk."--Cotgrave. "Guipure. Manière de dentelle de soie où il y a des figures de rose ou d'autres fleurs, et qui sert à parer les jupes des dames.... Sa jupe est pleine de guipure."--_Dict. du P. Richelet._ 1759. [113] Roland. We cannot help thinking this a mistake. In the statutes of the Passementiers, we find mention of buttons "à têtes de mort," or would it rather be "tête de moire," from the black moire hoods (têtes) worn by the Italian women, which were often edged with a narrow guipure? [114] Les lieux en France où il se fait le plus de guipures, sont Saint-Denis-en-France, Villiers-le-Bel, Ecouën, Arcelles, Saint-Brice, Groslait, Montmorency, Tremblay, Villepinte, etc. [115] The sale of Guipures belonged to the master mercers, the workmanship to the passementiers boutonniers. We find in the _Livre Commode ou les Adresses de la Ville de Paris_ for 1692, that "Guipures et galons de soye se vendent sur le Petit Pont et rue aux Febvres, où l'on vend aussi des galons de livrées." [116] Godefroy. _Le Cérémonial de France_, 1610. _Sacre du Roy Henry II._, 1547. [117] In 1549. _Ibid._ [118] _Traité des Marques Nationales_, dar M. Beneton de Morange de Peyrins. Paris, 1739. [119] In the Record Office, Edinburgh. [120] Une robe de velours vert couverte de Broderies, gimpeures, et cordons d'or et d'argent, et bordée d'un passement de même. Une robe veluat cramoisi bandée de broderie de guimpeure d'argent. Une robe de satin blanc chamarrée de broderie faite de guimpeure d'or. Id. de satin jaune toute couverte de broderye gumpeure, etc. Robe de weloux noyr semée geynpeurs d'or. [121] _Dictionnaire de l'Académie._ [122] 1536-44. Sir Fred. Madden. 2 payr of sleeves whereof one of gold w^h p'chemene lace, etc. 2 prs. of sleves w^h pchmyn lase, 8/6. [123] _Ecclesiastical Memoirs_, iii. 2, 167. [124] State Papers, vol. 82, P. R. O. [125] Surtees' Society, Durham, "Wills and Inventories." [126] 1572. Thynne, in his _Debate between Pride and Lowliness_, describes a coat "layd upon with parchment lace withoute." [127] B. M. Add. MSS. No. 5751. [128] Roll. 1607. P. R. O. [129] _Ibid._ 1626. 11 nightcaps of coloured satin, laid on thick, with gold and silver parchment lace, 41. 9. 9. [130] Roll. 1630. [131] "Eidem pro novemdecem vir[=g] et di[=m] aureæ et argenteæ pergame[=n] laciniæ pondent sexdecim un[=c] 2/[dram] 1/[scruple] venet. ... pro consua[=t] ad ornan[=d] duas sedes utroque latere thronæ in domo Parliament."--_Gt. Ward. Acc._ Car. II. xxx. and xxxi. = 1678-9. In 1672-73 is an entry for "2 virgis teniæ pergame[=n]." [132] Surtees' "Inventories." [133] Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 8621. [134] _In the Recueil de pièces les plus agréables de ce temps, composées par divers autheurs._ Paris, chez Charles Sercy, MDCLXI. The poem is dedicated to Mademoiselle de la Trousse, cousin of Madame de Sévigné, and was probably written by one of her coterie. [135] The Cravates or Croates soldiers had a band of stuff round their throats to support an amulet they wore as a charm to protect them from sabre-cuts. What began in superstition ended in fashion. [136] These were, in France, Guibray, Beaucaire, and Bordeaux; in Germany, Frankfort; in Italy, Novi. [137] All articles of luxury were to be met with at the provincial fairs. When, in 1671, Catherine of Braganza, the Duchess of Richmond, and the Duke of Buckingham, visited Saffron Walden fair, the Queen asked for a pair of yellow stockings, and Sir Bernard Gascoyne, for a pair of gloves stitched with blue. [138] 10 Hen. III., Devon's _Issues of the Exchequer_. [139] "No lace-woman," says Ben Jonson, "that brings French masks and cut-works." That lace was sold by pedlars in the time of Henry VIII., we find from a play, "The Four P's," written in 1544, by John Heywood. Among the contents of a pedlar's box are given "lasses knotted," "laces round and flat for women's heads," "sleeve laces," etc. On opening the box of the murdered pedlar (_Fool of Quality_, 1766), "they found therein silk, linen, laces," etc. [140] Defoe describes Sturbridge fair as the greatest of all Europe. "Nor," says he, "are the fairs of Leipsig in Saxony, the Mart at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, or the fair of Nuremburg or Augsburg, any way comparable to this fair of Sturbridge." In 1423, the citizens of London and the suburbs being accused of sending works of "embroidery of gold, or silver, of Cipre, or of gold of Luk, togedre with Spanish Laton of insuffisant stuff to the fayres of Sturesbrugg, Ely, Oxenford, and Salisbury"--in fact, of palming off inferior goods for country use--"all such are forfeited."--_Rot. Parl._, 2 Hen. VI., nu. 49. [141] "Lingua, or the Combat of the Tongue." A Comedy. 1607. [142] This system of colporteurs dates from the early Greeks. They are termed both in Greek and Hebrew, "des voyageurs." [143] "She came to the house under the pretence of offering some lace, holland, and fine tea, remarkably cheap."--_Female Spectator._ 1757. [144] The centres of the lace manufacture before 1665 were:-- BELGIUM Brussels, Mechlin, Antwerp, Liége, Louvain, Binche, Bruges, Ghent, Ypres, Courtray, etc. FRANCE (Spread over more than ten Provinces)-- Artois Arras (Pas-de-Calais). French Flanders Lille, Valenciennes, Bailleul (Nord). Normandy Dieppe, Le Hâvre (Seine-Inférieure). Ile de France Paris and its environs. Auvergne Aurillac (Cantal). Velay Le Puy (Haute-Loire). Lorraine Mirecourt (Vosges). Burgundy Dijon (Côte-d'or). Champagne Charleville, Sedan (Ardennes). Lyonnais Lyon (Rhône). Poitou Loudun (Vienne). Languedoc Muret (Haute-Garonne). ITALY Genoa, Venice, Milan, Ragusa, etc. SPAIN La Mancha, and in Catalonia especially. GERMANY Saxony, Bohemia, Hungary, Denmark, and Principality of Gotha. ENGLAND Counties of Bedford, Bucks, Dorset, and Devon. [145] _Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century_, Digby Wyatt. [146] Francesco Nardi. _Sull' Origine dell' Arte del Ricamo._ Padova, 1839. [147] _Ricamare. Recamar._ [148] The traditions of the Low Countries also point to an Eastern origin, assigning the introduction of lace-making to the Crusaders, on their return from the Holy Land. [149] _Origine ed Uso delle Trine a filo di refe_ (thread), 1864. Privately printed. [150] 1469.--Io, Battista de Nicollo d'Andrea da Ferrara, debio avere per mia manifatura et reve per cuxere et candelle per inzirare.... It. per desgramitare e refilare e inzirare e ripezare e reapicare le gramite a camixi quatordece per li signori calonexi, et per li, mansonarij le qual gramite staxea malissimamente, p. che alcune persone le a guaste, Lire 1 10. It. per reve et p. candelle, L. 0 5. 1469.--I, Baptist de Nicollo of Andrea da Ferrara, having owing to me for my making, and thread to sew, and candles to wax.... Item, for untrimming and re-weaving and waxing and refixing and rejoining the trimmings of fourteen albs for the canons and attendants of the church, the which trimmings were in a very bad state, because some persons had spoiled them, L. 1 10. It. for thread and wax, L. 0 5. These trimmings (gramite), Cav. Merli thinks, were probably "trine." "At Chicago was exhibited the first kind of net used in Italy as lace on garments. It is made of a very fine linen or silk mesh, stiffened with wax and embroidered in silk thread. It was in use during the fourteenth century, and part of the fifteenth" (_Guide to New and Old Lace in Italy_, C. di Brazza, 1893). This is probably the gramite, or trimmings of the albs, mentioned in the account book formerly belonging to the Cathedral of Ferrara, and now preserved in the Municipal Archives of that city. [151] See MILAN. [152] _Trina_, like our word lace, is used in a general sense for braid or passement. Florio, in his Dictionary (_A Worlde of Words_, John Florio, London, 1598), gives _Trine_--cuts, snips, pincke worke on garments; and _Trinci_--gardings, fringings, lacings, etc., or other ornaments of garments. _Merlo_, _merletto_, are the more modern terms for lace. We find the first as early as the poet Firenzuola (see FLORENCE). It does not occur in any pattern book of an older date than the "Fiori da Ricami" of Pasini, and the two works of Francesco de' Franceschi, all printed in 1591. [153] The laces, both white and gold, depicted in the celebrated picture of the Visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon, by Lavinia Fontana, now in the Lambeccari Gallery, executed in the sixteenth century, prove that white lace was in general use in the Italian Courts at that epoch. [154] At present, if you show an Italian a piece of old lace, he will exclaim, "Opera di monache; roba di chiesa." [155] Statute 2, Henry VI., 1423. The first great treaty between the Venetians and Henry VII. was in 1507. [156] _Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York_, 1502. P. R. O. Also published by Sir H. Nicolas. [157] Inv. Henry VIII. [158] Gremio, when suing for Bianca, enumerates among his wealth in ivory coffers stuffed, "Turkey cushions bossed with pearl; valance of Venice gold in needlework."--_Taming of the Shrew._ [159] "One jerkyn of cloth of silver with long cuts down righte, bound with a billament lace of Venice silver and black silk."--_Robes of the late King_ (Edward VI.). [160] "A smock of cambrik wrought about the collar and sleeves with black silke; the ruffe wrought with Venice gold and edged with a small bone lace of Venice gold."--_Christmas Presents to the Queen_, by Sir G. Carew. "7 ounces of Venice 'laquei bone' of gold and black silk; lace ruff edged with Venice gold lace," etc. _G. W. A. Eliz., passim_, P. R. O. [161] 1587. [162] Madame de Puissieux died in 1677, at the age of eighty. [163] Venice points are not mentioned by name till the ordinance of 1654. See GREEK ISLANDS. [164] _Hudibras._ [165] Italy we believe to have furnished her own thread. "Fine white or nun's thread is made by the Augustine nuns of Crema, twisted after the same manner as the silk of Bolonia," writes Skippin, 1651. [166] _Halimedia opuntia_, Linn. [167] That most frequently met with is the Corona of Vecellio. See APPENDIX. [168] First mentioned in the Sforza Inventory, 1493 (see MILAN); not in the pattern-books till Vecellio, 1592; but Taglienti (1530) gives "su la rete," and "Il specchio di Pensieri" (1548), "purito in rede." [169] Plate V. [170] First given in the _Honesto Esempio_. 1550 and _passim_. [171] Mentioned by Taglienti (1530), and afterwards in the _Trionfo_ (1555), and _passim_. [172] Given in _Il Monte_, circ. 1550, but described by Firenzuola earlier. See FLORENCE. [173] See Chap. III., notes 104 and 106. [174] "Toile de la Pale."--A pasteboard about eight inches square, enclosed in cambric or lace, used to cover the paten when laid over the cup. [175] The whole furniture of a room taken from a palace at Naples, comprising curtains, and vallance of a bed, window curtains, toilet, etc., of straw-coloured laces, reticella, embroidered netting, etc.; the price asked was 18,000 francs = £720. There was also much of the rose point, and a handkerchief bordered with beautiful flat Venetian point of the same colour, forming part of a trousseau. 700 francs = £28. [176] Taglienti (1530) has _groppi_, _moreschi_, and _arabeschi_; and _Il Specchio_ (1548), _ponti gropposi_. See also the Sforza Inventory, 1493. [177] See GENOA. [178] Taglienti (1530) gives _a magliata_, Parasole (1600) _lavori di maglia_. [179] _Punti a stuora_ occur in _Il Specchio_ (1548), _I Frutti_ (1564), and in the _Vera Perfettione_ (1591) the word _stuora_ (modern, _stuoja_) means also a mat of plaited rushes, which some of these interlaced patterns may be intended to imitate. [180] _Burato._ See APPENDIX. [181] There are many patterns for this work in _Le Pompe di Minerva_, 1642. Taglienti (1530) has _desfilato_ among his _punti_. [182] Many other points are enumerated in the pattern-books, of which we know nothing, such as _gasii_ (_I Frutti_, 1564), _trezola_ (_Ibid_), _rimessi_ (_Vera Perfettione_, 1591), _opere a mazzette_ (Vecellio, 1591, and Lucretia Bomana, N.D.). [183] _Tracts on Trade of the Seventeenth Century_, published by MacCulloch, at the expense of Lord Monteagle. 1856. [184] Venice point forms a considerable item in the expenses of Charles II. and his brother James. [185] Venice noted "for needlework laces, called points."--_Travels Thro' Italy and France_, by J. Ray. 1738. [186] Misson, F. M., _Nouveau Voyage d'Italie_, 4me édition. La Haye, 1702. [187] _Origine delle Feste Veneziane_, da Giustina R. Michiel. Milano, 1829. [188] _An Itinerary, containing his Ten Yeeres Travel through Germany, Bohmerland, Switzerland, Netherland, Denmark, Poland, Italy, Turkey, France, England, Scotland, and Ireland._ Lond., 1617. [189] 1591. [190] See, in APPENDIX, designs for _bavari_ by Lucrezia. [191] The entry of the Venetian ambassador, Mocenigo, is described in the _Mercure Galant_, 1709:-- "Il avoit un rabat de point de Venise.... Sa robe de damas noir avec des grandes manches qui pendoient par derrière. Cette robe etoit garnie de dentelle noir." [192] _Letters from Italy._ So, in a play of Goldoni, who wrote in the middle of the last century, the lady has a Brussels (Angleterre) head-dress. Don Flaminio: "Mi par bellisima cotesto pizzo Barbara: E un punto d'Inghilterra che ha qualche merito."--_Gli Amori di Zelinda e Lindoro._ In Goldoni's plays all the ladies make lace on the pillow (_ballon_), so the art of making the needle Venice point was probably at an end. [193] "La plus belle dentelle noire fait l'espèce de camail qui, sous un chapeau noir emplumé, couvre leurs épaules et leur tête."--Madame du Boccage, 1735. _Lettres sur l'Italie._ "Quella specie de lungo capuocio di finissimo merlo pur nero, chiamato bauta."--Michiel. [194] "L'île de Burano où l'on fabrique les dentelles."--Quadri, _Huit Jours à Venise_. [195] _Technical History of Venetian Laces_, Urbani de Gheltof. Translated by Lady Layard. Venice, 1882. _Origines de la Dentelle de Venise et l'École de Burano._ Venice, 1897. Traditions of lace-making were kept alive in Venice, Cantu and Liguria during the first half of the nineteenth century by the manufacture of an inferior quality of _blonde_, once extensively made at Venice, which has since died out, owing to the revival in the production of thread-lace and guipures at Palestrina. [196] "Velleto (veil) uno d'oro filato. "Payro uno fodrete (pillow-case) di cambria lavorate a gugia (à l'aiguille). "Lenzuolo (sheet) uno di revo di tele (linen thread), cinque lavorato a punto. "Peza una de tarnete (trina) d'argento facte a stelle. "Lenzolo uno de tele, quatro lavorato a _radexelo_ (reticello). "Peze quatro de _radexela_ per mettere ad uno moscheto (zanzariere, mosquito curtain). "Tarneta una d'oro et seda negra facta da ossi (bones). "Pecto uno d'oro facto _a grupi_. "Lavoro uno de rechamo facto _a grupi_ dove era suso le pere de Madona Biancha. "Binda una lavorata a poncto de doii fuxi (two bobbins) per uno lenzolo."--_Instrumento di divizione tre le sorelle Angela ed Ippolita Sforza Visconti_, di Milano, 1493, Giorno di Giovedì, 12 Settembre. [197] "La mità de uno fagotto quale aveva dentro certi dissegni da lavorare le donne." [198] Harl. MS. No. 1419. [199] Roll. P. R. O. [200] P. R. O. [201] De la Mare, _Traité de la Police_. [202] "Statuts, Ordonnances et Reglemens de la Communauté des Maistres Passementiers, etc., de Paris, confirmez sur les anciens Statuts du 23 mars 1558." Paris, 1719. [203] _Grand Dictionnaire Universel du Commerce._ 1723. [204] _Voyage en Italie._ 1765. [205] Peuchet, J., _Dictionnaire Universel de la Géographie Commerçante._ Paris, An vii. = 1799. [206] _Letters from Italy_, by a lady. 1770. "Questo collar scolpì la donna mia De basso rilevar, ch' Aracne mai, E chi la vinse nol faria più bello. Mira quel bel fogliame, ch' un acanto Sembra, che sopra un mur vada carponi. Mira quei fior, ch' un candido ne cade Vicino al seme, apr' or la bocia l'altro. Quei cordiglin, che'l legan d'ognitorno, Come rilevan ben! mostrando ch' ella E' la vera maestra di quest' arte, Com ben compartiti son quei punti! Ve' come son ugual quei bottoncelli, Come s' alzano in guisa d'un bel colle L'un come l' altro!... Questi merli da man, questi trafori Fece pur ella, et questo punto a spina, Che mette in mezzo questo cordoncello, Ella il fe pure, ella lo fece." --_Elegia sopra un Collaretto_, Firenzuola (circ. 1520). [208] Rymer's _Foedera_ (38 Hen. VIII. = 1546). [209] 4 Hen. VII. = 1488-89. [210] _Compte des dépenses de la maison de Madame Marguerite de France, Soeur du Roi._--Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 10,394. [211] _Comptes de la Reine de Navarre._--Arch. Nat., K. K. 170. [212] In 1535. [213] She died in 1862. [214] See VENICE, 1. [215] _Inventaire du Trésor de N. D. de Lorette._--Bib. Nat. MSS. [216] _Letters from Italy._ [217] The _gremial_, or apron, placed on the lap of the Roman Catholic bishops when performing sacred functions in a sitting posture.--Pugin's _Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament_. [218] This reminds one of the lines of Goldsmith, in his poem, "The Haunch of Venison," the giving of venison to hungry poets who were in want of mutton; he says: "Such dainties to send them their health it would hurt; It's like sending them ruffles when wanting a shirt." [219] _A true Relation of the Travailes, and most miserable Captivitie of W. Davies._ Lond., 1614. [220] _An Italian Voyage, or a Complete Journey through Italy_, by Rich. Lassels, Gent. 2nd edit., Lond., 1698. A reprint, with additions by another hand, of the original edition. Paris, 1670. Lowndes' _Bibliographer's Manual_. Bohn's new edit. [221] "Portano alcune vesti di tela di lino sottile, lunghe fino in terra, con maniche larghe assai, attorno alle quali sono attaccati alcuni merletti lavorati di refe sottilissimo."--Habiti di donna dell' Isola d' Ischia. _Degli Habiti Antichi e Moderni di Diverse Parti del Mondo di Cesare Vecellio._ Venezia, 1590. [222] We have among the points given by Taglienti (1530), "pugliese." Lace is still made in Puglia and the other southern provinces of Naples and in Sicily. The Contessa di Brazza says that Punto Pugliese resembled Russian and Roumanian embroidery. [223] Brydone, _Tour through Sicily_. 1773. [224] From the tax-books preserved in the Archives of S. George, it appears that a tax upon gold thread of four danari upon every lira in value of the worked material was levied, which between 1411 and 1420 amounted to L. 73,387. From which period this industry rapidly declined, and the workers emigrated.--Merli. [225] Signore Tessada, the great lace fabricant of Genoa, carries back the manufacture of Italian lace as early as the year 1400, and forwarded to the author specimens which he declares to be of that date. [226] "Laqueo serico Jeano de coloribus, ad 5s. per doz." _G. W. A. Eliz._--16 & 17 and 19 & 20. P. R. O. [227] Dated 1639. [228] _Garderobe de feue Madame._ 1646. Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,426. [229] Le Vray Théatre d'Honneur et de Chevalerie. Paris, 1648. [230] Queen Christina is described by the Grande Mademoiselle, on the occasion of her visit, as wearing "au cou, un mouchoir de point de Gênes, noué avec un ruban couleur de feu."--_Mém. de Mademoiselle de Montpensier._ "Item, ung peignoir, tablier et cornette de toile baptiste garnie de point de Gênes."--1644. _Inv. de la Comtesse de Soissons._ "Un petit manteau brodé et son collet de point de Gênes."--_The Chevalier d'Albret._ "Linge, bijoux et points de Gênes."--Loret, _Muse Historique_. 1650. "Item, ung autre mouchoir de point de Gênes."--_Inv. du Maréchal de La Motte._ 1657. [231] _Mém._, t. xiv., p. 286. [232] Signore Tessada has in his possession a pair of gold lappets of very beautiful design, made at Genoa about the year 1700. [233] _Letters from Italy._ 1770. [234] Cavasco. _Statistique de Gênes._ 1840. [235] The bobbins appear to have been made in Italy of various materials. We have _Merletti a fusi_, in which case they are of wood. The Sforza inventory gives _a doii fuxi_, "two bobbins," then _a ossi_, "of bone," and, lastly, _a piombini_; and it is very certain that lead was used for bobbins in Italy. See PARASOLE (1600). [236] _Memorie Storiche di Santa Margherita._ Genoese pillow-laces are not made with the réseau, but joined by bars. Of Milan lace it is said, "It resembles Genoese pillow-lace in having the same scrolls and flowers formed by a ribbon in close stitch, with a _mesh_ or _tulle_ ground, whereas the Genoese lace is held together by bars."--C. di Brazza, _Old and New Lace in Italy_ (1893). [237] Lefébure writes, "A version of these Milanese laces has been produced by using tape for the scroll forms and flowers, and filling in the open portions between the tapes by needlework stitches." The C. di Brazza calls similar lace _Punto di Rapallo_ or _Liguria_, a lace formed by a ribbon or braid of close lace following the outline of the design with fancy gauze stitches made by knotting with a crochet needle. The special characteristic of this lace is that the braid is constantly thrown over what has gone before. The design is connected by brides. A modification, where the braid is very fine and narrow, and the turnings extremely complicated, and enriched by no fancy stitches between, is _Punto a Vermicelli_.--_Old and New Lace in Italy._ [238] Communicated by Sig. Gio. Tessada, Junr., of Genoa. [239] Gandolfi, _Considerazioni Agrario_. [240] A small borgo, about an hour's drive from Savona, on the road leading to Genoa. [241] Cav. Merli. [242] In the Albert Museum of Exeter are several of these tallies marked with the names of their owners--Bianca, Maria Crocera, and others. [243] "Many skilful lace-makers in Italy have for some time imitated the old laces and sold them as such to travellers. A Venetian lace-worker, now residing at Ferrara, can copy any old lace known" (Mrs. Palliser, 1864). [244] This lappet, 357-68, in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection, was described by Mrs. Palliser as "Argentella," and supposed to be of Genoese workmanship. "Formerly much of it was to be met with in the curiosity shops of that city, but now it is of rare occurrence. The Duchess of Genoa possesses a splendid flounce of the same lace, with the Doria eagle introduced into the pattern. It formerly belonged to the Marchesa Barbaretta Saule" (Mrs. Palliser, _History of Lace_, 1864). Contessa di Brazza suggests that Argentella was the Italian for Argentan. [245] Called by the people of the Riviera, _filo del baccalà di Castellaro_. Aloe fibre was formerly used for thread (Letter of Sig. C. G. Schiappapietra). It is also styled _filo di freta_ in the Venetian sumptuary ordinances. [246] The Author has to express her grateful thanks to Signore Don Tommaso Torteroli, librarian to the city of Savona, and the author of an interesting pamphlet (_Storia dei Merletti di Genova lavorati in Albissola_, Sinigaglia, 1863), for specimens of the ancient laces of Albissola, and many other valuable communications. [247] A word of Arabic derivation, used for denoting a fringe for trimming, whether cotton, thread, or silk. [248] This custom of ornamenting the ends of the threads of linen was from the earliest times common, and is still occasionally met with both in the north and south of Europe. "At Bayonne they make the finest of linen, some of which is made open like network, and the thread is finer than hair" (_Ingenious and Diverting Letters of a Lady's Travels in Spain_, London, 1679). There is a painting of the "Last Supper" at Hampton Court Palace, by Sebastian Ricci, in which the tablecloth is edged with cut-work; and in the great picture in the Louvre, by Paul Veronese, of the supper at the house of Simon the Canaanite, the ends of the tablecloth are likewise fringed and braided like the _macramé_. [249] LACE SCHOOLS IN ITALY.--At Coccolia, near Ravenna, Countess Pasolini founded a school on her property to teach and employ the peasant women and copy antique designs. Another more recently established school near Udine, in the province of Friuli, is under the direction of the Contessa di Brazza. Among charitable institutions which interest themselves in the lace industry are the Industrial School of SS. Ecce Homo at Naples, and San Ramiri at Pisa, which was originally founded by the Grand Dukes of Tuscany in the middle of the eighteenth century to teach weaving. This industry, and that of straw-plaiting, met with no success, and the school gradually developed into an industrial school in the modern sense. There are many schools on the same system in Florence, and one (San Pelegrino) at Bologna. At Sassari, in Sardinia, the deaf and dumb children in the great institution of the "Figlie di Maria" are taught to make net lace. Torchon and Brussels pillow lace is worked under the direction of the Sisters of Providence in the women's prison at Perugia. [250] Laborde, _Glossaire_. Paris, 1853. [251] Statute 2 Hen. VI., c. x., 1423. [252] Taglienti (1530) among his _punti_ gives _Ciprioto_ (an embroidery stitch). [253] _Description de Raguse_ (Bib. Nat. MSS., F.Fr. 10,772). [254] Points de Raguse--first mentioned in an Edict of January, 1654, by which the king raises for his own profit one quarter of the value of the "passems, dentelles, points coupez de Flandres, pointinars, points de Venise, de Raguse, de Gênes," etc. (_Recueil des Lois Françaises_). Again, the Ordinance of August, 1665, establishes the points de France, "en la manière des points qui se font à Venise, Gênes, Raguse, et autres pays étrangers," recited in the _Arrêt_ of Oct. 12th, 1666.--De Lamare, _Traité de la Police_. [255] See VENICE. [256] In 1661. [257] See head of chapter. [258] In 1667. [259] See APPENDIX. [260] _A Descriptive Catalogue of the Collections of Lace in the Victoria and Albert Museum_, by the late Mrs. Bury Palliser. Third edition, revised and enlarged by A. S. Cole. [261] _Edinburgh Advertiser_, 1764. [262] There is no corroboration of Mrs. Palliser's statement above that lace was ever made in Malta; if so, it would have been of the Genoese geometrical kind, of which Lady Hamilton Chichester adapted the designs and evolved what is now known as Maltese lace by the aid of workers imported from Genoa. The Maltese cross has been introduced into the designs as a distinguishing mark. [263] "A lace of similar character (Maltese) has also been made successfully in the missionary schools at Madras" (Mrs. Palliser). [264] Lefébure, _Embroidery and Lace_. [265] In the Philippine Islands the natives work Manilla grass into a sort of drawn thread-work or tatting. [266] 1756. _Point d'Espagne hats._--Connoisseur. [267] Beckmann, in his _History of Inventions_, says that "It was a fashion to give the name of Spanish to all kinds of novelties, such as Spanish flies, Spanish wax, Spanish green, Spanish grass, Spanish seed, and others." [268] A. S. Cole. "Cantor Lectures on the Art of Lace-Making." [269] _Livre Nouveau de Patrons_ and _Fleurs des Patrons_ give various stitches to be executed "en fil d'or, d'argent, de soie, et d'autres." Both printed at Lyons. The first has no date; the second, 1549. _Le Pompe_, Venezia, 1559, has "diversi sorti di mostre per poter far, d'oro, di sete, di filo," etc. [270] "Not many years since, a family at Cadiz, of Jewish extraction, still enjoyed the monopoly of manufacturing gold and silver lace."--_Letter from Spain_, 1863. _Merletto Polichrome_, or parti-coloured lace, was also invented and perfected by the Jews, and was made in silk of various colours, representing fruit and flowers. This industry has been revived in Venice, and carried to great perfection. [271] Senor J. F. Riano. _The Industrial Arts in Spain._--"Lace." [272] "Spain has 8,932 convents, containing 94,000 nuns and monks."--Townsend, J., _Journey Through Spain in the Years 1786 and 1787_. [273] The aloe thread is now used in Florence for sewing the straw-plait. [274] Barcelona, 1892, page 225, quoted by Signor J. F. Riano. Date of book 1592. [275] A. S. Cole, _Ancient Needle-point and Pillow-Lace_. [276] This ordinance even extended to foreign courts. We read in the Mercure _Galant_, 1679, of the Spanish ambassadress, "Elle etoit vestue de drap noir avec de la dentelle de soye; elle n'avait ni dentelle ni linge autour de sa gorge." [277] _Mercure François._ [278] They have also provided-- "14 ruffs & 14 pairs of cuffs laced, at 20s. £14 For lacing 8 hats for the footmen with silver parchment lace, at 3s. £1 4s." _Extraordinary Expenses of his Highness to Spain_, 1623. P. R. O. [279] Doctor Monçada, in 1660, and Osorio, in 1686, reckoned more than three millions of Spaniards who, though well dressed, wore no shirts.--_Townsend's Spain._ [280] Speaking of the apartment of Madame d'Aranda, Beckford writes: "Her bed was of the richest blue velvet, trimmed with point lace." [281] Our English translation of _Don Quixote_ has led some authors into adducing a passage as an evidence that the art of making bone lace was already known in Cervantes' day. "Sanchica," writes Theresa Pança to her husband, the newly-appointed Governor of Baratava, "makes bone lace, and gets eight maravedis a day, which she drops into a tin box to help towards household stuff. But now that she is a governor's daughter, you will give her a fortune, and she will not have to work for it." In referring to the original Spanish we find the words rendered bone lace are "puntas de randas," signifying works of lacis or réseuil--"ouvrage de lacis ou réseuil."--Oudin. _Trésor des Deux Langues Fr. et Esp._ (1660). [282] As early as the Great Wardrobe Account of Queen Elizabeth, 1587, P. R. O., we have a charge for bobbin lace of Spanish silk, "cum uñ tag," for the mantle, 10s. 8d. In a letter from Prestwick Eaton to Geo. Willingham, 1631, the writer sends 1000 reals (£25), and in return desires him to send, together with a mastiff dog, some black satin lace for a Spanish suit.--_State Papers, Domestic_, Car. I., P. R. O. [283] 1697. Marriage of Mademoiselle and the King of Spain. The Queen, says the _Mercure_, wore "une mante de point d'Espagne d'or, neuf aunes de long." 1698. Fête at Versailles on the marriage of the Duc de Bourgogne. "La Duchesse de Bourgogne pourtoit un petit tablier de point d'Espagne de mille pistoles."--_Galérie de l'ancienne Cour; ou Mém. des Règnes de Louis XIV. et Louis XV._, 1788. 1722. Ball at the Tuileries. "Tous les seigneurs etaient en habits de drap d'or ou d'argent garnis de points d'Espagne, avec des noeuds d'épaule, et tout l'ajustement à proportion. Les moindres etaient de velours, avec des points d'Espagne d'or et d'argent."--_Journal de Barbier_, 1718-62. 1722. "J'ai vu en même temps le carosse que le roi fait faire pour entrer dans Reims, il sera aussi d'une grande magnificence. Le dedans est tout garni d'un velours à ramage de points d'Espagne d'or."--_Ibid._ 1731. Speaking of her wedding-dress, Wilhelmina of Bayreuth, the witty sister of Frederick the Great, writes: "Ma robe étoit d'une étoffe d'or fort riche, avec un point d'Espagne d'or, et ma queue étoit de douze aunes de long."--_Mémoires._ 1751. Fête at Versailles on the birth of the Duc de Bourgogne. The coats of the "gens de cour, en étoffes d'or de grand prix ou en velours de tout couleurs, brodés d'or, ou garnis de point d'Espagne d'or."--_Journal de Barbier._ [284] _Fenix de Cataluña, compendio desus Antiguas Grandezas y Medio para Renovarlas_, Barcelona, 1683, p. 75. [285] In the reign of William and Mary, we find, in a lace-man's bill of the Queen, a charge for forty-seven yards of rich, broad, scalloped, embossed point de Spain; and her shoes are trimmed with gold and silver lace.--B. M., Add. MSS.; No. 5751. At the entry of Lord Stair into Paris, 1719, his servants' hats are described as laced with Spanish point, their sleeves laced with picked silver lace, and dented at the edge with lace.--_Edinburgh Courant._ In 1740, the Countess of Pomfret, speaking of the Princess Mary's wedding clothes, writes: "That for the wedding night is silver tissue, faced at the bottom before with pink-coloured satin, trimmed with silver point d'Espagne."--_Letters of the Countess of Hartford to the Countess of Pomfret_, 1740. [286] Marquis de la Gombardière, 1634, _Nouveau Réglement Général des Finances_, etc. [287] "Eighty children and grandchildren attended his funeral in defiance of the Edict of 19th Sept., 1664, and were heavily fined."--_La France Protestante_, par M. M. Haag. Paris, 1846-59. [288] Garderobe de S. A. S. Mgr. le Duc de Penthièvre. Arch. Nat. K. K. 390-1. [289] Lord Verulam on the treaty of commerce with the Emperor Maximilian. [290] _Gentleman's Magazine_, 1745. [291] Peyron, 1789. [292] Madrid, 1775. [293] _Itinéraire de l'Espagne_, Comte Alph. de Laborde, t. v. [294] Peuchet (_Dictionnaire Universel de la Géographie Commerçante_, An. vii. = 1799), speaking of Barcelona, says their laces are "façon de France," but inferior in beauty and quality. The fabrication is considerable, employing 2,000 women in the towns and villages east of Barcelona. They are sold in Castile, Andalusia, and principally in the Indies. [295] Madrid, 1788. Vol. ii, p. 149. [296] _Ibid._ Vol. xvii., p. 294. [297] "The manufacture of silk lace or blonde in Almagro occupies from 12,000 to 13,000 people" (Mrs. Palliser, 1869). Modern torchon laces are still made at Almagro to a very large extent (1901). [298] Madrid, 1788. [299] Madrid, 1797. [300] Senor Juan F. Riano, _The Industrial Arts in Spain_, "Lace" (London, 1879). [301] _Theory of Commerce_, from the Spanish of Don. Ger. de Ustariz (Lond., 1751). [302] When the holidays of the Roman Catholic church are deducted, the work-days of the people amount only to 260 in the course of the year--fifty less than in a Protestant country. [303] Ford, _Handbook of Spain_. [304] 1869. [305] "Now there are only two kinds of lace made in Spain; 'encaje de blonda,' mantillas, scarves, lace-ties, etc., in white and black; these are manufactured in Barcelona, on long pillows stuffed with long straw quite hard, covered with yellow or light blue linen. The lace is worked on a cardboard pattern, and with 'fuseaux' like the French torchon lace, the only difference being that the pillow is long and narrow and without the revolving cylinder in the centre, so that when making a long piece, or lace by the yard, the pins have to be taken out when you get to the bottom of the pillow, and the work removed to the top and continued. The mantillas, etc., are worked by pieces; that is to say, the border, flowers, and large designs, and are afterwards joined by the veil stitch. "The second is 'encaje de Almagro'--little children of six and seven years old are taught to make it."--_Letter from Spain_, 1901. [306] "On met de la dentelle brodée de couleur de points d'Espagne aux jupes"--_Mercure Galant._ [307] _Recherches sur le Commerce, la Fabrication et l'Usage des Etoffes de Soie, etc., pendant le Moyen Age._ Paris, 1839. [308] Taglienti, Venice, 1530. [309] Paris, 1546. [310] Pelegrin de Florence, Paris, 1530. [311] _Magazin de Londres_, 1749. [312] Mademoiselle Dumont, foundress of the point de France fabric, in the Rue St. Denis, quitted Paris after some years and retired to Portugal: whether she there introduced her art is more than the author can affirm. [313] It was probably a variety of point de Venise. A few years ago a specimen of point plat was exhibited in London with a Portuguese inscription and designs of figures in costumes of _circ._ 1600. See Plate IX. [314] The bobbins from Peniche, one of the few places in Portugal where pillow-lace is still made, are remarkably pretty. They are of ivory, agreeably mellowed by time and constant handling, and their slender tapering shafts and bulbous ends are decorated simply but tastefully with soft-tinted staining. In size they are small, measuring from three and a quarter to three and a half inches long, and these proportions are extremely good. Another variety of Peniche bobbin is made of dark brown, boldly-grained wood. The lace-makers work on a long cylindrical cushion--the _almofada_--fastened to a high, basket-work stand, light enough to be easily moved from place to place.--R. E. Head, "Some Notes on Lace-Bobbins," _The Reliquary_, July, 1900. [315] _The Queen_, August, 1872. "The places in Portugal where the lace industry is chiefly exercised are Peniche, Vianna do Castello, Setubal, a village in Algarve called Faro, and at the present time Lisbon, where, under the help and patronage of H. M. the Queen, a lace dépot has been instituted, in which I have worked for ten years, seeking to raise the Portuguese lace industry to an art. The designs being entirely my own original ones, I am trying to give them a character in unison with the general idea of the architecture throughout the country. I obtained gold medals for my work at the Exhibitions of 1894 at Antwerp and 1900 at Paris, besides others at Lisbon."--Letter from Dona Maria Bordallo Pinheiro, head of the Lace Industry Department at Lisbon, 1901. [316] "There are now seven families employed in the fabrication of Maltese lace, which is made almost entirely by men; the women occupy themselves in the open-work embroidery of muslin" (1869). [317] Those in the collegiate church of St. Peter's, at Louvain, and in the church of St. Gomar, at Lierre (Antwerp Prov.).--Aubry. [318] Baron Reiffenberg, in _Mémoires de l'Académie de Bruxelles_. 1820. [319] Engraved by Collaert. Bib. Nat. Grav. [320] _Louvain dans le passé et dans le présent, formation de la ville, événements memorables, territoire, topographie, institutions, monuments, oeuvres d'art_, page 330, by Edward van Even, published 1895. [321] M. de Barante. [322] It goes on: "For the maiden, seated at her work, plies her fingers rapidly, and flashes the smooth balls and thousand threads into the circle. Often she fastens with her hand the innumerable needles, to bring out the various figures of the pattern; often, again, she unfastens them; and in this her amusement makes as much profit as the man earns by the sweat of his brow; and no maiden ever complains at even of the length of the day. The issue is a fine web, open to the air with many an aperture, which feeds the pride of the whole globe; which encircles with its fine border cloaks and tuckers, and shows grandly round the throats and hands of kings; and, what is more surprising, this web is of the lightness of a feather, which in its price is too heavy for our purses. Go, ye men, inflamed with the desire of the Golden Fleece, endure so many dangers by land, so many at sea, whilst the woman, remaining in her Brabantine home, prepares Phrygian fleeces by peaceful assiduity."--_Jacobi Eyckii Antwerpiensis Urbium Belgicarum Centuria._ Antw. 1651. 1 vol., 4to. Bib. Royale, Brussels. [323] Alençon excepted. [324] It is said to destroy the eyesight. "I was told by a gentleman well acquainted with Flanders," says McPherson, "that they were generally almost blind before thirty years of age."--_History of Commerce_, 1785. [325] Together with the cap is preserved a parchment with this inscription: "Gorro que perteneccio à Carlos Quinto, emperad. Guarda lo, hijo mio, es memoria de Juhan de Garnica." ("Cap which belonged to the Emperor Charles V. Keep it, my son, in remembrance of John de Garnica"). J. de Garnica was treasurer to Philip II. Séguin, however, is of opinion that this cap belonged to one of Charles V.'s successors:-- "Ce bonnet ... a dû appartenir très certainement à un de ses successeurs (of Charles V.), à cause que ce bonnet se trouve coupé et encadré par un petit entre-deux de guipure au fuseau, façon point de Gênes, qui ne pouvait pas avoir été fait du temps de Charles Quint."--Séguin, _La Dentelle_. [326] Married, 1599, Albert, Archduke of Austria. [327] By Andrew Yarranton, Gent. London, 1677. A proposal to erect schools for teaching and improving the linen manufacture as they do "in Flanders and Holland, where little girls from six years old upwards learn to employ their fingers." Hadrianus Junius, a most learned writer, in his description of the Netherlands, highly extols the fine needlework and linen called cambric of the Belgian nuns, which in whiteness rivals the snow, in texture satin, and in price the sea-silk--Byssus, or beard of the Pinna. [328] An old term, still used in Scotland, for gossip, chatter. [329] These dogs were of large size, and able to carry from 22 to 26 lbs. They also conveyed tobacco. The Swiss dogs smuggle watches. [330] Black lace was also imported at this period from the Low Countries. Among the articles advertised as lost, in the _Newsman_ of May 26th, 1664, is, "A black lute-string gown with a black Flanders lace." [331] Mercure Galant. 1678. [332] "Le corsage et les manches étaient bordés d'une blanche et légère dentelle, sortie à coup sûr des meilleures manufactures d'Angleterre." [333] We have, however, one entry in the Wardrobe Accounts of the Duc de Penthièvre: "1738. Onze aunes d'Angleterre de Flandre." [334] _Mercure Galant._ 1678. [335] "Deux paires de manchettes et une cravatte de point d'Angleterre."--_Inventaire d'Anne d'Escoubleau, Baronne de Sourdis, veuve de François de Simiane._ Arch. Nat. M. M. 802. [336] _Inv. après le decès de Mgr. Mich. Philippine de la Vrillière, Patriarche, Archevêque de Bourges_, 1694. Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,426. "Une toilette et sa touaille avec un peignoir de point d'Angleterre."--_Inv. de decès de Mademoiselle de Charollais._ 1758. Arch. Nat. [337] _Mrs. Calderwood's Journey through Holland and Belgium_, 1756. Printed by the Maitland Club. [338] Flax is also cultivated solely for lace and cambric thread at St. Nicholas, Tournay, and Courtrai. The process of steeping (_rouissage_) principally takes place at Courtrai, the clearness of the waters of the Lys rendering them peculiarly fitted for the purpose. Savary states that fine thread was first spun at Mechlin. [339] It is often sold at £240 per lb., and in the Report of the French Exhibition of 1859 it is mentioned as high as £500 (25,000fr. the kilogramme). No wonder that so much thread is made by machinery, and that Scotch cotton thread is so generally used, except for the choicest laces. But machine-made thread has never attained the fineness of that made by hand. Of those in the Exhibition of 1862, the finest Lille was 800 leas (a technical term for a reel of 300 yards), the Brussels 600, the Manchester 700; whereas in Westphalia and Belgium hand-spun threads as fine as 800 to 1000 are spun for costly laces. The writer has seen specimens, in the Museum at Lille, equal to 1200 of machinery; but this industry is so poorly remunerated, that the number of skilful hand-spinners is fast diminishing. [340] _Dictionnaire du Citoyen._ 1761. [341] _Comptes de Madame du Barry._ Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 8157 and 8. [342] "Trois aubes de batiste garnies de grande dentelle de gros point d'Angleterre."--_Inv. des Meubles, etc., de Louis, Duc d'Orléans, decedé 4 fev. 1752._ (Son of the Regent.) Arch. Nat. X. 10,075. "Deux aubes de point d'Angleterre servant à Messieurs les curez. "Une autre aube à dentelle de gros point servant aussy à M. le curé."--_Inventaire et Description de l'Argenterie, Vermeil Doré, Ornemens, Linge, etc., appartenant à l'Oeuvre et Fabrique de l'église Saint-Merry à Paris._ 1714. Arch. Nat. L.L. 859. [343] "Une coëffure à une pièce d'Angleterre bride et réseau."--_Comptes de Madame du Barry._ "1 aune et quart d'Angleterre mêlé."--_Ibid._ [344] Mrs. Delany writes ("Corr.," vol. 2): The laces "I have pitched on for you are charming; it is grounded Brussels." "Deux tours de gorge à raiseau, un tour de camisolle à bride."--1720. _Inv. de la Duchesse de Bourbon._ Arch. Nat. X. 10,062-4. "Six peignoirs de toille fine garnis par en haut d'une vielle dentelle d'Angleterre à raiseau."--_Inv. de decès de Monsieur Philippe petit fils de France, Duc d'Orléans, Regent du Royaume, decedé 2 décembre, 1723._ Arch. Nat. X. 10,067. The "fond écaillé" often occurs. "Une coëffure à une pièce de point à l'écaille; "Une paire de manchettes de cour de point à raizeau, et deux devants de corps de point à brides à écailles."--1761. _Inv. de la Duchesse de Modène._ Arch. Nat. X. 10,082. "Deux barbes, rayon, et fond d'Angleterre superfin fond écaillé."--_Comptes de Madame du Barry._ See her _Angleterre_, Chap. XI. note 26. [345] To which machinery has added a third, the tulle or Brussels net. [346] The needleground is three times as expensive as the pillow, because the needle is passed four times into each mesh, whereas in the pillow it is not passed at all. [347] "Trois oreillers, l'un de toille blanche picquée garnis autour de chacun d'un point plat."--_Inv. de la Duchesse de Modène._ [348] _Tableau de Paris_, par S. Mercier. Amsterdam, 1782. [349] "Fashion." J. Warton. [350] Brussels lace-makers divide the plat into three parts, the "mat," the close part answering to the French _toilé_ (Chapter III.); _gaze au fuseau_, in which small interstices appear, French _grillé_, and the _jours_, or open work. [351] The veil presented by the city of Brussels to the Empress Josephine was sold in 1816 by Eugene Beauharnais to Lady Jane Hamilton. It is described to have been of such ample dimensions that, when placed on Lady Jane's head--who was upwards of six feet high--it trained on the ground. The texture of the réseau was exquisitely fine. In each corner was the imperial crown and cypher, encircled with wreaths of flowers. This _chef d'oeuvre_ passed into the possession of Lady Jane's daughter, the Duchesse de Coigny. [352] To afford an idea of the intrinsic value of Brussels lace, we give an estimate of the expense of a fine flounce (_volant_), of _vrai réseau mélangé_ (point and plat), 12 metres long by 35 centimetres wide (13¼ yards by 14 inches)-- Fr. Cost of the plat 1,885.75 Needle-point 5,000 Open-work, _jours_ (_fonnage_) 390 Appliqué (_stricage_) 800 Ground (_réseau_) 2,782 Footing (_engrêlure_) 1.27 --------- Total 10,859.02 --------- = £434 7 6 Equals £36 3s. 9d. the metre, and the selling price would be about £50 16s., which would make the flounces amount to £609 12s. [353] "Une paire de manchettes de dentelle de Malines brodée." "Quatre bonnets de nuit garnis de Malines brodée."--_Inv. de decès de Mademoiselle de Charollais._ 1758. [354] _Inv. de la Duchesse de Bourbon._ 1720. "1704. Deux fichus garnis de dentelle de Malines à bride ou rézeau. "Une cravatte avec les manchettes de point de Malines à bride. "Deux autres cravattes de dentelle de Malines à rézeau et trois paires de manchettes de pareille dentelle."--_Inv. de Franç. Phelypeaux Loisel._ Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,459. [355] _Inv. de decès de Madame Anne, Palatine de Bavière, Princesse de Condé._ 1723. Arch. de Nat. X. 10,065. [356] In the accounts of Madame du Barry, we have "Malines bâtarde à bordure." [357] _Inv. après le decès de Mgr. le Maréchal de la Motte._ Bib. Nat. MSS. F. Fr. 11,426. "Quatre paires de manchettes garnyes de passement tant de Venise, Gennes, et de Malines." [358] _Voyage en Flandre._ 1681. [359] B. M. Add. MSS. No. 5751. [360] Gr. Ward. Acc. P. R. O. [361] _Ibid._ [362] "On chamarre les jupes en quiles de dentelles plissées."--_Mercure Galant._ 1678. "Un volant dentelle d'Angleterre plissée."--_Extraordinaire du Mercure. Quartier d'Esté._ 1678. [363] "1741. Une coiffure de nuit de Malines à raizeau campanée de deux pièces. "Une paire de manches de Malines brodée a raizeau campanée, un tour de gorge, et une garniture de corset."--_Inv. de Mademoiselle de Clermont._ "1761. Une paire de manches de Malines bridés non campanée, tour de gorge, et garniture de corset."--_Inv. de la Duchesse de Modène._ [364] "1720. Une garniture de teste à trois pièces de dentelle de Malines à bride. "Deux peignoirs de toile d'Hollande garnis de dentelle, l'une d'Angleterre à bride et l'autre de Maline à raiseau."--_Inv. de la Duchesse de Bourbon._ "1750. Une dormeuse de Malines."--_Inv. de Mademoiselle de Charollais._ "1770. 5½ grande hauteur de Malines pour une paire de manchettes, 264 francs. "1 au. jabot pour le tour de gorge, 16. "5 au. ¼ Malines pour garnir 3 chemises au nègre à 12 fr." (The wretch Zamor who denounced her.)--_Comptes de Madame du Barry._ "1788. 6 tayes d'oreiller garnies de Malines."--_Etat de ce qui a été fourni pour le renouvellement de Mgr. le Dauphin._ Arch. Nat. K. 505, No. 20. "1792. 2 tayes d'oreillier garnis de maline."--_Notes du linge du çi-devant Roi. Ibid._ No. 8. "1792. 24 fichus de batiste garnis de Maline. "2 taye d'orilier garnis de Maline."--_Renouvellement de M. le Duc. de Normandie. Ibid._ [365] An Arrêt, dated 14 Aug., 1688, requires that "toutes les dentelles de fil d'Anvers, Bruxelles, Malines et autres lieux de la Flandre Espagnolle," shall enter only by Rousselars and Condé, and pay a duty of 40 livres per lb.--Arch. Nat. _Coll. Rondonneau._ [366] In the list of foreign Protestants resident in England, 1618 to 1688, we find in London, Aldersgate Ward, Jacob Johnson, born at Antwerp, lace-maker, and Antony du Veal, lace-weaver, born in Turny (Tournay). [367] This portrait has been engraved by Verbruggen, who gives it as that of Catherine of Aragon. [368] _Mercure Galant_, 1696. [369] The flower-pot was a symbol of the Annunciation. In the early representations of the appearance of the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, lilies are placed either in his hand, or set as an accessory in a vase. As Romanism declined, the angel disappeared, and the lily pot became a vase of flowers; subsequently the Virgin was omitted, and there remained only the vase of flowers. [370] See APPENDIX. [371] _Tableau Statistique du Dép. des Deux-Nèthes_, par le Citoyen Herbouville. An X. = 1802. [372] Their names are given: Veuves Mesele, Papegay, and Turck. [373] Ypres Valenciennes was exhibited at £80 (the metre). The lace-maker, working twelve hours a day, could scarcely produce one-third of an inch a week. It would take her twelve years to complete a length of six or seven metres, her daily earnings averaging two to three francs. Ypres makes the widest Valenciennes of any manufacture except Courtrai, whence was exhibited a half shawl (pointe) of Valenciennes. [374] M. Duhayon Brunfaut, of Ypres. [375] _Treille_ is the general term for the ground (_réseau_) throughout Belgium and the Dép. du Nord. [376] France alone buys of Belgium more Valenciennes than all the other countries united; upwards of 12 millions of francs (£480,000).--Aubry. [377] At Ghent two turns and a half, and at Courtrai three and a half. Each town has its own peculiar stitch. [378] _L'Industrie Dentellière Belge_, par B. v. d. Dussen, Bruxelles, 1860. [379] Robinson Crusoe, when at Lisbon, sends "some Flanders lace of a good value" as a present to the wife and daughter of his partner in the Brazils. [380] _Answer to Sir John Sinclair_, by Mr. H. Schoulthem, concerning the manufactures of Ghent. 1815. [381] Arch. de Nat., Coll. Rondonneau. [382] _Point and Pillow Lace_, A. M. S. London, 1899. [383] "Une paire de manchettes de cour de dentelle de Binche; "Trois paires de manchettes à trois rangs de dentelle de Binche; "Deux fichus de mousseline bordées de dentelle de Binche; "Deux devants de corps de dentelle de Binche."--Arch. de Nat. X., 10,082. [384] "M. Victor Hugo told the Author he had, in his younger days, seen Binch guipure of great beauty."--Mrs. Palliser, 1869. [385] Letter of Sir Henry Wotton to Lord Zouch.--State Papers, Domestic, Jas. I., P. R. O. [386] In the _Bulletin de l'Institut Archéologique_, Liègois XVIII., 1885, is a copy of a contract dated January 23rd, 1634, whereby a lace-maker of Liège, Barbe Bonneville, undertakes for 25 florins, current money, to teach a young girl lace-making. Again, in the copy of a Namur Act of November, 1701, a merchant of Namur orders from a Liègois "3 pieces of needle-made lace called Venice point," to sell at the rate of 5½ florins, 4½ florins, and one écu respectively. [387] Arch. de Nat., Coll. Rondonneau. [388] "Caïeteresses," from _caïets_, bobbins. [389] _Exposition de Liège_, par Chanoine Dubois, 1881. [390] _Statistique du dép. de la Meuse-Inf._, par le Citoyen Cavenne. An. X. [391] Liège in the seventeenth century numbered 1600 workers, and produced black and white laces which it exported to England, Germany and France. The rich clergy of the country also bought a large quantity. At the time of the Exhibition held there in 1881 the fabric had so declined that it was impossible to find a single piece of lace that had been made in the town. [392] _Fil tiré_, drawn and embroidered muslin-work so fine as to be classed with lace, was made in Dinant in the religious communities of the city and the "pays" of Dinant before the French Revolution. At Marche lace with flowers worked directly on the réseau is made, and the lace of Yorck is also imitated--a lace characterised by additions worked on to the lace, giving relief to the flowers.--_Exposition de Liège_, par Chanoine Dubois, 1881. The list of Belgian laces also includes "Les points de Brabant, plus mats, et plus remplis que les points de Flandres; les differentes dentelles de fantaisie, non classées, puis les grosses dentelles de Couvin, en soie noire, qui servaient jadis à garnir les pelisses des femmes de l'Entre Sambre-et-Meuse."--_La Dentelle de Belgique_, par Mme. Daimeries, 1893. [393] Italian fashions appeared early in France. Isabeau de Bavière, wearer of the oriental _hennin_, and Valentine de Milan, first introduced the rich tissues of Italy. Louis XI. sent for workmen from Milan, Venice, and Pistoja, to whom he granted various privileges, which Charles VIII. confirmed. Lace, according to Séguin, first appears in a portrait of Henri II. at Versailles, a portrait painted in the latter years of his re