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Preface
Chapter I	To What Extent Forms of Government are a Matter of Choice.
Chapter II	The Criterion of a Good Form of Government.
Chapter III	That the ideally best Form of Government is Representative Government.
Chapter IV	Under what Social Conditions Representative Government is Inapplicable.
Chapter V	Of the Proper Functions of Representative Bodies.
Chapter VI	Of the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative Government is Liable.
Chapter VII	Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only.
Chapter VIII	Of the Extension of the Suffrage.
Chapter IX	Should there be Two Stages of Election?
Chapter X	Of the Mode of Voting.
Chapter XI	Of the Duration of Parliaments.
Chapter XII	Ought Pledges to be Required from Members of Parliament?
Chapter XIII	Of a Second Chamber.
Chapter XIV	Of the Executive in a Representative Government.
Chapter XV	Of Local Representative Bodies.
Chapter XVI	Of Nationality, as connected with Representative Government.
Chapter XVII	Of Federal Representative Governments.
Chapter XVIII	Of the Government of Dependencies by a Free State.
Footnotes

CHAPTER I	1806-1819 — CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION
CHAPTER II	1813-1821 — MORAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY YOUTH — MY FATHER'S CHARACTER AND OPINIONS
CHAPTER III	1821-1823 — LAST STAGE OF EDUCATION, AND FIRST OF SELF-EDUCATION
CHAPTER IV	1823-1828 — YOUTHFUL PROPAGANDISM. THE "WESTMINSTER REVIEW"
CHAPTER V	1826-1832 — CRISIS IN MY MENTAL HISTORY. ONE STAGE ONWARD
CHAPTER VI.	1830-1840 — COMMENCEMENT OF THE MOST VALUABLE FRIENDSHIP OF MY LIFE—MY FATHER'S DEATH—WRITINGS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS UP TO 1840
CHAPTER VII.	1840-1870 — GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER OF MY LIFE.—COMPLETION OF THE "SYSTEM OF LOGIC"—PUBLICATION OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY" —MARRIAGE—RETIREMENT FROM THE INDIA HOUSE—PUBLICATION OF "LIBERTY" —"CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT"—CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA —EXAMINATION OF SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON'S PHILOSOPHY—PARLIAMENTARY LIFE —REMAINDER OF MY LIFE
NOTES:

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I	GENERAL REMARKS
CHAPTER II	WHAT UTILITARIANISM IS
CHAPTER III	OF THE ULTIMATE SANCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
CHAPTER IV	OF WHAT SORT OF PROOF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY IS SUSCEPTIBLE
CHAPTER V	OF THE CONNEXION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND UTILITY

PREFACE.
CONTENTS.
ESSAY I.	Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World
ESSAY II.	Of the Influence of Consumption upon Production
ESSAY III.	On the Words Productive and Unproductive
ESSAY IV.	On Profits, and Interest
ESSAY V.	On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation proper to it

	INTRODUCTION.
§ 1.	A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional	1
2.	Is logic the art and science of reasoning?	2
3.	Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?	3
4.	Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths	5
5.	Relation of logic to the other sciences	8
6.	Its utility, how shown	10
7.	Definition of logic stated and illustrated	11
	BOOK I. OF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS.
	Chapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an Analysis of Language.
§ 1.	Theory of names, why a necessary part of logic	17
2.	First step in the analysis of Propositions	18
3.	Names must be studied before Things	21
	Chapter II. Of Names.
§ 1.	Names are names of things, not of our ideas	23
2.	Words which are not names, but parts of names	24
3.	General and Singular names	26
4.	Concrete and Abstract	29
5.	Connotative and Non-connotative	31
6.	Positive and Negative	42
7.	Relative and Absolute	44
8.	Univocal and Æquivocal	47
	[Pg xii] Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.
§ 1.	Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle	49
2.	Ambiguity of the most general names	51
3.	Feelings, or states of consciousness	54
4.	Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what	56
5.	Volitions, and Actions, what	58
6.	Substance and Attribute	59
7.	Body	61
8.	Mind	67
9.	Qualities	69
10.	Relations	72
11.	Resemblance	74
12.	Quantity	78
13.	All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness	79
14.	So also all attributes of mind	80
15.	Recapitulation	81
	Chapter IV. Of Propositions.
§ 1.	Nature and office of the copula	85
2.	Affirmative and Negative propositions	87
3.	Simple and Complex	89
4.	Universal, Particular, and Singular	93
	Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.
§ 1.	Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas	96
2.	Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names	99
3.	Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class	103
4.	What it really is	107
5.	It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation	110
6.	—or a resemblance	112
7.	Propositions of which the terms are abstract	115
	[Pg xiii] Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.
§ 1.	Essential and Accidental propositions	119
2.	All essential propositions are identical propositions	120
3.	Individuals have no essences	124
4.	Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal	126
5.	Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition	127
	Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.
§ 1.	Classification, how connected with Naming	129
2.	The Predicables, what	131
3.	Genus and Species	131
4.	Kinds have a real existence in nature	134
5.	Differentia	139
6.	Differentiæ for general purposes, and differentiæ for special or technical purposes	141
7.	Proprium	144
8.	Accidens	146
	Chapter VIII. Of Definition.
§ 1.	A definition, what	148
2.	Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis	150
3.	Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions	152
4.	—and from descriptions	154
5.	What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them	157
6.	—even when such things do not in reality exist	165
7.	Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things	167
[Pg xiv]	BOOK II. OF REASONING.
	Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.
§ 1.	Retrospect of the preceding book	175
2.	Inferences improperly so called	177
3.	Inferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations	181
	Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.
§ 1.	Analysis of the Syllogism	184
2.	The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition	191
3.	What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination	196
4.	The other form of the axiom	199
	Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism.
§ 1.	Is the syllogism a petitio principii?	202
2.	Insufficiency of the common theory	203
3.	All inference is from particulars to particulars	205
4.	General propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record	214
5.	The syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it	218
6.	The true type, what	222
7.	Relation between Induction and Deduction	226
8.	Objections answered	227
9.	Of Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth	231
	Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences.
§ 1.	For what purpose trains of reasoning exist	234
2.	A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences	234
3.	—from particulars to particulars through marks of marks	237
4.	Why there are deductive sciences	240
5.	Why other sciences still remain experimental	244
6.	Experimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment	246
7.	In what manner this usually takes place	247
	[Pg xv] Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.
§ 1.	The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses	251
2.	Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted	255
3.	Some of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical	256
4.	—but are experimental truths	258
5.	An objection answered	261
6.	Dr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined	264
	Chapter VI. The same Subject continued.
§ 1.	All deductive sciences are inductive	281
2.	The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience	284
3.	In what sense hypothetical	289
4.	The characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical	290
5.	Definition of demonstrative evidence	292
	Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines.
§ 1.	Doctrine of the Universal Postulate	294
2.	The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience	296
3.	—nor is implied in every process of thought	299
4.	Sir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle	306
	BOOK III. OF INDUCTION.
	Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.
§ 1.	Importance of an Inductive Logic	313
2.	The logic of science is also that of business and life	314
	Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.
§ 1.	Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations	319
2.	—from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics	321
3.	—and from descriptions	323
4.	Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction	326
5.	Further illustration of the preceding remarks	336
	[Pg xvi] Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.
§ 1.	Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature	341
2.	Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem	346
3.	The question of Inductive Logic stated	348
	Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.
§ 1.	The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws	351
2.	Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions	355
3.	Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others?	357
	Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.
§ 1.	The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation	360
2.	—i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent	363
3.	The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions	365
4.	The distinction of agent and patient illusory	373
5.	The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent	375
6.	Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect?	380
7.	Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent	383
8.	Uniformities of coexistence between effects of different permanent causes, are not laws	386
9.	Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined	387
	Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.
§ 1.	Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical	405
2.	The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional	408
3.	Are effects proportional to their causes?	412
	Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.
§ 1.	The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements	414
2.	The next is an actual separation of those elements	416
3.	Advantages of experiment over observation	417
4.	Advantages of observation over experiment	420
	[Pg xvii] Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry.
§ 1.	Method of Agreement	425
2.	Method of Difference	428
3.	Mutual relation of these two methods	429
4.	Joint Method of Agreement and Difference	433
5.	Method of Residues	436
6.	Method of Concomitant Variations	437
7.	Limitations of this last method	443
	Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.
§ 1.	Liebig's theory of metallic poisons	449
2.	Theory of induced electricity	453
3.	Dr. Wells' theory of dew	457
4.	Dr. Brown-Séquard's theory of cadaveric rigidity	465
5.	Examples of the Method of Residues	471
6.	Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods	475
	Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects.
§ 1.	One effect may have several causes	482
2.	—which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement	483
3.	Plurality of Causes, how ascertained	487
4.	Concurrence of Causes which do not compound their effects	489
5.	Difficulties of the investigation, when causes compound their effects	494
6.	Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects	499
7.	The method of simple observation inapplicable	500
8.	The purely experimental method inapplicable	501
	Chapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.
§ 1.	First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction	507
2.	Second stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the complex cases	512
3.	Third stage; verification by specific experience	514
	[Pg xviii] Chapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.
§ 1.	Explanation defined	518
2.	First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence	518
3.	Second mode; by the detection of an intermediate link in the sequence	519
4.	Laws are always resolved into laws more general than themselves	520
5.	Third mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a more general one	524
6.	What the explanation of a law of nature amounts to	526
	Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.
§ 1.	The general theories of the sciences	529
2.	Examples from chemical speculations	531
3.	Example from Dr. Brown-Séquard's researches on the nervous system	533
4.	Examples of following newly-discovered laws into their complex manifestations	534
5.	Examples of empirical generalizations, afterwards confirmed and explained deductively	536
6.	Example from mental science	538
7.	Tendency of all the sciences to become deductive	539

	BOOK III. ON INDUCTION.—(Continued.)
	Chapter XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation of Laws of Nature; and of Hypotheses.
§ 1.	Can all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law?	3
2.	Ultimate laws cannot be less numerous than the distinguishable feelings of our nature	4
3.	In what sense ultimate facts can be explained	7
4.	The proper use of scientific hypotheses	8
5.	Their indispensableness	16
6.	Legitimate, how distinguished from illegitimate hypotheses	18
7.	Some inquiries apparently hypothetical are really inductive	25
	Chapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the Continued Action of Causes.
§ 1.	How a progressive effect results from the simple continuance of the cause	29
2.	—and from the progressiveness of the cause	33
3.	Derivative laws generated from a single ultimate law	36
	Chapter XVI. Of Empirical Laws.
§ 1.	Definition of an empirical law	38
2.	Derivative laws commonly depend on collocations	39
3.	The collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to any law	41
[Pg vi]4.	Hence empirical laws cannot be relied on beyond the limits of actual experience	41
5.	Generalizations which rest only on the Method of Agreement can only be received as empirical laws	43
6.	Signs from which an observed uniformity of sequence may be presumed to be resolvable	44
7.	Two kinds of empirical laws	47
	Chapter XVII. Of Chance, and its Elimination.
§ 1.	The proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance	49
2.	Chance defined and characterized	50
3.	The elimination of chance	55
4.	Discovery of residual phenomena by eliminating chance	57
5.	The doctrine of chances	59
	Chapter XVIII. Of the Calculation of Chances.
§ 1.	Foundation of the doctrine of chances, as taught by mathematics	61
2.	The doctrine tenable	63
3.	On what foundation it really rests	64
4.	Its ultimate dependence on causation	68
5.	Theorem of the doctrine of chances which relates to the cause of a given event	72
6.	How applicable to the elimination of chance	74
	Chapter XIX. Of the Extension of Derivative Laws to Adjacent Cases.
§ 1.	Derivative laws, when not casual, are almost always contingent on collocations	78
2.	On what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the bounds of actual experience	80
3.	Those cases must be adjacent cases	82
	Chapter XX. Of Analogy.
§ 1.	Various senses of the word analogy	86
2.	Nature of analogical evidence	87
3.	On what circumstances its value depends	91
[Pg vii]	Chapter XXI. Of the Evidence of the Law of Universal Causation.
§ 1.	The law of causality does not rest on an instinct	95
2.	But on an induction by simple enumeration	100
3.	In what cases such induction is allowable	102
4.	The universal prevalence of the law of causality, on what grounds admissible	105
	Chapter XXII. Of Uniformities of Coexistence not dependent on Causation.
§ 1.	Uniformities of coexistence which result from laws of sequence	110
2.	The properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence	111
3.	Some are derivative, others ultimate	113
4.	No universal axiom of coexistence	114
5.	The evidence of uniformities of coexistence, how measured	117
6.	When derivative, their evidence is that of empirical laws	117
7.	So also when ultimate	119
8.	The evidence stronger in proportion as the law is more general	120
9.	Every distinct Kind must be examined	121
	Chapter XXIII. Of Approximate Generalizations, and Probable Evidence.
§ 1.	The inferences called probable, rest on approximate generalizations	124
2.	Approximate generalizations less useful in science than in life	124
3.	In what cases they may be resorted to	126
4.	In what manner proved	127
5.	With what precautions employed	130
6.	The two modes of combining probabilities	131
7.	How approximate generalizations may be converted into accurate generalizations equivalent to them	136
[Pg viii]	Chapter XXIV. Of the Remaining Laws of Nature.
§ 1.	Propositions which assert mere existence	139
2.	Resemblance, considered as a subject of science	141
3.	The axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the principal laws of resemblance	143
4.	—and those of order in place, and rest on induction by simple enumeration	145
5.	The propositions of arithmetic affirm the modes of formation of some given number	146
6.	Those of algebra affirm the equivalence of different modes of formation of numbers generally	151
7.	The propositions of geometry are laws of outward nature	154
8.	Why geometry is almost entirely deductive	156
9.	Function of mathematical truths in the other sciences, and limits of that function	158
	Chapter XXV. Of the Grounds of Disbelief.
§ 1.	Improbability and impossibility	161
2.	Examination of Hume's doctrine of miracles	162
3.	The degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the nature of the generalization with which an assertion conflicts	166
4.	A fact is not incredible because the chances are against it	170
5.	Are coincidences less credible than other facts?	172
6.	An opinion of Laplace examined	175
	BOOK IV. OF OPERATIONS SUBSIDIARY TO INDUCTION.
	Chapter I. Of Observation and Description.
§ 1.	Observation, how far a subject of logic	183
2.	A great part of what seems observation is really inference	184
3.	The description of an observation affirms more than is contained in the observation	187
4.	—namely an agreement among phenomena; and the comparison of phenomena to ascertain such agreements is a preliminary to induction	190
[Pg ix]	Chapter II. Of Abstraction, or the Formation of Conceptions.
§ 1.	The comparison which is a preliminary to induction implies general conceptions	193
2.	—but these need not be pre-existent	194
3.	A general conception, originally the result of a comparison, becomes itself the type of comparison	198
4.	What is meant by appropriate conceptions	200
5.	—and by clear conceptions	203
6.	Further illustration of the subject	205
	Chapter III. Of Naming, as subsidiary to Induction.
§ 1.	The fundamental property of names as an instrument of thought	209
2.	Names are not indispensable to induction	210
3.	In what manner subservient to it	211
4.	General names not a mere contrivance to economize the use of language	213
	Chapter IV. Of the Requisites of a Philosophical Language, and the Principles of Definition.
§ 1.	First requisite of philosophical language, a steady and determinate meaning for every general name	215
2.	Names in common use have often a loose connotation	215
3.	—which the logician should fix, with as little alteration as possible	218
4.	Why definition is often a question not of words but of things	220
5.	How the logician should deal with the transitive applications of words	224
6.	Evil consequences of casting off any portion of the customary connotation of words	229
[Pg x]	Chapter V. On the Natural History of the Variations in the Meaning of Terms.
§ 1.	How circumstances originally accidental become incorporated into the meaning of words	236
2.	—and sometimes become the whole meaning	238
3.	Tendency of words to become generalized	240
4.	—and to become specialized	243
	Chapter VI. The Principles of a Philosophical Language further considered.
§ 1.	Second requisite of philosophical language, a name for every important meaning	248
2.	—viz. first, an accurate descriptive terminology	248
3.	—secondly, a name for each of the more important results of scientific abstraction	252
4.	—thirdly, a nomenclature, or system of the names of Kinds	255
5.	Peculiar nature of the connotation of names which belong to a nomenclature	257
6.	In what cases language may, and may not, be used mechanically	259
	Chapter VII. Of Classification, as subsidiary to Induction.
§ 1.	Classification as here treated of, wherein different from the classification implied in naming	266
2.	Theory of natural groups	267
3.	Are natural groups given by type, or by definition?	271
4.	Kinds are natural groups	274
5.	How the names of Kinds should be constructed	280
	Chapter VIII. Of Classification by Series.
§ 1.	Natural groups should be arranged in a natural series	284
2.	The arrangement should follow the degrees of the main phenomenon	285
3.	—which implies the assumption of a type-species	287
[Pg xi]4.	How the divisions of the series should be determined	288
5.	Zoology affords the completest type of scientific classification	289
	BOOK V. ON FALLACIES.
	Chapter I. Of Fallacies in General.
§ 1.	Theory of fallacies a necessary part of logic	295
2.	Casual mistakes are not fallacies	297
3.	The moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the intellectual	297
	Chapter II. Classification of Fallacies.
§ 1.	On what criteria a classification of fallacies should be grounded	301
2.	The five classes of fallacies	302
3.	The reference of a fallacy to one or another class is sometimes arbitrary	305
	Chapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or à priori Fallacies.
§ 1.	Character of this class of Fallacies	309
2.	Natural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, exemplified in popular superstitions	310
3.	Natural prejudices, that things which we think of together must exist together, and that what is inconceivable must be false	314
4.	Natural prejudice, of ascribing objective existence to abstractions	321
5.	Fallacy of the Sufficient Reason	322
6.	Natural prejudice, that the differences in nature correspond to the distinctions in language	325
7.	Prejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one cause	329
8.	Prejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble the phenomenon	332
[Pg xii]	Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.
§ 1.	Non-observation, and Mal-observation	341
2.	Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances	341
3.	Examples of the former	342
4.	—and of the latter	347
5.	Mal-observation characterized and exemplified	352
	Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.
§ 1.	Character of the class	356
2.	Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless	356
3.	Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same	357
4.	Fallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws	359
5.	Post hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deductive fallacy corresponding to it	364
6.	Fallacy of False Analogies	366
7.	Function of metaphors in reasoning	373
8.	How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification	375
	Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.
§ 1.	Introductory Remarks	377
2.	Fallacies in the conversion and æquipollency of propositions	377
3.	Fallacies in the syllogistic process	379
4.	Fallacy of changing the premises	379
	Chapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.
§ 1.	Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms	384
2.	Fallacy of Petitio Principii	396
3.	Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi	405
[Pg xiii]	BOOK VI. ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES.
	Chapter I. Introductory Remarks.
§ 1.	The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized	413
2.	How far this can be attempted in the present work	415
	Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.
§ 1.	Are human actions subject to the law of causality?	417
2.	The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true	418
3.	Inappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity	420
4.	A motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain	424
	Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature.
§ 1.	There may be sciences which are not exact sciences	426
2.	To what scientific type the Science of Human Nature corresponds	429
	Chapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.
§ 1.	What is meant by Laws of Mind	432
2.	Is there a science of Psychology?	433
3.	The principal investigations of Psychology characterized	435
4.	Relation of mental facts to physical conditions	440
	Chapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character.
§ 1.	The Empirical Laws of Human Nature	445
2.	—are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character	447
[Pg xiv]3.	The laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained by observation and experiment	449
4.	—but must be studied deductively	454
5.	The Principles of Ethology are the axiomata media of mental science	455
6.	Ethology characterized	459
	Chapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.
§ 1.	Are Social Phenomena a subject of Science?	461
2.	Of what nature the Social Science must be	463
	Chapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science.
§ 1.	Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience	466
2.	In the Social Science experiments are impossible	468
3.	—the Method of Difference inapplicable	469
4.	—and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant Variations, inconclusive	471
5.	The Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes Deduction	472
	Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.
§ 1.	Characters of this mode of thinking	476
2.	Examples of the Geometrical Method	478
3.	The interest-philosophy of the Bentham school	479
	Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.
§ 1.	The Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods	486
2.	Difficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social Science	489
3.	To what extent the different branches of sociological speculation can be studied apart. Political Economy characterized	492
4.	Political Ethology, or the science of national character	497
5.	The Empirical Laws of the Social Science	500
6.	The Verification of the Social Science	502
[Pg xv]	Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.
§ 1.	Distinction between the general Science of Society, and special sociological inquiries	506
2.	What is meant by a State of Society?	506
3.	The Progressiveness of Man and Society	508
4.	The laws of the succession of states of society can only be ascertained by the Inverse Deductive Method	511
5.	Social Statics, or the science of the Coexistences of Social Phenomena	513
6.	Social Dynamics, or the science of the Successions of Social Phenomena	521
7.	Outlines of the Historical Method	522
8.	Future prospects of Sociological Inquiry	525
	Chapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.
§ 1.	The subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified by statistics	529
2.	—does not imply the insignificance of moral causes	532
3.	—nor the inefficacy of the characters of individuals and of the acts of governments	535
4.	The historical importance of eminent men and of the policy of governments illustrated	540
	Chapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including Morality and Policy.
§ 1.	Morality not a science, but an Art	544
2.	Relation between rules of art and the theorems of the corresponding science	544
3.	What is the proper function of rules of art?	546
4.	Art cannot be Deductive	548
5.	Every Art consists of truths of Science, arranged in the order suitable for some practical use	549
6.	Teleology, or the Doctrine of Ends	550
7.	Necessity of an ultimate standard, or first principle of Teleology	552
8.	Conclusion	554

Book I	Of Names And Propositions.
Chapter I	Of The Necessity Of Commencing With An Analysis Of Language.
Chapter II	Of Names.
Chapter III	Of The Things Denoted By Names.
Chapter IV	Of Propositions.
Chapter V	Of The Import Of Propositions.
Chapter VI	Of Propositions Merely Verbal.
Chapter VII	Of The Nature Of Classification, And The Five Predicables.
Chapter VIII	Of Definition.
Book II	On Reasoning.
Chapter I	Of Inference, Or Reasoning, In General.
Chapter II	Of Ratiocination, Or Syllogism.
Chapter III	Of The Functions And Logical Value Of The Syllogism.
Chapter IV	Of Trains Of Reasoning, And Deductive Sciences.
Chapter V	Of Demonstration, And Necessary Truths.
Chapter VI	The Same Subject Continued.
Chapter VII	Examination Of Some Opinions Opposed To The Preceding Doctrines.
Book III	Of Induction.
Chapter I	Preliminary Observations On Induction In General.
Chapter II	Of Inductions Improperly So Called.
Chapter III	Of The Ground Of Induction.
Chapter IV	Of Laws Of Nature.
Chapter V	Of The Law Of Universal Causation.
Chapter VI	On The Composition Of Causes.
Chapter VII	On Observation And Experiment.
Chapter VIII	Of The Four Methods Of Experimental Inquiry.
Chapter IX	Miscellaneous Examples Of The Four Methods.
Chapter X	Of Plurality Of Causes, And Of The Intermixture Of Effects.
Chapter XI	Of The Deductive Method.
Chapter XII	Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.
Chapter XIII	Miscellaneous Examples Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.
Chapter XIV	Of The Limits To The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature; And Of Hypotheses.
Chapter XV	Of Progressive Effects; And Of The Continued Action Of Causes.
Chapter XVI	Of Empirical Laws.
Chapter XVII	Of Chance And Its Elimination.
Chapter XVIII	Of The Calculation Of Chances.
Chapter XIX	Of The Extension Of Derivative Laws To Adjacent Cases.
Chapter XX	Of Analogy.
Chapter XXI	Of The Evidence Of The Law Of Universal Causation.
Chapter XXII	Of Uniformities Of Co-Existence Not Dependent On Causation.

Chapter XXIV	Of The Remaining Laws Of Nature.
Chapter XXV	Of The Grounds Of Disbelief.
Book IV	Of Operations Subsidiary To Induction.
Chapter I	Of Observation And Description.
Chapter II	Of Abstraction, Or The Formation Of Conceptions.
Chapter III	Of Naming, As Subsidiary To Induction.
Chapter IV	Of The Requisites Of A Philosophical Language, And The Principles Of Definition.
Chapter V	On The Natural History Of The Variations In The Meaning Of Terms.
Chapter VI	The Principles Of A Philosophical Language Further Considered.
Chapter VII	Of Classification, As Subsidiary To Induction.
Chapter VIII	Of Classification By Series.
Book V	On Fallacies.
Chapter I	Of Fallacies In General.
Chapter II	Classification Of Fallacies.
Chapter III	Fallacies Of Simple Inspection; Or A Priori Fallacies.
Chapter IV	Fallacies Of Observation.
Chapter V	Fallacies Of Generalization.
Chapter VI	Fallacies Of Ratiocination.
Chapter VII	Fallacies Of Confusion.
Book VI	On The Logic Of The Moral Sciences.
Chapter I	Introductory Remarks.
Chapter II	Of Liberty And Necessity.
Chapter III	That There Is, Or May Be, A Science Of Human Nature.
Chapter IV	Of The Laws Of Mind.
Chapter V	Of Ethology, Or The Science Of The Formation Of Character.
Chapter VI	General Considerations On The Social Science.
Chapter VII	Of The Chemical, Or Experimental, Method In The Social Science.
Chapter VIII	Of The Geometrical, Or Abstract, Method.
Chapter IX	Of The Physical, Or Concrete Deductive, Method.
Chapter X	Of The Inverse Deductive, Or Historical, Method.
Chapter XI	Additional Elucidations Of The Science Of History.
Chapter XII	Of The Logic Of Practice, Or Art; Including Morality And Policy.
Footnotes

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Stuart Mill

INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL

Compiled by David Widger

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CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

By John Stuart Mill

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AUTOBIOGRAPHY

By John Stuart Mill

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UTILITARIANISM

By John Stuart Mill

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ESSAYS ON SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill

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PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

By John Stuart Mill

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A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE--VOLUME I.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I.

SEVENTH EDITION

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE, VOLUME II.

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

By John Stuart Mill

IN TWO VOLUMES

SEVENTH EDITION

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC, RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE

BEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE, AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.

By John Stuart Mill

CONTENTS

Preface To The First Edition.

Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.

Introduction.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND

By James Mill (John Stuart Mill)

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CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

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