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Title: 孫子算經 Author: approximately 5th century Sunzi Translator: Chunfeng Li Release date: December 26, 2007 [eBook #24038] Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Peter Lai *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 孫子算經 *** Produced by Peter Lai 《孫子算經》 《序》 序: 孫子曰：夫算者，天地之經緯，群生之元首；五常之本末，陰陽之父母； 星辰之建號，三光之表裹；五行之準平，四時之終始；萬物之祖宗，六藝之綱紀。 稽群倫之聚散，考二氣之降升；推寒暑之迭運，步遠近之殊同；觀天道精微之兆 基，察地理從橫之長短；采神祇之所在，極成敗之符驗；窮道德之理，究性命之 情。立規矩，準方圓，謹法度，約尺丈，立權衡，平重輕，剖毫釐，析黍絫；歷 億載而不朽，施八極而無疆。散之不可勝究，斂之不盈掌握。嚮之者富有餘，背 之者貧且窶；心開者幼沖而即悟，意閉者皓首而難精。夫欲學之者必務量能揆己， 志在所專。如是則焉有不成者哉。 《卷上》 1 卷上: 度之所起，起於忽。欲知其忽，蠶所生，吐絲為忽。十忽為一秒，十秒 為一毫，十毫為一釐，十釐為一分，十分為一寸，十寸為一尺，十尺為一丈，十 丈為一引；五十尺為一端；四十尺為一疋；六尺為一步。二百四十步為一畝。三 百步為一里。 2 卷上: 稱之所起，起於黍。十黍為一絫，十絫為一銖，二十四銖為一兩，十六 兩為一斤，三十斤為一鉤，四鉤為一石。量之所起，起於粟。六粟為一圭，十圭 為一抄，十抄為一撮，十撮為一勺，十勺為一合，十合為一升，十升為一斗，十 斗為一斛。斛得六千萬粟。所以得知者，六粟為一圭，十圭六十粟為一抄，十抄 六百粟為一撮，十撮六千粟為一勺，十勺六萬粟為一合，十合六十萬粟為一升， 十升六百萬粟為一斗，十斗六千萬粟為一斛。十斛六億粟，百斛六兆粟，千斛六 京粟，萬斛六陔粟，十萬斛六秭粟，百萬斛六壤粟，千萬斛六溝粟，萬萬斛為一 億斛六澗粟，十億斛六正粟，百億斛六載粟。 3 卷上: 凡大數之法，萬萬曰億，萬萬億曰兆，萬萬兆曰京，萬萬京曰陔，萬萬 陔曰秭，萬萬秭曰壤，萬萬壤曰溝，萬萬溝曰澗，萬萬澗日正，萬萬正曰載。 4 卷上: 周三徑一。方五邪七；見邪求方，五之，七而一；見方求邪，七之，五 而一。 5 卷上: 黃金方寸重一斤。白金方寸重一十四兩。玉方寸重一十二兩。銅方寸重 七兩半。鈆方寸重九兩半。鐵方寸重六兩。石方寸重三兩。 6 卷上: 凡筭之法，先識其位，一從十橫，百立千僵，千十相望，萬百相當。 7 卷上: 凡乘之法，重置其位。上下相觀，上位有十步至十，有百步至百，有千 步至千。以上命下，所得之數列於中位。言十即過，不滿自如。上位乘訖者先去 之。下位乘訖者則俱退之。六不積，五不隻。土下相乘，至盡則已。 8 卷上: 凡除之法，與乘正異。乘得在中央，除得在上方。假令六為法，百為實。 以六除百，當進之二等，令在正百下，以六除一，則法多而實少，不可除，故當 退就十位。以法除實，言一六而折百為四十七，故可除。若實多法少，自當百之， 不當復退。故或步法十者置於十位，百者置於百位。上位有空絕者，法退二位。 餘法皆如乘時。實有餘者，以法命之，以法為母。實餘為子。 9 卷上: 以粟求糲米，三之，五而一。以糲米求粟，五之，三而一。以糲米求飯， 五之，二而一。以粟米求糲飯，六之，四而一。以糲飯求糲米，二之，五而一。 以绺米求飯，八之，四而一。 10 卷上: 十分減一者，以二乘，二十除。減二者，以四乘，二十除。減三者， 以六乘，二十除。減四者，以八乘，二十除。減五者，以十乘，二十除。減六者， 以十二乘，二十除。減七者，以十四乘，二十除。減八者，以十六乘，二十除。 減九者，以十八乘，二十除。 11 卷上: 九分減一者，以二乘，十八除。 12 卷上: 八分減一者，以二乘，十六除。 13 卷上: 七分減一者，以二乘，十四除。 14 卷上: 六分減一者，以二乘，十二除。 15 卷上: 五分減一者，以二乘，十除。 16 卷上: 九九八十一，自相乘，得幾何？答曰：六千五百六十一。術曰：重置 其位，以上八呼下八，八八六十四，即下六千四百於中位。以上八呼下一，一八 如八，即於中位下八十。退下位一等，收上位八十。以上位一呼下八，一八如八， 即於中位下八十。以上一呼下一，一一如一，即於中位下一。上下位俱收，中位 即得六千五百六十一。 17 卷上: 六千五百六十一，九人分之，問人得幾何？答曰：七百二十九。術曰： 先置六千五百六十一於中位，為實。下列九人為法。上位置七百，以上七呼下九， 七九六十三，即除中位六千三百。退下位一等，即上位置二十。以上二呼下九， 二九十八，即除中位一百八十。又更退下位一等，即上位更置九，即以上九呼下 九，九九八十一，即除中位八十一。中位邬盡，收下位。上位所得即人之所得。 自八八六十四至一一如一，邬準此。 18 卷上: 八九七十二，自相乘，得五千一百八十四。八人分之，人得六百四十 八五。七九六十三，自相乘，得三千九百六十九。七人分之，人得五百六十七五。 19 卷上: 六九五十四，自相乘，得二千九百一十六。六人分之，人得四百八十 六。 20 卷上: 五九四十五，自相乘，得二千二十五。五人分之，人得四百五。 21 卷上: 四九三十六，自相乘，得一千二百九十六。四人分之，人得三百二十 四。 22 卷上: 三九二十七，自相乘，得七百二十九。三人分之，人得二百四十三。 23 卷上: 二九一十八，自相乘，得三百二十四。二人分之，人得一百六十二。 24 卷上: 一九如九，自相乘，得八十一。一人得八十一。右九九一條，得四百 五，自相乘，得一十六萬四千二十五。九人分之，人得二萬八千二百二十五。 25 卷上: 八八六十四，自相乘，得四千九十六。八人分之，人得五百十二。 26 卷上: 七八五十六，自相乘，得三千一百三十六。七人分之，人得四百四十 八。 27 卷上: 六八四十八，自相乘，得二千三百四。六人分之，人得三百八十四。 28 卷上: 五八四十，自相乘，得一千六百。五人分之，人得三百二十。 29 卷上: 四八三十二，自相乘，得一千二十四。四人分之，人得二百五十六。 30 卷上: 三八二十四，自相乘，得五百七十六。三人分之，人得一百九十二。 31 卷上: 二八十六，自相乘，得二百五十六。二人分之，人得一百二十八。 32 卷上: 一八如八，自相乘，得六十四。一人得六十四。右八八一條，得二百 八十八，自相乘，得八萬二千九百四十四。八人分之，人得一萬三百六十八。 33 卷上: 七七四十九，自相乘，得二千四百一。七人分之，人得三百四十三。 34 卷上: 六七四十二，自相乘，得一千七百六十四。六人分之，人得二百九十 四。 35 卷上: 五七三十五，自相乘，得一千二百二十五。五人分之，人得二百四十 五。 36 卷上: 四七二十八，自相乘，得七百八十四。四人分之，人得一百九十六。 37 卷上: 三七二十一，自相乘，得四百四十一。三人分之，人得一百四十七。 38 卷上: 二七十四，自相乘，得一百九十六。二人分之，人得九十八。 39 卷上: 一七如七，自相乘，得四十九。一人得四十九。右七七一條，得一百 九十六，自相乘，得三萬八千四百一十六。七人分之，人得五千四百八十八。 40 卷上: 六六三十六，自相乘，得一千二百九十六。六人分之，人得二百一十 六。 41 卷上: 五六三十，自相乘，得九百。五人分之，人得一百八十。 42 卷上: 四六二十四，自相乘，得五百七十六。四人分之，人得一百四十四。 43 卷上: 三六一十八，自相乘，得三百二十四。三人分之，人得一百八。 44 卷上: 二六一十二，自相乘，得一百四十四。二人分之，人得七十二。 45 卷上: 一六如六，自相乘，得三十六。一人得三十六。右六六一條，得一百 二十六，自相乘，得一萬五千八百七十六。六人分之，人得二千六百四十六。 46 卷上: 五五二十五，自相乘，得六百二十五。五人分之，人得一百二十五。 47 卷上: 四五二十，自相乘，得四百。四人分之，人得一百。 48 卷上: 三五一十五，自相乘，得二百二十五。三人分之，人得七十五。 49 卷上: 二五一十，自相乘，得一百。二人分之，人得五十。 50 卷上: 一五如五，自相乘，得二十五。一人得二十五。右五五一條，得七十 五，自相乘，得五千六百二十五。五人分之，人得一千一百二十五。 51 卷上: 四四一十六，自相乘，得二百五十六。四人分之，人得六十四。 52 卷上: 三四一十二，自相乘，得一百四十四。三人分之，人得四十八。 53 卷上: 二四如八，自相乘，得六十四。二人分之，人得三十二。 54 卷上: 一四如四，自相乘，得一十六。一人得一十六。右四四一條，得四十， 自相乘，得一千六百。四人分之，人得四百。 55 卷上: 三三如九，自相乘，得八十一。三人分之，人得二十七。 56 卷上: 二三如六，自相乘，得三十六。二人分之，人得一十八。 57 卷上: 一三如三，自相乘，得九。一人得九。右三三一條，得一十八，自相 乘，得三百二十四。三人分之，人得一百八。 58 卷上: 二二如四，自相乘，得一十六。二人分之，人得八。 59 卷上: 一二如二，自相乘，得四。一人得四。右二二一條，得六，自相乘， 得三十六。二人分之，人得十八。 60 卷上: 一一如一，自相乘，得一。一乘不長。右從九九至一一，總成一千一 百五十五，自相乘，得一百十三萬四千二十五。九人分之，人得一十四萬八千二 百二十五。 61 卷上: 以九乘一十二，得一百八。六人分之，人得一十八。 62 卷上: 以二十七乘三十六，得九百七十二。一十八人分之，人得五十四。 63 卷上: 以八十一乘一百八，得八千七百四十八。五十四人分之，人得一百六 十二。 64 卷上: 以二百四十三乘三百二十四，得七萬八千七百三十二。一百六十二人 分之，人得四百八十六。 65 卷上: 以七百二十九乘九百七十二，得七十萬八千五百八十八。四百八十六 人分之，人得一千四百五十八。 66 卷上: 以二千一百八十七乘二千九百一十六，得六百三十七萬七千百九十 二。一千四百五十八人分之，人得四千三百七十四。 67 卷上: 以六千五百六十一乘八千七百四十八，得五千七百三十九萬五千六百 二十八。四千三百七十四人分之，人得一萬三千一百二十二。 68 卷上: 以一萬九千六百八十三乘二萬六千二百四十四，得五億一千六百五十 六萬六百五十二。一萬三千一百二十二人分之，人得三萬九千三百六十六。 69 卷上: 以五萬九千四十九乘七萬八千七百三十二，得四十六億四千九百四萬 五千八百六十八。三萬九千三百六十六人分之，人得一十一萬八千九十八。 70 卷上: 以一十七萬七千一百四十七乘二十三萬六千一百九十六，得四百一十 八億四千一百四十一萬二千八百一十二。一十一萬八千九十八人分之，人得三十 五萬四千二百九十四。 71 卷上: 以五十三萬一千四百四十一乘七十萬八千五百八十八，得三千七百六 十五億七千二百七十一萬五千三百八。三十五萬四千二百九十四人分之，人得一 百六萬二千八百八十二。 《卷中》 1 卷中: 今有一十八分之一十二。問約之得幾何？ 答曰：三分之二。 術曰：置十八分在下，一十二分在上。副置二位，以少減多，等數得六，為法。 約之，即得。 2 卷中: 今有三分之一，五分之二。問合之得幾何？ 答曰：一十五分之一十一。 術曰：置三分、五分在右方，之一、之二在左方。母互乘子，五分之二得六， 三分之一得五。并之，得一十一，為實。右方二母相乘，得一十五，為法。不滿 法，以法命之，即得。 3 卷中: 今有九分之八，減其五分之一。問餘幾何？ 答曰：四十五分之三十一。 術曰：置九分、五分在右方，之八、之一在左方。母互乘子，五分之一得九， 九分之八得四十。以少減多，餘王十一，為實。母相乘得四十五，為法。不滿法， 以法命之，即得。 4 卷中: 今有三分之一，三分之二，四分之三。問減多益少，幾何而平？ 答曰：減四分之三者二，三分之二者一，并，以益三分之一，而各平於一十二 分之七。 術曰：置三分、三分、四分在右方，之一、之二、之三在左方。母互乘于，副 并得六十三，置右，為平實。母相乘，得三十六，為法。以列數三乘未并者及法。等數得九，約訖。減四分之三者二，減三分之二者一，并，以益三分之一，各平 於一十二分之七。 5 卷中: 今有粟一斗，問為糯米幾何？ 答曰：六升。 術曰：置粟一斗，十升。以糲米率三十乘之，得三百升，為實。以粟率五十為 法，除之，即得。 6 卷中: 今有粟二斗一升，問為稗米幾何？ 答曰：一斗一升五十分升之一十七。 術曰：置粟二十一升。以稗米率二十七乘之，得五百六十七升，為實。以粟率 五十為法，除之。不盡，以法而命分。 7 卷中: 今有粟四斗五升，問為槃米幾何？ 答曰：二斗一升五分升之三。 術曰：置粟四十五升。以二約槃米率二十四，得一十二。乘之，得五百四十升， 為實。以二約粟率五十，得二十五，為法。除之。不盡，以等數約之，而命分。 8 卷中: 今有栗七斗九升，問為御米幾何？ 答曰：三斗三升一合八勺。 術曰：置七斗九升。以御米率二十一乘之，得一千六百五十九升，為實。以粟 率五十除之，即得。 9 卷中: 今有屋基南北三丈，東西六丈，欲以砌之。凡積二尺，用五枚。問 計幾何？ 答曰：四千五百枚。 術曰：置東西六丈，以南北三丈乘之，得一千八百尺。以五乘之，得九千尺。以二除之，即得。 10 卷中: 今有圓窖下周二百八十六尺，深三丈六尺。問受粟幾何？ 答曰：一十五萬一千四百七十四斛七升二十七分升之一十一。 術曰：置周二百八十六尺，自相乘，得八萬一千七百九十六尺。以深三丈六尺 乘之，得二百九十四萬四千六百五十六尺以一十二除之，得二十四萬五千三百八 十八尺。以斛法一尺六寸二分除之，即得。 11 卷中: 今有方窖廣四丈六尺，長五丈四尺，深三丈五尺。問受粟幾何？ 答曰：五萬三千六百六十六斛六斗六升三分升之二。 術曰：置廣四丈六尺，長五丈四尺，相乘，得二千四百八十四尺。以深三丈五 尺乘之，得八萬六千九百四十尺。以斛法一尺六寸二分除之，即得。 12 卷中: 今有圓窖周五丈四尺，深一丈八尺。問受粟幾何？ 答曰：二千七百斛。 術曰：先置周五丈四尺，自相乘得二千九百一十六尺。以深一丈八尺乘之，得 五萬二千四百八十八尺。以一十二除之，得四千三百七十四尺。以斛法一尺六寸 二分除之，即得。 13 卷中: 今有圓田周三百步，徑一百步。問得田幾何？ 答曰：三十一畝奇六十步。 術曰：先置周三百步，半之，得一百五十步。又置徑一百步，半之，得五十步。 相乘，得七千五百步。以畝法二百四十步除之，即得。 又術：周自相乘，得九萬步。以一十二除之，得七千五百步。以畝法除之，得 畝數。 又術：徑自乘，得一萬。以三乘之，得三萬步。四除之，得七千五百步。以畝 法除之，得畝數。 14 卷中: 今有方田，桑生中央。從角至桑一百四十七步。問為田幾何？ 答曰：一頃八十三畝奇一百八十步。 術曰：置角至桑一百四十七步，倍之，得二百九十四步。以五乘之，得一千四 百七十步。以七除之，得二百一十步。自相乘，得四萬四千一百步。以二百四十 步除之，即得。 15 卷中: 今有木方三尺，高三尺。欲方五寸作枕一枚，問得幾何？ 答曰：二百一十六枚。 術曰：置方三尺，自相乘，得九尺。以高三尺乘之，得二十七尺。以一尺木八 枕乘之，即得。 16 卷中: 今有索長五千七百九十四步。欲使作方，問幾何？ 答曰：一千四百四十八步三尺。 術曰：置索長五千七百九十四步。以四除之，得一千四百四十八步，餘二步。 以六因之，得一丈二尺。以四除之，得三尺。通計即得。 17 卷中: 今有隄，下廣五丈，上廣三丈，高二丈，長六十尺。欲以一千尺作一 方，問計幾何？ 答曰：四十八方。 術曰：置隄上廣三丈，下廣五丈。并之，得八丈。半之得四丈。以高二丈乘之 得八百尺。以長六十尺乘之，得四萬八千。以一千尺除之，即得。 18 卷中: 今有溝廣十丈，深五丈，長二十丈。欲以千尺作一方，問得幾何？ 答曰：一千方。 術曰：置廣一十丈，以深五丈乘之，得五千尺。又以長二十丈乘之，得一百萬 尺。以一千除之，即得。 19 卷中: 今有積二十三萬四千五百六十七步。問為方幾何？ 答曰：四百八十四步九百六十八分步之三百一十一。 術曰：置積二十三萬四千五百六十七步，為實。次借一算，為下法。步之，超 一位，至百而止。商置四百於實之上。副置四萬於實之下，下法之上，名為方法。 命上商四百，除實。除訖，倍方法，一退，下法再退。復置上商八十，以次前商。 副置八百於方法之下，下法之上，名為廉法。方、廉各命上商八十，以除。訖， 倍廉法，上從方法。方法一退，下法再退。復置上商四，以次前。副置四於方法 之下，下法之上，名曰隅法。方、廉、隅各命上商四，以除實除訖，倍隅法，從 方法。上商得四百八十四，下法得九百六十八，不盡三百一十一。是為方四百八 十四步九百六十八分步之三百一十一。 20 卷中: 今有積三萬五千步。問為圓幾何？ 答曰：六百四十八步一千二百九十六分步之九十六 術曰：置積三萬五千步，以一十二乘之，得四十二萬步，為實。次借一算，為 下法。步之，超一位，至百而止。上商置六百於實之上。副置六萬於實之下，下 法之上，名為方法。命上商六百，除實。除訖，倍方法。方法一退，下法再退。 復置上商四十，以次前商。副置四百於方法之下，下法之上，名為廉法。方、廉 各命上商，以除實。除訖，倍廉法，從方法。方法一退，下法再退。復置上商八， 次前商。副置八於方法之下，下法之上，名為隅法。方、廉、隅各命上前，以除 實。除訖，倍隅法，從方法。上商得六百四十八，下法得一千二百九十六，不盡 九十六。是為方六百四十八步一千二百九十六分步之九十六。 21 卷中: 今有丘田周六百三十九步，徑三百八十步。問為田幾何？ 答曰：二頃五十二畝二百二十五步。 術曰：半周得三百一十九步五分，半徑得一百九十步，二位相乘，六萬七百五 步。以畝法除之，即得。 22 卷中: 今有築城，上廣二丈，下廣五丈四尺，高三丈八尺，長五千五百五十 尺。秋程人功三百尺。問須功幾何？ 答曰：二萬六千一十一功。 術曰：并上、下廣，得七十四尺，半之，得三十七尺。以高乘之，得一千四百 六尺。又以長乘之，得積七百八十萬三千三百尺。以秋程人功三百尺除之，即得。 23 卷中: 今有穿渠，長二十九里一百四步，上廣一丈二尺六寸，下廣八尺，深 一丈八尺。秋程人功三百尺。問須功幾何？ 答曰：三萬二千六百四十五人，不盡六十九尺六寸。 術曰：置里數，以三百步乘之，內零步，六之，得五萬二千八百二十四尺。并 上、下廣，得二丈六寸。半之，以深乘之，得一百八十五尺四寸。以長乘，得九 百七十九萬三千五百六十九尺六寸。以人功三百尺除之，即得。 24 卷中: 今有錢六千九百三十，欲令二百一十六人作九分分之，八十一人，人 與二分；七十二人，人與三分；六十三人，人與四分。問三種各得幾何？ 答曰：二分，人得錢二十二。三分，人得錢三十三。四分，人得錢四十四。 術曰：先置八十一人於上，七十二人次之，六十三人在下。上位以二乘之，得 一百六十二；次位以三乘之，得二百一十六；下位以四乘之，得二百五十二。副 并三位，得六百三十，為法。又置錢六千九百三十為三位。上位以一百六十二乘 之四，得一百一十二萬二千六百六十，又以二百十六乘中位，得一百四十九萬六 千八百八十；又以二百五十二乘下位，得一百七十四萬六千三百六十；各為實。 以法六百三十各除之，上位得一千七百八十二，中位得二千三百七十六，下位得 二千七百七十二。各以人數除之，即得。 25 卷中: 今有五等諸侯，共分橘子六十顆。人別加三顆。問五人各得幾何？ 答曰：公一十八顆。侯一十五顆。伯一十二顆。子九顆。男六顆。 術曰：先置人數，別加三顆於下，次六顆，次九顆，次一十二顆，上十五顆。 副并之，得四十五。以減六十顆，餘，人數除之，人得三顆。各加不并者，上得 一十八，為公分；次得一十五，為侯分；次得十二，為伯分；次得九，為子分； 下得六，為男分。 26 卷中: 今有甲、乙、丙三人持錢。甲語乙、丙：“各將公等所持錢半以益我 錢，成九十。”乙復語甲、丙：“各將公等所持錢半以益我錢，成七十。”丙復 語甲、乙：“各將公等所持錢半以益我錢，成五十六。”問三人元持錢各幾何？ 答曰：甲七十二。乙三十二。丙四。 術曰：先置三人所語為位，以三乘之，各為積，甲得二百七十，乙得二百一十， 丙得一百六十八。各半之，甲得一百三十五，乙得一百五，丙得八十四。又置甲 九十、乙七十、丙五十六，各半之。以甲、乙減丙，以甲、丙減乙，以乙、丙減 甲，即各得元數。 27 卷中: 今有女子善織，日自倍。五日織通五尺扣問日織幾何？ 答曰：初日織一寸三十一分寸之一十九次日織三寸三十一分寸之七次日織六寸 三十一分寸之一十四次日織一尺二寸三十一分寸之二十八次日織二尺五寸三十 一分寸之二十五 術曰：各置列衰，副并，得三十一，為法。以五尺乘未并者，各自為實。實如 法而一，即得。 28 卷中: 今有人盜庫絹，不知所失幾何。但聞草中分絹，人得六匹，盈六匹； 人得七匹，不足七匹。問人、絹各幾何？ 答曰：賊一十三人。絹八十四匹。 術曰：先置人得六匹於右上，盈六匹於右下；後置人得七匹於左上，不足七匹 於左下。維乘之，所得，并之，為絹。并下盈、不足，為人。 《卷下》 1 卷下: 今有甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬九家共翰租。甲出三十五斛， 乙出四十六斛，丙出五十七斛，丁出六十八斛，戊出七十九斛，己出八十斛，庚 出一百斛，辛出二百一十斛，壬出三百二十五斛。凡九家共翰租一千斛。僦運直 折二百斛外，問家各幾何？ 答曰：甲二十八斛。乙三十六斛八蚪。丙四十五斛六蚪。丁五十四斛四蚪。戊 六十三斛二蚪。己六十四斛。庚八十斛。辛一百六十八斛。壬二百六十斛。 術曰：置甲出三十五斛，以四乘之，得一百四十斛。以五除之，得二十八斛。 乙出四十六斛，以四乘之，得一百八十四斛。以五除之，得三十六斛八蚪。丙出 五十七斛，以四乘之，得二百二十八斛。以五除之，得四十五斛六蚪。丁出六十 八斛，以四乘之，得二百七十二斛。以五除之，得五十四斛四斟。戊出七十九斛， 以四乘之，得三百一十六斛。以五除之，得六十三斛二斟。己出八十斛，以四乘 之，得三百二十斛。以五除之，得六十四斛。庚出一百斛，以四乘之，得四百斛。 以五除之，得八十斛。辛出二百一十斛，以四乘之，得八百四十斛。以五除之， 得一百六十八斛。壬出三百二十五斛，以四乘之，得一千三百斛。以五除之，得 二百六十斛。 2 卷下: 今有丁一千五百萬，出兵四十萬。問幾丁科一兵？ 答曰：三十七丁五分。 術曰：置丁一千五百萬，為實。以兵四十萬為法。實如法，即得。 3 卷下: 今有平地聚粟，下周三丈六尺，高四尺五寸。問粟幾何？ 答曰：一百斛。 術曰：置周三丈六尺，自相乘，得一千二百九十六尺。以高四尺五寸乘之，得 五千八百三十二尺。以三十六除之，得一百六十二尺。以斛法一尺六寸二分除之， 即得。 4 卷下: 今有佛書凡二十九章，章六十三字。問字幾何？ 答曰：一千八百二十七。 術曰：置二十九章，以六十三字乘之，即得。 5 卷下: 今有諪局方一十九道。問用諪幾何？ 答曰：三百六十一。 術曰：置一十九道，自相乘之，即得。 6 卷下: 今有租九萬八千七百六十二斛，欲以一車載五十斛，問用車幾何？ 答曰：一千九百七十五乘，奇一十二斛。 術曰：置租九萬八千七百六十二斛，為實。以一車所載五十斛為法。實如法， 即得。 7 卷下: 今有丁九萬八千七百六十六，凡二十五丁出一兵。問兵幾何？ 答曰：三千九百五十人，奇一十六丁。 術曰：置丁九萬八千七百六十六，為實。以二十五為法。實如法，即得。 8 卷下: 今有絹七萬八千七百三十二匹，令一百六十二人分之。問人得幾何？ 答曰：四百八十六匹。 術曰：置絹七萬八千七百三十二匹，為實。以一百六十二人為法。實如法，即 得。 9 卷下: 今有三萬六千四百五十四戶，戶輸綿二斤八兩。問計幾何？ 答曰：九萬一千一百三十五斤。 術曰：置三萬六千四百五十四戶，上十之，得三十六萬四千五百四十。以四乘 之，得一百四十五萬八千一百六十兩。以十六除之，即得。 10 卷下: 今有綿九萬一千一百三十五斤，給與三萬六千四百五十四戶。問戶得幾何？ 答曰：二斤八兩。 術曰：置九萬一千一百三十五斤，為實。以三萬六千四百五十四戶為法。除之， 得二斤，不盡一萬八千二百二十七斤。以一十六乘之，得二十九萬一千六百三十 二兩。以戶除之，即得。 11 卷下: 今有粟三千九百九十九斛九蚪六升，凡栗九蚪易豆一斛。問計豆幾何？ 答曰：四千四百四十四斛四斟。 術曰：置粟三千九百九十九斛九斗六升，為實。以九斗為法。實如法。即得。 12 卷下: 今有粟二千三百七十四斛，斛加三升。問共粟幾何？ 答曰：二千四百四十五斛二斗二升。 術曰：置粟二千三百七十四斛，以一斛三升乘之，即得。 13 卷下: 今有粟三十六萬九千九百八十斛七斗，在倉九年，年斛耗三升。問一 年、九年各耗幾何？ 答曰：一年耗一萬一千九十九斛四斗二升一合。九年耗九萬九千八百九十四斛 七斗八升九合。 術曰：置三十六萬九千九百八十斛七斗，以三升乘之得一年之耗。又以九乘之， 即九年之耗。 14 卷下: 今有貸與人絲五十七斤，限歲出息一十六斤。問斤息幾何？ 答曰：四兩五十七分兩之二十八。 術曰：列限息絲一十六斤，以一十六兩乘之，得二百五十六兩。以貸絲五十七 斤除之⑤。不盡，約之，即得。 15 卷下: 今有三人共車，二車空；二人共車，九人步。問人與車各幾何？ 答曰：一十五車。三十九人。 術曰：置二車，以三乘之，得六。加步者九人，得車一十五。欲知人者，以二 乘車，加九人，即得。 16 卷下: 今有粟一十二萬八千九百四十斛九斗三合，出與人買絹，一匹直粟三 斛五斗七升。問絹幾何？ 答曰：三萬六千一百一十七匹三丈六尺。 術曰：置粟一十二萬八千九百四十斛九斗三合，為實。以三斛五斗七升為法。 除之，得匹。餘四十之，所得，又以法除之，即得。 17 卷下: 今有婦人河上蕩桮。津吏問曰：“桮何以多？”婦人曰：“家有客。” 津吏曰：“客幾何？”婦人曰：“二人共飯，三人共羹，四人共肉，凡用聣六十 五。不知客幾何？” 答曰：六十人。 術曰：置六十五桮，以一十二乘之，得七百八十，以十三除之，即得。 18 卷下: 今有木，不知長短。引繩度之，餘繩四尺五寸。屈繩量之，不足一尺。 問木長幾何？ 答曰：六尺五寸。 術曰：置餘繩四尺五寸，加不足一尺，共五尺五寸。倍之，得一丈一尺。減餘 四尺五寸，即得。 19 卷下: 今有器中米，不知其數。前人取半，中人三分取一，後人四分取一， 餘米一斗五升。問本米幾何？ 答曰：六斗。 術曰：置餘米一斗五升，以六乘之，得九斗。以二除之，得四斗五升。以四乘 之，得一斛八斗。以三除之，即得。 20 卷下: 今有黃金一斤，直錢一十萬。問兩直幾何？ 答曰：六千二百五十錢。 術曰：置錢一十萬，以一十六兩除之，即得。 21 卷下: 今有錦一疋，直錢一萬八千。問丈、尺、寸各直幾何？ 答曰：丈，四千五百錢。尺，四百五十錢。寸，四十五錢。 術曰：置錢一萬八千，以四除之得尺、寸之直。得一丈之直。一退、再退，得尺、寸之直。 22 卷下: 今有地長一千步，廣五百步。尺有鶉，寸有鷃。問鶉、鷃各幾何？ 答曰：鶉一千八百萬。鷃一億八千萬。 術曰：置長一千步，以廣五百步乘之，得五十萬步。以三十六乘之，得一千八 百萬尺，即得鶉數。上十之，即得赉數。 23 卷下: 今有六萬口，上口三萬人，日食九升；中口二萬人，日食七升；下口 一萬人，日食五升。問上、中、下口共食幾何？ 答曰：四千六百斛。 術曰：各置口數，以日食之數乘之。所得，并之，即得。 24 卷下: 今有方物一束，外周一匝有三十二枚。問積幾何？ 答曰：八十一枚。 術曰：重置二位。上位減八，餘加下位。至盡虛加一，即得。 25 卷下: 今有竿不知長短，度其影得一丈五尺。別立一表，長一尺五寸，影得 五寸。問竿長幾何？ 答曰：四丈五尺。 術曰：置竿影一丈五尺，以表長一尺五寸乘之，上十之，得二十二丈五尺。以 表影五寸除之，即得。 26 卷下: 今有物，不知其數。三、三數之，賸二；五、五數之，賸三；七、七 數之，賸二。問物幾何？ 答曰：二十三。 術曰：“三、三數之，賸二”，置一百四十；“五、五數之，賸三”，置六十 三；“七、七數之，賸二”，置三十。并之，得二百三十三。以二百一十減之， 即得。凡三、三數之，賸一，則置七十；五，五數之，賸一，則置二十一；七、 七數之，賸一，則置十五。一百六以上，以一百五減之，即得。 27 卷下: 今有獸六首四足，禽四首二足。上有七十六首，下有四十六足。問篱、 獸各幾何？ 答曰：八獸，七禽。 術曰：倍足以減首，餘，半之之，即禽。即獸。以四乘獸，減足，餘，半 28 卷下: 今有甲、乙二人，持錢各不知數。甲得乙中半，可滿四十八。乙得甲 太半，亦滿四十八。問甲、乙二人元持錢各幾何？ 答曰：甲持錢三十六。乙持錢二十四。 術曰：如方程求之。置二甲、一乙、錢九十六，於右方。置二甲、三乙、錢一 百四十四，於左方。以右方二乘左方，上得四，中得六，下得二百八十八錢。以 右行再減左行，左上空，中餘四乙，為法；下餘九十六錢，為實。上法，下實， 得二十四錢，為乙錢。以減右下九十六，餘七十二，為實；以右上二甲為法。上 法、下實，得三十六，為甲錢也。 29 卷下: 今有百鹿入城，家取一鹿，不盡；又三家共一鹿，適盡。問城中家幾 何？ 答曰：七十五家。 術曰：以盈不足取之。假令七十二家，鹿不盡四。令之九十家，鹿不足二十。 置七十二於右上，盈四於右下。置九十於左上，不足二十於左下。為維乘之凹， 所得，并為實。并盈不足為法。除之，即得。 30 卷下: 今有三雞共啄粟一千一粒。雛啄一，母啄粟。三雞主各償幾何？ 答曰：雞雛主一百四十三。雞母主二百八十六。雞翁主五百七十二。，翁啄四。 主責本 術曰：置粟一千一粒，為實。副并三雞所啄粟七粒，為法。除之，得一百四十 三粒，為雞雛主所償之數。遞倍之，即得母、翁主所償之數。 31 卷下: 今有雉、兔同籠，上有三十五頭，下九十四足。問雉、兔各幾何？ 答曰：雉二十三。兔一十二。 術曰：上置三十五頭，下置九十四足。半其足，得四十七。以少減多，再命之， 上三除下三，上五除下五。下有一除上一，下有二除上二，即得。 又術曰：上置頭，下置足。半其足，以頭除足，以足除頭，即得。 32 卷下: 今有九里渠，三寸魚，頭頭相次。問魚得幾何？ 答曰：五萬四千。 術曰：置九里，以三百步乘之，得二千七百步。又以六尺乘之，得一萬六千二 百尺。上十之，得一十六萬二千寸。以魚三寸除之，即得。 33 卷下: 今有長安、洛陽相去九百里。車輪一匝一丈八尺。欲自洛陽至長安， 問輪匝幾何？ 答曰：九萬匝。 術曰：置九百里，以三百步乘之，得二十七萬步。又以六尺乘之，得一百六十 二萬尺。以車輪一丈八尺為法。除之，即得。 34 卷下: 今有出門望見九隄。隄有九木，木有九枝，枝有九巢，巢有九禽，禽 有九雛，雛有九毛，毛有九色。問各幾何？ 答曰：木八十一。枝七百二十九。巢六千五百六十一。禽五萬九千四十九。雛 五十三萬一千四百四十一。毛四百七十八萬二千九百六十九。色四千三百四萬六 千七百二十一。 術曰：置九隄，以九乘之，得木之數。又以九乘之，得枝之數。又以九乘之， 得巢之數。又以九乘之，得禽之數。又以九乘之，得雛之數。又以九乘之，得毛 之敷。又以九乘之，得色之數。 35 卷下: 今有三女，長女五日一歸，中女四日一歸，少女三日一歸。問三女幾 何日相會？ 答曰：六十日。 術曰：置長女五日、中女四日、少女三日，於右方。各列一算於左方。維乘之， 各得所到數：長女十二到，中女十五到，少女二十到。又各以歸日乘到數，即得。 36 卷下: 今有孕婦行年二十九，難九月。未知所生？ 答曰：生男。 術曰：置四十九，加難月，減行年。所餘，以天除一，地除二，人除三，四時 除四，五行除五，六律除六，七星除七，八風除八，九州除九。其不盡者，奇則 為男，耦則為女。 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 孫子算經 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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