The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Short System of English Grammar This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A Short System of English Grammar Author: Henry Bate Release date: October 22, 2008 [eBook #26991] Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Lindy Walsh and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SYSTEM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Lindy Walsh and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net A Short _System_ OF English GRAMMAR. For the use of the BOARDING SCHOOL In WORCESTER. _By_ HENRY BATE _A. B._ _Worcester:_ Printed by R. LEWIS, Bookseller, in _High-Street_. THE PREFACE. _Usage and Custom are the Rules and Measures of every_ Language, _and the Rules of_ GRAMMAR _have nothing more to do, than to teach it. The_ GRAMMAR _is to be fashioned from the particular_ Language, _it treats of, and not the Language from the_ GRAMMAR. _For want of following this regular Plan, our Modern_ GRAMMARIANS_ have introduced the_ GRAMMAR Rules _of other_ Languages _into their own; as if all_ Language _was founded on_ GRAMMAR, _and the Rules in one_ Language _would serve the same End and Purpose in another._ The Latin, _for Instance, has only_ eight Parts of Speech, _and the Writers of_ English GRAMMAR _have unthinkingly adopted the same Number; whereas with the Article, which the_ Latin _has not, and which is of great Service in a_ Language, _we have no less than nine. The_ Latin _admits of_ Cases; _but as different_ Cases, _properly speaking, are nothing more than the different Inflections and Terminations of Nouns_, English Nouns _have no_ Cases. _It is not agreeable to the Principles of_ GRAMMAR _to say that_--of a Rose--_is the Genitive Case of_--Rose, _or_--to a Rose, _the Dative; for_ of _and_ to _are no Part of the Word_ Rose, _but only_ prefix Particles _or_ Prepositions, _which shew the different Relation of the Word_ Rose. _So likewise when we say_ Alexander's Horse, _the Word_ Alexander's _is not the Genitive Case of_ Alexander; _for strictly speaking the_ 's _is no Part of the Word_ Alexander _but the final Letter of the Pronoun Possessive_ his, _and without the_ Apostrophe _we shou'd read it thus;_ Alexander his Horse. _If any of the_ Parts of Speech _have_ Cases, _the_ Pronouns _have, and some of the_ Pronouns _may perhaps have_ two; _but for the Sake of making every Thing as easy as I can to the Learner, I have taken the Liberty of distinguishing such_ Pronouns _into_ Prefix _and_ Subsequent, _and entirely laid aside_ Cases _as useless and unnecessary. The_ Latin _has_ Genders, _the_ Adjective _in that Language always varying to correspond with the_ Substantive; _but our_Adjectives _never vary, and therefore the Distinction of_ Genders _has nothing to do with_ English GRAMMAR, _but is idle, trifling, impertinent._ EXPERIENCE _shews, that this Sort of pedantick Ignorance and Folly, has made that dark and obscure, which it was intended to elucidate, and unhappily puzzled and perplexed a great many more, than it has ever instructed. Every attempt to make_ English easy _must be fruitless, that is not formed upon a different Plan, and such is the following_ short System of English GRAMMAR. A Short _System_ OF English GRAMMAR. _Of_ GRAMMAR _and it's_ DIVISIONS. Grammar is the Science of Letters or Language, and is the Art of Speaking and Writing properly. It's Divisions are four; ORTHOGRAPHY ANALOGY PROSODY SYNTAX _Of_ ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography comprehends _Writing_, and _Articulation_. _Articulation_ treats of Simple Sounds, which are made by the Organs of Speech, and by which we communicate our Ideas and Sentiments to one another. _Writing_ represents the Living Speech, and makes as it were these Sounds and Sentiments visible. _Of_ PROSODY. Prosody treats of Pronunciation with respect of _Accent_, _Time_, and _Quantity_. But as the Science of Letters, Sounds, and Pronunciation is instilled into the Minds of the English Youth very early in Life, and as this GRAMMAR is not intended for the Use of _Foreigners_, but for them; I shall not trifle away their Time, in teaching them, what they cannot be supposed to be unacquainted with; but proceed to the third Part of GRAMMAR called _Analogy_. _Of_ ANALOGY. Analogy is the mutual Relation, or Agreement of Words with one another, and treats of all the _Parts of Speech_, which in English are _nine_. _Article_ _Verb_ _Conjunction_ _Noun_ _Participle_ _Preposition_ _Pronoun_ _Adverb_ _Interjection_ _Of An_ ARTICLE. An Article is a _Part of Speech_ put before _Nouns_ to ascertain and fix their Vague Signification. There are three Articles, _a_, _an_, and _the_. _A_ and _an_ are Indefinite Articles and applied to Persons or Things indifferently; as _an Oyster_, _a Prince_. The Article _the_ distinguishes individually or particularly; as _the Oyster_, _the Prince_. _Of a_ NOUN. A Noun is a _Part of Speech_ which expresses the Subject spoke of; as _Ink_, _Paper_, _Witness._ A Noun is either _Substantive_, or _Adjective_. A Noun _Substantive_ is the Name of a Thing considered simply in itself, and without any Regard to it's Qualities; as _a Man_, _a Woman_, _a Child_. A Noun _Adjective_ is a Word added to the _Noun Substantive_, expressing the Circumstance or Quality thereof; as _a good Man_, _an old Woman_, _a young Child_. _Of a_ PRONOUN. A Pronoun is a _Part of Speech_ substituted in the Place of a _Noun_, to avoid the frequent and disagreeable Repetition of the same Word; as _the Bird_ is joyous, _he_ chirps, _he_ sings; which without the _Pronoun_ wou'd be thus; _the Bird_ is joyous, _the Bird_ chirps, _the Bird _ sings. PRONOUNS PERSONAL. _I_ _He_ _Myself_ _I myself_ _Me_ _Him_ _Yourself_ _You yourself_ _You_ _She_ _Thyself_ _Thou thyself_ _Thou_ _Her_ _Himself_ _He himself_ _Thee_ _One's self_ _Herself_ _She herself_ PRONOUNS RELATIVE. _Who_, _whose_, _whom_, _what_, _which._ PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE. _This_, _that._ PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE. _My_ _Ours_ _Your_ _Theirs_ _Mine_ _Thy_ _Yours_ _Her_ _Our_ _Thine_ _His_ _Hers_ _Of_ NUMBER. Number expresses the Difference betwixt one Thing and many, and is either _Singular_ or _Plural_. When a Thing is considered as single, or a Multitude of Things considered as united together, it is of the _Singular Number_; as _a Man_, _a Troop_. When several Things are considered as distinct from each other it is of the _Plural Number_, as _Men_, _Soldiers_. The _Plural_ is usually formed in _Noun Substantives_ by adding _s_ to the _Singular_; as _Article Articles_, _Noun Nouns_. But when the Pronunciation requires it, or when the _Singular_ ends in _s_, _x_, _sh_, or _ch_, the _Plural_ is usually formed by adding the Syllable _es_; as _Ass Asses_, _Fox Foxes_, _Sash Sashes_, _Church Churches_. When the _Singular_ ends in _f_ or _fe_, the _Plural_ is usually form'd by changing the _f_ or _fe_ into _ves_; as _Wife Wives_, _Self Selves_. Sometimes the _Plural_ is formed by adding the Syllable _en_; as _Ox Oxen_; sometimes by changing the _Vowel_; as _Man Men_; and sometimes the _Vowels and Consonants_; as _Penny Pence_, _Mouse Mice_, _Louse Lice_. Some of the _Pronouns_ form their _Plural_ very irregular; as _I We_, _Me Us_, _Thou Ye_, _Thee You_, _He They_, _Him Them_, _She They_, _Her Them_. Some _Nouns_ have no _Singular Number_; as _Scissors_, the _East-Indies_, the _West-Indies_. Some have no _Plural_; the Names of Kingdoms for Instance; as _England_, _Ireland_, _Portugal_. Cities, Towns and Villages; as _Worcester_, _Kinver_, _Hagley_. Seas, and Rivers; as the _Mediterranean_, _Severn_. _Wheat_, _Barley_, _Gold_, _Silver_, _Pewter_, and a great many Words, that cannot be reduced to any Rule want the _Plural Number_; as _Ale_, _Beer_, _Bread_, _Butter_, _Honey_, _Milk_, _Hunger_, _Thirst_, _Drunkenness_. The Termination of some _Nouns_ is the same both in the _Singular_ and _Plural_; as _a Sheep_, _a Swine_, a Flock of _Sheep_, a Herd of _Swine_, &c. _Of_ COMPARISON. Comparison is the comparing the different Circumstances of Persons or Things with each other, and serves to alter the Signification of a Word, either by a gradual Increase, or a gradual Diminution; as _long longer longest_, _short shorter shortest_. ADJECTIVES, _Adverbs_, and _Substantives_, have three Degrees of Comparison, the _Positive_, the _Comparative_, and the _Superlative_. The _Positive_ lays down the Natural Signification simply and without excess or Diminution; as _long_, _short_, _often_. The _Comparative_ raises or lowers the _Positive_ in Signification, and is formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _er_; as _long longer_, _short shorter_, _often oftener_. The _Superlative_ raises or lowers the Signification as much as possible, and if formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _est_; as _long longest_, _short shortest_, _often oftenest_. Sometimes they are compared by the _Adverbs_ _very, infinitely_; and the _Adjectives_ _more, most_; _less, least_; as _long, very long, infinitely long_; _short, more short, most short_; _commonly, less commonly, least commonly_. These _Adjectives_ deviate from the general Rule, _good better best_, _bad worse worst_, _little less least_, _much more most_. SUBSTANTIVES are compared by the _Adjectives_ _more, most_, the Words _than_, or _that_, always following; as a Dunce, _more_ a Dunce _than_ I or me, the _most_ a Dunce _that_ ever I did see. _Of a_ VERB. A Verb is a _Part of Speech_, which serves to express, what we affirm of, or attribute to any Subject, and is either _Active_ or _Passive_. A Verb _Active_ is that which expresses an _Action_; as _I kick_, _I see_. A Verb _Passive_ is that which receives the _Action_ or expresses the _Passion_; as _I am kick'd_, _I am seen_. A Verb has two _Numbers_ the _Singular_ and the _Plural_; and three _Persons_ in each _Number_; as _I am, thou art, he is_. _We are, ye are, they are._ The same is to be observed in every _Mood_ and in every _Tense_ but in the _Infinitive_, which has neither _Number_ nor Person. _Of_ MOODS. A mood is the Manner of _conjugating Verbs_ agreeably to the different Actions or Affections to be expressed. There are _four Moods_, the _Indicative_, the _Imperative_, the _Conjunctive_, and the _Infinitive._ The _Indicative Mood_ expresseth the _Action_ or _Passion_ simply directly and absolutely; as _I love, I have loved, I will love_. The _Imperative_ commands or forbids; as _come_, _go_, _begone_. The _Conjunctive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ conditionally and is always joined with the _Indicative_, or the same _Mood_; as _I will love you, if you wou'd love me_; _I wou'd dance, if you wou'd dance_. The _Infinitive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ indeterminately without any Regard to _Time_, _Place_, _Number_, or _Person_; as _to love, to be loved_. _Of the_ TENSES. Tense is an Inflection of Verbs, whereby they are made to signify, and distinguish the Circumstance of _Time_. There are _five Tenses_, _the Present Tense_, _the Preterimperfect_, _the Preterperfect_, _the Preterpluperfect_, and _the Future_. 1. The _Present Tense_ expresses the Time, that now is; as _I sup_. 2. The _Preterimperfect Tense_ denotes the historical Relation of a past Action, but yet not perfectly compleated, when joined to another Action that is perfectly compleated; as _when or while I supped he came in_. 3. The _Preterperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past perfectly; as _I have supped_. 4. The _Preterpluperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past doubly; as _I had supped_. 5. The _Future Tense_ expresses the Time to come; as _I shall sup, I will sup_. _Of the_ CONJUGATION. Conjugation is the Variation of Verbs through all their _Moods and Tenses_; and the English Verbs are chiefly conjugated by _auxiliary Signs_; as _to love_; or by _auxiliary Verbs_; as _I am loved, I have loved_. _Of the_ AUXILIARY SIGNS. The _auxiliary Signs_ are Words that serve to express the Variations of the _Verb_. The _Imperative Mood_ has the _Signs_ _do, let_; as--_do thou love, let him love_. The _Infinitive Mood_ has the _Signs_ _to, about_; as _to love, about to love_. The other _Moods_ have the _auxiliary Signs_ following. _Singular_ 1st _Person_ { I do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. 2d _Person_ { Thou do'st, did'st, must, { may'st, can'st, might'st, { wou'd'st, cou'd'st, shou'd'st, { shalt _or_ wilt. 3d _Person_ { He does, or do'th, did, must, { may, can, might, wou'd, { cou'd, shou'd, shall, _or_ { will. _Plural_ 1st _Person_ { We do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. 2d _Person_ { Ye do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall _or_ will. 3d _Person_ { They do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall _or_ will. _Of the_ AUXILIARY VERBS. The _auxiliary Verbs_ are only two, _to Have_ and _to Be_; which cannot be conjugated without the _auxiliary Signs_, and without the reciprocal Assistance of each other. _To HAVE._ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I have; thou hast; he hath, _or_ has. _Plur._ We have; ye have; they have. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I had; thou hadst; he had. _Plur._ We had; ye had; they had. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I have had; thou hast had; he hath, _or_ has had. _Plur._ We have had; ye have had; they have had. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I had had; thou hadst had; he had had. _Plur._ We had had; ye had had; they had had. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, or will have; thou shalt, or wilt have; he shall, _or_ will have. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have; ye shall, _or_ will have; they shall, _or_ will have. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing._ Let me have; do thou have, _or_ have thou; let him have. _Plur._ Let us have; do ye have, _or_ have ye; let them have. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I may, _or_ can have; thou may'st, _or_ can'st have; he may, _or_ can have. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can have; ye may, or can have; they may, _or_ can have. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; thou must, might'st, woud'st, coud'st, _or_ shoud'st have; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st had had; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have had; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have had; he shall, _or_ will have had; _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have had; ye shall, _or_ will have had; they shall, _or_ will have had. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to have _Perfect_ ---- to have had _Future_ ---- about to have. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- having _Preterperfect_ ---- having had. _To BE._ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I am; thou art; he is. _Plur._ We are; ye are; they are. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I was; thou wast; he was; _Plur._ We were; ye were; they were. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I have been; thou hast been; he hath been. _Plur._ We have been; ye have been; they have been. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I had been; thou hadst been; he had been. _Plur._ We had been; ye had been; they had been. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will be; thou shalt, _or_ wilt be; he shall, _or_ will be. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will be; ye shall, _or_ will be; they shall, _or_ will be. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing._ Let me be; do thou be, _or_ be thou; let him be. _Plur._ Let us be; do ye be, _or_ be ye; let them be. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I may, _or_ can be; thou may'st, _or_ canst be; he may, _or_ can be. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can be; ye may, _or_ can be; they may, _or_ can be. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st be; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have been; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd, have been. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; they must, might, wou'd cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st, have had been; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have been; he shall _or_ will have been. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have been; ye shall, _or_ will have been; they shall, _or_ will have been. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to be _Preterperfect_ ---- to have been _Future_ ---- about to be. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- being _Preterperfect_ ---- having been. _Of_ REGULAR VERBS. Regular _Verbs_ are those that are _conjugated_ by some established Rules. The _Termination_ of the _Infinitive Mood Present Tense, of the Verb Active, in regular Verbs_, is always the same as the _first Person_ of the _Indicative Mood Present Tense singular_; as _to love, I love_. The _Termination_ of the _second Person Singular_ is formed out of the _first_ by adding _st_ or _est_; as _I love, thou loves_t; _I read, thou readest_. The _Termination_ of the _third Person singular_ is formed out of the _first_ by adding _th_ or _eth_; as _I love, he loveth, I read, he readeth_; or only by adding _s_; as _he loves, he reads_. The _Termination_ of the _first Person Preterimperfect Tense singular_, is formed out of the _first Person Present Tense singular_ by adding the Syllable _ed_; as _I love, I loved_. The _Termination_ of the _Participle Present of the Verb Active_, is always formed out of the _first Person Present_ by adding the Syllable _ing_; as _I love_, _loving_. The _Termination_ of the _Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect, and the Preterpluperfect of the Indicative Mood; and the Preterperfect, the Preterpluperfect and the Future of the Conjunctive, and the Participle Passive_ is in regular Verbs the same; as _I loved, I have loved, I had loved, I may have loved, I might have loved, I shall have loved, I am loved_. And The _Termination_ of every other _Tense, Number or Person_, is the same with the _Infinitive_. _Of a_ VERB ACTIVE. A Verb _Active regular_ is conjugated by the _auxiliary Signs, the auxiliary Verbs_, and the general Rules foregoing. _To LOVE._ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I love, _or_ do love; thou lovest, _or_ dost love; he loveth, _or_ loves, _or_ doth love. _Plur._ We love, _or_ do love; ye love, _or_ do love; they love, _or_ do love. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I loved, _or_ did love; thou loved'st, _or_ did'st love; he loved, _or_ did love. _Plur._ we loved, _or_ did love; ye loved, _or_ did love; they loved, _or_ did love. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I have loved; thou hast loved; he hath loved, _or_ has loved. _Plur._ We have loved; ye have loved; they have loved. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I had loved; thou hadst loved; he had loved. _Plur._ We had loved; ye had loved; they had loved. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will love; thou shalt, _or_ wilt love; he shall, _or_ will love. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will love; ye shall, _or_ will love; they shall, _or_ will love. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing._ Let me love; do thou love, _or_ love thou; let him love. _Plur._ Let us love; do ye love, _or_ love ye; let them love. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I may, _or_ can love; thou may'st, or can'st love; he may, _or_ can love. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can love; ye may, _or_ can love; they may, _or_ can love. _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st love; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have loved; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved. _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had loved; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have loved; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have loved; he shall, or will have loved. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have loved; ye shall, _or_ will have loved; they shall, _or_ will have loved. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to love _Preterperfect_ ---- to have loved _Future_ ---- about to love. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- loving _Preterperfect_ ---- having loved. _Of a_ VERB PASSIVE. The _Verb Passive_ is nothing more than the _Participle Passive_ joined to the _Auxiliary Verb to be_; as INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense_ I am loved; _&c._ _Preterimperfect_ I was loved; _&c._ _Preterperfect_ I have been loved; _&c._ _Preterpluperfect_ I had been loved; _&c._ _Future_ I shall or will be loved; _&c._ IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. Let me be loved _&c._ CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense._ _Sing._ I may, _or_ can be loved; thou _&c._ _Preterimperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be loved; thou _&c._ _Preterperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been loved; thou _&c._ _Preterpluperfect Tense._ _Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been loved; thou _&c_. _Future Tense._ _Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been loved; thou _&c._ INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to be loved _Preterperfect_ ---- to have been loved _Future_ ---- about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- being loved _Preterperfect_ ---- having been loved. _Of a_ PARTICIPLE. A Participle is a _Part of Speech_, which partaketh of a _Verb_ and a _Noun_. When it has a Relation to Time it may be considered as a _Verb_; but when it is joined to a _Substantive_ or admits of _Comparison_, it may be considered as an _Adjective_. When the _termination_ of the _Participle Passive_ is not formed by adding the Syllable _ed_ to the _first Person_ of the _Indicative Mood Present Tense Singular_; or when the _Termination_ of the _Participle Passive_ differs from the _Termination of the Preter Tenses_, the _Verb_ becomes _irregular_; but in all other Respects is conjugated as the regular Verb; as I abide, thou abidest, &c. _Pres. Tense._ _Preter._ _Participle Passive._ Abide Abode Abode Bite Bit Bitten Catch Caught Catched Do Did Done Eat Eat Eaten Fall Fell Fallen Get Got Gotten Hold Held Holden Know Knew Known Lie Lay Laid Make Made Made Rise Rose Risen Shine Shone Shined Tread Trod Trodden Weave Wove Woven _&c._ _&c._ _&c._ To these may be added the _Auxiliary Verbs_ ---- _To Have, and to Be_. _Of an_ ADVERB. An Adverb is a _Part of Speech_ joined to a _Verb_, a _Noun Substantive_, an _Adjective_ or _Participle_, and sometimes to another _Adverb_, to express the Manner or Circumstance of the Thing signified; as _he speaks properly_, _an orderly Man_, _truly good_, _extreamly loving_, _very devoutly_. Adverbs are very numerous, and have Relation to Time; as _now_, _lately_, _always_. Place; as _here_, _there_, _no-where_. Order; as _by Turns_, _abreast_, _orderly_. Quantity; as _enough_, _more_, _entirely_. Number; as _once_, _twice_, _thrice_. Dobting; as _perhaps_, _may be_, _peradventure_. Asking; as _why?_ _whence?_ _wherefore?_. Affirmation; as _yes_, _indeed_, _certainly_. Negation; as _no_, _never_, _not at all_. Comparison; as _more_, _less_, _likewise_. Quality; as _justly_, _prudently_, _indifferently_. _Of a_ CONJUNCTION. A Conjunction is _a Part of Speech_, which serves to connect and join the several Parts of a Discourse together, and is of various Kinds. Copulative; _as and_, _also_, _moreover_. Disjunctive; _as or_, _neither_, _whether_. Adversative; _as but_, _yet_, _notwithstanding_. Conditional; _as if_, _unless_, _provided_. Casual; _as for_, _because_, _forasmuch_. Conclusive; _as then_, _so that_, _therefore_. _Of a_ PREPOSITION. A Preposition is _a Part of Speech_, that serves to express the particular Relation and Circumstance of some other _Part of Speech_, and is either used in _Apposition_, as _in Heaven_; or in _Composition_, as _Invisible_. PREPOSITIONS _used in_ APPOSITION. Above between of about betwixt on after beyond over against by through among for throughout amongst from towards at in under before into unto behind near upon beneath near to with below nigh within beside nigh to without. PREPOSITIONS _used in_ COMPOSITION. A-base ap-point ab-use as-certain abs-tract at-taint ac-commodate be-friend ad-apt circum-ambient af-fix co-adjutor after-noon com-pound amphi-theatre com-plot ante-date con-strain anti-christ contra-diction an-archy counter-balance. de-camp op-pression Dis-appoint over-reach dif-fusive out-landish di-minish per-form e-mission post-master em-brace pre-eminence en-close preter-natural es-say pro-long ex-terminate re-gain extra-ordinary retro-grade for-bear sub-join fore-see super-fine im-perfect trans-migration in-glorious un-worthy inter-view under-written intro-duction up-right ob-noxious with-draw off-spring _&c._, _&c._, _&c._ _Of an_ INTERJECTION. An Interjection _is a Part of Speech_, that serves to express some sudden Motion or Passion of the Mind, transported with the Sensation of Pleasure or Pain. Of Pleasure; as, _O brave!_ _O Heavens! O Joy!_ Of Pain; as _Alas! O my God! O Lord!_ INTERJECTIONS _of a_ lower Order. Of Caution; as, _hold! take Care!_ Of Admiration; as, _see! look! behold!_ Of Aversion; as, _fie! away you Fool!_ Of Silence; as, _be still! Silence!_ _Of_ SYNTAX. Syntax is the Manner of constructing one Word with another prescribed by the _Rules of_ GRAMMAR. RULE 1st. The Article _a_ is usually placed before a Word that begins with a _Consonant_, the Article _an_ before a Word that begins with a _Vowel_, and either _a_ or _an_ before a Word that begins with an _h_; and the Article _the_, before a Word that begins either with a _Vowel_ or a _Consonant_; as, _a Christian_, _an Infidel_, _a Heathen_, or _an Heathen_; _the Christian_, _the Infidel_, _the Heathen_. RULE 2d. A Noun _Substantive_ is usually placed after its _Noun Adjective_; as the _Second Chapter_, a _great Man_. But sometimes for the Sake of greater Distinction the _Adjective_ is placed after, with the Article _the_ before it, as _George the Second_, _Peter the Great_. In _Poetry_ the _Adjective_ is placed either before or after its _Substantive_ indifferently, as the Versification requires it. RULE 3d. All _Nouns and Pronouns_ are of the _third Person_ except _I and we_, which are of the _first Person_, and _Thou, you and ye_, which are of the _Second Person_; and except the _Relative Pronouns_ which are always of the _same Person_ with the _Personal Pronoun_ to which they relate; as _I love, thou lovest, he loveth; I who love, Thou who lovest, he who loveth_. RULE 4th. The _prefix Pronouns_, _I, we, thou, you, ye, he, she, they, who_, are usually placed before the _Verb_; and the _Subsequent Pronouns_, _me, us, thee, him, her, them, whom_, are usually placed after; as _I love the Dog, the Dog loves me_. But when a _Question_ is asked, or when the _Verb_ is of the _Imperative Mood_, or in short Sentences, the _prefix Pronouns_ are usually placed after; as _lovest thou me? love thou thyself, said he, said they_. RULE 5th. When a Question is asked, and the _Verb_ has an _Auxiliary Sign_, or an _Auxiliary Verb_, the _governing Noun_ or _Pronoun_ is placed immediately after such _Auxiliary_; as _does the Sun shine? has he washed his Hands?_ And when the _Verb_ has two or more _Auxiliaries_, the _Noun or Pronoun_ is placed after the first; as _have I been taught? Cou'd the Truth have been known?_ RULE 6th. The _Verb_ agrees with its _governing Noun_, _Pronoun Personal_, or _Pronoun Relative_, in _Number_ and _Person_; as _the Birds sing_, _thou lovest_, _he who loveth_. RULE 7th. A NOUN of _Multitude_ may have a _Verb_ either _Singular_ or _Plural_; as _the People is mad_, or _the People are mad_. But if a _Substantive_ of the same Signification follows, that is not a _Noun of Multitude_, then the _Verb_ is always Plural; as we do not say _the People is a mad Man_, but _the People are mad Men_. RULE 8th. Two or more _Nouns_ or _Pronouns Singular_, will have a _Verb Plural_; as _the Dog and Cat are very loving_. But when two or more _Substantives Singular_ signify the same _Thing_ or _Person_, or when the _Preposition_ OF intervenes, the _Verb_ is always _Singular_; as _the River Severn is Navigable._ _William the Conqueror was a great Man._ _This System of Grammar is compendious_. RULE 9th. The _subsequent Pronouns_ are usually placed after _Prepositions and Interjections_; as _of me, to us, for thee, with her, from them, against whom, O me!_ _Of the_ POINTS _or_ PAUSES. The _Points_ or _Pauses_ have a Sort of musical Proportion. The _Period_ is marked thus (.)----Its _Time_ is equal to two _Colons_ and is never placed but at the End of a Sentence, the Sense of which is perfect and compleat; as _By me Kings reign, and Princes decree Justice._ The _Colon_ is marked thus (:) ---- Its _Time_ is equal to two _Semicolons_, and is placed where the Sense seems to be perfect and compleat; but to which notwithstanding something may still be added; as _give Instruction to a wise Man, and he will be yet wiser: Teach a just Man and he will increase in Learning_. The _Semicolon_ is marked thus (;) ---- its _Time_ is equal to two _Commas_, and is placed where the Sense is less compleat than the _Colon_, and more compleat than the _Comma_; as _a wise Man's Heart is at his right Hand; but a Fool's Heart is at his left_. The _Comma_ is marked thus (,) ---- It is the last and least _Pause_ or _Time_ that is made use of, and serves to distinguish the simple Numbers of a _Period_; as _arise, my Friend, and come away_. _Of the other NOTES or CHARACTERS._ A Note of _Interrogation_ (?) is used when a Question is asked; as _who comes there?_ A Note of _Admiration_ (!) is used after _Interjections_ or _short Sentences_ to express our Wonder and Surprize; as _O!_ _O LORD!_ A Parenthesis (_rarely made use of by a good Writer_) is used to inclose one Sentence within another. The _Paragraph_ is marked thus (¶) and denotes the beginning of a new Discourse. An (') _Apostrophe_ is used when some Part of a Word is left out; as _Alexander's Horse_, for _Alexander his Horse_. A _Hyphen_ (-) is used to join together two Words, as _Foot-stool_, _&c._ and is used also when part of a Word is written in one Line, and part in another. The _Caret_ is marked thus, (^) to shew where the Words in any Sentence that are left out, shou'd come in; as is _the Lady ^ beautiful._ The _Subdivision_, or part of a Chapter is marked usually thus, §. The _Index_ points to some remarkable Passage thus, Index finger, pointing to the right]. A _Quotation_ is a double _Comma_ reverse and set against some Lines on the left side of a _Page_, to shew that they are quoted from another _Author_, thus, ". The _Notes_ that refer to the _Margin_ are an _Asterisk_ made thus, *, an _Obelisk_ thus, [Dagger symbol], also thus, ||. Besides these there are _literal Characters_, _numeral Characters_, and _Abbreviations_, the Knowledge of which is not so easily to be acquired by GRAMMAR _Rules_, as by diligent Observation and Experience. _The_ END. 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