The Project Gutenberg eBook of Surnames as a Science This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Surnames as a Science Author: Robert Ferguson Release date: September 24, 2011 [eBook #37520] Language: English Credits: Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** Produced by StevenGibbs, Jane Hyland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE BY ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P., F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.); AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM." LONDON: GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE. 1883. LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, BREAD STREET HILL. TO MRS. R.H. DANA (_née_ LONGFELLOW), OF BOSTON, MASS., IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to follow. It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which no explanation has been forthcoming. Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one, and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an opinion. This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate), though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible, to a certain extent to go over the same ground again. I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader. ROBERT FERGUSON. MORTON, CARLISLE. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1 CHAPTER II. CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES 23 CHAPTER III. NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS 36 CHAPTER IV. THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS 69 CHAPTER V. MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES 92 CHAPTER VI. CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS 113 CHAPTER VII. THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH 123 CHAPTER VIII. THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES 143 CHAPTER IX. VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS 154 CHAPTER X. NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM 171 CHAPTER XI. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN 197 LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED 213 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 215 INDEX OF NAMES 217 CONTRACTIONS. A.S. Anglo-Saxon. O.N. Old Northern. O.G. Old German. O.H.G. Old High German. SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE. CHAPTER I. THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES. As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye, lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags. But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hôcings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_, and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both, when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than _Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents, debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute, but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_ being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is _Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect. Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope, might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen, Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable. In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived, that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2] My object then at present is to show that many of our short and unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall, in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_ meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his nationality. But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_. And Kemble, in his list of Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in _basa_, anniti, to strive contend. Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr. Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then, or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul, but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic. Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_, referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been supposed to have been a barber, the mediæval leech, but I claim for him a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century. Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, where it is the reverse of a surname, Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think, however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott. Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however, that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation; just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild." Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manû." Of these three names the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_ most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_, which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth or thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance. Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_, where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German, apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames _England_ and _Ireland_. Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin. "Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin, but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover, the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_, _Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg, with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_ (which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S. _cæg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Cægingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Cæg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below, one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria. _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gæcg, Geagga, Geah, Cæg, Ceagga, Ceahha (Gæging, Gaing, _patronymics_). _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio. _Present German._--Gey, Geu. _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key. _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge, Cage. As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N. _gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_. As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery, Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names, Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a Celtic origin. It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3] Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived. But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic, comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward, derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make, certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are, then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward, _ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald (=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of _guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of _rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_ taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one (_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order, arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German _wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_, _hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is _cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.) I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be from some earlier source common to both races:-- _Ancient German Names._ _Ancient Celtic Names._ Hadaward. Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_). Haduric. Caturix (_Orelli_). Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_). Catmôr (_Book of Llandaff_). Hadold (=Hadwald). Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_, A.D. 664). Catualda (_Tacitus_). Cadwalladyr (_British king_) (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_) In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler. In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tûd_ = the Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan, would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar, the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_ with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original meaning akin to the German. It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects, may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_, _Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion, seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_, from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or, "illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and been retained in the other. Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin, and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line of a Roman poet:-- Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer, Illæsum leporem qui tibi dente feret. _Martial._ The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_, foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein], Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_ signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in _vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word Tray. It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names which represent a still more ancient form of the word. And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last, no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G. Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption, _Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name _Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and _Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot, and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann, "runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_ and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G. Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation. The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our _Harold_. There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only comes before us in a line of Horace:-- Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen. Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo, elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think, in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and sometimes retained. Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus, that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them. The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as _Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and _Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French. Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought before us by Cæsar. The proper form of this name, there seems little doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror. And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen, who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name _Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this kind. In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong argument to show that these names could not have originated within the Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes. FOOTNOTES: [1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_. [2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a contraction of Burchard. [3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless, seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of Chapter IV. [4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet. [5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our present name _Harold_. [6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck. [7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of it at present. CHAPTER II. CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES. So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed. I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further, endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then, a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_, _Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_, _Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names, of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity of the group. The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_. And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling. Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly, though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed, however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_, and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and _Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and _Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have _Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of something else. The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains, and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects), the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from _scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor. Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory, victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it, and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in _a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours. Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori, Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_, _Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in _Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo, Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are without it. The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_. This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_, _Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from _Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _mægd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf. also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech. In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_, bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S. _earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account. The ending in _ing_. This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_, "son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_, _Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_, _Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem _fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the "Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. _scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of _Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_, which may have been sobriquets. The ending in _el_ or _il_. This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in _en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and _bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following, premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_, _lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G. Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G. Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_, _Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained. The ending in _ec_ or _ic_. This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive. The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock" (little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_, _Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S. Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho; _Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca, some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending. The ending in _lin_. This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in _el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G. Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G. Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive never takes a vowel-ending. The ending in _kin_. This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of _en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G. Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin. The ending in _et_. There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken, though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names _Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom anything like certainty. The ending in _es_ or _is_. I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our _ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_, corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have _Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_. There is an A.S. Dægsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in _i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_, _Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_. The ending in _cock_. This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_ before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_ that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others, in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_. I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding _coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and _Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_, _Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems, if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and _Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have _Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take _Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G. name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to compare. Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our _Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form _vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention, as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as _Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_, _Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the whole subject will bear some further elucidation. FOOTNOTES: [8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form would have been. [9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila. CHAPTER III. NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS. The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in all cases contractions of compound names. Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted, to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe, no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable, or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me, what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war. "Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names. Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate, giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names, when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of expressing a definite conclusion. The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so none was given. I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to the latter. The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified, and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon than a reasonable presumption. _Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble." (_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng. _Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Æthelstan--Eng. _Ethelston_. _Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge." (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng. _Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. Æcemann--Eng. _Hayman_, _Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_. _Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous stem _Ag_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng. _Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_. _Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf." (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Ælfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_. (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_. _Ald_, signifying "old." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar (Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng. _Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng. _Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng. _Altman_. _Amal_, of uncertain meaning. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_. _Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?). (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_. (_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_. _Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus." (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_. _Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16). (_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng. _Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_. _Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_, _Outram_. _All_ (see page 16). (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. Ælnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng. _Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_. _Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner." (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng. _Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng. _Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_. (_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng. _Hallgreen_. _Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father." (_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Ætheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_. _An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor." (_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng. _Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_. _Arm_, of uncertain meaning. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G. Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_. _Armin_, of uncertain meaning (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_. _Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G. Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_. _Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear." (_Bert_, famous), A.S. _Æscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Æschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Æscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Æscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Æscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_. A.S. _beado_, "war." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_, vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Betterich--A.S. Bædric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G. Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_. _Bald_, "fortis." (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_. A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet." (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_, _Pendered_. A.S. _ben_, "wound." (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng. _Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_. A.S. _bera_, "bear." (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng. _Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_), O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng. _Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_. (_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois (=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_. _Berin_, _bern_, "bear." (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher, Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng. _Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_. _Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness." (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G. Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng. _Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng. _Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_. (_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_. _Bert_, "bright, illustrious." (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng. Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng. _Brightwine_. _Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S. Blæcman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_, _Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_. _Bod_, _bud_, "envoy." (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng. _Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid, Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_. _Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend." (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus, Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemær--Eng. _Bulmer_. _Burg_, signifying "protection." (_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_. _Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe." (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_. _Coll_, signifying "helmet." (_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomôr--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S. Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_. _Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_). (_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_. _Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13] (_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G. Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S. Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_. _Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_. (_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_. _Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane." (_Hard_), A.S. Dæneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_. _Dar_, signifying "spear." (_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G. Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng. _Darwin_. _Dear_, "carus." (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Môd_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng. _Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_. Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant." (_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_, reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng. _Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_. Old North. _dolgr_, "foe." (_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_. A.S. _dôm_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment." (_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_. A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty." (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_, _Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_. _Erl_, supposed same as "earl." (_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng. _Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_. _Evor_, "boar." (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre, _Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S. Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_. Anglo-Saxon _eâd_, "prosperity." (_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S. Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_? _Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel." (_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng. _Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_. _Fard_, also signifying "travel." (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G. Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng. _Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_. _Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng. _Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_), O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G. Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G. Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_. _Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace." (_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G. Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng. _Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_. _Fin_, supposed from "the nation." (_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_. _Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend." (_Man_, vir), A.S. Cædmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng. _Gatliffe_. _Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness." (_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_, _Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_. (_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_. _Gand_, signifying "wolf." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_, _Chantrey_. _Gar_, signifying "spear." (_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald, Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G. Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng. _Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G. Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng. _Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_. (_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G. Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G. Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G. Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_. _Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng. _Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_. _Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard, Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng. _Gaffery_. _Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_. _Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere." (_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel), O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng. _Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib. Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_. _Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above. (_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng. _Gildawie_. _Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_, _Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G. Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_, _Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_. _God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16] (_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_, _Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"), O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_, _Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_, _Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng. _Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng. _Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng. _Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_. (_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_. _Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth. (_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart, Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer, Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng. _Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_. _Grim_, "fierce, terrible." (_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng. _Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_. _Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war." (_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng. _Gunston_. _Hun_, probably from "the people." (_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid, Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_. (_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_. _Had_, _hath_, signifying "war." (_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng. _Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng. _Hadwen_. _Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail), O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng. _Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng. _Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_. _Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17] (_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield), O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng. _Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_, _Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G. Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_. (_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng. _Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_. _Hild_, _hil_, "war." (_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng. _Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_. _Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant." (_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng. _Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_. _Ise_, signifying "iron." (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G. Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng. _Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_. _Isen_, signifying "iron." (_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_. _Ken_, _kin_, "nobility." (_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic), A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng. _Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S. Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Kennaway_. _Land_, "terra." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng. _Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_ _Laith_, _let_, "terrible." (_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_. _Led_, _lud_, "people." (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S. Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_), O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng. _Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_. Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear." (_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S. Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng. _Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_, friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G. Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_. _Mal_, signifying to "maul." (_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G. Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_. _Man_, as the type of "manliness." (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_. _Mar_, signifying "famous." (_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value), O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus, Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_. _Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G. Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_. _Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour." (_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_. _Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G. Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_. (_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng. _Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng. _Meadway_. _Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_. _Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_. (_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_. _Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction." (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_. Ang.-Sax. _môd_. O.H.G. _môt_, "courage." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_, _ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_. _Mark_, of uncertain meaning. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_. (_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_. Old North. _âs_, Ang.-Sax. _ôs_, "semi-deus." (_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S. Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng. _Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer, _Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_. _Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel." (_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G. Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng. _Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_, relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng. _Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_, _Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng. _Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn, Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_. _Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel." (_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G. Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng. _Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_. _Ragin_, _rain_, same as above. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng. _Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng. _Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S. Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_. _Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule." (_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng. _Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_, _Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_. _Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_. _Rod_, signifying "glory." (_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng. _Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_. (_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G. Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng. _Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_, young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng. _Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_. _Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_. _Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory." (_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_. _Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21] (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_. _Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_. _Sig_, signifying "victory." (_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng. _Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggær--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G. Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simær, Secmær--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_. _Sea_, "mare." (_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old Norse Sæbiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Sæberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg, Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Sæward--Eng. _Seaward_, _Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Sæfugl--Eng. _Sefowl_. _Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbiörn--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G. Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption. _Tank_, perhaps "thought." (_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_. _Tad_, supposed "father." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng. _Tatwin_. _Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_. (_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_, _Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_, nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Môd_, courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N. Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N. Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng. _Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_, contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.) Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people." (_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_, _Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S. Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng. _Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_. _Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity? (_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng. _Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_. _Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_) O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_. _Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner." (_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri, Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng. _Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_. _War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24] (_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_. (_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G. Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G. Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng. _Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_. _Wern_, in the sense of "nationality." (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_. _Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_. _Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25] (_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng. _Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour), O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlæg,--Eng. _Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S. Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman, Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth. Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtræd--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_, _Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng. _Witherick_, _Whitridge_. _Will_, in the sense of "resolution"? (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G. Willicomo--Uilcomæ _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S. Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S. Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng. _Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng. _Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Willament_. _Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people." (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_. _Wine_, "friend." (_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous), A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng. _Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng. _Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_. _Wig_, _Wick_, "war." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar, Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S. Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S. Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng. _Vickridge_. Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf." (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S. Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng. _Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S. Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_. (_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_. Ang.-Sax. _jû_, O.H.G. _êwa_ "law."[27] (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_, _Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_. The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II., from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light. FOOTNOTES: [10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by Tacitus. [11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_. [12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding with an O.G. form, Berecar. [13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of men, and perhaps a corresponding word. [14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid. [15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran. [16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth, very liable to intermix. [17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior. [18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng. _Lemon_). [19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_ being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into several men's names. [20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many Old Norse men's names. [21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark. The raven is called sallow both by Cædmon and the author of Judith," _Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names, the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however, still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian. [22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is supposed, stands for _man_. [23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the Æsir. [24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an admixture. [25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_, wood; and _wit_, wisdom. [26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_, but I do not know of it at present. [27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_, and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in _Domesday_). CHAPTER IV. THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS. The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in _ingas_, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in common, the whole inclosed by the forest. Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in which these names would appear whether they would come under this category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_, _thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then, requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main his deductions may be taken as trustworthy. The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c. Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their number. The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton (Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England, they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_, signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader. I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas, Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made. Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have. Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find. Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family. In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding from the _Liber Vitæ_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter. _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._ Anglo-Saxon. German. Locality (L.V.), Liber Vitæ. English in Germany. (F.), Frisian. Surnames. Aldingas} Aldinge {Now Aldingen,} {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_, Oldingas} {in Würtemburg} { Alte (F.) } { _Old_, _Olding_. Æceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen} Aker (L.V.) _Ager_, _Acres_. { in Bavaria} Ælingas Allingen Bavaria {Alli (L.V.),} _Alley_, _Allo_. { Alle (F.) } Ælfingas} Albungen Hesse Cassell Alef (F.) {_Aulph_, _Alpha_, Ælpingas} { _Elvy_. Æfeningas {Heveningare Appenzell Afun (L.V.) _Heaven? Evening_. { marca Antingas Endinga {Now Endingen,} Anta (A.S.) {_And_, _Andoe_, { in Baden } { _Hand_. Æscingas Esginga ..... Æsc (A.S.) _Ask_, _Ashe_. Ætingas Adinga Pruss. Saxony {Atta (A.S.),} _Hatt_. { Atte (F.) } Bæbingas Papinga {Now Pabing, } {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_. { in Austria} { Babe (F.) } Baningas Boninge ..... {Beana (L.V.),} {_Bann_, { Banne (F.) } { _Banning_. Bædingas } {Now Beddingen, } {Bada, } {_Batt_, _Batty_, } Patinga { in Brunswick; } { Betti (L.V.)} { _Betty_, Beadingas} { also Baden, } { _Batting_. { Prussia, Austria} Bassingas Pasingas Bavaria Bass (A.S.) _Bass_, _Pass_. Bæcgingas} Bachingen Würtemburg } {Baga, } {_Bagge_, _Back_, Beccingas} Beckinga Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} { _Beck_, _Peck_. Pæccingas} Bensingas Pinsinga Bavaria Benza (L.V.) _Bence_. Bircingas Biricchingen ..... ..... _Birch_. Bebingas Bebingun Bavaria, Würtg. Bebba (A.S.) {_Bibb_, _Bibby_, { _Beeby_. Billingas Bilinga {Hess., Würt.,} ..... {_Bill_, _Billow_, { Friesland } { _Billing_. Binningas Binnungen {Now Bingen, } {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_, { on Rhine } {Binne (F.) } { _Binning_. Bydelingas Budilingen {Luxembg.,} Botel (F.) _Biddle_. { Austria} Briningas ..... ..... Bryni (L.V.) {_Brine_, { _Brinney_. Beorningas Pirninga Würtemburg Beorn (L.V.) {_Burn_, { _Burning_. Bondingas ..... ..... Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_. Beormingas Bermingahem ..... ..... _Breem_. Brydingas Breidinge {Hesse Cass., } ..... _Bride_, _Bird_. { Pruss. Sax.} Bridlingas Britlingi {Now Brütlingen,} ..... _Bridle_. { in Hanr. } Blæcingas ..... ..... Blaca (L.V.) _Black_. Bruningas Brunninga Austria {Brôn (L.V.),} {_Brown_, {Bruyn (F.) } { _Browning_. Beorhtingas} Perhtingen Bavaria {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_, Byrtingas } { Berti (F.) } { _Bright_, { _Brighty_, { _Brighting_. Brihtlingas Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia ..... {_Brightly_, { _Brittell_. Buccingas Puchinga ..... {Bocco, } _Buck_, _Puck_. { Buco (F.)} Bullingas Bollinga {Bullingen, in } Bolle (F.) {_Bull_, _Bolley_, { Rh. Pruss. } { _Bulling_. {Also Tyrol and} { Westphal. } Byttingas} Buddinga {Baden, Würt.,} Bota (L.V.) {_Budd_, _Butt_, { Friesland } { _Botting_. Potingas } Potingin {Baden, Aust.,} Botte (F.) {_Pott_, _Potto_. { Friesland } Bobingas } Bobinga {Bobingen,} {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_. Bofingas } { in Bav.} { Poppe (F.)} Bosingas Bosinga Austria, Würt. Bosa (L.V.) {_Boss_, _Bossey_. Buslingas Buselingen {Büssling, } ..... _Bussell_. { by Schaffhausen} Burringas Buringen Würtemburg. {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_. { Bore (F.) } Cægingas Cachinga ..... Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_ { (see p. 10). Callingas Callinge Holland Kalle (F.) _Call_, _Callow_. Ceaningas Conninge Würtemburg {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_, { Keno (F.) } { _Canning_. Cearlingas Chirlingen {Kierling, } {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_, { in Austria} { Carl (F.) } { _Charles_. Cifíngas Cheffingin Würtemburg Ceefi (L.V.) {_Chaff_, { _Chaffey_. Ceopingas Chuppinga Würtemburg ..... {_Chope_, _Chubb_. Copingas Cofunga Hesse Cassel {Cufa, Coifi } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_, { (Ang.-Sax.)} { _Cuffey_. Codingas } Cuttingas Near Metz {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_, Cotingas } Gotinga Bavaria { Gode (F.) } { _Coate_, { _Godding_. Colingas Cholinga Ceolla (L.V.) ..... {_Coll_, _Collie_, { _Colling_. Cocingas Gukkingin {Gugging, } ..... _Cock_. { in Austria} Cressingas Chresinga Würtemberg ..... _Cressy_. Cnottingas Knutingen ..... Cnut (L.V.) _Knott_. Cnudlingas Cnutlinga Baden ..... _Nuttall_. Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga Kenzingen, } in Baden } ..... _Chance?_ {Gensingen Gensungen, } Hess. Cass.} Centingas Gandingen Friesland Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_, { _Gandy_. Culingas ..... ..... ..... {_Cull_, { _Cooling_. Denningas Daningen Baden Dene (L.V.) {_Dane_, _Dana_, { _Denn_, { _Denning_. Dillingas Dilinga {Dillengen,} { in Bav. } {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_, { Tilo (F.) } { _Tilly_. Deorlingas} Darlingin Brunswick ..... {_Darrell_, Teorlingas} { _Darling_. Dissingas} Tisinga Bavaria Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_, Tissingas} { _Tisoe_. Ticcangas Dichingen Friesland, Bav. Tycca (A.S.) _Dick_. Dyclingas Tuchilingen Now Tuchling ..... {_Dickle_, { _Tickle_. Doccingas Dockinga Friesland {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_, { Tocke (F.) } { _Tocque_, { _Docking_. Dodingas ..... ..... Doda (F.) _Dodd_, _Todd_. Dunningas Tuningas ..... Duna (L.V.) {_Dunn_, _Dunning_. Eastringas Austringa {Oestringen,} ..... _Easter_. { in Baden } Edingas } Edinga {Holland, } {Ede (L.V.),} _Eddy_. { Baden, Bav.} { Edde (F.)} Oddingas} Odinga {Westphal., } {Oda (L.V.),} _Oddy_. { Bav. } Odde (F.) } Elcingas ..... ..... ..... {_Elk_, _Elcy_, { _Elgee_. Ecgingas Eginga {Schaffhausen,} {Ecga (L.V.),} _Egg_. { Bav. } {Egga (F.) } Eclingas Egilinga Bavaria Ecgel (A.S.) {_Edgell_, _Egle_. Elsingas Elisingun Hesse {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_, { Ealse (F.)} { _Elliss_. Eppingas} Ebinga Baden, Austria Ebbi (L.V.) {_Epps_. Ippingas} Ippinga {Ippingen, } Eppe (F.) {_Hipp_. { on Danube} Everingas } Eburingen Pruss. Silesia ..... {_Ever_, _Every_, Eoforingas} { _Heber_. Eorpingas Arpingi ..... {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_. { Arpe (F.) } Fearingas Faringa {Upper Bav. ..... {_Farre_, { & L. Constance { _Farrow_. Fearningas ..... ..... Forne (L.V.) _Fearn_. Finningas Finninga ..... Finn (A.S.) {_Finn_, _Finney_. Fincingas ..... ..... {Finc (A.S.),} _Finch_. { surname } Folcingas Fulchingen ..... Folco (L.V.) _Fulke_. Frodingas ..... ..... Frode (L.V.) _Froude_. Gâringas} Geringen Würtemberg ..... _Gore_, _Cory_. Coringas} Gestingas ..... ..... ..... {_Guest_, { _Gasting_. Geofuningas Gebeningen Austria _Giffen_. Gisilingas} Gisilinga Bavaria {Gisle, } _Gill_. Gillingas } { Gille (L.V.)} Gealdingas} Geltingen {Gelting, } {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_, Goldingas } { in Bav.} { Giolt (F.) } { _Golding_. Hallingas Halinge Bavaria Halle (L.V.) {_Hall_, { _Halling_. Hæglingas Hegelinge Bavaria Hagel (A.S.) {_Hail_, { _Hailing_. Hanesingas Anzinga Bavaria ..... _Hance_. Heardingas} Hardinghen Pas de Calais Hart (F.) {_Hard_, _Hardy_. Heartingas} Hertingen Bavaria ..... {_Hart_, { _Harding_. Hæslingas} Hasalinge Near Bremen {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_. Æslingas } { Hessel (F.)} Hanningas} Heninge ..... {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_, Heningas } { Hanne, } { _Henn_, Anningas } { Enno (F.) } { _Anning_, { _Anne_. Hillingas} Illingun {Illingen, {Ylla (L.V.),} _Hill_. Illingas } { in Baden { Hille (F.)} Honingas Oningas {Oeningen, } {Ona (L.V.),} _Hone_. { on L. } {Onno (F.) } { Constance} Horningas ..... ..... Horn (A.S.) _Horne, Horning_. Herelingas Herlingun Austria Harrol (F.) {_Harle_, _Harley_, { _Harling_. Hoppingas Hobinga Near Metz {Obbe, } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_, { Hobbe (F.)} { _Hopping_. Hæcingas Hahhinga {Haching, {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_, { near Munich { Acke (F.) } { _Hacking_. Hafocingas Hauechingas Rhen. Pruss. Hauc (L.V.) _Hawke_. Hocingas Hohingun {Near Cologne} Hoco (F.) _Hockey_. { and Zurich} Hucingas Huchingen Friesland ..... _Hook_. Huningas Huninga {Hüningen, } {Una (L.V.), } _Hunn_, _Honey_. { near Basle} { Hunne (F.)} Huntingas Huntingun Baden ..... _Hunt, Hunting_. Ifingas ..... ..... Ivo (L.V.) _Ive, Ivy_. Immingas Eminga {Emmingen, } {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_, { in Würt.} { Emo, } { _Hime_. { Imme (F.) } Læferingas Livaringa Near Salzburg ..... _Laver_. Lullingas Lolinga {Lullingen, in} Lolle (F.) _Lull_, _Lully_. { Rh. Pruss. } Luddingas Liutingen Baden {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_. { Ludde (F.) } Lofingas Luppinge ..... {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_, { Lubbe (F.)} { _Loving_. Lidelingas Lutilinga Würtemburg ..... _Liddle_. Locingas ..... ..... Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_, { _Lockie_. Leasingas Lasingi ..... Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_. Manningas Meningen ..... {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_. { Manno (F.)} Massingas Masingi ..... Mæssa (A.S.) {_Massey_, { _Messing_. Madingas Madungen Sax-Weimar ..... _Maddey_. Mægdlingas[32] ..... ..... Mædle _Madle_. {Maching, in } { { Bavaria } Mecga (A.S.) {_Maggy_, _May_. Mæccingas Maginga {Mechingen, by } { { L. Constance} Mekke (F.) { Mycgingas ..... ..... ..... {_Mico_, _Michie_. Merlingas Marlingen Bavaria ..... {_Merrill_, _Marl_, { _Marling_. Mundlingas Mundilinga Bavaria ..... {_Mundell_. Marringas Maringen Baden, Würt. Mar (A.S.) _Marr_. Meringas Meringa Hanover ..... _Merry_. Millingas Milinga {Bav., Rhen.} Milo (L.V.) {_Millie_, _Milo_, { Pruss. } { _Millinge_. Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria Murk (F.) {_Murch_, { _Murchie_. Nydingas } Nidinga {Neidingen, in} {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_. Neddingas} { Rh. Pruss. } { Nette (F.) } Nottingas Notingen Upper Bavaria Noedt (F.) {_Nott_, { _Nutting_. Ossingas Ossingen Rh. Bavaria Hosa (L.V.) _Hose_. Palingas ..... ..... Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_, { _Paling_. Pegingas Biginga Westphalia Pega (L.V.) _Pegg_, _Bigg_. Penningas Penningin North Germany Benna (A.S.) _Penn_, _Benn_. Puningas Buninga ..... Buna (A.S.) _Bunn_. Pitingas Pidingun Austria ..... _Pitt_. Poclingas Puchilinga {Pückling, } ..... {_Puckle_, { on Danube} { _Buckle_. Piperingas ..... ..... ..... _Piper_. Readingas Radinga {Reding, Reid (F.) _Read_. { in Luxembg. Riccingas ..... ..... Riki (F.) {_Rich_, _Richey_. Ridingas Ridingin {Rieding, } ..... {_Riddy_, _Rita_, { in Upp. Bav.} { _Ridding_. Riclingas Richilinga {Reichling,} Rykle (F.) {_Regal_, { on Rhine} { _Wrigley_. Riplingas Rupilinga Upper Bavaria ..... _Ripley_. Rollingas Roldingen {Rolingen, } Rolle (F.) _Rolle_. { in Luxembg.} Ræfningas Ravininge Bavaria Reuen (L.V.) _Raven_. Rodingas Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,} {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_, { Bav. } { Rode (F.) } { _Rudding_. Rossingas Rossunga ..... Russe (F.) _Ross_. Ruscingas ..... ..... Rosce (L.V.) _Rush_. Rocingas Roggingun Bavaria {Rogge, } _Rock_. { Rocche (F.)} Rucingas ..... ..... Rouke (F.) {_Rugg_, _Ruck_. Sandringas Sinderingum Würtemburg Sander (F.) _Sander_. Swaningas Swaningun {Schwanningen, } { near } Suan (L.V.) _Swan_. { Schaffhausen} Syclingas Sikilingin {Sittling,} ..... {_Sickle_, { in Bav.} { _Sickling_. Seaxlingas Saxlinga ..... ..... _Satchell?_ Sceardingas Scardinga Bavaria ..... {_Scard_, _Scarth_. Scytingas Scithingi ..... Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_, { _Shute_. Surlingas ..... ..... Serlo (L.V.) {_Sarle_, _Searle_. Scyrlingas Skirilinga Schierling, in Bav. ..... _Shirley_. Sælingas ..... ..... Salla (L.V.) _Sale_, _Sala_. Sceafingas Sceuinge ..... ..... _Sheaf_. Scealingas Scelinga ..... Sceal (L.V.) {_Scally_, { _Scales_. Snoringas {Snoringer} Rh. Bav. Snearri (L.V.) _Snare_. { marca } Snotingas Snudinga ..... Snod (A.S.) _Snoad_. Sealfingas Selvingen ..... ..... {_Self_, _Selvey_. Stubingas Staubingen {Staubing, } Stuf (A.S.) {_Stubbs_, { in Bavaria} { _Stubbing_. Secgingas Siggingahem Belgium Sigga (L.V.) {_Siggs_, _Sick_. Specingas Speichingas {Spaichengen, Spech (Domesday) _Speck_. { in Westph. Sceaflingas Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, } ..... _Shovel_. { in Luxembg.} Stæningas ..... ..... {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_, { Steen (F.) } { _Stenning_. Sinningas Siningas ..... Sinne (F.) {_Siney_, _Shinn_. Stellingas ..... ..... ..... _Stell_. Tædingas Tattingas {Dettingen,} Tade (F.) {_Tadd_, _Taddy_. { in Bav. } Tælingas Telingen Bavaria {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_, { Tiele (F.) } { _Telling_. Dorringas Torringun {Törring, } Tori (L.V.) _Torr_. { in Austria Tutlingas Tutlingun Dutling, in Bav. ..... _Tuttle_. Trumpingas[34] ..... ..... ..... {_Trump_, { _Trumpy_. Thorningas Thurninga {Dürningen, } ..... {_Thorne_, { in Alsace} { _Thorning_. Terringas ..... ..... Terri (L.V.) _Terry_. Tucingas Tuginga Switzerland {Tuk (A.S.), } _Tuck_, _Duck_. { Duce (L.V.)} Duringas Turinga Würtemburg ..... {_Turr_, _Durre_, { _Turing_. Uffingas Uffingen {Oeffingen, } Offa (L.V.) {_Ough_, _Hough_, { in Würtemburg} { _Huff_. Wearningas Warningas ..... Warin (L.V.) {_Warren_, _Warne_. Waceringas Wacheringa Friesland and Bav. ..... _Waker_. Wealdringas Waltringen ..... Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_, { _Walter_. Wasingas Wasunga {Würtg., Sax.} Wasso (A.S.) _Wass_. { Mein. } Wippingas ..... ..... ..... _Whipp_. Wittingas Wittungen Pruss. Sax. {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_. { Witte (F.) } Willingas Willinga Bavaria Wille (F.) {_Will_, _Willow_, { _Willing_. Winingas Winninge {Winningen,} {Wynna, } {_Wine_, _Winn_, { on Rhine} { Uini (L.V.)} { _Winning_. Wealdingas Waltingun Austria {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_. { Walte (F.)} Wælsingas Walasingas ..... ..... _Walsh_. Watingas Waddinga {Weddingen, } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_. { in Rh. Pruss.} { Uatto (F.)} Wellingas Wellingen Baden ..... _Well_. Wigingas } Wikinka Bavaria {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_, Wiccingas} { Wigge, } { _Wicking_. { Wicco (F.)} Wylfingas Vulfinga ..... Wulf (A.S.) _Wolf_. Wrihtingas Wirtingen Austria ..... _Wright_. Watringas Wateringas {Wettringen, } ..... _Water_. { in Westph.} Wendlingas Wenilinga Near Strasburg Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_, { _Wintle_. Wrihtlingas Riutilinga {Reutlingen, ..... _Riddle_. { in Würtg. Wealcingas ..... ..... {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_, { Walke (F.) } { _Walking_. Wealcringas ..... ..... Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_. Wealingas {Walanger } On the Lahn Walls (F.) _Wall_. { marca } Waplingas Waplinga ..... ..... _Waple_. Wræningas ..... ..... ..... {_Wren_, _Rennie_. Wilrincgas Williheringa {Willering, Wyller (A.S.) _Willer_. { on Danube I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of _b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas _semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to note, in the range of English names. My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_ or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the Teutonic system of nomenclature. While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in _Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up, but a probable name, the compound being a very common one. I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet been disinterred. FOOTNOTES: [28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings, Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay. [29] _Archæological Journal._ [30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _æ_ is pronounced as _a_ in "ant." [31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in names. [32] Properly, I think, "Mædlingas," as it has nothing to do with Ang.-Sax. "mægd," _maid_. [33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_. [34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong. CHAPTER V. MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES. We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment, very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or _thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now, it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home," and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in _es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemæro, "Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not, in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that Ælfredincgtun, for instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town. But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham, and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_, manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_ deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed. As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc, Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemæro, Baldrick's boundary. Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and Danehardes hegeræw, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row." Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stân, sometimes a ridge, as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in Tilgares dic and Colomores sîc (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treôw, Alebeardes âc (oak), Bulemæres thorn, Huttes æsc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre (apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way), Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_, found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon, _hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and Æscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be contained in Fealamares brôc (brook), Hykemeres strêm (stream), and Brihtwoldes wêre (weir); the two latter probably referring to water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that which is found in Cybles weorthig, Æscmere's weorth (land or property), Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc (paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes grâf (grove), Sweors holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove), Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes hæc (hatch), and Winagares stapol (stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce). The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun (Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?). But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_ (low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes, Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's barrow," also Hôces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlæw, "Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is another word _hô_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_, North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes hô, Piccedes hô, Scotehô Tilmundes hô, Cægeshô, and Fingringahô. It would hardly seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex, that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and _hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming, or the other dropping an _l_? I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more settled Anglo-Saxon times. Anglo-Saxon Men's Names. Place-Names. English Surnames. Abbod Abbodesbyrig } _Abbott_ Abbud Abbudesmearc } Æcemann Æcemannes ceaster _Ackman, Aikman_ Acen Acenes feld _Aikin_ Ægelweard Ægelweardes mearc _Aylward_ Alberht Alcherdes ford _Allcard_ Alder Aldrestub _Alder_ Ælfgar Ælfgares gemæro _Algar_ Ælfred Ælfredes beorh _Alfred_, _Allfrey_ Ælfher, or } Ælfheri } Ælfheres stapol _Alvary_ Æscmer Æscmeres weorth _Ashmore_ Æscmann Æscmannes yre _Ashman_ Alebeard Alebeardes âc _Halbard_ Amber Ambresbyrig _Amber_ Æthelstan Æthelstanes tûn _Ethelston_ Babel Babeles beorh _Bable_ Badherd Badherdes sled _Beddard_ Baldher Baldheresberg _Balder_ Baldric Baldrices gemæro _Baldridge_ Baldwin Baldwines heath _Baldwin_ Beored, or Beoret Beoredes treôw _Berrette_ Beornheard Beornheardes lond _Bernard_ Beornwold Beornwoldes sætan _Bernold_ Blunt Bluntesham _Blunt_ Bogel Bogeles pearruc _Bogle_ Bohmer Bohmeres stigele _Bowmer_ Bregen Bregnesford _Brain_ Brochard Brochardes ford _Brocard_ Buga Buganstôc } _Bugg_ Bugga Bugganbrôc } Bulemær Bulemæres thorn _Bulmer_ Buntel Bunteles pyt _Bundle_ Bunting Buntingedîc _Bunting_ Burhgeard Burhgeardeswerthig _Burchard_ Carda Cardan hlæw _Card_, _Cart_ Ceapa Ceapan hlæw _Cheape_ Ceawa Ceawan hlæw _Chew_ Cerda Cerdan hlæw _Chard_ Cissa Cissan anstige _Cheese_ Chetol (Danish) Chetoles beorh _Kettle_ Creoda Creodan âc } _Creed_ Cridd Criddes hô } Cumen Cumenes ora _Cummin_ Ceatewe Ceatewesleah _Chattoway_ Ceada Ceadanford _Chad_ Catt Cattes stoke _Cat_, _Catty_ Cæstæl Cæstælesham _Castle_ Cludd Cludesleah _Cloud_ Coten Cotenesfeld _Cotton_ Cruda Crudan sceat _Crowd_ Colomor Colomores sîc _Colmer_ Cydd Cyddesige _Kidd_ Cyble Cybles weorthig _Keble_ Celc Celces ora _Kelk_ Cylman Cylmanstun _Killman_ Cynlaf Cynlafes stan _Cunliffe_ Cynric Cynrices gemæro _Kenrick_ Cyneward Cynewardes gemæro _Kenward_ Cyppa Cyppanham _Chipp_ Dægel, or Dæglesford } _Dale_ Deil Deilsford } Dearnagel Dearnagles ford _Darnell_ Dæneheard Dæneheardes hegerawe _Denhard_ Deorlaf Deorlafestun _Dearlove_ Deormod[35] Deormodes ald tun _Dermott_ Dodd Doddesthorp } _Dodd_ Dodda Doddan hlæw } Dolemann Dolemannes beorh _Dollman_ Duceman Ducemannestun _Duckman_ Ducling Duclingtun _Duckling_ Dunn Dunnes stigele _Dunn_ Dogod Dogodeswel _Doggett_, _Dugood_ Dydimer Dydimertun _Tidemore_ Ealder Ealderscumb _Alder_ Ealdmann Ealdmannes wyrth _Altman_ Ealdermann[36] Ealdermannes hæc _Alderman_ Ealmund Ealmundes treow _Almond_ Eanulf Eanulfestun _Enough_ Earn Earnesbeorh _Earney_ Eastmond Eastmondestun _Esmond_ Ecgell Ecgeles stiel _Edgell_, _Eagle_ Fealamar Fealamares brôc { _Fillmore_ { _Phillimore_ Flegg Flegges garan _Flew_ Focga Focgancrundel _Fogg_, _Foggo_ Freobearn Freobearnes hlyp _Freeborn_ Frigedæg Frigedæges treôw _Friday_ Fuhgel Fuhgeles beorh _Fuggle_, _Fowl_ Gandar Gandrandun _Gander_ Gæcg Gæcges stapol { _Gay_ Geah Geahes ofer { Gatehlinc Gatehlinces heafod _Gatling_ Geleca Gelecancamp _Jellicoe_ Geyn Geynes thorn _Gain_ Giselher Gislhereswurth _Giller_ Godincg Godincges gemæro _Godding_ Godmund Godmundesleah _Godmund_ Godwin Godwines gemæro _Godwin_ Grobb Grobbes den _Grove_, _Grubb_ Grott Grottes grâf _Grote_ Gund Gundestige _Gunn_, _Gundey_ Hærred Hærredesleah _Herod_ Heafoc Heafoceshamme _Hawk_ Hassuc Hassuces môr _Haskey_ Hering Heringesleah _Herring_ Hnibba Hnibbanleah _Knibb_, _Knipe_ Hayward Haywardes ham _Hayward_ Healda Healdan grâf _Hald_ Healden Healdenes hô _Haldan_ Helm Helmes treow _Helme_ Helfær Helfæres gemæro _Helper_ Help Helpestonne _Helps_ Herebritt Herebrittes comb _Herbert_ Herewin Herewines hlipgat _Irwine_ Hiccemann Hiccemannes stân _Hickman_ Humbald Humbalding grâf _Humble_ Hycemer, or } Higemar } Hycemeres strêm _Highmore_ Hnæf Hnæfes scylf _Knapp_ Hocg Hocgestun _Hogg_, _Hodge_ Horn Hornes beorh _Horne_ Hringwold Hringwoldes beorh _Ringold_ Hwittuc Hwittuces leah _Whittock_ Hutt Huttes æsc _Hutt_ Hygelac[37] Hygelaces git _Hillock_ Kyld Kyldesby _Kilt_ Leofer Leoferes haga _Lover_ Laferca Lafercanbeorh _Laverick_ Leofmann Leofmannes gemæro _Loveman_ Leommann Leommannes grâf _Lemon_ Leofsig Leofsiges geat _Lovesy_ Leofric Leofrices gemæro _Loveridge_ Lidgeard Lidgeardes beorh _Ledgard_ Lipperd Lipperdes gemæro _Leopard_ Lower Lowereslege _Lower_ Locer Loceresweg _Locker_ Lorta Lortanberwe _Lord_ Lorting Lortinges bourne _Lording_ Luder Luderston _Luther_ Ludmann Ludmannes put _Lutman_ Lull Lulles beorh _Lull_, _Lully_ Myceld Myceldefer _Muckelt_ Mûl Muleshlæw _Moule_ Negle Neglesleah _Nagle_ Næl Nælesbrôc _Nail_ Nybba Nybban beorh _Nibbs_ Oslac Oslaces lea _Hasluck_ Ogged Oggedestun _Hodgett_, _Howitt_ Oswald Oswaldes mere _Oswald_ Orlaf Orlafestun _Orlop_ Owun Owunes hild _Owen_ Pehtun Pehtuns treow _Peyton_ Pender Penderes clif _Pender_ Picced Piccedes hô _Pickett_ Pinnel Pinnelesfeld _Pennell_ Pippen Pippenes fen _Pippin_ Pyttel Pittelesford _Piddel_ Pitterich Piterichesham _Betteridge_ Pottel Potteles treow _Pottle_ Potten Pottenestreow _Potten_ Punt Puntes stân _Punt_ Puntel Punteles treow _Bundle_ Prentsa Prentsan hlaw _Prentiss_ Redwin Redwines thorn _Readwin_ Rahulf Rahulfes furlong _Ralph_ Rugebeorg Rugebeorges gemæro _Rubery_ Rumbold Rumboldes den _Rumbold_ Sceaft Sceaftesbirig _Shaft_, _Shafto_ Sceoll Sceolles ealdcotan _Sholl_ Scytta Scyttandun _Skeat_, _Shute_ Scyter[38] Scyteres flôd _Shuter_ Scealc Scealces hom _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_ Scyld Scyldes treow _Shield_ Simær Simæres ford _Seymour_ Secmær Secmæres ora _Sycamore_ Sigbriht Sigbrihtes anstige _Sibert_ Sibriht Sibrihtesweald _Seabright_[39] Siger Sigeres âc _Segar_ Snell Snellesham _Snell_ Snod Snodes hyl _Snoad_ Streng Strenges hô _Strong_ Stut Stutes hyl _Stout_, _Stott_ Stutard Stutardes cumb _Stothard_, _Studeard_ Sucga Sucgangrâf _Sugg_ Sumer Sumeresham _Summer_ Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun _Sommerlat_ Sunemann Sunemannes wyrthig _Sunman_ Sweor Sweores holt _Swire_, _Swears_ Sweord Sweordes stân _Sword_ Tæcel Tæcelesbrôc _Tackle_ Tatmonn Tatmonnes apoldre _Tadman_ Tatel Tatlestrop _Tattle_ Thuner Thunresfeld _Thunder_ Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun _Thurgur_ Thrista Thristan den _Trist_ Theodher Theoderpoth _Theodore_ Thurold (Danish) Thuroldes gemæro _Thorold_ Toma Tomanworthig _Tomey_ Ticcen Ticnesfeld _Dickin_ Tilgar Tilgares dîc _Dilger_ Tilluc Tilluces leah _Tillick_, _Dilke_ Tilmann Tilmannes den _Tilman_ Titferth Titferthes geat _Titford_ Upicen Upicenes hlyw _Hopkin_ Wahgen Wahgenes gemæro _Wain_ Wealden Wealdenes weg _Walden_ Wealder Wealderes weg _Walter_ Westan Westanes treow _Weston_ Wigheard Wigheardes stapol _Wyard_ Wighelm Wighelmes land _Whigam_ Wihtlac Wihtlaces ford _Whitelock_ Wihtric Wihtricesham _Whitridge_ Wilmund Wilmundes leah _Williment_ Willher Willheres triow _Willer_ Wicg Wicgestan _Wigg_ Uuigga Wuiggangeat Winagar Winagares stapul _Winegar_ Wileard Wileardes hyrste _Willard_ Wistan for } Wistanes gemæro _Whiston_ Wigstan? } Wulfsig Wulfsiges croft _Wolsey_ Wulfgar Wulfgares gemæro _Woolgar_ Wulfmer Wulfmeres myln _Woolmer_ Wulfric Wulfrices gemæro _Woolrych_ Wyner Wyneres stig _Winer_ Waring Wæring wîc _Waring_ Wifel Wifelesham _Whipple_ Woden[40] Wodnesbeorg _Woodin?_ Wydda Wyddanbeorh _Widow_ The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems, notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great, sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still, to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an Æthelwold who was also called Mol, an Æthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover, these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list. And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever. Name in Anglo-Saxon Charters. Present Name. Æfeningas Avening Gloucestershire Angemeringum Angmering Sussex Ascengas Eashing Surrey Banesingas Bensington Oxfordshire Bærlingas Barling Kent Beadingum Beden Gloucestershire Berecingas Barking Essex Brahcingum Braughin Herts. Byrhtlingas Brightling Sussex Cerringes Charing Kent Ciwingum Chewing Herts. Culingas Cooling Kent Cytringas Kettering Northampton Diccelingas Ditchling Sussex Geddingas Yeading Middlesex Godelmingum Godalming Surrey Hallingas Halling Kent Herlinge Harling Norfolk Horningga Horning Norfolk Meallingas Malling Kent Pæccingas Patching Sussex Puningas Poynings Surrey Readingan Reading Berkshire Rodinges Roothing Essex Stæningas Steyning Sussex Swyrdhlincas } Swarling Kent (Swyrdlingas) } Terringes Tarring Sussex Terlinges Terling Essex Totingas Tooting Surrey Wellingum Wellwyn Herts. Werhornas Warehorne Kent Wihttringas Wittering Surrey Uoccingas Woking Surrey Wyrtingas Worting Hants. I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave. Anglo-Saxon Man's Name. Place-Name. Present Name. Abba Abbandun Abingdon Berks. { Ægelesbyrig Aylesbury Bucks. Ægel { Æglesford Aylesford Kent { Ægeleswurth Aylesworth Nthmptn. Agmod Agmodesham Agmondesham Bucks. Æsc Æscesbyrig Ashbury Berks. Æscmer Æscmeres weorth Ashmansworth Hants. Amber { Ambresbyrig Amesbury Wilts. { Ambresleah Ombersley Worc. Ælfreding Ælfredincgtun Alfreton Derby. Badda Baddanby Badby Nthmptn. Badhelming Badimyncgtun Badminton Glouc. Baldher Baldheresberg Baltonsborough Somerset. Becca Beccanleah Beckley Sussex. Beda Bedanford Bedford Beds. Benna Bennanham Beenham Berks. Benning Benningwurth Bengworth Worc. Bledda Bleddanhlæw Bledlow Bucks. Blunt Bluntesham Bluntisham Hunts. Bodeca Bodecanleah Butleigh Somerset. Bodek Bodekesham Bottisham Camb. Bocga Bocganora Bognor Sussex. Bordel Bordelestun Burleston Dorset. Brand Brandesburh Bransbury Hants. Bregen Bregnesford Bransford Worc. Cada Cadandun Chadlington Oxford. Cæg Cægeshô Keysoe Beds. Calmund Calmundes den Calmsden Glouc. Ceadela Ceadelanwurth Chaddleworth Berks. Ceadel Ceadeleshunt Chadshunt Warw. Ceader Ceadresleah Chaseley Worc. Cendel Cendeles funta Chalfont Bucks. Celta Celtenhom Cheltenham Glouc. Ceol Ceolesig Cholsey Berks. Cippa Cippenham Chippenham Wilts. Ceolbalding Ceolbaldinctun Chilbolton Hants. Ceort Ceortesege Chertsey Surrey Cinhild (woman) Cinildewyrth Kenilworth Warw. Cissa Cissanceaster Chichester Sussex. Coda Codanford Codford Wilts. Codda Coddanhrycg Cotheridge Worc. Coling Colingham Collingham Notts. Crym Crymesham Crimsham Sussex. Croppa Croppanthorn Cropthorn Worc. Cumen Cumenora Cumnor Berks. Cungar Cungaresbyrig Congressbury Somerset. Cwichelm Cwichelmes hlæw Cuckamslow hill Berks. Cyneburging[41] Cyneburgincton Kemerton Glouc. Cynlaf Kynleveden Kelvedon Essex. Ketel (Danish) Kitlebig Kettleby Linc. Dæcca, or } Daccanhaam Dagenham Essex. Dægga } Dægel Dæglesford Daylesford Worc. Deôrlaf Deorlafestun Darlaston Staffs. Dodda Doddanford Dodford Nthmptn. Dodd Doddesthorp Dogsthorp Nthmptn. Dogod Dogodeswel Dowdswell Glouc. Domec Domecesige Dauntsey Wilts. Duceling Duceling dun Ducklington Oxford. Dunning Dunnincland Donyland Essex. Dideling Didelingtun Didlington Dorset. Eadric Eadricestun Edstone Warw. Eccing Eccingtun Eckington Worc. Eccle, or Egil Eccleshale Exhall Warw. Effing Effingeham Effingham Surrey. Erping Erpingham Erpingham Norfolk. Eof, or Eofa Eofesham Evesham Worc. Fecca Feccanhom Feckenham Worc. Flæda Flædanburg Fladbury Worc. Folc Folcesstan Folkstone Kent. Gidding Giddincford Gidding Suffolk. Gyseling Gyselingham Gislingham Suffolk. Godmer Godmeresham Godmersham Kent. Grim Grimaston Grimstone Norfolk. Gun or Gund Gunthorpe Gunthorp Nthmptn. Gyp Gypeswich Ipswich Suffolk. Hauek Hauekestun Hauxton Camb. Hæfar Hæfaresham Haversham Bucks. Hamela Hamelendûn Hambledon Hants. Hærigeard Hærigeardesham Harrietsham Kent. Haling Halington Hallington Linc. Hanekyn Hanekynton Hankerton Wilts. Hanning Hanningtun Hannington Hants. Hæda Hædanham Haddenham Camb. Helming Helmyngton Hemington Nthmptn. Help Helpestonne Helpstone Nthmptn. Hemming Hemmingford { Hemingford } Hunts. { Abbots } Hengest { Hengesteshricg Henstridge Somerset. { Hengestesige Hinksey Berks. Hild Hildesdûn Hillersdon Bucks. Heorulf Heorelfestun Harleston Staff. Heorting Heortingtun Hardington Somerset. Honekyn Honekynton Hankerton Wilts. Honing Honingtun Honington Linc. Horning { Horningeseie Horningsea Camb. { Horningges hæth Horningsheath Suffolk Hôd Hôdesâc Hodsoak Worc. Hunewald Hunewaldesham Windlesham Surrey Hunta Huntandun Huntingdon Hants. Hwiting Hwitingtun Whittington Worc. Kyld Kyldesby Kilsby Nthmptn. Laua Lauanham Lavenham Suffolk Lauing Lauingtun Barlavington Sussex Lamb (Danish?) Lambehith Lambeth Lott Lottisham Lottisham Somerset. Mealdhelm Mealdumesburg Malmsbury Wilts. Myceld Myceldefer Mitcheldover Hants. Mûl { Mûleseige Moulsey Surrey { Mûlesham Moulsham Essex Munda Mundanham Mundham Sussex Neteling Netelingtun Nettleton Wilts. Offa Offanleah Offley Herts. Orlaf Orlafestun Orleston Derby. Orm (Danish) Ormisby Ormsby Norfolk Osgot Osgotbi Osgodby Linc. Oshelming Osmingtun Osmington Dorset Oswald Oswaldeshlaw Oswaldslow Worc. Pading Padingtun Paddington Parting Partingtun Patrington Yorks. Peda Pedanhrycg Petridge Surrey Peada Peadanwurth Padworth Berks. Peatting Peattingtun Pattingham Salop Pecga Pecganham Pagham Sussex Peden Pednesham Pensham Worc. Piterich Piterichesham Petersham Worc. Port Portesham Portisham Dorset. Raculf Raculfcestre Reculver Kent Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun Ramsden Sussex Rydemær, or } Rydemæreleah Redmarley Worc. Redmer } Riking Rikinghal Rickinghall Suffolk Ring Ringestede Ringstead Norfolk Rodda Roddanbeorg Rodborough Glouc. Rolf, for Rolfestun Rolleston Staffs. Rodulf Rollesby Rollesby Norfolk Sidel Sidelesham Sidlesham Sussex Sceaft Sceaftesbirig Shaftesbury Dorset. Secg Secgesbearue Sedgeberrow Worc. Snodd Snoddesbyrig Upton Snodsbury Worc. Snoding Snodingland Snodland Worc. Sumer Sumeresham Somersham Hunts. Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun Somerleyton Suffolk Sunna Sunnandun Sundon Beds. Swythbriht Swythbrihtesweald Sibbertswold Kent Swithreding Swithrædingden Surrenden Kent Sylc Sylceswyrth Silksworth Durham Tadmær Tadmærtun Tadmarton Oxford. Tæfing Tæfingstoc Tavistock Devon. Teotting Teottingtun Teddington Wor. Taling Talingtun Tallington Linc. Toda Todanhom Toddenham Glouc. Toma Tomanworthig Tamworth Warw. Theogen Theogendethorp Theddlethorp Linc. Thunar Thunresfeld Thundersfield Surrey Ticen Ticnesfeld Tichfield Hants. Tidhelming Tidelminctun Tidmington Worc. Tilling Tillingham Tillingham Essex Tocca Toccanham Tockenham Wilts. Toting Totingtun Tottington Norfolk Treding { Tredingtun Tredington Glouc. { Tredinctun Tredington Worc. Trosting Trostingtun Troston Suffolk Tuding Tudingtun Teddington Middlsx. Tunweald Tunwealdes stân Tunstone Glouc. Turca Turcanden Turkdean Glouc. Twica Tuicanham Twickenham Middlsx. Thurgar (Danish) Thurgartun Thurgarton Norfolk Ufing Ufinctun Ovington Hants. Wacen Uacenesfeld Watchfield Berks. Watling Uætlinctun Watlington Oxford. Wassing Wassingburg Washingborough Linc. Wald Waldeswel Woldswell Glouc. Weard Weardesbeorh Warborough Oxford. Wifel { Wifeles cumb Wiveliscomb Somerset. { Wifelesford Wilsford Wilts. Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham Wilbraham Camb. { Wilburhtun Wilburton Camb. Willer Willerseia Willersey Glouc. Weogern Weogernacester Worcester Worc. Wine { Uines hlau Winslow Bucks. { Wines hyl Winshill Derby. Wrening Wreningham Wreningham Norfolk Werot Uurotaham Wrotham Kent Wulfwarding Wulfweardigleâ Wolverley Worc. Wendel, or Wendlesora, or Windsor Berks. Windel Windlesora The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of _ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word; whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in considering the origin of a place-name. The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which place-names are formed from men's names. FOOTNOTES: [35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_. [36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of Ealdmann. [37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitæ_, so that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon. [38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London. [39] There is also an A.S. Sæbriht, from _sæ_, sea, whence _Seabright_ might be derived. [40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. [41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71. [42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that _ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven. Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven. CHAPTER VI. CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter, either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_, _sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have _Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and _Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into _glast_ in Glæstingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_, _Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell, Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p. 50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final _d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name _Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes _frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitæ_), the rest is easy. The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_. Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p. 44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have (differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted to see the various steps of a process. Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office, would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name _Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon Æcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of "young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_, servant). I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101), (whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender, Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_ (_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_ (supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have _Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_, with the variation _Wheatbread_. The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names. On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the "bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough. Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly in accordance with regular phonetic principles. I have referred at p. 9 to a final _g_ as opposed to the English ear, and to two different ways in which it is got rid of, viz., by changing it into _dg_, and by dropping it altogether. There is yet a third way, that of changing it into _f_, as in Anglo-Saxon _genug_, English _enough_. And we can show examples of all these in the same name, from the ancient stem _wag_, probably signifying to wave, brandish, as in the name Wagbrand ("wave-sword"), in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. For we have the name in all four forms, _Wagg_, _Way_, _Wadge_, _Waugh_ (Waff). The common ending in Teutonic names of _wig_, war, often, anciently even, softened into _wi_, most commonly in such case becomes in our names _way_. Thus we have _Alloway_ from an ancient Alewih, _Chattoway_ from Ceatewe, _Dalloway_ from Daliweh, _Galloway_ from Geilwih, _Garroway_ from Gerwi, _Hathaway_ from Hathuwi, _Kennaway_ from Kenewi, _Lanoway_ from Lantwih, _Reddoway_ from Redwi, and _Ridgway_ from Ricwi. I cite this as a case in which a number of coincidences prove a principle, which the reader, if he confined his attention to one particular case, might be disposed to question. We also generally drop the _g_ in the middle of a word in such names as _Payne_, from A.S. Pagen,[45] _Wain_ from A.S. Wahgen, _Gain_ from A.S. Gagen, _Nail_ from A.S. Negle. So also in _Sibbald_ for Sigebald, _Sibert_ for Sigebert, _Seymore_ for Sigimar, _Wyatt_ for Wighad, &c. There is also a frequent dropping of _d_, though I think that in this case the names have more frequently come down to us from ancient times in such contracted form, the practice being more specially common among the Franks, from whom I think that most of the names in question have been derived. Thus we have _Cobbold_ for Codbald or Godbold, _Cobbett_ for Godbet or Codbet, _Lucas_ (Lucas, _Lib. Vit._), from a Frankish Liucoz for Liudgoz, _Boggis_ from a Boggis for Bodgis, _Lewis_ for Leodgis, _Rabbit_ for Radbod, _Chabot_ for Chadbod. So also _Ralph_ and _Rolfe_ for Radulf and Hrodulf (though also for Ragulf and Hrogulf), _Roland_ for Rodland, _Roman_ for Rodman, &c. So _f_ is often dropped when it is followed by _m_ or _n_, as in A.S. Leomman for Leofmann, whence our _Lemon_. It is probable that our _Limmer_ is a similar contraction of A.S. Leofmer. As a case of transposition I may note _Falstaff_ from, as supposed, the O.G. name Fastulf. It may be a question whether this is not an Old Frankish name come to us through the Normans, for at Gambetta's funeral the French Bar was represented by M. _Falsteuf_. I now come to corruptions which arise from the attempt to give to a name something of an apparent meaning in English. Let me observe that, almost as an invariable rule, corruptions are made towards a meaning and not away from it; the ancient name Irminger might be corrupted into Ironmonger, but Ironmonger could not be corrupted into Irminger. It is natural to men to try to get some semblance of meaning out of a name, and all the more that it approaches to something which has a familiar sound to their ears. Thus H.M. ship, the _Bellerophon_, was called by the sailors the "Billy Ruffian," and a vessel owned by a fore-elder of mine, and which he christened the _Agomemnon_, invariably went among the sailors by the name of the "Mahogany Tom." Thus the Anglo-Saxon Trumbald has first become _Trumbull_ and then _Tremble_, and as suggested by Mr. Charnock, _Turnbull_. So we have the Old Norse name Thorgautr (Turgot, _Domesday_) variously made into _Target_ and into _Thoroughgood_.[46] In some cases a very slight change suffices to give a new complexion to the name, thus the Old Frankish Godenulf, (_ulf_, wolf), through a Norman Godeneuf, is scarcely changed in our _Goodenough_. Similarly we might have had Badenough (O.G. Badanulf), and Richenough (A.S. Ricnulf). We have _Birchenough_ (reminding us of Dr. Busby) no doubt from a name of similar formation not yet turned up. Then we have several names as _Garment_, _Rayment_, _Argument_, _Element_, _Merriment_, _Monument_, from ancient names ending in _mund_ or _munt_, supposed to mean protection, with only the change of a letter. I have referred in an earlier part of this chapter to the name Pendgast, and to the phonetic corruptions to which it has been subjected. But it seems also to have been subjected to a corruption of the other kind, for I take it that our name _Pentecost_ is properly Pentecast, as another or High German form of Pendegast. Another case of a corruption easily made is that of our name _Whitethread_ which seems obviously the Anglo-Saxon name Wihtræd, of which also we have another obvious corruption in _Whiterod_. So also the Anglo-Saxon name Weogern, p. 111 (more properly Wiggern, _wig_, war, and _gern_, eager), by an easy transition becomes _Waghorn_. And in this way also the paradoxical-looking name _Fairfoul_, by a slight change of spelling, may be explained as Farefowl, "wandering bird," as a name probably given by the Saxon or Danish sea-rovers. Let us take a name of a different kind, _Starbuck_, no doubt of local origin, from the place called Starbeck in Yorkshire. Now beck is a Northern word signifying brook; it is probably of Danish origin, inasmuch as its use precisely corresponds with the limits of the Danish occupation. So long then as Starbeck lived in the north among his own people, to whom _beck_ is a familiar word, there would be no fear of his name being corrupted. But when he migrated to a part of England where _beck_ has no meaning, then by and by the natural craving for some kind of a meaning would assert itself, and, as the best it could do, change _beck_ into _buck_. But the name of the place itself affords an illustration of the same principle. For _star_ is in all probability the same word as _stour_, so common as a river-name (Arm. ster, water, river), made into _star_ in the craving for some kind of a meaning. Let us take another name with the same ending, _Clutterbuck_, also, I doubt not, a name of local origin, though I am unable in this case to identify the place. But _clutter_ seems evidently to be from the Anglo-Saxon, _hluttor_, clear, pure, limpid, and the word must have been _hluttorbeck_, "clear brook," so that this is another case of a similar corruption. The Anglo-Saxons, no doubt, strongly aspirated the initial _h_, so that the name has become Clutterbuck. Another name which may be taken to be of the same kind is _Honeybun_, no doubt a corruption of another name _Honeyburn_, from _burn_, a brook, _honey_ being apparently used by the Anglo-Saxons as an epithet to describe sweet waters. But to the modern ear Honey_bun_ is a much more natural association than Honey_burn_, particularly since the Anglo-Saxon _burn_ for _brook_ has passed out of use in England. Among the Germans, corruptions towards a meaning are also common, as in such names as _Guttwein_ for Godwine or Gotwine, _Warmbadt_ for Warinbod, _Leutenant_ for Liutnand (_liud_, people, _nant_, daring). There is a curious-looking and seemingly profane name _Heiliggheist_, as if from the third person of the Trinity, which may, however, be a corruption of an ancient name, perhaps of the name Haldegast. The odd-looking names _Oyster_ and _Oysterman_ in _Suffolk Surnames_ are probably the German names Oster and Ostermann (_oster_, orientalis) in an anglicised form, the marvellous power of assimilation possessed by the great Republic evincing itself, among other things, in the way in which it anglicises foreign names. Thus the name _Crumpecker_, placed by Bowditch among names from birds, is, we can hardly doubt, a corruption of a German Krumbacher, _i.e._ "a native of Krumbach," of which name there are several places in Germany. So also the ending _thaler_ in German names, from _thal_, valley, is changed into "dollar" as its supposed equivalent. Hence the Americans have _Milldolar, Barndollar_, and _Cashdollar_, corruptions of some such German names as Mühlthaler, Bernthaler, and Käsenthaler, signifying an inhabitant respectively of Mühlthal, of Bernthal, and of Käsenthal. It would seem as if a man coming to this new world, where everything around him is changed--presumably for the better--accepts it as, among other things, a part of the new dispensation, that whereas his name has hitherto been, say Käsenthaler, he shall henceforth answer to the name--perhaps not an inauspicious one--of Cashdollar. FOOTNOTES: [43] There is another name _Snodgrass_, which may be a similar corruption of Snodgast, from the stem _snod_, A.S. _snot_, wise. [44] This however is by no means certain, inasmuch as there is a stem _card_ or _gard_ from which it might be formed, though the corresponding ancient name has not turned up. On the other hand it is to be observed that _wealh_ is not one of the more common endings. [45] Pagan occurs as an A.S. name, (_Thorpe_, p. 648), and may probably be referred to _bagan_, to contend. _Cf._ also Pagingas among the early settlers. [46] According, no doubt, as the ancient name appeared as Thorgaut or Thorgaud. CHAPTER VII. THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH. To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might naturally suggest itself--If such be the case with Christian names, may it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names _Albert_, _Adolphe_, _Alfonse_, _Charles_, _Claude_, _Edouard_, _Edmonde_, _Ferdinand_, _Gerard_, _Henri_, _Louis_, _Philibert_, _Robert_, _Richarde_, _Rudolfe_, _Guillaume_, and the women's _Adèle_, _Clotilde_, _Louise_, _Mathilde_, _Hélöise_, and many others, serve to remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches. The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for instance, _au_ for _ea_, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, _eage_, English, _eye_. Thus the Anglo-Saxon _ead_, happiness, prosperity, so common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by _aud_, or _od_--hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin (Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen then that the French Christian name _Edouard_ is not a true Frankish form--the proper form is shown in two French surnames, _Audouard_ and _Audevard_. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding Italian Christian name, _Odoardo_, come to them through the Franks or the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, _e.g._ both the forms _ead_ or _ed_, and _aud_ or _od_, in the names of our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this--I find from German writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in Anglo-Saxon times. Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases introduced the present French names corresponding. CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN. One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the Merovingian period, was the prefix of _c_ before names beginning with _h_, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be seen from the following:-- _Chad_ for _had_, war. A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield--Ceada, found in Ceadanford--Cedda, found in Ceddanleah--Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto. _Diminutive._ Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock. _Patronymic._ Eng. Chatting. _Compounds._ (_Bad_, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo--Eng. Chabot.[47] (_Wine_, friend), Frnk. Chaduin--Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Chatewe (_wi_ for wig) found in Ceatewesleah--Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway. (We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with Chattaway.) Then we have a stem _chard, chart_, which it seems to me may be a similar Frankish form of _hard_ or _hart_, durus, fortis, a very common stem for men's names. _Chard_ for _hard_. A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in Cerdanhlæw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart. _Diminutive._ A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh. _Compound._ (_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Charterius--Eng. Charter. In the next group, _child_ for _hild_, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only find one to compare in that form. _Child_ for _hild_, war. A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic--Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb in Hants--Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo--Eng. Child, Chill. _Compounds._ (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hilder--Eng. Childar. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildman--Childman, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. (_Mod_, courage), O.G. Hildemod--Eng. Chillmaid. (_Ran_, raven), Frnk. Childerannus--Eng. Children. We have a number of other names beginning with _ch_, which might with more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno (Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas (Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard. CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE. Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of _hl_ at the beginning of a name into _cl_ or _chl_, and _hr_ into _cr_ or _chr_. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be properly either Cringas or Craningas--in the former case from _hring_, circle, perhaps in the sense of shield--in the latter from _chrann_, as a Frankish form of _raban_ or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list. The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. _laut_, loud, in the supposed sense of famous. _Clod_ for _hlod_, fame. A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in Clottismôr), Clud (found in Cludesleah)[48]--Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.--Eng. Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout. _Compounds._ (_Gis_ or _kis_, hostage), O.G. Hludokis--Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). (_Hari_, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar--Eng. Clothier, Clutter. (_Man_, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents as yet turn up.) The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to _hrod_, glory, the stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c. _Crod_ for _hrod_. A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat--Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio--Eng. Croad, Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout. Ending in _en_, p. 27. Frnk. Chrodin--Eng. Cruden. _Compounds._ (_Har_, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar--Eng. Crowder. (_Gar_, spear), Frnk. Crodeger--Eng. Croger (=Roger). (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found in Cruddemores lacu--Frnk. Chrodmar--Eng. Cromar. The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem _hroc_, the root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. _croak_, and the idea of which, as in some other stems (see _im_ in voce Emma), may probably be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. _hrokr_, vir fortis et grandis. _Crock_ for _hroc_. A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now Croxton in Norf.--Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus--Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, Crotch, Crutch. _Compounds._ (_Her, heri_, warrior), O.G. Roacheri--Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (_had_, war), not turned up. Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king of Mercia, as representing a stem, _hrad_, or _hred_ (O.H.G. _hradi_, celer), whence probably the Hræda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, though a man's name all the same). _Crad_ for _hrad_. A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow--Cridda, found in Criddan wyl--Cridd, found in Criddes hô--Creota, found in Creotingas--Cretta, _lib. vit._--Eng. Creed, Creedy. Ending in _el_. A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas--Eng. Criddle. Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is the prefix of _g_, or its sharper form _c_, before names beginning with _w_.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre (=gwerre) which is _g_ prefixed to a German _wer_ or _war_. And such names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from _g_ prefixed to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a _c_ prefixed, the same, I take it, as an English Willaby (_boeuf_, as Mr. Taylor has shown, representing the Danish _by_). I have referred, p. 75, to the name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, Cwædringas, Cwæringas, and Queningas. The Cwædringas answer to the Wætringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I take it, different forms of the same name; the Cwæringas to the Wæringas and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with _gw_, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form cw, which is represented by _q_. Under the present head comes the name of the highest lady in the land, _Guelph_ (further referred to in next chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. _hwelf_; Eng. _whelp_). The names _Welp_, _Whelps_, and _Guelpa_, appear in _Suff. Surn._, but whether English or not does not appear. QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH. The meaning of the stem _war_ is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes five different words, without including O.H.G. _werra_, Eng. _war_, and it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words. _Gwar, cwar_, for war. A.S. Cwara, found in Cwæringas--Frnk. Guario--Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, Quear, Query--French Querrey. _Compounds._ (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. Quarrier. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Warman--Eng. Quarman--French Guermain. The stem _wid_, on which is formed _guid_ and _cwid_, may perhaps be referred to O.H.G. _wid_, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter _in voce_ Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a mixture of words. _Gwid, cwid_, for _wid_. Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido--Eng. Quiddy--French, Guidé. _Compounds._ (_Man_, vir), O.G. Witman--Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. Witichis--Eng. Quittacus (_Suff. Surn._). The stem _wig_ or _wic_, on which are formed _gwig_ and _cwic_, may be taken to be from _wig_, war. _Gwig_, _cwic_, for _wig_, _wic_. Frnk. Gwigo--Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy--Fr. Guiche, Quyo. Ending in _el_. O.G. Wigilo--Eng. Quiggle. _Compound._ O.G. Wigger, Wiher--Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire. The stem _will_, on which are formed _guill_ and _cwill_, may be referred to Goth. _wilya_, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution. _Guil, cwil_, for _will_. Frnk. Guila--Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill--Fr. Guille, Quille. _Diminutive_ O.G. Willic--Eng. Quilke--Fr. Quillac. _Compounds._ (_Helm_, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm--Eng. Gwillam--Fr. Guillaume. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wilman--Eng. Quillman--Fr. Guillemain. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Willinand--Eng. Quillinan. I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to take _cwen_ and _cwin_ to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to A.S. _wine_, friend. _Gwin, cwin, cwen_, for _win_. A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden--Frnk. Guuine, Quino--Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney--Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau. Ending in _en_, p. 27. A.S. Cwenen, found in Cwenenabrôc--Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan--Fr. Guenin. _Compounds._ (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winiheri--Eng. Quiner--Fr. Guinier, Guinery, Quinier. (_Bert_, famous), Frnk. Quinabert--Eng. Guinibert. From the Ang.-Sax. _wealh_, stranger, foreigner, may be the following stem: _Gual, cwal_, for _wal_. Frnk. Gualo, Guala--Eng. Quail, Qualey--Fr. Guala. Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt, Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild (ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation). With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability more or less aspirated an initial _h_, it would perhaps be going too far to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a _c_, Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. Besides the names of Old Frankish, _i.e._ German origin, which have come to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) from Lat. _durans_. More certainly it is from them that the corresponding name _Durand_ has come to us. The early Frankish Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, &c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid Frankish names, Clarembald, come our _Claringbold_ and _Claringbull_ and the French _Clérambault_. From the above word, _pasc_, we have _Pascoe_, _Paske_, and _Pash_, and the French have _Pasquin_, corresponding with a Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river--whence I take to be our _Jordan_, and the French _Jordan_, _Jourdan_, and _Jourdain_, probably also the name of the Dutch painter _Jordaens_. The name Crist, which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the _Pol. Irm._) is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he might have guessed Osanna. Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford, Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon place-names in England. I will take the names ending in _uil_, "well," of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), from A.S. _brune_, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in Essex), _i.e._ a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. _woer_, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S. Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably from A.S. _glade_, brook, and so same as Bernewell. With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, being found in Kemble's list of original settlers. I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name _Tiptoft_), from the ending _tot_, which, as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian _toft_. And two names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish _by_; house, habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending _buf_ or _boeuf_, which, as Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish _by_, Olibef being, perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case, I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf, and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one of these Norman place-names ending in _boeuf_. Such a name as, for instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On the other hand, the plebeian-looking name _Chasseboeuf_, which Volney is said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, when _by_ became corrupted into _boeuf_, naturally be made into Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name _Leboeuf_ to be from a different origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more name, Lascales (our _Lascelles_), which I think may be also from a Danish place-name, the word _scale_ (O.N. _skali_, a wooden hut) being common, particularly in the Lake District--in Cumberland and Westmoreland. I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, from A.S. _til_, bonus, præstans, seems to have been more common among the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more names corresponding in English than in French. _Dill, till, bonus._ A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas--O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; Tilli, _Lib. Vit._; Dill, Tilly, Tillé, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dill_, _Dilley_, _Dillow_, _Till_, _Tilley_--Germ. _Dill_, _Till_, _Tilo_--Fr. _Dilly_, _Dillé_, _Tilly_, _Tillé_--Ital. _Tilli_. Ending in _ec_, probably diminutive. A.S. Tilluc--Eng. _Dillick_, _Dilke_, _Tillick_, _Tilke_--Fr. _Dilhac_. _Patronymic._ Eng. _Tilling_--Germ. _Dilling_. Ending in _en_, p. 27. Tilne, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillon_--Germ. _Dillen_--Fr. _Dillon_, _Tillon_. _Compounds._ (_Fred_, peace), Tilfred, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tilford_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Tilgar--Dilker, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dilger_, _Dillicar_. (_Had_, var), Tilhaed, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Tillott_--Fr. _Dillet_, _Tillot_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Tillman--Tilmon, _Lib. Vit._--Tileman, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dillman_, _Tillman_, _Tileman_--Germ. _Dillemann_, _Tilmann_--Dutch. _Tillemans_--Fr. _Tilman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Tilemir--Eng. _Dillimore_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Tilmund--Fr. _Tilmant_. (_Wine_, friend), Tiluini, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dillwyn_. (_Her_, _heri_, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)--Eng. _Diller_, _Tiller_, _Tillier_--Fr. _Dillery_, _Tillier_. The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. _hyge_; O.H.G. _hugu_, mind, thought; A.S. _hogian_, to study, meditate. The form _hig_, which seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the English names. Hig, hog, hug, _thought_, _study_. A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg--O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo--Eng. _Hugo_, _Hug_, _Hugh_, _Huie_, _Huck_, _Hogg_, _Hodge_, _Hoe_, _Hick_, _Hickie_--Germ. _Huge_, _Hugo_, _Hucke_, _Hoge_--Fr. _Hugo_, _Hugé_, _Hug_, _Huc_, _Hue_, _Hua_--Ital. _Ugo_. Ending in _el_, probably diminutive. A.S. Hicel--O.G. Hugila, Huckili--Eng. _Hugall_, _Huckell_, _Whewell_, _Hickley_--Germ. _Hügel_--Fr. _Hugla_, _Huel_--Ital. _Ughelli_. Ending in _lin_, probably diminutive. A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)--Hugelinus, _Domesday_--Hueline, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Huelin, Hicklin_--Fr. _Huguelin, Higlin_--Ital. _Ugolino_. Ending in _et_, probably diminutive. A.S. Hocget--O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century--Hueta, _Domesday_--Eng. _Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt_--Fr. _Hugot, Huet_--Ital. _Ughetti_. Ending in _es_, probably diminutive. O.G. Hugizo--Eng. _Hughes, Hewish, Hodges_--Fr. _Hugues_. _Kin_, diminutive. Hogcin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hodgkin_. Ending in _en_, p. 27. A.S. Hyeken--Hygine, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen_--Fr. _Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne_. _Compounds._ (_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald--O.G. Hugibald, Hubald--Eng. _Hibble, Hubble_--Fr. _Hubault_--Ital. _Ubaldo_, _Ubald_(_ini_). (_Bert_, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of Worcester)--O.G. Hugubert, Hubert--Eng. _Hibbert, Hubbard_--Germ. _Hubert_--Fr. _Hubert_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard--Eng. _Huggard, Heward_--Fr. _Hugard, Huard, Huart_. (_Laic_, play), A.S. Hygelac--O.G. Hugilaih--O.N. Hugleikr--Eng. _Hillock, Hullock_--Fr. _Hulek_. (_Lat_, terrible,?), Hugolot, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Hewlet, Higlet_. (_Lind_, mild), O.G. Hugilind--Eng. _Hewland_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Hiccemann--Eng. _Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman_--Germ. _Hieckmann_--Fr. _Humann_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Hugimot--Eng. _Hickmot_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Hykemer--O.G. Hugimar--Eng. _Hogmire, Homer, Highmore_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hugold--Fr. _Huault_. Perhaps also, from _noth_, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to correspond--Eng. _Hignett_, and Fr. _Hugnot, Hognet_. I will take for the last example the stem _magin, main_; A.S. _mægin_, strength, force; Eng. _main_, which is rather better represented in French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic. O.G. Magan, Main--Main, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Magnay, Mayne_--Germ. _Mehne_--Fr. _Magné, Magney_--Ital. _Magini_. _Compounds._ (Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold--Fr. _Magnabal_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Meginburg--Fr. _Mainbourg_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Maginfrid--Fr. _Mainfroy_. (_Gald_, value), O.G. Megingald--Fr. _Maingault_. (_Ger_, spear), O.G. Meginger--Eng. _Manger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. _Maingot_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Magenad--Fr. _Maginot_--(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Maginhard, Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_--Germ. _Meinert_--Fr. _Magnard, Maynard_--Ital. _Mainardi_--(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, Mayner--Germ. _Meiner_--Fr. _Magnier, Maynier_--Ital. _Maineri_. Perhaps also to this stem (with _nant_, daring) we may put Magnentius, the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. 353, also the Fr. _Magnan_ and _Maignan_. These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names are formed. FOOTNOTES: [47] This name may be, not improbably, one of those that were brought over after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. [48] We also find the other form, Hlud, in Hludes beorh, Hlud's barrow, or grave. [49] Some further remarks on this Frankish prefix will be found in the succeeding chapter on Italian names. CHAPTER VIII. THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES. The successive waves of German invasion that swept over Italy, leaving their record in the name of one of its fairest provinces, while they added a few German words to the language, left a much larger number of German patronymics in the names of its families. The Christian names borne by well-known Italians, such as _Alberto, Arnolfo, Bernardo, Carlo, Enrico, Federigo_ (Frederic), _Francesco, Leonardo, Luigi, Ludovico, Mainardo, Odoardo_ (Edward), _Ridolphi, Sinibaldo, Ugo_ (Hugo or Hugh), _Onofrio_ (Humphrey), all of German origin, sufficiently attest this to have been the case. And I think we shall be warranted in assuming, as in the case of France, that if this be the case with Christian names, it cannot be essentially different with regard to surnames. But inasmuch as I have not had the same opportunity of collating and examining the mass of Italian surnames that I have had in the case of those of France, I propose to shape the comparison into a rather different form, and, without departing from its etymological purpose, to endeavour to give it something of an ethnical interest as well. This admixture of German blood could not fail to have an influence--and, we can hardly doubt, an invigorating influence--upon the character of the softer and more receptive Italian race. It may not then be without interest--though we need not attach more importance to the result than it deserves--to endeavour to trace the result of that admixture in the names of illustrious Italians. For it is somewhat remarkable how many of the men most distinguished in the council and in the field, in science, literature, and in art, bear names which testify to a German origin. And we are even able, in certain cases, to indicate with a fair amount of probability the particular race of Germans from whom these names may be taken to be derived. The rule laid down by Max Müller (_Science of Language_) that words in Italian beginning with _gua_, _gue_, _gui_, may be taken to be pretty certainly of German origin, holds good also of Italian names. Now this form of _gua_, _gue_, _gui_ represents the prefix of _g_ before _w_, which was a special characteristic of the Franks, as it is still of their descendants, the French, in such names as Guillaume (=Gwillaume) for Wilhelm or William. In some cases, though more rarely, this prefix of _g_, in accordance with a High German tendency, becomes a hard _c_ and is represented by _q_, as in _Queringi_ and perhaps _Quirini_. Such names then as _Gualdo_, _Guardi_, _Guido_, _Guicciardini_, _Guarnerius_, may be taken as certainly of German, and I think, more especially of Frankish origin. To begin with the names of warriors, the list may well be headed by that of the old hero, _Garibaldi_. Garibald (_gar_, spear, and _bald_, bold) was a well-known Old German name, being borne, among others, by a Duke in Bavaria in the sixth century, by six bishops in the three centuries following, and, what is more to the purpose, by two Lombard kings in Italy. We ourselves have the name in its Saxon form (_gor_ for _gar_) as _Gorbold_ and _Corbould_ (O.G. Kerbald), and the French have it as _Gerbault_. "Blind old _Dandalo_" may also be claimed as German; Dandalo, corresponding with an O.G. Dantulo, being formed as a diminutive from the Old German name Dando. I have elsewhere made the suggestion, which I venture here to reproduce, that _Bonaparte_ may also be a name of German origin, slightly changed to give it a seeming meaning in Italian. The case stands thus. Bonibert and Bonipert are found as Old Frankish names, respectively of the seventh and the ninth centuries. In that part of Italy which was overrun by the Franks, namely at Turin, is to be found the present Italian name _Boniperti_, which we can hardly doubt to be derived from the Old Frankish Bonipert. Now from this part of Italy came originally also the Bonapartes, and the question is simply this, May not the name _Bonaparte_ originate in an attempt to give something of an Italian meaning to this other name _Boniperti_, which would convey no sense to an Italian ear? The French still have the Old Frankish name as _Bompart_ (changing _n_ before a labial into _m_, as they do in Edimbourg for Edinburgh); there was a vice-admiral of that name who proved his courage by engaging, though unsuccessfully, an English frigate of superior force. And we--or at any rate the Americans--have it in a Saxon form as _Bonbright_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). And very appropriate, if we were to translate it, would be the meaning--_bona_, a slayer, and _bert_ or _pert_, illustrious. The two distinguished families of the _Adimari_ at Florence and of the _Grimaldi_ at Genoa both give evidence of German descent in their names (O.G. Adimar and Grimwald); as regards the latter indeed it is to be traced historically, though the position of the present representative, as ruler of the principality of Monaco and recipient of its doubtful gains, is perhaps hardly in accordance with the higher traditions of his family. The name, _Alphonso_, of a Duke of Ferrara in the middle ages, was one given also by the Germans to a still more illustrious lineage in Spain. Alphonso is a contraction of the O.G. Adalfuns (_adal_, noble, _funs_, eager). The Saxon form of _funs_ being _fus_, it seems to me that our name _Adolphus_ may be properly Adel-fus, and not a latinization of Adolph. German also are the names of the two great rival factions of the _Guelphs_ and the _Ghibellines_, Guelph being a Frankish form of Welf or Welp, Eng. whelp, and the Ghibellines deriving from an Old German name Gibilin, traced by Mone to a Burgundian origin. Thus the Guelphs, given originally by Germany to Italy, were afterwards transplanted again to Germany, and thence to England, to rule far above all factions. And again, we find the Bonaparte, whose ancestor was expelled from Italy as a Ghibelline, come forward to pursue on a grander scale his hereditary feud with the Guelphs. In the names of scholars and men of science the German element is very strongly represented. We find _Accolti_ (O.G. Achiolt for Agiovald[50]), _Alamanni_ (O.G. Alaman), _Algarotti_ (O.G. Algar for Adelgar), _Ansaldi_ (O.G. Ansald for Ansovald), _Audifredi_ (O.G. Audifred), _Bertrandi_ (O.G. Bertrand), _Gualdo_ (O.G. Waldo), _Giraldi_ (O.G. Girald), _Gosselini_ (O.G. Gosselin), _Guicciardini_ (O.G. Wichard), _Lanzi_ (O.G. Lanzi), _Lamberti_ (O.G. Lambert for Landbert), _Manfredi_ (O.G. Manfred), _Maraldi_ (O.G. Marald), _Odevico_ (O.G. Ottwic for Audewic), _Orlandi_ (O.G. Arland for Hariland), _Raimondi_ (O.G. Raimund), _Rolandini_ (O.G. Roland for Rodland), _Roberti_ (O.G. Robert for Rodbert), _Sacchi_ (O.G. Sacco), _Quirini_ (O.G. Guerin, Werin). We may add to the list the name of the historian _Sismondi_ (Sigismund), who, though born at Geneva, must, I apprehend, have been of Italian origin. The name in its uncontracted form, _Sigismondi_, is also found in Italy. Among the names of distinguished explorers and discoverers, we have _Americus_ (O.G. Emrich), who gave his name to America, and _Belzoni_ (O.G. Belzo). German are also the names of the Pope _Aldobrandini_ (O.G. Aldebrand), and of the philanthropist _Odeschalchi_ (O.G. Odalschalch), whose name, if translated, would be the appropriate one of "Servant of his country." The painters are not quite so strongly represented as the men of letters and science, the two principal names being those of _Lionardo_ (O.G. Leonhard) and of _Guido_. Guido is one of the Frankish forms to which I have before alluded, and is formed by the prefix of _g_ to the name Wido or Wito,--it was not an uncommon name among the Old Franks, and is found at present among the French as _Videau, Viteau_, and _Guidé_. The ill-omened name of the assassin _Guiteau_ I take to be from the same origin, and to be of French extraction. So also may be our own name _Widow_, which corresponds with a Wido of about the twelfth or thirteenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. There is another Italian name, _Guidubaldi_, that of a Duke of Urbino, in the middle ages, formed on the same stem with the addition of _bald_, bold, and corresponding with a Frankish Guidobald. The word concerned seems to be most probably Goth. _vidus_, O.H.G. _witu_, wood, used in a poetical sense for weapon.[51] Other names of painters are _Baldi_ (O.G. Baldo), _Baldovin_(_etti_) (O.G. Baldwin), _Anselmi_ (O.G. Anshelm), _Ansuini_ (O.G. Answin), _Aldighiero_ (O.G. Aldegar), _Algardi_ (O.G. Alagart), _Alberti_ (O.G. Albert for Adalbert), _Alloisi_ (O.G. Alois = Alwis), _Ghiberti_ (O.G. Gibert), _Gherardini_ (O.G. Gerard), _Gennari_ (O.G. Genear), _Ghirlandaio_ (O.G. Gerland), _Tibaldi_ (O.G. Tiebald for Theudobald). Also _Guardi_, another of the Frankish forms before referred to, representing an O.G. Wardi, and the same name as Eng. _Ward_, for which we find a corresponding A.S. Weard. Of those eminent in the sister art of music, we have _Castoldi_ (O.G. Castald for Castwald), and _Frescobaldi_. This last name does not figure in Foerstemann's list, but we can hardly doubt its German origin, _bald_ being a typical German ending, while Fresc, as a Teutonic name, is found in the Fresc(ingas), early Saxon settlers in England, another instance of the common tie which binds all Teutonic names together. We may add to the list, as the name of a living composer, _Guglielmo_ = Wilhelm or William. Among those who were accessory to music as instrument-makers, we have _Stradivarius_ and _Guarnerius_ (O.G. Guarner for Warinhar) corresponding with our own names _Warriner_ and _Warner_, and present French names _Ouarnier_ and _Guernier_. It will not be out of keeping with what we should expect if we find the German element develop itself in the conception rather than in the execution of music, and in the combination of science and patience which led to the success of the old instrument-makers. But it is in the names of immortal singers that we find the German element most conspicuously represented. Dante himself bears a name which, though not in itself German, may yet have been given to Italy by the Germans, while as to his second title, _Alighieri_, there seems hardly any doubt of its German origin.[52] Dante is a contraction of _Durante_, which seems to be derived most naturally from Latin _durans_, and it might seem something of a paradox to suppose a Latin race to be indebted to the Germans for a Latin name. And yet I think that there are some grounds for supposing it to be a name adopted by the early Frankish converts to Christianity, and by them transmitted to the Italians. For we find Durant, Durand, and Durann as not uncommon German names, apparently Frankish, in the eighth and the ninth centuries. And we find the word moreover made up into a German compound as Durandomar (_mar_, famous). The French have moreover at present, derived we may presume from their Frankish ancestors, another name, _Durandard_, similarly formed (_hard_, fortis). Now this is precisely the same principle as that on which the early Frankish converts, as we find from the _Pol. Irm._ and the _Pol. Rem._, used to form many of their names, taking a word of Christian import from the Latin or otherwise, and mixing it up with the Old German compounds to which they had been accustomed. Thus, for an example, we find that a woman called Electa, which we can hardly doubt means "elect," gives to her son the name of Electard, a similar compound to Durandard. There seems then, on the whole, a fair amount of probability for this suggestion, which would moreover sufficiently account for the manner in which the name is common to France, Italy, Germany, and England. The French have it as _Durand_, _Durant_, and _Durandeau_ (besides _Durandard_ already noted); the Italians as _Durante_, _Duranto_, and _Durandi_; the Germans as _Durand_ and _Dorand_; and we ourselves as _Durand_ and _Durant_. Our names came to us no doubt through the Normans,--there is a Durand in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, and it is not till after this period that we find it as an English name. For the German origin of _Tasso_ a rather stronger case can be made out, Tasso and Taso being found as ancient German names, and the latter in particular being a Lombard leader in Italy. But there was another Lombard called Taso, who, as a man of remarkable sanctity of life, and as the founder of a monastery at Volterra, was eminently likely to leave a name behind him in Italy. _Tasso_ is still a current name in that country, and our surname _Tassie_, along with the French _Tassy_, may be taken to be the same name. Both we and the French have also _Tassell_, formed from it and corresponding with Tassilo, the name of a Bavarian king of the sixth century. The meaning of the word has not been satisfactorily explained, and this may be one of the cases in which the original word has either greatly changed in meaning, or else has perished out of the language. Another name which we may take pretty certainly to be of German origin is _Leopardi_, corresponding with the O.G. Leopard, for Liubhard (_liub_, love, and _hard_, fortis). There was a Lombard named Leopard who was abbot of Nonantola in Italy in the tenth century. Then we have _Amalungi_, from the O.G. Amalung, fifth century, a patronymic form, "son of Amal or Amala," the (perhaps mythical) forerunner of the Goths. The French have the name, _Hamel_ and _Ameling_, and we have _Hammill_, _Hamling_, and _Hambling_. This is another of the cases in which a name has outlived its etymon; we know that _amal_ was a word of honourable meaning, but as to its origin even the patient research of the Germans has failed to find a clue. The name _Amalthius_ may also be taken as certainly German, from _amal_ as above, and the common Old German ending _thius_, _dio_, or _tio_, servant, though we do not find a name to correspond in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. There was also a painter _Amalteo_, whose name is a variation of the same. Another name which I take to be German, without finding the ancient name to correspond, is _Boiardo_, _boi_ (supposed by the Germans to mean Bavarian) being a common prefix in Old German names, and _hard_ one of the most common endings. The French have, among other names derived from their Frankish ancestors, the corresponding names _Boyard_ and _Poyard_, and we ourselves have _Byard_, which I take to be from the same origin. Then we have _Berni_ (O.G. Berno), _Bernini_ (O.G. Bernin), and _Beroaldus_ (O.G. Berowald). There remain yet two distinguished names, _Alfieri_ and _Guarini_. The former may be from the O.G. Alfheri, _alf_, elf, and _heri_, warrior, the sense contained in the former word being perhaps that of occult wisdom. Hence it would correspond with our surnames _Albery_ and _Aubery_, Alfheri and Albheri being convertible Old German names. _Guarini_ may, with somewhat more of certainty, be taken to be from the Old Frankish name Guarin, formed on the principle already referred to on other Old German names, Warin and Warno. Hence our names _Warren_ and _Warne_, and the French _Guérin_. The Wearningas, "sons or descendants of Wearn," are among the early Saxon settlers referred to in Chapter IV., and Warin is found as an early name in the _Liber Vitæ_. There are some other names which may very possibly be of German origin, but the form of which is not sufficiently distinct to make the connection generally intelligible. I conclude this chapter with a suggestion as to the possibly German origin of one who but of late occupied a considerable place in European politics, viz. _Gambetta_. This name is of Italian origin, and I venture to think may be one of those given to Italy by the Germans, and perhaps most probably by the Lombards. There was a Gambad who ruled over Ticino in the ancient duchy of Milan, and was subsequently driven out by Pertharit, who thereupon became the ruler of the whole of Lombardy. Gambad seems to be probably a Lombard form of Ganbad (_gan_, magic, or fascination, and _bad_, war), or it might be of Gandbad (_gand_, wolf), both ancient German stems. This name Gambad would in French take the form of Gambette,[53] and in Italian of Gambetta. It would be curious if this name were one left behind by the Lombards (or possibly even the Franks) in their invasion of Italy, and restored to France to rouse her to a gallant though unavailing attempt to stem the tide of another German invasion. And very suitable too would be the name, in the sense of magic or fascination, to one whose energy and eloquence acted as such a potent spell to revive the drooping courage of his countrymen. FOOTNOTES: [50] When there are two Old German names, the former is that which is found in a form most nearly corresponding with the Italian, the latter is that which may be taken to be the most correct form. [51] Names of a similar kind are the O.G. Gervid, our _Garwood_, signifying "spear-wood." Also the O.G. Asquid, whence the Ascuit in _Domesday_, and our present names _Asqwith_ and _Ashwith_, signifying "ash-wood," of which spears used to be made. [52] Diez takes it to be a contraction of Adalgar. [53] As in the French names _Gerbet_ and _Herbette_, representing the Old Frankish names Gerbad and Herbad. CHAPTER IX. VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS. In the present chapter I propose to include a few stems which were not taken into account in my previous work, or respecting which I may have something more to say. I have referred, at page 75, to Lappenberg's theory, that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were associated with the Saxons in the early invasions of England. His theory seems to be based only upon the general relations which subsisted between these different tribes, and the various other occasions on which they are found to have been acting in concert. I have, in a previous chapter, referred to the subject so far as the Franks are concerned, and endeavoured to show that there were in Anglo-Saxon times, and that there are in our names at present, certain peculiarities which are in accordance with Frankish forms, and so far favour the theory that Franks were among the early settlers. There is another peculiarity which seems to be found in some of the names of Anglo-Saxon times, the form _ch_ for (as I suppose) _g_, as in such a name as Cissa (Chissa) and Cippa (Chippa). Cissa I should suppose to be the same name as Gisa, that of a bishop in the time of Edward the Confessor, and Cippa the same as Gyp in Gypeswich. May not this be a Frisian form? Chippo comes before us as a name apparently Frisian. CHIPP, CHIPPING, CHIPMAN, CHEESE, CHESSON, CHESMAN, CHESNUT, CHURN, CHIRNIE, CHITTY. If the above be correct, Chipp, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon Cippa found in Cippenham, a Ceapa found in Ceapan hlæw, and Cypa in Cypingas, also with a Chippo probably Frisian, would be another form of Gibb or Gipp, _geban_, to give. And Cheese, which appears as Chese in the _Hundred Rolls_, may represent Cissa as another form of Gisa (_gis_, hostage). There is a present Friesic name Tsjisse, which, though it looks more like an attempt to represent a sneeze than anything else, I take to have the sound of Chissa. Chesson may be taken to be from the ending in _en_, p. 27, and Chesnut might be from the ending _noth_, bold, frequent in Anglo-Saxon names. Churn and Chirney, corresponding with an O.G. Chirno, and perhaps with the Cearningas among the early settlers, might come in here as another form of _gern_, eager. And Chitty, perhaps the same name as that found in the Cidingas, may possibly be, on the same principle, another form of Giddy, Kiddy, or Kitty (stem _gid_, hilaris). MUMM, MUMMY, MUMMERY. There are a few Old German names, mostly of women, in Mam and Mum. And there are also two Old Frankish women's names, Mamma and Momma (apparently overlooked by Foerstemann), in the _Pol. Irm._ It seems difficult to take these names as from anything else than the widely-spread word signifying mother. In an age when names sat much more lightly than they do now, one might fancy such a word superseding a woman's original name. I can even conceive the possibility of such a name, its origin having somewhat passed out of sight, being given in a masculine form to a son. We have several instances in the _Pol. Irm._ of such a custom; for instance, where, the mother being called Genesia, the son is called Genesius, and the mother being called Deodata, the son is called Deodatus. However, this cannot be taken for anything more than a somewhat speculative suggestion. As in present use, the French name Mumm is well known in connection with dry champagne; the Germans have Muhm, and though I am not quite certain of Mumm as an English name, I think we may count upon Mummy (ending in _i_, p. 24). Mummery might be a compound (_hari_, warrior), but from the facility with which _n_ passes into _m_, I should be more disposed to take it to be a corruption of Munnery, corresponding with an O.G. Munihari, Goth. _munan_, to think. BODY, FREEBODY, GOODBODY, LIGHTBODY, PEABODY, HANDSOMEBODY. _Body_ I take to be from O.N. _bodi_, envoy or messenger. It is found as an ending in many ancient names, particularly among the Saxons. And in our surnames it appears sometimes as representing ancient names, and sometimes more probably as a sobriquet of a later period. In the "Household Expences" of Eleanor, Countess of Montford, A.D. 1265, the names of her three messengers are given as Treubodi, Gobithesty, and Slingaway. These are all sobriquets,--Treubody is "trusty messenger," Gobithesty is from A.S. _sti_, a footpath, hence the name may be equivalent to "short-cut," and the last explains itself. Our name Handsomebody has clearly been a sobriquet of the same kind, and, referring to the older sense of "handsome," means a handy or useful messenger. Peabody, which I think may have been originally Pipbody, from _pipr_, swift, active, may also have been a sobriquet. So may Goodbody and Lightbody, but it is by no means certain. We might take our Lightfoot to have been a sobriquet, but we find a corresponding name, Lytafus (_fus_, foot) on Roman pottery. Freebody probably represents the O.G. Frithubodo, compounded with _frith_, peace. BRAGG, BRACKIE, BRAY, PRAY, BRAGAN, BRACKEN, BRAIN, BRACKING, BRACKETT, BRAYMAN, BRAKEMAN, BREWIN. There are two different origins from which this stem might be derived, A.S. _brego_, king, ruler, and A.S. _bracan_, to break, subdue, crush, the former being perhaps preferable upon the whole. There are but very few names in Old German, and Foerstemann does not make any suggestion as to the origin. A.S. Bræg (found in Brægeshale), Bracca (found in Braccanheal). O.G. Brachio, Thuringian, sixth century. Eng. Bragg, Brackie, Bray, Pray. Ending in _en_, p. 27. A.S. Bregen (found in Bregnesford). Eng. Bragan, Bracken, Brain. Ending in _el_, prob. diminutive. A.S. Brakel (found in Brakelesham). Eng. Breakell. _Patronymic._ Eng. Bracking. _Compounds._ (_Had_, war?), A.S. Breged (found in Bregedeswere)--Eng. Brackett. (_Man_, vir), Eng. Brakeman, Brayman (Mod. G. Brackmann, French Braquemin). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Bregowin (Archbishop of Canterbury)--Eng. Brewin. LORD, LORDING. We may take the above to be the same as an A.S. Lorta and Lorting, p. 100. And whatever may be the origin, it is certainly not A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. "lord." There are two isolated names in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, Laurad and Lorad, both seventh century, of which the Anglo-Saxon name seems not improbably to be a contraction. The word concerned might be A.S. _lâr_, lore, learning, Old North. _lærdr_ (larad?), learned. Stark however seems to take Laurad and Lorad to be Celtic. But in the genealogy of the sons of Woden in the _Edda_ of Snorro occurs the name Loride, which, though Snorro's names are not always trustworthy, seems to point to the existence of an ancient Teutonic name corresponding with those in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, and so far to favour the derivation which I have suggested. STUDD, STOTT, STOUT, STUTTER, STODDART, STUDEARD. STITT, STEED, STADD, STIDOLPH. We find Anglo-Saxon names to account for all the names of the former of these two groups, viz., Stut, Stuter (_her_, warrior), and Stutard (_hard_, fortis). The word concerned does not seem to have anything to do with Eng. "stout," which seems to have lost an _l_, and to have been originally _stolt_. The group is no doubt parallel with the second group, which is more distinctly represented in Old German names, and which may be referred to O.N. _stedia_, firmare, _staddr_, constitutus, A.S. _stide_, _stith_, firm, steadfast; our Stidolph corresponding with an O.G. Stadolf, and a Stithuulf in the _Liber Vitæ_. FOGG, FOGGO, FUDGE, FEW. There are Old German names Focco and Fucco, for which Foerstemann proposes O.N. _fok_, flight. And there is a Fuca, rather probably a corresponding name, on Roman pottery. Among the Anglo-Saxons we have Focingas, early settlers in Kent. Also Focga and Fucg, deduced from place-names, p. 99. Foerstemann seems to take this as the stem on which is formed _fugal_, fowl, bird. FLAGG, FLACK, FLECK, FLUCK, FLY, FLEA, FLEW. The Fleccingas are among the early settlers inferred by Mr. Kemble. And there are also Anglo-Saxon names Flegg, Flecg, and Flogg, deduced from place-names, p. 99. The name Flôki, of a Northman in the _Landnamabôk_, also comes in here. There is also another Northman called Flugu-Grimr, "Fly or Flyer Grim," a kind of inverted surname. The origin may be taken to be A.S. _fleogan_, O.N. _fliuga_, to fly. And this group may be taken to be fundamentally parallel with the last. CLEAN, CLINE, KLYNE. There is a Clen in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings, and there is perhaps an A.S. Clena to be deduced from the place-names Clenanford, Clenancrundel, &c. It may probably be from A.S. _clêne_, clean, pure. "The original sense seems to have been bright."--_Skeat_. This may probably be the sense in names. SWEARS, SWEARING, SWIRE, SQUIRE, SQUARE, SQUAREY, SQUIRRELL. The stem _swar_, _swer_, in O.G. names, is referred by Foerstemann to O.H.G. _suari_, weighty, important, Goth. _swers_, honourable. There is an A.S. Sweor found in a place-name, p. 102, and there is an O.G. Suaring corresponding with our Swearing. Also a Suara on Roman pottery, which I take to be German, and to represent the stem of which Suaring is a patronymic. I take Squire and Square to be phonetic corruptions of Swire and Swear, and Squirrell to be properly Swirrell, a diminutive. LUMB, LUMP, LUMPKIN. Lumbe is also a present German name, and seems to be the same as an O.G. Lumpe, which Stark takes to be a contraction of some compound name, perhaps Lundbert. Lump and the diminutive Lumpkin are from _Suffolk Surnames_, and may be German and not English. KNELL, NELLY, NILL, KNELLER. Of the Cnyllingas, settled in Northamptonshire, I find no further trace in Anglo-Saxon times, nor anything to correspond in Old German names. The name is also a very uncommon one at present, the above Knell, Nelly, and Nill being all taken from _Suffolk Surnames_, though Knell at all events was an English name. Kneller, as the name of the painter, is of Dutch origin; it seems to be a compound from this stem (_hari_, warrior). The origin may perhaps be found in O.N. _hnalla_, to beat. KNAPP, KNAPPING, KNIBB, KNIPE, KNIPPING, NAF NAPP, NAPKIN, KNIFE, KNYVETT. One of the oldest Low German names on record is Hnaf, mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," written, as supposed, about the fifth century. There is a corresponding O.G. Hnabi, eighth century, the origin being, no doubt, A.S. _cnapa_, _cnafa_, son, boy. To this may be placed our names Knapp, Napp, and the patronymic Knapping. (The name Naf, in _Suffolk Surnames_, may possibly not be English.) I also take the A.S. Cnebba[54] to come in here, also Hnibba, found in Hnibbanleah (Hnibba's lea), and Nybba, found in Nybbanbeorh (Nybba's barrow), and so connect also our names Knibb, Knipe, and Knipping. Stark also brings in here the name Cniva, of a Gothic king of the third century, and Cnivida, also the name of a Goth, placed by Foerstemann to A.S. _cnif_, knife. If this be correct, our name Knife might also come in here, parallel with Knipe, and also Knyvet as probably a diminutive. Also Napkin, another diminutive = Germ. _knabchen_. PIM, PYM. The father of the Lombard king Rachis was called Pimo. There is also a Pymma about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. As to the origin of the name, I am unable to offer any suggestion. It may be, as Stark opines, a contraction of some compound name. WAMBEY, WAMPEN. Wamba was the name of a West-Gothic king in the seventh century, and there was also a deacon of the same name a few years earlier. I do not know of it as an Anglo-Saxon name, but I suppose Scott must have had some authority for introducing it as the name of the jester in _Ivanhoe_. The only derivation that can be suggested is from the Goth. _wamba_, belly, giving it the meaning of "paunchey." But it was not a nickname in the case of the Gothic king, for he bore it upon his coins, and it is difficult, as Stark observes, to suppose such a name for a king. Finding, however, on certain of his coins the variation Wanba, Stark is inclined to think that it may be a contraction of some name such as Wanbert. Was it by literary intuition that Scott pitched upon such a name for the jester, or did he know of its supposed meaning of "paunchey"? The name may be represented in our Wambey, though it is perhaps quite as likely to be from some Danish place-name in _by_, such as Wanby or Wandby. Wampen, however, if there is such a stem, might be placed to it. STRANG, STRONG, STRANK, STRANGWARD, STRANGWICK, STRINGLE, STRINGFELLOW. There are two A.S. forms, _strang_ and _streng_, represented in the above. The only Anglo-Saxon names that I can find are a Stranglic dux in a charter of Ina, and a Streng, found in Strengeshô, "Streng's grave-mound." Stranglic is the A.S. _stranglic_, strong, and looks like a sobriquet which had superseded his original name. Streng might be the same as far as it is itself concerned, but there is an O.G. Strangulf (_ulf_, wolf) which, along with our own names Strangward and Strangwick, strongly suggests an ancient baptismal name, and a formation in accordance with the Teutonic system. The last name, Stringfellow, must have been a sobriquet,--it probably represents a mediæval Strengfelaw, and has been rather curiously corrupted, owing to the meaning of _streng_ not being recognised. STRAY, STRAW, STRETCH, STREEK, STRAIN, STRICKETT, STRAIGHT. Closely allied to _strang_ and _streng_ are A.S. _strac_ and _strec_, violent, powerful, brave, whence I take the above. The only ancient names to correspond are an O.G. Strago, ninth century, and Strocgo, eighth century. Strain and Straight represent respectively the forms Stragin and Stragget, formed with the endings in _en_ and in _et_ referred to in Chapter II. STARK, STARKIE, STARR, STARCH, STURGE, STURGIN, STURGEON, STERICKER. From the A.S. _stearc_, _sterc_, O.H.G. _starah_, _starh_, stiff, strong, I take the above. This form _starc_ seems formed by metathesis from the above _strac_,--indeed, all the three forms, _strang_, _strack_, and _stark_, are etymologically very closely allied. This stem enters distinctly into the Teutonic system, but besides the simple form Stark, corresponding with O.G. Starco and Staracho, we have only Stericker, corresponding with an O.G. Starcher (_her_, warrior). EAVESTAFF, LANGSTAFF, WAGSTAFF, HACKSTAFF, SHAKESTAFF, COSTIFF. These names ending in _staff_ might naturally be taken to have been sobriquets, to be classed along with Shakespear, Breakspear, and other names of the same kind. But as regards two of them at least, Hackstaff and Shakestaff, there may be something more to be said. There is an ending _staf_ in Teutonic names, for which Grimm, referring to Gustaf, thinks of O.H.G. _stab_, A.S. _staf_, staff,--in the sense, as I should suppose, of baton, or staff of office. There are only discovered as yet two Old German names with this ending, Chustaff and Sigestab. The former, which seems to be from _cunst_ or _cust_, science, learning, may be the original of the Swedish Gustaf, and possibly of Costiff, one of the curious names gathered by Mr. Lower. Corresponding with the O.G. Sigestab, we find an A.S. Sigistef, a moneyer of Coenwulf. And there is also a Hehstaf, witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69). Shakestaff, then, might be a not very difficult corruption of Sigestef (which in the form of Sicestaf would approach still nearer). And Hackstaff might represent the A.S. Hehstaf, in which the second _h_ was no doubt strongly aspirated, and might be more like a hard _c_. I, however, only bring this forward as a possible explanation; there is quite as much to be said for the other view, unless other ancient names turn up. NAGLE, NAIL, HARTNOLL, DARNELL, TUFFNELL, HORSENAIL, HOOFNAIL, ISNELL, BRAZNELL, COPPERNOLL. There is in my view no more curious or puzzling set of names than those which, as above, are derived from _nagel_ or nail, clavis. It appears to me, though the line is difficult to draw, that they may be divided into two groups, one of which is the representative of ancient baptismal names, and the other of surnames of a later, perhaps a mediæval, date. Connected with the former we have Nagle and Nail, corresponding with an O.G. Nagal, ninth century, and an A.S. Negle and Næle, found in place-names, p. 101. Then there are two Old German compounds, Hartnagal (hard nail) and Swarnagal (heavy nail), respectively of the eighth and ninth centuries. The former of these two names we have as Hartnoll, and the Germans have it as Härtnagel. Then I find two more examples among the Anglo-Saxons, Spernægle in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and Dearnagle in a place-name, p. 98. Spernægle is "spear-nail," and Dearnagle is probably the same, from O.N. _dörr_, spear. The latter of these two names we seem to have as Darnell, and the Germans as Thürnagel. Then we have Tuffnell, which, as Mr. Lower mentions, was in the seventeenth century spelt Tufnaile, and might be taken to mean "tough-nail," but for this we find no corresponding ancient name. There is a Celtic Dufnal, to which, as being a name adopted from them by the Northmen, and so having an increased chance of being represented, it might perhaps be placed. But if this be the case (which I rather doubt), it would have nothing to do with the present group. The sense in these ancient names may be taken to be a warlike one, as in the case of other names having the meaning of point or edge, acies. We find Nægling as the name given by an Anglo-Saxon to his sword, in accordance with the ancient custom, prevalent both among the Celts and the Saxons, of giving names to weapons, and this assists to point the meaning as that of edge, acies. And it seems to me hardly necessary to assume, with Mone (_Heldensage_), any connection with the mythological smith, Weland. Then there is another set of names of which we have a considerable number, and the Germans still more, which appear to have been given at a later period, and to be perhaps, at least in some cases, derived from trade. Such are Horsnail, and the corresponding German Rosnagel; Hoofnail, and the German Hufnagel; while there are others, such as Isnell (iron nail), Coppernoll (and Germ. Kupfernagel), about which I hardly know what to think. HONE, HEAN, HEANEY, ONKEN, ENNOR, HONNER, HENFREY, ENRIGHT, ONWHYN, ENOUGH. A very common stem in A.S. names is _ean_, the meaning of which remains yet unexplained. We seem to have received it both in the Low German form _ean_ and the High German form _aun_ or _on_. The Honingas (Oningas) among the early settlers must, I think, be placed to it. It is very apt to intermix with another stem _an_, to which I formerly placed a few names which I think should come in here. Stem _ean_, _en_, _aun_, _on_. A.S. Eana, Enna (found in Ennanbeorh), Hean (found in Heanspôl, &c). Also Onna (found in Onnandun). Hona, found in Honingas. Ona, _Lib. Vit._ O.G. Ono, Oni. Eng. Hean, Heaney, Hone. Fries. Onno. _Diminutive._ A.S. Honekyn (found in Honekyntûn, now Hankerton). Eng. Onken. _Compounds._ (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Eanfrith--O.G. Aunefrit, Onfred--Eng. Henfrey.[55] (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Onheri--O.N. Onar--Eng. Honnor, Ennor. (_Rad_, _Red_, counsel), A.S. Eanred--O.G. Onrada--Eng. Enright (=Enrat?). (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Eanwini, Inwine (found in Inwines burg)--Eng. Onwhyn. (_Wulf_, wolf), A.S. Eanulf--O.G. Aunulf brother of Odoaker, fifth century--Eng. Enough. (_Ward_ guardian), Eng. Onword. IMPEY, EMPEY, HEMP, HAMP, HAMPER, HEMPER. Mr. Kemble finds Impingas in Impington, in Cambridgeshire, though it would seem incorrectly, as far as the tribe or family is concerned, the name being only that of a man, Impin. The name Impa is found also in Ympanleage, in Worcestershire. A sufficient meaning may perhaps be found in A.S. _impan_, to plant, engraft. To this stem I place Impey, Hemp, and probably Hamp, while Hamper and Hemper may be compounds (_hari_, warrior). There is a stem _umb_ in Old German names, which may perhaps claim relationship. CAUNCE, CHANCE, CHANCEY, CHANCELL, CANSICK, KENSAL, KENSETT. The Cenesingas, found by Kemble in Kensington, would, if the Anglo-Saxons had possessed the requisite letters, have been better represented by Kenzingas, being, as I take it, from a stem _ganz_, _genz_, _kenz_, referred by Foerstemann to _ganz_, integer. I am inclined to take our names Chance, Chancey, &c., to represent the form _kanz_ in a softened form, come to us through the Normans. The forms of the name in the _Roll of Battle Abbey_, Kancey, Cauncy, and Chauncy, and the present French names, Cance, Chanceau, and Chanzy, seem to be in conformity with this view. The French seem to have some other names from the same stem, as Cançalon (O.G. Gansalin) and Gantzère (O.G. Gentsar). The forms Cansick, Kensal (both diminutives, and the latter answering to Chancel), and Kensett, may be taken to represent the native form of the stem as found in Kenzingas. SNOAD, SNODIN, SNOWDEN (?), SNODGRASS. Of the Snotingas, who gave the name to Snotingaham, now Nottingham, we have not many traces, either in Anglo-Saxon times or at present. There are three Anglo-Saxon names, Snode, Snodd, and Snoding, derived from place-names, p. 102. In Old German names it only occurs as the ending of two or three names of women. The meaning is to be found in A.S. _snot_, prudent, sagacious. The name Snodgrass may be a compound from this stem as a corruption of Snodgast, though no ancient correspondent has turned up,--compare Prendergrass, p. 114. THRALE. This is a very uncommon name; I never knew of an instance other than that of the brewer who is handed down to posterity as the friend of Johnson. So also in ancient times there is only one name on record, Thralo, for which Foerstemann proposes Old Friesic, _thrall_, swift, nimble. EARWAKER, EDDIKER. The curious-looking name Earwaker is no doubt the same as an Eueruacer (Everwacer), in _Domesday_, from _evor_, boar, and _wacar_, watchful, and it is of interest as supplying a missing link in the study of Old German names. For the Old German name corresponding to this appears as Eburacer, and while some other German writers have taken the ending to be _acer_ (Eng. _acre_), Foerstemann has, rightly as it is proved, suggested that it is a contraction of _wacer_. Similarly the ancient name Odoacer, of the king of the Heruli, is proved by corresponding Anglo-Saxon names, Edwaker in a charter of manumission at Exeter, and Edwacer on coins minted at Norwich (A.S. _ed_ = O.H.G. _od_), to be properly Odwacer. From this A.S. Edwaker may be our name Eddiker; and some others of our names, as _Goodacre_ and _Hardacre_, may represent ancient names not yet turned up.[56] The second part of the compound, _wacer_ (whence our _Waker_), is itself a very ancient stem, being found on the one hand in the Wacer(ingas), among the early Saxon settlers, and on the other in the name Vacir, probably Frankish, on Roman pottery. SHAWKEY, CHALKEY, CHALK, CAULK, KELK, CHALKLEN, CALKING, CHALKER, CHAUCER. We may take it that our name Shawkey (Shalkey) is the same as an A.S. Scealc, p. 101, and as an O.G. Scalco, from _scalc_, servant. And the question is, whether our names Caulk, Chalk, and Chalkey, corresponding with an A.S. Cealca (found apparently in Cealcan gemero), and our name Kelk, corresponding with an A.S. Celc, p. 98, may not be forms of the same name without the initial _s_. Or whether they may be, as I before suggested, from the tribe-name of the Chauci or Cauci, one of the peoples included in the Frankish confederation. Of such a stem, however, there is not any trace in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, which one might rather expect to be the case, seeing how fully Old Frankish names are therein represented. However, I am not able to come to any definite conclusion respecting this stem, which the forms above cited show to be an ancient one. The French names Chaussy, Chaussée, Cauche, Cauchy, seem to be in correspondence, as also Chaussier, comparing with Chaucer, which, as a softened form, I think may have come through the Normans. FOOTNOTES: [54] Kemble explains Cnebba as "he that hath a beak," which would seem to make it a sobriquet. But it certainly seems more reasonable to bring it into an established stem. [55] This name might also be deduced from another stem. [56] Unless, as seems possible, Goodacre may represent the Old German name Gundachar. CHAPTER X NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM. It follows inevitably that, among the multitude of names such as are included within the scope of this work, there must be many which, though being of ancient origin, accidentally coincide with other words of modern meaning. And thus there are several which might be taken to be from names of women, such as the following:-- ANNE, NANNY, BETTY, SALL, MOLL, PEGG, BABB, MAGG, MEGGY, MAY, MAYO, NELLY, LUCY, KITTY, HANNAH, MAUDE. These are all English surnames, and have sometimes been accounted for on the supposition of illegitimacy. Now, I am very much inclined to doubt the existence, at least in England, of any names derived from women, inasmuch as in the whole range of our surnames I do not know of one that is _unmistakably_ so derived. There is certainly a case, referred to at p. 57, of a surname ending in _trud_, a specially female ending, but, as I have there remarked, it does not necessarily follow that the word is the same as that used in women's names. There is, moreover, another name which a little puzzles me, _Goodeve_, which looks as if it were from the A.S. Godgefa, later Godiva. This is from a special female ending, and I know of no corresponding masculine. But this might be an exceptional case, for I doubt not that many a child in England, and possibly even boys, with an unwonted masculine ending, might be called after the noble woman who freed her people from the tax-- "And made herself an everlasting name." However, whether this might be so or not, the case seems scarcely sufficient of itself to establish the principle. And with regard to names such as those of which I am now treating, the resemblance is only apparent, and, as I shall proceed to show, these are all in reality ancient names of men. Anna, for instance, was a king of the East Angles, and Moll the name of a king of Northumbria. Anna, Betti, Salla, Moll, Pega, are early men's names in the _Liber Vitæ_, and all of the above are to be found in some kindred form in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And some of these names still bear their ancient meaning on their front, thus Pegg is the "pegger," and Moll (or Maule, the more proper form) is the "mauler," the stem being referred to Goth. _mauljan_, to maul. To take, then, these names in order, Anne, which corresponds with many ancient names besides that of the king of the East Angles, among others with that of an Anna, Archbishop of Cologne in the eleventh century, may be referred to O.H.G. _ano_, ancestor. And Hannah (more properly Hanna) is, with the ending in _a_, p. 24, the same as Hanney and Hann, probably from the same stem, the _h_ being falsely assumed. Nanny corresponds with an O.G. Nanno, referred to Goth. _nanthian_, audere. Betty, along with which we must take Batty, is to be referred to A.S. _beado_, O.H.G. _bado_, war, found in many ancient names. Sall, along with Sala, is from a stem, p. 62, supposed by Foerstemann to mean dark. Kitty, along with Kitt and Kitto, and also Kidd, corresponding with an A.S. Cydd, p. 98, and a Cyda, in the _Liber Vitæ_, is from a stem _gid_, _kit_, referred to A.S. _giddian_, to sing. Babb, corresponding with an A.S. Babba, the name of a moneyer, and other ancient names, is from a stem which Foerstemann thinks must have been originally derived from "children's speech." Magg and Meggy, corresponding with an A.S. Mæg and Mecga, and an O.G. Megi, are from a stem referred to Goth. _magan_, posse, valere; and May, along with Mayo, corresponding with an O.G. Maio, and perhaps with a Maio on Roman pottery, is a softened form of the same. Lucy corresponds with an O.G. Liuzi, a High German form from _liud_, people, and I think must have come to us through the Normans. Nelly, along with Knell, is referred to at p. 161, as probably from O.N. _hnalla_, to beat. Maude stands on a somewhat different footing from the rest, the surname being really in this case from the same origin as the woman's name. But the woman's name, as I shall endeavour to show in the next chapter, owes its origin to an ancient mistake, and is properly a man's name. _Names apparently from Animals._ Many of the names apparently from animals are also to be otherwise explained. A few of the nobler animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the boar, are to be found in the names of men throughout the Teutonic system. The lion also and the horse occur, though by no means so commonly. The _urus_, or wild ox, appears to have contributed a few names, of which our _Ure_ may be one. I have met with the fox in one single instance, that of a Northman, Füks, on a runic inscription quoted by Stevens, though it is rather probable that Foxes beorh, "Fox's barrow" (Kemble, _Cod. Dip._), may also be from the name of a man. Among birds, the eagle, the raven, and the swan were common throughout the Teutonic system, the last, among the Germans, more especially in the names of women. To account for this, Weinhold observes that along with the beauty of the swan was contained a warlike sense derived from the swan plumage of the maids of Odin. But among the Danes and the Saxon sea-rovers Swan seems to have been common as a man's name, and in this case the idea was more probably that of the way in which the swan rides the waters as the ideal of a rover's life. The eagle, the raven, the swan, the hawk, and the finch seem to be found in the Earningas, the Ræfningas, the Suaningas, the Haucingas, and the Fincingas, among our early settlers, though the two last do not seem to occur in the Teutonic system generally. I doubt all names that appear to be from fishes, and, with one notable exception, all names that appear to be from reptiles or insects. That exception is the snake, which was in special favour for the names of men among the Danes and Northmen, there being no fewer than twenty-four men called Ormr (worm or snake) in the _Landnamabôk_ of Iceland. Hence the name _Orme_, rather common among us, and the Saxon form _Worm_, not by any means common. Among the Germans the snake was, according to Weinhold, who looks upon it as the type of fascination and insinuation, in especial favour for the names of women. The two principal words in use among them were _lind_ (O.H.G. _lint_, snake) and _ling_ (O.N. _lingvi_, serpent). Hence may be our _Lind_ and _Lindo_, corresponding with an O.G. Linto; and _Ling_ and _Lingo_, corresponding with an O.G. Lingo, and an O.N. Lingi. But both of these derivations are somewhat uncertain, and especially the former, for I venture to think that _lind_, gentle, is at least as appropriate for women as _lind_, snake. To come then to the names which I take to be otherwise explained. CAMEL, LEOPARD, BUCK, PIGG, RABBIT, CAT, RAT, MOUSE, SQUIRRELL. GOOSE, GOSLING, GANDER, DUCK, DUCKLING, OSTRICH, LARK, WREN. FISH, SHARK, DOLPHIN, SALMON, TROUT, WHITING, SMELT, HADDOCK, HERRING, TUNNY, SPRATT, MINNOW, LAMPREY. MOTH, MOTE, FLY, FLEA, EARWIG, EMMETT. Of the above, Camel is another form of Gamol, signifying old; there is a Northman called Kamol in a runic inscription in Stevens. Leopard (see p. 151) is a corruption of Liubhard. Buck is found among the early Saxon settlers, also as an O.G. Bucco, and a Buccus, rather probably German, on Roman pottery, and may be taken to be another form of Bugg, p. 3. Pigg, corresponding with an O.G. Pigo, must be referred to the same stem as Pegg, viz. _bichen_, to slash. Rabbit is no doubt the same as a Rabbod, a "Duke of the Frisians" mentioned by Roger of Wendover, a contraction of Radbod, p. 119. Catt, along with Cattey, is another form of Gatty, corresponding with an O.G. Gatto (_gatten_, to unite). Ratt, corresponding with a French Ratte, may be referred to an O.G. Rato (_rad_ or _rat_, counsel). Along with Mouse I take Moss, also a present German Muss, and a French Mousse, all of which may be referred to an O.G. Muoza, a High German form of _môd_, _môt_, courage; this name having rather probably come to us through the Normans. Squirrell I have referred to at p. 160. Goose and Gosling I also take to have probably come to us through the Normans, as representing a High German form of the stem _gaud_ (supposed to mean Goth). There are to compare French names Gousse, Gosselin, Josselin, corresponding with Old German names Gauso and Gauzelin, the latter a diminutive. Hence also, as a Christian name, Jocelyn, of Old Frankish origin, come to us through the Normans. Gander is from an A.S. Gandar, referred to in its place as a compound of _gand_, probably signifying wolf. Duck, corresponding with a Duce (hard _c_) in the _Liber Vitæ_, is another form of Tuck, as in the Tucingas, early settlers in Kemble's list, from the stem _dug_, A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty." And Duckling, corresponding with an A.S. Duceling, p. 98, and an O.G. Dugelin, is a diminutive (like Gosling) from the same stem. Ostrich represents an O.G. Austoric, and an A.S. Estrich (_Auster_ or _Easter_ orientalis). Wren, along with Rennie and Renno, is from a stem referred to _ran_, rapine; though it may also be the same name as Rain, from _ragin_, counsel. Lark and Laverock are perhaps a little uncertain; we find Anglo-Saxon names Lauerc, Lauroca, and Laferca, which might be from the A.S. _laferc_, O.E. _laverock_, lark. On the whole, however, I am rather more disposed to take them to be from Lafer among the early settlers (not I think a compound) with the diminutive ending _ec_, and similarly I would take Leverett to be formed from the same word, _lafer_ or _lefer_, with the (perhaps also diminutive) ending _et_. Coming to names apparently from fishes, I question very much whether Fiske and Fish are from A.S. _fisc_, pisces, though Foerstemann, in default of a better, gives that meaning in an ancient name, Fisculf. I think it is one of the cases in which a meaning is to be got from the Celtic, and take it that the Welsh _ffysg_, impetuous, supplies the sense that is required, of which also some slight traces are to be found in Teutonic dialects. Shark and Sharkey I take to be the same name as Sere in the _Liber Vitæ_, from A.S. _serc_, Sco. "sark," shirt, in the sense of a shirt of mail. It is formed, according to Diefenbach, upon a stem _sar_ or _ser_, signifying armatura, p. 62; whence an O.G. Saracho, corresponding with the above. The Sercings are a tribe or family mentioned in the "Traveller's Song," and in connection with the Serings: "With the Sercings I was, and with the Serings." The connection between the two, however, is here probably only for the sake of the alliteration. Dolphin is the Danish name Dolgfinnr, p. 48. There was a Dolfin, presumably of Scandinavian origin, governor of Carlisle in the time of Rufus. Herring and Whiting are both from the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, p. 28, and Haddock, with the M.G. Hädicke, is a diminutive from the stem _had_, war, p. 54. Tunny, along with Tunn and Tunno (Tunna, _Lib. Vit._), is another form of Dunn, a common Anglo-Saxon name. Spratt I class along with Sprout and Sprott, comparing them with an O.G. Sprutho, as from Goth, _sprauto_, nimble, active. And Minnow, along with Minn and Minney, corresponding with an O.G. Minna, may be taken to be from A.S. _myn_, love, affection. Salmon is the same as an O.G. Salaman, from, as supposed, _salo_, dark; and Trout may be the same as an O.G. Truto, probably signifying beloved. Smelt may be taken to be from A.S. _smelt_, gentle; it occurs once as the name of an Anglo-Saxon, but does not seem to be a word entering into the Teutonic system, and may have been originally a sobriquet. Lamprey I have already referred to, p. 115, as a probable corruption of Landfred. Of names apparently from insects, Moth and Mote (Mote, _Hund. Rolls_) are probably the same as an O.G. Moata, from _môd_, _môt_, courage, German _muth_. Fly and Flea are included in a stem, p. 159; and Emmet may be taken to be from A.S. _emita_, quies, found in several ancient names. Earwig I have taken, p. 49, to be a contraction of Evorwig, as Earheart of Everhard, and Earwaker of Evorwacer.[57] Many other names of the same sort might be adduced, but those I have given will I think be sufficient for the purpose. _Names apparently from Office or Occupation_: LORD, EARL, ABBOTT, NUNN, BISHOP, PRIEST, ALDERMAN, PRENTICE, PRINCE, HAYWARD, HOWARD, ANGLER, ARCHER, AUTHER, FARRIER, HURLER, PLAYER, MARINER, WARNER, WALKER, PLOWMAN, ARKWRIGHT, HARTWRIGHT, SIEVEWRIGHT, GOODWRIGHT. Lord, as noted at p. 158, can hardly be from A.S. _hlaford_, Eng. lord. Earl, however, along with Early, seems to be the same word as Eng. "earl," though as a name entering into the Teutonic system it is only a word of general honorific meaning, and may not represent any man who ever bore the title. Abbott I take to be the same as an A.S. Abbod, p. 96, the stem being, as supposed, from Goth. _aba_, man. Nunn, along with Nunney and Noon, compares with Nun, the name of a kinsman of Ina, king of Wessex, and with O.G. Nunno and Nunni, the meaning of which seems somewhat obscure. Bishop, at least in its origin, can hardly have been from the office, for there is a Biscop in the genealogy of the kings of the Lindisfari, who must of course have been a heathen. The name in this case may be a compound of _bis_ (closely allied to _bas_, p. 5) and A.S. _côf_, strenuous, which we find as the ending of some other A.S. names. But after the advent of Christianity, a man, though inheriting the old name, would no doubt wear it with a difference. Priest must, I think, be what it seems, there is a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 69) whose name is Preost, and whose description is "presbyter"; his original name, whatever it was, must have been so completely superseded by that of his office that at last he accepted it himself, and signed accordingly. Alderman I have taken, p. 116, to be, even in Anglo-Saxon times, a corruption. Such a name, as derived from office, could hardly be borne by an Anglo-Saxon, unless, indeed, as a sobriquet, superseding his original name. So also Prentice, from an A.S. Prentsa, I take to be due to a corruption in Anglo-Saxon times. I am not sure that Prince may not be from the same name, Prentsa, dropping the vowel-ending and becoming Prents. A name which has been mistakenly supposed to be from some office of agricultural oversight is Hayward; it is however an ancient name, more properly Agward or Egward. Howard, which has been sometimes confounded with it, is an entirely different name, the O.N. Hâvardr (_hâ_, high), introduced I think by the Danes or Northmen. Some names formed with _wright_, as Arkwright, Hartwright, Sievewright, and Goodwright, will be found in their places in Chapter III. as, according to my view, ancient compounds. I might perhaps add Boatwright, from an O.G. Buotrit, and also Cheesewright, for which we have the stem, p. 155, though no ancient form to represent this particular compound. The Wrihtingas, in Kemble's list of early settlers, I take to be properly Ritingas, from a stem _rit_, supposed to be the same as Eng. "ride," though perhaps in an older and more general sense of rapid motion. Many names ending in _er_, as Ambler, Angler, Archer, Auther, &c., are in reality from an ancient ending in _har_, signifying warrior. Ambler represents an O.G. Amalher, p. 42, Angler an O.G. Angilher, p. 42, Archer an O.G. Erchear, p. 42, and Auther an O.G. Authar, p. 42. Farrier, along with Ferrier, may represent an O.G. Feriher, p. 49, and Hurler an O.G. Erlehar, from the stem _erl_ already referred to. Gambler represents an O.G. Gamalher, and Player is the same as an A.S. Plegher, from _pleg_, play, probably the play of battle. Then we have Mariner and Marner, which, with French Marinier and Marnier, may be referred to an O.G. Marnehar (_mar_, famous), and in a similar manner Warrener and Warner may be taken to be from an O.G. Warnehar (Warin = Wern). Among names of this class we may also include Walker, of which there is abundant instance as an ancient name. Kemble has Wealceringas among the early settlers, as well as also Wealcingas representing the stem on which it is formed, probably A.S. _wealh_, stranger. There was in after Anglo-Saxon times a Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne, and Ualcar is found in a runic inscription in Stevens; while, as O.G. names, we have Walachar and Walchar, and as a present German name we have Walcher. However, in view of the commonness of this name, it is perhaps only reasonable to suppose an admixture from A.S. _wealcere_, a fuller. I may here observe that this same ending, _har_, so common in ancient names, give us many names which have the appearance of a comparative, such as _Harder_, _Paler_, _Richer_, &c., and in its other form, _hari_, many names such as _Armory_, _Buttery_, _Gunnery_, _Flattery_, which we have also in the other form as _Armor_, _Butter_, _Gunner_, and _Flatter_ (_flat_, formosus). _Names apparently from Times and Seasons._ The names of this sort have generally been supposed to be derived from a person having been born at some particular time. That there are names of this sort, such as Christmas, Noel, and Midwinter, we cannot for a moment doubt, but, judging by the early records of our names, they are of very rare occurrence, and I conceive that in the majority of cases names of such appearance are to be otherwise accounted for. SUNDAY, MONDAY, FRIDAY, HOLIDAY, LOVEDAY, HOCKADAY, PENTECOST, LAMMAS, LAMAISON, SUMMER, WINTER, JANUARY. Sunday may be Sunda, comparing with an O.G. Sundo, and an A.S. Sunta, perhaps from _sund_, sea. Similarly Munday may be Munda, to be referred, along with Mundy, to _mund_, protection, and comparing with an O.G. Mundo. The other four names ending in _day_ seem to represent ancient compounds, and in what sense these were given it is difficult to say. Friday corresponds with an O.G. Frittag and with an A.S. Frigedæg, p. 99, Holiday with an O.G. Halegdag, Loveday (Luiedai in Domesday) with an O.G. Liopdag (_liub_, love), and Hockaday, with a present French Hocedé, with an O.G. Hodag (_hoh_ or _hoch_, high). From the character of these names, compounded with "high," "holy," "peace," and "love," they might be supposed to have been given in a religious sense, and their date, the ninth century, would be in conformity. The Anglo-Saxon name Frigedæg, it will be observed, is from the same word as our "Friday," and not the same as the Old German name, which is from _frid_, peace. But it seems to me quite possible that the Anglo-Saxons, having received the name, might mistake its meaning and spell it according to their own views. This they seem to do in some other cases, as, for instance, the stem _wit_, common to the Teutonic system, and rather probably from _wid_, wood, they seem to take as from _wiht_, man, and spell it accordingly. Summer and Winter are both ancient names; in the _Cod. Dip. Alamanniæ_ there are two brothers called respectively Sumar and Winter, A.D. 858. Winter was also the name of one of the companions of Hereward the Saxon. Pentecost I have elsewhere supposed, p. 120, to be a corruption of Pentecast, as an ancient name. I rather doubt Lammas, which is found as Lammasse in the _Hundred Rolls_, and which corresponds with a French Lamas. Lamisso was the name of a Lombard king of the fifth century, and was derived, according to an old chronicler, from _lama_, water, because in his youth the king had been rescued from drowning--a derivation which may perhaps be regarded with some suspicion. Taking Lammas then as the representative of an ancient name, we might get from it our name Lamaison (ending in _en_, p. 27), though if Lammas were from the diminutive ending is, _es_, p. 32, it could not take a German _en_ in addition; in this case the ending must be Romanic, which, from the French form of the name, seems very possible. As to the name January, I am inclined to look upon it as a corruption of another name, Jennery, which, along with Jenner, I take to be the same as the Old German names Genear and Ginheri, from, as supposed, _gan_, magic or fascination. _Names apparently from Parts of the Body._ HEAD, BODY, ARMS, LEGG, LEGGY, LEGLESS, FINGER, HEART, EARHEART, SIDE, BACK, ELBOW, FOOTE, TONGUE. (LAWLESS, BOOKLESS, FAIRLESS, RECKLESS), FAIRFOOT, TRUEFITT. With the exception of Foote and Tongue, I do not think that any of the above are what they seem. Head seems to be probably the same as A.S. Hedda, which, like another name, Hada, seems to be from _had_, war. Body is clearly from _bodi_, messenger, p. 157, and Arms is from an ancient origin, p. 19. Legg I take to be the same as Law, A.S. _lag_, found in several ancient names. Hence I take Legless to be the same as Lawless, and both to mean "learned in the law," from an ancient ending _leis_, explained by Foerstemann as "learned." This gives something like a meaning to some other names, as Bookless; "book-learned"; Fairless, "travel-learned"; perhaps Reckless (A.S. _reccan_, to reck, understand). Finger is a Scandinavian name, p. 50, Heart is a false spelling of _hart_, hard, and Earheart is Everard, p. 49. Side is from an A.S. Sida, p. 93, and Back (Bacca and Bacga in the _Lib. Vit._) is another form of Bagge, _bagan_, to contend. Elbow I take to be Elbo, from _alb_ or _alf_, signifying "elf." Foote may be taken to be what it seems, though I think that such a name must have had a vowel-ending, as its meaning must be "footy," _i.e._ nimble, as "handy," from hand. Comparing with our Foote there is a name Fus on Roman pottery, which, see p. 4, it is clear from his little joke, that the owner took to be from _fus_, foot. It does not follow, as a matter of course, that the old potter knew the meaning of his own name; there is a word _funs_, sometimes _fus_, occurring in O.G. names in the supposed meaning of eager; this word would more appropriately be used without a vowel-ending than would _fus_, foot. Foerstemann has a name, Fussio, which does not, however, throw any light upon it. Another name, however, also found on Roman pottery, Lytafus, corresponding with our Lightfoot, rather seems to favour the meaning of _fus_, foot. Two other names of a similar kind to Lightfoot are Fairfoot (properly Farefoot; _faran_, to go, travel), and Truefitt (properly Truefoot) a name like Treubodi, p. 26. The last name, Tongue, corresponds with an O.G. Tungo, which I take to be from _tung_, lingua, probably in the sense of eloquence. We must presume the name not to be High German. _Names apparently from Trees._ Names from trees have been generally taken to be derived from a local origin, as marking the site of a man's habitation. There are, however, a number of names which I take in some, or in all cases, to be from a different origin. ASH, ASKE, ASKEY, BEECH, BIRCH, ALDER, OAKE, OAKEY, IVY, LINDEN, THORNE, HASELL, WILLOW, SYCAMORE, CHESNUT, ROWANTREE. Aske or Ashe represents an ancient stem in Teutonic names, perhaps derived from a mythological origin, man being feigned to have been created out of an ash-tree, perhaps from being the wood out of which spears were made (Cf. _Asquith_, p. 148). The Ascingas were among the early settlers, and Æsc was the name of the son of Hengest. Hence I take our names, Ash, Aske, and Askey, with several compounds. The Bircingas were also among the early settlers; the stem seems to be _birg_, supposed to mean protection, and entering into a number of names throughout the Teutonic system. Alder, which corresponds with an A.S. Aldher, and an O.G. Althar, is a compound of _ald_, old, and _hari_, warrior. The oak, as the symbol of strength, would seem suitable for men's names, but upon the whole it seems more probable that Oake and Oakey, Aikin (A.S. Acen, p. 96) and Aikman (A.S. Æcemann, p. 96), are from _ac_, _ec_, perhaps "edge," acies. Ivy is the same as Ive with a vowel-ending, and compares with an O.G. Ivo, and an A.S. Iffa, perhaps from O.N. _yfa_, to rage. Linden is from _lind_, p. 175, with the ending in _en_, p. 27. Hasel and Thorn are both found in the list of early settlers, the former I take to be properly Asel, corresponding with an O.G. Asilo, from _as_ or _os_, semideus; the latter, which does not seem to occur in the Teutonic system generally, I rather suppose to be a contraction of O.N. _thoran_, boldness. Willow, along with Will and Willey, is also found in the list of early settlers, and corresponds with an O.G. Willo, perhaps from _will_ in the sense of resolution. Sycamore is from an O.G. Sicumar, p. 162, and Chestnut is referred to at p. 155. Rowantree is no doubt from the tree, and may perhaps have reference to its supposed magical powers. Rointru is also a French name, perhaps a relic of the many Scotchmen who have at different times taken refuge in that country, though possibly of older origin. There are a few other names which may be included here. STUBBE, STUBBING, GROVE (GRUBB), TWIGG, SPRIGG (TWINE, TWINING, TWISS, SPRAGUE, SPRACK, SPARK, SPRACKLIN, SPRECKLY). Stubbe might be taken to be of local origin, for nothing would be more appropriate to mark a locality than a stub. But the patronymic Stubbing points to an origin of a different kind, and moreover we find Stubingas among the early settlers. And there was also a Stuf, nephew of Cerdic, and a Northman called Stufr in the _Laxdæla-saga_. The origin is to be found in O.N. _stufr_, _stubbr_, A.S. _styb_, branch, shoot, probably in the honorific sense of race or lineage. I take Grove, along with which I put Grubb, to be from Germ. _grob_, Dan. _grov_, coarse, clumsy; but no doubt in an older sense more suitable for men's names, and probably cognate with Eng. "gruff," the idea being that of great size and strength. We find Grobb as an Anglo-Saxon name, p. 99, and Griubinc (son of Griub) as an Old German name, of which, however, Foerstemann does not offer any explanation. Grobe and Grove are present German names (the latter Low German), and Grub and Grubi are found in France. Here also I may take Twigg, corresponding with an A.S. Twicga, moneyer of St. Edmund, also with a Tuica found in Tuicanham, now Twickenham. I take it to be from the same root as "twig," viz. A.S. _tweg_, two, and to have perhaps the meaning of "twin." (Names of a similar kind may be Twine, with its patronymic Twining, and also Twiss, corresponding with an O.G. Zuiso, A.S. _twis_, twin.) Sprigg I class along with Sprague, Sprack, and Spark, corresponding with a Spraga in the _Lib. Vit._, as from O.N. _sprackr_, Prov. Eng. _spragg_, _sprack_, smart, active. We have also, as a diminutive, Spracklin, corresponding with a Spraclingus in the _Lib. Vit._, and we have Spreckley, probably the same name as that of Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, from O.N. _spræklegr_, sprightly. _Names apparently from Complexion or Colour of Hair._ Such names as Black, White, Brown, have been no doubt in many, probably in most cases, original surnames. Nevertheless they are also ancient baptismal names, and it is not by any means certain that these are from the same origin as the surnames. BLACK, BLACKER, BLAKE, BLANK, BLANCHARD, WHITE, BROWN, DUNN, GRAY, GREGG, CRAIG, MURCH, MURCHIE, SMIRKE. The Blacingas were among the early settlers. Blecca was the name of a governor of Lincoln, A.D. 627; Blaca is an early name in the _Liber Vitæ_, and Blac is a name in _Domesday_. I am inclined to take Black, along with Blake, to be (of course as an ancient name) the same word as _blic_, found in some Old German names, and to find the sense concerned in A.S. blican, to shine (which indeed is the root of _black_), hence to give it, like Bright, the sense of "illustrious." Hence I take our Blacker and the French Blacher to be the same as an O.G. Blicker (_hari_, warrior)--the ancient family of Blacker, I believe, trace their origin to Nancy. I further take Blank and Blanchard (_hard_, fortis) to be a nasalised form of the above, and to have the same meaning. The stem will be found in more detail p. 46. I take White, so far as it may be of ancient origin, not to be from colour; in some cases it may be from _wid_, wood, and perhaps in others from _wit_, wisdom. In Anglo-Saxon names it is spelt _wiht_, as if from _wiht_, man--Cf. O.G. Witgar, A.S. Wihtgar, O.G. Witleg, A.S. Wihtlæg, O.G. Widrad, A.S. Wihtræd, though, as I take it, it is the same word common to the Teutonic system. The Brownings (Brûningas) were also among the early settlers, and Brûn frequently occurs in after Anglo-Saxon times; among others there is a Brûn bydel, "Brown the beadle," in a charter of manumission. Bruno also occurs as an Old German name, and Brûni was not an uncommon name among the Northmen. I am rather disposed to question the derivation from brown, _fuscus_, and as in the case of Black, to take the sense contained in the root, which seems to be that of burning or brightness. One of the Northmen, called Brûni, was surnamed "the white," so that in his case, at any rate, the name was not derived from complexion. Dunn is another name that is found among the early settlers, and also in after Anglo-Saxon times. It seems to me to be at least as probably from O.N. _duna_, thunder, as from _dun_, fuscus. The Grægingas (A.S. _græeg_, grey) are also found in the list of early settlers, though the name does not seem to figure much in after Anglo-Saxon times. There are Old German names Grao and Grawo, and various compounds. The root-meaning seems to contain the sense of "horror," which may be that which is present in names, the idea being of course that of one who is a terror to others. As well as Gray, we have Gregg, and perhaps as another form Craig,[58] and the Germans have Grau. The Myrcingas among the early settlers may perhaps be represented in our Murch and Murchie (whence Murchison), possibly also in S(mirke). Whether the name is from A.S. _mirc_, dark, mirk, may be uncertain; Professor Skeat thinks of _marc_, limes, for the Myrcingas, who are probably the same as the Myrgingas of the "Traveller's Song." _Names apparently from Scriptural Personages._ While names taken from the eminent characters of Scripture have, ever since the advent of Christianity, been in favour for the names of men, there are among our surnames some names which we must reasonably suppose are to be otherwise explained. PHAROAH, HEROD, ESAU, CAIN, JAEL, POTIPHAR PUDDIFER (ABLARD). Of the above, Pharaoh is only a misleading spelling of an O.G. name Faro, perhaps come to us through the Normans. And Esau is a similar perversion of another O.G. name Eso, probably from _as_ or _os_, semi-deus. Cain is, along with Gain, from the name Gagin, Cagen, p. 10, probably signifying victory. Herod is, no doubt, the same as an A.S. Herrid in a charter of Wihtræd, from, as supposed, A.S. _herad_, principatus, found also in some Old German names. Jael I take to be most probably a softened form of Gale, from a stem referred to A.S. _galan_, to sing. Potiphar, along with Puddifer, a French Potefer, and perhaps a Low German Bötefur,[59] I take to represent an ancient name not turned up, from _bod_, _bud_, or _pot_, envoy or messenger, and _faran_, to travel, found as an ending in some Old German names. Abel is a name which, as frequently used for a Christian name, might also be found in surnames. But there is a Teutonic word _abal_, signifying strength, which may be more probably that which is found in the French Abeillard, with which we have a name Ablard to correspond. _Names apparently Descriptive of Moral Characteristics._ There are a number of names which, if they had been found as Christian names, might have been supposed to be of Puritan origin, but which as surnames must be otherwise accounted for. GOODHEART, STONEHEART, GODWARD, LOVEGOD, LOVEGOOD, LOVEMAN, MANLOVE, GOODLIFFE, FULLALOVE, GODLIMAN, GOODENOUGH, THOROUGHGOOD, HUMBLE, SAINT, BADMAN, PAGAN, BIGOT, GODDAM, SWEARS, SWEARING, SCAMP. Of the above, Goodheart and Stoneheart are compounds of _hart_, hard, pp. 53, 63. So also Godward Lovegod, Lovegood, Loveman, Manlove, Goodliffe, and Fullalove will be found in their places as ancient compounds in Chap. III. Godliman I take to be a corruption of an O.G. Godalmand (the _l_ being introduced in accordance with a principle referred to at p. 114) Goodenough is referred to at p. 119, and Thoroughgood at p. 120. Humble I take to be the same name as the German Humboldt, from an O.G. Hunbald, the ending _bald_ often in our names becoming _ble_. Saint I take to be the same as Sant, _sand_ or _sant_, verus, the stem on which is formed Sander in the list of early settlers. Of the names apparently of an opposite character, Badman, corresponding with a Badumon in the _Liber Vitæ_, is a compound of _bad_, war. Goddam stands for Godhelm as William for Willihelm. Swears and Swearing are explained, p. 160. Scamp corresponds with an O.G. Scemphio, derived by Foerstemann from O.H.G. _scimph_, jocus. This may possibly be the older sense of the word, and Scamp may have been nothing worse than a wag. Pagan, with its contracted form Paine, I have referred to p. 118. Bigot, along with Pigot, Pickett, and probably Beckett, and a Pigota and Picotus in the _Liber Vitæ_, may be the same as an A.S. Picced, p. 101, which I take to represent the form Pichad or Bighad, from the stem _big_, with _had_, war. There is, however, another explanation suggested by our name Bidgood. This name, for which the ancient equivalent has not turned up, seems to be from _bad_, war, and might have been Bidgod (for _god_ and _good_ constantly interchange), which would readily contract into Bigod or Bigot. _Names apparently from Nationalities._ While we have a number of names derived from nations or races in accordance with the Teutonic system, there are some others which might seem more obviously than most others to be from such an origin, and yet which must I think be referred to some other source. Three of these, England, Scotland, and Ireland, I have already referred to at p. 9. ENGLISH, INGLIS, ROMAN, NORMAN, GENESE, TURK, SPAIN. English I take to be a phonetic corruption of Inglis, which seems to be the same as an Ingliseus in the _Pol. Irm._, and which I rather suppose to be a transposition of an Anglo-Saxon Ingils, for Ingisil, from the stem _ing_, p. 56. Roman, I doubt not, is contracted from Rodman, p. 61, as Robert is from Rodbert, and Roland from Rodland. I introduce Norman here as not being, in my view, from "Norman" as we generally understand the term, but as representing more probably the word in its original sense of "Northman." Nordman was a Scandinavian name, and hence it is I think that we have the name, which seems to occur more especially in Scotland and the Danish districts of England. Genese I take to be most probably from the old Frankish name Genesius, perhaps from a stem _gan_, p. 52, with the ending in _es_, p. 33. Turk corresponds with an A.S. Turca, p. 111, which again is probably the same as a Gothic Turicus of the fifth century, a diminutive from the stem _dur_ or _tur_ found among the early settlers, and of uncertain meaning. Spain I take to be from the A.S. _spanan_, allicere, found in some ancient names, and from which I take to be our name Spenlove, (_leof_, dear) with the corruption, Spendlove. The name Spegen, corresponding with our Spain, occurs in the _Liber Vitæ_ more than once--Is its aspirated form due to the Northumbrian dialect? Of the names which are truly derived from nationality I will here only refer to one as an illustration of successive forms built one upon the other in accordance with the principle referred to in treating of the ending _en_, p. 27. BOY, BYE, PYE, BOYER, BYARD, BOYMAN, PYMAN, BEYERMAN, BYRON. There are three forms, the first representing the form _boi_, as found in the name of the Boii, who gave the name to Boioaria or Bavaria, the second representing the extended form found in German _Baviar_, the third the further extended form as found in _Bavarian_. SIMPLE FORM BOI. O.G. Boio, Beio, Peio, ninth century. A.S. Boia (in a charter of Cnut). Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Germ. Boye French, Boy, Boye, Poy, Poyé. _Compounds._ (_Hard_, fortis), Eng. Byard--French Boyard, Poyart--Italian Boiardo. (_Man_, vir), Eng. Boyman, Pyman. EXTENDED FORM BOYER. O.G. Baior, Peior, ninth century. English, Boyer, Byer. French, Boyer, Boyreau, Poyer. _Compound._ (_Man_, vir), English Beyerman. FURTHER EXTENDED FORM--BAVARIAN. O.G. Beiarin, eighth century. English Byron. French Boiron, Boyron. _Names apparently from abbreviated Christian names of men._ As I began this chapter with names apparently from women, such as Moll, Betty, Pegge, so now I propose to conclude it with names of a similar kind derived apparently from men. BILL, BILLY, BILLOW, WILL, WILLY, WILLOEE, WILKE, WILKIE, WILKIN, WILLIS, WILLING, DICK, DICKLE, TICKLE, DICKEN, BENN, BENNEY, BENNOCH, BENNELL, TOM, TOMB, TOOMEY, TOMEY, DUME, DUMMELOW, DUMBELL, TOMMELL, TOMLIN, DUMLIN, DUMPLIN, HARRY, JACK, JAGO, JACKLIN, BOBY, BOFFEY, BUBB, BOBBIN. No one would take our name Billing to be other than from the Anglo-Saxon Billing, of which so many traces are to be found in English place names. And no one, I venture to say, who looks into the subject, would dispute the ancient compounds formed on the stem, p. 45. Why then should any one doubt Bill himself, the father of them all, or Billy, ending in _i_, p. 24, and Billow, ending in _o_ and corresponding with an O.G. Bilo? Moreover the name is common to all the races who share with us in a Teutonic ancestry; the Germans have Bille, the Danes have Bille, and the French have Bille and Billey. The same remarks apply to Will, Willey, and Willoe, with the diminutives Wilke, Wilkie, Wilkin, Willis, patronymic Willing, and compounds, p. 66. Dick I take to be the same word as found in Ticcingas, and suggest for it the meaning of power or vigour which seems to lie at the root. Hence Dickle and Tickle are the same as the Diccel found in Diccelingas, and Dicken is the same as an A.S. Ticcen, p. 102, while Dixie (Dicksie) may be from the ending in _es_, p. 33. Benn and Benny represent the stem on which are formed the compounds, p. 45. We have also as diminutives Bennoch, corresponding with an O.G. Bennico, an A.S. Benoc (in the genealogy of Ida, king of Bernicia), and a name Bennic (Bennici manû), on Roman pottery; and Bennell, corresponding with a Gothic [Greek: Benilos], in Procopius, besides other names in correspondence with ancient forms. Tom has its vowel shortened, but I take it to be the same as Tomb, Toomey, Tomey, and Dume, probably from A.S. _dôm_, O.H.G. _tuom_, judgment, "doom," ancient names in correspondence being Toma, p. 111, Tumma _Lib. Vit._, and Tomy _Roll. Batt. Abb._ With regard to the last, I may observe that the French still have corresponding names, as Thomé, Tombe, Thom, Dome, &c. Then, as diminutives, we have Dummelow, Dumbell, and Tommell, corresponding with O.G. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila; and we have Tomlin, Dumlin (whence Dumplin), corresponding with O.G. Domlin, names in accordance with both of the above being also found in Germany and France. Harry, along with Harrow, and Harre, I take to represent the stem from which we have so many compounds, p. 55. Jack, along with Jago, and corresponding with an O.G. Jacco, I take to be from O.H.G. _jagon_, to hunt. Hence as a diminutive, we have Jacklin, corresponding with Jagelinus and Jachelinus (_Domesday_), and with present German Jacklin, and French Jacquelin. The stem seems to be somewhat better represented in French names than in English; among others they have Jacquard (_ward_, guardian), who gave his name to the Jacquard loom. Boby, Boffey, and Bubb I take to be the same as Boba, in a charter of Egbert, and Bofa, dux, in a charter of Ceolwulf of Mercia, also as Old German names, Bobo, Bovo, Boffo, and Bubo, the word concerned being probably to be found in German _bube_, Dutch _boef_, boy. Kemble has both Bobbingas and Bovingas, different forms, I take it, of the same name, in his list of early settlers. Our name Bobbin, which corresponds with an O.G. Bobin, may be taken as an example of the ending in _en_, p. 27. I trust that I have succeeded in making it clear, from the definite place which the foregoing are shown to occupy in the Teutonic system, that they are not, as they have been generally supposed to be, familiar contractions of Christian names. FOOTNOTES: [57] Cf. also Eng. "e'er" for "ever." [58] There seems probably an Anglo-Saxon name Crecga in Crecganford, now Crayford. [59] Nomen honestissimæ familiæ Hamburgensis (_Richey_). He evidently takes it as a sobriquet "beet (_i.e._ make up) the fire." CHAPTER XI. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.[60] The names of women, so far as they are of German origin, enter into the Teutonic system precisely as do the names of men, and there is, as far as I know, no instance of a stem used exclusively for the names of women. But in regard to the second part of the compound, which is that which governs the name, there are certain words which are only used for women. Some of these are such as from their meaning would not be suitable for anything else, such as _trud_, from which we have _Gertrude_ and _Ermentrude_, both of which seem to be of Frankish origin, and to have come to us through the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon form appears to be _dryth_ or _thryth_, as in Mildthryth, from which comes our _Mildred_, the only name, as far as I know, in that form. Another feminine ending among the Anglo-Saxons was _gith_, which, as elsewhere noted, I have supposed to mean woman or goddess. The only name we have with this ending is _Edith_, unless, as seems not impossible, an Anglo-Saxon _Godgith_ (Godith, _Lib. Vit._) has got mixed up with _Judith_. Another specially female ending was _fled_, in H.G. _flat_, the meaning of which seems to be beauty. As a prefix this word enters into the names of men, and we may have some names from it, as _Flatt_, _Flattery_, _Flatman_, &c. As an ending there may have been some word corresponding with O.N. _fliôd_, a beautiful woman, which has caused its special application. Then there are certain words, such as _hild_, war, and _burg_, in which the meaning (condere, servare) may perhaps imply in such case modesty or chastity; which, as endings, are used almost exclusively for names of women. But as a general rule the same range of words forms indifferently names of men and women, the latter being distinguished only by having the ending in _a_. My object in this chapter is only to deal with a few names, in regard to which I desire to correct some wrong impressions, or to throw some new light upon the subject. And in the first place I have to refer to the connection between Isabel and Elizabeth, and to the manner in which I suppose the former name to have originated. ISABEL _another form of_ ELIZABETH, _and how it came to be so_. Miss Yonge in her _History of Christian Names_, is no doubt right in taking Isabel to be another form of Elizabeth, with which it is historically shown to have interchanged. But the etymological process by which this has been brought about has been always somewhat of a puzzle, and it is upon this point that I have to suggest an explanation. Now the key to the puzzle is this: that the early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, introduced the name, not only in its Latin form of Elizabeth, but also, and indeed more frequently, in its Hebrew form of Elischeba--it was Elischeba that was made into Isabel and not Elizabeth. Protected by its strong ending, Elizabeth has retained its form unchanged. Elischeba has been entirely lost to sight under a cloud of transformations. Slightly modified to suit Frankish pronunciation, it was introduced in the first instance as Elisaba, Elisabia, Alisabia, and Elisavia, all names of women in the _Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon_ and the _Polyptique de Saint Remi de Reims_. In the fourteenth century (if, indeed, it did not take place earlier) we find this old Frankish form El(isaba) abbreviated into Isabeau, its ending being made to conform to French ideas of spelling. Isabeau was the name of the wife of Charles VI. of France, and the name was still recognised as being the same as Elizabeth. We have got to forge the connecting link between Isabeau and Isabel, but the process is not a violent one. It would not be difficult to suppose that the French idea of the fitness of things in the case of a woman's name would lead them to change this masculine-seeming ending, _beau_, into what they would conceive to be its appropriate feminine, and so make Isabeau into Isabelle. We need not suppose that this took place all at once, or that because one man changed Isabeau into Isabel, everybody else forthwith proceeded to follow his example. It is more probable that the two names existed side-by-side, together, for some time before the struggle for existence terminated in the survival of (what seemed) the fitter. Throughout all these changes the identity of the name with Elizabeth had always been recognised; but when Isabel had finally succeeded in establishing its claim as the representative, the deposed Isabeau, its origin having been forgotten, might have become a man's name, and so capable of transmitting surnames, which would account for Isabeau as a family name in France at the present day. But these are not the only changes which have come over this unfortunate name, for we find Elisavia, another of the old Frankish forms before noted, forthwith abbreviated into Lisvia, and further corrupted into Lisavir and Lisabir, all names of women in the two old Frankish chronicles before referred to. And if we can again suppose the name Lisavir (or rather Elisavir), its origin having been forgotten, to have become a man's name (towards which its masculine-looking ending, _vir_, might have assisted) it might well give the origin of the name Elzevir, of the famous printers at Amsterdam. Not that the name would necessarily be of Frankish origin, for the Hebrew form seems also to have been introduced into Germany, where we find the woman's name, Elisba, in the ninth century; and, it might be also into Holland, while the phonetic principles which regulate such changes are more or less of general application. Again, it seems not improbable that the Spanish woman's name, Elvira, for which no derivation at all satisfactory has been suggested, might be properly Elzvira, and so again another form derived from Elischeba. The question might naturally be asked how it is, seeing the various contractions which Elischeba has undergone, that Elizabeth has not been treated in the same way. In point of fact it seems probable that it has, for we find a solitary name Isabeth in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the thirteenth century. This was before Elizabeth had come into use in England, and the name might probably be an importation. But abbreviate Elizabeth as you will you cannot disguise it, and this is what I meant in referring to it as "protected by its strong ending." And now, having dealt with the diversified forms that have grown up around Elisabeth, I shall have, in a succeeding note, to endeavour to show that Eliza, which might more certainly than any other form be supposed to be derived from it, is, in fact, of entirely different origin, and a name that was in use long before Elizabeth was introduced; though at the same time we cannot doubt that as soon as ever that potent name came in, Eliza would be at once appropriated by it. ANNABELLA, ARABELLA, CLARIBEL, CRISTABEL, ROSABEL. But in the meantime I may refer to some other names which seem cast in the same form as Isabel; as for instance, Annabella, Arabella, Claribel, Christabel, and Rosabel. With regard to these names, I am disposed to come to the conclusion, that though moulded into the same shape, they are not by any means all of a similar origin. Annabella would be a very natural corruption of Amabilla, a name in the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham. The same record contains, as names of women, Amabilis, Amabel, and Mabilla, of course from Latin _amabilis_--whence our Mabel, on this theory the same name as Annabella. Arabella, again, might be a corruption of the old Frankish Heribolda--_bold_, as an ending often changing into _bel_, as in our surnames Grimble and Wimble, from Grimbald and Winibald, and Tremble (most infelicitously), from Trumbald (A.S. _trum_, firm, strong). So, also, Claribel might be from an old Frankish Clarebalda, of which, however, we have only on record the masculine form, Clarebald. This appears to be from Latin _clarus_, illustrious, and is not the only case in which the old Franks at that period mixed up Latin and German in the same name. It is possible that Christabel might be from a similar origin; for the early Frankish converts at that period freely adopted the name of Christ, and mixed it up with German compounds, such as Cristhildis, a woman's name, from _hild_, war. But on the whole I am rather disposed to suggest a different origin for Christabel. Finding among the Franks at that period such names as Firmatus, Stabilis, Constabulis,[61] and the woman's name, Constabilla, in the sense, no doubt, of "established in the faith," it might not be unreasonable to suggest such a compound as Christabila, "established in Christ," as the origin of Christabel.[62] As to the last named, Rosabel, the ordinarily-received expression of "fair rose" would be a natural and graceful name for women if the French had to form names at a later period. But there is a woman's name, Rosibia, in the _Pol. Irminon_, which suggests a possible process like that in the case of Isabel--viz., a corruption into Rosibeau, and then a change into Rosibel. However, as in this case the connecting links are wanting, I can only put this forward as a conjecture. MAUD _properly a man's name. Its interchange with_ MATILDA _an ancient mistake_. As Isabel interchanged in former times with Elizabeth, so did Maud with Matilda, among other instances being that of the daughter of Henry I., who was called by both names. Yet, etymologically, Maud can no more be derived from Matilda than can Giles from Ægidius, by which it used formerly to be always Latinized. And the interchange is rendered all the more curious by the fact that Maud, when traced up to its origin, seems to be properly a man's name. There has evidently been some ancient mistake or misappropriation, the origin of which I hope to be able to account for. The names Mald, Maald, Mauld (all names of women), found in the _Liber Vitæ_ before the introduction of surnames, and the Christian name Maulde, found in the fifteenth century, show the form from which our Maud is immediately derived. Then we have the older forms, Mahald, Mahalt, and Maholt, all also apparently names of women. And in one case, about the twelfth or thirteenth century, the name stands as "Mahald vel Matilda." Now no one who has given attention to the subject can doubt that Mahald, Mahalt, and the French form, Mahault, are the same as an Old Frankish Magoald, eighth century, from Gothic _magan_, posse, valere, and _wald_ power. This is distinctly a man's name; indeed, _wald_, as an ending, is almost exclusively confined to men's names, as the ending _hild_, as in Matilda, is to those of women. There is but one way that I can see out of the difficulty, and it is this. There is in the _Liber Vitæ_ another name, Mahild, which is no doubt the same as an Old Frankish Mahilda, which Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) takes to be a contraction of Matilda. It would seem, then, that some mistake or confusion has in old times arisen between these two names, and that Mahild, which really represents Matilda, has been set aside in favour of Mahald, an entirely different name. The fact, however, of our having Maude as a surname would rather seem to show that this misappropriation was not universal, for surnames are not--unless it be in some very exceptional cases--taken from the names of women. ALICE, ALICIA, ELIZA, ADELIZA, ALISON. ALICE _properly a man's name, and_ ELIZA _its proper Feminine_. I have seen it stated, though I cannot at present recall the authority, that in one of our ancient families Alice is a name given to the sons and not to the daughters. This would at any rate be etymologically correct, for Alice is properly a man's name, and not a woman's. It is, there seems little doubt, derived from the Anglo-Saxon Adelgis, of which the female form was Adelgisa. It is clear that Alice (Aliss) represents Adelgis, and not Adelgisa, and that the proper female form would be Alisa, or, for euphony, Aliza. I venture to suggest that our Eliza, generally and very naturally assumed to be an abbreviation of Elizabeth, is in fact this missing name. Now, for the proofs of Aliza as the representative of Adelgisa, we must refer to the _Liber Vitæ_ of Durham, in which we can trace the changes that have taken place in Adelgisa since the first noble lady of that name laid her gift upon the altar. First we find it contracted into Adeliza, and then, from about the twelfth century into Aaliza and Aliza, the latter name being henceforward rather a common one. The former of these two contracted forms, Adeliza, though not a name in common use, is one still given to the daughters of certain of our noble families; the latter form, Aliza, I take to be the origin of our Eliza. (The initial vowel is of no account, the ancient name beginning indifferently with _a_ or _e_, and Alice in some families appearing as Ellice). But concurrently with the above forms in the _Liber Vitæ_, we have also Adaliz, Adliz, and Alis, at an early date, some of them at least being certainly names of women, so that the misappropriation is at any rate an ancient one. Towards the close of the record, and about the end of the fourteenth century, another form, Alicia, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitæ_, and appears to have become at once a very favourite name. Then, as now, fashion seems to have ruled, and when a new name came in, there seems to have been a run upon it. But by this time Elizabeth had come into use, and as soon as ever that took place, the two names, Eliza and Elizabeth, would begin to get mixed up together as they are now, so that a new female form would, so to speak, be required for Alice. Alicia (or more properly Alisia), is an attempt to supply the euphony which is lacking in Alisa, by supplementing it with a vowel, just as, for the same reason, Amala has been made into Amelia. About the beginning of the fifteenth century another Christian name for women, Alison, begins to make its appearance in the _Liber Vitæ_. This name, however, I take to be from an entirely different origin. There is an old Frankish woman's name, Alesinda, Elesind, Alesint, of the eighth century, from which, dropping the final _d_, it would naturally come, and which is derived by Grimm from Gothic _alja_, alius (in the probable sense of stranger or foreigner), and _sind_ in the sense of companion or attendant. JANET: _Not from_ JANE _or any female form of_ JOHN. It may seem rather a paradox to suggest that Janet has nothing to do with Jane, and yet I think that a pretty good case can be made out. We find Geneta as a woman's name in the _Liber Vitæ_ in the thirteenth century, before Jane or Joan or Johanna were in use. And in the two following centuries we have Gennet, Janeta, Janette, and Janet, of common occurrence as Christian names. (One of these cases is a very curious one. It is that of one Willelmus Richerdson and his wife Christina, who having a family of eighteen children, seem to have been so completely at their wits' end for names to give them, that two of the sons are called Johannes, two Willelmus, after their father, two of the daughters Christine, after their mother, and no fewer than three called Janet. Such reduplication of Christian names does not, however, seem to have been unusual at that time.) Now it seems clear that the above name, Geneta, is the same as our Janet, and equally clear that it is not derived from any female form of John. Foerstemann (_Altdeutsches Namenbuch_) has an old Frankish woman's name, Genida, tenth century, from a Codex of Lorraine. And I find also the woman's name, Genitia, in the _Pol. Rem._, one of the old Frankish chronicles before referred to. These old Frankish names might well leave a woman's name behind in France, which in after times might get mixed up with Jean, and from which our name may also have been derived. I may observe that we have also Gennet and Jennett as surnames, and the Germans have also Genett. But these, though from the same stem, must be taken to be from another form of it--viz., from Genad, eighth century, a man's name. From the same stem Foerstemann derives the woman's name, Genoveva, sixth century; whence, through the French, our Genevieve. As to the etymology of _gen_, the Germans are not agreed, Leo suggesting a borrowed Celtic word, with the meaning of love or affection, while Foerstemann seems to prefer Old High German _gan_, magic or fascination. EMMA: _Its Place in the Teutonic System_. The ordinary derivation of Emma from a Teutonic word signifying grandmother, or nurse, becomes impossible in face of the fact that among the Old Franks, from whom, through the Normans, we received it, the man's name Emmo was quite as common as the woman's, Emma. But in point of fact the stem, of which the older form seems to have been _im_, was one common to the whole Teutonic system, including the Low Germans settled in England. And the Immingas, descendants or followers of Imma, are ranged by Kemble among the early settlers. But among the Anglo-Saxons, with whom the ending of men's names (other than compounds) was generally in _a_, Imma would obviously not be suitable for names of women; and in point of fact it always appears in England, at that time, as a man's name. And probably, for this reason, the Frankish princess Emma, on becoming the wife of Cnut of England, considered it necessary to assume a Saxon name in addition to her own, and so become known as Ælfgifu Imma. But a few centuries later, when the simple old Saxon names in _a_ had very much died out, Emma coming in as something quite new, and with the stamp of Norman prestige, became at once, as appears from the _Liber Vitæ_, a name in favour. As to the etymology, which is considered by the Germans to be obscure, I have elsewhere ventured to suggest Old Northern _ymia_, stridere; whence the name of the giant Ymir, in Northern mythology. The sense is that of a harsh and loud voice, which suggests huge stature. So, from Gaelic _fuaim_, noise, strepitus, comes _fuaimhair_, a giant, of which we may possibly have a lingering tradition in the nursery--"Fee, Fa, _Fum_" representing the giant's dreaded war-cry. And from what follows, "I smell the blood of an _Englishman_," one might almost think of the nurse as a Saxon, and the ogre as one of the earlier Celtic race, who might in those days be dangerous neighbours. I give below the stem, with its branches, so far as it forms names of women. It also enters into some compounds, one of which, Americo, bequeathed by the Franks or Lombards to Italy, has the honour of giving the name to America. Stem _im_ or _em_. _Names of men._--O.G. Immo, Himmo, Emmo (among others, three bishops in the seventh and ninth centuries). A.S. Imma, found in Imman beorh, "Imma's barrow, or grave." Imma, Hemma, Hemmi, about the tenth century in the _Liber Vitæ_. Eama, Anglo-Saxon moneyer. _Names of women._--O.G. Imma, Emma (among others Emma, daughter of Charlemagne). _Present surnames._--Eng. Him (?), Yem (?). Germ. Imm, Ihm. French, Eme, Emy. With the ending in _en_, p. 27. _Names of men._--O.G. Imino, Emino, eighth century. A.S. Immine, a Mercian general, seventh century. Emino, _Liber Vitæ_. _Names of women._--O.G. Immina, Emmina, eighth century. Early Eng. Ymana, Ymaine, _Liber Vitæ_. _Present surnames._--Eng. Emeney. Fr. Emmon. Ending in _lin_, p. 31. _Names of women._--O.G. Emelina, eleventh century. Emalina, twelfth century, _Liber Vitæ_. _Present Christian name._--Eng. Emmeline. ETHEL, ADELA, ADELINE, ADELAIDE. Ethel and Adela are different forms of the same word, _adal_, _athal_, _ethel_, signifying noble. But while Adela is a correctly formed feminine, Ethel can hardly be said to be so. Both as a man's name and as a woman's it had usually a vowel-ending, and though this was not invariably the case, yet a name appearing without it would be rather assumed to be a man's name. Adeline is a diminutive like Eveline and Caroline; it represents the old name Adalina, eighth century, and Adalina, about the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitæ_, and comes probably through the French, the ending in _e_ preserving the feminine by lengthening the syllable. Adelaide is from _adal_, as above, and H.G. _haid_, corresponding with Saxon _hood_, as in manhood. Hence the name seems to contain the abstract sense of nobility. The name must have come to us through the Normans; indeed, a woman's name could hardly be so formed among the Anglo-Saxons, for, curiously enough, this ending was a feminine one among the High Germans, and a masculine one among the Saxons. Hence perhaps it is that we have as surnames such names as _Manhood_ and _Mahood_, the latter perhaps signifying boyhood, A.S. _mæg_, boy. EDITH. Edith is the only representative in women's names of A.S. _ead_, happiness, prosperity, from which we have so many men's names, as Edward, Edwin, Edmund, Edgar. It represents an A.S. Editha, a contraction of Eadgitha, and the question, which is not without a little difficulty, is, What is the origin of _githa_? Is it a phonetic variation of _gifa_ (A.S. _gifu_, gift), so common in Anglo-Saxon names of women, as in God-gifa (Godiva), Sungefa (Suneva), &c., or is it a separate word? I am disposed to come to the conclusion, upon the whole, that it is a separate word, and though the traces of it as such are not strong, yet there are some traces. There is a woman's name Githa in the _Liber Vitæ_, and this seems to be the same as an Old Norse woman's name Gyda in the _Landnamabôk_. There was also a Gytha, daughter of Swend, king of Denmark. Then there are two Old German names of women with the endings respectively _gid_ and (H.G.) _kid_. And the origin of all I should take to be found in O.N. _gydia_, goddess, the exalted conception of womanhood. EVELYN, EVELINA, EVELINE. There does not seem to be sufficient ground for Miss Yonge's suggestion that Eveline, a name which we have from the Normans, was borrowed by them from the Celts. On the contrary, they seem to have derived it from their Frankish ancestors, among whom we find it in the eleventh century in the form Avelina. This appears to be the original form, for we find it as Avelina in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the twelfth century. And again in the thirteenth century we find that one of the Earls of Albemarle married a lady named Aveline. It is probably a diminutive from the stem _av_, which Foerstemann refers to Goth. _avo_, in the probable sense of ancestor. The names Evelyn and Eveline should be kept sharply distinct, the former being a man's name, and the latter a woman's, being the French form of Evelina, as is Louise of Louisa. From the same stem, _av_, is formed also the female name Avice, now become very rare. It appears as Auiza and Avicia in the _Liber Vitæ_, and its original form I take to be found in Avagisa, eighth century, in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_, from _gis_, hostage. From a similar origin, but from the masculine form Avagis, may probably be _Avis_, included by Mr. Lower among Latinized surnames. Another name from the same stem which seems to have been formerly rather common, but which now seems quite obsolete, is Avina. HAVEYS, HAWOISE. This is another woman's name which has become almost extinct, and, seeing how uncomfortable a name it is to pronounce, I do not wonder that it should be so. It appears in the _Liber Vitæ_ as Hawysa, and in the _Pol. Irminon_ as Hauis, but its proper form is to be traced up to the older name Hathewiza in the _Liber Vitæ_, from _hath_, war, and _wisa_, leader. A surname corresponding, though of course from the masculine form of the name, may probably be the well-known one of _Haweis_. _Some other Obsolete or Obsolescent Names._ The name Helwis occurs in the _Liber Vitæ_ about the thirteenth century, and a more perfect form, Helewiza, about two centuries earlier. It seems rather probable, however, that its proper form would be Hildwisa, from _hild_, war, and _wisa_, leader. It occurs as Helois in the _Pol. Irm._, and is the same as the French Heloise (=Helwise). This name I take to be quite obsolete with us. A name given by Miss Yonge as still in use is Amice or Amicia. It may probably be the same as the woman's name Amisa, Ameza, or Emeza of the eighth century in the _Altd. Nam._, which Foerstemann takes to be from A.S. _emeta_, quies. In that case it would probably be the same name in another form as Emmota, formerly not uncommon as a woman's name. Another name which I rather suppose to be obsolete is Agace, Agaze, or Igusa, found in the _Liber Vitæ_ up to the fourteenth century, and probably the same as an O.G. Eggiza, eleventh century, from a stem _ag_, supposed to mean point or edge. FOOTNOTES: [60] The principal part of this chapter appeared in the _Antiquary_ for March, 1882. [61] Possibly, at least in some cases, the origin of the surname Constable. [62] The earliest mention of this name that I have seen, occurs A.D. 1431, in the _Liber Vitæ_, when one John Duckett, having died at the remarkable age of 127, his children, one of whom was called Cristabel, presented offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert. These would seem to be of the nature of propitiatory offerings on behalf of the dead, of which there are various instances recorded. One of these is that of one Maria del Hay, who in a large-hearted spirit, seems to have included in her offering, not only all who had gone before, but all who were to come after her. The entry is, "Maria del Hay, cum omnibus suis progenitoribus et successoribus." LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. FOERSTEMANN.--Altdeutsches Namenbuch.--Vol. I. Personennamen.--Vol. II. Ortsnamen. London, Williams Norgate. POTT.--Personennamen. Leipzig, 1853. STARK.--Beitrage zur kunde Germanischer Personennamen. Vienna, 1857.--Die Kosenamen der Germanen. Vienna, 1868. WEINHOLD.--Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter. Vienna, 1851. GLUCK.--Die bei C. Julius Cæsar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen. Vienna, 1857. WASSENBERG.--Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der Friesen. Franeker, 1774. Islands Landnamabôk. Copenhagen. Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Sæc. 6-9. Hanover, 1878. Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de l'Abbaye de Saint Germain-des-Prés sous le regne de Charlemagne. Paris, 1844. Polyptique de l'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou denombrement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette abbaye vers le milieu du neuvième siècle. Paris, 1853. [asterism] The above two Old Frankish records contain a list of the names of all the serfs and dependants of the respective abbeys, with the names also of their wives and children. KEMBLE.--Codex diplomaticus Ævi Saxonici. London, 1845-48. THORPE.--Diplomatorium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici. London, 1865. TAYLOR.--Names and Places. London, 1864. STEPHENS.--The Old Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. London. MISS YONGE.--History of Christian Names. London, 1863. LOWER.--Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860. BOWDITCH.--Suffolk Surnames. Boston, U.S.A. Liber Vitæ Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis. Published by the Surtees Society, London, 1841. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 17. We have also _Tray_ as a man's name, and from the same origin as that which I have supposed for the dog's name, though the one is from the German and the other from the Celtic. The stem in men's names is referred to Goth, _tragjan_, to run, and may probably include also _Trail_ (=Tragel) and _Train_ (=Tragen), with the respective endings in _el_ and _en_. Also, from the interchange of _d_ and _t_, we may include _Dray_ and _Drain_. Page 20. Among names of the first century is that of Ingomar, uncle of Arminius, which is represented in America by the dreadful name _Inkhammer_, though whether of English or of German origin seems uncertain. Page 29. From _Shilling_, as a man's name, is derived _Shillingsworth_, as a name of local origin (A.S. _weorth_, property), a name like Wordsworth, Dodsworth, &c. Page 120. Some doubt may be thrown upon the derivation I have suggested for _Pentecost_ by the name Osbern Pentecost, which comes before us in Anglo-Saxon times. The name seems here to be a surname, and if so would be derived most naturally from the festival. Page 159. From this stem, as found in an A.S. Flogg, may be formed the Anglo-Saxon name Flohere (_Thorpe_, p. 636), from _hari_, warrior, whence may be our surnames _Floyer_, _Flower_, and _Flowry_. Page 171. Among other names apparently from women are _Ella_, _Eva_, and _Louisa_, in _Suffolk Surnames_. Of these, the first is a regular Saxon man's name, and the second is, I doubt not, the same, corresponding with Eafa found in Eafingas, and with Eafha, the name of a Mercian alderman. Louisa I should suppose to be the name Louis with a Romanic, perhaps Spanish, but not female, ending. INDEX OF NAMES. [asterism] _All foreign names are printed in italic type, with the letters distinguishing their nationality within parentheses after them, thus--(D.) Dutch; (Dan.) Danish; (F.) French; (G.) German; (I.) Italian; (S.) Spanish_. A. Abba, 25 Abbe, 25 Abbey, 25 Abbiss, 32 Abbott, 96, 178, 179 Abingdon, 106 Ablard, 190 _Accolti_ (I.), 147 Ackerman, 115 _Ackermann_ (G.), 115 Ackman, 96 Acres, 79 Adcock, 35 Addicott, 34, 35, 43 Adela, 209 Adelaide, 209, 210 _Adèle_ (F.), 123 Adeline, 209 Adeliza, 204, 206 Adier, 43 _Adimari_ (I.), 146 Adlam, 40 Adlard, 40 Adolph, 43 _Adolphe_ (F.), 123 Adolphus, 146 Agar, 40 Ager, 79 Agmondesham, 106 Aikin, 96, 185 Aikman, 40, 96, 185 Ailger, 41 Ailman, 41 _Alamanni_ (I.), 147 Albert, 96 _Albert_ (F.), 123 _Alberti_ (I.), 148 _Alberto_ (I.), 143 Albery, 41, 152 Albutt, 43 Alcock, 34, 35 Alcott, 35 Aldebert, 41 Alder, 41, 96, 98, 185 Alderdice, 115 Alderman, 98, 115, 178, 180 _Aldighiero_ (I.), 148 _Aldobrandini_ (I.), 147 Aldred, 41 Aldrich, 41 Aldritt, 41 _Alfieri_ (I.), 152 _Alfonse_ (F.), 123 Alfred, 41, 96 Alfreton, 106 Algar, 96 _Algardi_ (I.), 148 _Algarotti_ (I.), 147 Alger, 42 Alice, 204-206 Alicia, 204-206 _Alighieri_ (I.), 149 Alison, 204-206 Allard, 42 Allaway, 43 Allcard, 96 Allday, 79 Alley, 26, 79 Allfrey, 42, 96 Allgood, 43 Allnut, 42 Allo, 79 _Alloisi_ (I.), 148 Alloway, 118 Allt, 79 Allward, 42 Allwin, 43 Allwood, 42 Almar, 42 Alment, 42 Almiger, 41 Almond, 42, 98 Alpha, 79 _Alphonso_ (I.), 146 Altman, 41, 98 Altree, 41 Alvary, 41, 96 Alvert, 41 Amabel, 201 _Amalteo_ (I.), 152 _Amalthius_ (I.), 152 _Amalungi_ (I.), 151 Ambler, 41, 180 _Ameling_ (F.), 151 _Americus_ (I.), 147, 208, 209 Amesbury, 106 Amice, 212 Amicia, 212 And, 79 Andoe, 79 Angleman, 42 Angler, 42, 178, 180 Angmering, 71, 105 Anhault, 43 Annabella, 201 Anne, 83, 171 Anning, 83 _Ansaldi_ (I.), 147 Ansell, 30 Anselme, 42 _Anselmi_ (I.), 148 Anser, 42 Anslow, 30 _Ansuini_ (I.), 148 Applin, 30 Arabella, 201 _Arbogast_ (F.), 21 Archard, 16, 42 Archbold, 16, 42 Archbutt, 16, 42 Archer, 42, 137, 138, 178, 180 Ardouin, 55 Argent, 16 Argument, 16, 42, 120 Arkwright, 42, 178, 180 _Armandet_ (F.), 19 Armat, 43 Armgold, 19, 43 Armiger, 19, 43 Armine, 18 Arminer, 19, 44 _Armingaud_ (F.), 19, 34 Arminger, 19, 44 Armor, 181 Armory, 43, 181 Armour, 19, 43 Arms, 19, 183, 184 Arney, 26 Arnold, 44 _Arnolfo_ (I.), 143 Arnulfe, 44 Arnum, 44 Ascough, 44 Ash, 185 Ashbold, 44 Ashbury, 106 Ashe, 79 Asher, 44 Ashkettle, 59 Ashman, 44, 96 Ashmansworth, 106 Ashmore, 44, 96 Ashpart, 44 Ashwin, 44 Ashwith, 44, 148_n_ Ask, 79 Aske, 185 Askey, 185 Aslock, 59 Asman, 59 Asprey, 114 Asquith, 44, 148_n_, 185 Atkiss, 43 Atmore, 43 Attride, 43 Attridge, 43 Auberon, 41 Aubery, 152 Aubrey, 41 _Aucoq_ (F.), 34 _Audevard_ (F.), 124 _Audifredi_ (I.), 147 _Audouard_ (F.), 124 Audrey, 41 Aulph, 79 Auterac, 42 Auther, 42, 178, 180 Autram, 42 Avening, 105 Avina, 211 Avis, 211 Aylard, 41 Aylesbury, 106 Aylesford, 106 Aylesworth, 106 Ayliffe, 41 Aylmar, 13 Aylmer, 41 Aylward, 41, 96 Aylwin, 41 B. Babb, 79, 171 Bable, 30, 97 Back, 79, 183, 184 Badby, 106 Badder, 44 Badman, 44, 191 Badminton, 106 Bagge, 79 _Balcoq_ (F.), 34 Balder, 44, 97 _Baldi_ (I.), 148 _Baldovinetti_ (I.), 148 Baldridge, 44, 97 Baldry, 44 Baldwin, 44, 97 Balmer, 47 Balton's borough, 106 Banderet, 44 Bann, 79 Banning, 79 Barehard, 45 Barking, 105 Barlavington, 109 Barling, 105 Barmore, 45 Barnacle, 45 Barndollar, 122 Barnwell, 137 Barwise, 45 Baschurch, 6 Basin, 6 Basingstoke, 88 Bass, 4, 79 Bather, 44 Batt, 79 Batting, 79 Batty, 79, 173 _Baudeau_ (F.), 27 Beck, 79 Beckett, 192 Beckley, 106 Bedbug, 114 Beddard, 44, 97 Beden, 105 Bedford, 106 Beeby, 79 Beech, 185 Beenham, 106 Belfry, 45 Bell, 25 Bellmore, 47 Bellow, 25 Bellringer, 116 Belly, 25 Belment, 45 Belmore, 45 _Belzoni_ (I.), 147 Bence, 79 Beneman, 45 Benger, 45 Bengworth, 106 Benn, 85, 194, 195 Bennell, 194, 195 Benner, 45 Bennet, 45 Benney, 194, 195 Bennoch, 194, 195 Bensington, 105 Berger, 45 Bernard, 45, 97 _Bernardo_ (I.), 143 Berner, 45 _Berni_ (I.), 152 _Bernini_ (I.), 152 Bernold, 45, 97 _Beroaldus_ (I.), 152 Berrette, 97 Berrier, 45 Berringer, 45 Bertram, 46 Bertrand, 46 _Bertrandi_ (I.), 147 Berward, 45 Betteridge, 44, 101 Betty, 1, 26, 79, 171 Beyerman, 193, 194 Bibb, 79 Bibby, 79 Biddle, 80 Biddulph, 44 Bigg, 85 Bigot, 191, 192 Bill, 1, 79, 194, 195 Billamore, 45 _Bille_ (F.), 195 _Bille_ (G.), 195 _Bille_ (Dan.), 195 _Billecoq_ (F.), 34 _Billey_ (F.), 195 Billiard, 45 Billing, 79, 194 Billow, 74, 194, 195 Billy, 1, 194, 195 Billyald, 45 Binney, 26, 179 Binning, 79 Birch, 79, 185 Birchenough, 120 Bird, 80 Bishop, 178, 179 _Blacker_ (F.), 188 Black, 80, 188 Blacker, 46, 188 Blackman, 46 Blackwin, 46 Blake, 188 Blakeman, 46 Blaker, 46 Blanchard, 188 Blank, 188 Bledlow, 107 Blunt, 97 Bluntisham, 107 Bobbin, 194, 196 Bobby, 194, 196 Boby, 80 Bodicker, 46 Bodmer, 46 Body, 156, 183, 184 Boffey, 194, 196 Boggis, 46, 118 Bogle, 97 Bognor, 107 _Boiardo_ (I.), 152, 194 _Boiron_ (F.), 194 Bold, 27 Bolden, 27 Boldery, 44 Bolley, 80 _Bompart_ (F.), 145 _Bonaparte_ (F.), 145, 146 Bonbright, 146 Bond, 80 _Boniperti_ (I.), 145 Bookless, 183, 184 Boss, 80 Bossey, 80 _Bötefur_ (L.G.), 190 Botright, 46 Botting, 80 Bottisham, 107 Bowmer, 97 Boy, 193, 194 _Boy_ (F.), 194 _Boyard_ (F.), 152, 194 _Boye_ (F.), 194 _Boye_ (G.), 194 Boyer, 193, 194 _Boyer_ (F.), 194 Boyman, 193, 194 _Boyreau_ (F.), 194 _Boyron_ (F.), 194 Bracken, 157 Brackett, 157 Brackie, 157 Bracking, 157 _Brackmann_ (G.), 158 Bragan, 157 Bragg, 157 Brain, 97, 157 Brakeman, 157 Brand, 25 Brandy, 25 Bransbury, 107 Bransford, 107 _Braquemin_ (F.), 158 Braughin, 105 Bray, 157 Brayman, 157 Braznell, 165 Breakell, 158 Breem, 80 Brewin, 157 Bride, 80 Bridle, 80 Bright, 80 Brighting, 80 Brightland, 46 Brightling, 105 Brightly, 30, 80 Brightmore, 46 Brightwell, 137 Brightwine, 46 Brighty, 80 Brine, 80 Brinney, 80 Brittell, 80 Brocard, 97 Brown, 80, 138, 188, 189 Browning, 28, 80 Bubb, 194, 196 Buck, 80, 175 Buckle, 85 Bucklin, 31 Budd, 24, 80 Budden, 24 Budding, 24 Buddle, 24 Buddrich, 24, 46 Budmore, 24 Bugg, 3, 97 Bulger, 46 Bull, 80 Bullard, 46 Buller, 46 Bulling, 28, 80 Bulmer, 46, 97 Bundle, 97, 101 Bunn, 85 Bunting, 97 Burchard, 46, 97 Burger, 46 Burgwin, 46 Burleston, 107 Burman, 45 Burn, 80 Burness, 33 Burning, 28, 80 Burnish, 33 Burr, 80 Burt, 80 Bussell, 80 Butleigh, 107 Butt, 80 Butter, 46, 181 Butterick, 46 Butterwell, 138 Buttery, 46, 181 Byard, 152 Bye, 193, 194 Byron, 193, 194 C. Cadman, 50 Cage, 9 Cain, 10, 190 Calderon, 52 Caledonia, 8 Calking, 170 Call, 80 Callow, 80 Calmsden, 107 Camel, 175 Cane, 10 Cann, 80 Canning, 28, 80 Cansick, 168 Cant, 81 Carary, 51 Caravan, 51 Card, 97 Carder, 52 Cardwell, 116 _Carlo_ (I.), 143 Carrier, 51 Cart, 97 Carthen, 52 Cartridge, 52 Cashdollar, 122 Castle, 97 _Castoldi_ (I.), 149 Cat, 97, 175 Cattey, 175 Catty, 97 _Cauche_ (F.), 170 _Cauchy_ (F.), 170 Caulk, 170 Caunce, 168 Chabot, 118, 125, 126 Chad, 97, 125, 126 Chadborn, 125 Chaddleworth, 107 Chaddock, 125, 126 Chadlington, 107 Chadman, 125 Chadshunt, 107 Chadwick, 125, 126 Chadwin, 126 Chaff, 81 Chaffey, 81 Chain, 125 Chalfont, 107 Chalk, 101, 170 Chalkey, 170 Chalklen, 170 Chance, 81, 168 Chancell, 168 Chancey, 168 Chaney, 125 Chantrey, 51 Chard, 97, 125, 126 Charing, 105 Charles, 80 _Charles_ (F.), 123 Charley, 80 Chart, 125, 126 Charter, 125, 126 Chaseley, 107 _Chasseboeuf_ (F.), 139 Chattaway, 126 Chatting, 125, 126 Chatto, 125, 126 Chattoway, 97, 118, 125, 126 Chatwin, 125, 126 Chatwood, 125 Chaucer, 170 _Chaussée_ (F.), 170 _Chaussy_ (F.), 170 Cheape, 97 Cheese, 97, 155 Cheltenham, 107 Chertsey, 107, 126 Chesnut, 155, 185 Chesman, 155 Chesson, 155 Chew, 97 Chewing, 105 Chichester, 107 Chilbolton, 107 Chilcomb, 127 Child, 127 Childar, 125, 126 Children, 125, 126 Chill, 125, 126 Chillmaid, 125, 126 Chillman, 125, 126 Chipman, 155 Chipp, 98, 155 Chippenham, 107 Chipping, 155 Chirnie, 155 Chitty, 155 Cholsey, 107 _Chopard_ (F.), 127 Chope, 81 Choppin, 125, 127 _Choupe_ (F.), 127 Christabel, 201, 202 and _n_ Chubb, 81, 125 Chubback, 125 Churn, 155 Claribel, 201 Claringbold, 135 Claringbull, 135 Claude, 127 _Claude_ (F.), 123 Clean, 160 _Clérambault_ (F.), 135 Cline, 160 Cloade, 127 Clodd, 1, 127 Clothier, 127 _Clotilde_ (F.), 123 Cloud, 97, 127 Cloudman, 127 Clout, 1, 127 Cloutman, 127 Clucas, 127 Clutterbuck, 121 Coate, 81 Cobbett, 118 Cobbold, 53, 118 Cock, 81 Codd, 81 Codford, 107 Coffey, 81 Colbran, 47 Colburn, 47 Coll, 81 Collamore, 47 Collard, 47 Collie, 81 Colling, 81 Collingham, 107 Colman, 47 Colmer, 97 Conder, 54 Congressbury, 107 Cooling, 81, 105 Coppernoll, 165 Corbould, 51 Cory, 82 Cosier, 54 Cossart, 53 Costall, 30 Costello, 30 Costiff, 164 Costly, 30 Cotheridge, 107 Cottiss, 20 Cotton, 97 Coulthred, 52 Craig, 188, 189 Creed, 97, 127 Creedy, 127 Cressy, 81 Criddle, 127 Crimsham, 107 _Crist_ (I. and G.), 135 Croad, 127 Crock, 127 Croger, 127 Croke, 127 Croker, 127 Crooke, 127 Cropthorn, 107 Crotch, 127 Crotty, 127 Crowd, 97, 127 Crowder, 127 Crowdy, 127 Cruden, 127 Crumpecker, 122 Crutch, 127 Crute, 127 Cuckhamstow hill, 107 Cuff, 81 Cuffey, 81 Cull, 81 Cummin, 97 Cumnor, 107 Cunliffe, 56, 98 Curran, 51_n_ Curwen, 51 Custard, 47 D. Dacker, 47 Dacombe, 47 Dagenham, 108 Dagger, 47 Daggesell, 47 Daisy, 32 Dale, 98 Dalloway, 47, 118 Dalman, 47 Damer, 47 Dana, 25, 81 Dand, 25 _Dandalo_ (I.), 145 Dando, 25 Dandy, 25 Dane, 25, 81 Danger, 48 _Dante_ (I.), 134 Darlaston, 108 Darling, 81 Darnell, 48, 98, 165 Darrell, 81 Darrigon, 48 Darwin, 48 Daunsey, 108 Daybell, 47 Dayer, 47 Daylesford, 108 Daymont, 47 Dearlove, 48, 98 Dearman, 48 Deary, 26 Deller, 47 Demaid, 48 Demon, 48 Denhard, 48, 98 Denolf, 48 Denn, 81 Denning, 81 Dermott, 48, 98 Derwin, 48 _Dettingen_ (G.), 71 Dialogue, 48 Diamond, 48 Dick, 81, 194, 195 Dicken, 194, 195 Dickin, 102 Dickle, 81, 194, 195 Dicksie, 195 Didlington, 108 Dilger, 102, 140 _Dilhac_ (F.), 140 Dilke, 24, 102, 140 Dill, 24, 81, 139 _Dill_ (G.), 139 _Dillé_ (F.), 139 _Dillemann_ (G.), 140 Dillen, 24 _Dillen_ (G.), 140 Diller, 140 _Dillery_ (F.), 140 _Dillet_ (F.), 140 Dilley, 139 Dillicar, 140 Dillick, 140 Dillimore, 140 Dilling, 24 _Dilling_ (G.), 140 Dillman, 140 Dillon, 140 _Dillon_ (F.), 140 Dillow, 24, 139 Dillwyn, 24, 140 Dilly, 24 _Dilly_ (F.), 139 Distington, 88 Ditchling, 105 Dixie, 195 Dock, 81 Docking, 81 Dodd, 81, 98 Doddridge, 64 Dodford, 108 Doggett, 49, 98 Dogthorpe, 108 Dollman, 98 Dolman, 48 Dolphin, 48, 175, 176 _Dome_ (F.), 196 Doniland, 108 Doran, 27 _Dorand_ (G.), 150 Dore, 27 Dowdeswell, 108 Drain, 215 Dray, 215 Duck, 86, 175, 176 Duckling, 98, 175, 176 Ducklington, 108 Duckman, 48, 98 Dugmore, 49 Dugood, 49, 98 Dumbell, 194, 196 Dume, 194, 195 Dumlin, 194, 196 Dummelow, 194, 196 Dummer, 48 Dummert, 48 Dumplin, 113, 194, 196 Dunn, 82, 98, 188, 189 Dunning, 82 Durand, 134, 150 _Durand_ (G.), 150 _Durand_ (F.), 150 _Durandard_ (F.), 150 _Durandeau_ (F.), 150 _Durandi_ (I.), 150 Durant, 151 _Durant_ (F.), 150 _Durante_ (I.), 134, 149, 150 _Duranto_ (I.), 150 Durre, 86 Dyce, 81 Dycey, 81 E. Eager, 40 Eagle, 99 Eames, 83 Earheart, 49, 178, 183, 184 Earl, 25, 178 Early, 25 Earney, 98 Earp, 21, 82 Earwaker, 49, 169, 178 Earwig, 2, 49, 175, 178 Eashing, 105 Easter, 82 Eavestaff, 164 Eckington, 108 Edbrook, 49 Eddiker, 49, 169 Eddy, 82 Edgar, 49, 210 Edgell, 82, 99 Edith, 197, 210 Edlery, 40 Edmond, 49, 210 _Edmond_ (F.), 123 Edmund, 210 Edolph, 49 _Edouard_ (F.), 123, 124 Edridge, 49 Edstone, 108 Edward, 13, 49, 210 Edwick, 49 Effingham, 108 Egg, 82 Egle, 82 Elbow, 183, 184 Elcy, 82 Eldred, 41 Element, 43, 120 Elgar, 43 Elgee, 82 Elgood, 43 Eliza, 204-206 Elk, 82 Ella, 216 Ellard, 43 Ellery, 43 Elliss, 82 Elmore, 43 Else, 82 Elsey, 26, 82 _Elvira_ (S.), 200 Elvy, 79 Elwin, 43 Elwood, 43 _Elzevir_ (D.), 200 _Eme_ (F.), 209 Emeler, 41 Emeney, 209 Emma, 89, 207-209 Emmeline, 209 Emmett, 175, 178 _Emmon_ (F.), 209 Empey, 167 _Emy_ (F.), 209 England, 9 Engleburt, 42 Engleheart, 42 English, 192 Ennor, 166 Enough, 98, 117, 166 _Enrico_ (I.), 143 Enright, 166 Epps, 82 Ermentrude, 19, 197 Ermine, 18 _Ermingcard_ (F.), 19 Erpingham, 108 Esau, 190 Esmond, 99 Ethel, 209 Ethelston, 40, 96 Eva, 216 Evelina, 211 Eveline, 211 Evelyn, 211 Evening, 79 Ever, 82 Everard, 49 Evered, 49 Everett, 49 Every, 49, 82 Evesham, 108 Ewald, 68 Ewart, 68 Ewe, 2, 68_n_ Ewer, 68 Ewing, 68_n_ Exhall, 108 F. Fairfoot, 183, 185 Fairfoul, 120 Fairless, 183 Fairman, 49 Falstaff, 119 _Falsteuf_ (F.), 119 Faragut, 34 _Farcot_ (F.), 34 Farragut, 49 Farre, 27, 82 Farren, 27 Farrier, 178, 180 Farrimond, 49 Farrow, 82 Farthing, 28 Fearn, 82 Feckenham, 108 _Federigo_ (I.), 143 Ferdinand, 50 _Ferdinand_ (F.), 123 Ferrand, 49 Ferrier, 49, 180 Few, 159 Field, 113 Fielder, 113 Fielding, 113 Filbert, 50 Fileman, 50 Filldew, 50 Fillmer, 50 Fillmore, 99 Fin, 89 Finbow, 50 Finch, 82 Finger, 50, 183 Finn, 82 Finney, 82 Fish, 175, 177 Fiske, 177 Flack, 159 Fladbury, 108 Flagg, 159 Flatt, 198 Flatter, 181 Flattery, 181, 198 Flattman, 198 Flea, 3, 159, 175, 178 Fleck, 159 Flew, 99, 159 Flower, 216 Flowry, 216 Floyer, 216 Fluck, 159 Fly, 159, 175, 178 Fogg, 99, 159 Foggo, 99, 159 Folkstone, 108 Foote, 183, 184 Forder, 50 Fordred, 50 Forget, 49 Fortyman, 50 Forward, 49 Fowl, 99 _Francesco_ (I.), 143 Franklin, 31 _Fredeau_ (F.), 27 Frederic, 13 Frederick, 50 Freebody, 50, 156 Freeborn, 50, 99 Freebout, 50 Freeland, 50 Freestone, 50 _Frescobaldi_ (I.), 149 Friday, 99, 182 Froude, 82 Fudge, 159 Fuggle, 99 Fulke, 82 Fullagar, 50 Fullalove, 50, 191 G. Gaffery, 52 Gage, 9, 10 Gain, 10, 99, 118, 190 Galland, 51 Gallant, 51 Gallard, 51 Galloway, 51, 118 Galt, 82 _Gambetta_ (F.), 153 Gamble, 113 Gambler, 180 Gambling, 2, 28 Gander, 51, 99, 175 Gandy, 81 Gant, 81 Ganter, 51 Garbett, 51 Garbrand, 51 Garbutt, 51 Garden, 28 Garforth, 51 _Garibaldi_ (I.), 145 Garlick, 51 Garman, 51 Garment, 51, 120 Garnett, 51 Garrard, 51 Garrod, 51 Garrold, 51 Garroway, 51, 118 Garstin, 51 Garter, 52 Garvey, 51 Garwood, 51, 148_n_ Gasting, 82 Gatliffe, 50 Gatling, 99 Gatty, 175 Gay, 9, 10, 99 Gedge, 9, 10 Genese, 192, 193 _Genett_ (G.), 207 Genevieve, 207 _Gennari_ (I.), 148 Genner, 52 Gennett, 52, 207 Gentery, 51 Gentry, 51 Geoffry, 50_n_, 51 _Gerard_ (F.), 23 _Gerbault_ (F.), 145 _Gerbet_ (F.), 153 Gerloff, 51 Gertrude, 19, 197 _Geu_ (G.), 10 _Gey_ (G.), 10 _Gherardini_ (I.), 148 _Ghibellines_ (I.), 146 _Ghiberti_ (I.), 148 _Ghirlandaio_ (I.), 148 Gidding, 108 Giddy, 155 Giffard, 52 Giffen, 82 Gilbert, 52 Gildawie, 52 Gilder, 52 Gildert, 52 Gill, 82 Gillard, 53 Giller, 53, 99 Gillett, 53 Gillford, 53 Gilliam, 53 Gillibrand, 52 Gillman, 53 Gilmore, 53 Gimbert, 52 Gippert, 52 Gipsy, 33 Gislingham, 108 Goad, 81 Godalming, 71, 105 Godbold, 53 Godbolt, 53 Goddam, 191 Goddard, 53 Goddier, 53 Godding, 81, 99 Goddiss, 20 _Godeau_ (F.), 27 Godfrey, 50_n_, 53 Godhead, 53 Godiso, 20 Godiva, 172 Godizo, 20 Godkin, 31 Godliman, 191 Godman, 53 Godmersham, 108 Godmund, 53, 99 Godrick, 53 Godsell, 53 Godskall, 53 Godsoe, 20, 32 Godward, 191 Godwin, 53, 99 Gold, 82 Goldbourne, 52 Golding, 82 Goldrick, 52 Goldwin, 52 Goodacre, 170 Goodbody, 156 Goodenough, 120, 191 Goodeve, 171 Goodheart, 53, 191 Goodlake, 53 Goodland, 53 Goodliffe, 53, 191 Goodnow, 53 Goodram, 53 Goodred, 53 Goodwright, 53, 178, 180 Goodyear, 53 Goose, 175 Gorbold, 51 Gore, 82 Gorebrown, 51 Gosbell, 53 Gosland, 54 Gosling, 175 Gosmer, 54 _Gosselin_ (F.), 175, 176 _Gosselini_ (I.), 147 Goswold, 54 _Göttingen_ (G.), 71 _Gousse_ (F.), 175, 176 Gozar, 54 Gozzard, 53 _Grau_ (G.), 189 Gray, 138, 188, 189 Greenwell, 138 Gregg, 188, 189 Grimbald, 54 Grimble, 54, 202 Grimerd, 54 Grimmer, 54 Grimmond, 54 Grimstone, 108 _Grobe_ (G.), 187 Grote, 99 Grove, 99, 186, 187 _Grove_ (G.), 187 _Grub_ (F.), 187 Grubb, 99, 186, 187 _Grubi_ (F.), 187 _Guala_ (F.), 133 _Gualdo_ (I.), 144, 147 _Gualtier_ (F.), 130 _Guardi_ (I.), 144, 148 _Guarini_ (I.), 152 _Guarnerius_ (I.), 144, 149 Guelpa, 131 _Guelph_ (I.), 131, 146 _Gueneau_ (F.), 133 _Guenin_ (F.), 133 _Guérin_ (F.), 152 _Guermain_ (F.), 132 _Guernier_ (F.), 149 Guest, 82 _Guglielmo_ (I.), 149 _Guicciardini_ (I.), 144, 147 _Guiche_ (F.), 132 _Guidé_ (F.), 132, 148 _Guido_ (I.), 144, 148 _Guidubaldi_ (I.), 148 _Guillaume_ (F.), 123, 130, 133 Guille, 131, 132 _Guille_ (F.), 132 _Guillemain_ (F.), 133 Guily, 131, 132 Guinan, 131 _Guinery_ (F.), 133 Guiney, 131, 133 _Guinier_ (F.), 133 _Guiscard_ (F.), 130 _Guiteau_ (F.), 148 Gumboil, 2, 54 Gundey, 99 Gundry, 54 Gunn, 99 Gunner, 181 Gunnery, 181 Gunston, 54 Gunter, 54 Gunthorp, 108 Guttwein, 122 Gwillam, 131, 133 Gwilt, 131 Gwyer, 131, 132 Gye, 9, 10 H. Hack, 83 Hacking, 83 Hackstaff, 164 Haddenham, 108 Haddock, 175 Hadkiss, 54 Hadrott, 54 Hadwen, 54 Haggard, 40 Hail, 83 Hailing, 83 Halbard, 96 Hald, 99 Haldan, 99 Hall, 83 Hallgreen, 33 Halling, 28, 83, 105 Hallington, 108 Halloway, 43 Hambledon, 108 Hambling, 150 _Hamel_ (F.), 150 Hamling, 150 Hammill, 150 Hammond, 41 Hamp, 166 Hamper, 166 Hance, 83 Hand, 79 Handsomebody, 156 Hanger, 42 Hankerton, 108, 109 Hanman, 43 Hann, 27, 83, 172 Hannah, 171 Hannen, 27 Hanney, 172 Hanning, 83 Hannington, 108 Hanrot, 43 Hansard, 43 Hansom, 43 Harbert, 55 Harboard, 55 Harbud, 55 Hard, 83 Hardacre, 170 Harder, 54, 181 Harding, 28, 83 Hardington, 109 Hardland, 54 Hardman, 55 Hardoff, 55 Hardwick, 55 Hardy, 83 Hargood, 55 Harker, 55 Harland, 55 Harle, 83 Harleston, 109 Harley, 83 Harling, 83, 105 Harman, 55 Harme, 19 Harmer, 55 Harmond, 55 Harmony, 18 Harnor, 44 Harnott, 55 Harold, 15_n_, 20, 55 Harp, 21 Harre, 196 Harrietsham, 108 Harrow, 196 Harry, 194, 196 Harryman, 55 Hart, 83 Hartnoll, 55, 165 Hartridge, 55 Hartry, 55 Hartwright, 55, 178, 180 Harvest, 21 Harvey, 55 Harward, 55 Harwin, 55 Harwood, 55 Hasell, 83, 185, 186 Haskey, 99 Hasluck, 59, 101 Hathaway, 54, 118, 126 Hatt, 79 Hattemore, 54 Hattrick, 54 Hauxton, 108 Haversham, 108 Haveys, 212 Haweis, 212 Hawk, 99 Hawke, 83 Hawoise, 212 Hayman, 41 Hayward, 41, 99, 137, 138, 178, 180 Head, 183 Hean, 166 Heaney, 166 Heart, 183, 184 Heasman, 56 Heaven, 79 Helme, 99 _Héloïse_ (F.), 123, 212 Helper, 99 Helps, 99 Helpstone, 109 Hemingford Abbots, 109 Hemington, 109 Hemp, 166 Hemper, 166 Henfrey, 43, 166 Henman, 43 Henn, 83 Henniker, 43 _Henri_ (F.), 123 Henstridge, 109 Herbert, 55, 99 _Herbette_ (F.), 153 Herepath, 55 Heringaud, 34 Herod, 99, 190 Herring, 99, 175 Hersant, 55 Heward, 141 Hewish, 141 Hewitt, 32, 141 Hewland, 141 Hewlet, 141 Hibbert, 141 Hibble, 141 Hick, 140 Hickie, 140 Hickley, 140 Hicklin, 141 Hickman, 100, 141 Hickmot, 141 _Hieckmann_ (G.), 141 _Hienne_ (F.), 141 Higgen, 141 Highmore, 100, 141 Higlet, 141 _Higlin_ (F.), 141 Higman, 141 Hignett, 142 Hildebrand, 55 Hilder, 55 Hildreth, 56 Hildyard, 55 Hill, 83 Hillersdon, 109 Hillman, 56 Hillock, 100, 141 Hillyer, 55 Hilmer, 56 Hilridge, 56 Him, 209 Hime, 83 Hind, 114 Hine, 114 Hinksey, 109 Hipkin, 31 Hoby, 83 _Hocedé_ (F.), 182 Hockaday, 182 Hockey, 83 Hodge, 100, 140 Hodges, 141 Hodgett, 101 Hodgkin, 31, 141 Hodsoak, 109 Hoe, 140 _Hogan_ (F.), 141 _Hoge_ (G.), 140 Hogg, 100, 140 Hoggin, 141 Hogmire, 141 _Hognet_ (F.), 142 _Hoin_ (F.), 141 Holiday, 182 Homer, 141 Hone, 83, 166 Honey, 83 Honeybun, 120 Honeyburn, 120 Honeyman, 54 Honner, 166 Honnington, 109 Hoofnail, 165 Hook, 83 Hopkin, 102 Hopp, 83 Hopping, 28, 83 Horne, 83, 100 Horning, 83, 105 Horningsea, 109 Horningsheath, 109 Horsenail, 165 Hose, 84 Hough, 89 Howard, 178, 180 Howitt, 32, 101, 141 _Hua_ (F.), 140 _Huan_ (F), 141 _Huard_ (F.), 141 _Huart_ (F.), 141 _Huault_ (F.), 142 _Hubault_ (F.), 141 Hubbard, 141 _Hubbert_ (G.), 141 Hubble, 141 _Hubert_ (F.), 141 _Huc_ (F.), 140 Huck, 140 _Hucke_ (G.), 140 Huckell, 140 Hucken, 141 _Hue_ (F.), 140 _Huel_ (F.), 140 Huelin, 141 _Huet_ (F.), 141 Huff, 86 _Hufnagel_ (G.), 166 Hug, 140 _Hug_ (F.), 140 Hugall, 140 _Hugan_ (F.), 141 _Hugard_ (F.), 141 _Hugé_ (F.), 140 _Huge_ (G.), 140 _Hügel_(G.), 140 Huggard, 141 Huggett, 32, 141 Hugh, 140 Hughes, 141 Hughman, 141 _Hugla_ (F.), 140 Hugman, 141 _Hugnot_ (F.), 142 Hugo, 140 _Hugo_ (F.), 140 _Hugo_ (G.), 140 _Hugot_ (F.), 141 _Huguelin_ (F.), 141 _Hugues_ (F.), 141 Huie, 140 _Hulek_ (F.), 141 Hullock, 141 Human, 141 _Humann_ (F.), 141 Humble, 100, 191 _Humboldt_ (G.), 191 Humphrey, 50_n_, 54 Hun, 89 Hunger, 54 Hunhold, 54 Hunibal, 54 Hunn, 83 Hunnard, 54 Hunt, 83 Hunting, 83 Huntingdon, 109 Hurlbat, 49 Hurlburt, 49 Hurler, 49, 178, 180 Hutt, 100 Hyndman, 114 I. Ibbett, 32 _Ihm_ (G.), 209 _Imm_ (G.), 209 Impey, 167 Inchbald, 56 Inchboard, 56 Ingledew, 42 Inglesent, 42 Inglis, 192 Ingold, 56 Ingram, 56 Ingrey, 56 Inkhammer, 215 Ipswich, 108 Ireland, 9 Iremonger, 19 Irminger, 19, 44 Irwine, 99 Isabel, 198 _Isabelle_ (F.), 199 Isburg, 56 Ismer, 56 Isnard, 56 Isnell, 165 Isner, 56 Ive, 83 Ivy, 83, 185, 186 Izod, 56 J. Jack, 194, 196 Jacklin, 194, 196 _Jacklin_ (G.), 196 _Jacquard_ (F.), 196 _Jacquelin_ (F.), 196 Jael, 190 Jago, 194, 196 Jane, 206, 207 Janet, 206, 207 January, 182, 183 Jarman, 51 Jeannerett, 52 Jeffcock, 35 Jeffcott, 35 Jellicoe, 31 Jenner, 183 Jennery, 52, 183 Jennett, 207 Jervis, 51 Jocelyn, 176 _Jordaens_ (D.), 135 Jordan, 135 _Jordan_ (F.), 135 _Josselin_ (F.), 176 _Jourdain_ (F.), 135 _Jourdan_ (F.), 135 Judith, 196 K. Kay, 9, 10, 80 Keble, 98 Kedge, 9, 10 Kegg, 9, 10 Keho, 11 Kelk, 98, 170 Kelvedon, 107 Kemerton, 71, 107 Kenilworth, 107 Kennard, 56 Kennaway, 56, 118 Kenrick, 56, 98 Kensal, 168 Kensett, 168 Kenward, 56, 98 Keogh, 11 Kettering, 105 Kettle, 97 Kettleby, 107 Key, 9, 10, 80 Keysoe, 107 Kidd, 98, 173 Kiddy, 155 Killer, 53 Killman, 53, 98 Kilsby, 109 Kindred, 117 Kinmonth, 56 Kinnaird, 56 Kinney, 26 Kitt, 100, 173 Kitto, 173 Kitty, 155, 170 Klyne, 160 Knapp, 100, 161 Knapping, 161 Knall, 161, 173 Kneller, 161 Knibb, 99, 161 Knife, 161 Knipe, 99, 161 Knipping, 161 Knott, 81 Knyvett, 161 _Kupfernagel_ (G.), 166 L. Lamaison, 182 _Lamas_ (F.), 183 Lambert, 56 _Lamberti_ (I.), 147 Lambeth, 109 Lambrook, 56 Lammas, 182, 183 Lamprey, 56, 115, 175, 178 Lanaway, 57 Lander, 56 Landfear, 56 Landlord, 57 Landridge, 57 Landward, 57 Lanfear, 56 Langstaff, 164 Lanoway, 118 Lanwer, 57 _Lanzi_ (I.), 147 Lark, 175, 176 Lascelles, 139 Lateward, 57 Laundry, 57 _Lauringen_ (G.), 72 Lavenham, 109 Laver, 83 Laverick, 100 Laverock, 176 Lawless, 183, 184 Laycock, 34 Leamington, 73 Leathart, 57 Leather, 57 _Leboeuf_ (F.), 139 _Lecoq_ (F.), 34 Ledgard, 57, 100 Ledger, 57 Ledward, 57 Lees, 84 Legg, 183, 184 Leggy, 183 Legless, 183, 184 Lemon, 57_n_, 100, 119 _Leonardo_ (I.), 142 Leopard, 57, 100, 173 _Leopardi_ (I.), 151 Lessy, 84 Leverett, 177 Lewis, 34, 118 Liddard, 57 Liddle, 84 Lightfoot, 184 Limmer, 119 Lind, 175 Linden, 185, 186 Lindo, 175 Ling, 27, 175 Lingen, 27 Lingo, 175 _Lionardo_ (I.), 148 Liptrot, 57 Lock, 84 Locker, 100 Lockie, 84 Lord, 100, 158, 178 Lording, 100, 158 Lottisham, 109 _Louis_ (F.), 123 Louisa, 216 _Louise_ (F.), 123, 211 Love, 84 Loveday, 57, 137, 138, 182 Lovegod, 57 Lovegood, 57, 191 Loveland, 57 Loveman, 57, 100, 191 Lover, 57, 100 Loveridge, 57, 100 Lovesy, 100 Lovick, 31 Loving, 28, 84 Lower, 100 Lubbock, 31 Lucas, 34, 57, 118 Lucy, 171 Ludbrook, 57 _Ludovico_ (I.), 143 _Luigi_ (I.), 142 Lull, 84, 100 Lully, 84, 100 Lumb, 160 Lump, 160 Lumpkin, 160 Luther, 57, 100 Lutman, 57, 100 Lutto, 84 Lutwidge, 57 Lyde, 84 M. Mabel, 201 McDermott, 98_n_ McKay, 11 McKie, 11 Madam, 58 Maddey, 84 _Madelungen_ (G.), 72 Madle, 84 Mager, 58 Magg, 171 Maggot, 58 Maggy, 84 _Magini_ (I.), 142 _Maginot_ (F.), 142 _Magnabal_ (F.), 142 _Magnan_ (F.), 142 _Magnard_ (F.), 142 Magnay, 142 _Magné_ (F.), 142 _Magney_ (F.), 142 _Magnier_ (F.), 142 _Mahault_ (F.), 204 Mahood, 210 Maiden, 28 Maidman, 59 _Maignan_ (F.), 142 _Mainardi_ (I.), 142 _Mainardo_ (I.), 142 _Mainbourg_ (F.), 142 _Maineri_ (I.), 142 _Mainfroy_ (F.), 142 _Maingault_ (F.), 142 _Maingot_ (F.), 34, 142 Maliff, 58 Mallard, 58 Malling, 105 Mallory, 58 Malmsbury, 109 Malthus, 58 Maltwood, 59 Manfred, 58 _Manfredi_ (I.), 147 Manger, 58, 142 Manhood, 210 Manigault, 58 Manlove, 58, 191 Mann, 84 Manning, 28, 84 _Maraldi_ (I.), 147 Marcher, 59 Margot, 58 Marigold, 58 Mariner, 178, 180 _Marinier_ (F.), 181 Marker, 59 Marklove, 59 Markwick, 59 Marl, 84 Marling, 84 _Marnier_ (F.), 181 Marr, 25, 84 Marrow, 25 Marry, 25 Marvey, 58 Marvin, 58 Marwick, 58 Massey, 84 Mather, 58 _Mathilde_ (F.), 123 Matilda, 203, 204 Maud, 203, 204 Maude, 171 May, 84, 171 Mayer, 58 Maynard, 58, 142 _Maynard_ (F.), 142 Mayne, 142 _Maynier_ (F.), 142 Mayo, 171, 173 Meadway, 59 Meddiman, 59 Medland, 59 Medlar, 59 Medlicott, 34, 59 Medlock, 59 Medwin, 59 Meggy, 171 Megrin, 58 _Mehne_ (G.), 142 _Meiner_ (G.), 142 _Meinert_ (G.), 142 Melloday, 59 Mellowdew, 59 Melody, 59 Merrill, 84 Merriment, 120 Merry, 85 Messing, 84 Methold, 59 Michie, 84 Mico, 84 Mildred, 116, 197 Millard, 59 Milldolar, 122 Millie, 84 Millinge, 84 Milo, 84 Minn, 178 Minney, 178 Minnow, 175, 178 Mitcheldover, 109 Moder, 59 Moll, 1, 171 Monday, 182 Monument, 120 Moore, 11 Mote, 175, 178 Moth, 175, 178 Mottram, 59 Moule, 100 Moulsey, 109 Moulsham, 109 Mouse, 175 _Mousse_ (F.), 176 Muckett, 100 Mudridge, 59 Mumm, 155 Mummery, 155 Mummy, 155 Munday, 182 Mundell, 30, 84 Mundella, 30 Mundham, 109 Mundy, 182 Murch, 84, 188, 189 Murchie, 84, 188, 189 Murchison, 189 Mutrie, 59 N. Naf, 161 Nagle, 101, 165 Nail, 101, 165 Nanny, 2, 171 Napkin, 161 Napp, 1, 161 Neate, 84 Need, 84 Nelly, 161, 171 Nettleton, 109 Nibbs, 101 Nield, 114 Nielson, 12 Nill, 161 Noon, 179 Norcock, 34, 35 Norcott, 35 Norman, 192, 193 Northcott, 34 Nott, 84 Nunn, 178, 179 Nunney, 179 Nuttall, 81 Nutting, 84 O. Oake, 185, 186 Oakey, 185, 186 _Odeschalchi_ (I.), 147 _Odevico_ (I.), 147 _Odoardo_ (I.), 124, 143 Offley, 109 Old, 79 Oldacre, 41 Olding, 79 Oldridge, 41 Ombersley, 106 Onken, 166 _Onofrio_ (I.), 142 Onwhyn, 166 _Orlandi_ (I.), 147 Orleston, 109 Orlop, 101 Orme, 174 Ormerod, 43 Ormsby, 109 Osborn, 59 Osgodby, 109 Osgood, 59 Osman, 59 Osmer, 59 Osmington, 109 Osmond, 60 Ostrich, 175 Oswald, 60, 101 Oswaldslow, 109 Oswin, 60 _Ouarnier_ (F.), 149 Ough, 86 Outram, 42 Ovington, 111 Owen, 101 Oyster, 122 Oysterman, 122 P. Paddington, 110 Padworth, 110 Pagan, 191, 192 Pagham, 110 Paine, 118, 192 Paler, 181 Paley, 26, 84 Palfrey, 47 Paling, 84 Papillon, 31 Paragreen, 45 Paramore, 45 Parez, 33 Paris, 33 Partrick, 46 Partridge, 46 Pascoe, 135 Pash, 135 Paske, 135 _Pasquin_ (F.), 135 Pass, 79 Patching, 105 Paton, 90 Patrington, 110 Pattingham, 110 Payne, 118 Peabody, 156 Peat, 91 Peck, 79 Pegg, 2, 85, 171 Pendegast, 114 Pender, 44, 101 Pendered, 44 Pendgast, 114, 115 _Penicaud_ (F.), 34 Penman, 45 Penn, 85 Pennell, 101 Pennycad, 34, 45 Pensham, 110 Pentecast, 120, 183 Pentecost, 120, 182, 183, 215 Perman, 45 Perriam, 45 Perrott, 45 Petersham, 110 Petridge, 110 Peyton, 90, 101 Pharoah, 190 _Philibert_ (F.), 123 Phillimore, 50, 99 Pickett, 101, 192 Picton, 90 Picture, 91 Piddel, 101 Pigot, 192 Pilgrim, 45 Pim, 162 Pindard, 44 Piper, 85 Pippin, 101 Pirner, 45 Pitt, 83 Player, 178, 180 Plowman, 178, 180 Pollard, 46 Poppy, 80 Portisham, 110 _Potefer_ (F.), 190 Potiphar, 190 Pott, 80 Potten, 101 Pottle, 101 Potto, 80 _Poy_ (F.), 194 _Poyard_ (F.), 152 _Poyart_ (F.), 194 _Poyé_ (F.), 194 _Poyer_ (F.), 194 Poynings, 105 Pray, 157 Prendergast, 114, 115 Prendergrass, 114 Prentice, 178, 179 Prentiss, 32, 101, 116 Priest, 178, 179 Prince, 178, 179 Proudfoot, 116 Puck, 80 Puckle, 85 Puddifer, 190 Punt, 101 Purdue, 45 Purgold, 46 Purland, 45 Pye, 193, 194 Pym, 162 Pyman, 193, 194 Q. Quail, 131, 133 Quaint, 131, 133 Quaker, 131 Qualey, 131, 133 Quantock, 131, 133 Quare, 131 Quarman, 131, 132 Quarrier, 131, 132 Quarry, 131 Quart, 134 Quary, 131 Quash, 131 Quear, 131 Queen, 131, 133 Queenan, 131, 133 Queeney, 131, 133 _Quenay_ (F.), 133 _Querrey_ (F.), 131 Query, 131 Quick, 131, 132 Quiddy, 131, 132 Quier, 131, 132 Quig, 131, 132 Quiggle, 131, 132 Quil, 131, 132 Quilke, 131, 133 _Quillac_ (F.), 133 _Quillé_ (F.), 132 Quillinan, 131, 133 Quillman, 131, 133 Quilt, 131, 134 Quilter, 131, 134 Quilty, 131, 134 Quin, 131, 133 Quinan, 131, 133 _Quineau_ (F.), 133 Quiner, 131, 133 _Quinier_ (F.), 133 Quint, 131, 133 _Quinty_ (F.), 133 Quire, 131, 132 _Quirini_ (I.), 147 Quitman, 131, 132 Quittacus, 131, 132 Quy, 131, 132 _Quyo_ (F.), 132 R. Rabbit, 118 Raddish, 33 Rackham, 60 Radmore, 60 _Raimondi_ (I.), 147 Rain, 176 Rainbird, 60 Rainford, 60 Ralph, 60, 101, 118 Ramsden, 110 Ranacre, 60 Ranger, 60 Rarey, 60 Rathbold, 60 Rathbone, 60 Rather, 60 Ratliffe, 60 Rattham, 60 Rattray, 60 Raven, 85 Raybauld, 60 Raybolt, 60 Rayment, 60, 120 Raymond, 60 Raynbold, 60 Raynham, 60 Read, 83 Reading, 105 Readwin, 60, 101 Reckless, 183 Redband, 60 Reddaway, 60 Reddish, 33 Redgill, 60 Redman, 60, 61 Redmarley, 110 Redmond, 60 Redmore, 60 Redwar, 60 Regal, 85 Reginald, 13 Regnard, 60 Rennie, 86, 176 Renno, 176 Reulver, 110 Reynard, 60 Reyner, 60 Reynolds, 60 Riccard, 61 Rich, 85 Richard, 61 _Richarde_ (F.), 123 Richbell, 61 Richer, 61, 181 Riches, 32 Richey, 85 _Richez_ (F.), 32 Richman, 61 Richmond, 61 Richold, 61 Rickinghall, 110 Rickman, 61 Ridding, 85 Riddle, 86 Riddy, 85 Ridgway, 61 Ridgyard, 61 _Ridolphi_ (I.), 143 Ringer, 61 Ringold, 61, 100 Ringstead, 110 Ripley, 83 Ritta, 85 Robert, 61 _Robert_ (F.), 123 _Roberti_ (I.), 147 Rock, 85 Rodber, 61 Rodbourn, 61 Rodborough, 110 Rodd, 85 Rodgard, 61 Rodger, 61 Rodman, 61, 192 Rodney, 61 Rodrick, 61 Rodyard, 61 _Rointru_ (F.), 186 Roland, 118 _Rolandini_ (I.), 147 Rolfe, 61, 118 Rolland, 61 Rolle, 85 Rollesby, 110 Rolleston, 110 Roman, 61, 118, 192 Roothing, 105 Rosbert, 61 Roskell, 61 _Rosnagel_ (G.), 166 Ross, 85 Rotherham, 61 Rothery, 61 Rowantree, 185, 186 Rubery, 101 Ruck, 85 Rudd, 85 Rudder, 61 Rudding, 85 _Rudolfe_ (F.), 123 Rudwick, 61 Rugg, 85 Rumbold, 62, 101 Rummer, 62 Runwell, 137 Rush, 85 Rutledge, 61 S. _Sacchi_ (I.), 147 Saint, 191 Sala, 86 Salaman, 178 Sale, 86 Salloway, 62 Salmon, 62, 175, 178 Sander, 85 Sargood, 66 Sarle, 85 Sarratt, 62 Satchell, 83 Scales, 86 Scally, 86 Scamp, 191 Scard, 83 Scarth, 85 _Schilling_ (G.), 29 Scotland, 8 Scott, 6 Scotten, 8 Scotting, 8 Scotto, 8 Seaber, 63 Seaborn, 63 Seabright, 63, 102_n_ Seabrook, 63 Seabury, 63 Searight, 63 Searle, 85 Seawall, 63 Seaward, 63 Sedgeberrow, 110 Sedgewick, 62 Sefowl, 63 Segar, 62, 102 Seguin, 62 Self, 85 Sellar, 62 Selvey, 86 Sempringham, 88 Serbutt, 62 Sermon, 62 Seward, 63 Seyfried, 62 Seymore, 15, 20, 62, 118 Seymour, 102 Shaft, 101 Shaftesbury, 110 Shafto, 101 Shakestaff, 164 Shark, 175, 177 Sharkey, 175 Shawkey, 101, 170 Sheaf, 86 Shield, 29, 101 Shilling, 29, 215 Shillingsworth, 215 Shinn, 86 Shirley, 86 Sholl, 101 Shovel, 86 Shute, 85, 101 Shuter, 101 Sibbald, 62, 118 Sibbertswold, 110 Sibert, 62, 102, 118 Sick, 86 Sickle, 83 Sickling, 85 Sickman, 62 Side, 183 Sidlesham, 110 Sievewright, 63, 178, 180 Siggs, 86 Sigournay, 115 Siksworth, 110 Simmond, 62 Siney, 86 _Sinibaldo_ (I.), 143 _Sismondi_ (I.), 147 Skeat, 85, 101 Skitt, 85 Smelt, 175, 178 Smirke, 188, 189 Snare, 86 Snell, 102 Snoad, 86, 168 Snodd, 102 Snodgast, 169 Snodgrass, 114_n_, 168 Snodin, 168 Snodland, 110 Snowden, 168 Somerleyton, 110 Somersham, 110 Sommerlat, 102 Spain, 192, 193 Spark, 186, 187 Speck, 86 Spendlove, 193 Spenlove, 193 Sprack, 186, 187 Spracklin, 186, 187 Sprague, 186, 187 Spratt, 175, 177 Spreckly, 186, 187 Sprigg, 186, 187 Sprott, 177 Sprout, 177 Square, 160 Squarey, 160 Squire, 160 Squirrell, 160, 175 Stadd, 159 Stainburn, 63 Stainer, 63 Starbuck, 120 Starch, 164 Stark, 164 Starkie, 164 Starr, 164 Steamburg, 63 Steed, 159 Stell, 86 Stenning, 86 Stericker, 164 Sternhold, 63, 116 Steyning, 106 Stidolph, 159 Stitt, 159 Stoddart, 159 Stonard, 63 Stone, 86 Stoneheart, 63, 191 Stoner, 63 Stonhold, 63 Stothard, 102 Stott, 102, 159 Stout, 102, 159 _Stradivarius_ (I.), 149 Straight, 163 Strain, 163 Strang, 163 Strangward, 163 Strangwick, 163 Strank, 163 Straw, 163 Stray, 163 Streek, 163 Stretch, 163 Strickett, 163 Stringfellow, 163 Stringle, 163 Strong, 102, 163 Stubbe, 186 Stubbing, 86, 186 Stubbs, 86 Studd, 159 Studeard, 102, 159 Sturge, 164 Sturgeon, 164 Sturgin, 164 Stutter, 159 Sugg, 102 Summer, 102, 182 Sunday, 182 Sundon, 110 Sunman, 102 Surrenden, 110 Swan, 83, 174 Swarling, 106 Swearing, 2, 28, 160, 191 Swears, 102, 160, 191 Swire, 102, 160 Sword, 102 Sycamore, 62, 102, 185, 186 _Sycamore_ (G.), 20 T. Tackabarry, 47 Tackle, 102 Tadd, 86 Taddy, 86 Tadman, 63, 102 Tadmarton, 110 Talbert, 47 Tall, 86 Tallington, 111 Tallman, 47 Tamworth, 111 Tancred, 63 Tankard, 63 Tankeray, 63 Target, 119 Tarring, 106 Tassell, 151 _Tassell_ (F.), 151 Tassie, 151 _Tasso_ (I.), 151 _Tassy_ (F.), 151 Tattle, 102 Tatwin, 63 Tavistock, 111 Tayburn, 47 Teather, 63 Tedder, 63 Teddington, 111 Telfer, 47 Telling, 28, 86 Terling, 106 Terry, 26, 86 Teuthorn, 64 Thackeray, 63 Theddlethorpe, 111 Theobald, 64 Theodore, 64, 102 Thirkettle, 64 _Thom_ (F.), 196 _Thomé_ (F.), 196 Thorburn, 63 Thorgur, 64 Thorne, 86, 185, 186 Thorning, 86 Thorold, 64, 102 Thoroughgood, 64, 110, 191 Thorowood, 64 Thrale, 169 Thunder, 102 Thundersfield, 111 Thurgar, 102 Thurgarton, 111 Thurgood, 64 Thurkle, 64 Thurmot, 64 Thurstan, 64 _Tibaldi_ (F.), 148 Tichfield, 111 Tickle, 81 Tidball, 64 Tidemore, 64, 98 Tidman, 64 Tidmington, 111 Tidy, 26 Tileman, 140 Tilford, 140 Tilke, 140 Till, 81, 139 _Till_ (G.), 139 _Tillé_ (F.), 139 _Tillemans_ (D.), 140 Tiller, 140 Tilley, 26, 139 _Tilli_ (I.), 139 Tillick, 102, 140 Tillier, 140 _Tillier_ (F.), 140 Tilling, 140 Tillingham, 111 Tillman, 140 _Tillon_ (F.), 140 _Tillot_ (F.), 140 Tillott, 140 Tilly, 81 _Tilly_ (F.), 139 Tilman, 102 _Tilman_ (F.), 140 _Tilmann_ (G.), 140 _Tilmant_ (F.), 140 _Tilo_ (G.), 139 Tiptoft, 138 Tisoe, 81 Titford, 102 Tockenham, 111 Tocque, 81 Todd, 25, 81 Toddenham, 111 Toddy, 25 Todrig, 64 Tom, 194, 196 Tomb, 194, 196 _Tombe_ (F.), 196 Tomey, 102, 194, 196 Tomkies, 48 Tomlin, 31, 194, 196 Tommell, 194, 196 Toomey, 194, 196 Tooting, 106 Torr, 86 Tottington, 111 Trail, 215 Train, 215 Tray, 17, 215 Tredington, 111 Tremble, 2, 119, 202 Trist, 102 Troston, 111 Trout, 175, 177, 178 Truefitt, 183, 185 Trumbull, 2, 119 Trumby, 86 Trump, 86 Trumpington, 88 _Tübingen_ (G.), 71 Tuck, 86 Tudor, 64 Tuffnell, 165 Tugman, 48 Tunn, 177 Tunno, 177 Tunny, 175, 177 Tunstone, 111 Turing, 86 Turk, 192, 193 Turkdean, 111 Turpin, 64 Turr, 86 Tuttle, 86 Twickenham, 111, 187 Twigg, 186, 187 Twine, 186, 187 Twining, 186, 187 Twiss, 186, 187 U. _Ubaldo_ (I.), 141 _Ubaldini_ (I.), 141 _Ughelli_ (I.), 140 _Ughetti_ (I.), 141 _Ugo_ (I.), 140, 143 _Ugolino_ (I.), 141 Upton Snodsbury, 110 Ure, 174 Urlwin, 49 V. Varnish, 33 Vergoose, 65 Vibert, 67 Vicary, 67 Vickridge, 67 _Videau_ (F.), 148 _Videcocq_ (F.), 34 Viking, 72 _Vilcocq_ (F.), 34 Vinegar, 67 _Viteau_ (F.), 148 W. Waddicar, 64 Waddy, 87 Wadge, 117 Wadmore, 64 Wager, 65 Wagg, 117 Waghorn, 67, 120 Wagstaff, 164 Wain, 102 Wake, 11 Waker, 87 Waland, 65 _Walcher_ (G.), 181 Walden, 102 Walder, 87 Waldie, 87 Waldman, 64 Waldo, 87 Waldron, 64, 65 Walk, 87 Walker, 87, 178, 181 Walkey, 87 Walking, 28, 87 Wall, 87 Waller, 65 Wallet, 65 Wallfree, 65 Wallower, 65 Wallraven, 65 Walsh, 87 Walter, 64, 87, 103 Wambey, 162 Wampen, 162 Waple, 87 Warbolt, 65 Warborough, 111 Warbrick, 65 Ward, 149 Warden, 28 Warehorne, 106 Waring, 103 Warland, 65 Warlock, 65 Warman, 65 Warmbadt, 122 Warmer, 65 Warne, 87, 152, 181 Warneford, 65 Warner, 65, 149, 178, 180 Warnett, 65 Warraker, 65 Warren, 87, 152, 181 Warrenbury, 65 Warrener, 65, 181 Warringer, 149 Warrior, 65 Washingborough, 111 Washington, 134 Wass, 87 Watchfield, 111 Water, 87 Watkiss, 64 Watlington, 111 Watney, 64 Watt, 87 Waugh, 117 Way, 117 Wedlake, 66 Wedlock, 66 Welcome, 66 Well, 87 Wellwyn, 106 Welp, 131 Weston, 103 Weybret, 65 Wheatbread, 116 Whelp, 131 Wherwell, 137, 140 Whigam, 67, 103 Whipp, 87 Whipple, 103 Whiston, 103 Whit, 87 Whitbread, 66, 116 Whitecar, 66 Whiteheart, 66 Whitelaw, 66 Whitelegg, 66 Whitelock, 103 Whiteman, 66 Whitemore, 66 Whiter, 66 Whiteridge, 66 Whiterod, 66, 120 Whitethread, 66, 100 Whiting, 175, 177 Whitridge, 103 Whittaker, 66 Whittington, 109 Whittock, 100 Wichett, 67 Wicker, 67 Wicking, 87 Wideman, 66 Widow, 103, 148 Wigg, 87, 103 Wigget, 67 Wigman, 67 Wigmore, 67_n_ Wigram, 67 Wilbourn, 66 Wilbraham, 111 Wilburton, 111 Wilcomb, 66 Wilford, 66 Wilkie, 31, 194, 195 Wilkin, 31, 194, 195 Will, 87, 194, 195 Willament, 66 Willard, 66, 103 Willer, 87, 103 Willeroey, 111 Willett, 66 Willgoss, 66 Williams, 66 Williment, 103 Willing, 28, 87, 194, 195 Willis, 32, 194, 195 Willmore, 66 Willmot, 66 Willock, 31, 34 Willoe, 195 Willof, 194, 195 Willow, 87, 185, 186 Willy, 194, 195 Wilsford, 111 Wimble, 202 Wimbolt, 67 Wincup, 67 Winder, 66 Windle, 87 Windlesham, 109 Windram, 66 Windred, 66 Windsor, 112 Wine, 87 Winegar, 67, 103 Wineman, 67 Winer, 67, 103 Winfarthing, 2, 29 Wingood, 67 Winlock, 67 Winmen, 67 Winn, 87 Winning, 87 Winshill, 111 Winslow, 111 Winston, 67 Winter, 182, 183 Wintle, 87 Wire, 67 Wither, 66 Withered, 66 Witherick, 66 Witheron, 66 Wittering, 66, 106 Wiveliscomb, 111 Woking, 106 Woldswell, 111 Wolf, 87 Wolsey, 68, 103 Wolverley, 112 Woodcock, 34 Woodin (?), 103 Woolbert, 67 Woolcot, 34, 67 Wooley, 67 Woolgar, 67, 103 Woollams, 67 Woollard, 67 Woollat, 67 Woolmer, 68, 103 Woolnoth, 68 Woolrych, 68, 103 Woolston, 68 Worcester, 111 Wordsworth, 116 Worm, 175 Worting, 106 Wren, 87, 175, 176 Wreningham, 111 Wright, 87 Wrigley, 85 Wrotham, 112 Wyard, 67, 103 Wyatt, 67 Wyberg, 67 Wybrow, 67 Wyman, 67 Wymer, 67 Y. Yea, 2, 68_n_ Yeading, 105 Yealfe, 68 Yeaman, 68 Yems, 83 Yeo, 2, 68_n_ Yeoman, 68 Yeoward, 68 Yorick, 68 THE END. LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C. End of Project Gutenberg's Surnames as a Science, by Robert Ferguson *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. 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