The Project Gutenberg eBook of The First Easter
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The First Easter

Author: James Hartwell Willard

Release date: February 6, 2012 [eBook #38775]
                Most recently updated: January 8, 2021

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Michael Gray, Diocese of San Jose


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIRST EASTER ***




Produced by Michael Gray, Diocese of San Jose







ALTEMUS'
BEAUTIFUL STORIES SERIES


THE FIRST EASTER

BY

J. H. WILLARD


ILLUSTRATED


PHILADELPHIA
HENRY ALTEMUS COMPANY



Altemus' Illustrated
Beautiful Stories Series

THE FIRST CHRISTMAS.
THE FIRST EASTER.
ONCE IN SEVEN YEARS.
         The Story of the Jubilee
WITH HAMMER AND NAIL.
          The Story of Jael and Sisera
FIVE KINGS IN A CAVE.
         The Story of a Great Battle
THE WISEST MAN.
         The Story of Solomon
A FARMER'S WIFE.
         The Story of Ruth
THE MAN WHO DID NOT DIE.
         The Story of Elijah
WHEN IRON DID SWIM.
         The Story of Elisha
WHAT IS SWEETER THAN HONEY.
         The Story of Samson


Copyright, 1906
By Henry Altemus



[Illustration: TWO ANGELS.]

THE FIRST EASTER

IN the story of The First Easter, as in the story of The First
Christmas, there is much that is hard to understand, but if we review
somewhat the Blessed Life of Jesus, we shall better appreciate the
glorious significance of the day.

Jesus had passed through His human life, everywhere uttering words of
pity, and stretching out hands of mercy. To suffer was to have a
claim upon Him. He had not used His supernatural powers for His own
benefit, but for the good of others. He employed them freely,
helping, comforting, healing, blessing, wherever He went.

[Illustration: "HELPING, COMFORTING, HEALING, BLESSING."]

Shepherds, led by angels, were the first witnesses of Jesus' birth.
His boyhood was spent at Nazareth, and was entirely without sin. He
studied the Old Testament Scriptures in the synagogues, but in no way
did He become identified with the Pharisees or their instructions,
yet when He began His ministry He was able to teach with authority.

Jesus was baptized by John, who was only six months older than
himself, and then, after successfully resisting the temptations of an
evil spirit, He began to exercise His higher powers and gifts, thus
entering upon His public activity.

The life of Jesus was a wandering one during His short ministry on
earth. He visited Jerusalem twice, Samaria once, Nazareth once, and
Capernaum several times, besides pausing on the banks of the Jordan,
and traveling from place to place in Galilee. He said of Himself,
that He had not _"where to lay His head."_

It is thought that Jesus wore the usual dress of a rabbi, or teacher;
a blue robe worn over a long undergarment of white, or pale gray
striped with crimson; a covering of folded linen to protect His head,
and sandals for His feet.

Many beautiful incidents in the life of Jesus occurred between the
time of the first manifestation of His miraculous powers at Cana,
where He turned water into wine at a wedding feast, and the calling
of the Twelve Apostles.

On one of His visits to Capernaum Jesus was surrounded by sick and
helpless people, and He healed them all; made them well and strong
and happy. With heavy burdens lifted, and sorrowful hearts cheered,
the little town slept; but Jesus set out before daylight, and,
reaching a solitary place on a mountain, prayed to His Father, God.

Then from village to village, Jesus carried His message and ministry
of Love. One day a poor leper came to Him. Jesus touched him, and he
was a leper no more.

Not long, after this--again at Capernaum, four men carried a
paralyzed cripple on a litter to the house where Jesus was teaching.
The crowd about the door was so great that they could not enter, so
they lifted their burden onto the flat roof of the house, and having
made an opening, lowered the sick man, still on his litter, into the
room where Jesus was.

_"Son, thy sins be forgiven thee,"_ said Jesus, _"I say unto thee,
arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house."_
Instantly cured the man departed, carrying his litter as he had been
commanded.

The following Sabbath day Jesus publicly healed a man in the
synagogue, whose hand was withered and powerless. The unbelieving
rabbis, and others who were present, were so angry at Him for doing
this, that in their hatred and malice they consulted with the
supporters of the Roman government, whom they usually regarded as
enemies, as to the surest way of bringing about His death.

Then came the calling of the men whom Jesus named the Apostles. They
were twelve in number and became associated in new and peculiar
relations to Him. It was also the first step towards a regular method
of spreading far and wide His blessed teachings.

[Illustration: JESUS AND HIS APOSTLES.]

Following the choosing of the Apostles, Jesus gave to the crowds who
flocked to hear Him that beautiful address, which we call "The Sermon
on the Mount," and after this he performed many more wonderful cures
and miracles, and taught the people by means of parables or stories
that they could understand.

[Illustration: THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.]

In the little village of Bethany was a humble home which Jesus often
visited. The family consisted of a man named Lazarus and his two
sisters, Martha and Mary. Lazarus was taken sick, and died. Jesus was
greatly affected by his death, for he dearly loved him. Lazarus had
been in the tomb for three days before Jesus appeared at the home of
the sisters, but he at once went to the tomb of his friend, and
called out to him to _"come forth,"_ and the man who had been dead
for three days arose sound and well.

[Illustration: "THE MAN WHO HAD BEEN DEAD AROSE."]

After the raising of Lazarus from the dead, many of the leading
rabbis of Jerusalem, dreading the growing influence of Jesus over the
people, and perhaps persuading themselves that it might lead to a
revolt against the Roman government, brought all their power against
Him.

A council was hurriedly called; the acting high-priest that year
presided, and it was formally decided to put Jesus to death. The only
point to be considered was the easiest way of accomplishing their
purpose. Jesus knew the malice in their hearts, and went away to a
lonely village called Ephraim. Here He remained until He made his
last journey to Jerusalem.

While on this journey, certain mothers brought their little ones to
Jesus, in the hope that He might touch them, and were rebuked by the
Apostles for doing so. When Jesus heard the rebuke, He lifted the
little ones tenderly in His arms, and fondly blessed them, saying,
_"Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them, not: for
of such is the kingdom of God."_

As Jesus pursued His way to Jerusalem, the roads were thronged with
people going there to keep the Passover, and among the crowds were
many beggars. The way led by Jericho, and close by the entrance to
the city sat one of those beggars, a blind man named Bartimeus.

Hearing some one in the crowd say that Jesus of Nazareth was passing
by, Bartimeus called loudly for help. In vain the people bade him be
silent; he only repeated his cries more loudly. Jesus listened,
stopped, called the man to him, and asked, _"What wilt thou that I
should do unto thee?"_ The blind man answered eagerly, _"Lord, that I
might receive my sight,"_ and immediately he received it.

On the afternoon of Friday, the eighth day of the Hebrew month Nisan,
Jesus' once more reached the friendly home at Bethany, and there,
where His welcome was always sure, He spent His last Sabbath upon
earth.

In the evening, He and His Apostles attended a feast at the house of
a friend of Martha and Mary, a man named Simon who had once been a
leper, and was not unlikely indebted to Jesus for his cure. Lazarus,
who had been dead but was now alive again, was also present.

During the meal, Mary anointed Jesus' feet with a perfume of the
costliest kind. Some of the Apostles, led by Judas Iscariot, objected
to this on the ground that it was wasteful; but Jesus reproved them,
declaring that wherever the Gospel should be preached throughout the
world, Mary's act of devotion should _"be spoken of for a memorial of
her."_

[Illustration: MARY ANOINTED JESUS' FEET.]

The news of Jesus' arrival at Bethany soon reached Jerusalem, and
caused His enemies to plan for the destruction of Lazarus, also,
because his restoration to life had made such an impression on the
people.

On the next day--the Jewish Monday, which we commemorate as "Palm
Sunday"--Jesus entered Jerusalem. It was the custom for pilgrims to
enter that city for the Passover in orderly processions, with music,
and carrying banners. As there was no longer any need to restrain the
ardor of the people Jesus prepared to conform to the custom.

Following His instructions two of His disciples found at Bethpage, a
village close by, a young animal which had never carried or drawn a
burden. From very early times such animals had been chosen for sacred
purposes. It was on this colt, with the mantles of the disciples
thrown over it, that Jesus rode attended by a great multitude, who
spread their garments and branches plucked from trees in the way.

Between the vineyards, orchards, and olive gardens that bordered the
road, the procession wound slowly along, welcomed by glad throngs
that had poured out of Jerusalem to meet it, shouting, _"Hosanna!
Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord!"_
Crossing the bridge over "the brook Kidron," Jesus entered Jerusalem.

[Illustration: THE BROOK KIDRON. _From a Photograph._]

Pilgrims were not allowed to go beyond the foot of Mount Moriah
without purification, according to the Jewish ceremonial law. At this
place the crowd dispersed, and Jesus, first removing His sandals,
entered the Temple alone. As the day was drawing to a close, He staid
there but a short time, and then returned to Bethany.

But the next morning, Jesus was back in Jerusalem, and once more he
expelled the merchants and money-changers from the Temple courts.
Then the blind, and lame, and all who needed bodily relief surrounded
Him, and He healed them willingly. The angry priests and rabbis would
have seized Him if they had not feared the excited crowd, and so the
day passed on, Jesus returning to the cottage at Bethany at its
close, only to return to the city the next morning.

The opportunity for which the enemies of Jesus were watching so
eagerly came at last. One of His own trusted disciples went to the
chief priests, asking what they would give him to betray his Master.
His name was Judas Iscariot, or Judas of Kerioth, a little village in
the south of Judea.

The priests received Judas gladly, and agreed to pay him the price of
a full-grown slave--thirty silver pieces, a sum equal to about twenty
dollars of our money. He promised to find them an opportunity of
arresting Jesus quietly, at a time when there would be no fear of
inciting a riot among the people.

Acting upon instructions from Jesus, Peter and John, two of the
Apostles, secured a room in Jerusalem, and prepared for a celebration
of the Passover. All was made ready, and Jesus and His twelve
Apostles met for "The Last Supper."

During the meal Jesus taught His disciples a touching lesson in
humility; laying aside His upper robe, He washed and wiped their
feet. Then He told them that one of their number was to betray Him,
saying to Judas, _"That thou doest, do quickly."_ Judas rose and went
away hastily, but none but Jesus knew his errand.

Jesus then instituted the Holy Communion, which we observe in our
churches, and then conversed with His beloved "Eleven," cheering
their sinking spirits by promises of unspeakable sweetness. When the
hour of parting came, a hymn was sung, and the little company broke
up for the last time.

Through the city gate, across the Kidron bridge, into the olive
garden called Gethsemane, they went, leaving eight of the disciples
near the entrance. Jesus and the remaining three entered the quiet
shadows of the olive trees, to pray. Worn and weary, the three fell
asleep. Three times Jesus awakened them, the last time saying, _"Rise
up, let us go! lo! he that betrayeth Me is at hand."_

[Illustration: "THE THREE FELL ASLEEP."]

As He spoke, torches flamed over the quiet garden, and the forms of
armed men showed indistinctly in their light. Their guide was Judas
of Kerioth. Stepping to the side of Jesus, he kissed Him, and said,
_"Hail, Master!"_ the agreed way of designating Jesus to the
soldiery.

Not many words were spoken. Jesus surrendered at once, only
stipulating that no harm should come to His Apostles, who, beside
themselves with fear, forsook Him and fled.

Bound, and a prisoner, Jesus was led back into the city, and to the
palace probably occupied by Caiaphas, the high-priest and Annas his
father-in-law and president of the Sanhedrim, or great Jewish
council.

First, He was taken to Annas, and from him to Caiaphas, but not
before He had been subjected to much insulting treatment. False
witnesses had been summoned, only to have their evidence fall to the
ground, and the only hope that Caiaphas had was to secure from Jesus
Himself some admission that could be construed into blasphemy.

In reply to the high-priest's question, Jesus replied that He was the
Christ, the Son of God. Turning to the council, Caiaphas exclaimed,
_"Ye have heard the blasphemy! What think ye?"_ and the reply was,
_"He is guilty of death."_

Although thus condemned by the Sanhedrim, the sentence could not be
carried out unless confirmed by Pontius Pilate, the Roman Procurator
of Judea, who was on his way to Jerusalem, a part of his duties being
to maintain order there during great festivals. Before Pilate could
be seen, Jesus was left to the brutal violence of the Roman soldiers.

Once before Pilate, who was unwillingly obliged to investigate the
matter, Jesus was charged with _"stirring up the people,"_ and with
calling Himself the _"King of the Jews."_ Pilate was infirm of
purpose, as well as unprincipled. Convinced that Jesus was the victim
of ill will and jealousy, he told the priests and rabbis that He was
innocent. Then he caught at a chance of escaping responsibility.

The prisoner was called Jesus of Nazareth; Nazareth was in Galilee;
and Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee, was at that moment in
Jerusalem. The two rulers were not on good terms, but Pilate sent
Jesus to Herod for judgment.

Herod questioned Jesus, but received no answer. Angered at His
silence, Herod first mocked Him, and then sent Him back to Pilate,
dressed in a gorgeous robe. Pilate then resorted to a stratagem.
Every Passover a prisoner was set free, and Pilate bade the crowd
choose between Jesus and Barabbas, a robber who had committed murder
in an insurrection and was then lying in prison, feeling sure that
they would choose Jesus.

But the priests and rabbis exerted their power to the utmost. They
stirred the people to a frenzy, and then with threats and bribes
urged them to demand the rebel instead of Jesus, whom, but a few days
before, they had acclaimed as the Messiah.

To the dismay of Pilate, the crowd shouted their decision, _"Away
with this Man! And release unto us Barabbas."_ In angry helplessness,
Pilate called for water, and publicly washed his hands, crying out,
_"I am innocent of the blood of this just person! See ye to it."_
Instantly the frenzied people yelled in reply, _"His blood be on us
and on our children!"_

Pilate then asked what he should do to Jesus, and as one great voice
the answer came, _"Crucify Him!"_ The cowardly Pilate had one last
hope. Possibly the cruel multitude might be touched if they saw Jesus
punished by the scourge--a whip into which pieces of lead and bone
had been plaited.

Jesus bore the agony meekly. Then over His bruised and bleeding body
a cast-off cloak was flung; a rude crown of sharp thorns was placed
upon His head; and in His right hand a reed, as a mock scepter, was
placed; while in heartless derision the mob sneeringly hailed Him as
King of the Jews. With unwearying patience Jesus submitted to their
taunts and jeers.

[Illustration: "JESUS SUBMITTED TO THEIR TAUNTS AND JEERS."]

Now exposed where all could see Him, the chief priests led, and the
crowd again took up the cry, _"Crucify Him, Crucify Him!"_ Cowed by
the words, _"If thou let this man go, thou art not Cæsar's friend;"_
feeling that he could not spare one accused of treason against the
Roman emperor, Pilate yielded to the voice of the people. Hastily
Jesus was stripped of his robes, and hurried towards the city gate,
while with Him, also under guard, went two criminals who were to be
crucified at the same time and place.

Sinking under the burden of the cross upon which He was to be nailed,
Jesus fell to the ground before reaching the place of execution. The
soldiers of the guard transferred the cross to a man whom they met
just then, and Jesus stumbled on to die. Behind Him walked sobbing
women, whose tears were all the sympathy He had.

[Illustration: THE PLACE OF EXECUTION.]

The hill was climbed; a few rapid preparations made; and Jesus was
crucified like a common criminal. At the moment when the spirit left
His body, an earthquake shook the earth, chasms opened in the rocks,
and tombs were thrown open by the convulsion. The Veil-of-Partition
in the Temple was rent from top to bottom.

Joseph of Arimathea obtained permission to remove the body of Jesus
from the cross. He was a rich man, and the owner of a garden near by,
in which a tomb had been hewn from a rock. Reverently the body was
lowered, bathed, wrapped in perfumed linen, and laid in the rocky
recess. Then a great stone was used to close the entrance to the
tomb. No more could be done that day, and the little company of
mourners dispersed. Their faithful footsteps died away, the night
winds swept past, and the Passover moon shone full upon the spot.

[Illustration: "LAID IN THE ROCKY RECESS."]

Jesus lay dead, but His enemies were not at ease. A guard was
ordered, and for better security a cord was drawn across the stone
and sealed with clay at both ends, upon which the Roman seal was
placed.

[Illustration: "THEIR FAITHFUL FOOTSTEPS DIED AWAY."]

The night seemed long to eyes weary with weeping and waiting for the
first signs of dawn. Hardly had the eastern sky began to redden, when
three women set out, laden with spices, for the garden where Jesus
lay. They were Mary of Magdala, Mary the sister of Jesus' mother, and
Salome, the mother of John the Evangelist.

Hurrying along in the dusk of morning, they wondered on whom they
might depend to roll away the stone at the mouth of the tomb, for of
the guards and the seals they knew nothing. Nearing the tomb, to
their unspeakable astonishment they found it open and empty, and the
sentinels prostrate with terror, for they had seen an angel descend
from heaven, and roll away the stone.

Mary of Magdala stayed for a moment to be sure that the body of Jesus
was no longer there, and then sped to the city to tell Peter and John
what had happened. Quickly the two Apostles set out for the spot
where Jesus' body had been laid to rest.

Meanwhile, the other women remained, lost in perplexity, at the
entrance to the tomb. Suddenly an angel appeared, who told them that
Jesus had risen, and that they should see Him. Bewildered with
surprise and joy, the startled women ran to tell what they had seen
and heard to the Apostles, but their news was received with
incredulity, and treated as idle tales.

[Illustration: "SUDDENLY AN ANGEL APPEARED."]

Mary of Magdala followed Peter and John to the garden. John outran
Peter and was the first to look into the empty tomb. Peter, as soon
as he arrived, entered the tomb, and noted its orderly condition. The
wrappings were laid carefully aside, and the linen that had bound
Jesus' head was smoothly folded, and laid apart from the wrappings.

Vague as were Peter's ideas of the resurrection of Jesus, he believed
that He had indeed risen as He had promised the Apostles. John
stooped and entered the tomb, and he, too, was convinced. Both knew
that the First Easter Day had dawned upon the world.

He who had conquered death, gladdened the eyes of those who loved Him
five times before the close of that Easter Day. Mary of Magdala was
the first to see Him. She heard a voice, and, thinking it must be
that of the gardener, she asked piteously where the body of Jesus had
been laid. No answer came, but soon she heard her name pronounced,
_"Mary!"_

[Illustration: "SHE HEARD HER NAME--'MARY!'"]

Turning hastily, Mary saw Jesus, and no words can describe her
rapturous joy. Jesus then told her to hasten to tell the Apostles
that she had seen Him, and she obeyed. Meanwhile, the other women,
who had returned to the garden by another path, met Jesus, and their
loving hearts were set at rest.

[Illustration: ON THE WAY TO EMMAUS.]

On the road from Jerusalem to Emmaus, a village some eight miles from
the city, two of His disciples were joined by Jesus, but not until He
had become a guest at their evening meal did they recognize Him.

[Illustration: SUPPER AT EMMAUS.]

In some friendly house in Jerusalem, all the Apostles except Thomas
were gathered. Eager feet had come through the darkness, and eager
voices had demanded admittance. Now the doors were fastened for fear
of wrathful priests and rulers. The two who had talked with Jesus on
the way to Emmaus had told their story, and in turn had learned that
Jesus had appeared to Peter.

Nine of the ten Apostles present had not yet beheld Jesus since His
resurrection. They had listened attentively to those who had seen
their risen Lord, but still they were perplexed. An interval of
silence came; then, though no door had opened, no footstep sounded,
Jesus stood in their midst, breaking the stillness with the words,
_"Peace be unto you!"_

Grief was slow to change to joy, but as a last convincing proof of
His presence, Jesus asked for food and ate it. _"Peace be unto you!"_
He said again; _"Receive ye the Holy Ghost!"_ He added, as His form
could no longer be discerned. Silently, and as suddenly as He had
appeared, Jesus had disappeared, and the First Easter Day was at an
end.











*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIRST EASTER ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.