The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 121, February 21, 1852 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 121, February 21, 1852 Author: Various Editor: George Bell Release date: September 15, 2012 [eBook #40773] Language: English Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, VOL. V, NUMBER 121, FEBRUARY 21, 1852 *** Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) [Transcriber's note: Original spelling variations have not been standardized. Underscores have been used to indicate _italic_ fonts. A list of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries" has been added at the end.] NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. "When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. VOL. V.--No. 121. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 21. 1852. Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._ CONTENTS. Page NOTES:-- Readings in Shakspeare, No. II. 169 National Defences 171 Notes on Homer, No. II., by Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie 171 Folk Lore:--Fernseed--Cornish Folk Lore 172 Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words 173 The Last of the Palæologi 173 The last Lay of Petrarch's Cat 174 Minor Notes:--Sobriquet--Origin of Paper--Persistency of Proper Names--Cheap Maps 174 QUERIES:-- Did St. Paul quote Aristotle? by Thomas H. Gill 175 Minor Queries:--Silver Royal Font--L'Homme de 1400 Ans--Llandudno, on the Great Orme's Head--Johnson's House, Bolt Court--Bishop Mossom--Orlando Gibbons--Portraits --Barnard's Church Music--The Nelson Family--Letters to the Clergy--Margaret Burr--Northern Ballads--"Blamed be the man," &c.--"Quid est Episcopus"--Henry Isaac--German Poet quoted by Camden--American Degrees--Derivation of News--Passage in Troilus and Cressida--Bachelor's Buttons--Princes of Wales and Earls of Chester, eldest Sons of the Kings of England--Authenticated Instances of Longevity 175 MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Laud's Letters and Papers--Scot's Philomythie--Robin of Doncaster--Horæ Belgicæ--Dulcarnon 179 REPLIES:-- Number of the Children of Israel 180 Serjeants' Rings and Mottoes, by J. B. Colman, &c. 181 Learned Men of the Name of Bacon 181 Collar of SS. 182 The Königsmarks 183 Boiling Criminals to Death, by J. B. Colman, &c. 184 "Admonition to the Parliament" 184 "Sir Edward Seaward's Narrative," by W. H. Lammin, &c. 185 General Wolfe 185 Replies to Minor Queries:--Commemoration of Benefactors --King Robert Bruce's Watch--Hornchurch--Buzz--Melody of the Dying Swan--"From the Sublime to the Ridiculous is but a Step"--"Carmen perpetuum," &c.--Sterne at Paris--The Paper of the present Day--Cimmerii, Cimbri--Rents of Assize--Monastic Establishments in Scotland--History of Brittany--Marches of Wales, and Lords Marchers--The Broad Arrow--Miniature of Cromwell--The Sinaïtic Inscriptions--Why cold Pudding settles One's Love --Covines--"Arborei foetus alibi," &c.--Poniatowski Gems 186 MISCELLANEOUS:-- Notes on Books, &c. 190 Books and Odd Volumes wanted 190 Notices to Correspondents 191 Advertisements 191 Notes. READINGS IN SHAKSPEARE, NO. II. _Hamlet_, Act I. Sc. 4. "The dram of eale Doth all the noble substance of a doubt To his own scandal."--_Quarto of 1604._ "The dram of eafe." _Quarto of 1605._ "The dram of ill Doth all the noble substance often dout, To his own scandal." _Knight and Collier._ I cannot look upon this emendation, although sanctioned by the two latest editors of Shakspeare, as by any means a happy one. The original word in the second quarto, "ease," so nearly resembles "eale" in the first quarto (especially when printed with the old-fashioned long "[s]"); and the subsequent transition from _ease_ to _base_ is so extremely obvious, and at the same time so thoroughly consistent with the sense, that it is difficult to imagine any plausible ground for the rejection of _base_ in favour of _ill_. _Dram_ was formerly used (as _grain_ is at present) to signify an indefinitely small quantity; so that "the dram of base" presents as intelligible an expression as can be desired. But in addition to its easy deduction from the original, _base_ possesses other recommendations, in being the natural antagonist of _noble_ in the line following, and in the capability of being understood either in a moral or physical sense. If the whole passage be understood as merely assertive, then _base_ may have, in common with _ill_, a moral signification; but if it be understood as a metaphorical allusion to substantial matter, in illustration of the moral reflections that have gone before, then _base_ must be taken (which _ill_ cannot) in the physical sense, as a _base substance_, and, as such, in still more direct antagonism to the _noble substance_ opposed to it. In a former paper I had occasion to notice the intimate knowledge possessed by Shakspeare in the arcana of the several arts; and I now recognise, in this passage, a metaphorical allusion to the degradation of gold by the admixture of baser metal. _Gold_ and _lead_ have always been in poetical opposition as types of the _noble_ and the _base_; and we are assured by metallurgists, that if lead be added to gold, even in the small proportion of one part in two thousand, the whole mass is rendered completely brittle. The question then is, in what way "the dram of base" affects "all the noble substance?" Shakspeare says it renders it doubtful or suspicious; his commentators _make him say_ that it _douts_ or extinguishes it altogether! And this they do without even the excuse of an originally imperfect word to exercise conjecture upon. The original word is _doubt_, the amended one _dout_; and yet the first has been rejected, and the latter adopted, in editions whose peculiar boast it is to have restored, in every practicable instance, the original text. Now, in my opinion, Shakspeare did not intend _doubt_ in this place, to be a verb at all, but a noun substantive: and it is the more necessary that this point should be discussed, because the amended passage has already crept into our dictionaries as authority for the verb _dout_; thus giving to a very questionable emendation the weight of an acknowledged text. (Vide Todd's _Johnson_.) Any person who takes the amended passage, as quoted at the head of this article, and restores "dout," to its original spelling, will find that the chief hindrance to a perfect meaning consists in the restriction of _doth_ to the value of a mere expletive. Let this restriction be removed, by conferring upon _doth_ the value of an _effective verb_, and it will be seen that the difficulty no longer remains. The sense then becomes, "the base _doth_ doubt to the noble," i.e. _imparts_ doubt to it, or renders it doubtful. We say, a man's good actions _do him credit_; why not also, his bad ones _do him doubt_? One phrase may be less familiar than the other, but they are in strict analogy as well with themselves as with the following example from the _Twelfth Night_, which is exactly in point: "Thou hast, Sebastian, done good feature shame." Hence, since the original word is capable of giving a clear and distinct meaning, there can be no possible excuse for displacing it, even if the word to be substituted were as faultless as it is certainly the reverse. For not only is _dout_ an apocryphal word, but it is _inelegant_ when placed, as it must be in this instance, in connexion with the expletive _doth_, being at the same time in itself a verb compounded of _do_. Neither is the meaning it confers so clear and unobjectionable as to render it desirable; for in what way can a very small quantity be said to _dout_, or expel, a very large quantity? To justify such an expression, the entire identity of the larger must be extinguished, leaving no part of it to which _the scandal_ mentioned in the third line could apply. But an examination of the various places wherein scandal is mentioned by Shakspeare, shows that the meaning attached by him to that word was false imputation, or loss of character: therefore, in the contact of the base and the noble, _the scandal_ must apply _to the noble substance_--a consideration that must not be lost sight of in any attempt to arrive at the true meaning of the whole passage. So far, I have assumed that "often" (the third substitution in the amended quotation) is the best representative that can be found for the "of a" of the original; and inasmuch as it is confirmed by general consent, and is moreover so redundant, in this place, that its absence or presence scarcely makes any difference in the sense, it is not easily assailable. The best way, perhaps, to attempt to supplant it is to suggest a better word--one that shall still more closely resemble the original letters in sound and formation, and that shall, in addition, confer upon the sense not a redundant but an effective assistance. Such a word is _offer_: it is almost identical (in sound at least) with the original, and it materially assists in giving a much clearer application to the last line. For these reasons, but especially for the last, I adopt _offer_, as a verb in the infinitive ruled by _doth_, in the sense of causing or compelling; a sense that must have been in familiar use in Shakspeare's time, or it would not have been introduced into the translation of Scripture. In this view the meaning of the passage becomes, "The base _doth_ the noble offer doubt, to his own scandal"--that is, causes the noble to excite suspicion, to the injury of its own character. Examples of _do_ in this sense are very numerous in Spenser; of which one is (_F.Q._, iii. 2. 34.): "To _doe_ the frozen cold away _to fly_." And in Chaucer (_Story of Ugolino_): "That they for hunger wolden _do_ him _dien_." And in Scripture (2 Cor. viii. 1.): "We _do_ you _to wit_ of the grace of God." By this reading a very perfect and intelligible meaning is obtained, and that too by the slightest deviation from the original yet proposed. By throwing the action of offering doubt upon "the _noble substance_," it becomes the natural reference to "his own scandal" in the third line. Hamlet is moralising upon the tendency of the "noblest virtues," "be they as pure as grace, as infinite as man may undergo," to take, from "the stamp of one defect," "_corruption in the general censure_" (a very close definition of scandal); and he illustrates it by the metaphor: "The dram of base _Doth_ all the noble substance offer doubt, To his own scandal." A. E. B. Leeds. NATIONAL DEFENCES. Collet, in his _Relics of Literature_, has furnished some curious notices of a work on national defences, which perhaps ought to be consulted at the present time, now that this matter is again exciting such general interest among all classes. It was compiled when the gigantic power of France, under Buonaparte, had enabled him to overrun and humble every continental state, and even to threaten Great Britain; and when the spirit of this country was roused to exertion by a sense of the danger, and by the fervour of patriotism. The government of that day neglected no means to keep this spirit alive in the nation; and George III. conceiving the situation of his dominions to resemble, in many respects, that which terminated so fortunately for England in the days of Queen Elizabeth, directed proper researches to be made for ascertaining the principles and preparations adopted at that eventful period. The records of the Tower were accordingly consulted; and a selection of papers, apparently of the greatest consequence, was formed and printed, but not published. This work, which contained 420 pages in octavo, was entitled, _A Report of the Arrangements which were made for the Internal Defence of these Kingdoms, when Spain, by its Armada, projected the Invasion and Conquest of England; and Application of the Wise Proceedings of our Ancestors to the Present Crisis of Public Safety_. The papers in this work are classed in the order of external alliance, internal defence, military arrangements, and naval equipments. They are preceded by a statement of facts, in the history of Europe, at the period of the Spanish Armada; and a sketch of events, showing the effects of the Queen's measures at home and abroad. As a collection of historical documents, narrating an important event in British history, this work is invaluable; and, as showing the relative strength of this country in population and other resources in the sixteenth century, it is curious and interesting. J. Y. NOTES ON HOMER, NO. II. (_Continued from_ Vol. v., p. 100.) _The Wolfian Theory._ The most important consideration concerning Homer is the hypothesis of Wolf, which has been contested so hotly; but before entering on the consideration of this revolution, as it may be called, I shall lay before your readers the following quotation from the introduction of Fauriel to the old Provençal poem, "Histoire de la Croisade contre les Albigeois," in the _Collection des Documens Inédits sur l'Histoire de France_. He observes:-- "The romances collectively designated by the title of Carlovingian, are, it would seem, the most ancient of all in the Provençal literature. They were not, originally, more than very short and simple poems, popular songs destined to be recited with more or less musical intonation, and susceptible, consequently on their shortness, of preservation without the aid of writing, and simply by oral tradition among the _jongleurs_, whose profession it was to sing them. Almost insensibly these songs developed themselves, and assumed a complex character; they attained a fixed length, and their re-composition required more invention and more design. In another point of view, they had increased in number in the same ratio as they had acquired greater extent and complexity; and things naturally attained such a position, that it became impossible to chant them from beginning to end by the aid of memory alone, nor could they be preserved any longer without the assistance of a written medium. They might be still occasionally sung in detached portions; but there exists scarcely a doubt, that from that period they began to be read; and it was only necessary to read them, in order to seize and appreciate their contents."[1] [Footnote 1: P. xxx., quoted in Thirlwall's _History of Greece_ (Appendix I.), vol. i. p. 506., where it is given in French.] These remarks, though applied to another literature, contain the essentials of the theory developed by Wolf in regard to Homer. Before the time of Wolf, the popularly accepted opinion on this subject was as follows: That Homer, a poet of ancient date, wrote the _Iliad_ and _Odyssea_ in their present form; and that the rhapsodists having corrupted and interpolated the poems, Peisistratos, and Hipparchos, his son, corrected, revised, and restored these poems to their original condition. Such was the general opinion, when at the end of the seventeenth century doubts began to be thrown upon it, and the question began to be placed in a new light. The critics of the time were Casaubon, Perizon, Bentley, Hédelin, and Perrault, who, more or less, rejected the established opinion. Giambattista Vico made the first attempt to embody their speculations into one methodical work. His _Principi di Scienza nuova_ contain the germ of the theory reproduced by Wolf with so much scholarship. Wolf, founding his theory on the investigations of Vico and Wood, extended or modified their views, and assumed that the poems were never written down at all until the time of Peisistratos, their arranger. In 1778, the famous Venetian Scholia were discovered by Villoison, throwing open to the world the investigations of the Alexandrian critics; and by showing what the ideas of the Chorizontes were (on whom it were madness to write after Mure), strengthening the views of Wolf. In 1795, then, were published his famous _Prolegomena_, containing the theory-- "That the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ were not two complete poems, but small, separate, independent epic songs, celebrating single exploits of the heroes; and that these lays were, _for the first time_, written down and united as the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ by Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens."[2] [Footnote 2: Smith, ii. p. 501.] The former critics (Hédelin and Perrault) had been overruled, derided, and quashed by the force of public opinion; but Wolf brought so many arguments to support his views,--collected so formidable a mass of authorities, both traditional, internal, and written, that the classical world was obliged to meet him with fresh arguments, as ridicule would not again succeed. Thus arose the formidable Wolfian controversy, which "scotched," though not "killed," the belief of the critical world in Homer. The principal arguments he adduces are from the poems themselves, in his attempt to establish the non-being of writing at the time of their composition. Thus, in the _Odyssea_,[3] a master of a vessel has to remember his cargo, not having a list of his goods; in the _Iliad_,[4] Bellerophon carries a folded tablet containing writing or signs to Prætos in Lycia. This Wolf interprets to signify conventional marks, like the picture writing of the otherwise civilised Mexicans.[5] Again, in the _Iliad_ (VII. 175.), the chiefs are represented as throwing lots in a helmet, and the herald afterwards handing the lots round for recognition, as each of the lots bore a mark known only to the person who made it. From this Wolf argues that writing was unknown at the time, or the herald would have immediately read the names aloud. But do we not even now make use of such marks without confounding them with writing? This is nothing at all; and it must be remembered, firstly, that this does not apply to the Homeric time, but to the period of Troy; secondly, that if it had applied to that time, it would be absurd to expect from illiterate warrior chiefs, education superior to the mediæval crusaders, their counterparts at a later period of the world's progress. These are the principal arguments that Wolf adduces to prove the non-existence of writing at the Homeric period; whereas, far from proving anything, they are self-contradictory and incorrect. [Footnote 3: Lib. viii. 163.] [Footnote 4: Lib. vi. 168.] [Footnote 5: See Mure, vol. iii., Appendix L., p. 507. foll.; and Appendix M. vol. iii. p. 512. foll.; and see chap. vii. book III. vol. iii. p. 397. _passim_.] To prove that the Peisistratidæ first wrote down the poems of Homer, he cites Josephus (Orat. contr. Apion., I. 2.), who observes that-- "No writing, the authenticity of which is acknowledged, is found among the Greeks earlier than the poetry of Homer; and, _it is said_, that even he did not commit his works to writing, but that, having been preserved in the memory of men, the songs were afterwards connected." Josephus had merely heard this reported, as is evident from his use of the words "it is said." Pausanias, in the _Tour in Greece_ (vii. 26. 6.), has the following observation:-- "A village called Donussa, between Ægira and Pellene, belonging to the Sicyonians, was destroyed by that people. Homer, _say they_, remembered this town in his epic, in the enumeration of the people of Agamemnon, 'Hyperesia then, and Donoessa, rocky town' ([Greek: Il. b.] 573.); but when Peisistratos collected the torn and widely scattered songs of Homer, either he himself, or one of his friends, altered the name through ignorance." Wolf also makes use of this report, liable to the same objections as the above, as one of his proofs. It is even doubtful whether Peisistratos did edit Homer at all; but, under any circumstances, it was not the first edition;[6] for is not Solon represented as the reviser of the Homeric poems? [Footnote 6: Granville Penn, _On the primary Arrangement of the Iliad_; and Appendix B to Mure, vol. i.] Cicero (_de Oratore_, III. 34.) says: "Who is _traditionally_ reported to have had more learning at that time, or whose eloquence received greater ornaments from polite literature than that of Peisistratos? who _is said to have been_ the first that arranged the books of Homer, from their confused state, into that order in which we at present enjoy them." This also is produced as a proof by Wolf, though, for the same reason, it is doubtful. But see Wolf's principal inaccuracies ably enumerated and exposed by Clinton (_F.H._, i. p. 370.). Such is the far-famed theory of Wolf, which, as most modern scholars agree, is only calculated "to conduct us to most preposterous conclusions."[7] And this last dictum of Othello's, Mr. Editor, reminds me, that here it would not be preposterous to come to a conclusion for the present, and to close my observations in another paper, where I shall a theory "unfold," which, after the most patient consideration and reconsideration, I am inclined to think the most approximative to the truth. [Footnote 7: _Othello_, Act I. Sc. 3.] KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE. Feb. 16. 1852. FOLK LORE. _Fernseed._--I find in Dr. Jackson's works allusions to a superstition which may interest some of your readers: "It was my hap," he writes, "since I undertook the ministery, to question an ignorant soul (whom by undoubted report I had known to have been seduced by a teacher of unhallowed arts, to make a dangerous experiment) what he saw or heard, when he watcht the falling of the _Fernseed_ at an unseasonable and suspicious hour. Why (quoth he), fearing (as his brief reply occasioned me to conjecture) lest I should press him to tell before company, what he had voluntarily confessed unto a friend in secret some fourteen years before, do you think that the devil hath aught to do with that good seed? No; it is in the keeping of the _king of Fayries_, and _he_, I know, will do me no harm, although I should watch it again; yet had he utterly forgotten this king's name, upon whose kindness he so presumed, until I remembered it unto him out of my reading in _Huon of Burdeaux_. "And having made this answer, he began to pose me thus; S'r, you are a scholar, abut I am none: Tell me what said the angel to our Lady? or what conference had our Lady with her cousin Elizabeth concerning the birth of St. John the Baptist? "As if his intention had been to make bystanders believe that he knew somewhat more on this point than was written in such books as I use to read. "Howbeit the meaning of his riddle I quickly conceived, and he confessed to be this; that the angel did foretell John Baptist should be born at that very instant, in which the _Fernseed_, at other times invisible, did fall: intimating further (as far as I could then perceive) that this saint of God had some extraordinary vertue from the _time_ or _circumstance_ of his birth." _Jackson's Works_, book v. cap. xix. 8. vol. i. p. 916. Lond. 1673, fol. In the sixth and seventh sections of the same chapter and book I find allusions to a maiden over whom Satan had no power "so long as she had vervine and St. John's grass about her;" to the danger of "robbing a swallow's nest built in a fire-house;" and to the virtues of "south-running water." Delrius also is referred to as having collected many similar instances. I have not access to Delrius, nor yet to Huon of Burdeaux, and so am compelled deeply to regret that the good doctor did not leave on record the name of the "king of the Fayries."[8] [Footnote 8: [_Oberon_ is his name, which Mr. Keightley shows to be identical with _Elberich_. See _Fairy Mythology_, p. 208. (ed. 1850).--ED.]] RT. _Cornish Folk Lore._--A recent old cottage tenant at Poliphant, near Launceston, when asked why he allowed a hole in the wall of his house to remain unrepaired, answered that he would not have it stopped up on any account, as he left it on purpose for the _piskies_ (Cornish for _pixies_) to come in and out as they had done for many years. This is only a sample of the current belief and action. S. R. P. DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS. Will you allow me to suggest that, under the above, or some such heading, "N. & Q." should receive any words not to be found in any well-known dictionary; such, for instance, as Halliwell's or Webster's, which do not by any means contain all the words belonging to the class of which they profess to be the repositories. You may also invite barristers, reporters, professional men generally, and others, to send such waifs of this description as they meet with. "N. & Q." will then soon become in this department of literature, as it is already in many others, a rich mine from which future authors will draw precious store of knowledge. I will begin by giving one or two examples. _Earth-burn._ An intermittent land-spring, which may not show itself for several years. There is such a spring, and so named, near to Epsom. _Lavant._ A land-spring, according to Halliwell. But this also is an intermittent spring. The word is probably from _lava_, to flow. _Pick._ (Lancashire.) To push with the hand. "I gen her a pick;" that is, "I pushed her from me;" or, "I gave her a violent push forward." _Pick_ is also the instrument colliers get coals with; or an excavator gets earth with; or a stonemason uses to take the "rough" off a stone. He may also finish the face of ashlar by "fine-picking" it. _Gen._ (Lancashire.) A contraction of the word _gave_. ROBERT RAWLINSON. P.S.--I have seen, in a court of justice in Lancashire, judge and counsel fairly set fast with a broad spoken county person; and many of the words in common use are not to be found in any dictionary or glossary. Again, I have spoken to reporters as to technical words used at such meetings, for instance, as those of the mechanical engineers in Birmingham, and I have been informed that they are frequently bewildered and surprised at the numbers of words in use having the same meaning, but which are not to be found in any dictionary. It would be of the utmost value to seize and fix these words. R. R. [The proposal of our correspondent jumps so completely with the object of "N. & Q.," as announced in our original Prospectus, that we not only insert it, but hope that his invitation will be responded to by all who meet with archaisms either in their reading or in their intercourse with natives of those various districts of England which are richest in provincialisms.--ED.] THE LAST OF THE PALÆOLOGI. In Chambers' _Edinburgh Journal_, vol. xvii. p. 24., there is a very interesting article, bearing the above heading, in which it is shown that Theodore Palæologus, the fourth in direct descent from Thomas, the younger brother of Constantine, the last Christian Emperor of Greece, lies buried in the church of Landulph in Cornwall. This Theodore married Mary, the daughter of William Balls, of Hadley in Suffolk, gentleman; by whom he had issue five children, Theodore, John, Ferdinando, Maria, and Dorothy. Theodore, the first son, died in or about 1693, without issue. Of John and Ferdinando there is no trace in this country. Maria died unmarried; and Dorothy was married at Landulph to William Arundell in 1636, and died in 1681. Ferdinando Palæologus appears to have died in the island of Barbadoes in 1678, and was buried in the church of St. John. These researches are extremely interesting, and it is only to be regretted that they are not more frequently made and left on record. Allow me to suggest that such of your readers as have time, inclination, and opportunity for making inquiries of this nature, should, through the medium of "N. & Q.," place on record any striking illustrations similar to the above. Your own publication, Vol. iii., p. 350., contains a list of names of the poor of St. Albans, several of which are borne still by noble families. Possibly there may be still existing descendants of the Dorothy Palæologus who married William Arundell at Landulph. To mention another instance: I believe there now lives at Rugby a member of the legal profession, who is directly descended from one of the most renowned Polish families. Particulars of this case, if furnished by or with the consent of the head of the family, would, I have no doubt, prove exceedingly interesting. L. L. L. THE LAST LAY OF PETRARCH'S CAT. In the year 1820 I saw the following Latin verse inscribed under the skeleton of a cat in one of the rooms of Petrarch's favourite villa at Arqua, near Padua. If you choose to print them, with or without the accompanying English version, they are at your service:-- Etruscus gemino vates ardebat amore: Maximus ignis ego; Laura secundus erat. Quid rides? divinæ illam si gratia formæ, Me dignam eximio fecit amante fides. Si numeros geniumque sacris dedit illa libellis Causa ego ne sævis muribus esca forent. Arcebam sacro vivens à limine mures, Ne domini exitio scripta diserta forent; Incutio trepidis eadem defuncta pavorem, Et viget exanimi in corpore prisca fides. * * * * * The Tuscan bard of deathless fame Nursed in his breast a double flame, Unequally divided; And when I say I had his heart, While Laura play'd the second part, I must not be derided. For my fidelity was such, It merited regard as much As Laura's grace and beauty; She first inspired the poet's lay, But since I drove the mice away, His love repaid my duty. Through all my exemplary life, So well did I in constant strife Employ my claws and curses, That even now, though I am dead, Those nibbling wretches dare not tread On one of Petrarch's verses. J. O. B. Minor Notes. _Sobriquet._--As this word is now pretty generally adopted in our language, I send you this Note to say that the word is not _sou_briquet, as some of your correspondents write it, but _so_briquet; the former being what the French term a _locution vicieuse_, and only used by the illiterate. Ménage derives the word from _rubridiculum_. PHILIP S. KING. _Origin of Paper._--Whether a product is indigenous or foreign may generally be determined by the rule in linguistics, that similarity of name in different languages denotes _foreign_ extraction, and variety of name _indigenous_ production. The dog, whose name is different in most languages, shows that he is indigenous to most countries. The cat, on the contrary, having almost the same name in many languages, is therefore of foreign extraction in nearly all countries. The word _paper_ is common to many tongues, the moderns having adopted it from the Greek; in which language, however, the root of the word is not significant. In Coptic (ai GUPTIC) the word _bavir_ means a plant suitable for weaving: and is derived from the Egyptian roots _ba_, fit, proper; and _vir_, to weave. The art of paper-making may therefore be inferred to be the invention of the Egyptians; and further, that paper was made by them as by us, from materials previously woven. This inference would be either confirmatory or corrective of history, in case the history were doubtful, which it is not. T. J. B. Lichfield. _Persistency of Proper Names._--The village of Boscastle, originally founded by the Norman Botreaux, still contains, amongst other French names, the following:--Moise, Amy, Benoke, Gard, Avery (_Query_, Yvery),--all old family names; and places still called Palais, Jardin, and a brook called Valency. S. R. P. Launceston. _Cheap Maps._--This is the age of cheap maps and atlases, yet the public is miserably supplied. We have maps advertised from 1_d._ to 5_s._, and atlases from 10_s._ 6_d._ to 10 guineas. Yet they are generally impressions from old plates, or copies of old plates, with a few places of later notoriety marked, without taking the entire chart from the latest books of voyages and travels. Look at the maps of Affghanistan, Scinde, Indian Isles, American Isthmus, &c. On inquiry at all our shops here for a moderately priced map of the new railway across South America to _Panama_, and for maps of _California_ and _Borneo_, not one could be got. Have any of your chart-wrights in London got up such maps for youth and emigrants? If not, let them take the hint now given by PATERFAMILIÆ. Edinburgh. Queries. DID ST. PAUL QUOTE ARISTOTLE? Throughout the writings of St. Paul, his exactly cultivated mind is scarcely less visible than his divinely inspired soul. Notwithstanding his magnificent rebukes of human learning and philosophy, and his sublime exaltation of the foolishness of God above the wisdom of men, the Apostle of the Gentiles was no mean master of Gentile learning. His three well-known quotations from Greek poets furnish direct evidence of his acquaintance with Greek literature. He proclaimed the fatherhood of God to the Athenians in the words of his countryman the poet Aratus (Acts, xvii. 28.). He warns the Corinthians by a moral common-place borrowed from the dramatist Menander (1 Cor. xv. 33.). He brings an hexameter verse of a Cretan poet as a testimony to the bad character of the Cretan people (Titus, i. 12.). I do not positively assert that I have discovered a fourth quotation; I would merely inquire whether the appearance in a Pauline epistle of a sentence which occurs in a treatise of Aristotle, is to be regarded as a quotation, or as an accidental and most singular identity of expression. In the _Politics_ (lib. III. cap. 8.), Aristotle, in speaking of very powerful members of a community, says, "[Greek: kata de tôn toioutôn ouk esti nomos]" ("but against such there is no law"). In the Epistle to the Galatians (v. 23.), Paul, after enumerating the fruits of the Spirit, adds, "against such there is no law" ("[Greek: kata tôn toioutôn ouk esti nomos]"). The very same words which the philosopher uses to express the exceptional character of certain over-powerful citizens, the apostle borrows, or, at least, employs, to signify the transcendent nature of divine graces. According to Aristotle, mighty individuals are above legal restraint, against such the general laws of a state do not avail: according to Paul, the fruits of the Spirit are too glorious and divine for legal restraint; they dwell in a region far above the regulation of the moral law. While there is no possibility of demonstrating that this identity of expression is a quotation, there is nothing to forbid the idea of this sentence being a loan from the philosopher to the apostle. Paul was as likely to be at home in the great philosophers, as in the second and third-rate poets of Greece. The circumstance of Aratus being of his own birth-place, Tarsus, might specially commend the _Phænomena_ to his perusal; but the great luminary of Grecian science was much more likely to fall within his perusal than an obscure versifier of Crete; and if he thought it not unseemly to quote frown a comic writer, he surely would not disdain to borrow a sentence from the mighty master of Stagira. The very different employment which he and Aristotle find for the same words makes nothing against the probability of quotation. The sentence is remarkable, not in form, but in meaning. There is nothing in the mere expression peculiarly to commend it to the memory, or give it proverbial currency. I cannot say that it is a quotation; I cannot say that it is not. I am not aware that this quotation or identity of expression has been pointed out before. Wetstein, who above all editors of the Greek Testament abounds in illustrations and _parallel_ passages from the classics, takes no notice of this _identical_ one. It is surely worth the noting; and should anything occur to any of your correspondents either to confirm or demolish the idea of quotation, I would gladly be delivered out of my doubt. I should not think less reverently of St. Paul in believing him indebted to Aristotle; I should rather rejoice in being assured that one of the greatest spiritual benefactors of mankind was acquainted with one of its chief intellectual benefactors. THOMAS H. GILL. Minor Queries. _Silver Royal Font._--I remember having read of a very ancient silver font, long preserved among the treasures of the British crown, in which the infants of our royal families were commonly baptized. Is this relic still in existence? where may it be seen? what is its history? have any cuts or engravings of it been published? where may any particulars respecting it be found? NOCAB. _L'Homme de 1400 Ans._--In that very extraordinary part of a very extraordinary transaction, the statement of Cagliostro, in the matter of the _Collier_ (Paris, 1786, pp. 20. 36.), mention is twice made of an imaginary personage called _l'homme de 1400 ans_. Cagliostro complains that he was said to be that personage, or the Wandering Jew, or Antichrist. He is not, therefore, the same as the Wandering Jew. I should be very curious to learn where this notion is derived from. C. B. _Llandudno, on the Great Orme's Head._--Having occasion to visit the above interesting place last summer, among other objects of curiosity, I was induced to visit a "cavern," which the inhabitants said had been lately discovered, and which they said had been used by the "Romans" (Roman Catholics) as a place of worship. A party of five hired a boat for the purpose of visiting the place, which is about two miles from the little bay of Llandudno; for it is quite inaccessible by land. We arrived in about an hour; and were quite surprised at the appearance of the "cavern," which seems to have been made as private as possible, and as inaccessible, by large stones being piled _carelessly_ upon each other, so as to hide the entrance, and which we could not have found without the assistance of the sailors. The "cavern" is about ten feet high, lined with smooth and well-jointed stone work, with a plain but nicely executed cornice at the height of seven or eight feet. The shape is heptagonal, and the fronts on each side are faced with smooth stone; the space from front to back, and from side to side, is equal, about six feet six inches. On the right, close to the entrance, is a font, sixteen inches across inside, twenty-two outside, and eight or nine inches deep. There is a seat round, except at the entrance; and there has been a stone table or altar in the centre, but a small portion of it and the pillar only remain. The floor has been flagged, but it is in a very dilapidated state. That it was used for worship, there is little doubt; but how and when it was fitted up, seems marvellous. It is not mentioned by Pennant, or any Welsh tourist. Will any of your correspondents oblige me and the public with the history of this "cavern," as it is called, at Llandudno? L. G. T. _Johnson's House, Bolt Court._--Can any of your readers inform me whether the house in which Dr. Johnson resided, and in which he died, situate in Bolt Court, Fleet Street, is yet in existence? You are probably aware that an engraving of it appeared in the _Graphic Illustrations_ edited by Mr. Croker, and prefixed to this engraving was an announcement that it was destroyed by fire. There is reason, however, to believe that this is a mistake, and that the house so destroyed by fire belonged not to Johnson, but to Johnson's friend, Allen the printer. You are probably aware that the house which stands opposite the Johnson's Head Tavern, is shown as the residence of the great moralist; and on comparing another engraving by Smith of the Doctor's study with the room now claimed to have been occupied by Johnson, the likeness is exact. Cobbett, too, who afterwards lived here, boasted in one of his publications that he was writing in the same room where Johnson compiled his _Dictionary_. At any rate it is an interesting question, and probably can be set at rest by some of your literary friends, especially as I have reason to believe that there is one gentleman still living who visited the Doctor in Bolt Court. Madame D'Arblay, I think, once said, that the author of the _Pleasures of Memory_ arrived at the door at the same moment with herself during Johnson's last illness. EDWIN LECHLADE. _Bishop Mossom._--Robert Mossom, D.D., was prebendary of Knaresboro' in Yorkshire, 1662, and Bishop of Derry, 1666. In dedicating his _Zion's Prospect_ (1651) to Henry (Pierrepont) Marquess of Dorchester and Earl of Kingston, towards the end he says, "Besides this, mine relation to your late deceased uncle;" then referring to the margin he has "Ds. T. G., _Eques felicis memoriæ_." _Zion's Prospect_ (a copy of which, with several of his other works, is in the library of the British Museum) has on the title-page, "By R. M., quondam è coll'o S. P. C." His grandson, Robert Mossom, D.D. (son of Robert Mossom, LL.D., Master in the French Court of Chancery), was Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and subsequently Dean of Ossory from 1701 to 1747; he married Rebecca, daughter and coheir of Robert Mason of Dublin, and granddaughter, _I believe_, of Jonathan Alaud of Waterford. Dean Mossom was one of the oldest friends of Dean Swift; Sir Walter Scott has but one letter to him in _Swift's Correspondence_ (2nd ed. Edin. 1824, vol. XIX. p. 275.). Are there any other letters that passed between them in existence? Can any of your readers refer me to a pedigree of the _Masons_ of Dublin, and also any pedigree that connects the Mossom with the _Elaud_ family of Yorkshire? What college was that of S. P. C.? and who was Sir T. G----, Knt.; and how was he related to Bishop Mossom? T. C. M. M. Inner Temple. _Orlando Gibbons._--Hawkins, in his _History of Music_, gives "a head" of this musician. Is there any other engraved portrait? EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. _Portraits._--What is the most correct catalogue of all the engraved _portraits_ which are known to exist? S. S. _Barnard's Church Music._--Can any of your readers point out where John Barnard's first book of selected church music, folio, ten parts, 1641, is to be found? The writer knows of the imperfect set at Hereford Cathedral, a tenor part at Canterbury, and a bass part in private hands. Dr. Burney makes mention, in his _History of Music_, of having sought diligently throughout the kingdom, but could not find an entire copy. Perhaps some of your correspondents may kindly favour the writer with a list of its contents. AMANUENSIS. _The Nelson Family._--In Burke's _Commoners_, under the head of "Nelson of Chuddleworth," it appears that _William Nelson_ of Chuddleworth, born in 1611, had by his second wife, the daughter of John Pococke, gentleman, of Woolley, among other children, a son named _William_; but of whom no further mention is made. Can any of your Norfolk or Berkshire friends state whether this son _William_ ever settled at Dunham Parva, in Norfolk?--as, by so doing, an obligation will be conferred on your occasional correspondent FRANCISCUS. _Letters to the Clergy._--In the _Diary of Walter Yonge_ (published by the Camden Society), p. 24., is the following: "16 Dec. 1614. This day the Ministers of this Diocese (Exon) were called before the Bishop of Exon, who read letters from the Archbishop, the effects of which were, that every minister should exhort his parishioners to continue together the Sabbath Day, and not to wander to other preachers who have better gifts than their own pastors, but should content themselves with the Word of God read and Homilies. 2. That all should kneel at the receiving of the Sacrament. 3. To declare unto their parishioners that it is not necessary to have the Word preached at the Sacraments.--Dictu Magistri Knowles, Vicarii de Axminster, at that time present." Query, Can any of your readers say to what letter, and on what occasion such orders were issued by the archbishop, and also whether they have been published in any volume on ecclesiastical matters? H. T. E. _Margaret Burr._--It is related in Allan Cunningham's _Life of Gainsborough_, that he married a young lady named Margaret Burr, of Scottish extraction; and that "On an occasion of household festivity, when her husband was high in fame, she vindicated some little ostentation in her dress by whispering to her niece, now Mrs. Lane, 'I have some right to this, for you know, my love, I am a prince's daughter.'" The biographer of the _British Painters_ prefaces this by saying, "Nor must I omit to tell that rumour conferred other attractions (besides an annuity) upon her; she was said to be the natural daughter of one of our exiled princes, nor was she, when a wife and a mother, desirous of having this circumstance forgotten." As I just now read in Vol. iv., p. 244., some account of Berwick, and other natural children of James II., I was put in mind of the above anecdote, and should be glad of any information respecting the Miss Burr's parentage in question. Myself a collateral descendant of her husband, I know from other sources that the tradition is worthy of credit; and to the genealogist and antiquary it may be a historically interesting enquiry. H. W. G. R. _Northern Ballads._--Is any gentleman in possession of any _old printed_ copies of Danish or Swedish popular ballads, or of any _manuscript collection_ of similar remains? Are any such known to exist in any public library in Great Britain? By printed, of course I mean old fly-sheets, from the sixteenth century downward; they are generally of four, sometimes of eight, leaves small octavo. Any information, either personally, or through "N. & Q.," will much oblige GEORGE STEPHENS. Copenhagen. _"Blamed be the man," &c._--Where is the following couplet to be found? "Blamed be the man that first invented ink, And made it easier for to write than think." N. O. K. "_Quid est Episcopus._"--Can any correspondent furnish me with the reference to a passage supposed to exist in one of the early fathers (I think Irenæus):-- "Quid est episcopus, nisi primus presbyter?" X. G. X. _Henry Isaac._--I shall feel obliged to any person who can give any account (for genealogical purposes) of Henry Isaac, who lived at Roehampton about the middle of last century. He was a diamond merchant from Holland. He had a collection of pictures, one of which was the Lord of the Vineyard paying his Labourers, by Rembrandt. H. T. E. _German Poet quoted by Camden._--_Britannia, sive regnorum Angliæ, Scotiæ, et Hiberniæ chorographica descriptio_: Gulielmo Camdeno: Lond. 1607, folio, p. 302., Middlesex. "Nec magno hinc intervallo _Tamisim_ duplici ostiolo Colus postquam insulas sparserit, illabitur. _Ad quem_ ut nostræ ætatis Poeta Germanus lusit: "'Tot campos, sylvas, tot regia tecta, tot hortos Artifici dextrâ excultos, tot vidimus arces, Aut nunc Ausonio, Tamisis cum Tybride certet.'" Camden, speaking of the Colne falling with a double mouth into the Thames, quotes a German poet of his day; and I should be much obliged by any reader of the "N. & Q." favouring me with the name, and reference to the author from whence the preceding quotation is taken. --> F. _American Degrees._--Several members of the Brougham Institute here, and constant readers of "N. & Q.," would feel obliged if some of your learned correspondents would give them some information about the obtaining of American degrees, as recently a large cargo of diplomas had arrived in this quarter, such as D.D. and LL.D., and conferred on men of third-rate talent. What we want is, to be informed how such degrees are obtained; if it is the president, or president and professors, of the American academies who confer them. This subject is so frequently agitated here, that you would greatly oblige many inquirers by making a question of it in "N. & Q.," so that we may obtain full reply explanatory of how these degrees are obtained, and of the bestowers of them. J. W. Liverpool. _Derivation of News._--It is just two years since the word _News_ was stated to be derived from the initial letters of the cardinal points of the compass, as prefixed to early newspapers. I well remember the impression which the statement made on me: if written seriously, as a mark of credulity; if sportively, as rather out of place. Moreover, it was both stated as a _fact_, and as an _ingenious etymology_--a manifest inconsistency. In the fierce and tiresome discussion which arose out of that announcement, the main points in support of the asserted derivation were never once introduced. Do such early newspapers exist? Is the derivation itself of early date? As to the first question, I must declare that no such newspapers ever came under _my_ observation; but as to the second, it must be admitted that the derivation has been in print, with all the weight of evidence which belongs to it, above two centuries. I shall assume, if not better informed, that it has no other authority than the subjoined epigram in _Wits recreations_, first published in 1640, and said to contain the _finest fancies_ of the muses of those times. In default of the original edition of that rare work, I transcribe from the re-publication of it in 1817. "_News._ "When news doth come, if any would discusse The letter of the word, resolve it thus: News is convey'd by letter, word, or mouth, And comes to us from _North_, _East_, _West_, and _South_." BOLTON CORNEY. _Passage in Troilus and Cressida._--Would MR. J. PAYNE COLLIER, whose name I have often seen among your contributors, have the kindness to inform me whether any light is thrown, in the emendations inserted in his folio edition of _Shakspeare_, 1628, on a line which has always puzzled me in Ulysses' speech in council, in Scene 3. of Act I. of _Troilus and Cressida_? The passage runs thus: "How could communities, Degrees in schools, and brotherhood in cities, _Peaceful commérce from dividable shores_, The primogenitive and due of birth, Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels, But by degree, stand in authentic place?" It will be seen that the third line, according to the usual pronunciation of the last word, is defective in scanning; that, if derived from _divido_, the vowel in the penultimate syllable would be _i_ and not _a_; and that, even if intended to express the word _divided_, as suggested by one of our commentators, would be too vague and inexpressive. Might I suggest that the derivation is not from the word _divido_, but rather from a compound of the words _divitiæ_ and _do_; the expression "riches-giving shores" not only completing the sense of the passage, but forming a compound not uncommon with our immortal bard. W. S. D. _Bachelor's Buttons._--That should be their name if they exist; but, if so, where are they to be got? I never heard of them. I should think a clever fellow might make a fortune by inventing some kind of substitute which a man without the time, skill, or materials necessary for sewing on a button, might put in the place of a deserter. If you do not insert this Query, may your brace buttons fly off next time you are dressing in a hurry to dine with the grandest people you know! YOUR WELLWISHER. _Princes of Wales and Earls of Chester, eldest Sons of the Kings of England._--In the _New Memoirs of Literature_, vol. iv., July, 1726, it was announced that Mr. Bush, one of the Clerks of the Record Office in the Tower, and late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, designed to print a Collection of Charters, Letters Patent, and other instruments concerning the creation and investiture of the eldest sons of the Kings of England as Princes of Wales, Dukes of Cornwall, Earls of Chester and Flint, &c. &c., from the time of Edward, the first Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward II.), to the time of Edward IV. Can any of your correspondents inform me whether such a work ever was published? and who was the editor of the monthly review entitled _New Memoirs of Literature_, which extended to six volumes 8vo.? It contains notices of many old and now rare works, and stopped in December, 1727. G. _Authenticated Instances of Longevity._--Your correspondent A. B. R. (antè, p. 145.) and others argue _their_ question of the old Countess of Desmond very ably;--will any one of them be pleased to argue _my_ question? Is there one word of truth in the story, or any other story that rests, as a preliminary condition, on the assumption that people have lived to one hundred and fifty years of age? Of course the proof is to rest on dates and facts, parish registers--on _clear legal evidence_. It is admitted by actuaries and others, learned in such matters, that the average duration of life is greater now than it was; so, we might fairly assume, would be the exceptional life. Can these gentlemen refer us to a single instance of an insured person who lived to one hundred and fifty? to one hundred and forty, thirty, twenty, ten? aye, to one hundred and ten? There is a nonsensical inscription to this effect on the portrait of a man of the name of Gibson, hung up in Greenwich Hospital, but its untruth has been proved. I also remember another case made out to the entire satisfaction of some benevolent ladies, by, as afterwards appeared, the baptismal register of John the father being made to do duty as the register of John the son. I mention these things as a warning; I protest, too, at starting against flooding "N. & Q." with evidence brought from Russia or America, or any of the back settlements of the world, and against all evidence of people with impossible memories. What I want is _good legal evidence_; the greatest age of the oldest members of the Equitable, Amicable, and other Insurance offices--lives certainly beyond the average; the greatest age of a member of the House of Peers coming within the eye of proof. When these preliminary questions, and reasonable inferences, shall have been determined, it will, I think, be quite time enough to raise questions about the old Countess, old Parr, old Jenkins, and other like ante-register longevities. O. C. D. Minor Queries Answered. _Laud's Letters and Papers._--Can any of your correspondents inform one where any unpublished letters or papers of Archbishop Laud are to be met with, besides those at Lambeth or in the British Museum? Anthony à Wood mentions his speech against Nathanael Fiennes; and Wanley, in his _Catalogue of English and Irish MSS._, states that many of his writings, both political and theological, were extant at that time in private libraries. B. J. [Archbishop Laud's _Works_ are now in the course of publication in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, and from the editor's valuable bibliographical prefaces to vols. i. and ii., we think it probable that some notices of these MSS. will be given in the subsequent volumes. Our correspondent may also consult _Catalogi Librorum Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ_, Oxon. 1697.] _Scot's Philomythie._--_Philomythie, or Philomythologie, wherein Outlandish Birds, Beasts, and Fishes are taught to speak true English plainlie, &c._ The same volume, a small quarto unpaged, contains "The Merrie American Philosopher, or Wise Man of the New World," and "Certaine Pieces of this Age Parabolized, viz. Duellum Britannicum; Regalis Justitia Jacobi; Aquignispicium; Antidotum Cecillianum; by Thomas Scot, Gentleman, 1616, with illustrative woodcuts." Query: Is the book rare, and who was Thomas Scot? L. S. [But little appears to be known of the personal history of Thomas Scot. Sir S. Egerton Brydges, in his _Censura Literaria_, vol. iii. pp. 381-386., and vol. iv. p. 32., has given some account of his works, but no biographical notice of the author. The dedications to his poems being principally to the Norfolk and Suffolk gentry, it is probable he belonged to one of those counties. The first edition of _Philomythie_ was published in 1610; the second in 1616; but some copies of the second edition, according to Lowndes, are dated 1622, others 1640. There is a third portion which our correspondent does not appear to possess, entitled _The Second Part of Philomythie, or Philomythologie_, containing Certaine Tales of true libertie, false friendship, power united, faction and ambition. By Thomas Scot, Gent. London, 1616, 1625. Thomas Park thought that, from the great disparity of merit between this and the preceding part, there is little reason to suppose them to be by the same author, though they bear the same name. Scot's works are considered rare, especially his first, entitled _Four Paradoxes of Arte, of Lawe, of Warre, of Seruice_: London, 1602, consisting of twenty-four leaves, in verse, dedicated to Ladie Helena, Marquesse of Northampton, which is marked in _Bibl. Anglo. Poet._ at 25_l._, and resold for 7_l._ 12_s._ (Hibbert, 7243.)] _Robin of Doncaster._--Give me leave to ask for an explanation of the following enigmatical epitaph, which will be found in the _History of Doncaster_, by Dr. Edward Miller, p. 74.: "Howe, Howe, who is heare? I Robin of Doncaster and Margaret my feare. That I spent, that I had, That I gave, that I have, That I left, that I lost. A.D. 1579. Quoth Robertus Byrkes, who in this world did reign Three score years and seven, and yet liv'd not one." Dr. Johnson latinized a part of it thus: "Habeo, dedi quod alteri; Habuique, quod dedi mihi; Sed quod reliqui, perdidi." See _Works of English Poets_, vol. lxxii. Lond. 1790, small 8vo. Poemata, p. 99. In _Magna Britannia et Hibernia, antiqua et nova_, vol. vi. p. 429., it is stated that Robin of Doncaster gave Rossington Wood to that corporation. Perhaps some reader may be able to supply more of his biography. --> F. [A similar epitaph to the above will be found on the tomb of William Lambe, in the church of St. Faith under Paul: see Strype's Stow, book iii. p. 146. Dr. Miller does not appear to have given any biographical notices of Robert Byrkes, except that he was Mayor of Doncaster during the years 1569, 1573, and 1577. The following explanation of this inscription is given by Bland in his _Proverbs_, vol. i. p. 23.:--"By prudence in the distribution of his benevolence, by giving only to good and deserving persons, he procured to himself friends, on whose advice and assistance he might depend whenever occasion should desire it; and by expending only what he could conveniently spare, and laying it out on such things as administered to his comfort, he enjoyed, and therefore had what he expended; but what he left, not being enjoyed by himself, nor going perhaps to persons of his choice, or being used in the manner he would have preferred, that portion might be truly said to be lost."] _Horæ Belgicæ._--In what language is the second part of Hoffman von Fallersleben's _Horæ Belgicæ_ written? This, from its title being written in Latin, may seem a foolish question, but it is also called (N. & Q., Vol. v., p. 7.) _Holländische Volkslieder_: and where can it be procured or seen? W. S. S. [Hoffman's work consists of six parts, of which the first--a bibliographical essay on old Flemish literature--is written in Latin. The second, to which our correspondent refers, is in German. Part III. contains the Flemish _Floris ende Blancefloer_, with a German Introduction; Part IV., the old Flemish _Caerl ende Elegast_, has a Latin preface; while Part V., containing _Lantsloof ende die scone Sandrijn and Renout van Montalbaen_, and Part VI., _Altniederländische Schaubühne_, a collection of early Flemish dramatic pieces, have German introductions. We believe the work may be procured of Williams and Norgate. If not, or our correspondent only wishes to refer to it, we shall be very happy to place our copy at his service for a few weeks.] _Dulcarnon._--"I am at Dulcarnon." What is the origin of the above saying? I heard it used the other day by a person who, declaring he was at his wit's end, exclaimed, "Yes, indeed I am at Dulcarnon." Since that I have seen it in Boyer's _French Dictionary_, but in no English book. H. CORVILLE WARDE. Kidderminster. [In addition to the note in our first Vol. p. 254, we may remark that Mr. Halliwell, in his _Dictionary_, says this word has set all editors of Chaucer at defiance. A clue to its meaning may be found in Stanihurst's _Description of Ireland_, p. 28.: "These sealie soules were (as all _dulcarnanes_ for the most part are) more to be terrified from infidelitie through the paines of hell, than allured to Christianitie by the joies of heaven."] Replies. NUMBER OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL. (Vol. v., p. 11.) Your correspondent ÆGROTUS sees a difficulty in the rapid increase of the Israelites in Egypt, and proposes to lessen it by doubling the time of their stay there, and including women in their census. His criticisms, however, seem to be as inadmissible as his difficulty is unreal. For, first, in the place he quotes (Ex. xii. 37.), the number is said to be "nearly 600,000 _that were_ men," where the Italics are intended to throw emphasis on _men_; because the Heb. [Hebrew: gevaryim] means men _as opposed_ to women, _strong_ men, even soldiers. Also, from Numb. i. 2. 46. we see that the number 603,550 included only "every male ... from 20 years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war," thus excluding the tribe of Levi (v. 47.). Josephus, indeed, says (_Antiq._ III. viii. 2. and xii. 4.) that it included only the men between 20 and 50 years of age. Then, as to the time that they were in Egypt: it is evident from Gal. iii. 17. that, going back 430 years from the Exode, we must come into the time of Abraham: so that the 430 years in Ex. xii. 40. must begin when Abraham first went into Egypt. And this is confirmed by the reading of the LXX there: [Greek: katôkêsan en gê Aigyptô kai en gê Chanaan, etê tetrakosia triakonta]. That they remained only 215 years in Egypt, is not merely the opinion of Professor Lee, as ÆGROTUS seems to think: it is given by Josephus (_Antiq._ II. xv. 2.), was received by the Jews and early Christians generally, and is now (at least almost) universally adopted. Now, to come to the supposed difficulty itself: none such really exists, even if we take the higher number and the shorter time, as I think indeed we ought. The men being taken at about 600,000, we must reckon the whole people, at least, at 2,000,000. A calculation of no difficulty shows that if 70 persons increase in 215 years to 2,000,000, the number of the people must double itself every 14-½ years: or, if they increase to 3,000,000, the number must double every 14 years. Now, compare this with what we know about some other nations. Humboldt, in his _Essai Politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne_ (tom. i. p. 339.) says: "The information which I have collected proves that, if the order of nature were not interrupted from time to time by some extraordinary and disturbing cause" [_e.g._ famine, pestilence], "the population of New Spain ought to double itself every _nineteen_ years. [...] In the United States, since 1774, we have seen the population double itself in 22 years. The curious tables which M. Samuel Blodget has published in his _Statistical Manual of the United States of America_ (1806, p. 73.), show that, for certain States, this cycle is only _thirteen_ or _fourteen_ years." Again, Malthus, in his _Essay on the Principles of Population_, p. 6., says: "According to a table of Euler, calculated on a mortality of 1 in 36, if the births be to the deaths in the proportion of 3 to 1, the period of doubling will be over 12 years and 4-5ths. And this supposition is not only a possible supposition, but has actually occurred for short periods in more countries than one. Sir William Petty (_Polit. Arith._, p. 14.) supposes a doubling, possible in so short a time as _ten_ years." What difficulty, then, can there be (knowing the promise in Gen. xvii. 6.) in believing that the number of the Israelites in Egypt doubled itself every _fourteen_ years? F. A. P.S. Assuming what Malthus considers an ordinary rate of increase, when population is unchecked, viz. a doubling in 25 years, 70 persons in 430 years would increase to 10,539,000: which is what ÆGROTUS wishes to know. At Vol. v., p. 11., ÆGROTUS suggests that the "600,000 men" of Ex. xii. 37. mean "men and women." He will find some valuable "Notes" on Hebrew statistics in the 1st and 2d chapters of Numbers, that appear to militate against his theory! (Numb. i. 1, 2, 3., ii. 32.) A. A. D. SERJEANTS' RINGS AND MOTTOES. (Vol. v., pp. 59. 92. 110.) The following will, I believe, be found to be a _correct_ list of the Serjeants' mottoes during the last twenty years. The Law Reports not being probably accessible to all your readers to whom the subject may be one of interest, I have compiled this list with the view of preserving (in as brief a form as possible) in your pages, what is now scattered through many volumes. Serjeants. 1832. J. Gurney | _Justo secerne iniquum._ J. T. Coleridge | T. Denman _Lex omnibus una._ 1834. J. Williams _Tutela legum._ 1837. T. Coltman _Jus suum cuique._ 1838-9. T. Erskine _Judicium parium._ 1839. W. H. Maule _Suum cuique._ R. M. Rolfe _Suaviter fortiter._ 1840. J. Manning | J. Halcomb | W. F. Channell | _Honor nomenque manebunt._ W. Shee | D. C. Wrangham | W. Glover _Regina et lege gaudet serviens._ S. Gaselee _Nec temere nec timide._ 1842. J. V. Thompson ? F. S. Murphy _Incidere Ludum._ H. G. Jones _Bene Volens._ A. S. Dowling _Onus allexit._ 1843. N. R. Clarke _Sapiens qui assiduus._ J. B. Byles _Metuis secundus._ 1844. E. Bellasis | J. A. Kinglake | _Paribus legibus._ C. C. Jones | W. Erle _Tenax justitiæ._ 1845. T. J. Platt _Labor et fides._ R. Allen _Hic per tot casus._ E. S. Bain _A Deo et Regina._ C. Wilkins _Non quo sed quomodo._ 1847. E. N. Williams _Legum servi ut libere._ 1848. A. Wallinger _Quid quandoque deceat._ 1850. S. Martin _Labore._ R. Miller _Honeste niti._ N.B. The subsequent titles of those of the above learned Serjeants who have received promotion are omitted for brevity sake. J. B. COLMAN. Eye. MR. FOSS is, I believe, mistaken in supposing that all the serjeants called at the same time have the same motto. That is the usual practice, but it has not been invariably observed. Sir John Walter, Sir Henry Yelverton, and Sir Thomas Trevor, were all called on the same day (May 10, 1 Car. I.). Sir John Walter and Sir Thomas Trevor gave the same motto on their rings, and Sir Henry Yelverton gave rings with a different motto. There are other instances of the like kind; that above referred to I take from the only old law-book I have now at hand (Croke's _Reports_). C. H. COOPER. Cambridge. The following is probably the case referred to at p. 92. It is contained in 1 _Modern Reports_, case 30.: "Seventeen serjeants being made the 14th day of November, a daye or two after, Serjeant Powis, the junior of them all, coming to the King's Bench bar, Lord Chief Justice Kelynge told him that he had something to say to him, viz., that the rings which he and the rest of the serjeants had given weighed but eighteen shillings apiece; whereas Fortescue, in his book _De Laudibus Legum Angliæ_, says, 'The rings given to the Chief Justices and to the Chief Baron ought to weigh twenty shillings apiece;' and that he spoke not this expecting a recompense, but that it might not be drawn into a precedent, and that the young gentlemen there might take notice of it." W. H. LAMMIN. Fulham. MR. FOSS quotes what he considers the _happiest_ of these mottoes. I think the following at least as happy, and certainly more classical. I believe (but am not sure) it was adopted by Mr. Serjeant Bosanquet. I need not point out its application: "Antiquam exquirite matrem." F. R. LEARNED MEN OF THE NAME OF BACON. (Vol. iii., pp. 41. 151.) As no one appears inclined to follow up the suggestion of your correspondent with regard to the learned men of the name of Bacon, I have drawn up the following list, which I have met in the course of my reading, according to their dates. 1st. Robert Bacon, an eminent divine, born 1168, and died 1248. He studied at Oxford, and perfected his education at Paris; his principal work was the life of his friend and patron, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, which was highly esteemed; he also wrote many other learned works. 2nd. Roger Bacon, the learned monk; of him it will suffice for me to mention the date of his birth and death, as none will dispute _his_ right to a place in the list. He was born near Ilchester, in Somersetshire, 1214, and died at Oxford 1294. 3rd. John Bacon (surnamed _the Resolute Doctor_) was born at the latter end of the thirteenth century, in the little village of Baconthorpe, in Norfolk; from thence he is often called Baconthorpe. After some years spent in the Convent of Blackney, five miles from Walsingham, he removed to Oxford, and thence to Paris, where he was honoured by degrees both in law and divinity, and was considered the head of the Averroïsts. In 1333 he was invited by letters to Rome; and Paulus Pansa, writing of him from thence, says, "This one _resolute doctor_ has furnished the Christian religion with armour against the Jews, stronger than any of Vulcan's," &c. He was held in great esteem all throughout Italy. He died in London, 1346. 4th. Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the great seal to Queen Elizabeth, was born at Chislehurst, in Kent, 1510, and educated at Cambridge. "As a statesman," says his historian, "he was remarkable for a clear head and deep counsels; he had much of that penetrating genius, solidity, and judgment, persuasive eloquence, and comprehensive knowledge of law and equity, which afterwards shone with so great a lustre in his son" (Francis Lord Verulam). He died Feb. 26th, 1578, equally lamented by the queen and her subjects; a monument was erected to him in St. Paul's, which was destroyed by the Great Fire, 1666. Sir Nicholas left several MSS., which have never been published. 5th. Anthony Bacon, the eldest son of Sir Nicholas by his first wife, born 1558, and educated at Cambridge. He was personally acquainted with most of the literati of that age. At Geneva he lodged in the house of the celebrated Theodore Beza. In 1585, he visited Henry of Navarre, then at Berne; here he became acquainted with the learned Lambert Danæus, who, as a mark of esteem, dedicated several of his works to him. In 1586, he formed an intimacy with the famous Philip Plessis de Mornay at Montaubon; 1591, he returned to England; from this time he carried on an extensive correspondence with the literati, and in 1596 he began a correspondence with Henry of Navarre, then Henry IV. of France. The time of his death is uncertain. 6th. Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, second son of Sir Nicholas, born 1560, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; died April 9th, 1621. What can be a more concise and expressive notice of this great man than that of Walpole!-- "_The Prophet of Arts_ which Newton was sent to reveal.... It would be impertinent to enter into an account of this amazing genius or his works; both will be universally admired so long as science exists." 7th. Sir Nathaniel Bacon, K.B., a younger son by his second wife of Sir Nicholas, was an excellent painter. He studied his art in Italy, but his style and colouring approach nearer to the Flemish school. I can find no date of his birth, &c. 8th. Phanuel Bacon, D.D., an admirable wit and poet. He died at Balden, Jan. 2nd, 1733. 9th. John Bacon, the celebrated sculptor, and possessed also of respectable literary talents; born in Southwark 1740, died 1799. I hope you will not consider this list too long for insertion; but I thought it useless to give a long string of names without a short notice of each. MYFANWY. COLLAR OF SS. (Vol. v., p. 81.) Having only commenced subscribing to "N. & Q." at the beginning of the present year, I am not aware what has been said prior to this date, with reference to the Collar of SS.; but should not Mr. Boutell's remarks about this collar have been published, I beg to send them for the information of those interested: "Next to the Garter itself, the most celebrated knightly decoration of this class is the Collar of SS. introduced by King Henry IV., apparently as a memorial of the success with which his aspiring ambition had been crowned: this letter S, repeated either in links of gold, or in gold embroidery, worked upon a fillet of blue, is the initial of the word 'Souveraine,' Henry's motto, which he bore while Earl of Derby, and which, as he afterwards became sovereign, appeared auspicious." I dare say this idea of Mr. Boutell's may have been very ably refuted, by having pointed out the existence of the collar on a knight who is known _for certain_ to have died prior to the reign of Henry IV.; but I must say that I have seen nothing in the Numbers of the current year which alters my opinion. With reference to what MR. LEWIS EVANS says, at page 38., I beg to remark that he only assumes their dates _from current report_, for the dates are not on either of the tombs he mentions; and I think MR. EVANS is not a great studier of monumental effigies, otherwise he would not talk of a knight being dressed in "a coif de mailles and pointed helmet." I assume he means "_a camail_ and pointed bascinet." LLEWELLYN, at p. 81., makes mention of several, but of the only two upon which he ventures to fix a date, prior to Henry IV., one is "commonly ascribed," &c., and the other is "vulgarly called," &c., so that I place no reliance upon the truth of his deductions. Edwardus de la Hale, whom he mentions as No. 7., died, I think he will find, in 1431, and not 1421. As regards the brass of Sir Thomas Peryent and lady, at Digswell, Herts, I may mention that although he wears a collar, yet I do not think it ought to be fixed as certain that it is that of the SS., for no letter, or portion of a letter, remains to prove it, although the collar which Lady Peryent wears is perfectly distinct. I send you a list of a few more knights and ladies who wear this collar: A.D. 1382. Sir Thomas Burton, at Little Casterton, Rutlandshire. 1407. Sir W. and Lady Bagot, at Baginton, Warwickshire. 1411. Sir John Drayton, at Dorchester, Oxfordshire. 1412. Sir Thomas Swynborne, at Little Horkesley, Essex. 1424. Lord and Lady Camoys, at Trotton, Sussex. 1430. Sir John Dyve, at St. Owens, Bromham, Beds. 1435. Lady Delamere (but not worn by her husband), at Hereford Cathedral. As regards the brass of Sir Thomas Burton, although the date affixed to it is 1382, yet it is quite evident, from the style of armour worn by him, and the execution of the brass itself, that it was not executed till 1410, and that he died about that time, and his wife at the date mentioned. H. L. To MR. FOSS'S list of effigies bearing the Collar of SS. allow me to add the brass of Sir Thomas Peryent and his lady, at Digswell, Herts, both of whom wear this collar. Sir Thomas was a squire at arms to Henry IV., and died A.D. 1415. At Arundel Church, also in Sussex, is a brass to Thomas Salmon and his lady. The figure of the knight is destroyed, but that of his lady bears the collar. Perhaps some of your readers can give some account of this knight. Query, What persons are _now_ entitled to wear it? NEDLAM. THE KÖNIGSMARKS. (Vol. v., pp. 78. 115.) A tragic destiny was that of most of the posterity of that John Christopher Königsmark, who commanded at the storm of the suburbs of Prague, the last deed of arms of the Thirty Years' War. John Christopher himself was born at Kotzlin in the Mark on Feb. 25, 1600, and from his brother descended the Königsmarks of the Mark. He fought first in the imperial service and in Italy, but afterwards joined the Swedes, and after the peace was Stadtholder of Bremen and Vredun, became Count and Royal Councillor (Reichsrath), and left behind him at his death in 1663 property worth 130,000 thalers yearly. He had three sons; the second, John Christopher, died in 1653 at Rottemburg, in Swabia, by a fall from his horse. The youngest, Count Otto Wilhelm, was born at Minden on June 3, 1639; studied under Esaias Pufendorf, and in 1654 was Rector Magnificus at Jena; served different powers as soldier and diplomatist; distinguished himself as general of the Venetians in the Morea; and died on September 16, 1688, of fever, when before Negropont. He was married to a Countess de la Gardie, of the well-known Swedish family. He probably was that Count Königsmark to whose protection John Leyser (Theophilus Alethaus) fled when he forfeited his offices of preacher and inspector at Pforta, which he had held since 1664, on account of, although himself chaste and virtuous, having defended polygamy; was pursued, taken, placed in prison, and died at Amsterdam in extreme poverty in 1684. The eldest son, Konrad, was first in the Swedish, then in the Dutch service, and fell a lieutenant-general at the siege of Bonn in 1673. He had married Marie Christine, daughter of Marshal Hermann Wrangel, and the Pfalzgravine Amalie Magdalene of Sulzbach, who bore him three sons and two daughters; one son died young. Which of the two others was the elder is doubtful. Certain it is that the one, Karl Johann, who is generally, though on no sufficient grounds, held to be the elder, was born in 1659, at Nieuburg on Fuhnen; studied till 1674 at Hamburg and Stade; then travelled in Holland, England, France, and Italy; fought so bravely on board the Maltese galleys, that on his departure in 1678 he, although a protestant, received the grand cross of the order. He then visited Rome, Florence, Genoa, Venice, Madrid, Paris, Holland, Hamburg, Stockholm, Windsor; set out in all haste when Tangiers was attacked, to take share in the battle; and, as the fleet was delayed by contrary winds, made his journey to Tangiers through France and Spain; from thence back again to Madrid and Paris; then again to Gibraltar, and three times to Africa; was with the English before Algiers; wandered round in Holland, England, and Germany; was with the French before Courtrai; and in Catalonia fought bravely under his uncle at Argos, and died in Greece on August 26, 1686. The most mysterious episode of his life was brought on by his sueing for England's richest and highest heiress, Elizabeth, daughter of Josceline, second Earl of Northumberland. The other brother, Count Philip Christopher, was involved in the well-known tale of the unfortunate wife of George I., the unhappy Sophia Dorothea of Zelle, afterwards Duchess of Ahlden, and met his death under circumstances of much mystery. According to the Duchess's assertion, he was the elder brother, as she states he was born in 1656. The sisters were--Amalie Wilhelmina, and the well-known mistress of Augustus II., Maria Aurora, the mother of Marshal Saxe. Amalie married the Count Charles Gustavus of Löwenhaupt. Extract from Von Bulau's _Geheime Geschichten_, vol. iii., article on "Count Löwenhaupt." J. R. J. BOILING CRIMINALS TO DEATH. (Vol. v., pp. 32. 112.) MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS'S observations upon the reply you favoured me by publishing upon this subject, require from me some few observations in further support of it. When I wrote the article in question, I had not had an opportunity of consulting the statute of 22 Hen. VIII. itself. In making the assertion that, prior to the case of Roose, "there was no peculiarity in the mode of punishment," I did so principally on the authority of Blackstone, who says-- "Of all species of deaths the most detestable is that of poison, because it can of all others be the least prevented either by manhood or forethought, _and therefore_ by the statute of 22 Hen. VIII. c. 9. it was made treason, and a more grievous and lingering kind of death was inflicted on it _than the common law allowed_, namely, boiling to death." Upon a perusal of the statute (as published by you at p. 33.), I am confirmed in my opinion that the statute _was_ "retrospective in its enactments as against" Roose, and was more extensive in its operation than (as MR. NICHOLS appears to consider) merely depriving the culprit of the "advantage of his clargie." The Act, after reciting the facts of the case, enacted that the particular act of poisoning should be deemed high treason; and that the said "Richard" should be attainted of high treason: and because that offence, then "_newly_ practised," required _condign punishment_, it was further enacted, that the said Richard Roose should be boiled to death without benefit of clergy. If this particular punishment already existed for the crime stated in the Act to be "new," why the necessity for thus particularising the mode of punishment? The conclusion of the Act (differing much in the verbiage from that part relating to Roose) confirms me in my opinion, for it enacts that all future poisoners should not only be adjudged guilty of high treason, and not be admitted to the benefit of clergy, _but also_ provides for the punishment in the mode in question. With regard to the case instanced by MR. NICHOLS, in the 13th Hen., I merely observe that it appears to have escaped the attention of Blackstone, and others who have written upon the subject. Assuming that case to have happened, a reference to the statutes of Henry of that period might probably show that an Act was passed for the punishment of that particular offence; but not extending further, it became necessary to pass another, both specific and general, upon the occurrence of Roose's case. In support of my view as to the discontinuance of the punishment, vide _Blackstone_, vol. iv. p. 96. N.B. The date "1524" (third line from the bottom of second column, p. 112.) appears a misprint for "1542". J. B. COLMAN. Eye. The punishment of boiling criminals to death was not inflicted solely for such a crime as poisoning. It was a common punishment for coining. See _Annales Dominicanarum Colmariensium_ in Urstisius, Ger. _Illust. Script._, vol. ii. p. 12.; and Ducange, in verb. _Caldariis decoquere_. I believe instances of it will also be found in Döpler, _Theatrum Poenarum_; and it will be seen by a reference to Ayala, _Cronica del Rey Don Pedro_, that this was the favourite mode of putting to death all persons who had offended him, employed by that monarch, who is best, and, as I think, most truly, known in history as "Peter the Cruel." W. B. MACCABE. As the punishment of boiling has been a matter of investigation lately in your columns, perhaps the following contribution on the same subject may not be uninteresting to some of your readers. It appears that in the year 1392, when Florentius Wewelinghofen, or Wewelkofen, was Bishop of Utrecht, a certain Jacobus von Jülich, by means of forged credentials from the Pope, contrived to pass himself off, for a time, as suffragan to the same see. Upon the discovery of the cheat, however, Florentius summoned a synod of six bishops to Utrecht, who condemned the unfortunate pretender to be sodden to death in boiling water! Zedler, in his _Universal Lexicon_, tom. ix. col. 1282., alludes to the fact. Wilh. Heda, in his _Hist. Episc. Ultraject._ pp. 259, 260., gives the story thus: "Circa hæc tempora, scilicet anno 1392 ... quidam ex professione Divi Francisci, sese pro Sacerdote et Episcopo gerens, et in Suffraganeum Episcopi Florentii assumptus, cum aliquandiu sacra omnia peregisset, inventus falso charactere atque literis usus, destituitur, et ferventibus aquis immergendus adjudicatur; impositus vero aquis (quia clamore suo Episcopum ad pietatem commovit) statim extrahitur et capite truncatus obtinuit sepulturam." Perhaps the Cardinal, should this meet his eye, or any one of your readers equally skilled in Roman ecclesiastical archæology, can inform the public whether this may not be the origin of the phrases, "getting oneself into hot water," and "being sent to pot." J. B. MCC. British Museum. "ADMONITION TO THE PARLIAMENT." (Vol. v., p. 4.) This is not at all an uncommon book. There are at least three copies in the University Library, Cambridge; one at Trinity College; besides others in other college libraries. There is also one at Lambeth; two in the Bodleian, Oxford; and copies are from time to time occurring at booksellers' for sale. There is not, however, one in the British Museum; and the first edition is exceedingly scarce. MR. PAYNE COLLIER is, I think, mistaken in the dates which he assigns to the _Admonition_ and to Whitgift's _Answer_. He follows indeed Herbert's _Ames_, in which reference is made to Strype; but Strype would have furnished materials for a more accurate statement. Whitgift's _Answer_ was first published towards the end of 1572; for the edition of that year does not contain "Certayne notes and properties of Anabaptistes," which Whitgift himself (_Defense of the Aunswere_, p. 33., and elsewhere) tells us he had introduced into the _second_ edition. But these "notes" do appear in the edition dated 1573, which must therefore be only the second. Moreover, Thomas Norton wrote to Whitgift dissuading him from publishing his _Answer_. This letter was dated Oct. 20, 1572. In a subsequent letter to Archbishop Parker, dated Jan. 16, 1572 (1573), Norton speaks of his former epistle as having been written "before Mr. Whitgift's book came out." (See _Strype_; _Whitgift_, book I. chap. vi.; _Parker_, book IV. chap. xii.) The date of the _Answer_ thus ascertained, we may the better conjecture the dates of the editions of the _Admonition_, which MR. COLLIER says he gathers "had been printed four times anterior to" 1572. Whitgift, it would seem, had written, if not published, his reply before more than a single edition of the _Admonition_ was abroad; for he says (_Answer_, 1573, p. 189.), "After I had ended this confutation of the _Admonition_, there comes to my hand a new edition of the same, wherein some things be added," &c. He also says (_Defense_, p. 34.), "the _Admonition_ was published after the Parliament, to the which it was dedicated, was ended ... it was not exhibited in Parliament, as it ought to have been," &c. Further, the _Admonition_ itself, fol. A. viii., says, "immediately after the last Parliament holden at Westminster, begun in Anno 1570, and ended in Anno 1571," &c. This could hardly have been said earlier than 1572. For these reasons (I will not occupy space by alleging more) the _Admonition_ could not, we may gather, have "been printed four times anterior to that year." A. J. H. "SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE." (Vol. v., p. 10.) The following is a copy of a letter addressed by Miss Porter to a relative of mine:-- "Esher, Jan. 30, 1832. "Madam,--I hasten to express the pleasure with which I answer your favour on the subject of Sir Edward Seaward's _Narrative_, to the best indeed of my power, but, I regret to say, not as explicitly as I wish. However, with respect to the authenticity of the events, I have no reason to doubt them; the manner of the original MSS. coming into my hands having been precisely what my Preface to the work described. "The same query that you have made has been put to me from various quarters; and I have communicated most of them to the owner of the MSS., but he invariably declines allowing me to give his name, or other proofs of the facts in the _Narrative_, saying, that 'since the public has done him the honour of putting his old heir-loom into mystery, even in the face of the editor's simply told Preface, he will not deprive himself of the amusement such unexpected doubts afford him.' "Thus far his whimsical decision; nevertheless, as editor of the work, I cannot deny myself adding the sincere satisfaction I feel in the sympathy so universally expressed with the virtues of the truly amiable Seaward and his family; and the more so, as his lessons of piety and domestic concord in the most trying situations may well be considered his richest bequeathment. "I have the honour to subscribe myself, Madam, "Very much yours, "JANE PORTER." This corroborates the account given by W. W. E. J., and may be thought worthy of a place in "N. & Q." W. H. LAMMIN. Fulham. If we may credit the inscription on the monument erected to the memory of the Porter family in Bristol Cathedral, the real author of Sir E. Seaward's _Narrative_ was none other than Miss Porter's own brother, Dr. Wm. Ogilvie Porter, who within three months followed his sister to the grave, being the last survivor of that talented and distinguished family. Dr. Porter commenced his medical career as a surgeon in the navy, and was probably acquainted with the Caribbean Sea and its islands; for his first wife, who died in 1807, and was buried at St. Oswald, in the city of Durham, was a native of Jamaica. Whether he avowed himself the writer, when he entrusted the work to his sister for publication, seems doubtful. It is possible she may have been led to regard it as a genuine account of real transactions, whereas it is said to be an entirely fictitious and imaginary story, written solely for amusement. May I take this opportunity of asking for information respecting the origin of the Porter family? Their father, who was a surgeon in the army, and died in early life, is said to have been of Irish extraction. Their mother was a Miss Blenkinsop, of the city of Durham. Any information respecting the families of Porter and Blenkinsop would be interesting. What is the name of the Russian nobleman or gentleman to whom the daughter of Sir R. K. Porter is married? If she is still alive, she is the sole representative of the Porters, it is believed. E. H. A. GENERAL WOLFE. (Vol. v., pp. 34. 136.) As a sequel to the inquiries suggested in your pages respecting General Wolfe, permit me to contribute the inscription on the obelisk erected by Lord Dalhousie, in 1827, in a conspicuous part of Quebec, in honour of the General and of his brave opponent Montcalm.[9] I give it in the precise form in which it was obligingly communicated to me by the present Bishop of Quebec, in reply to my suggestions, a year or two ago, of another inscription, which I also send: "Mortem Virtus communem Famam Historia Monumentum Posteritas dedit." Upon the base: "Hujusce Monumenti in memoriam virorum illustrium WOLFE et MONTCALM. Fundamentum p. c. Georgius Comes de Dalhousie, In Septentrionalibus Americæ partibus Ad Britannos pertinentibus Summam rerum administrans (Quid duci egregio convenientius?) Auctoritate promovens, exemplo stimulans Munificentiâ fovens Die Novembris XV. MDCCCXXVII Georgi IV. Britanniarum Rege." * * * * * _Suggested Inscription._ "Hoc in loco JACOBUS WOLFE, Anglorum, LUDOVICUS DE MONTCALM, Francogallorum, Exercitibus præfecti, Optimis belli pacisque artibus pares, Vitæ exitu simili, Dispari fortunâ, Commissâ inter Anglos et Francogallos pugnâ, Ille in amplexu victoriæ Hic victus, sed invicto animo, Vulneribus confossi Satis honorificé defuncti sunt. * * * * * "Felices ambo! Quorum ingenio, moribus, bellicæ virtuti, Duarum amplissimarum gentium Mutuo luctu lacrymisque Parentatum." [Footnote 9: [An account of laying the first stone of the obelisk to Wolfe and Montcalm, on Nov. 20, 1827, will be found in Quebec and its Environs, 8vo. 1837.--ED.]] P.S.--I would add, in connexion with this subject, that an elegant and classical epitaph on Montcalm, printed in Popham's _Illustrium Virorum Elogia Sepulchralia_, ends as follows: "Mortales optimi ducis exuvias in excavatâ humo, Quam globus bellicus decidens dissiliensque defoderat, Galli lugentes deposuerunt, Et generosæ hostium fidei commendârunt." Query, Where is this epitaph inscribed; and is the fact recorded in it noticed in any cotemporary history? F. K. Bath. Under the impression that the following Note, with reference to the gallant General James Wolfe, may tend to illustrate some other fact connected with the later period of the life of that generally lamented individual, I send it at a venture. General Jones Wolfe was (I am not aware of the military rank he then filled) at-- "An encampment on Bradford Heath. about two miles from the town of Dorchester, co. Dorset, in the year 1757. The encampment consisted of the following regiments, under the command of Lieut.-Gen. Sir John Mordaunt and Major-Gen. Conway; viz. Bland's Dragoons; the Old Buffs, two battalions; Kingsley's, two battalions; one company of the Train of Artillery--in all ten troops, six battalions. Generals Mordaunt and Conway, and a great part of these forces, being sent on the expedition against Rochford, the remainder was reinforced and commanded by Lieut.-Gen. John Campbell, afterwards Duke of Argyll, and Major-Gen. Mostyn." The above is extracted from Hutchins's _History of Dorset_, 1st edition, vol. i. p. 375. That General Wolfe was in the above encampment, I had the information from a gentlemen who knew him; and many years ago I accidentally met with a book with the autograph of the General, "James Wolfe," written on the fly-leaf, in a bold and gentlemanly style. The volume being on a military subject, was not taken any care of, and lost: it was left by the General in the hands of Messrs. Gould and Thorne, booksellers in Dorchester, from whose successors I had it. G. F. Weymouth. Replies to Minor Queries. _Commemoration of Benefactors_ (Vol. v., p. 126.).--The office for commemoration of benefactors now used in the several colleges in the university of Cambridge, is prescribed by the statutes given to the university by Queen Elizabeth in the 12th year of her reign, cap. 4. sec. 38. An earlier office (2 Eliz.) is given in Dr. Cardwell's _Documentary Annals_, vol. i. p. 282. C. H. COOPER. Cambridge. _King Robert Bruce's Watch_ (Vol. v., p. 105.).--The watch known under this name is now, I believe, generally admitted to be a forgery. There is a letter in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 688., dated Forfar, August 20, 1785, and signed J. Jamieson, who therein states that the watch was offered for sale to him by a goldsmith hawker of Glasgow, who afterwards sold it for two guineas, and it was next sold for five. The letter does not trace this curiosity further; but I find in a little work by Adam Thompson, entitled _Time and Timekeepers_, that it subsequently found its way into the collection of George III. W. W. E. _Hornchurch_ (Vol. v., p. 106.).--Permit me to call the attention of your correspondents to some other peculiarities relating to Hornchurch. There once, I believe, were (are there now?) a pair of horns over the east window of the church; thence the name is probably derived. The great tithes were once the property of the monks of the celebrated monastery of St. Bernard in Savoy. Are not the horns connected with the arms of Savoy? New College received the great tithes directly from the monks, and have in their possession the license from the crown to alienate. A. HOLT WHITE. _Buzz_ (Vol. v., p. 104.).--Corruption of _bouse_ or _booze_, to drink to excess. In Scotland they say "bouse a'," drink all. J. R. J. "_Buzz_," _to empty the Bottle_ (Vol. v., p. 104.).--The connexion between this and the drunken man, "with his head full of bees" (Vol. iv., p. 308.), must strike every thoughtful reader! A. A. D. _Melody of the Dying Swan_ (Vol. v., p. 107.).--A reference to Platon's _Phædon_, p. 84. sub fin., with Fischer's note, forms a tolerable answer to a Query on this subject. Fischer says-- "De cantu cygnorum, qui jam multis veterum fabulosus, v. _Lucian. de Electro_, c. 5.; _Ælian. H.A._ ii. 32.; xi. 1.; xiv. 13.; _Pausan._, i. 30.; _Eutecnius Paraphr. Ixeut. Oppian._, p. 78. 5.; _Eustathius ad Il._ [Greek: b'.], p. 254., aliosque qui a Jac. Thomasio laudati sunt in libelli singulari de cantu cygnorum." [Where is this to be heard of?] Add Arist. _H.A._, viii. 11.; Ovid. _Heroid._ vii. 1.; Hesiod. _Sc._ 316.; _Æsch. Ag._ 1444. A. A. D. _"From the Sublime to the Ridiculous is but a Step"_ (Vol. v., p. 100.).--In MR. BREEN'S interesting article entitled "Idées Napoléoniennes" (p. 100.), is the following passage: "It will be seen that the original saying has undergone a slight modification, Longinus making the transition a gradual one, [Greek: kat' oligon], while Blair, Payne, and Napoleon make it but 'a step.'" Now there is nothing in the whole range of scholarship and philology that requires more tender handling than the Greek preposition, unless it be the prepositional adverb, which results from the combination of a preposition with an adjective. I would not be so bold as to assert that [Greek: kat' oligon] does _not_ mean "gradually, by little and little." I feel convinced that I have seen it so used before now; but I beg to submit that in the powerful passage quoted from Longinus it can only mean "_presently, at once, with little_" delay or interval. The purport of the passage seems to be this:--[The instances which I have cited] "exhibit rather a turbid diction, and a confused imagery, than a striking and forcible discourse. For, take them one by one, and hold them up to the light, and what first looked terrible shall _presently_ take its true colour, and appear contemptible." Longinus had quoted certain turgid and empty attempts at a very high rhetorical strain: he then in the passage before us condemns them for their confusion both of thought and phrase; and says, that they won't bear looking into _for a minute_ ([Greek: kat' oligon]). If these remarks are correct, I fear they must damage the parallelism so industriously instituted by your correspondent; but if he will not be offended, I shall not regret it: for I confess to some feeling of jealousy in favour of modern forms of thought, and their claims to originality. The field of thought is finite, and great minds have tilled it before us; so that scarcely in its remotest corners shall you find a patch of virgin soil, or a bud till now unseen. But originality is not excluded for all that. He that culls a flower in the nineteenth century, and has an eye for its beauty, is as _original_ an admirer as he who did the same on the day of creation. And he who with quick perceptions combines the thoughts which have arrested his attention, and with a lively and apt expression, fresh and free from conventional formalism, gives them out to another, that man may be called original. The opposite of _originality_ is not _repetition_, but _imitation_. When, therefore, we would prove that a writer is not original, it is not enough to produce similar thoughts or phrases in older writers, unless our instances are so numerous as to afford an appearance of systematic copyism, or historical evidence of the fact of imitation be forthcoming from some external source. J. E. Oxford. "_Carmen perpetuum_," &c. (Vol. v., p. 104.).--The words in Ham's Bible are from the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid (I. 3.): "Primâque ab origine mundi Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen." This book has been called the Heathen Bible. It should be studied with the Greek translation of Tzetzes (Boisaunade's edition), to show the identity of the gods and heroes of Greece and Rome under their different names in the two languages. Ovid was by profession a learned priest; and it is probable that the subjects of his verse were the subjects of scenic representations in the mysteries, to which probably moral and natural or theological instruction was added, much after the manner of the Greek choruses. That these mysteries taught something worth the attention of a philosopher and moralist is manifest from the encomiums of Cicero: "Nam mihi cum multa eximia, divinaque videntur Athenæ tuæ peperisse, atque in vitâ hominum attulisse, tum _nihil melius illis mysteriis_, quibus ex agresti immanique vitâ exculti ad humanitatem et mitigati sumus: initiaque ut appellantur, ita reverâ _principia vitæ_ cognovimus; neque solùm cum lætitiâ vivendi rationem accepimus, sed etiam cum _spe meliore moriendi_."--_De Leg._ lib. ii. c. 14. "For amongst other excellent and divine things which owed their origin to your Athens, and in which we participate, nothing is more admirable than those mysteries which have caused us to pass from a wild and uncivilised condition to one of amelioration and humanity: or, to speak more correctly, they first brought us to life, as indicated by the term _initiation_ (beginning), which the mysteries have retained; since this new kind of life (regeneration) is not only attended with happiness, but is succeeded by the hope of a better destiny after death." T. J. BUCKTON. Lichfield. _Sterne at Paris_ (Vol. v., p. 105.).--In _Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose_, by Mons. Dutens, or Duchillon, as he also called himself, is an amusing account of a scene between Sterne and him, at Lord Tavistock's table at Paris, on the 4th June, 1762. M. S. _The Paper of the present Day_ (Vol. iii., p. 181.).--A. GRAYAN'S note on the "First Paper Mill" reminds me of a too long neglected remark of your correspondent LAUDATOR TEMPORIS ACTI on the inferiority of the paper made in the present days as compared with that of olden times. As a matron, whose proper business it is to be curious in such matters, I venture to suggest that the universal use of calicos and printed cottons in the place of linen articles of dress, is the true cause of the deterioration of the paper of our books. The careful inspection of the rags of present days on their arrival at a paper-mill, will, I think, confirm my statement, if any gentleman who still clings pertinaciously to the linen shirts of "better times" is disposed to doubt the fact. MARGARET GATTY. _Cimmerii, Cimbri_ (Vol. iv., p. 444.).--If the belief which derives the Cimbrians from Gomer, son of Japhet, be on the increase, I fear the movements of our restless race are not altogether progressive. But there is good reason to think, that the Cimbri were of the Brito-Gallic race and tongue. Morimarusa (Pliny, iv. 27.) does not belong to Indogermanic, or any such high categories as will prove nearly what you please. It is a piece of exact and determinate Brito-Gallic. Pompeius Festus and Plutarch agree in stating, that the meaning of the name was _robbers_;--not, of course, as applied to individual offenders, or to any offenders, but as the hereditary boast of predatory tribes. "Thou shalt want ere I want" is the motto of the Lords Cranstoun, and was the motto of all Cimbrians. Cimmerii has certainly every appearance of being the same name as Cimbri. In like manner, Cymmry becomes Cumbria and (unaccountably) Cambria; Ambrosius becomes Emmrys, and Humber Hymmyr. What remains of the old word Cimbr, or Cimmr, as meaning Latro, is the verb _cymmeryd_ (and its cognate words), to take, or, more etymologically, to apportion: Dividers of booty. The change of the sharp iota into that short vowel of which we possess not the long, but of which the long is the French _eu_, forms the difficulty; but the savages of Asia, and those of Caius Marius, may be conceived to have used vowels of shriller pronunciation than the Gauls and Britons. The Brigantes of Yorkshire, &c., bore a synonymous appellation, still used in French and Armorican, and not wholly extinct in Welsh. Of a race named Cimbri, or Cumbri, in this island, nothing whatever is known from ancient geography or history. And probably no such name co-existed with that of the Brigantes. For, if the two synonymes were used together, neither would express a distinctive peculiarity. The fable of the Brut probably has a core of general truth, when it refers that name to the days of the Cambro-Scoto-Saxon tripartition, disguised as Cambro-Albano-Loegrian. A. N. _Rents of Assize_ (Vol. v., p. 127.).--Rents of Assize, _Redditus assisæ de assisa_ vel _redditus assisus_. The certain and determined rents of ancient tenants paid in a set quantity of money or provisions; so called, because it was assised or made certain, and so distinguished from _redditus mobilis_, variable rent, that did rise and fall, like the corn rent now reserved to colleges. (Cowel's _Interpreter_.) _Ob. q._ mean respectively _obolus_ and _quadrans_. The _great pipe_ is a roll in the Exchequer wherein all accounts and debts due to the king delivered and drawn out of the remembrancer's offices, are entered and charged. I presume the Bishop of Winchester's great pipe was a roll of all accounts and debts due to him in right of his bishopric. "Ad regis exemplar, totus componitur orbis." J. G. Exeter. Lord Coke (_2nd Institute_, 19.) gives this definition: "_Redditus assisus_, or _redditus assisæ_: vulgarly, rents of assise, are the certain rents of the freeholders and ancient copiholders, because they be assised, and certain, and doth distinguish the same from _redditus mobiles_, farm rents for life, years, or at will, which are variable and incertain." _Ob. q._ means three farthings, "ob." being an abbreviation of _obolus_, a halfpenny, and "q." of _quadrans_, a farthing. The _great pipe_ in the document referred to apparently means the pipe roll of the Bishops of Winchester, of which some account may be seen in the report of the case of Doe dem. Kinglake _v._ Beviss, in 7 _Common Bench Reports_, 456. C. H. COOPER. Cambridge. _Monastic Establishments in Scotland_ (Vol. v., p. 104.).--In _Picturesque Antiquities of Scotland_, etched by Adam de Cardonnel, is a list of the different monastic establishments in Scotland. If your correspondent has not seen this volume, which I apprehend to be rather scarce (it was printed for the author in 1788), I shall be happy to supply him with a transcript of the list that Mr. De Cardonnel has given in his introduction. M. S. _History of Brittany_ (Vol. v., p. 59.).--MR. KERSLEY will find much information of the kind he wishes in the genealogies of the families of Bretagne by D'Hosier, "Chevalier, Conseiller du roy en ses conseils, Juge d'Armes de la Noblesse de France," circiter 1765. My copy of the _Genealogies of Normandy_, by d'Hosier, was bought at Quaritch's, who also, I remember, a few months ago advertised other sets of the same herald, and I think Brittany amongst them. I. J. H. H. St. Asaph. _Marches of Wales, and Lords Marchers_ (Vol. v., pp. 30. 135.).--In connexion with this Query, it may be interesting to G. to know that Mr. Thos. Davies Lloyd, of Bronwydd, Caermarthenshire, is the only "Lord Marcher now extant in the kingdom" (extract from a letter of Mr. Lloyd to me). Mr. Lloyd holds the barony of Kemes, in the county of Pembroke, which was erected into a Lordship Marcher by Martin de Tours, one of the companions of William I., who exercised the Jura Regalia, and other peculiar privileges. I. J. H. H. St. Asaph. _The Broad Arrow_ (Vol. iv., pp. 315. 371. 412.; Vol. v., p. 115.).--I can see nothing to connect this symbol with the worship of Mithras, but I have always fancied it of much earlier date than that commonly assigned to it. A coin of Carausius with a Greek legend would be an object of great interest to our English numismatists, but nothing of the kind has ever been seen! My reason for thinking that the symbol of the "broad arrow" is one of considerable antiquity is, that the name by which sailors and "longshore" people designate it, namely, the "Broad Ar," is clearly not a vulgarism, but an archaism. In the north of England "ar" or "arr" is still used for a mark. It occurs on very early Danish coins, and I entertained a hope that some northern antiquary would have told me how it originated; but my enquiry has ended in disappointment. Query, When was the Pheon, which it is supposed to be, first used as an heraldic device? I have before me a coin of Stralsund, minted in the fourteenth century, with the Pheon for the principal type. By German writers this object is called a fishspear, but I cannot help thinking that its origin may be connected with the broad arrow. J. Y. AKERMAN. _Miniature of Cromwell_ (Vol. iv., p. 368.; Vol. v., pp. 17. 92.).--In addition to those already mentioned, I have seen in the possession of a gentleman connected with a Presbyterian trust, a miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Cooper. The building connected with the trust, is one of those built after the passing of the Five Mile Act, and is near Yarmouth; with which place, as is well known, Cromwell was much connected. X. Y. Z. _The Sinaïtic Inscriptions_ (Vol. iv., p. 382.) have been deciphered by Dr. E. F. Beer. Vide his _Studia Asiatica_, Leipsic, 1840. S. W. _Why cold Pudding settles One's Love_ (Vol. v., p. 50.).--As no one has replied to the Query of "AN F. S. A. WHO LOVES PUDDING," may I be permitted to offer the following conjectural solution? In some parts of the principality it is customary on the morning of a wedding-day for the bridegroom, with a party of his friends, to proceed to the lady's residence; where he and his companions are regaled with ale, bread and butter, and _cold custard pudding_! I hope I have hit the mark! But, perhaps, it does not become me to speculate upon these dainty matters. AN OLD BACHELOR. Hoxton. _Covines_ (Vol. iv., p. 208.).--A. N.'s inquiry for a reference not having been answered, I beg to name Sir Walter Scott's _Demonology and Witchcraft_, p. 206.; or, if he desires to "sup full of horrors," Pitcairn's _Criminal Trials in Scotland_, vol. iv. Appendix, p. 602., where the confessions of the witches of Aulderne are given at length. It appears by these confessions that a _covine_ consists of thirteen witches ("the Deil's dozen?"), of whom two are officials, the _Maiden of the Covine_, who sits next the Deil, and with whom he leads off the dance (called _Gillatrypes_), and the _officer_, who, like the crier in a court of justice, calls the witches at the door, when the Deil calls the names from his book. _Covine_ is conventus. _Covent_ Garden. See Dr. Jamieson on the word _Covine-tree_. W. G. "_Arborei foetus alibi_," &c. (Vol. v., p. 58.).--Had the "head master" been as well versed in the subject as he undoubtedly was in the words of the _Georgics_, he would have explained to the "sixth form" that, in the lines "Hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvæ; Arborei foetus alibi, atque injussa virescunt Gramina." the intention of the poet was to contrast an agricultural with a pastoral district. The _alibi_ which he establishes in the case of "arborei foetus" he applies equally to "injussa gramina;" and his obvious meaning is this:--One district is naturally fitted for the cultivation of corn; another for that of vines; whilst a third is more adapted for woodland, or rather, perhaps, orchards, meadows, and pastures: the sowing down or formation of which, if indeed the hand of man has had anything to do with them at all--being a thing of the past, and, perhaps, not within the range of the oldest inhabitant's memory, their produce may with propriety be termed "injussa," or spontaneous. W. A. C. Ormsary. _Poniatowski Gems_ (Vol. v., p. 140.).--A.O.O.D. is informed that the first sale of these gems took place in 1839, by Christie, and they were bought by a Mr. Tyrrell for 12,000_l._ M----N. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. _The Men of the Time in 1852, or Sketches of Living Notables_, is intended, as we are told in the Preface, "to bring together in one muster-roll the people who take the lead in doing the Work of the World, in literature, in politics, in art, and in science,--who are influential in their generation, either in thought or in action." The idea is a good one, and the book will eventually supply a want which all have felt. We say "eventually," because both Editor and Publisher must be aware that no first attempt of a work of this nature can at all approach perfection. We do not complain that, within the small compass of the present volume, we find many names we should scarcely have looked for in such a selection; but we would, for the purpose of improving the next edition, point out the omission of many very important ones. In the field of learning, antiquarian and historical, we miss all mention of Ellis, Hallam, Mahon, Maitland, Madden, Palgrave, Kemble, Thorpe and Wright. In other classes again we meet with similar omissions. We find Robert Owen, but not Professor Owen; Southwood Smith, but not Sir Harry Smith; Faraday we have, but not Wheatstone; the Bishops of Exeter, Oxford, and St. David's, but not the Bishops of London or Ely. We have Pusey, but neither Hook, Bennett, Close, nor Newman. We have George Dawson the lecturer, but not Cowden Clarke the lecturer. Such are some of the instances of omission which have occurred to us, and which will no doubt be supplied in a new edition. May we add our hope that in such new edition as ample justice will be rendered to all "men of learning" as is in the present one rendered to all "men of the press." When we find that the new issue of Bohn's _Illustrated Library_ consists of the first volume of a revised and enlarged edition of _The Battles of the British Navy_, by Joseph Allen, Esq., R.N., we are almost disposed to imagine that this indefatigable publisher had seen with prophetic eye that in the opening of 1852 Mr. Cobden's theory of universal peace would lose favour, and that John Bull would resume his old love for the "blue jackets." Be that as it may, such a work as the present, popularly written, handsomely illustrated, and published at a moderate price, which would at all times be a boon, is not likely to be less welcome at a moment when there is a general feeling abroad, that England's best securities for that peace which all would preserve, "like her best bulwarks," are "her wooden walls." Sir Joshua Reynolds was a painter among painters, and a man of letters among men of letters; and as long as the literature of this country endures, his name will be held in remembrance and in honour. In giving, therefore, to the world a new edition of _The Literary Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the first President of the Royal Academy; to which is prefixed a Memoir of the Author, with Remarks on his Professional Character illustrative of his Principles and Practice_, by Henry Williams Beechey, Mr. Bohn has conferred a boon, not only upon the professional student, but upon all who would acquire a knowledge of the presiding principle which regulates every part of art, and who can appreciate the eloquent and admirable manner in which the great president conveyed that knowledge. When a glimpse of sunshine warns us of the approach of spring, and that our young friends are bethinking them of the country and its varied pleasures, when they will again-- "---- hear the lark begin its flight, And singing, startle the dull night," we are reminded of a long-delayed wish to call their attention to Gosse's _Popular British Ornithology, containing a Familiar and Technical Description of the Birds of the British Isles_, as a means of turning their pleasant rambles to a source of profitable instruction. With this scientific, though concise and popularly written volume, profusely illustrated as it is with coloured figures of the most remarkable British birds, as their guide--and a little patient observation--an amount of knowledge of birds and their habits will soon be acquired by them, which will prove a source of never-ending enjoyment, and give new zest to every fresh visit to the woods and fields. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. GREGORY'S (DR.) SECOND MEMORIAL TO THE MANAGERS OF THE ROYAL INFIRMARY, EDINBURGH. HERON'S (SIR ROBERT) NOTES. First Edition. Privately printed. COBBETT'S STATE TRIALS. 8vo. Vol. VIII. 1810. ARNOTT'S PHYSICS. 2 Vols. ISR. CLAUDERI DISPUTATIO DE SALE SUB PRÆSIDIO SAGITTARII. Jenæ, 1650. CRESCENT AND THE CROSS. Vol. I. Third Edition. MACKINNON'S HISTORY OF CIVILISATION. Vol. II. 1846. LITE'S DODOENS' HERBAL. First Edition. (An imperfect copy to complete another.) TURNER'S A BOOKE OF THE NATURES OF THE BATHES IN ENGLAND. 1568. (An imperfect copy to complete another.) A MOST EXCELLENT AND PERFECTE CORNISH APOTHECARY. 1561. (An imperfect copy to complete another.) TURNER'S A NEW HERBALL. (An imperfect copy to complete another.) FIELDING'S WORKS. 14 Vols. 1808. Vol. XI. [Being 2nd of Amelia]. SHADWELL. Vols. II. and IV. 1720. ARCHBISHOP LEIGHTON. Vol. IV. 1819. BARONETAGE. Vol. I. 1720. Ditto. Vols. I. and II. 1727. CHAMBERLAYNE'S PHARONNIDA. (Reprint.) Vols. I. and II. 1820. HOLCROFT'S LAVATER. Vol. I. 1789. DRECHSLERUS DE LARVIS. Lipsiæ, 1674. ELSLEY ON THE GOSPEL AND ACTS. London, 1833. Vol. I. [Star symbol] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "Notes and Queries," 186. Fleet Street. Notices to Correspondents. W. M. N. _is thanked for the kindly spirit of his communication. The articles to which he refers shall be attended to._ AMERICA. _Our friends who desire to know how_ "N. & Q." _may be forwarded to_ America _are informed that all that is required is to affix a_ penny stamp _to a copy of the stamped edition._ SALOPIAN. _There is as little doubt that Friday is considered unlucky because it is the day of the Crucifixion, as that the belief of its being unlucky for thirteen to set down to a meal together owes its origin to the remembrance of the Last Supper._ G.R.E.E.N. _is no doubt a wag_. _But as we do not share his_ viridity, _we have committed his communication to the_ fire, _and can assure him for his consolation that, like Sir Andrew Aguecheek's leg, it looked "indifferent well in a_ flame_-coloured stock."_ F. M. W. (Camden Town), _who inquires respecting the meaning and origin of "era," is referred to our_ 4th Vol. pp. 383. 454., _and_ 5th Vol. p. 106. K. (of Carlisle). _This correspondent has not said what the communication was to which he refers. We are therefore unable to reply to his inquiry._ TILLOTSON'S SERMONS, by Parker, Vol. I., _may be had on application to the Publisher._ REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Ring Finger--Sanctus Bell--Bastides--Gospel Oaks--Hyrne--Cibber's Lives of the Poets--Poniatowski's Gems--Stoke--Pendulum Demonstration--Theoloneum--Rent of Assize--Kissing under the Mistletoe--Cambridge Commemoration Service--Asters with Trains of Fire--Celebrated Trees--Hieroglyphics of Vagrants--Pasquinades--Traditions from remote Periods--Wiggan or Utigan--Derivation of "Era"--Smothering Hydrophobic Patients--Grimsdyke--Queen of the Isle of Man._ Just published, Twenty-fourth Thousand, price 7_s._ cloth. PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY.--A Book of Thoughts and Arguments, originally treated. By MARTIN F. TUPPER, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., of Christchurch, Oxford. Also, by the same, second edition, with notes, price 4_s._, PROBABILITIES: An Aid to Faith. "It is difficult to convey by extracts the charm which is diffused over this little book. There is, in the infinite variety of subject, a continuous line of thought, which fixes the attention to its progress, and leaves the mind amused and edified with the perusal."--_Christian Remembrancer._ London: T. HATCHARD, 187. Piccadilly, and all Booksellers. Just published, A CATALOGUE of a very choice and valuable Collection of Rare, Curious, and Useful BOOKS, in the English and Foreign Languages, including an extraordinary Specimen of Early Block-printing, splendid Specimens of Early Typography, from the Presses of Fust, Schoiffer, Jenson, Ulric Zell, Mentelin, Eggestyn, Wynken de Worde, &c. &c. Very rare and interesting Books, printed by the Aldine Family, from the first one issued by them in 1494 to 1592; Works upon English History, Topography, and Antiquities; Black-letter Books; Books of Prints and General Literature; Rare and Curious Books in the French, Italian, and Spanish Languages; many of the first and best editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, &c. &c., in fine condition, chiefly in Morocco and Russia Bindings, by the most eminent English and Foreign Binders. Now on sale at the very reduced prices affixed, by JOSEPH LILLY, 7. Pall Mall, London. [Star symbol] Not a single book in this Catalogue has ever appeared in any of Lilly's former ones, but they have all been recently purchased, under very advantageous circumstances, from one of the most extensive and valuable Collections of Books ever formed in this country. It will be forwarded to any gentleman on the receipt of Twelve Postage Stamps, allowed to Purchasers. PART II., containing a most interesting Collection of Rare and Curious Books in Early English Literature, is in preparation, and will be forwarded to any gentleman sending his address. THE BEST is the CHEAPEST. The Best Congou Tea 3_s._ 8_d._ per lb. The Best Souchong Tea 4_s._ 4_d._ " The Best Gunpowder Tea 5_s._ 8_d._ " The Best Old Mocha Coffee 1_s._ 4_d._ " The Best West India Coffee 1_s._ 4_d._ " The Fine True Ripe Rich Rare Souchong Tea 4_s._ 0_d._ " 40_s._ worth or upwards sent CARRIAGE FREE to any part of England by PHILLIPS & CO., TEA MERCHANTS, No. 8. King William Street, City, London. A SUITABLE PRESENT FOR YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS. This day (new and improved Edition), neatly bound in gilt cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._ HOME TRUTHS for HOME PEACE: a Practical Inquiry into what chiefly Mars or Makes the Comfort of Domestic Life. Especially addressed to young Housewives. "A work which is calculated to effect an amount of good for which young men and maidens will ever be grateful."--_Bell's Messenger._ EFFINGHAM WILSON, Publisher, 11. Royal Exchange. MESSRS. ROBERT COCKS'S NEW MUSICAL PUBLICATIONS. STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "The Warrior Page." Words by J. E. CARPENTER. 2_s._ 6_d._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "The Wandering Stars." Words by J. E. CARPENTER. 3_s._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "The Flower Gatherers." Words by J. E. CARPENTER. 3_s._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "The Stream and the Willow." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 3_s._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "Say, where shall we roam." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 3_s._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "The Sister's Birthday." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 2_s._ 6_d._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "Farewell, remember me!" Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 3_s._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "When shall we meet again." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 2_s._ 6_d._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "Ruth and Naomi." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 2_s._ 6_d._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "Sing, sweet Sister, sing to me." Words by J. E. CARPENTER, Esq. 2_s._ 6_d._ STEPHEN GLOVER'S New Vocal Duet, "Tuscan Girls crowning the Sea." Words by MRS. CRAWFORD. 3_s._ Also, just published, gratis, and postage free, A MONTHLY LIST of NEW MUSICAL PUBLICATIONS for the Two past Months; ditto Catalogue of Scarce Music, and a Catalogue of Beethoven's Works. London: ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street, Publishers to the Queen. TO the MUSICAL PUBLIC.--Gratis and Postage Free.--MESSRS. ROBERT COCKS'S MONTHLY LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS for December and January are now ready for distribution. To be had of all Musicsellers and Booksellers, and at the Royal Warehouses of the firm. SCARCE MUSICAL WORKS.--Just published, and to be had gratis, and postage free, a CATALOGUE of Scarce and Valuable MUSICAL WORKS, New and Second-hand, Vocal and Instrumental, many selected from the Library of his late Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge. Also, a CATALOGUE of BEETHOVEN'S WORKS. WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. _Directors._ H. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq. William Cabell, Esq. T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. Henry Drew, Esq. William Evans, Esq. William Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. J. Henry Goodhart, Esq. T. Grissell, Esq. James Hunt, Esq. J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. James Lys Seager, Esq. J. Basley White, Esq. Joseph Carter Wood, Esq. _Trustees._ W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C. L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C. George Drew, Esq. _Consulting Counsel._--Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P. Solicitor-General. _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100_l._, with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:-- Age £ _s._ _d._ 17 1 14 4 22 1 18 8 27 2 4 5 32 2 10 8 37 2 18 6 42 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10_s._ 6_d._, Second Edition, with material additions. INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. LONDON LIBRARY, 12. St. James's Square. Patron: His Royal Highness Prince ALBERT. This Institution now offers to its members a collection of 60,000 volumes, to which additions are constantly making, both in English and foreign literature. A reading room is also open for the use of the members, supplied with the best English and foreign periodicals. Terms of admission--entrance fee, 6_l._; annual subscription, 2_l._; or entrance fee and life subscription, 26_l._ By order of the Committee: J. G. COCHRANE, Secretary and Librarian. September, 1851. The Devotional Library. EDITED BY WALTER FARQUHAR HOOK, D.D., Vicar of Leeds. THE DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY is intended to furnish, at the lowest possible price, a series of Works, original or selected, from well-known Church of England Divines, which, from their practical character, as well as their cheapness, will be useful to the Clergy for Parochial distribution. The following have appeared: Helps to Self-Examination, ½_d._ Original. The Sum of Christianity, 1_d._ A. Ellis. Directions for Spending One Day Well, ½_d._ Abp. Synge. Short Reflections for Morning and Evening, 2_d._ Spinckes. Prayers for a Week, 2_d._ Sorocold. The above may also be had, bound together in cloth, as "Helps to Daily Devotion." Price 8_d._ cloth. The Crucified Jesus, 3_d._ Horneck. The Retired Christian, 3_d._ Ken. Holy Thoughts and Prayers, 3_d._ Original. The Sick Man Visited, 3_d._ Spinckes. Short Meditations for Every Day in the Year, 2 vols. 1260 pp. cloth, 5_s._; calf, gilt edges, 9_s._ Original. The separate Parts may still be had in cloth and limp calf. The Christian Taught by the Church's Services. Cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._; calf, gilt edges, 4_s._ 6_d._ Original. The separate Parts may still be had in cloth and limp calf. Penitential Reflections for Days of Fasting and Abstinence (Tracts for Lent), 6_d._ Compiled. Rules for the Conduct of Human Life, 1_d._ Abp. Synge. Ejaculatory Prayers, 2_d._ A. Cook. Pastoral Address to a Young Communicant, ½_d._ Original. Litanies for Domestic Use. 2_d._ Compiled. Family Prayers. Cloth, 6_d._ Original. Companion to the Altar. Cloth, 6_d._ Unknown. Aphorisms, by Bishop Hall. Cloth, 9_d._ Original. Devout Musings on the Psalms. Parts I. II. III. and IV. Cloth, 1_s._ each, or in 2 vols. 5_s._ Original. The Evangelical History of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Cloth, 2_s._ The Common Prayer Book the Best Companion in the Family, 3_d._ The Church Sunday School Hymn Book. Cloth, 8_d._ Prayers for the Young, ½_d._ GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Just published, 32mo. cloth, with coloured frontispiece, price 4_s._, or morocco, 6_s._ 6_d._ LYRA CHRISTIANA; Poems on Christianity and the Church; Original and selected. From the Works of ROBERT MONTGOMERY, M.A. Author of "The Christian Life," "God and Man," &c. "We think the 'Lyra Christiana' an admirable companion and excellent sequence to that widely circulated book, 'The Christian Year.'"--_Churchman's Companion._ London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Just published, new edition, price 2_s._ 6_d._ cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._ calf. THE CHRISTIAN TAUGHT by the CHURCH'S SERVICES. Edited by WALTER FARQUHAR HOOK, D.D., Vicar of Leeds. Also, 2 vols., price 5_s._ cloth. DEVOUT MUSINGS on the BOOK OF PSALMS. Edited by DR. HOOK. (Or in Four Parts, 1_s._ each.) "This we consider the most valuable of any of the volumes of the 'Devotional Library.' It will be a great step indeed when our people shall be led to apprehend the evangelical meaning of David's Psalms."--_Ecclesiastic._ Also, price 2_s._ cloth. The HISTORY of OUR LORD and SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST. With suitable Meditations and Prayers. By WILLIAM READING, M.A. Reprinted from the Edition of 1737. Edited by DR. HOOK. Just published, fcap. 8vo., cloth, price 6_s._ SERMONS ON THE DOCTRINES and MEANS of GRACE, and on the SEVEN WORDS from THE CROSS. By GEORGE TREVOR, M.A., Canon of York. London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. AN AUTHOR'S WIDOW, AGED 80.--The WIDOW of the late GEORGE CRABB, of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, M.A., and of the Inner Temple, Barrister at Law. Author of "An Historical Dictionary," "A Technological Dictionary," "A Dictionary of Synonymes," "A History of the English Law," "A Digest of the Statutes at Large," "A Treatise on the Law of Real Property," &c. &c. The abject poverty in which Mrs. CRABB, at the advanced age of 80, finds herself left on the death of her Husband, having come to the knowledge of one or two persons slightly acquainted with the deceased, they have made it a duty strictly to inquire into the merits of this distressing case, and as such earnestly to recommend it to the sympathy of those who value literature and pity the necessities of age. It is proposed to raise by subscription a Fund with a view to purchase an Annuity of about 50_l._ per annum for this venerable relict of one who has laboured for more than half a century in the preparation of Works of standard usefulness. Subscriptions already received: The Royal Literary Fund £60 0 0 Messrs. Butterworth 10 10 0 Mrs. Thompson 1 0 0 Messrs. Roworth & Sons 2 2 0 [Star symbol] Communications on the subject, and Subscriptions, will be gladly received by the Treasurer, Mr. JOSHUA W. BUTTERWORTH, 7. Fleet Street, London. On the 1st of March, 1852, will be published the First Number of the ENLARGED SERIES of COCKS'S MUSICAL MISCELLANY. A Journal of Music and Musical Literature, published on the 1st of every month. Subscription for the stamped edition, 6_s._ per annum; unstamped, 5_s._ Subscribers' names received by Messrs. ROBERT COCKS & Co., Publishers to the Queen, New Burlington Street, London; by Messrs. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co., Stationers' Hall Court; and by Booksellers, Musicsellers, and Newsvendors in general. LEBAHN'S WORKS. Fourth Stereotype Edition, price 8_s._; with Key, 10_s._ 6_d._ GERMAN in ONE VOLUME. Containing a Grammar; Exercises; Undine, a Tale by Fouqué, with Notes; and a Vocabulary of 4,500 Words synonymous in German and English. Price 6_s._ PRACTICE IN GERMAN. Adapted for Self-Instruction; containing the First Three Chapters of Undine, with a literal Interlinear Translation, and copious Notes. Price 6_s_. 6_d._ THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR in GERMAN. Containing--I. "Der Muthwillige" (the Wag), a Comedy, in Five Acts, by KOTZEBUE. II. "Der Neffe als Onkel," a Comedy, in Three Acts, by SCHILLER. With a Vocabulary and Notes. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ A FIRST GERMAN READING-BOOK. Containing--"Das Täubchen" (the Dove), a Tale for the Young, by CH. SCHMID. With an Introductory Grammar, and a Vocabulary, containing every Word occurring in the Text. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ EICHENFELS, AND DIALOGUES; In What Manner Henry came to the Knowledge of God; a Tale, by CH. SCHMID. With a complete Vocabulary, and Dialogues, containing the ordinary Conversational Phrases. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ PETER SCHLEMIHL; or, the SHADOWLESS MAN. By CHAMISSO. With a Vocabulary and Copious Notes. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ EGMONT: a Tragedy, in Five Acts. by GOETHE. With a complete Vocabulary. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ UNDINE: a Tale, by FOUQUÉ. With Notes. Price 3_s._ 6_d._ WILHELM TELL: a Drama, in Five Acts, by SCHILLER. With a complete Vocabulary. About 250 commendatory Notices on the above Works have appeared. Sold by all Booksellers; and at Mr. LEBAHN'S Class Rooms, 1. Annett's Crescent, Lower Road, Islington. MR. FALCK-LEBAHN receives Classes and Private Pupils at 1. Annett's Crescent, Islington; 12. Norland Square, Notting Hill; and attends Students at their own Residences. NEW WORK ON EUROPEAN TURKEY. In Crown 8vo. price 7_s._ 6_d._ MOUNT ATHOS, THESSALY, and EPIRUS: being the Diary of a Journey from Constantinople to Corfu. By GEO. FERGUSON BOWEN, Esq., M.A., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. RIVINGTONS. St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. GIRLHOOD OF SHAKSPEARE'S HEROINES. By MARY COWDEN CLARKE. Now complete in 3 Vols. Elegantly bound in Ultramarine cloth, gilt edges, price 18_s._ "Her delicate perceptions of character, vigorous and truthful conception, and felicitous expression, have ensured the successful accomplishment of her design."--_Globe._ W. H. SMITH & SON, 136. Strand; SIMPKIN & Co., Stationers' Hall Court. Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 21, 1852. [Transcriber's Note: List of volumes and content pages in "Notes and Queries", Vol. I.-V.] +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Notes and Queries Vol. I. | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 1 | November 3, 1849 | 1 - 17 | PG # 8603 | | Vol. I No. 2 | November 10, 1849 | 18 - 32 | PG # 11265 | | Vol. I No. 3 | November 17, 1849 | 33 - 46 | PG # 11577 | | Vol. I No. 4 | November 24, 1849 | 49 - 63 | PG # 13513 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 5 | December 1, 1849 | 65 - 80 | PG # 11636 | | Vol. I No. 6 | December 8, 1849 | 81 - 95 | PG # 13550 | | Vol. I No. 7 | December 15, 1849 | 97 - 112 | PG # 11651 | | Vol. I No. 8 | December 22, 1849 | 113 - 128 | PG # 11652 | | Vol. I No. 9 | December 29, 1849 | 130 - 144 | PG # 13521 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 10 | January 5, 1850 | 145 - 160 | PG # | | Vol. I No. 11 | January 12, 1850 | 161 - 176 | PG # 11653 | | Vol. I No. 12 | January 19, 1850 | 177 - 192 | PG # 11575 | | Vol. I No. 13 | January 26, 1850 | 193 - 208 | PG # 11707 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 14 | February 2, 1850 | 209 - 224 | PG # 13558 | | Vol. I No. 15 | February 9, 1850 | 225 - 238 | PG # 11929 | | Vol. I No. 16 | February 16, 1850 | 241 - 256 | PG # 16193 | | Vol. I No. 17 | February 23, 1850 | 257 - 271 | PG # 12018 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 18 | March 2, 1850 | 273 - 288 | PG # 13544 | | Vol. I No. 19 | March 9, 1850 | 289 - 309 | PG # 13638 | | Vol. I No. 20 | March 16, 1850 | 313 - 328 | PG # 16409 | | Vol. I No. 21 | March 23, 1850 | 329 - 343 | PG # 11958 | | Vol. I No. 22 | March 30, 1850 | 345 - 359 | PG # 12198 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 23 | April 6, 1850 | 361 - 376 | PG # 12505 | | Vol. I No. 24 | April 13, 1850 | 377 - 392 | PG # 13925 | | Vol. I No. 25 | April 20, 1850 | 393 - 408 | PG # 13747 | | Vol. I No. 26 | April 27, 1850 | 409 - 423 | PG # 13822 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Vol. I No. 27 | May 4, 1850 | 425 - 447 | PG # 13712 | | Vol. I No. 28 | May 11, 1850 | 449 - 463 | PG # 13684 | | Vol. I No. 29 | May 18, 1850 | 465 - 479 | PG # 15197 | | Vol. I No. 30 | May 25, 1850 | 481 - 495 | PG # 13713 | +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ | Notes and Queries Vol. II. | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 31 | June 1, 1850 | 1- 15 | PG # 12589 | | Vol. II No. 32 | June 8, 1850 | 17- 32 | PG # 15996 | | Vol. II No. 33 | June 15, 1850 | 33- 48 | PG # 26121 | | Vol. II No. 34 | June 22, 1850 | 49- 64 | PG # 22127 | | Vol. II No. 35 | June 29, 1850 | 65- 79 | PG # 22126 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 36 | July 6, 1850 | 81- 96 | PG # 13361 | | Vol. II No. 37 | July 13, 1850 | 97-112 | PG # 13729 | | Vol. II No. 38 | July 20, 1850 | 113-128 | PG # 13362 | | Vol. II No. 39 | July 27, 1850 | 129-143 | PG # 13736 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 40 | August 3, 1850 | 145-159 | PG # 13389 | | Vol. II No. 41 | August 10, 1850 | 161-176 | PG # 13393 | | Vol. II No. 42 | August 17, 1850 | 177-191 | PG # 13411 | | Vol. II No. 43 | August 24, 1850 | 193-207 | PG # 13406 | | Vol. II No. 44 | August 31, 1850 | 209-223 | PG # 13426 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 45 | September 7, 1850 | 225-240 | PG # 13427 | | Vol. II No. 46 | September 14, 1850 | 241-256 | PG # 13462 | | Vol. II No. 47 | September 21, 1850 | 257-272 | PG # 13936 | | Vol. II No. 48 | September 28, 1850 | 273-288 | PG # 13463 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 49 | October 5, 1850 | 289-304 | PG # 13480 | | Vol. II No. 50 | October 12, 1850 | 305-320 | PG # 13551 | | Vol. II No. 51 | October 19, 1850 | 321-351 | PG # 15232 | | Vol. II No. 52 | October 26, 1850 | 353-367 | PG # 22624 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 53 | November 2, 1850 | 369-383 | PG # 13540 | | Vol. II No. 54 | November 9, 1850 | 385-399 | PG # 22138 | | Vol. II No. 55 | November 16, 1850 | 401-415 | PG # 15216 | | Vol. II No. 56 | November 23, 1850 | 417-431 | PG # 15354 | | Vol. II No. 57 | November 30, 1850 | 433-454 | PG # 15405 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. II No. 58 | December 7, 1850 | 457-470 | PG # 21503 | | Vol. II No. 59 | December 14, 1850 | 473-486 | PG # 15427 | | Vol. II No. 60 | December 21, 1850 | 489-502 | PG # 24803 | | Vol. II No. 61 | December 28, 1850 | 505-524 | PG # 16404 | +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ | Notes and Queries Vol. III. | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 62 | January 4, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 15638 | | Vol. III No. 63 | January 11, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 15639 | | Vol. III No. 64 | January 18, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 15640 | | Vol. III No. 65 | January 25, 1851 | 49- 78 | PG # 15641 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 66 | February 1, 1851 | 81- 95 | PG # 22339 | | Vol. III No. 67 | February 8, 1851 | 97-111 | PG # 22625 | | Vol. III No. 68 | February 15, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 22639 | | Vol. III No. 69 | February 22, 1851 | 129-159 | PG # 23027 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 70 | March 1, 1851 | 161-174 | PG # 23204 | | Vol. III No. 71 | March 8, 1851 | 177-200 | PG # 23205 | | Vol. III No. 72 | March 15, 1851 | 201-215 | PG # 23212 | | Vol. III No. 73 | March 22, 1851 | 217-231 | PG # 23225 | | Vol. III No. 74 | March 29, 1851 | 233-255 | PG # 23282 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 75 | April 5, 1851 | 257-271 | PG # 23402 | | Vol. III No. 76 | April 12, 1851 | 273-294 | PG # 26896 | | Vol. III No. 77 | April 19, 1851 | 297-311 | PG # 26897 | | Vol. III No. 78 | April 26, 1851 | 313-342 | PG # 26898 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 79 | May 3, 1851 | 345-359 | PG # 26899 | | Vol. III No. 80 | May 10, 1851 | 361-382 | PG # 32495 | | Vol. III No. 81 | May 17, 1851 | 385-399 | PG # 29318 | | Vol. III No. 82 | May 24, 1851 | 401-415 | PG # 28311 | | Vol. III No. 83 | May 31, 1851 | 417-440 | PG # 36835 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Vol. III No. 84 | June 7, 1851 | 441-472 | PG # 37379 | | Vol. III No. 85 | June 14, 1851 | 473-488 | PG # 37403 | | Vol. III No. 86 | June 21, 1851 | 489-511 | PG # 37496 | | Vol. III No. 87 | June 28, 1851 | 513-528 | PG # 37516 | +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ | Notes and Queries Vol. IV. | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 88 | July 5, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 37548 | | Vol. IV No. 89 | July 12, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 37568 | | Vol. IV No. 90 | July 19, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 37593 | | Vol. IV No. 91 | July 26, 1851 | 49- 79 | PG # 37778 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 92 | August 2, 1851 | 81- 94 | PG # 38324 | | Vol. IV No. 93 | August 9, 1851 | 97-112 | PG # 38337 | | Vol. IV No. 94 | August 16, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 38350 | | Vol. IV No. 95 | August 23, 1851 | 129-144 | PG # 38386 | | Vol. IV No. 96 | August 30, 1851 | 145-167 | PG # 38405 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 97 | Sept. 6, 1851 | 169-183 | PG # 38433 | | Vol. IV No. 98 | Sept. 13, 1851 | 185-200 | PG # 38491 | | Vol. IV No. 99 | Sept. 20, 1851 | 201-216 | PG # 38574 | | Vol. IV No. 100 | Sept. 27, 1851 | 217-246 | PG # 38656 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 101 | Oct. 4, 1851 | 249-264 | PG # 38701 | | Vol. IV No. 102 | Oct. 11, 1851 | 265-287 | PG # 38773 | | Vol. IV No. 103 | Oct. 18, 1851 | 289-303 | PG # 38864 | | Vol. IV No. 104 | Oct. 25, 1851 | 305-333 | PG # 38926 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 105 | Nov. 1, 1851 | 337-358 | PG # 39076 | | Vol. IV No. 106 | Nov. 8, 1851 | 361-374 | PG # 39091 | | Vol. IV No. 107 | Nov. 15, 1851 | 377-396 | PG # 39135 | | Vol. IV No. 108 | Nov. 22, 1851 | 401-414 | PG # 39197 | | Vol. IV No. 109 | Nov. 29, 1851 | 417-430 | PG # 39233 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. IV No. 110 | Dec. 6, 1851 | 433-460 | PG # 39338 | | Vol. IV No. 111 | Dec. 13, 1851 | 465-478 | PG # 39393 | | Vol. IV No. 112 | Dec. 20, 1851 | 481-494 | PG # 39438 | | Vol. IV No. 113 | Dec. 27, 1851 | 497-510 | PG # 39503 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Notes and Queries Vol. V. | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. V No. 114 | January 3, 1852 | 1- 18 | PG # 40171 | | Vol. V No. 115 | January 10, 1852 | 25- 45 | PG # 40582 | | Vol. V No. 116 | January 17, 1852 | 49- 70 | PG # 40642 | | Vol. V No. 117 | January 24, 1852 | 73- 94 | PG # 40678 | | Vol. V No. 118 | January 31, 1852 | 97-118 | PG # 40716 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol. V No. 119 | February 7, 1852 | 121-142 | PG # 40742 | | Vol. V No. 120 | February 14, 1852 | 145-167 | PG # 40743 | +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ | Vol I. Index. [Nov. 1849-May 1850] | PG # 13536 | | INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. MAY-DEC., 1850 | PG # 13571 | | INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. JAN.-JUNE, 1851 | PG # 26770 | | INDEX TO THE FOURTH VOLUME. JULY-DEC., 1851 | PG # 40166 | +------------------------------------------------+------------+ *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, VOL. V, NUMBER 121, FEBRUARY 21, 1852 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.