The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Diatomaceæ of Philadelphia and Vicinity
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The Diatomaceæ of Philadelphia and Vicinity

Author: Charles S. Boyer

Release date: January 3, 2014 [eBook #44569]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins and
        the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
        http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
        generously made available by The Internet Archive)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DIATOMACEÆ OF PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY ***




Produced by Charlene Taylor, Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)





Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
      Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been
      incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index.

Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See
      https://archive.org/details/diatomaceofphi00boye

       *       *       *       *       *

[Illustration: DUCK POND, CORNER OF FOURTH AND MARKET STREETS (ABOUT 1700)]




THE DIATOMACEÆ OF
PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY


BY

CHARLES S. BOYER, A.M., F.R.M.S.


_ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVEN HUNDRED
DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR_


PRESS OF

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

EAST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA

1916




PREFACE


The present contribution to the local flora is intended as an introduction
to more extended research.

The study is of advantage in relation to the life history of aquatic
animals, the determination of ocean currents, as proved by polar
discoveries, the investigation of geological strata where other fossil
forms are absent, and the analysis of water supply; and, when we consider
the universal distribution of diatomaceæ in the earth, the water and even
in the air and the enormous deposits formed in past ages and still forming,
we are able to realize the importance of a knowledge of these complicated
forms and their function of purification.

The absence of descriptive works of reference in available form in this
country, the polyglot confusion of authorities abroad and the amount of
time, patience and skill required in obtaining, preparing and examining
specimens, render the study one of difficulty.

The bibliography is omitted, as it is understood by those who possess the
works of reference, and but few synonyms are given, having but little,
except historical, value, especially when it is considered that modern
investigators have no access to many of the earlier collections, when any
of these exist.

So far as the marine forms are concerned, it is probable that nearly all
occurring north of Florida are here included, and the fresh-water species
described represent a large proportion of those found east of the
Alleghanies. All of the figures are drawn to the same scale, a
magnification of eight hundred diameters, from specimens in my possession,
nearly all of which were found in or near Philadelphia.

If the work is of any value in inducing further investigation, I hope, in
the words of Julien Deby, that "those who follow my advice will find in the
study of these wonderful little organisms as much pleasure as I myself have
found."

  THE AUTHOR.




{5}INTRODUCTION


The Delaware River rises in the Western Catskill Mountains, flows southward
for about three hundred and seventy-five miles, and expands into Delaware
Bay about sixty miles from the sea. Its origin is among the Devonian and
Carboniferous rocks, and in its course it passes through Silurian, Triassic
and Cretaceous formations, finally reaching the Cambrian and Laurentian
beds. It also drains regions of the glacial drift and beds which overlie
overturned Miocene strata, and are sometimes mixed with them. From the
mountains, nearly four thousand feet high, to the Bay, where the depth of
water is not greater than seventy-five feet, the diatomaceous flora, from
Alpine cascades to the salt marshes of New Jersey, contains a larger number
of species than any other equal portion of the American coast.

The city of Philadelphia, about one hundred miles from the sea, lies at the
junction of the Schuylkill with the Delaware, and much of the land near the
rivers, especially southward, is flat and low, composed of recent alluvial
deposits. In the central districts the ground is high, the deep sub-soil
being mostly a dry gravel resting upon gneiss and schist, although it is in
part composed of a bluish clay which was probably laid down in the bed of
the ancient river before the last period of the glacial drift. The blue
clay was not all deposited at the same time, as in the lower strata many
marine forms are found which do not occur in the upper layers. This is
notably the case in a deposit obtained at Spreckel's Sugar Refinery and
also at the east end of Walnut Street Bridge, where a layer of blue clay
occurs which is overlain by glacial drift. In other parts of the city
mixtures of blue clay with more recent deposits are found, including
fresh-water forms from numerous creeks and rivulets which traversed what is
now the city proper, and especially from the vicinity of Fourth and Market
Streets, where there existed as late as the year 1700 a large pond known as
the "Duck Pond" which was subject to tidal overflow from its outlet, Dock
Creek. The river water at Philadelphia is not noticeably brackish, although
the tide extends thirty miles above the city and, before the building of
Fairmount Dam, to the Falls of the Schuylkill. At certain times, when the
river is low, the influx of tide water is sufficient to produce an
abundance of brackish water diatoms at Greenwich Point. The entire absence,
however, at present, of many of the marine forms obtained in dredgings in
the Delaware opposite the city, as at Smith's Island, now removed, and in
certain well borings at Pavonia, Pensauken, Gloucester and other places in
New Jersey, where the depth reached the old blue clay, indicates conditions
quite different from those now prevalent. In the Bay itself comparatively
few living species are found, at least in any abundance.

In the study of local forms which follows, the district included may be
considered as circumscribed by the circumference of a circle having a
radius of one hundred miles from Philadelphia, containing the States of New
Jersey and Delaware, the southeastern part of {6}Pennsylvania, a portion of
Maryland on the south and extending eastward to New York Bay and Long
Island Sound as far as New Rochelle.

The greater number of fresh-water species described have been obtained from
near the city along the Darby, Crum, Ridley and Brandywine Creeks and from
various places in New Jersey, including the Pine Barren region of the
southern part of the State. Numerous collections have been made in the
Schuylkill and the various reservoirs and along the Wissahickon, "where an
Alpine gorge in miniature of singular loveliness is to be found within the
limits of a city." The fossil deposits are from well borings near Camden,
N. J., and from excavations in various parts of the city.

There appears to be no relation between the Miocene beds of the eastern
coast and the deposits here described, all of which have been formed later
than the glacial period or in an interval between two such periods.
Apparently no diatoms grew during the glacial era, at least in sufficient
abundance to leave any perceptible traces of their existence. An
examination of glacial "flour" and clays from the Catskills shows an entire
absence of these forms, and I have never found them in the milky flow from
the glaciers of the Alps nor in the constantly muddy streams in certain of
our Western States. The opacity of the water produces the same result as
the absence of light in the deep lakes of New England, where diatoms are
found only on the stalks or roots of water-plants near the shore, while in
shallow ponds, such as the small lake near the summit of Mt. Lafayette, the
growth is abundant. Certain species will grow wherever there are moisture,
light and heat, but the greater number require the presence, in small
amounts, of substances produced by the decay of animal and vegetable life.
An abundance of diatoms in fresh water is usually an indication of its
potability, while their entire absence in shallow water may be due to an
excess of bacteria.

The specimens from which the drawings are made have been collected by the
author for many years; in addition to possessing an almost complete library
on the subject, he has had the advantage of examining material obtained by
the late Mr. Lewis Woolman and numerous slides furnished by a number of
friends, including Mr. John A. Shulze, Mr. Frank J. Keeley and Mr. T.
Chalkley Palmer, to whom I here take pleasure in expressing my thanks.

The difficulties of the study are well stated by Agardh in the following
extract from the preface to his Systema Algarum:

"Because, indeed, in this respect, no one will wonder whether in the
distinction of species and reference to synonyms we have, perchance,
committed many errors. They have occurred and are bound to occur, partly
from the fact that one is not permitted to see the original specimens of
all authors; partly, because sometimes even the original specimens of these
plants are erroneous; partly, because the figures and descriptions of
authors are often lacking and imperfect....

"There is added the difficulty of the study itself of these plants, their
submerged habitat, the minuteness of their structure, the rarity of their
fruit, the change in the dried {7}plant, the impossibility of culture, the
fallacies of microscopical vision and the chaotic condition of Algology
itself to-day."

The words of Agardh, written in 1824, are almost as true to-day. The lack
of authentic specimens, which we hope will be remedied in time by the
collections of the Smithsonian Institute, numerous incorrectly labelled
slides in amateur collections, the imperfections of figures copied and
recopied, without regard to relative size or correct references, and the
confusion in the attempts to harmonize different descriptions, deter the
student at the outset. The remaining difficulties mentioned by Agardh add,
however, to the remarkable interest these forms have always had, since no
increase in optical perfection of the microscope serves to lessen the
mystery of their structure and mode of growth.


CLASSIFICATION

The few species of diatoms first discovered were included by Lyngbye,
Dillwyn, and others in the genus _Conferva_. In 1824, the species,
increased to forty-eight, were separated by Agardh into eight genera
distinguished partly by their mode of growth. But little change was made
until Heiberg, in 1863, advocated the division into symmetrical and
asymmetrical forms. Without entering upon a general review of the later
classifications, including Pfitzer's and Petit's divisions according to the
number and location of the chromatophores, or the arrangement of Prof. H.
L. Smith, because of the presence or absence of a raphe, or that of
Mereschkowsky into motile and immotile forms, the modification of all of
these methods by Schuett is here adopted, varied in accordance with certain
monographs which appear to offer advantage.

It is customary, especially among writers who are familiar with other
classes of plants, to decry any classification of diatoms according to the
markings of their siliceous envelopes. As, however, one of the chief
distinctions of the class is the possession of a more or less siliceous and
indestructible frustule, and as the cell and its contents are never seen
except within the valves, their variety forms the only available method of
identification. The cell contents, owing to the difficulty of observing
their living condition, their continued change, their lack of distinct
variation and their entire absence in fossil forms, render their
consideration as a complete method of classification an impossibility. If,
however, the cell contents can be brought into relation with the markings
of their siliceous envelope, it will be a consummation for which the future
student of these complicated forms ought to be grateful. That this result
is one to be expected may be inferred from the fact that the arrangement of
protoplasmic masses in the interior of the cell is coincident in some cases
with markings on the valve, and the character of the endochrome is assuming
a certain value in accentuating the difference between such forms as
_Pleurosigma_ and _Gyrosigma_, or in the resemblance between _Hantzschia_
and _Nitzschia_, or between _Surirella_ and _Campylodiscus_. Mereschkowsky,
however, states that it is necessary to be careful in "establishing the
relationship between diatoms based on the resemblance of their
chromatophores," {8}and further observes that in _Hantzschia amphioxys_,
_Scoliotropis latestriata_ and _Achnanthes brevipes_, three widely
separated forms, the chromatophores are essentially the same.

In one of the earliest classifications of diatoms, the individual cell
received less consideration than the nature of the filament or thallus in
which many species occur in the first stages of their growth. Those,
however, which exist in colonies at first are, sooner or later, broken up
into separate frustules, either before or at the time of their maturity or
previous to conjugation, while very many species are never seen except in a
free state. The union of frustules, therefore, is of secondary importance
and the group must be considered as filamentous or unicellular algæ. Their
relation to other algæ is not well determined. Among the _Desmidiaceæ_, a
family of the order _Conjugales_, of the class _Chlorophyceæ_, the cells
are in many forms divided by a constriction into symmetrical halves. The
Conjugales are starch forming, with walls of cellulose. In the Diatomaceæ
the starch is replaced by oil globules, while the walls of cellulose are
more or less filled with a deposit of silica. The Conjugales, however,
reproduce by zygospores and usually contain pyrenoids, as may be seen in
the parietal chromatophores of _Spirogyra_. In the class _Heterokontæ_ we
have the reserve material in the form of oil, instead of starch, but there
are no pyrenoids. To this class belongs the order _Confervaceæ_, in which
the cells are unicellular or filamentous, and to which all of the
Diatomaceæ were referred. While, therefore, Diatomaceæ have a close
affinity to the Desmidiaceæ and to the Confervaceæ, the determination of
their origin, one from another, or from a common ancestral type, appears to
be a matter of conjecture.




{9}MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT


THE CELL

The cell membrane is composed of two usually equal parts, each of which
consists of a valve and a girdle or zone formed of cellulose modified by
silica deposited in an insoluble state from a very dilute aqueous solution.
The valves are more siliceous and robust than the girdle. Both are in most
species easily separable, or at least the bands of the girdle which may be
more or less closely fastened to the valves have a motion over each other
permitting the cell to enlarge at pleasure. The longitudinal diameter of
the cell, or the distance between the centres of the two valves, will vary
according to the convexity of the valve and the age of the frustule which
may be often determined by the width or number of the girdle bands. These,
owing to their diversity of form and arrangement, will be further described
under the generic diagnoses.

The siliceous cell-wall is covered on the outside by a layer of protoplasm
called the coleoderm. This layer may be quite thin and evident only when
treated with fuchsin or Bismarck brown, or it may be of considerable
thickness. The cell contains the cytoplasma, protoplasm, cell-sap,
endochrome, pyrenoids, oil globules and nucleus, together with certain
other less understood bodies.

The Cytoplasma is a thin skin of colorless plasma covering the entire inner
surface of the cell. It is invisible in the living cell but is evident in
plasmolysis. In long forms it is thickened at the ends and is condensed at
the plasma bridge which frequently connects the two valves and divides the
cell into two parts, each containing more or less protoplasm surrounding
the vacuole in which are found the cell-sap and certain granules. In some
forms, as Meloseira, the cytoplasma includes the entire mass of protoplasm.

The Endochrome is seen in the form of one or more bands or plates, of a
yellowish or brownish color, on the inner side of the valves or connective
zone, or in granules or irregular masses, more or less numerous, on the
inner walls, or sometimes grouped near the centre. It consists of a mixture
of chlorophyll and diatomine which differ in their relative solubility in
alcohol and in their spectroscopic analyses. The color varies from green to
a chocolate brown in proportion to the amount of diatomine. So far as the
function of the endochrome is concerned it does not appear to differ from
that of ordinary chlorophyll, absorbing, under the influence of light, the
carbon, and disengaging the oxygen of the carbonic anhydride in the water.
Diatoms do not live in absolutely pure or non-aërated water. The individual
plates or granules of the endochrome are called chromatophores. Their
number and significance will be referred to in the description of genera.

THE PYRENOIDS.--In the chromatophores of many species are found colorless,
homogeneous bodies, strongly refractive, of various shapes, usually
lenticular or fusiform, which are known as Pyrenoids (Schmitz). They are
scarcely evident in the living cell, but are distinguished by the action of
hæmatoxylin and other reagents. Flat forms occur in Surirella and
Pleurosigma, lens forms in Pinnularia, Stauroneis, Synedra, Fragilaria and
Nitzschia, while a spherical form is found in Cymbella cuspidata. The
pyrenoids are always imbedded in the chromatophore. Their growth is by
division. Schmitz considers them a part of the living chromatophore, and
their substance as working material which in excess has become resolved
into the nature of a crystal which its form sometimes resembles.
Comparisons are made between them and crystalloids found in certain
monocotyledons. The pyrenoid is evidently concerned in the formation of the
chromatophore, or in its division. Much of the conjecture, however, is due
to the behavior of pyrenoids in other plants.

{10}OIL GLOBULES.--It has been established by Pfitzer that starch and
sugar, as assimilation products, are replaced by oil in the cells of
diatoms ("da bekannlich Staerke und Zucker bei den Bacillariaceen nicht
nachzuweisen sind"). The oil drops are more or less numerous, of various
sizes, and are found in the cytoplasma, the cell-sap, and sometimes the
chromatophores. Mereschkowsky describes certain globules as elæoplasts,
which he divides into four kinds according to their number and position.
Whether all of these are oil globules is a question not yet determined.

Other bodies, known as "Buetschli granules," or volutin, and described as
"little blisters filled with a tolerably robust refractive substance," are
considered by Lauterborn to be a nitrogen reserve store. They are found in
the cytoplasma, or in the cell-sap, and can be fixed in picric acid and
stained in methylene blue.

NOTE.--For a discussion of the morphology of diatoms and a valuable résumé
of the investigations of Buetschli, Karsten, Lauterborn, Mereschkowsky,
Mueller, Pfitzer, Schuett, and others, the student is referred to "Der Bau
der Diatomzelle," by Dr. Otto Heinzerling, in "Bibliotheca Botanica," 1908.


CELL DIVISION

The growth of diatoms follows the usual method of cell division as
described by Sachs (Text Book of Botany, 2nd ed., p. 16): "The nucleus of a
cell which is about to divide becomes broader, assuming the form of a
biconcave lens, and its nucleolus breaks up into irregular granules which
together with its other granular contents begin to form a nuclear disc in
the equatorial plane. A delicate striation is now apparent in what is
becoming the long axis of the nucleus, at right angles to the nuclear disc,
and the characteristic nuclear spindle is gradually produced. The nuclear
disc splits into two halves lying side by side, each of which travels to
the corresponding pole of the nucleus; thus two nuclei are constituted
which are connected by fibrillæ."

The cell-wall and the chromatophore bands divide, each nucleus passes to
the centre, and two new cells are formed. In the meantime, to permit of
this division, the two siliceous valves separate, the girdle bands slipping
over each other, and opposite the larger or enclosing valve a new valve is
formed, the girdle band of which is seen later within the girdle of the
mother valve. Opposite the smaller valve of the original cell and adjoining
the new valve, another valve is formed which also produces a girdle within
the girdle of the smaller valve. As a result of division we have,
therefore, the valves of the original, or mother cell, the two new valves
and four girdle bands. (Pl. 40, Figs. 18 and 19.)

In the process of division, the continual formation of new valves, enclosed
in the older girdle bands, will naturally cause a reduction in the size of
the frustule. While this reduction, owing to the elasticity of the girdle,
does not always occur, I believe, yet, in most cases, the diameter is so
reduced that a rejuvenescence of growth is required. This is caused by the
production of auxospores which may appear without conjugation. In this
process, the beginning of which, in certain species, may be noticed by the
increase in the size of the girdle as in reduplication, the two valves
separate and within is formed a more or less spherical mass about twice the
size of the original frustule and which forms on its circumference two
large and often shapeless valves. These valves form others which assume the
appearance of the original valves, but larger, and proceed to grow in the
usual way. The reduction in size of the frustule seldom proceeds further
than about half the size of the type form, so that, as a general rule, it
may be stated that diatoms are not often smaller than half the larger size.


REPRODUCTION

The process of reproduction has been observed in many cases, but the
conclusions reached are somewhat at variance with each other. The auxospore
formation is simply a {11}method of rejuvenescence. When, however, the
auxospores are thrown off from filamentous diatoms, it is probable that two
may conjugate, their contents dividing each into two daughter cells which
unite into two zygospores. The usual method is the union of two frustules,
which, throwing off the old valves, coalesce into a single mass of
protoplasm which produces an auxospore, sometimes called a sporangial
frustule. It is stated that in some cases two frustules coalesce and
produce two auxospores.

The existence of spores in diatoms is a much-disputed point. While they
have never been seen, the inference that they exist is very great, as
otherwise it becomes difficult to understand the sudden growth of species
in localities and under conditions that seem to preclude the actual
presence of the living frustule. It is a matter of common observation that,
in examining collections of living forms, minute frustules or brownish
globules appear to resemble larger diatoms. In gatherings of Gomphonema,
when many specimens are sessile on the same object, numerous intermediate
sizes, varying from minute globules to the type, are seen, yet not
positively demonstrable as the same.

Conjugation, the formation of auxospores, and the actual process of cell
division are seldom seen, as they occur during the night or at least in
darkness. It is advisable in order to observe reduplication to obtain the
material about midnight and place it in very dilute alcohol. In filamentous
forms, however, the cell division is easily observed at any time in its
various stages. By immersing in picric acid (saturated solution),
transferring to very dilute alcohol which is gradually increased in
strength, and then passing through oil of cloves and finally to the
mounting medium, excellent preparations can be made. By staining with gold
chloride alone the nucleus is made apparent without further treatment.


EVOLUTION OF FORMS

It may be assumed that diatoms originated in the sea; to deny this requires
evidence of the existence of fresh-water species previous to the Miocene
period which is entirely marine. In those subject to fluctuations of the
waves, as pelagic diatoms, their existence appears to be contingent upon
the methods by which the separate frustules can cohere. Various devices,
including hooks, spiral bundles, horns and processes exuding threads of
plasma, exist for holding together the frustules. When marine forms are
found in quiet waters some of these devices, being no longer of any value,
cease to grow, although free swimming diatoms are rare. They either occur
in long chains or are stipitate or sessile. If it is further assumed that
the fresh-water diatoms are found in greater abundance in later periods,
the action of running streams makes necessary the provision of some means
by which the species may continue to colonize. This may be recognized in
the occurrence of linear forms chiefly in streams. Circular forms, such as
Cyclotella which have no raphe, are found in quiet waters, such as pools or
ditches, and never exist living in running streams. Those forms only would
be able to live in water having a more or less swift current under one of
three conditions: they must, as in Gomphonema, be adherent to surrounding
objects by a stipe; or be enclosed in a gelatinous tube, as in
Homoeocladia; or have an independent motion powerful enough to overcome the
influence of the current. It is true that many forms with a raphe have no
apparent motion. In the case of Mastogloia provision is made in a
gelatinous cushion in which the frustules are preserved. In Cocconeis, with
a true raphe in one valve only, in Epithemia, with a partial raphe, or in
certain Eunotiæ with a trace of one, we find species evidently degenerate
and parasitic. The long Synedræ, having only a median line, live in running
streams, since they are attached at one end to other algae. Forms with a
true raphe appear to be more highly developed, since they are able to seek
locations favorable to growth. Given, therefore, the structure of the
valve, the habitat may be inferred.


{12}THE MOTION OF DIATOMS

The erratic backward and forward movement of certain diatoms, especially
those of the Naviculoid group, or the slow, rolling motion of Surirella,
has been discussed in so many ways without definite conclusions that a
brief statement will be sufficient. Osmosis, the amoeboid movement of the
coleoderm, the protrusion of protoplasm or protoplasmic threads through the
raphe, the existence of actual organs of locomotion or cilia, and the lack
of synchronism in the chemical action occurring at the ends of the cell
which is sometimes divided by the plasma bridge, have been offered in
explanation. The chief objection to the theory of cyclosis appears to be
that the resultant motion is so greatly in excess of the rotation of
protoplasm in the cell. More or less motion is observed in various kinds of
free cells, but the movement of diatoms is not evident in those without
either a raphe or a keel upon which and apparently by which the phenomena
are produced.

Mr. T. Chalkley Palmer, in various articles in the Proceedings of the
Delaware County Institute of Science, especially in Vols. 1 and 3, gives
the results of exhaustive experiments. "Nothing, it would seem," he says,
"could be more conclusive as to the essential sameness of the nature of
motion in monads and diatoms, than the fact that both monads and diatoms
require oxygen in order to perform motion, that they come to rest when
oxygen becomes scarce, and that they resume their motion when oxygen is
again supplied."

He also thinks "that the living substance of the cell, more or less deeply
overlaid with coleoderm substance of varying consistency, and itself
assuming that degree of fluidity which best meets the requirements of the
situation, permeates the raphes, circulates in the keels, or in some cases
protrudes quite beyond the silica, and functions as the actual propulsive
agent."


THE FUNCTION OF DIATOMS

Of all forms of vegetation, the Diatomaceæ are, perhaps, the most
ubiquitous. Where-ever a sufficient amount of moisture, heat and light are
found, they grow. It was during the Miocene period that they first
appeared, and, as marine forms, reached their greatest development, both as
to size and beauty of marking, while their prevalence throughout the world
in enormous quantities has been often mentioned. The Miocene beds of
Richmond and Maryland continued over the Cretaceous formations of New
Jersey have outcropped in certain localities within our district, but are
not considered in this discussion.

The function of diatoms is not essentially different from that of other
algæ in providing food for aquatic animals, such as Salpæ and oysters, but
it is, however, in other respects that they are not only important but
necessary factors in the preservation of life.

 "Full nature swarms with life; one wondrous mass
  Of animals, or atoms organized,
  Waiting the vital breath, when parent heaven
  Shall bid his spirit blow. The hoary fen,
  In putrid streams, emits the living cloud
  Of pestilence. Thro' subterranean cells
  Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way,
  Earth animated heaves."

I am not certain if Thomson fully understood the matter, but he has
remarkably described the facts. When "the vital breath" of returning spring
animates the earth, the "subterranean cells" of diatoms, the "atoms
organized," through the liberation of vast quantities of oxygen,
immediately begin the purification of the "putrid streams." Were these
streams not so purified, the accumulation of animal and vegetable débris
would eventually cause an enormous bacterial growth fatal to animal life.




{13}DIATOMACEÆ


Unicellular or filamentous. Cells either free, sessile, united in
filaments, immersed in a gelatinous envelope or in fronds composed of
branching tubes; microscopic, enclosed in a more or less siliceous envelope
(frustule), composed of two parts (valves), usually connected by an
intervening band (zone or girdle). Cell contents include yellowish or
brownish chlorophyll-like bodies which occur in one or several bands
(placcochromatic), or as variously distributed granular masses
(coccochromatic) lining the inner walls. Growth by ordinary cell division
or by auxospores; sexual multiplication by the formation of sporangia.
Valves of two kinds: (_a_) Those in which the markings or parts are more or
less concentric (Centricæ); (_b_) Those (Pennatæ) in which the parts are
more or less symmetrically divided by a line (pseudoraphe) or by a cleft
(raphe).



CENTRICÆ

Valves without a dividing line or cleft; markings more or less radiate;
transverse section of frustule circular, polygonal, or elliptical,
sometimes irregular.

Divided into four groups:

1. _Discoideæ._--Frustules (cells) discoid; valves without horns or
elevations (sometimes with processes).

2. _Solenoideæ._--Frustules with numerous girdle bands.

3. _Biddulphioideæ._--Frustules box-like, _i. e._, with the longitudinal
axis greater than in the Discoideæ. Valves with two or more angles,
elevations or horns.

4. _Rutilarioideæ._--Valves as if naviculoid, but with irregular or radial
structure.

Groups 2 and 4 are not included in our description. No. 2 contains plankton
genera only, while No. 4 consists of genera not yet found in this locality.



DISCOIDEÆ

1. _Coscinodisceæ._--Valve not divided by rays or costæ into sectors;
puncta sometimes radiate; ocelli or processes absent.

2. _Actinodisceæ._--Valve with radial striæ divided into sectors: ocelli
and processes absent.

3. _Eupodisceæ._--Valve disc-shaped with mammiform processes or one or more
ocelli.



1. COSCINODISCEÆ

(_a_) _Meloseirinæ._--Frustules short, in chains.

(_b_) _Coscinodiscinæ._--Frustules disc form, usually single, rarely in
short chains.



(_a_) MELOSEIRINÆ

1. _Meloseira._--Valve punctate, with a constriction or furrow between edge
of valve and girdle.

2. _Gaillonella._--Valve punctate, with a circular collar or crest near
edge of valve.

3. _Lysigonium._--Valve punctate, neither keeled nor constricted.

4. _Hyalodiscus._--Valve punctate in the centre; border with decussating
radial lines.

5. _Stephanopyxis._--Border of valve with a crown of thorns; valve
areolate.

6. _Pyxidicula._--Valve areolate, with a border of spines.


{14}MELOSEIRA AG. (1824), em. DE TONI (1892)

(melos, a limb or member, and seira, a chain)

Frustules globose, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, concatenate, closely joined
together. Valve either simply punctate or punctate and areolate. A
constriction of the cell-wall, forming a furrow between the edge of the
valve and the girdle, is more or less evident.

The genus Meloseira constituted by Agardh has been variously modified by
Kuetzing, Thwaites, Wm. Smith, Van Heurck, De Toni, and others. In Systema
Algarum Agardh included certain species of Conferva, of Lyngbye, Dillwyn
and others, and limited his genus to frustules more or less globose (fila
articulata ad genicula constricta), although in his Conspectus Criticus (p.
64), he modifies the description (fila teretia articulata, articulis
diametro æqualibus vel longioribus) to include M. varians. As, however,
Lysigonium Link, Gaillonella Bory, and other genera enlarged by Ehrenberg
and Kuetzing, came to be included under Meloseira, Thwaites suggested the
division of the genus into two: Orthosira, in which the frustules are not
convex at the ends and Aulacosira in which no central line is apparent but
with two distinct sulci. Wm. Smith adopts the genus Orthosira but rejects
Aulacosira, including all forms under the former genus and Meloseira,
suggesting that differences "exist in the formation of the sporangia" of
the two genera. M. varians and M. crenulata appear to form auxospores or
sporangial frustules in different ways, as will be noticed hereafter.

As, however, the present state of our knowledge is so limited and as much
confusion would result in further changing the nomenclature, I shall adopt,
for the most part, the division made by De Toni, separating Gaillonella and
Lysigonium and employing the name Meloseira as emendated in Sylloge
Algarum, although, as stated, it omits the species of Agardh. That a
further division may be necessary is indicated by the differences existing
between the Orthosira forms and the others.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES


  Frustules cylindrical and lengthened:

    Valves with two distinct furrows; granules small          distans

    Valves with coarse granules                               granulata

    Valves denticulate on the margin                          crenulata

    Valves denticulate and constricted                        roeseana

    Valves with row of large puncta on the girdle side        undulata

  Frustules cylindrical and compressed:

    Valves punctate and areolate                              sulcata

The chromatophores consist of circular and compressed or irregular flat
granules which lie along the wall of the cell.


MELOSEIRA DISTANS (EHR.) KUETZ.

Frustules cylindrical, slender, with two furrows, one on each side of the
suture; valve in zone view with fine puncta in longitudinal rows; puncta in
valve view scattered. L. 7-10 µ.

_Meloseira nivalis_ Wm. Sm.

_Coscinodiscus minor_ Wm. Sm.

Fresh water. Fossil in New England deposits.

Pl. 1, Figs. 8 and 9.

NOTE.--In all species of Meloseira, as well as Gaillonella and Lysigonium,
the frustules are so closely coherent that when the filaments are broken
entire frustules are less frequently found than a union of two valves of
contiguous frustules.


{15}MELOSEIRA GRANULATA (EHR.) RALFS

Frustules cylindrical, robust, 5-18 µ in diam., with large granules in
longitudinal, sometimes spiral, lines, variable in size and arrangement in
the same filament. Valve in valve view with scattered puncta. Variable in
relative width and length, passing to M. crenulata.

_Gaillonella granulata_ Ehr.

_Orthosira punctata_ Wm. Sm.

Fresh water. Fossil at Coldspring, L. I.

Pl. 1, Fig. 10.


MELOSEIRA CRENULATA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Frustules cylindrical, with furrows on each side of the suture, 10-20 µ in
diam.; puncta in longitudinal rows. Margins of valves denticulate at the
junction of the frustules; valves with puncta scattered at the centre,
radiate at the circumference.

Common in fresh water; quite variable in size.

_Gaillonella crenulata_ Ehr.

_Orthosira orichalcea_ Wm. Sm. in part; not Conferva orichalcea. Mertens or
Gaillonella aurichalcea Ehr. and Bailey.

Pl. 1, Figs. 1 and 2.


MELOSEIRA ROESEANA RAB.

Frustules cylindrical, constricted toward each end, with coarse,
longitudinal striæ; valve convex, striæ punctate, radiating, with several
large granules at the centre. Connective zone with longitudinal rows of
fine puncta. Diam. 12-45 µ.

_Orthosira spinosa_ Grev.

Fresh water. Media, Pa. (Palmer); not common.

Pl. 1, Figs. 5 and 6.


MELOSEIRA ROESEANA VAR. EPIDENDRON (EHR.) GRUN.

Frustules denticulate at the margin; valve with coarse granules at the
centre from which radiate lines of fine puncta.

Wet rocks of the Wissahickon.

Pl. 1, Figs. 3 and 4.


MELOSEIRA UNDULATA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Frustules single or in twos, usually broader than long, constricted near
the margin. Valve with six to twelve internal projections forming with the
outline of the constriction of the valve a polygonal figure within the
circumference. Surface of the valve with radiating lines of puncta
disappearing toward the centre, at which are numerous coarse puncta.

_Meloseira gowenii_ A. Schmidt.

Blue clay of Philadelphia, especially common at Twelfth and Market Sts.

Pl. 1, Figs. 15, 16, 17.


MELOSEIRA SULCATA KUETZ.

Frustules quite robust, with diam. several times the length, deeply
furrowed at the margin, areolate and punctate. Valve with radiating striæ
disappearing toward the centre, and with a double row of cells near the
margin, the outer one having the appearance of a crown of teeth.

_Gaillonella sulcata_ Ehr.

_Paralia sulcata_ (Ehr.) Cleve.

_Paralia marina_ Heib.

{16}Marine and brackish. Common in all parts of the world, and fossil in
the Miocene. The Philadelphia form is the var. genuina Grun.

Pl. 1, Figs. 11 and 12.

In a gathering from Media of Meloseira crenulata (Palmer leg.), occasional
filaments are noticed with much longer and narrower frustules which become
enlarged in the middle and are seen to contain inner frustules in the
process of still further division, as shown in Fig. 2, Pl. 38.

Meloseira dickei Thwaites shows internal box-like cells placed one within
the other, which were supposed by Thwaites to be a method of reproduction.
Wm. Smith doubts this, but is unable to offer any explanation. In the
present form the mode of reduplication is that usually found in filamentous
forms, but in this case the presence of perfect frustules enclosing others
in the process of still further division has been heretofore unfamiliar to
me. The swelling in the middle appears to indicate that not all filamentous
diatoms are reduced in size by subdivision. In outline the valve is like
that of a "truncated cone," as described by Petit in referring to
Gaillonella granulata var. bambusina Petit (Diat. Nouv. et Rares, Jour. de
Micrographie, 1890).


GAILLONELLA BORY DE ST. VINCENT (1823)

(named after Gaillon, a botanist of Dieppe)

Frustules ellipsoidal, united in long filaments, usually found in pairs;
each valve is furnished with a circular collar or crest extending at right
angles to the convex edge. Valve hyaline at the centre from near which
radiate lines of fine puncta, 18-20 in 10 µ.

NOTE.--The original names of both Meloseira and Gaillonella are retained,
as there is no good reason for contracting the Greek diphthong in the
first, and the second is the correct spelling.


GAILLONELLA NUMMULOIDES (DILLW.) BORY

Frustules as in the generic diagnosis. Diam. 30 µ.

_Conferva nummuloides_ Dillwyn (Brit. Confervæ, p. 45, Sup. Pl. B).

_Meloseira nummuloides_ Ag.

Heiberg and O'Meara assign this species to _Lysigonium moniliforme_
(Muell.) Link, which is not keeled. While Dillwyn's and Lyngbye's figures
do not show the keel, it is probable from their descriptions that the
angular outline produced by the keel was noticed.

Marine or brackish. Coast of New Jersey; Hudson River (Bail.).

Pl. 1, Figs. 13 and 14.

_Gaillonella moniliformis_ of Bailey is this form, as he describes it as
having "two minute projections of the delicate transverse ridges seen near
the ends of the two globules belonging to a joint." (Amer. Jour. Science,
1842, p. 89, Pl. 2, Fig. 3.)


LYSIGONIUM LINK (1820)

(luo, to loose, and gonu, a joint)

Frustules globose, concatenate; valve simply punctate.


LYSIGONIUM MONILIFORME (MUELL.) LINK

Frustules usually in twos, not keeled; valve with puncta in longitudinal
lines, the puncta of the enveloping zone larger and in transverse rows. L.
25-40 µ (De Toni).

_Conferva moniliformis_ Mueller (1783).

{17}_Conferva nummuloides_ Eng. Bot. pl., 2287, not Dillwyn.

_Meloseira borreri_ Grev.

_Lysigonium nummuloides_ (Lyngb., Kuetz.) O'Meara = _Gaillonella
nummuloides_ (Dillw.) Bory. See O'Meara, p. 248.

Marine and brackish. Long Island Sound and coast of New Jersey.

Pl. 1, Fig. 7.


LYSIGONIUM VARIANS (AG.) DE TONI

Frustules cylindrical, in long filaments, slightly constricted on each side
of the suture; puncta in oblique rows in zone view. Valves 15-35 µ in diam.
(De Toni), sub-plane, with fine puncta in lines radiating from the centre.
Under medium magnification the frustules appear smooth. Very variable in
size.

_Meloseira varians_ Ag.

Fresh water. Common in ditches and springs.

Pl. 1, Figs. 18 and 19.


HYALODISCUS EHR. (1845)

(hyalos, transparent, and discus, a disc)

Frustules spheroidal; valve with a flattened, irregularly punctate
umbilicus from which proceed radiating or decussating lines of fine puncta.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES


  Valves divided into sectors                                 stelliger

  Valves not divided but interrupted by short dark lines at
    intervals                                                 radiatus

  Valves with very fine puncta                                scoticus


HYALODISCUS STELLIGER BAIL.

Valve with puncta in oblique decussating rows which, by reason of the
difference in obliquity, form numerous sectors. Umbilicus irregular, with
scattered, coarse puncta. Margin wide, striated.

_Podosira maculata_ Wm. Sm.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 1, Fig. 22.


HYALODISCUS RADIATUS VAR. ARCTICA GRUN.

Valve with radiating puncta from a rather small umbilicus, the rays
interspersed with short, dark lines, having the appearance of spines, at
irregular intervals. Margin broad, striated.

_Pyxidicula radiata_ O'Meara.

The Philadelphia form corresponds exactly to Grunow's variety which has
closer puncta than the type form.

Blue clay. Rather rare.

Pl. 1, Fig. 21.


{18}HYALODISCUS SCOTICUS (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve small, with puncta about 24 in 10 µ, appearing hyaline.

De Toni remarks that it resembles a small form of H. subtilis which occurs
north and south of our limits and is yet likely to be recorded.

_Cyclotella scotica_ Kuetz.

_Podosira hormoides_ Wm. Sm.

Blue clay. Not rare.

Pl. 1, Fig. 20.

Endochrome in the form of four flaps or patches bound together about a
common pyrenoid. In H. subtilis numerous rod-shaped chromatophores lie in a
row and are not bound in the centre (Mereschkowsky).


STEPHANOPYXIS EHR. (1844) em. GRUN. (1884)

(stephanos, a crown, and pyxis, a kind of vase or box)

Frustules ellipsoidal, concatenate; valves tumid, of unequal convexity,
coarsely areolate, the cells in rows parallel to the longitudinal axis, not
radiate, with stray spines or teeth placed concentrically more or less near
the margin.

According to Karsten the chromatophores are round or angular discs which
lie near the connective zone.


STEPHANOPYXIS TURRIS (GREV.) RALFS

Valve cylindrical, with a crown of stout spines less than the diameter of
the valve near the margin. Cells hexagonal, about 2 in 10 µ, sometimes
punctate. The valve having the greater convexity has the larger spines,
though usually less of them.

_Creswellia turris_ Grev. (Gregory, Diat. of the Clyde, T. R. S. E., vol.
21, part 4, p. 66.)

_Stephanopyxis appendiculata_ Ehr.?

Creswellia is incorrectly based, as stated by Ralfs, on the concatenation
of the valves which was not noticed by Ehrenberg in the fossil forms. It
had been suggested by Kuetzing in Systema Algarum (p. 126).

Blue clay. Port Penn and Smith's Island.

Pl. 2, Figs. 1 and 2.


STEPHANOPYXIS CORONA (EHR.) GRUN.

Valve larger than in turris, sub-globose, coarsely areolate cells, 4-5 in
10 µ. One valve furnished with a crown of teeth shaped like the letter T
and united at the top into a ring above the margin of the valve; the other
valve with long spines more or less concentrically arranged.

Blue clay. Not common. Fossil in the Nottingham deposit.

Pl. 2, Fig. 3.

NOTE.--The diatomaceous deposit, so often called "Bermuda" or "Bermuda
tripoli," especially by foreign writers, is in reality the Miocene stratum
extending for miles along the Patuxent River near the village of
Nottingham, Md. The author is perfectly familiar with the location, having
made large collections there. The mistake in the name is due to the fact
that Prof. Bailey received material from Mr. Tuomey marked "Bermuda
Hundred," which is located near Petersburg, Va. Attempts have been made to
find material there and while there is an earth containing Miocene diatoms
at Petersburg, it does not exactly correspond to the material sent to
Ehrenberg by Bailey, who was in doubt as to the locality. The Bermuda
Islands are of coral formation and have no deposits of diatomaceous earth.


{19}PYXIDICULA EHR. (1833)

(dim. of pyxis, a box)

Frustules globular, solitary or in short fasciæ. Valve more or less
hemispherical, areolate, destitute of spines.


PYXIDICULA CRUCIATA EHR.

Valve hemispherical, with large, hexagonal cells. An inner stratum is
finely punctate.

Blue clay. Walnut St. Bridge. Rare.

Pl. 38, Fig. 8.

This form is not usually described as having punctate areolæ, but it does
not apparently differ from other forms of Pyxidicula of Ehrenberg as
described by Kuetzing (Species Algarum, pp. 21-23), including _P.
areolata_. In fact, it differs from Stephanopyxis, which is also sometimes
punctate, only in the absence of spines. In fossil deposits the absence of
an easily detached stratum is not significant. The difference, except in
size, between it and _P. mediterranea_ Grun. (V. H. S., Pl. 95, Figs. 15
and 16), I am unable to determine.

Although many species of Meloseira are fresh-water, the habitat of the
group Meloseirinæ is, in general, marine. It more nearly coincides in
structure and development with other algæ not diatomaceous, the siliceous
envelope constituting its most distinctive feature. As we proceed in the
classification, the structure both of the frustule and contents becomes
more complicated.



(_b_) COSCINODISCINÆ

1. _Cyclotella._--Valve with two concentric divisions of different
structure, one a wide border and the other a central surface.

2. _Coscinodiscus._--Valve areolate or punctate, with a narrow border of
the same structure.


CYCLOTELLA KUETZ. (1833)

(cyclos, a circle)

Frustules single or geminate, cylindrical, short, in zone view rectangular
or with undulating sides. Valve usually with smooth or punctate striæ,
centre sometimes bullose, smooth, or with granules scattered or radiating.

Chromatophores numerous along the valves (Pfitzer).


CYCLOTELLA STRIATA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve 30-80 µ in diam., with coarse striæ, 7-12 in 10 µ, centre coarsely
punctate and bullose.

_Coscinodiscus striatus_ Kuetz.

_Cyclotella dallasiana_ Wm. Sm.

Common in the blue clay.

Pl. 2, Fig. 9.


CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA KUETZ.

Frustule in zone view rectangular, undulated; valve, 10-20 µ in diam.,
marginal striæ robust and transversely punctate, centre radiately punctate.

_Cyclotella kuetzingiana_ Wm. Sm. (not Thwaites).

Crum Creek.

Pl. 2, Fig. 8.


{20}CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA, VAR. STELLIGERA CL. AND GRUN.

Differs from the type in the coarse radiating lines at the centre.

Broomall Lake, Media.

Pl. 2, Fig. 4.


CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA, VAR. STELLULIFERA CL. AND GRUN.

As in type but with the central rays granulate.

Broomall Lake, Media.

Pl. 2, Fig. 12.


CYCLOTELLA STYLORUM (BR.?) V. H.

Margin striated, the alternate striæ thickened near the border, producing
an appearance of subquadrate cells. Centre faintly granulate, the outer
border of which is encircled by 10-12 puncta, each of which is surrounded
by a small hyaline space.

Blue clay. Rare.

Van Heurck gives this form doubtfully as a variety of _striata_, while De
Toni makes it synonymous with it. Van Heurck's figure is not that of
Brightwell, but as the specimen above described is, I believe, exactly the
same as Van Heurck's, I retain his name.

Pl. 2, Fig. 10.


CYCLOTELLA COMTA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Valve with marginal striæ well marked, each third or fourth costa more
robust than the others. Central part finely striated, the striæ punctate,
radiating.

Fresh water.

Pl. 2, Fig. 7.

The form here figured is probably the variety _radiosa_ Grun. and is from a
New England specimen. It is quite likely to occur in this locality.


CYCLOTELLA OPERCULATA (AG.) KUETZ.

Frustules in zone view undulated. Angles rounded. Marginal costæ
alternating with minute spines; centre nearly smooth, depressed, convex or
flexuose.

Fresh water.

Pl. 2, Figs. 5 and 6.

The figure is drawn from a specimen from Boston, Mass., H. L. Smith Type
Slide No. 107, marked equivalent to _C. minutula_ Wm. Sm.


CYCLOTELLA ANTIQUA WM. SM.

Marginal costæ alternating with thick puncta; centre finely granulate with
subtriangular elevations. Frustules in zone view rectangular.

Blue clay.

Pl. 2, Fig. 11.

The form corresponds to the original specimens of Wm. Smith in the deposit
of Stavenger, Norway.

The genus Cyclotella comprises about seventy specific names, many of which
may be referred to other genera, while some of Ehrenberg's are incapable of
verification on account of the small size of the figures and the lack of
sufficient description. About half of the forms are marine. The fresh-water
species are usually found living in more or less stagnant water or in pools
contaminated with drainage, being an exception to the general rule that
diatoms are more abundant in water free from deleterious matter.


{21}COSCINODISCUS EHR. (1838)

(coscinon, a sieve, and discus)

Frustules solitary, cylindrical, compressed; valve circular or elliptical;
surface flat or sometimes convex near the border; markings more or less
angular, radiating, sometimes fasciculate; border usually well defined.
Central space, if present, hyaline, sometimes surrounded with a rosette of
large cells.

Chromatophores round, angular or irregular discs usually without pyrenoids
(Karsten).

Rattray's classification is here followed, so far as it refers to our
species.

_Excentrici._--Valves circular; central space absent; markings angular, in
oblique, decussating rows.

_Lineati._--Central space absent; markings angular, oblique decussating
rows straight.

_Fasciculati._--Markings fasciculate, or sometimes only near the border.

_Radiati._--Markings rounded or angular, more or less radiate.

_Elaborati._--Valves elliptical, markings rounded.


EXCENTRICI

COSCINODISCUS EXCENTRICUS EHR.

Valve with a hyaline excentric space from which proceed, usually in six
directions, rows of polygonal markings decreasing toward the narrow,
coarsely striated border, the rows appearing convex toward the centre.
Apiculi at unequal distances apart. Quite variable in size.

Common in the blue clay and along the coast.

Pl. 2, Figs. 14 and 20.

Fig. 20 is probably var. _perpusilla_ Grun. (Diat. Fr. Jos. L., Pl. 4 (D),
Fig. 7).


LINEATI

COSCINODISCUS LINEATUS EHR.

Valve circular, markings hexagonal, cells in parallel rows. Border narrow,
cellular.

Blue clay and Atlantic coast. Not common.

Pl. 3, Fig. 8.


FASCICULATI

COSCINODISCUS NITIDUS GREG.

Valve flat, markings rounded, distant, radiate, decreasing toward the
border which is coarsely striate. Quite variable in size and in the
distance between the markings.

Blue clay and Atlantic coast. Common.

Pl. 2, Fig. 18.


COSCINODISCUS NITIDULUS GRUN.

Valve usually not quite circular; markings smaller than in nitidus and
fasciculate near the border.

Blue clay.

Pl. 2, Fig. 19.

Various intermediate forms between nitidus and nitidulus occur.


COSCINODISCUS SUBTILIS EHR.

Markings polygonal, irregular at the centre, but forming numerous fasciculi
radiating {22}toward the border, the rows parallel to the central row of
each fasciculus. Border narrow with fine striæ; apiculi often present
between the fasciculi.

Blue clay and along the coast. Very common in the water supply of
Philadelphia and Camden, where the diameter seldom exceeds 40 µ and the
markings on the semi-radius are 10 in 10 µ.

Pl. 2, Fig. 17.


COSCINODISCUS DENARIUS SCHMIDT

Markings larger than in C. subtilis, equal, forming usually ten fasciculi,
each beginning near the semi-radius and containing ten parallel rows of
granules.

Common in the blue clay and sparingly along the coast.

Pl. 2, Fig. 13.

Forms are found intermediate between C. subtilis and C. denarius, as shown
in Fig. 15.


COSCINODISCUS POLYACANTHUS GRUN.

Markings angular, 10 in 10 µ, decreasing toward the border, fasciculate.
Apiculi large, twelve or more, usually inserted at the middle of each
fasciculus, and extending into the interior of the cell. The apiculi in
outline resemble the heads of horse-shoe nails, and are seen with
difficulty except when the valve is examined from the inner side. Border
narrow, striated. Diam. 70 µ.

Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 38, Fig. 5.

Rattray's description of _C. polyacanthus_ var. _intermedia_ Grun., from
Cape Wankarema, Siberia, gives the diam. as 60 µ, and there are about 7
markings by actual count in 10 µ in Grunow's figure (Diat. Fr. Jos. Land,
Pl. 3 (C), Fig. 25). The apiculi are more numerous, but there appears to be
little doubt of the general similarity. The Philadelphia form is abundant
in the Pensauken well deposit at a depth of 33 ft. The apiculi become quite
distinct in slides stained with silver nitrate by Mr. F. J. Keeley; they
are distinct from small apiculi sometimes evident between the fasciculi.
The specimens in the Pensauken deposit are mingled with other forms which
cannot be distinguished from _C. subtilis_. Whether the two are identical,
I am unable to determine. Rattray (Rev. Cos., p. 47) refers to H. L.
Smith's Type Slide No. 100, from rice-field mud, Savannah, Ga., as _C.
subtilis_. In Smith's slide, in my possession, a number of the forms show
faint outlines of the large apiculi and are otherwise exactly like C.
polyacanthus.


RADIATI

COSCINODISCUS VELATUS EHR.

Markings angular, decreasing slightly toward the coarsely striated border,
covered with fine puncta.

Blue clay.

Pl. 3, Fig. 2.


COSCINODISCUS MARGINATUS EHR.

Markings rounded, large, decreasing toward the broad border, which is
coarsely marked with distant striæ. The cells are punctate.

Common in the blue clay.

Pl. 3, Fig. 9.

In the fossil forms the puncta are not evident, hence the species is
usually described as not punctate.


{23}COSCINODISCUS RADIATUS EHR.

Markings polygonal, slightly decreasing toward the border where they are
much smaller; border well marked, striate. Quite variable in size.

Common in the blue clay and along the coast.

Pl. 3, Fig. 11. Fig. 1 is probably a smaller form.


COSCINODISCUS SUBAULACODISCOIDALIS RATTR.

Markings small, decreasing toward the border in somewhat fasciculate rows.
About one-third the distance from the border are five (Rattray finds six)
well-marked apiculi somewhat resembling those of Aulacodiscus. Border
narrow, hyaline.

Rare in the lower stratum of the blue clay.

Pl. 3, Fig. 4.


COSCINODISCUS ARGUS EHR.

Markings angular with central dots, increasing from the centre toward the
border, where they are smaller.

Blue clay.

Pl. 3, Fig. 7 (a small form).


COSCINODISCUS BIANGULATUS SCHMIDT

Central space and rosette absent, markings large, angular, not punctate,
with large central papillæ, decreasing toward the border. Border wide,
coarsely marked with rows of granules, and with two indentations on the
inner side distant from each other about two-thirds of the diameter.

Blue clay.

Pl. 3, Fig. 3.

Distinguished from Coscinodiscus asteromphalus var. omphalantha Grun.,
which also has two constrictions, by the absence of punctate markings.


COSCINODISCUS ASTEROMPHALUS EHR.

Central space small, surrounded by a rosette of large polygonal cells from
which radiate hexagonal cells, increasing about half way toward the border
and then slightly decreasing. Cells punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 2, Fig. 16; Pl. 40, Fig. 12.


COSCINODISCUS ASTEROMPHALUS VAR. OMPHALANTHA (EHR.) GRUN.

Central space absent, rosette evident. Markings 2½ in 10 µ, somewhat
smaller near the rosette and decreasing near the border, which is
constricted in two places, as in C. biangulatus.

Blue clay.

Pl. 38, Fig. 10.


COSCINODISCUS OCULUS-IRIDIS EHR.

Central space and rosette distinct; markings polygonal, not punctate, with
large papillæ, smaller near the rosette, increasing toward the semi-radius,
and then decreasing to the striated border which is comparatively narrow.

Blue clay and Atlantic coast.

Pl. 3, Fig. 10.


{24}ELABORATI

COSCINODISCUS LEWISIANUS GREV.

Valves elliptical, major axis a little more than twice the minor. From a
point, usually near one side, radiate rows of granules in lines nearly
parallel to the major axis. Border broad, with distinct striæ.

Great Sedge Island, N. J. (artesian well), and in outcrops later than the
Miocene, where it is usually found.

Pl. 3, Fig. 5.



2. ACTINODISCEÆ

ACTINOPTYCHINÆ

Valves divided into sectors alternately elevated and depressed.

(1) _Actinoptychus._--Sectors plane.

(2) _Polymyxus._--Sectors convex.


ACTINOPTYCHUS EHR. (1839) em. V. H. (1890)

(actis, a ray, and ptyx, a fold)

Frustule cylindrical, less in length than the diameter, in zone view
undulated. Valve divided into six or more sectors alternately raised and
depressed, areolate and punctate, varying in the alternate divisions. The
areolation is confined to the outer layer of the valve while the punctation
is usually on an inner valve often found detached. Processes on the border,
three or more. Umbilicus circular or angular, hyaline.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES


  Sectors, six                                                undulatus

  Sectors, eight or more, cellular                            heliopelta

  Sectors, fourteen, punctate                                 vulgaris


ACTINOPTYCHUS UNDULATUS (KUETZ.) RALFS

Valve areolate and punctate in quincunx, divided into six equal sectors,
alternately elevated or depressed, their areolations appearing different.
Margin well defined. Umbilicus smooth, hexagonal. Processes three,
sometimes six, inserted within the margin of each alternate division. Very
variable in size and appearance.

This is the Actinocyclus of Bailey, figured and described in Amer. Jour.
Science, 1842, p. 93, Pl. 2, Fig. 11, but not named. Kuetzing describes and
names it and refers to Bailey.

_Actinoptychus omphalopelta_ Ehr.

_Actinoptychus cellulosa_ Ehr., H. L. Smith Sp. Typ., 384.

Quite common in marine and brackish water and in the blue clay.

Pl. 4, Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 6.


ACTINOPTYCHUS VULGARIS VAR. INTERRUPTA N. VAR.

Valve with fourteen sectors, the alternate ones divided by a smooth
lanceolate space for about one-half the radius, forming with the smooth,
circular umbilicus a seven pointed star. The sectors thus divided have
coarser puncta in quincunx than the other sectors, ending in a smooth area
near the margin, and also larger black puncta scattered from the centre to
the semi-radius.

Near A. vulgaris var. neogradensis Pant.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 4, Fig. 5.


{25}ACTINOPTYCHUS HELIOPELTA GRUN. VAR.?

Valve circular, sectors, eight, umbilicus circular, without rays; border
wide, cellular, with distinct rays. Inserted at a distance within the inner
edge of the border are large processes, one on each of four alternate
sectors, and two on each of the others. The sectors are cellulate and
punctate.

Near A. heliopelta var. versicolor Brun., which, however, in the specimen
in my collection from Atlantic City (artesian well), has a greater number
of processes and they are situated on the edge of the border.

Outcrop at Buckshutem, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 4, Fig. 3.

It has been quite well determined, I think, that the typical forms of A.
heliopelta occur at the base of the Miocene. At Rock Hall, Md., on the
eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, at a depth of from 21 to 130 ft., and at
Wildwood, N. J., at a depth of from 78 to 179 ft., diatomaceous beds occur
considered by Mr. Lewis Woolman (Geol. Surv. of N. J., 1898, pp. 116-121)
"as synchronous in age," the former being deposited in the Delaware River
Delta and the latter in the Chesapeake in post-miocene times. In each of
these beds a small form of A. heliopelta is rarely found. The material at
Buckshutem is post-miocene, and the form here figured shows a marked
variation from the Miocene species and a gradual approach toward A.
undulatus.


POLYMYXUS L. W. BAIL. (1855)

Valve circular, usually divided into fourteen sectors which are on the same
plane at the centre, but the alternate ones are elevated into mammillated
projections terminated by small processes on the margin. Zone view
rectangular with undulations subconical, terminated by the processes.


POLYMYXUS CORONALIS L. W. BAIL.

Central space hyaline, rounded or slightly stellate, from which radiate
rows of fine puncta in quincunx, shown in the figure only on the alternate
elevations, the depressed interspaces being out of focus. The mammillæ are
stated by Bailey to vary from six to ten.

Very rare in the blue clay (Walnut St. Bridge). Occurs also in the Wildwood
deposit (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 1895, p. 261).

Pl. 4, Fig. 7, and Pl. 5, Fig. 2.



3. EUPODISCEÆ

_Aulacodiscinæ._--Valves with mammiform elevations near the border
surmounted by nipple-like processes.


AULACODISCUS--THE ONLY GENUS AS ABOVE

_Eupodiscinæ._--Valves with ocelli.

(1) _Actinocyclus._--Valve with one small ocellus; striæ radial.

(2) _Eupodiscus._--Valve with one or more ocelli; striæ not radial.

(3) _Auliscus._--Valve with large, elevated ocelli. Central area hyaline.
Markings granular and costate.

(4) _Pseudauliscus._--Valve with radiating granules. No central space.


{26}AULACODISCUS EHR. (1844) em. RATTR. (1888)

(aulax, a furrow, and discus)

Valve usually circular, plane or with an elevated zone, frequently inflated
beneath the processes; central space irregular or rounded, sometimes
absent; markings granular, radial, sometimes in a reticulum.

The genus comprises more than one hundred species most of which are fossil,
and is represented in this locality by a single form, _A. argus_, included
by Rattray in his section "Retiformes," distinguished by the presence of a
reticulum.


AULACODISCUS ARGUS (EHR.) SCHMIDT

Frustule in zone view elliptical. Valve circular, 125-190 µ in diam.,
closely covered with two kinds of markings, one, a mesh of large,
radiating, angular cells, the outer plate, and the other, radiating rows of
circular granules with hyaline spaces intervening and closer near the
border, forming the inner plate which can occasionally be seen detached.
Central space absent. The walls of the angular cells are crossed with fine
lines and are probably composed of granules compressed so closely as to
produce partial opacity, the depth of which depends in a measure not only
on the superposition of the two plates, but on the relative closeness and
thickness of the cell-walls. In a fully-developed specimen the effect is to
produce more or less triangular cells containing three or four granules. In
some cases the opacity is so great as to render detail invisible.

In the figure the valve is supposed to be divided into three sectors,
illustrating at "a" the lower plate, at "c" the combination of the upper
and lower plates, and in the other sector the cellular mesh of the upper
plate. Processes, usually three, quite robust and inserted at from
one-fourth to one-fifth the length of the radius from the border which is
striated on the inner side. A form with four processes is found in the
lower blue clay.

_Tripodiscus argus_ Ehr.

_Eupodiscus argus_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.

Not uncommon in the blue clay.

Pl. 4, Fig. 8.


ACTINOCYCLUS EHR. (1837)

(actis, a ray, and cyclos)

Valve circular or elliptical; surface flat at the centre, sloping toward
the border. Central space usually evident, rounded or irregular. Markings
rounded, granular, punctiform, in radial, or nearly radial, rows, sometimes
fasciculate. A nodule, more or less evident, is found near the border which
is usually striate.

Chromatophores round discs or granules.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES


  Valve circular, rows radial, hyaline lines at the border    barkleyi

  Valve circular, rows fasciculate                            moniliformis

  Valve elliptical                                            ellipticus

The nodule is generally supposed to be a thickening of the cell-wall, and,
in the opinion of Rattray, a projection outward, but "whether there may not
be at the same time a slight inward protuberance is difficult to
determine," though, as a rule, he seems to "think there is not."


{27}ACTINOCYCLUS BARKLEYI VAR. AGGREGATA RATTR.

Surface flat from centre to semi-radius. Central space irregular, sometimes
with a few scattered granules. Markings round with central dots distinct,
about 7 at the centre, decreasing in straight radial rows to 12 in 10 µ at
the border, where they form moniliform striæ. Border narrow with striæ
about 16 in 10 µ. Hyaline interspaces at the origin of the shorter rows,
but not at equal intervals. At the border, linear hyaline spaces occur at
somewhat irregular intervals between the moniliform striæ owing to the
termination of certain radial rows before they reach the circumference.
Nodule small, from one-seventh to one-fourth the radius from the border.

According to Rattray the distinction between A. ralfsii and A. barkleyi is
partly in the absence of the zone arrangement of the hyaline spaces in the
latter, and to the slight differences in the number of granules. The
variety aggregata differs from the type form of barkleyi mainly in the
distance of the nodule from the border. I have specimens from the blue clay
material at Walnut St. Bridge, and from Smith's Island, in which the
distance from the border in one case is, as stated above, quite different
from that in the other. In specimens from Morris Cove, Conn., the locality
referred to by Rattray, variations occur.

Blue clay.

Pl. 6, Fig. 1.

In the figure the subulate hyaline spaces at the border are, in some
instances, wider than usual.


ACTINOCYCLUS MONILIFORMIS RALFS

Surface flat, from centre to about five-sixths of the radius. Central space
rounded, with one or more granules. Markings, 8 in 10 µ, round, in radial
rows, fasciculate, the oblique transverse rows irregular, very slightly
decreasing until near the edge of the flattened zone, and then suddenly
decreasing and appearing as decussating lines oblique to the border.
Apiculi distinct, interfasciculate within the border. Nodule quite evident,
surrounded by a rather wide irregular hyaline space on the margin of the
flattened zone in the middle of the fasciculus. Border wide, with striæ
about 20 in 10 µ.

Blue clay. Port Penn. Not common.

Pl. 6, Fig. 2.

Equivalent to Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, H. L. S. Type Slide 10.

In a valve from Port Penn, Delaware Bay, two nodules occur nearly opposite
each other.


ACTINOCYCLUS ELLIPTICUS VAR. DELAWARENSIS N. VAR.

Valve rhombic-elliptical. Markings somewhat angular, 6 in 10 µ at the
centre where they are sub-concentric, thence decreasing in lines radiating
more or less toward the border, where they suddenly become punctiform,
striæ about 20 in 10 µ. Border equal to one-fifth the radius. A nodule is
found on the inner side of the border. Apiculi apparently absent.

The markings are larger than in the Richmond forms which are associated by
Rattray with Actinocyclus ellipticus Grun. The form corresponds closely to
Witt's Cestodiscus ovalis var.? (Witt, Polierschief. von
Archangelsk-Kurojedowo, Pl. 8, Fig. 2), except as to the border. It does
not answer to Van Heurck's figure or any other.

Blue clay. Very rare.

Pl. 3, Fig. 6.


{28}EUPODISCUS EHR. (1844)

(eu, well, pous, a foot, and discus)

Valve circular, 45-117 µ in diam. (De Toni). Central space absent, surface
plane with angular cells. At the border short, circular processes or
ocelli.


EUPODISCUS RADIATUS BAIL.

Valve with radiating hexagonal cells, sometimes slightly curved toward the
large ocelli inserted near the border which are hyaline at the centre.
Border wide, coarsely striate.

The number of ocelli heretofore recorded is four. Specimens with five
processes are found in the artesian well at St. Augustine, Fla., and in
material at Twelfth and Brandywine Sts. Mr. Hugo Bilgram has discovered
valves with three and six ocelli.

Not common in the blue clay, but abundant along the southern coast of the
Atlantic states and the Gulf of Mexico.

Not Eupodiscus radiatus Wm. Sm, which is Biddulphia smithii (Ralfs) V. H.

Pl. 5, Fig. 3.


AULISCUS EHR. (1843)

(aulax, a furrow, referring to the grooves in certain species, according to
De Toni, but preferably from auliscos, a small reed, referring to the
processes?)

Frustule cylindrical; zone with longitudinal rows of fine puncta. Valve
circular or elliptical, plane except near the processes; central area
hyaline, usually circular. Markings of two kinds, granules radiating or
scattered and radiating, costate lines, prominent or indistinct. Processes,
two or three, large, short, cylindrical, with hyaline surface, near the
ends of the major axis in a line oblique to it.

Auliscus is divided by Rattray into fourteen sections, defined chiefly by
the character and arrangement of the markings. About eighty species are
described, but as many of the forms are fossil, occuring in the Miocene of
California, Oamaru and elsewhere, and as so few species are found in this
locality, I shall refer but briefly to this division.


  _Striolati._--No transverse median areas, striæ
    inconspicuous                                             punctatus

  _Lineolati._--Markings distinct, pruinose, interrupted      pruinosus

  _Costati._--Transverse median areas usually distinct,       sculptus
     markings continuous, costate                             cælatus

AULISCUS PUNCTATUS BAIL.

Valve broadly elliptical, or suborbicular, covered with delicate
interrupted striæ radiating in sinuous lines to the circumference, more
evident on the transverse median area; puncta 3 in 10 µ, grouped into a
rounded area on each side of the median line, elsewhere scattered. Central
space rounded, processes two, large, suborbicular.

Port Penn, Delaware River. Rare.

Pl. 5, Fig. 6.


AULISCUS PRUINOSUS BAIL.

Valve elliptical, with distinct, interrupted, pruinose, irregular markings
diverging in curved lines toward the circumference in the median part and
converging toward the processes, interspersed with numerous darker markings
having the appearance of apiculi. Central space nearly circular, sometimes
with several granules. Processes large near the ends of the major axis and
not oblique to it, or scarcely so, the edges with a crenulate border.

Blue clay. Rather rare.

Pl. 5, Fig. 8.


{29}AULISCUS SCULPTUS (WM. SM.) RALFS

Valve elliptical or subcircular, median areas distinct, rounded,
circumscribed by coarse distant costæ radiating near the border where they
are more evident, and converging toward the processes. Central space
rounded, sometimes indefinite. Processes, two, circular.

Typical specimens show wide, coarse, distant costæ, but, in some cases, the
median areas are indistinctly outlined.

Blue clay.

Pl. 5, Fig. 5.


AULISCUS CÆLATUS BAIL.

Valve elliptical or subcircular, with radiating costæ, more evident around
the median areas and at the border, converging toward the processes, with
intermediate punctate radiating lines. Central space rounded or irregular.
Processes circular.

A. sculptus has coarser costæ and the interspaces are hyaline, or
apparently so, while in A. cælatus the punctate striæ between the costæ are
more evident.

Blue clay. Not uncommon.

Pl. 5, Fig. 4.

Fig. 7 is a small, indefinite form intermediate between A. sculptus and A.
cælatus. The numerous variations in this genus make it difficult to
satisfactorily differentiate the species. The size of the four above
described varies from 40 to 150 µ.


PSEUDAULISCUS A. S. (1875) AND LEUDUGER-FORTMOREL (1879)

Valve circular or subcircular, nearly flat or depressed at the centre.
Central space not evident. Processes circular, with narrow border, near the
circumference. Border narrow, striated. Markings granular, radiating,
sometimes interspersed with striæ and apiculi.

Differs from Auliscus chiefly in the absence of a central space and costæ.


PSEUDAULISCUS RADIATUS (BAIL.) RATTR.

Valve circular, or nearly so, flat. Central area with scattered granules
radiating and increasing in size outward in diverging rows toward the
border which is coarsely striated. Processes, two, circular. Two small
apiculi are inserted at about one-fifth the radius from the border near the
ends of the minor axis.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 5, Fig. 9.

The apiculi are not always figured. They appear in a number of specimens
from the Miocene of Maryland, Atlantic City, Harvey Cedars and Newbern.


PSEUDAULISCUS SPINOSUS (CHRISTIAN) RATTR.

Valve subcircular or slightly quadrangular, depressed at the centre and
rising to an elevated zone near the border, the two zones separated by a
distinct line. The inner zone indistinctly reticulate with fine puncta
radiating from the centre and apiculi at intervals. The outer zone with
smaller apiculi surrounding the inner zone and with intermingled rows of
fine puncta and interrupted diverging striæ. Near each end of the minor
axis is a rather long, robust spine inserted at one-fourth the radius from
the border which is narrow and striated. Processes circular, close to the
circumference.

_Auliscus spinosus_ Christian.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 5, Fig. 10.

The genus is named by Schmidt, described by Leuduger-Fortmorel and
emendated by Rattray.



{30}BIDDULPHIOIDEÆ

BIDDULPHIEÆ

(_a_) _Triceratiinæ._--Frustule cylindrical or prismatic, with three or
more sides.

(_b_) _Biddulphiinæ._--Frustule cylindroid; valve with ends elevated into
round processes or long horns.

(_c_) _Anauleæ._--Valve elliptical, lunate or triangular, with internal
septa.

(_d_) _Euodieæ._--Frustule cuneate in zone view; valve lunate.



(_a_) TRICERATIINÆ

(1) _Ditylum._--Frustule imperfectly siliceous. Zone with numerous
divisions. Valve with central spine.

(2) _Trinacria._--Processes with sharp spines.


DITYLUM BAIL. (1861)

(dis, two, and tyle, a swelling, referring to the outline of the frustule)

Frustule quadrangular, convex at the ends. Valve triangular, with
undulating sides, the angles ending in a sharp point surmounted by a
bristle. Surface of valve convex at centre from which projects a long stout
spine.


DITYLUM INTRICATUM (WEST) GRUN.

Valve with the angles separated from the central part by lines imitating
septa. Surface with radiating lines of fine puncta.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 6, Fig. 4.

Detached valves only have been found in the blue clay. The form is regarded
as but slightly siliceous and, therefore, the zone or girdle not being
found in the fossil deposits, I am unable to illustrate it from material in
the vicinity. On Plate 38, Figs. 6 and 7, I have sketched the zone and
valve views of specimens found recently at Vera Cruz and labelled by H. L.
Smith Triceratum intricatum West. I can find no difference between the
recent and fossil forms of the valves. The zone is covered with fine puncta
in quincunx, not visible under ordinary illumination.

The form as figured in Plate 6 corresponds to the figure of Lithodesmium
undulatum Ehr. in Van Heurck, and West, in describing the Triceratium
undulatum Wm. Sm. (figured as T. striolatum), thought that his T.
intricatum was distinct from Ehrenberg's form on the ground that the latter
came from the "Bermuda" (Nottingham) earth and must be strongly siliceous.
Lithodesmium is characterized by the envelopment of the frustules by a
cellular membrane which does not appear, evidently, in Ditylum. D.
brightwellii is distinguished by its crown of spines on the margin;
otherwise it closely resembles D. intricatum.


TRINACRIA HEIB. (1863)

(treis, three, and acra, a point)

Valve triangular, angles elevated into spines. Cells at the margin large.


TRINACRIA PILEOLUS (EHR.) GRUN.

Valve with concave sides. Surface concave with unequal punctiform and
scattered markings with central dots. Cells at the margin large, rounded.
At the angles, which vary in elevation, a few puncta are seen.

_Triceratium pileolus_ Ehr.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 6, Fig. 9.



{31}(_b_) BIDDULPHIINÆ

BIDDULPHIA GRAY (1831) em. VAN HEURCK (1885)

(a genus, constituted from Conferva biddulphiana of the English Botany,
named after a Miss Biddulph)

Frustule prismatic or subcylindrical, concatenate, filamentous, or in
zig-zag, or, as usually found, free. Zone well developed. Valve triangular,
polygonal, elliptic or subcircular, convex, more or less elevated at the
angles into processes or horns. Markings cellular or punctate.
Chromatophores, small plates of various forms.


KEY TO THE SPECIES


  Valves costate                                              biddulphiana

  Valves not costate:

    Markings cellular, angles elevated into horns             favus

                       angles not elevated                    antediluviana

    Markings punctate, angles with subconical processes and
      long spines                                             granulata

        spines short                                          rhombus

        spines minute                                         smithii

        processes truncate, valve elliptical                  turgida

                            valve orbicular                   lævis

        processes absent, valve divided by irregular lines    alternans

        not so divided                                        reticulum


BIDDULPHIA BIDDULPHIANA (SMITH)

Frustule quadrangular with convex ends and rounded angles. Valve elliptical
with undulated sides, divided by septa into three or more sections.
Processes large, rounded, globular or subconical. Zone varying in width.
Surface with rounded reticulations in longitudinal and transverse rows,
except at the centre where they are concentric and smaller.

_Conferva biddulphiana_ Smith (English Botany, 1807, Pl. 1762, upper
figures).

_Diatoma biddulphianum_ Ag.

_Biddulphia pulchella_ Gray.

Blue clay. Hoboken Tunnel. Along the coast.

Pl. 7, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Quite variable in size and number of septate divisions. Fig. 3 is an
unusual form with narrow zone, having but one row of large reticulations,
evidently a young frustule.


BIDDULPHIA FAVUS (EHR.) V. H.

Frustule quadrangular, elevated at the angles into subconical processes
oblique to the longitudinal axis. Valve triangular or quadrangular, plane,
of two layers, the outer layer composed of large hexagonal cells in rows
parallel to the sides, the inner of small puncta radiating from the centre.
Zone punctate in quincunx, never found open.

_Triceratium favus_ Ehr.

Blue clay. Common along the coast.

The quadrangular form occurs only southward.

Pl. 6, Fig. 6. At "a" a cell showing the lower punctate layer. Pl. 40, Fig.
16, a transverse section of a portion of the valve showing the cellular
structure and the punctated lower stratum.


{32}BIDDULPHIA ANTEDILUVIANA (EHR.) V. H.

Frustules quadrangular, sometimes united in zig-zag chains. Valve
quadrangular with more or less concave sides, sometimes cruciform. Surface
with angular cells arranged in concentric and radiating lines increasing
toward the circumference. At each angle is a large, rounded process, which,
as well as the secondary layer, scarcely visible, is finely punctate.

_Amphitetras antediluviana_ Ehr.

_Amphitetras tessellata_ Shad.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 6, Fig. 3.

A cruciform variety occurs at Pensauken, N. J., artesian well (Coll. F. J.
Keeley).


BIDDULPHIA GRANULATA ROPER

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, convex, with diagonal rows of puncta 12 in 10
µ and sometimes with small scattered spurs. Processes inflated at the base,
obtuse at the ends, which are curved outward toward alternate sides. Near
each process and on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis is placed a
stout spine bent or curved inward near the middle. Connective zone with
diagonal rows of puncta smaller than those on the valve.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Fossil in the Pleistocene. Along the coast.
Not common.

Pl. 7, Fig. 6.


BIDDULPHIA RHOMBUS (EHR.) WM. SM.

Valve rhomboidal, sometimes triangular, with subconical processes. Surface
convex with hexagonal reticulations, 7-9 in 10 µ, irregular at the centre
and radiating to the circumference. Minute spurs are scattered over the
surface, and on each side are usually two or three short spines.

Common along the coast and fossil in the Miocene and later deposits.

Pl. 7, Fig. 5 (somewhat inclined, as usually seen).


BIDDULPHIA SMITHII (RALFS) V. H.

Valve orbicular, convex, with reticulations 5 in 10 µ radiating from the
centre and decreasing toward the margin and processes which are truncate. A
short spine is found on each side half way between the processes. Zone
narrow with fine puncta 12 in 10 µ in longitudinal rows.

_Cerataulus smithii_ Ralfs.

_Eupodiscus radiatus_ Wm. Sm.

Blue clay. Along the coast southward.

Pl. 7, Fig. 8.


BIDDULPHIA TURGIDA (EHR.) WM. SM.

Valve elliptical or orbicular, surface convex. Processes very large,
cylindrical, placed obliquely and inclined by the torsion of the frustule.
Between the processes are two stout spines, one on each side, frequently
forked at the ends. Puncta fine, irregular at the centre and radiating
toward the circumference.

_Cerataulus turgidus_ Ehr.

Blue clay. Along the coast. Quite variable in size.

Pl. 7, Fig. 7.


{33}BIDDULPHIA LÆVIS EHR.

Valve suborbicular or triangular, with short, truncate processes. Surface
with fine puncta about 13 in 10 µ radiating in straight or curved lines
toward the circumference and with fine spurs at intervals. Nearer one
process than the other, and about half way between centre and
circumference, are two small spines, one on each side. Quite variable in
size.

Blue clay. Common along the coast.

Pl. 7, Fig. 9.

Fig. 10 (magnification about 260 diameters only) illustrates sporangial
frustules discovered by Mr. T. Chalkley Palmer at Reedy Island, Delaware
River. In frustules having a cylindrical form, the endochrome lines the
cell-walls in the form of granules which become congregated toward the
centre in the sporangia.


BIDDULPHIA ALTERNANS (BAIL.) V. H.

Valve triangular or, rarely, quadrangular, with sides straight or slightly
concave, usually unequal. Angles obtuse, separated from the centre by
costate lines. Surface with puncta of irregular shape, large at the centre,
with smaller puncta interspersed. In many valves several lines appearing
like costæ extend inward from the border in various directions. Angles with
small puncta in transverse and longitudinal rows.

_Triceratium alternans_ Bail.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 6, Fig. 7 and probably Fig. 8.


BIDDULPHIA RETICULUM (EHR.)

Frustule quadrangular. Valve triangular with straight or concave sides and
rounded angles. Surface convex at the centre and angles. Markings of
unequal size, mostly larger at the centre, scattered; at the angles, small
puncta in longitudinal rows.

_Triceratium sculptum_ Shad.

_Triceratium punctatum_ Br.

_Triceratium obtusum_ Br.

For explanation of the synonymy see "Biddulphoid Forms of N. A. Diat.,"
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900, p. 724.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 6, Fig. 5.



(_c_) ANAULEÆ

EUNOTOGRAMMA WEISSE (1854)

(eu, well, noton, a back, and gramma)

Frustule quadrangular. Valve elliptical or lunate divided by septa which
constrict the margin. Surface flat with punctate markings.


EUNOTOGRAMMA LÆVE GRUN.

Valve lunate with obtuse ends. Septa, from four to eleven or more. Surface
with puncta in transverse and longitudinal rows, sometimes indistinct and
scattered.

Shark River. Rare. More common southward. Fossil at Buckshutem, N. J.

Pl. 7, Fig. 11, and Pl. 10, Fig. 15.

I am unable to distinguish between E. læve and E. debile, as intermediate
forms occur.


{34}TERPSINOË EHR.

(terpsinoos, gladdening?)

Frustules quadrangular, adnate in filaments, usually free. Valve elliptical
or triangular, with undulating sides divided by septa into three or more
sections.


TERPSINOË AMERICANA (BAIL.) RALFS

Valve lobed at each end or angle. Central space rounded, hyaline. Surface
with fine puncta in radiating lines.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 6, Fig. 10.


TERPSINOË NOVÆ-CÆSAREÆ BOYER

Valve triangular, with concave sides and broad angles equally three-lobed,
separated from the central part by septa. Central space small or absent.
Puncta delicate, radiating or scattered. L. of side 62 µ.

Pleistocene clay at Buckshutem, N. J. Fossil at Wildwood, N. J.

T. americana, forma trigona Pant.? (Le Diatomiste, Vol. 2, p. 207.)

Pl. 6, Fig. 11.



(_d_) EUODIEÆ

EUODIA BAIL. (1860)

(derivation uncertain; apparently from euodia, fragrant, probably a
euphemism)

Frustule in zone view cuneate. Valve semi-lunate, coscinodiscoid.


EUODIA GIBBA BAIL.

Valve with rounded markings, larger and scattered at the centre, radiating
at the circumference and in indefinite straight rows at the semi-radius.

Delaware Bay (Mann).

Pl. 5, Fig. 1.

I have not seen this in the Philadelphia material. The figure is drawn from
a specimen from the Gulf Stream, S. Atlantic.



{35}PENNATÆ

Valve zygomorphous. Structure pinnate, not concentric. Valve divided either
by a true raphe or cleft or by a linear space or line imitating a raphe.

Divided into three Groups:

1. _Fragilarioideæ._--Valves without a raphe; usually with a pseudoraphe or
median line.

2. _Naviculoideæ._--Either one or both valves with a true raphe.

3. _Surirelloideæ._--Valves in which the raphe is concealed near the margin
on one or both sides of each valve in a more or less elevated keel or wing.



FRAGILARIOIDEÆ

(_a_) _Tabellarieæ._--Valve symmetrical with respect to both the
longitudinal and transverse axes; septate, not cuneate.

(_b_) _Meridioneæ._--Valve symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal
axis, asymmetrical to the transverse axis, cuneate, finely striated.

(_c_) _Fragilarieæ._--Valve of varied shape, not cuneate; costate or with
transverse rows of puncta.



(_a_) TABELLARIEÆ

Frustule in zone view rectangular, in valve view linear or
linear-elliptical, sometimes constricted in the middle, symmetrical to both
axes, not cuneate; with two or more septa or annuli.

Chromatophores numerous, granular.

_Rhabdonema._--Frustules with numerous septate partitions having one or
several foramina. Transverse costæ or rows of coarse puncta.

_Tabellaria._--Frustules with two to six nearly straight septa. Transverse
striæ subtly punctate.

_Grammatophora._--Frustules with two sinuate perforate curved septa.
Transverse striæ subtly punctate.

_Striatella._--Frustules with alternate partitions, septate or partly so.

_Attheya._--Frustules not septate but with numerous annuli.


RHABDONEMA KUETZ. (1844)

(rhabdos, a rod, and nema, a thread)

Frustules quadrangular, concatenate, composed of numerous septate
partitions with transverse costæ or rows of puncta. Valves elliptical, with
a pseudoraphe and transverse apparent costæ and punctate lines; the
partitions with one or several foramina.

Chromatophores in rosettes of various kinds (Karsten); usually parallel to
the septa.


RHABDONEMA ARCUATUM (LYNG.) KUETZ.

Valve hyaline at the ends, with transverse rows of puncta producing the
appearance of costæ between the rows; pseudoraphe distinct; foramen single.

_Diatoma arcuatum_ Lyngbye.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 1, 2, and 3; Pl. 40, Fig. 10.

{36}According to T. H. Buffham (Jour. Quek. M. C., Series 2, Vol. 2, p.
131), the frustules are of two kinds, those in which the length and breadth
are the same and those which are much lengthened, with a wide hyaline
girdle frequently in the middle. At the time of fructification the smaller
frustules are attached to a larger one which produces a sporangium at the
end of the girdle from which the other end of the frustule has disappeared,
or, if the two halves of the frustule remain, two sporangia are formed.


RHABDONEMA MINUTUM KUETZ.

Frustules small; valve not smooth at the ends, elliptical or
lanceolate-elliptical, with transverse rows of puncta; pseudoraphe
distinct. Foramen single, alternating above and below in adjoining
partitions.

Common in the blue clay and along the coast.

Pl. 8, Fig. 7 and Pl. 38, Fig. 11.


RHABDONEMA ADRIATICUM KUETZ.

Valve linear-lanceolate, with smooth angles; rows of puncta transverse, the
intervals appearing as costæ, as in arcuatum. Foramina, three.

Blue clay in the Pensauken and Pavonia deposits and along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 4, 5 and 6.


TABELLARIA EHR. (1839)

(tabella, a tablet)

Frustules quadrangular, adnate in filaments, frequently found in zig-zag
chains, united by a gelatinous isthmus, at length separating. Valve linear,
inflated in the middle and at the ends; striæ transverse.

Chromatophores numerous, small, along the zones.


TABELLARIA FENESTRATA (LYNG.) KUETZ.

Valve elongated; pseudoraphe narrow; transverse striæ faint. In the zone
view a straight septum is shown at each end of a valve.

Common, especially in the cedar swamps and ponds of the Pine Barren region,
N. J.

Pl. 8, Figs. 11 and 12.


TABELLARIA FLOCCULOSA (ROTH) KUETZ.

Valve linear, with median inflation larger than the terminal; pseudoraphe
rather broad in the middle; transverse striæ subtly punctate. In zone view
the frustules are quadrangular, or nearly so, with about six sometimes
curved septa at one end alternating with those on the other end.

_Conferva flocculosa_ Roth.

Common especially in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.

Pl. 8, Figs. 8, 9 and 10.


GRAMMATOPHORA EHR. (1840)

(from gramma, a letter, and phoreo, I bear)

Frustules quadrangular, adnate, in zig-zag, united by an isthmus, or,
usually, found free; divided by two sinuate and perforate curved septa.
Valve linear or oblong, sometimes with sinuate sides, and with a
pseudoraphe and transverse punctate lines.

Chromatophores granular.


{37}GRAMMATOPHORA MARINA (LYNG.) KUETZ.

Valve linear-elliptical, with smooth apices. Septum with a wide undulation
near its origin, thence straight and incrassate at the end. Striæ in
quincunx, 18-21 in 10 µ.

_Diatoma marinum_ Lyngbye.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 17 and 18.


GRAMMATOPHORA MARINA VAR. SUBTILISSIMA (BAIL.) V. H.

Valve linear, slightly constricted near the smooth apices. Septum undulated
near its origin and then straight, incrassate at the end. Puncta in
quincunx very subtle, 34-36 in 10 µ.

_Grammatophora subtilissima_ Bail.

Grammatophora oceanica var. subtilissima (Bail.) V. H., according to De
Toni. G. marina and G. oceanica are united by some authors; the latter has
more subtle striæ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 13 and 14.


GRAMMATOPHORA SERPENTINA RALFS

Valve linear-elliptical, long, measuring to 150 µ (De Toni); smooth at the
apices. Septum with numerous undulations and hooked at the apex. Puncta in
quincunx, 17 in 10 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 8, Fig. 21.


GRAMMATOPHORA ANGULOSA VAR. HAMULIFERA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Frustule nearly quadrate; valve with rounded but not smooth apices. Septum
bent into a sharp angle near its origin and ending in a broad hook. Puncta
in transverse rows, 14 in 10 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 15 and 16.


GRAMMATOPHORA ISLANDICA EHR.

Frustule oblong; valve elliptical-lanceolate. Septum robust with several
undulations and hooked at the end. Pseudoraphe distinct; transverse rows of
puncta, 10 in 10 µ.

Reported by Kuetzing in the Atlantic Ocean and by Kain at Belmar, N. J. I
have not found it on our coast and I believe, in some cases, it has been
confused with _G. angulosa_ var. _hamulifera_. The figure is drawn from an
Iceland form in H. L. Smith T. S., 186.

Pl. 8, Figs. 19 and 20.


STRIATELLA AG. (1832)

(dim. of stria, referring to the lines on the frustule)

Frustules tabulate, adnate in short, stipitate filaments, scarcely
siliceous, divided into partitions, septate or partly so at alternate ends.


{38}STRIATELLA UNIPUNCTATA (LYNG.) AG.

Frustules with numerous bent septa extending the entire length. Valve
lanceolate, somewhat unsymmetrical, subtly punctate, with pseudoraphe quite
distinct.

"The specific name is derived from the appearance of the endochrome which
in the living specimen is invariably collected in a central mass with
slender threads radiating in all directions toward the cell-wall" (Wm.
Sm.). Pyrenoids cuneate, in the centre of the endochrome, numerous.

Long Island Sound and along the coast.

Pl. 8, Figs. 22 and 23.


STRIATELLA INTERRUPTA (EHR.) HEIB.

Frustules quadrangular, with robust alternate septa extending to the
middle. Puncta in quincunx, 22 in 10 µ.

_Tessella interrupta_ Ehr.

Very rare along the coast.

Pl. 8, Fig. 24. (From a form found at Stonington, Conn.)


ATTHEYA WEST (1860)

(named after Thomas Atthey)

Frustules quadrangular, tabulate, with numerous annuli. Valve
elliptical-lanceolate, with a pseudoraphe and a central punctum. Extending
from each end is a strong spine half as long as the valve.


ATTHEYA DECORA WEST

The only species. Diagnosis of the genus. The valves are imperfectly
siliceous, scarcely visible in balsam.

Very local. Abundant at Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 8, Fig. 25.



(_b_) MERIDIONEÆ

Valve symmetrical in zone and valve view along the sagittal line, but
asymmetrical to the transverse axis, cuneate. In zone view sometimes with
wedge-shaped septa. Valve finely striated, without central and usually
without terminal nodules; a pseudoraphe present.

_Licmophora._--Frustules cuneate in stipitate fan-shaped fascicles.

_Meridion._--Frustules cuneate in spiral fascicles.


LICMOPHORA AG. (1827)

(licmos, a fan, and phoreo, I bear)

Frustules wedge-shaped, joined together into fan-shaped, stipitate
fascicles. Valve cuneate, rounded at both ends, septate. Chromatophores
granular, round or oval in our species.


{39}ANALYSIS OF SPECIES

(In accordance, so far as it relates to our species, with the
classification of C. Mereschkowsky, Diagnoses of New Licmophoræ, Nuova
Notarisia, 1901.)


  Placatæ--valve narrow, striæ very fine, septa superficial   flabellata

  Dubiæ--valve bacilliform, septa shallow, frustule with
    thick walls                                               ovulum

  Paradoxæ--valve with lower end produced, striæ fine,        paradoxa
    pseudoraphe distinct, septa deep                          gracilis
                                                              tincta
                                                              baileyi ?

  Lyngbyeæ--valve narrow, attenuated at both ends, distinct,
    septa deep                                                lyngbyei

  Peristriatæ--valve broad, pseudoraphe wide, striæ robust    ehrenbergii


LICMOPHORA FLABELLATA (CARM.) AG.

Frustule elongate, narrow; valve narrow, lanceolate-cuneate, enlarged at
the base; striæ very fine, 30 in 10 µ.

_Echinella flabellata_ Carm.

_Licmophora splendida_ Wm. Sm.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 9, Figs. 1 and 2.


LICMOPHORA OVULUM MER.

Valve ovate, attenuated to the rounded inferior apex; pseudoraphe
indistinct, striæ fine, 24 in 10 µ. Zone view broad, cuneate, angles
rounded, inferior apex broad; frustule robust, septa superficial, straight.
(Mereschkowsky, in part.)

Atlantic City. Common.

Pl. 9, Figs. 8 and 9.


LICMOPHORA PARADOXA (LYNG.) AG.

Frustule broad, with rounded angles; septa curved; valve ovate, inferior
apex produced. Pseudoraphe distinct; striæ varying from 25 below to 30
above in 10 µ.

_Echinella paradoxa_ Lyng.

_Rhipidophora paradoxa_ Kuetz.

Along the coast.

Pl. 9, Figs. 6 and 7.


LICMOPHORA GRACILIS (EHR.) GRUN.

Frustule cuneate, narrow, with sinuate margin; valve clavate, linear at the
base; striæ, 20 to 22 in 10 µ.

New Rochelle. Along the coast.

Pl. 9, Fig. 11.


LICMOPHORA GRACILIS VAR. ELONGATA (KUETZ.) DE TONI

As in the type, but more graceful and with deeper septa.

_Rhipidophora elongata_ Kuetz.

Along the coast. Not common.

Pl. 9, Figs. 12 and 13.


{40}LICMOPHORA TINCTA (AG.) GRUN.

Frustules cuneate, narrow, usually found in twos. Valve clavate, hyaline,
rather broad at the base; septa moderately deep; pseudoraphe indistinct;
striæ, 27 at the base, 30 in the middle and 33 at the apex in 10 µ.

_Gomphonema tinctum_ Ag.

Along the coast. Abundant from about the middle of July to the middle of
August.

Pl. 9, Figs. 14 and 15.


LICMOPHORA BAILEYI (EDW.) GRUN.

Frustule broadly cuneate or with convex margins, rarely almost orbicular;
valve spatulate or ovate with slender, produced base; septa very deep;
pseudoraphe distinct; striæ 20 in 10 µ.

_Podosphenia baileyi_ (Edw.) Lewis.

Long Island Sound and upper coast of New Jersey.

This form is placed in a doubtful position by Mereschkowsky. As it
corresponds more closely to the Paradoxæ, it is placed here provisionally.
The girdle face and apex of the valve are round, the pseudoraphe is
distinct and the septa deep, but the stipe is short.

Pl. 9, Fig. 10 and Pl. 38, Figs. 3 and 4.


LICMOPHORA LYNGBYEI (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Frustule cuneate, slightly rounded at the angles. Valve oblanceolate;
pseudoraphe distinct; septa deep; striæ, 12 in 10 µ below, and 16 in 10 µ
above.

_Podosphenia lyngbyei_ Kuetz.

Along the coast.

Pl. 9, Figs. 3 and 4.


LICMOPHORA EHRENBERGII (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Frustule cuneate, broad. Valve obovate-lanceolate; pseudoraphe wide; striæ
coarse, 8 in 10 µ, moniliform.

_Podosphenia ehrenbergii_ Kuetz.

Along the coast.

Pl. 9, Fig. 5.


MERIDION AG. (1824)

(merizo, I divide)

Frustules in zone view cuneate, adnate in circular or spiral fasciæ, at
length becoming free. Valve symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal
axis, more or less cuneate; costæ and striæ transverse.

Chromatophores numerous, small, elongated, in irregular rows on the zone
(Pfitzer).


MERIDION CIRCULARE (GREV.) AG.

Transverse costæ coarse, variable in number and distance apart, sometimes
interrupted or indistinct; striæ interstitial, 16 in 10 µ.

In springs and small streams of pure water.

_Echinella circularis_ Grev.

{41}Meridion constrictum Ralfs, sometimes given as a variety of M.
circulare, differs only in the constriction below the apex. The two kinds
of frustules are usually found growing together and as the variation is
often extremely slight they are here included under the earlier name.

Pl. 10, Figs. 1, 2 and 3.

Fig. 1 represents the constricted form which is the more common. Fig. 3 is
a sporangial form.

The sporangial frustules vary in shape and size, some being long and
slender, others clavate, but they are all more or less tumid in the middle,
with costæ more indefinite than in perfect valves. All gradations occur,
one end becoming shorter until the valve has the shape of the variety known
as constrictum. It would seem, therefore, that the non-constricted form is
a passage from the sporangial to the smaller or adult form, or is of no
specific importance. All forms are found living together. The adult
frustules are the smaller ones; it is from them that the sporangia are
produced.

Meridion intermedium H. L. Smith (Amer. Quart. Mic. Jour., Vol. 1, p. 12)
is characterized by less evident costæ and is more delicate in general
appearance. Some forms are capitate and others are not. Prof. Smith
compares the M. intermedium with Peronia erinacea Bréb. and Arnott which he
has named M. erinaceum, hitherto found only in Europe, and points out the
relation of the two forms to Licmophora. An examination of the H. L. S.
type slides of the two diatoms proves that Peronia has very delicate costæ
and a distinct pseudoraphe not noticeable in Meridion. On the slide of
Peronia are frustules exactly similar to certain of the sporangial
variations of M. circulare.

The fan-like arrangement of Licmophora, the marine form, and the circular
chains of Meridion, the fresh-water genus, are similar. Both are stipitate
at the beginning of their growth.



(_c_) FRAGILARIEÆ

Divided into three sections:

_Diatominæ._--Valve circular, elliptical to linear, quadrate or cruciform,
with transverse costæ; without raphe, a pseudoraphe sometimes wanting.

_Fragilariinæ._--Valve elongate, with small central and terminal
elevations, without costæ but with transverse punctate striæ; without
genuine central nodule.

_Eunotiinæ._--Valve lunate; a raphe sometimes partially formed with
terminal nodules near the edges.



DIATOMINÆ

_Diatoma._--Frustules in filaments. Valve linear or elliptical, costate.

_Plagiogramma._--Frustules in fasciæ or free. Valve costate.

_Opephora._--Valve costate, with an inner punctate stratum.


DIATOMA DE CANDOLLE (1805) em. HEIB. (1863)

(diatemno, I cut in two)

Frustules oblong or quadrate, adnate in filaments, attached by alternate
angles and finally separating. Valve linear or elliptical, with transverse
costæ and rows of puncta and a pseudoraphe.

Chromatophores large granules without definite arrangement. (See Pl. 40,
Fig. 11.)


{42}DIATOMA VULGARE BORY.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with apices sometimes rostrate or capitate;
pseudoraphe narrow; costæ, 5 in 10 µ.

Common everywhere in pure fresh water and extremely variable.

Pl. 10, Figs. 9 and 10.

Var. elongatum (Ag.) = var. ehrenbergii (Kuetz.)--elliptical-lanceolate,
constricted near the apex.

Var. grande (Wm. Sm.) Grun.--linear, elongated, constricted near the
apices.

Pl. 10, Fig. 4.

Both of these varieties, with numerous intermediate forms, are abundant
near Newtown Square. Varieties of Grunow, known as breve, ovate-lanceolate;
productum, ovate-lanceolate with produced apices; capitulatum, lanceolate
with capitate extremities, are mingled together in the same gathering.


DIATOMA ANCEPS (EHR.) KIRCHN.

Valve linear with rostrate apices; costæ robust; striæ delicate, 20 in 10
µ. Zone view quadrangular.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 10, Figs. 5 and 6. Fig. 11, Pl. 40, shows frustules containing the
nuclei and chromatophores.


DIATOMA HIEMALE (LYNG.) HEIB.

Valve ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; apices obtuse, not produced. Costæ
not numerous, robust; striæ moniliform. Zone view quadrate, the costæ as
septa deeply dividing the valve into convex elevations.

Common in springs.

Pl. 10, Figs. 7 and 8.

In all species of Diatoma a punctum, or pore, is observed, usually at
alternate ends of the two valves, by means of which a communication exists
between adjoining frustules and causes them to adhere in zig-zag chains
when partially separated.


PLAGIOGRAMMA GREV. (1859)

(plagios, on the side, and gramma, a letter)

Frustules quadrangular, adnate in fasciæ, or free. Valve linear,
elliptical, or elliptical-lanceolate, divided by two or more median and two
terminal costæ or with a central and two terminal hyaline spaces.


  Valve with two median and two terminal costæ:

    Linear, pseudoraphe distinct                              pygmæum

    Linear, with striæ at the ends                            wallichianum

    Ovate-lanceolate                                          obesum

  Valve without costæ but with central and terminal
      nodules: pseudoraphe absent                             tessellatum


{43}PLAGIOGRAMMA PYGMÆUM GREV.

Valve linear-elliptical; pseudoraphe distinct; rows of granules transverse,
usually six in each compartment, moniliform, three on each side.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 10, Fig. 13.


PLAGIOGRAMMA WALLICHIANUM GREV.

Valve linear, rounded at the ends; pseudoraphe absent; transverse rows of
granules, six or seven in each compartment, and two or three rows of
smaller granules at each end.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 10, Fig. 14.


PLAGIOGRAMMA OBESUM GREV.

Valve rhombic-lanceolate, the costæ scarcely visible; pseudoraphe rather
wide; rows of granules, about seven in each compartment, slightly
radiating.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 10, Fig. 12.


PLAGIOGRAMMA TESSELLATUM GREV.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate; central space transversely elliptical to the
major axis, half the diameter of the valve; terminal spaces more or less
circular or ovate. Granular markings large, quadrangular, in transverse
rows. Pseudoraphe not distinct. As the central space does not reach the
margin, it is a question whether this form is a Plagiogramma or a new
genus.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 10, Fig. 11.


OPEPHORA PETIT (1888)

(ope, an opening, and phoreo)

Frustule rectangular. Valve cuneiform, linear or elliptical-lanceolate,
with broad, transverse striæ and a well-defined pseudoraphe or median area.

The genus "portant des stries en forme de boutonnières," as Petit remarks,
is quite near Fragilaria, under which the species here described were
originally included. (See Schmidt's Atlas, Pl. 298, where numerous forms of
F. pinnata are figured.)


OPEPHORA SCHWARTZII (GRUN.) PETIT

Valve obovate-lanceolate or nearly linear with rounded apices; striæ
transverse, broad, 3 or 4 in 10 µ; median area lanceolate.

An inner stratum, with puncta in transverse rows, is apparent.

Blue clay. Not uncommon. Variable in size.

Pl. 10, Figs. 16 and 19.


OPEPHORA PACIFICA (GRUN.) PETIT

Valve linear, oblong, with rounded apices. Median area linear, narrow;
striæ punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 10, Fig. 18.

Petit (Diat. Cap Horn) in his diagnosis states that the valves are
cuneiform, but they are not always so.


{44}OPEPHORA PINNATA VAR. LANCEOLATA N. VAR.

Valve lanceolate; costæ slightly radiate, punctate; median area broad,
lanceolate.

Differs from O. pinnata in outline, radiation of the costæ and median area.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 10, Fig. 17.



FRAGILARIINÆ

_Fragilaria._--Frustules in fasciæ. Valve with transverse striæ.
Pseudoraphe indistinct.

_Rhaphoneis._--Striæ radiate; pseudoraphe distinct.

_Dimerogramma._--Pseudoraphe broad.

_Trachysphenia._--Valve cuneiform.

_Synedra._--Valve elongate.

_Asterionella._--Frustules in star-shaped clusters.


FRAGILARIA (LYNG.) RAB.

(fragilis, because of the fasciæ easily breaking up)

Frustules rectangular, adnate in fasciæ, soon breaking up. Valve
lanceolate, oblong or elliptical in general outline, with convex or sinuate
margins; without costæ; pseudoraphe narrow or indistinct; striæ transverse.
Chromatophores vary according to species. In some they consist of four
bands on the valves; in others they are granular (Mereschkowsky).

Brun divides the genus into two sections, Fragilaria proper and Staurosira.
The former, with an indistinct pseudoraphe, includes the species virescens,
arctica, undata and linearis, while the latter, with distinct pseudoraphe,
includes capucina, harrisonii, construens and parasitica.


FRAGILARIA VIRESCENS RALFS

Frustules in long fasciæ. Valve elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse at the
apices; pseudoraphe indistinct; striæ, 17 in 10 µ, punctate.

Very common in springs and pure streams. The fasciæ are often a foot or
more in length.

Pl. 10, Figs. 20 and 21.


FRAGILARIA ARCTICA GRUN.

Valve oblong or elliptical, 10 µ in length; striæ subtle, with coarse,
short striæ at intervals on the margin and evident in zone view.

Marine. Common at Cape May, N. J.

Pl. 10, Figs. 22 and 23.


FRAGILARIA UNDATA WM. SM.

Valve in general outline linear-elliptical, with extremities produced;
striæ subtle; pseudoraphe distinct.

Fresh water.

Pl. 10, Figs. 24, 25, 27, 28 and 29.


{45}FRAGILARIA LINEARIS CSTR.

Valve linear, with rounded apices; striæ subtle; pseudoraphe indistinct.

Marine. Cape May.

Pl. 10, Fig. 37. Fig. 36 is an indeterminate form occasionally found in the
blue clay.


FRAGILARIA CAPUCINA VAR. MESOLEPTA RAB.

Valve linear, constricted at the hyaline middle; apices slightly produced;
striæ, 17 in 10 µ. Quite variable in size.

Schuylkill River. Morrisville (Keeley).

Pl. 10, Fig. 34.


FRAGILARIA HARRISONII (WM. SM.) GRUN.

Frustules rectangular, solitary or in twos. Valve cruciform; pseudoraphe
narrow, lanceolate; striæ robust, radiating in the middle, composed of
confluent puncta, larger at the circumference.

Blue clay.

Pl. 10, Fig. 31.


FRAGILARIA CONSTRUENS (EHR.) GRUN.

Valve in general outline lanceolate, with produced apices; pseudoraphe
lanceolate, distinct or broad; striæ subtle, 15 in 10 µ. L. of valve, 10-45
µ.

_Staurosira construens_ Ehr.

_Odontidium tabellaria_ Wm. Sm.

Blue clay.

Pl. 10, Fig. 30.


FRAGILARIA PARASITICA (WM. SM.)

Frustules solitary or in twos. Valve lanceolate, sometimes constricted in
the middle; pseudoraphe wide, lanceolate; striæ subtle. Parasitic on other
diatoms.

_Odontidium parasiticum_ Wm. Sm.

Not common. Media (Palmer).

In the constricted form it is known as F. construens var. binodis (Ehr.)
Grun.

Pl. 10, Fig. 35.

An examination of the synonymy of the species of Fragilaria will convince
the student of the difficulty of determining the correct name even in
well-known forms. If all of the species of Fragilaria proper have granular
chromatophores, and all of Staurosira are placcochromatic, a satisfactory
division can be made, but so long as these facts are not known in all
species, and as authors have repeatedly confused the two divisions, the
nomenclature will be uncertain. F. harrisonii is probably in any case to be
separated from the others. De Toni includes it under its original name of
Odontidium, which genus he places near to Diatoma. The number of species in
our locality is too limited to render further discussion of any value.


{46}RHAPHONEIS EHR. (1844)

(rhaphis, a needle)

Frustule in zone view linear. Valve lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate;
pseudoraphe distinct; striæ radiating, moniliform.


RHAPHONEIS AMPHICEROS EHR.

Valve lanceolate, broad, with apices produced; striæ in curved lines,
moniliform, the large granules in longitudinal lines.

Blue clay.

Pl. 10, Fig. 38.


RHAPHONEIS AMPHICEROS VAR. RHOMBICA GRUN.

Valve as in type form but shorter, with larger and more remote granules.

Blue clay.

Pl. 10, Figs. 39 and 40.


RHAPHONEIS BELGICA VAR. INTERMEDIA GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, rostrate; granules in longitudinal and nearly transverse,
not radiating, lines.

Absecon, N. J.

Pl. 10, Fig. 41.


DIMEROGRAMMA RALFS (1861)

(dis, two, meros, a part, gramma, a letter)

Frustules quadrangular, inflated at the angles, in fasciæ. Valve ovate or
lanceolate; striæ moniliform, transverse or slightly radiate; median area
or pseudoraphe broad, lanceolate.


DIMEROGRAMMA MARINUM (GREG.) RALFS

Valve lanceolate or linear and inflated in the middle; striæ moniliform,
transverse or slightly radiate; median area linear or lanceolate, sometimes
not reaching the smooth extremities; striæ, 8 in 10 µ.

Pl. 12, Figs. 9 and 10.

Fig. 9 differs in its lanceolate outline, in having four puncta on each
side in a row, and in the striæ which are radiate.


DIMEROGRAMMA SURIRELLA (EHR.) GRUN.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded apices; striæ moniliform,
radiate; pseudoraphe narrow, lanceolate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 12, Fig. 11.


{47}DIMEROGRAMMA MINUS (GREG.) RALFS

Valve rhombic-lanceolate; striæ punctate, radiate; pseudoraphe lanceolate;
apices smooth.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 12, Figs. 12, 13, 14.


TRACHYSPHENIA PETIT (1877)

(trachys, rough, and sphen, a wedge)

Frustules rectangular. Valve cuneiform with coarse puncta in transverse and
longitudinal lines; pseudoraphe narrow, linear. One species only.


TRACHYSPHENIA AUSTRALIS PETIT

Characters of the genus. Valve small; puncta, 6 in 10 µ. Allied to
Dimerogramma.

Shark River, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 12, Fig. 15.


SYNEDRA EHR. (1830)

(synedrion, a sitting together)

Frustules adnate in small stipitate clusters or free. Valve elongate,
linear or linear-lanceolate; pseudoraphe distinct; costæ absent.

The genus Synedra has few distinctive characters. As Brun remarks (Diat.
des Alpes et du Jura, p. 122), the dilatation of the extremities and the
pseudo-nodule are of little value in classification, as the intermediate
forms are so numerous. Fragilaria occurs in very long ribbons or fasciæ,
Synedra in short fasciæ or radiating clusters. Fragilaria is seldom longer
than three or four times the width, while Synedra is nearly always so. The
former has fine, often subtle, markings and narrow pseudoraphe, while the
latter has coarser punctate striæ and a more distinct pseudoraphe.

Chromatophores usually consist of two bands, one on each of the valves.
Karsten states that in the marine forms the chromatophores are oval or
polygonal discs, each of which usually encloses a pyrenoid.


SYNEDRA ULNA (NITZSCH) EHR.

Frustules solitary or in twos. Valve 150-250 µ in length, linear or
linear-lanceolate, with rostrate apices; striæ, 9 in 10 µ.

Common in rivers and streams.

Pl. 11, Figs. 4, 7 and 11 (?).

Frequently interrupted in the middle. The distinction made by Wm. Smith as
to the presence or absence of the central blank space is probably not
necessary, as both forms are found which are otherwise identical.

Fig. 5 represents the formation of a sporangial frustule which differs from
the usual form in its inflated ends prolonged into rostrate apices. Figs. 1
and 6 are sporangial frustules.


{48}SYNEDRA BICEPS (KUETZ.) SCHMIDT

Valve sublanceolate, inflated at the ends, apices rounded; central space
not always distinct; pseudoraphe narrow; striæ radiate at the ends.

This is not Kuetzing's species, if the descriptions and figures are
accepted, nor is it H. L. Smith's Type No. 545, which is S. ulna var.
danica, nor is it S. biceps Wm. Smith, but it is exactly Schmidt's form
(Atlas, Pl. 303, Figs. 10-15).

Schuylkill River.

Pl. 11, Fig. 3.


SYNEDRA DANICA KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, suddenly constricted at the rounded apices; central space
frequently absent.

Very common in streams.

Pl. 11, Fig. 2.

The figure represents an unusually large form. It differs from S. ulna only
in its apices.


SYNEDRA CAPITATA EHR.

Valve long, linear, dilated into triangular acute apices; pseudoraphe
distinct; striæ radiate at the ends.

Blue clay.

Pl. 11, Fig. 8.


SYNEDRA ACUS KUETZ.

Valve very narrow, lanceolate, acicular, with obtuse apices.

Common in the Schuylkill River.

Pl. 11, Figs. 9 and 18.


SYNEDRA GOULARDI BRÉB.

Valve constricted in the middle; apices sub-acute, sometimes slightly
rostrate or capitate; central space evident.

Neshaminy Creek (Palmer). Blue clay. Crum Creek.

Pl. 11, Figs. 12 and 13.


SYNEDRA PULCHELLA (RALFS) KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, tapering to the sub-acute, rostrate or slightly capitate
apices; dilated at the central hyaline space; pseudoraphe distinct. Very
variable in size.

Crum Creek. Schuylkill River. Rather common.

Pl. 11, Figs. 14, 15, 16.


SYNEDRA PULCHELLA VAR. ABNORMIS MACCHIATI?

Valve as in type form, except that one end is curved like a beak, as in S.
hamata Wm. Sm., which it resembles.

Not uncommon in the Schuylkill River.

Pl. 11, Fig. 17.


SYNEDRA OXYRHYNCHUS VAR. UNDULATA GRUN.

Valve linear-lanceolate with produced rostrate apices, asymmetrical,
sigmoid; pseudoraphe narrow; pseudo-nodule large.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 12, Fig. 1.


{49}SYNEDRA PULCHELLA VAR. FLEXELLA N. VAR.

Frustule slightly attenuated at the ends, truncate, somewhat tumid in the
middle and flexed. Valve lanceolate, with obtuse or subcapitate apices and
with two almost imperceptible constrictions at the middle producing a tumid
appearance; pseudoraphe distinct; pseudo-nodule absent. L. 56 µ; striæ,
14-16 in 10 µ.

Some valves are bent and incised on one side. The outline of the valve is
that of pulchella.

Common at Newtown Square.

Pl. 12, Fig. 2.


SYNEDRA RADIANS KUETZ.

Frustules linear, in small fasciæ. Valve 34 µ in length, linear, with
apices rostrate, obtuse, sometimes slightly capitate; pseudoraphe distinct;
striæ about 20 in 10 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 10, Figs. 32 and 33.

There is difficulty in recognizing S. radians K. as described and figured
by different authors. On Plate 12, Fig. 8, I have drawn a specimen from H.
L. Smith's Type Slide No. 574, labelled S. radians Kuetz., not Wm. Smith,
which, however, corresponds closely to Smith's figure (Brit. Diat. 1, Pl.
11, Fig. 89). De Toni gives S. radians Kuetz. as equivalent to S. tenera
Wm. Sm. Van Heurck's figure of S. radians, and also the figure of ulna
var., said to be synonymous with H. L. Smith's S. radians, which does not
correspond to the specimens on Smith's slide in my possession, are
confusing. In Van Heurck's Synopsis the striæ are said to be 16 or 17,
while De Toni describes them as subtle and from 17 to 24 in 10 µ. The
length is quite variable.

Several species of Synedra resemble S. radians in the mode of growth, as
they are adnate at first, in short bands, the frustules being sessile on
other plants or objects, attached at the terminal nodules which, although
scarcely visible in most forms, are probably present in all. The frustules
are not closely connected at the free end, and soon become entirely
detached.

In Diatoma and Fragilaria, we find a punctum or pore at one end of a valve,
but not in line with the pseudoraphe; in Synedra, a minute pore is usually
found in the position of the terminal nodule and, in some species,
indications of a central nodule are observed; the median line is wider but
there is no raphe. In the fresh-water Synedræ, many of which are among the
longest of diatoms, living in running streams, the terminal nodules are
much more indistinct, while the marine forms have distinct terminal
nodules, are not, as a rule, found in bands, and assume a more naviculoid
outline.


SYNEDRA VAUCHERIÆ VAR. PARVULA (KUETZ.) RAB.

Valve lanceolate, with produced or rostrate apices; pseudo-nodule wide,
excentric. L. 17 µ.

Crum Creek.

Pl. 12, Fig. 5.

Fig. 6 represents a variety with coarser striæ from the Schuylkill River.
Both are easily mistaken for Fragilaria intermedia.


{50}SYNEDRA FULGENS (GREV.) WM. SM.

Frustules geminate or flabellate on a stipe. Valve slightly inflated in the
middle and at the apices; pseudoraphe narrow; striæ finely punctate,
radiate at the ends.

Marine. Atlantic City.

Pl. 11, Fig. 10.


SYNEDRA AFFINIS KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate; striæ marginal, leaving a broad lanceolate pseudoraphe.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 12, Fig. 3.


SYNEDRA AFFINIS VAR. PARVA (KUETZ.) V. H.

Valve lanceolate, slender; striæ marginal, shorter than in the type.

_Synedra gracilis_ Kuetz.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 12, Fig. 7.


SYNEDRA AFFINIS VAR. TABULATA (AG.) V. H.

Valve linear-lanceolate; striæ, 11 in 10 µ, very short.

Not common. New Rochelle.

Pl. 12, Fig. 4.


ASTERIONELLA HASSALL (1855)

(dim. of aster, a star)

Frustules linear, slightly inflated at the ends, arranged in star-shaped
clusters which soon break up. Valve linear, unequally inflated at the ends.


ASTERIONELLA FORMOSA HASS.

Valve clavate at the ends; striæ transverse, 17 in 10 µ, pseudoraphe very
narrow or indistinct; an ovoid, hyaline area at each end.

Newark, N. J. Broomall's Lake, Media (Palmer).

Pl. 12, Figs. 19, 20, 21.


ASTERIONELLA INFLATA HEIB.

Valve linear, capitate at each end and tumid in the middle; striæ
distinctly punctate; pseudoraphe indistinct, or not apparent. L. 30 µ.

Fresh water. May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 12, Fig. 22.



EUNOTIINÆ

_Eunotia._--Frustules either free, in fasciæ or epiphytic. Valves arcuate.

_Actinella._--Frustules, solitary or in small clusters, cuneate. Valve
inflated at one end.


{51}EUNOTIA EHR. (1837) em. GRUN. (1862)

(eu, well, and noton, a back, referring to the strong, ridged dorsum)

Frustules free, in fasciæ or epiphytic. Valve arcuate, without costæ,
transversely striated; pseudoraphe absent; pseudo-nodules at each end.

Chromatophores laminate along the concave zone and the valves.

Very many species of Eunotia have been created to differentiate size and
number of crenæ or undulations. An examination of certain fossil deposits
of New England, as well as a gathering from the blue clay of Philadelphia,
will show forms which vary infinitely. E. major and E. gracilis are
scarcely distinguishable because of the intermediate variations. The striæ
in all forms are punctate, but the puncta are frequently confluent.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES

Eunotia is divided into two sections, Himantidium and Eunotia proper. In
Himantidium, the frustules are in fasciæ, either short or long. Among those
with short fasciæ are major, gracilis, and nymanniana; those with long
fasciæ are pectinalis, solierolii and veneris. Eunotia proper includes
frustules, free or epiphytic, in which the valves are not dentate on the
dorsal margin, such as lunaris, hemicyclus, biceps and prærupta; and those
in which the valves are dentate or crenate on the dorsum, such as monodon,
triodon, diadema and others.

The resemblance between Eunotia and Epithemia is noticeable. In both, the
epiphytic character of the valve is seen in the shape of the frustule which
is arched, and, in the free forms, is adherent at the ends only. In
Epithemia, the median is more evident than the terminal nodules. In
Eunotia, there is no median nodule, but the end nodules, in some species,
are quite evident, and a tendency is shown to produce a very short raphe.
The arrangement of puncta in valve view is similar in both genera.


SECTION 1. HIMANTIDIUM

EUNOTIA MAJOR (WM. SM.) RAB.

Valve arcuate, linear, subcapitate, recurved. Striæ punctate, 12 in 10 µ L.
90-190 µ.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 13, Figs. 1 and 2.


EUNOTIA GRACILIS (EHR.) RAB.

Valve with sides parallel; apices slightly capitate and revolute; striæ, 10
in 10 µ. The striæ on the connective membrane more delicate than in E.
major. Intermediate forms occur.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 13, Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is indeterminate.


EUNOTIA NYMANNIANA GRUN.

Valve small, curved, with parallel dorsal and ventral margins; apices
truncate and recurved into dorsal elevations; striæ delicate.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 13, Fig. 32.


{52}EUNOTIA PECTINALIS (KUETZ.)

Valve linear, arcuate, apices slightly rostrate; striæ distinctly punctate
with puncta in longitudinal rows nearer together at the ends.

_Himantidium pectinale_ Kuetz.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 13, Figs. 6 and 7.

The fasciæ are associated in large masses, sometimes an inch or more in
diameter, and late in August are found a foot or more in length, of a
beautiful chocolate color. Exceedingly abundant in the cedar-swamp streams
of the Pine Barren regions of New Jersey. In winter, the dead frustules
form a parchment-like coating upon the twigs, dead leaves, and other débris
on the borders of streams.

This species can scarcely be referred to Dillwyn's Conferva pectinalis, as,
in his description, quoting Mueller, he says that "the filaments are of a
dirty green color; seldom exceeding half an inch in length." Dillwyn's form
is probably Fragilaria virescens, which equals Fragilaria pectinalis Ehr.,
while Kuetzing's species is Fragilaria pectinalis Ralfs. It is not
impossible to confuse Fragilaria virescens and Eunotia pectinalis when the
zone only is seen under a low power and their mode of growth is similar.


EUNOTIA PECTINALIS VAR. UNDULATA RALFS

Valve as in type form, but with undulate margins.

Common in the cedar swamps of New Jersey.

Pl. 13, Figs. 8 and 10.


EUNOTIA PECTINALIS VAR. SOLIEROLII (KUETZ.)

Valve as in type, but with internal divisions as though in the process of
reduplication.

Not common. Moorestown, N. J. (Palmer).

Pl. 13, Fig. 9.


EUNOTIA PECTINALIS VAR. VENTRICOSA GRUN.

As in type, but with the valves tumid in the middle.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 13, Fig. 12.

Fig. 11 is a form found in the blue clay. It differs in the coarser puncta
from the var. ventricosa. In outline it resembles Eunotia arcus Wm. Sm.,
which is Ceratoneis arcus (Ehr.) Kuetz., but the central nodule is not
present as in the latter form, which connects Eunotia and Cymbella. It may
be a form of E. luna Ehr. (A. S., Atlas, Pl. 286, Figs. 33 and 34.)


EUNOTIA VENERIS KUETZ.

Valve with convex dorsal and straight ventral margins, more or less
constricted near the sub-acute apices. Striæ subtle, punctate.

_Eunotia incisa_ Greg.

May's Landing, N. J. Blue clay, Pavonia, N. J.

Pl. 13, Figs. 30 and 31.


{53}EUNOTIA (PROPER)

EUNOTIA LUNARIS (EHR.) GRUN.

Frustules sessile, solitary or in clusters. Valve arcuate, narrow,
attenuated toward the apices, which are sometimes slightly rostrate or
rostrate-capitate; transverse striæ, 14 in 10 µ, punctate.

Very common in ditches, especially in the spring. Variable in length.

Pl. 12, Figs. 24 and 25.


EUNOTIA HEMICYCLUS (EHR.) RALFS

Valve semicircular, with obtuse apices; striæ transverse, punctate;
terminal nodules minute and indistinct.

Hammonton Pond, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 12, Fig. 23.

The genus Pseudo-Eunotia was created by Grunow for forms like Eunotia, but
without terminal nodules. As, however, in E. lunaris and E. hemicyclus
nodules are evident, although not so large as in many species, I include
these two forms as heretofore under Eunotia.


EUNOTIA BICEPS EHR.

Valve linear, slightly arcuate, narrow, with rounded apices somewhat
revolute; striæ, 16 in 10 µ.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 13, Fig. 27.


EUNOTIA PRÆRUPTA EHR.

Valve convex on dorsal side, apices dilated and truncate; striæ distant at
centre.

Common in the blue clay.

Pl. 13, Fig. 5.


EUNOTIA PRÆRUPTA VAR. BIDENS GRUN.

Valve with two undulations; otherwise as in type.

_Eunotia bigibba_ Greg.

With the type.

Pl. 13, Fig. 19.


EUNOTIA ROBUSTA RALFS

Valve arcuate, with several or numerous dorsal ridges or crenæ which
decrease in relative size in proportion to their number. Striæ radiate,
variable in distance apart, and in size of puncta.

Ralfs included under this one name the following species named by
Ehrenberg: E. diodon (2 crenæ); E. triodon (3); E. tetraodon (4); E.
pentodon (5); E. diadema (6); E. heptodon (7); E. octodon (8); E. enneadon
(9); E. decadon (10); E. hendecadon (11); E. duodecadon (12); E. serra
(13); E. prioritis (14); all more than 20, E. polyodon. E. scalaris, with
from 15 to 17 crenæ, and E. icosodon with 20, may be added.

It is probable that all of these forms occur at May's Landing, N. J. The
forms with more than eight crenæ are comparatively rare. In the blue clay
those with from four to six are most common.

Pl. 13, Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 25.


{54}EUNOTIA BACTRIANA EHR.

Valve linear, apices revolute, acute, dentate on the dorsal margin, with
one acute crena near each end.

Tom's River, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 13, Fig. 18.


EUNOTIA BIDENTULA WM. SM.

Valve with straight ventral margin, and with two undulations on the dorsum;
apices large, rounded.

May's Landing, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 13, Fig. 20 (not Schumann's form, which has angular crenæ).


EUNOTIA FORMICA EHR. VAR.?

Valve turgid in the middle and at the apices which are unilaterally
truncate.

Pensauken, N. J. (artesian well).

Pl. 13, Fig. 26 (not a typical form).

The following are forms which appear to be indeterminate, or, in any case,
are scarcely worthy of distinction by specific names, as might be said of
others of the innumerable variations of this genus:

Fig. 23, Pl. 13, probably a form of prærupta. Newtown Square.

Fig. 28, Pl. 13, from the blue clay.

Fig. 29, Pl. 13, an asymmetrical form, apparently abnormal, but not rare at
May's Landing, N. J.

Fig. 17, Pl. 38. Valve convex on the dorsal side, incised on the ventral;
striæ about 15 in 10 µ, closer at the ends; L. 30 µ. Schuylkill River.

Fig. 18, Pl. 38. Valve arcuate, asymmetrical, broader at one end; terminal
nodules large; striæ, 10 in 10 µ; L. 47 µ. Gloucester, N. J., artesian
well.

Numerous variations of the above species are illustrated in Schmidt (Atlas,
Pls. 285-291).


ACTINELLA LEWIS (1865)

(dim. of actin, a ray)

Frustules solitary, or in small clusters, sub-cuneate or nearly linear.
Valve arcuate, rounded at one end and suddenly widened at the other into a
cup-shaped or lychnoid inflation.


ACTINELLA PUNCTATA LEWIS

Valve with fine, transverse striæ; on the margin, puncta at intervals;
terminal nodules distinct.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 12, Figs. 16, 17, 18.

Fig. 17, from Tom's River, N. J., is an approach toward A. brasiliensis
Grun.

Fig. 18 represents the frustules geminate, a frequent occurrence.



{55}NAVICULOIDEÆ

In discussing the Naviculoid group, the general divisions of Cleve are here
followed, and all diatoms having a true raphe are included. I have added
the genus Epithemia and also Rhopalodia, partly because they contain a
raphe of a certain kind and partly because they resemble the markings of
certain of the genus Hantzschia in the following group, although in other
respects there is probably no similarity.

The difficulty of combining the numerous genera into groups which are
naturally affiliated is avoided in the following arrangement based on
superficial similarities, and is intended merely as an artificial key. To
unite all forms having a raphe and which are symmetrical with valves
similar and not sigmoid, under the one genus Navicula, as has been the
custom previous to the publication of Cleve's monograph, would result in
associating species differing in so many respects in relation to structure
of the valve and cell contents that it seems advisable to retain the new
genera, especially as the original genus is likely to be still further
reduced when more is known of the structure and life history of the group.


KEY TO THE GENERA


  Valves dissimilar. Achnantheæ

  symmetrical                                                 Cocconeis

  asymmetrical

    to the longitudinal axis                                  Anorthoneis

    to the transverse axis                                    Rhoicosphenia

    in zone view                                              Achnanthes

  Valves similar and asymmetrical

  asymmetrical to the longitudinal axis

    valves parallel                                           Cymbella

    valves not parallel                                       Amphora

    valves keeled, twisted (sometimes symmetrical)            Amphiprora

    valves keeled                                             Tropidoneis

    valves reniform and keeled                                Auricula

    median line sigmoid at the ends                           Scoliotropis

  asymmetrical to the transverse axis

    striæ punctate and costate                                Gomphoneis

    striæ punctate                                            Gomphonema

  Valves similar, symmetrical and sigmoid

    striæ oblique                                             Pleurosigma

    striæ at right angles                                     Gyrosigma

  Valves similar, symmetrical, not sigmoid

    striæ punctate, nodules elongated                         Frustulia

    striæ subtly punctate, central nodule forked              Amphipleura

    striæ punctate and reticulate, in two strata              Dictyoneis

    striæ punctate and alveolate, in three strata             Trachyneis

    striæ punctate, in two strata                             Brèbissonia

    striæ interrupted by blank lines                          Anomoeoneis

    striæ crossed by longitudinal lines                       Caloneis

    striæ oblique, median fissures in opposite directions     Neidium

    striæ punctate and costate, median line with horns        Diploneis

    striæ punctate; valves separated by septate plates        Mastogloia

    striæ punctate, central area dilated into a stauros       Stauroneis

    striæ punctate, area without stauros or horns             Navicula

    striæ costate, not punctate                               Pinnularia



{56}ACHNANTHEÆ

Frustules stipitate, free or parasitic. Valves cuneate, elliptical or
suborbicular, dissimilar, bent along the transverse or the longitudinal
axes, the lower valve with a true raphe and central and terminal nodules,
the upper valve with a pseudoraphe or median line.

_Rhoicosphenia._--Stipitate; valves with transverse puncta, bent along the
transverse axis, cuneate, with diaphragms at the ends.

_Anorthoneis._--Free; puncta radiate; valves bent slightly along the
transverse axis, suborbicular.

_Cocconeis._--Parasitic; valves elliptical, usually bent along the
longitudinal axis; striæ punctate, transverse and longitudinal.

_Achnanthes._--Stipitate; valves lanceolate or elliptical, bent along the
transverse axis; striæ transverse, punctate; costæ sometimes present.


RHOICOSPHENIA GRUN. (1860)

(rhoicos, curved, and sphen, a wedge)

Frustule in zone view curved; valves cuneate, dissimilar, the upper with a
pseudoraphe, the lower with a raphe.

Chromatophore a single plate along both valves, and one of the inner walls
of the zone. Conjugation as in Gomphonema, with which it is generally
associated in classification.


RHOICOSPHENIA CURVATA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve clavate, with rounded apex and base; lower valve with raphe, a narrow
axial area and slightly radiate, punctate striæ; the upper valve with a
narrow pseudoraphe and parallel striæ; a short diaphragm at the ends of
each valve. Length usually from 15 to 25 µ, but frequently of twice the
size.

Common in Crum Creek.

Pl. 19, Figs. 25, 26, 27.


ANORTHONEIS GRUN. (1868)

(anorthos, not straight)

Valves dissimilar, the upper valve with an excentric axial area, the lower
with an excentric raphe.


ANORTHONEIS EXCENTRICA (DONK.) GRUN.

Valves orbicular, with radiating, punctate striæ, closer at the
circumference, producing the appearance of a border. Axial area not
reaching the ends. Frustules occur free on the sands of the sea-shore. L.
25 to 50 µ.

Belmar, N. J.

Pl. 16, Figs. 30 and 31.


{57}COCCONEIS EHR. (1835) em. GRUN. (1868)

(coccos, a berry)

Valves elliptical, dissimilar, the upper valve with a pseudoraphe and the
lower with a genuine raphe and nodules, usually with a rim or annulus.
Frustules epiphytic.

Cocconeis is generally considered as a degenerated form of Mastogloia, as
indicated by the "obsoletely loculiferous rim." The frustules are usually
bent along the longitudinal axis, probably because of the attachment to the
curved stems of water-plants.

The cell contents of only a few species are known. In C. pediculus, a
single chromatophore occurs on the inside of the upper valve. In
conjugation, two cells open and secrete a gelatinous mass from which an
auxospore is formed.

Cleve separates the forms having a loculiferous rim (Cocconeis) from those
without a rim (Eucocconeis). As the rim is easily detachable, the
distinction is often made with difficulty.


COCCONEIS SCUTELLUM EHR.

Valves elliptical, the upper with a linear or lanceolate pseudoraphe and
coarse puncta in transverse and radiating lines; the lower valve with much
finer puncta in radiating lines, a lanceolate axial area and, sometimes, a
loculiferous rim.

Along the coast. Common, but extremely variable.

Pl. 16, Fig. 21 (upper valve). Fig. 18, var. ?


COCCONEIS SCUTELLUM VAR. ORNATA GRUN.

Upper valve with linear axial area, and transverse and radiating punctate
lines which end at the border in a double row of finer puncta; lower valve
with much finer puncta, a lanceolate axial area and a loculiferous rim.

Atlantic City. Common.

Pl. 16, Figs. 27 and 28.

The forms along the coast vary infinitely both in size and appearance. The
var. ornata is very abundant along the entire coast. In any gathering,
valves are found with or without the rim which is frequently seen detached.
The upper valve is sometimes without the double row of puncta. Fig. 21
represents an upper valve more coarsely punctate than usually occurs. Very
many intermediate forms might be noticed.


COCCONEIS PEDICULUS EHR.

Valves rhombic-elliptical, very convex, somewhat asymmetrical; the upper
valve with a linear pseudoraphe, sometimes widened near the ends, and
slightly radiating, finely punctate striæ; lower valve with narrow, axial
area and finely punctate, radiating striæ.

Not uncommon in fresh water. Abundant in a ditch at Paoli, Pa.

Pl. 16, Figs. 23 and 24.


COCCONEIS PLACENTULA EHR.

Valve elliptical; upper valve with a linear or lanceolate axial area, and
punctate striæ in transverse and radiating rows, the puncta at equal
distances; the lower valve with a lanceolate axial area, radiating rows of
puncta, and a wide border of finely punctate, radiating striæ, separated
from the central part of the valve by a narrow hyaline zone.

Common in salt, brackish and fresh water.

Pl. 16, Figs. 19 and 20.


{58}COCCONEIS PLACENTULA VAR. LINEATA (EHR.) V. H.

As in the type, except that the upper valve has the puncta arranged in
zig-zag, giving the appearance of sinuous, longitudinal lines.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 16, Fig. 29.

C. pediculus and C. placentula are the only species I have found in fresh
water. Cleve states that the former occurs also in brackish water.

The following are among the species placed by Cleve in a new genus,
Eucocconeis, distinguished by the absence of a loculiferous rim.


COCCONEIS DIRUPTA GREG.

Valves elliptical, the lower with fine puncta in slightly radiating lines,
a narrow axial area and a central area dilated into a lanceolate,
stauriform space; the terminal fissures turned in opposite directions; the
upper valve similar to the lower valve except in the absence of raphe and
nodules.

Along the coast. New Rochelle.

Pl. 16, Fig. 22 (lower valve).


COCCONEIS PELLUCIDA GRUN.

Valves elliptical, the upper with broad axial area on each side of which
are fine, longitudinal rows of short striæ; the lower valve with more
numerous longitudinal rows, a marginal line and indistinct raphe; the
terminal fissures small and turned in opposite directions.

New Rochelle.

Pl. 16, Figs. 25 and 26.

In the var. minor Grun. the median line of the lower valve is sometimes
slightly sigmoid.


ACHNANTHES BORY (1822)

(achne, froth or down, and anthos, a flower)

Frustules stipitate, solitary or in short fasciæ, flexed. Valves elliptical
or lanceolate, naviculoid, dissimilar, the lower with a raphe and median
and terminal nodules, and the upper with a pseudoraphe or median space.

The genus has no apparent affinity with any other.


ACHNANTHES LONGIPES AG.

Valves linear-elliptical, obtuse at the apex, sometimes slightly
constricted in the middle. Connective zone with transverse, subtly punctate
striæ, interrupted by longitudinal lines. Central nodule of lower valve
dilated into a stauros reaching the margin. Valves costate, the costæ
alternating with double rows of fine puncta.

Along the coast, in estuaries.

Pl. 16, Figs. 1 and 2.

A. longipes is the only species in our locality considered by Cleve as
belonging to the genus; the other forms, distinguished by the absence of
costæ, are included in the genus Achnanthidium of Kuetzing.

In A. longipes, the chromatophores consist of scattered, rounded granules,
while in Achnanthidium the chromatophore is a single plate along the upper
valve, or a double one {59}along the connective zone. It is necessary,
therefore, to distinguish between A. longipes and the following group, but,
because of the long continued union of all of the stipitate forms having
the general appearance of a true Achnanthes, I shall continue to describe
the local species under the generally accepted name.


ACHNANTHES BREVIPES AG.

Valves without costæ; striæ moniliform; upper valve with excentric
pseudoraphe or median line; otherwise as in A. longipes.

Along the coast, in estuaries.

Pl. 16, Fig. 3.


ACHNANTHES SUBSESSILIS KUETZ.

Valves linear-elliptical, rounded at the ends; upper valve with excentric
pseudoraphe; striæ moniliform, puncta smaller than in A. brevipes.

Along the coast, in estuaries.

Pl. 16, Figs. 4, 5, 6.

The three species described above are named from the length of the stipe,
but this varies considerably and is not of special significance.


ACHNANTHES INFLATA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valves more or less inflated in the middle, usually with the stauros of the
lower valve asymmetrical and wider than in A. subsessilis, with which it
agrees in size and markings.

Gloucester, N. J. (artesian well).

Pl. 16, Figs. 7 and 8.


ACHNANTHES COARCTATA (BRÉB.) GRUN.

Valves lanceolate, oblong, broad at the ends and constricted in the middle.
Stauros wide; pseudoraphe of the upper valve excentric; striæ slightly
radiate on the lower valve; puncta small.

Blue clay.

Pl. 16, Fig. 9.


ACHNANTHES LANCEOLATA (BRÉB.) GRUN.

Valves more or less elliptical; striæ radiating, 12 in 10 µ, punctate; on
the lower valve a horse-shoe shaped hyaline space on one side of the
centre; on the upper valve an irregular stauros, not reaching the margin.
L. 8-20 µ.

In springs. Abundant at Newtown Square.

Pl. 16, Figs. 10, 11, 12.


ACHNANTHES EXIGUA GRUN.

Valves oblong-lanceolate, with rostrate ends, sometimes slightly
constricted in the middle. Stauros rather wide; striæ punctate, radiating,
22 in 10 µ. L. 10-12 µ.

_Stauroneis exilis_ Kuetz. (not Achnanthes exilis Kuetz.)

Frequently found in aquaria where I have kept it growing continuously for
years.

Pl. 16, Figs. 14 and 15.


ACHNANTHES LINEARIS FORMA CURTA H. L. SMITH

Frustules solitary or geminate. Valves linear-elliptical, or
elliptical-lanceolate. Lower valve without distinct axial area; upper valve
with axial area widened in the middle; striæ slightly radiate (?). L. 7 µ.
One of the smallest of diatoms.

{60}This form I found in a pure gathering covering the sides of a
greenhouse tank at Elm, N. J. It was sent to Prof. H. L. Smith, who
determined it as forma curta of A. linearis.

Pl. 16, Figs. 16 and 17.


ACHNANTHES DANICA (FLOEGEL) GRUN.

Valves rhombic-lanceolate, with subacute ends. Striæ, 25 in 10 µ, radiate.
Lower valve with stauros widened toward the margin, and cleft into three
divisions.

Pavonia, N. J. (artesian well).

Pl. 16, Fig. 13.

I have seen the lower valve only. Cleve states that the upper valve is
costate with "alternating fine lineolæ twice as close as the costæ."


CYMBELLA AG.  (1830)

(cymbe, a boat)

Frustules free, stipitate or enclosed in tubes. Valve boat-shaped; median
line asymmetrical, straight or curved.

Chromatophore single, covering the entire interior of the frustule, except
the ventral part of the zone and the median lines. Its longitudinal axis is
on the dorsal part of the zone. A pyrenoid lies in a fold of the
chromatophore on the dorsal part.

The genus includes the former genera of Cocconema, characterized by
stipitate forms, and Encyonema in which the frustules are frequently
enclosed in gelatinous tubes.


SECTION 1.--CYMBELLA PROPER. FRUSTULES FREE OR SOMETIMES STIPITATE

CYMBELLA HETEROPLEURA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Valve nearly symmetrical, lanceolate, with rostrate, produced apices;
median line nearly straight; axial area linear, widened in the middle;
striæ radiate, punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 18, Fig. 10.


CYMBELLA CUSPIDATA KUETZ.

Valve broad, elliptical, with rostrate, somewhat acute, apices and nearly
straight, ventral margin; median line straight, axial area linear, widened
in the middle; striæ radiate, punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 18, Fig. 17.


CYMBELLA NAVICULIFORMIS AUERSWALD

Valve linear-elliptical, with abruptly produced apices; ventral margin
straight; median line almost straight; axial area narrow, central area
large, rounded; striæ distant in the middle, closer at the ends.

Fresh water.

Pl. 18, Fig. 6.


CYMBELLA EHRENBERGII KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, with ventral margin nearly straight and apices
sub-rostrate; median line straight, excentric; axial area narrow; central
area widened in the middle; striæ coarsely punctate.

Fresh water.

Pl. 18, Fig. 9.


{61}CYMBELLA AFFINIS KUETZ.

Valve about three times as long as broad, strongly convex on the dorsal
side and straight on the ventral; apices sub-rostrate; striæ punctate;
axial area narrow, not widened in the middle; median line curved; a small
or indistinct punctum on the ventral side of the median line (not shown in
the figure).

Common in ponds. Abundant in East Park Reservoir.

Pl. 18, Fig. 18.


CYMBELLA EXCISA (KUETZ.) DE TONI

Valve as in affinis, but with tumid and excised ventral margin; a punctum
is found on the ventral side (not shown in the figure).

According to Cleve this is a variety of C. affinis.

Common in ponds.

Pl. 18, Figs. 15, 19?


CYMBELLA PARVA (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve semi-lanceolate, with produced apices; ventral margin slightly tumid;
axial area narrow; striæ coarsely but obscurely punctate.

C. affinis and C. parva are quite variable, the latter differing by its
lanceolate form and the absence of a punctum, which, however, is sometimes
difficult to recognize. In a gathering of C. parva, it is quite possible to
find numerous abnormal forms which appear to be sporangial, so that
specific distinctions are difficult if based on occasional specimens.

Common in ponds.

Pl. 38, Fig. 14.


CYMBELLA AMPHICEPHALA NÆGELI

Valve unequally elliptical, with broad, rostrate apices; axial area narrow;
median line straight; central area small, rounded; striæ, 12 in 10 µ on the
dorsal, closer on the ventral, side and at the ends.

Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 18, Fig. 16.


CYMBELLA SINUATA GREG.

Valve linear-elliptical, gibbous on the ventral side; axial area
indistinct; central area widened on the ventral side nearly to the margin.

Crum Creek.

Pl. 18, Fig. 13.


SECTION 2.--COCCONEMA. FRUSTULES STIPITATE

CYMBELLA ASPERA (EHR.) CL.

Valve large, cymbiform, arcuate on the dorsal, slightly gibbous on the
ventral side; axial area linear, broad, slightly widened in the middle; no
row of puncta on the ventral side. The puncta form curved longitudinal
lines and the innermost row on the ventral side appears sometimes distant
from the others, but not as in C. cistula.

_Cocconema asperum_ Ehr.

_Cymbella gastroides_ Kuetz.

{62}Not Cymbella gastroides H. L. Smith, Type No. 118, which is C. mexicana
A. S., having a punctum in the middle of the central nodule; in outline it
is like C. gastroides var. minor Kuetz.

Blue clay.

Pl. 18, Fig. 1 (an unusual form, but it resembles Grunow's. (Diat. Franz
Jos. Land, Pl. 1, Fig. 7.)


CYMBELLA CYMBIFORMIS (KUETZ.) BRÉB.

Valve cymbiform, slightly gibbous on the ventral margin; apices broad,
somewhat truncate; a punctum occurs on the ventral side of the median line;
striæ, 8 in 10 µ, closely punctate.

Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 18, Fig. 2.


CYMBELLA CISTULA (HEMPR.) KIRCHN.

Valve cymbiform, with gibbous ventral margin and truncate apices; a
distinct row of several puncta occurs below the median line in typical
forms.

Blue clay.

Pl. 18, Fig. 3.


CYMBELLA LANCEOLATA (EHR.) KIRCHN.

Valve cymbiform, with gibbous ventral margin; apices truncate; axial area
very narrow, scarcely widened in the middle; striæ with fine close puncta.

Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 18, Fig. 4.


CYMBELLA MEXICANA (EHR.) A. S.

Valve broad, with gibbous ventral margin and sub-rostrate, truncate apices;
median line with reflexed terminal fissures; striæ with coarse puncta; a
large punctum occurs in the centre of the central area.

Blue clay.

Pl. 18, Fig. 5.


CYMBELLA TUMIDA (BRÉB.) V. H.

Valve cymbiform, with gibbous ventral margin and abruptly rostrate ends;
median line arcuate; axial area narrow; central area large, orbicular;
below the central nodule is a punctum; striæ punctate.

Crum Creek.

Pl. 18, Fig. 7.


SECTION 3.--ENCYONEMA. FRUSTULES IN TUBES

CYMBELLA VENTRICOSA KUETZ.

Valve lunate, with straight or slightly gibbous ventral margin; axial area
indistinct; median line straight or nearly so; striæ punctate.

Very common, but extremely variable. The ventral margin is sometimes
straight and sometimes quite gibbous.

Pl. 18, Figs. 14, 22; Pl. 38, Fig. 16; Pl. 40, Fig. 8.

{63}C. ventricosa is considered by some authors to be equivalent to C.
affinis var. semicircularis Lagerst., Encyonema prostratum (Berk.) Ralfs,
E. cæspitosum Kuetz. and E. auerswaldii Rab. H. L. Smith's Type Slide of C.
ventricosa Ag. is said to equal C. affinis Kuetz., but the specimens appear
to me to be equivalent to C. ventricosa Kuetz. Cleve unites many forms,
including E. cæspitosum, under C. ventricosa.


CYMBELLA PROSTRATA (BERK.) CL.

Valve semi-elliptical, obtuse at the apices, which are sometimes prolonged
and turned downwards; median line straight, terminal nodules distant from
the ends; axial area narrow, central area rounded; striæ in radiating,
slightly curved lines, indistinctly punctate.

Common in fresh water; occasional in brackish.

Pl. 18, Fig. 21 (represents a frequent variation).


CYMBELLA PHILADELPHICA N. SP.

Valve semi-elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded apices; ventral margin
strongly gibbous; terminal nodules distant from the ends; axial area broad,
central area widened on the dorsal side; striæ radiate, not curved nor of
unequal length, indistinctly punctate, 10 in 10 µ on the dorsal, 8 in 10 µ
on the ventral side. L. 86 µ.

This form approaches Encyonema prostratum (Berk.) Ralfs, Schmidt's Atlas,
Pl. 71, Fig. 7, but differs in the striæ and the axial and central areas.

Blue clay of Philadelphia. Rare.

Pl. 18, Fig. 8.


CYMBELLA TRIANGULUM (EHR.) CL.

Valve semi-elliptical, with acute ends; median line straight; ventral side
half the width of the dorsal, with straight, slightly convex or concave
margin; striæ radiate, coarsely punctate.

_Gloeonema triangulum_ Ehr.

Baker's Run, Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 18, Fig. 24.


CYMBELLA TURGIDA (GREG.) CL.

Valve semi-elliptical, with acute ends; ventral margin gibbous; ventral
side half the width of the dorsal; median line straight; terminal fissures
turned downwards; axial area broad; striæ radiate, coarsely punctate.

Baker's Run, Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 18, Fig. 23.


CYMBELLA TURGIDA (GREG.) CL. VAR. ?

Valve lunate, with gibbous ventral margin; median line straight; terminal
fissures turned downwards near the ends; axial area lanceolate, striæ
radiate on the dorsal side, 8 in 10 µ, punctate, 9 on the ventral side,
closer at the ends where they are convergent. L. 65 µ. Not a typical form.

Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 18, Fig. 12.


CYMBELLA RHOMBOIDEA N. SP.

Valve rhomboidal, with acute ends; dorsal part one and a half times the
width of the ventral; median line nearly straight, with terminal fissures
turned downwards near the ends; axial area broad, not widened in the
middle, except slightly on the ventral side; striæ {64}radiate, distant in
the middle of the dorsal side where they are 7 in 10 µ, coarsely punctate,
the puncta in longitudinal lines, 9 in 10 µ on the ventral side, closer at
the ends. L. 69 µ.

Baker's Run, Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 18, Fig. 11.


CYMBELLA GRACILIS (RAB.) CL.

Valve semi-lanceolate, with acute ends; median line nearly straight, with
terminal fissures turned downwards, distant from the ends; axial area
linear; ventral margin straight or slightly gibbous in the middle.

Hammonton Pond, N. J.

Pl. 18, Fig. 20.


CYMBELLA LACUSTRIS (AG.) CL.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with obtuse ends, nearly symmetrical; median
line straight, terminal fissures distant from the ends; striæ radiate in
the middle, convergent at the ends, coarsely lineate.

Belmar, N. J.

Pl. 18, Fig. 25.


AMPHORA EHR. (1840)

(amphora, a jar)

Valves asymmetrical along the longitudinal axis, as in Cymbella, but with
the plane passing through the dorsal and ventral sides of one valve at an
angle with that of the other. As Cleve states, Cymbella and Amphora are
forms of Navicula "with both valves similar and asymmetrical along the
longitudinal axis," and the difference between Cymbella and Amphora is in
the "degree of asymmetry." If, following H. L. Smith's diagrams (Lens, Vol.
2, 1873, p. 66), we assume that the usual form of the valve in Navicula is
elliptical or lanceolate, and the zone view is rectangular, we have in
Cymbella an arcuate median line and a more or less reniform valve, while
the zone view remains rectangular with the valves parallel. Now, if the
valves are asymmetrical along the longitudinal axis, and one side of one
valve is separated from the corresponding side of the opposite valve by a
wider connective zone than is the case on the other side, the transverse
section of the frustule will appear cuneate, as in Amphora, and the
connective zone will be wider on one side than the other. When, therefore,
we examine an entire frustule as it is usually seen, we shall find the two
raphes of the valves in focus at the same time on the ventral side, and, by
changing the focus, the convex sides of the same valves are seen, the
dorsal view with, usually, a wider connective zone. As an illustration,
compare Figs. 5 and 6, on Plate 15, Fig. 6 being the ventral, and Fig. 5
the dorsal view.

As Amphoræ are epiphytic or parasitic, they are considered, as Cleve
remarks, like Achnanthes and Cocconeis, as "degenerated forms."

Chromatophores usually single, lying on the ventral connective zone.
Mereschkowsky describes nine forms.

Cleve divides the genus into a number of groups as follows:

_Amphora proper._--Connective zone not complex; valves with longitudinal
lines on the dorsal side; coarsely punctate or costate.

_Diplamphora._--Zone complex; otherwise as in Amphora.

_Halamphora._--Longitudinal lines absent; frustule elongate, with
protracted ends.

{65}_Oxyamphora._--Zone complex; longitudinal lines absent; frustule
elliptical; valve lunate, with or without a central stauros; striæ
punctate.

_Amblyamphora._--Zone complex; frustule rectangular; valve lunate; striæ
punctate; axial and central areas indistinct.

_Psammamphora._--Zone not complex; frustule rectangular; central nodule
frequently dilated to a stauros; no axial or central area.

_Cymbamphora._--Valve semi-lanceolate; median line straight, approximate to
the ventral margin.


AMPHORA

AMPHORA ROBUSTA GREG.

Frustule elliptical, truncate; valve lunate, with straight ventral margin;
median line biarcuate; ventral side with coarse, radiate striæ, 6 in 10 µ,
on both sides of the median line.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Fig. 1.


AMPHORA PROTEUS GREG.

Frustule elliptical, truncate; valve lunate, with straight ventral margin;
median line biarcuate; no central area. Striæ on the dorsal side not
interrupted, 9 in 10 µ. Ventral side striate toward the ends.

Differs from A. robusta chiefly in size and coarseness of puncta. Extremely
variable in size.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 15, Figs. 5, 6, and 19.


AMPHORA OVALIS (BRÉB.) KUETZ.

Frustule elliptical, truncate; valve lunate; median line biarcuate; striæ
on dorsal side 10-16 in 10 µ.

_Var. libyca (Ehr.) Cl._--Central area distinct on the dorsal side.

_Var. pediculus (Kuetz.) Cl._--Central area and nodule quite distinct.
Striæ finer than in var. libyca.

Common in ponds. Quite variable.

Pl. 15, Fig. 7.


AMPHORA GIGANTEA VAR. FUSCA A. S.

Frustule elliptical; valve lunate, with straight ventral margin. Axial area
absent on the dorsal side; dorsal striæ, 10 in 10 µ, punctate. Ventral part
hyaline except at the ends, which are obliquely striated, with short,
punctate lines. L. 70-120 µ.

Absecon, N. J.

Pl. 38, Fig. 1.


DIPLAMPHORA

AMPHORA CRASSA GREG.

Valve linear-elliptical, with obtuse, incurved ends. Median line biarcuate.
Axial and central areas indistinct on the dorsal side; striæ coarsely
punctate, interrupted by a longitudinal line on the dorsal side.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Fig. 3.


{66}AMPHORA AREOLATA GRUN.

Valve with straight ventral margin; median line straight, approximate to
the ventral margin; axial area indistinct; several longitudinal lines
crossed by apparent costæ which alternate with rows of fine puncta.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 15, Fig. 11.


HALAMPHORA

AMPHORA COFFÆIFORMIS (AG.) KUETZ.

Frustule lanceolate, truncate; zone with numerous divisions. Valve arcuate
on the dorsal and nearly straight on the ventral side; ends protracted or
slightly capitate.

_A. aponina_ Kuetz.

_A. salina_ Wm. Sm.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Figs. 8 and 18.


OXYAMPHORA

AMPHORA LINEOLATA EHR.

Frustule membranaceous, elliptical, truncate, with broad ends. Zone with
numerous divisions. Dorsal part striated transversely; ventral side with
longitudinal lines.

_A. plicata_ Greg.

_A. hyalina_ H. L. Smith, Type No. 64.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Figs. 9 and 10.


AMPHORA OSTREARIA BRÉB.

Frustule oblong, with rounded angles. Zone with five or more divisions
transversely striated. Central area narrow, biarcuate; central nodule
dilated to a stauros. Valve narrow, with arcuate dorsal and straight
ventral margin, acute at the ends. Striæ transverse, finely punctate.

_A. vitræa_ Cl.; _A. porcellus_ Kitton; _A. quadrata_ Bréb.; _A. elegans_
Greg. Appearance varies according to the position of the valve.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Figs. 12 and 21.


AMPHORA LÆVIS GREG.

Frustule oblong, hyaline and membranaceous. Valve linear or slightly
arcuate, with ventral margin tumid in the middle; ends obtuse; central
nodule dilated to a stauros; median line very narrow, biarcuate, coinciding
with the dorsal margin at the ends; striæ transverse, punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 15, Fig. 13.


AMPHORA ACUTA GREG.

Valve lunate, with acute ends; ventral margin straight; ventral side very
narrow. Central nodule dilated to a stauros; striæ transverse, punctate.

Along the coast.

Pl. 15, Fig. 20.


{67}AMBLYAMPHORA

AMPHORA OBTUSA GREG.

Frustule rectangular. Valve linear, obliquely rounded at the ends, with
arcuate dorsal, and straight ventral, margin; median line biarcuate; striæ,
18-20 in 10 µ.

Along the coast. Common.

Pl. 15, Fig. 4.


PSAMMAMPHORA

AMPHORA ARENARIA DONK.

Frustule hyaline, rectangular, slightly tumid in the middle, with rounded
angles. Valve linear with broad ventral side and straight or sinuate
ventral margin. Striæ, 24-27 in 10 µ (Cleve).

Common along the coast.

Pl. 15, Fig. 17.

The distinction between A. obtusa and A. arenaria is not always evident if
the valves alone are seen. The former has a complex zone, the latter a
simple zone, and the valve has finer striæ. Cleve's descriptions and
references in regard to these two forms do not agree with the descriptions
and figures of H. L. Smith, or with the figures of Schmidt. The valves of
most Amphoræ are capable of assuming various outlines according to their
position.


AMPHORA OCELLATA VAR. CINGULATA CLEVE

Frustule rectangular. Valve linear, with dorsal margin arcuate and the
ventral margin straight. Central nodule with a stauros on the dorsal side.

Squan River, N. J.

Pl. 15, Figs. 14 and 15.


CYMBAMPHORA

AMPHORA ANGUSTA VAR. EULENSTEINII GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, acute at the ends. Median line straight, approximate to
the margin. Axial area widened on the dorsal side, indistinct on the
ventral; striæ punctate.

_A. eulensteinii_ A. S.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 15, Fig. 16.

On Pl. 40, Figs. 21, 22, and 23, I have attempted, imitating H. L. Smith's
figures (Lens, l.c.), to illustrate the difference in the transverse
sections of Navicula, Cymbella and Amphora.

Fig. 21 represents the transverse section of a convex Navicula, in which
the valves ecg and fdh are parallel, and the median nodules c and d are
central.

Fig. 22 is a transverse section of Cymbella in which the valves are nearly
parallel and the median nodules are excentric. The girdles on one side, ea
and af, are narrower than gb and bh on the other side.

Fig. 23 is a transverse section of an Amphora in which the valves appear in
zone view with the median nodules of both valves on the same side. The
girdles on the ventral side, ea and af, are narrower than gb and bh on the
dorsal side. The girdles on the dorsal side are seldom as broad as gb and
bh, the valve extending over a great part of the dorsal side to g' and h'.


{68}AMPHIPRORA EHR. (1843)

(amphi, on both ends, and prora, a prow)

Frustule twisted in the longitudinal axis, constricted in the middle; zone
complex, with numerous divisions crossed by fine striæ. Valve lanceolate,
acute. The raphe confined within a sigmoid keel or extension of the valve;
the central and terminal nodules indistinct. Striæ transverse, punctate,
with coarser striæ at the junction of the keel and lower part of the valve.

Chromatophores single, with indented border except in A. pulchra, in which
there are two chromatophores with entire borders.


AMPHIPRORA ALATA KUETZ.

Frustule with a row of puncta at the junction line. Valve linear, acute at
the ends. Median line sigmoid. Striæ lineate on the lower part of the
valve, punctate on the keel.

Along the coast. Not common.

Pl. 14, Fig. 3.


AMPHIPRORA PULCHRA BAIL.

Frustule with sigmoid connective zone. Valve very convex, with sinuate keel
and junction lines evident. In zone view and in valve view, one half of the
frustule, owing to the elevation of the keel, is wider than the other half.
Striæ punctate, coarser on the keel.

Not uncommon along the coast.

Pl. 14, Figs. 1 and 2.


AMPHIPRORA CONSPICUA GREV.

Valve linear or elliptical, with acute ends. Median line sigmoid, but the
junction lines not evident. Striæ lineate, with coarser lines near the
middle.

Not common. Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 14, Fig. 4.


AMPHIPRORA ORNATA BAIL.

Frustule membranaceous, constricted in the middle, with well-marked folds
extending from the junction line in both directions. Valve lanceolate,
constricted in the middle and with protracted ends. Keel undulate on the
edge.

A beautiful, transparent and delicate form, the only fresh-water species in
our locality.

Delaware Water Gap, Pa.

Pl. 14, Figs. 6 and 7.


AMPHIPRORA PALUDOSA WM. SM.

Frustule membranaceous, constricted, with truncate ends. Valve linear, with
acute ends. Striæ scarcely visible.

Cape May (Cleve).

Pl. 14, Fig. 5.


TROPIDONEIS CLEVE (1891)

(tropis, a keel)

Frustule oblong, constricted in the middle; keel not sigmoid. Axial area
not evident. Striæ very fine, punctate, in longitudinal lines.


{69}TROPIDONEIS LEPIDOPTERA (GREG.) CLEVE

Valve with straight, median excentric line. Keel unilateral, projecting
above the median line in zone view; central area small. Transverse striæ
finely punctate. As usually seen, the valve is inclined. According to
Karsten there are two chromatophores on the connective zone, each divided
into four parts, each of which contains a large oval pyrenoid.

_Amphiprora lepidoptera_ Greg.

Along the coast.

Pl. 14, Figs. 8 and 9.


AURICULA CASTRACANE (1873)

(auricula, the ear, the shape of the valve)

Frustule globose. Valve reniform or cymbiform, elevated into a keel which
is not sigmoid. Median line biarcuate. Differs from Amphiprora in not
having a sigmoid keel.


AURICULA MUCRONATA (H. L. SMITH) PERAGALLO

In zone view, the median line deeply bisects the longitudinal axis, ending
in a mucronate central nodule. Connective zone complex. Valve very complex,
with ventral margin nearly straight and raphe excentric. Central nodule
near the margin, terminal nodules small. Striæ, 35-40 in 10 µ (Cleve).
Chromatophore single, on the ventral part.

_Amphora mucronata_ H. L. Smith.

_Amphora (?) insecta_ Grun.

_Auricula insecta_ (Grun.) Cleve.

"A rare and very curious pelagic species" (Peragallo, Diat. Villefranche).

Prof. H. L. Smith included this form in his first century of "Species
Typicæ Diatomacearum," which was issued prior to 1876, the date of
publication, in Schmidt's Atlas, of Amphora insecta Grun.

Atlantic City, N. J. Rare.

Pl. 15, Fig. 2.


SCOLIOTROPIS CLEVE (1894)

(scolios, twisted, and tropis, a keel)

Frustule linear, oblong. Median line sigmoid near the ends. Valve with
transverse costæ alternating with two intermediate rows of puncta in
oblique lines.


SCOLIOTROPIS LATESTRIATA VAR. AMPHORA CLEVE

Valve asymmetrical, with the median line curved. Frustule sub-acute at the
ends. Median lines not on the same side of each valve of the frustule.

Abundant at Cape May, N. J. Not common elsewhere.

Pl. 14, Figs. 10 and 11.


GOMPHONEIS CLEVE (1894)

(gomphos, a peg, and neis (naus))

Valve elongated, asymmetrical to the transverse axis; axial area narrow;
central area rounded, stigmatic; striæ radiating, costæ alternating with
double rows of fine puncta. An indistinct, longitudinal line near the
border.

Chromatophores and conjugation have not been determined.


{70}GOMPHONEIS HERCULANEUM (EHR.) CL.

Valve clavate, with rounded apex; costæ, 13 in 10 µ, alternating with
double rows of fine puncta, 22 in 10 µ, in oblique rows; axial area narrow,
central area rounded, with one stigma.

_Gomphonema capitatum_ Ehr var. _herculaneum_ Ehr., H. L. S., Type Slide
No. 177.

Common in the blue clay.

Pl. 19, Fig. 2.

Pl. 38, Fig. 15, zone view of young frustule.


GOMPHONEIS MAMILLA (EHR.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, with rounded apex and base; striæ costate, 10 in 10 µ,
alternating with double rows of fine puncta; axial area linear, sometimes
oblique, central area small, with one or more stigmas.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 19, Fig. 1.

In one frustule I noticed one valve with one stigma and the other with four
stigmas.

The difference between G. mamilla and G. elegans is not very great. In the
latter the central area is larger and the longitudinal lines not so near to
the margin. The stigmas form a circlet. There appears to be a coincidence
in the relation of Gomphoneis to Gomphonema, and that of the true
Achnanthes to the group described by Cleve under Achnanthidium. In
Gomphoneis and Achnanthes the striation is both costate and punctate while
in Gomphonema and Achnanthidium the striation is punctate only.


GOMPHONEMA AG. (1824)

(gomphos, a peg, and nema, a filament)

Valve elongated, asymmetrical with respect to the transverse axis; striæ
transverse, usually radiate, punctate.

Chromatophore band single, the middle lying on one zone.

In conjugation, according to Thwaites and Pfitzer, from two mother cells,
which do not form a positive union, two auxospores are developed parallel
to the original frustules. In Plate 19, Fig. 19, I have drawn a
representation of the auxospore formation as I have frequently observed it
in a gathering sent me by Mr. T. C. Palmer, containing G. angustatum, a
common species in this locality. The sagittal plane of the valve of the
auxospore is at right angles to the plane of the valve of the mother cell.
Two valves of one of the mother cells are seen separated, one on each side
of the auxospore which is nearly twice the length of the original
frustules. The two valves of the other mother cell are not shown as they
are not usually found closely united. In the figure one valve alone of the
auxospore is seen, the opposite valve not being in focus. The valves of the
auxospore are usually more or less arcuate, as in Cymbella, to which the
genus is closely allied.

Grunow divides Gomphonema into two groups, Asymmetricæ and Symmetricæ,
according to the presence or absence of stigmas. Cleve suggests Stigmaticæ
and Astigmaticæ as more suitable in order to agree with the Cymbellæ. The
Stigmaticæ are found chiefly in fresh water, sometimes in brackish. All of
the marine forms belong to the Astigmaticæ, which, however, include some
common fresh-water forms. Many species of Gomphonema are stipitate, some
occur in gelatinous masses, and others are free.


{71}GOMPHONEMA MONTANUM SCHUM.

Valve slightly biconstricted, with obtuse apex and basis, somewhat cuneate;
axial area linear, widened in the middle unilaterally; stigma, one; striæ
about 11 in 10 µ, more distant in the middle, punctate.

_Gomphonema subclavatum_ var. _montana_ (Schum.) Cl.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.

Pl. 19, Fig. 3.


GOMPHONEMA GEMINATUM LYNG.

Valve biconstricted, with large, rounded, sub-truncate apex and broad,
sub-truncate basis; striæ, 9 in 10 µ, radiate in the middle, alternately
longer and shorter, transverse at the basis and near the apex where they
again radiate, coarsely punctate, puncta, 12 in 10 µ. Axial area linear;
central area rounded, with several large stigmas in a longitudinal row;
terminal fissures hook-shaped.

Blue clay.

Pl. 19, Fig. 4.


GOMPHONEMA LANCEOLATUM VAR. INSIGNIS (GREG.) CL.

Valve lanceolate; axial area narrow; central area unilateral with one
stigma; striæ with coarse and distant puncta.

Common and variable.

_Gomphonema insigne_ Greg.

Pl. 19, Figs. 6 and 12.

Fig. 12 shows a unilateral central area. Fig. 6 is more clavate in outline
with small central area. In both forms the coarse puncta are in distinct
longitudinal lines in the middle.


GOMPHONEMA ACUMINATUM VAR. TURRIS (EHR.) CL.?

Valve clavate, with cuneate, acute apex; axial area distinct; central area
unilateral with one stigma.

Blue clay.

Pl. 19, Fig. 11.


GOMPHONEMA ACUMINATUM VAR. TURRIS (EHR.) CL.

Valve clavate, with cuneate apiculate apex and narrow basis; axial area
narrow, with a unilateral central space; stigma opposite the short striæ;
striæ more radiate in the upper part, distant in the middle.

Smith's Island, Delaware River.

Pl. 19, Fig. 5.


GOMPHONEMA ACUMINATUM VAR. CORONATA (EHR.) CL.

Valve twice constricted, with broad, cuneate apex; striæ radiate in the
middle, convergent near the apex and radiate at the apex. Variable in size
and outline.

Blue clay. Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 19, Fig. 7.


GOMPHONEMA ACUMINATUM VAR. TRIGONOCEPHALA (EHR.) CL.

Valve broad, with cuneate apex; axial area narrow; central area unilateral
with one stigma.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 19, Fig. 20.


{72}GOMPHONEMA CONSTRICTUM EHR.

Valve clavate, constricted beneath the abruptly rounded apex, gibbous in
the middle, striæ alternately longer and shorter; axial area narrow,
central area unilateral, with one stigma.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 19, Fig. 8.


GOMPHONEMA SPHÆROPHORUM EHR.

Valve clavate, with capitate or rostrate-capitate apex and narrow basis;
axial area very narrow; central area small, unilateral, with one stigma.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 19, Figs. 9 and 10. Fig. 10 appears to be a transitional form having a
more distinct axial area and rostrate apex.


GOMPHONEMA AUGUR EHR.

Valve broadly clavate, truncate and apiculate at the apex; basis sub-acute;
axial area distinct; central area small, unilateral with one stigma; striæ
with distant puncta.

Blue clay. Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 19, Fig. 21.


GOMPHONEMA INTRICATUM KUETZ.

Valve narrow, lanceolate, slightly gibbous in the middle; axial area
distinct; central area transverse with one stigma; striæ parallel. Quite
variable.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 19, Fig. 14.


GOMPHONEMA ANGUSTATUM KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, with sub-rostrate apex and basis; axial area indistinct;
central area unilateral, with one small stigma; striæ slightly radiate,
indistinctly punctate.

Very common in fresh water.

Pl. 19, Figs. 18 and 19.

Fig. 19, as stated above, represents the formation of an auxospore.


GOMPHONEMA ÆQUALE GREG.

Valve linear-lanceolate, nearly symmetrical, with capitate apex and basis;
axial area narrow; central area unilateral, with one stigma; striæ radiate
in the middle, slightly convergent at the ends.

_Gomphonema intricatum var. æquale_ (Greg.) Cl.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 19, Fig. 15.


GOMPHONEMA SARCOPHAGUS GREG.

Valve linear, irregular in outline, with rounded apex and basis; axial area
distinct; central area small, unilateral, with one stigma; striæ irregular
with coarse, distinct puncta.

Occasional in fresh water.

Pl. 19, Fig. 16.


GOMPHONEMA CAPITATUM EHR.

Valve clavate, broad at the sub-truncate apex and slightly constricted, or
with parallel margins; axial area linear, central area stellate, with one
stigma; striæ in the middle alternately longer and shorter.

Blue clay.

Pl. 19, Fig. 22.


{73}GOMPHONEMA PARVULUM VAR. MICROPUS (KUETZ.) CL.

Valve clavate, with rounded apex and basis; axial area indistinct; central
area unilateral, with a small stigma; striæ distant in the middle.

Common.

Pl. 19, Fig. 17.


GOMPHONEMA VENTRICOSUM GREG.

Valve clavate, with broad apex and produced, rounded basis; axial area
narrow, widened in the middle; stigma one; striæ distant in the middle,
finely punctate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 19, Fig. 13.


GOMPHONEMA OLIVACEUM LYNG.

Valve clavate, with broad apex and narrow basis; axial area very narrow;
central area irregular, without stigma; striæ radiate, finely punctate.

Very common.

Pl. 19, Fig. 23.


GOMPHONEMA BRASILIENSE VAR. DEMERARÆ GRUN.?

Valve lanceolate, with sub-cuneate apex and narrowed basis; axial area
lanceolate, broad; no stigma; median fissures remote; striæ parallel, 12 in
10 µ, punctate, the puncta obsolescent, small or interrupted.

Willistown, Pa. Rare.

Pl. 19, Fig. 24.


PLEUROSIGMA WM. SM. (1852)

(pleura, a side, and sigma, the letter s)

Valve lanceolate, sigmoid; axial area very narrow, central area small;
striæ punctate, in transverse and oblique lines.

Cleve divides the forms usually known as Pleurosigma into two genera,
Pleurosigma and Gyrosigma. Pleurosigma includes all forms having oblique
rows of puncta, while Gyrosigma includes all having longitudinal rows. Both
have transverse striæ. The former consists entirely of marine species,
while in the latter the species are found in fresh, brackish and salt
water.

The endochrome in Pleurosigma, according to Mueller, consists of two bands
which differ in the median part of each valve. Mereschkowsky says that the
endochrome is so divided as to form four bands, two on each valve, that
their position is different in different species, and that they are not the
same on valves of the same frustule.

Cleve prefers to classify the species of Pleurosigma and Gyrosigma in
accordance with the outline of the valve and the flexure of the median
line. I shall, however, retain the method used by Peragallo and Grunow and
arrange the forms according to the striation.


(1) OBLIQUE STRIÆ ABOUT 90 DEGREES, MORE DISTINCT THAN THE TRANSVERSE

PLEUROSIGMA FORMOSUM WM. SM.

Valve elongated, slender, gently sigmoid, acute at the ends; oblique striæ
crossing each other at about 90 degrees; 10-16 in 10 µ; transverse striæ,
14-20 in 10 µ (Cleve).

Along the coast.

Pl. 22, Fig. 5.


{74}PLEUROSIGMA OBSCURUM WM. SM.

Valve linear, not sigmoid, or scarcely so; ends obtuse, subconical; raphe
sigmoid, near the margin at the extremities; transverse and oblique striæ
equidistant, 28 in 10 µ (Wm. Sm.).

Abundant at Greenwich Point, Philadelphia.

Pl. 22, Fig. 4.


(2) OBLIQUE STRIÆ CLOSER AT THE ENDS

PLEUROSIGMA NAVICULACEUM BRÉB.

Valve lanceolate, slightly sigmoid at the extremities; raphe strongly
sigmoid near the margin at the ends; central nodule large, rounded; oblique
striæ, 13-14 in the middle, closer at the ends; transverse striæ, 18-20 in
10 µ (Peragallo).

Long Island Sound.

Pl. 22, Fig. 6.


PLEUROSIGMA VIRGINIACUM H. L. SMITH

Valve slightly sigmoid, with acute ends; raphe more sigmoid than the valve,
excentric near the ends; oblique striæ in different directions at the
centre, 13 in 10 µ, closer and less distinct at the ends; central nodule
small but prominent because of its thickness, producing by diffraction an
apparently wide area (somewhat exaggerated in the figure). L. 95 µ, usually
larger.

_P. affine_ var. _fossilis_ Grun. (Peragallo).

_P. normanii_ var. _fossilis_ Grun. (Cleve).

Common in the blue clay.

Pl. 22, Fig. 8.


(3) OBLIQUE STRIÆ 60 DEGREES

PLEUROSIGMA ANGULATUM (QUEKETT) CL.

Valve rhomboidal, with sub-rostrate or produced ends; central nodule
rhomboidal; raphe central; transverse and oblique striæ at an angle of 60
degrees, equidistant, 18-22 in 10 µ.

_Navicula angulata_ Quekett.

Along the coast.

Pl. 22, Fig. 3.


PLEUROSIGMA STRIGOSUM WM. SM.

Valve lanceolate, with sub-acute, somewhat revolute, apices; oblique striæ
at an angle of about 60 degrees, otherwise as in angulatum.

Along the coast. Not common.

Pl. 22, Fig. 1.


PLEUROSIGMA ÆSTUARII BRÉB.

Valve lanceolate, with produced apices; raphe less sigmoid than the valve
and excentric; oblique striæ, 19-21 in 10 µ, at an angle of about 60
degrees.

Along the coast. Common.

Pl. 22, Fig. 7.


{75}(4) OBLIQUE STRIÆ 60 DEGREES, THE TRANSVERSE MORE DISTANT

PLEUROSIGMA RIGIDUM WM. SM.

Valve nearly straight or slightly sigmoid, with obtuse ends; raphe central,
excentric near the ends; oblique striæ, 17-21, transverse, 16-19 in 10 µ.
(Peragallo).

New Rochelle, N. Y.

Pl. 22, Fig. 2 (very near the var. gigantea Grun.)


GYROSIGMA HASSALL (1845)

(gyros, curved, and sigma)

Valve lanceolate, sigmoid; axial area very narrow, central area small;
striæ punctate, in transverse and longitudinal rows.

Chromatophores two, in long and narrow bands, perforated, differing from
those of Pleurosigma. The elæoplasts are also arranged differently in the
two genera. (Mereschkowsky, Études sur l'Endochrome des Diatomées, Imperial
Academy of Petrograd, 1901, Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 18 et seq.)

The arrangement is according to Peragallo.


(1) LONGITUDINAL STRIÆ MORE DISTANT THAN THE TRANSVERSE

GYROSIGMA HIPPOCAMPUS (EHR.)

Valve lanceolate, sigmoid, with obtuse ends; raphe nearly central;
transverse striæ 15-17, longitudinal, 10-12 in 10 µ.

_Navicula hippocampus_ Ehr.

_Pleurosigma hippocampus_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.

_Gyrosigma attenuatum_ (Kuetz.) Cl.

Long Island Sound.

Pl. 23, Fig. 3.


(2) LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE STRIÆ NEARLY EQUAL

GYROSIGMA BALTICUM (EHR.) CL.

Valve with margins parallel nearly to the extremities, which are suddenly
unilaterally sub-conical and obtuse; raphe sigmoid; transverse and
longitudinal striæ nearly equally distant, 15 in 10 µ (Per.). L. 200-360 µ.

_Navicula baltica_ Ehr.

_Pleurosigma balticum_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 23, Fig. 2.


GYROSIGMA PARKERI VAR. STAURONEIOIDES GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, slightly sigmoid, ends produced into beaks with sub-acute
apices; raphe straight in the middle part; central nodule elliptical;
transverse striæ, 21, and longitudinal, 24 in 10 µ (Per.).

An apparent stauros, variable in width, extends to the margin and, in
consequence, the median transverse striæ are more evident. L. 75 µ.

Schuylkill River. Rather rare.

Pl. 23, Fig. 7.


{76}GYROSIGMA SIMILE (GRUN.)

Valve slightly sigmoid, broad, with obtuse ends; raphe sigmoid, nearly
central; transverse striæ, 15, longitudinal, 16-17 in 10 µ (Per.).

_Pleurosigma simile_ Grun.

_Gyrosigma balticum_ var. _similis_ (Grun.) Cl.

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 23, Fig. 4.


(3) TRANSVERSE STRIÆ MORE DISTANT

GYROSIGMA ACUMINATUM (KUETZ.) CL.

Valve sigmoid, tapering to the sub-acute ends; raphe central; transverse
and longitudinal striæ nearly equally distant, 17 or 18 in 10 µ (Per.).

_Frustulia acuminata_ Kuetz.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 23, Fig. 5.


GYROSIGMA STRIGILIS (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve sigmoid, with obtuse ends; raphe doubly sigmoid; axial area rather
wide; transverse striæ, 13, and longitudinal, about 16 in 10 µ.

Long Island Sound. Not common.

Pl. 23, Fig. 1.


GYROSIGMA KUETZINGII (GRUN.) CL.

Valve sigmoid, lanceolate, with sub-acute ends; raphe central, the central
nodule elliptical; transverse striæ, 21-23, and longitudinal, 25-26 in 10
µ.

_Pleurosigma spencerii_ var. _acutiuscula_ Grun.

_Pleurosigma spencerii_ var. _kuetzingii_ Grun.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 38, Fig. 12.


GYROSIGMA SCALPROIDES (RAB.) CL.

Valve slightly sigmoid, with obtuse ends; raphe nearly straight; central
nodule elliptical; transverse striæ, 22, slightly radiate and more distant
in the middle; longitudinal striæ, 29 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.

Common in streams.

Pl. 38, Fig. 9.

In Pl. 23, Fig. 6 represents a form more sigmoid.


GYROSIGMA SPENCERII VAR. NODIFERA GRUN.

Valve sigmoid, with obtuse ends; raphe central; central nodule obliquely
elongated; transverse striæ, 17-18 in 10 µ, curved in the middle of the
valve, longitudinal striæ, 22 in 10 µ. L. 150 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 23, Fig. 8.


GYROSIGMA PROLONGATUM (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve narrow, lanceolate, produced into beaks, curved in a contrary
direction; raphe central; transverse striæ, 20-21 in 10 µ, longitudinal
closer. L. 140 µ.

Along the coast, northward.

Pl. 38, Fig. 13.

I have not seen any specimens south of New England, but they will probably
occur.


{77}(4) STRIÆ ALIKE, EXTREMITIES PRODUCED

GYROSIGMA FASCIOLA (EHR.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, attenuated into curved beaks turned in opposite
directions; raphe central, straight, except at the beaks; transverse striæ,
22, longitudinal, 24 in 10 µ (Per.).

New York Bay.

Pl. 23, Fig. 9.


FRUSTULIA AG. (1824); em. GRUN. (1865)

(frustulum, a small piece)

Valves naviculoid, similar, usually free but sometimes enclosed in
gelatinous tubes or embedded in mucus. Median line between two thickened
ribs. Central and terminal nodules frequently elongated. Surface of valve
with fine puncta in longitudinal and transverse lines appearing hyaline
under medium powers.

Chromatophores, two, extending along the girdle. They differ from those of
Navicula in being separated from the wall in the middle by a hemispherical
mass of protoplasm. According to Pfitzer, each chromatophore is divided in
the middle, allowing a connection between the hemispherical mass and the
central plasma mass. Schmitz states that the chromatophore is thickened in
the middle and contains a pyrenoid.

In conjugation, two frustules form two cylindrical bodies which later
become conical and from which are formed the sporangial valves twice the
usual size.


FRUSTULIA LEWISIANA (GREV.) DE TONI

Valve elliptical or linear, with rounded ends; terminal nodules elongated,
at a distance from the ends; striæ, 24 in 10 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River. Along the coast.

Pl. 17, Fig. 1.


FRUSTULIA RHOMBOIDES (EHR.) DE TONI

Valve lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, rounded at the ends; central and
terminal nodules short; striæ, 20 in 10 µ, sometimes coarser.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 17, Fig. 2.


FRUSTULIA RHOMBOIDES VAR. AMPHIPLEUROIDES GRUN.

Valve rhombic-lanceolate; central and terminal nodules elongated; median
line somewhat excentric.

Blue clay.

Pl. 17, Fig. 3.


FRUSTULIA RHOMBOIDES VAR. SAXONICA (RAB.) DE TONI

Valve smaller than in rhomboides, with somewhat produced ends, closer
median ribs and rounded central nodule.

Fresh water.

Pl. 17, Fig. 6.


FRUSTULIA VULGARIS (THWAITES) DE TONI

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded or sometimes sub-rostrate ends;
central and terminal nodules slightly elongated; striæ delicate, closer at
the ends. Frustules at first in gelatinous tubes.

_Colletonema vulgaris_ Thwaites.

Fresh water.

Pl. 17, Fig. 4.


{78}FRUSTULIA INTERPOSITA (LEWIS) DE TONI

Valve linear-elliptical, rounded at the ends; terminal nodules short.

_Navicula interposita_ Lewis.

Along the coast. Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 17, Fig. 5.


AMPHIPLEURA KUETZ. (1844)

(amphi, on both sides, pleura, a side)

Frustules free, in gelatinous masses or in tubes. Valve linear-lanceolate;
central nodule narrow, extending half the length of the valve or more, then
forking toward the ends. Terminal nodules prolonged, as in Frustulia, into
a "porte-crayon-shaped" figure.

Chromatophores two, very short.


AMPHIPLEURA PELLUCIDA KUETZ.

Frustules free or in mucous masses. Valve fusiform; forks about one-fourth
the length of the valve; striæ transverse, punctate, 36-40 in 10 µ (J. J.
Woodward).

Occasional in the Delaware River.

Pl. 17, Fig. 9.


AMPHIPLEURA RUTILANS (TRENTEPOHL) CL.

Frustules enclosed in gelatinous tubes. Valve linear-lanceolate, obtuse at
the ends; forks about one-third the length of the valve; striæ, 28 in 10 µ.

_Conferva rutilans_ Trentepohl.

_Schizonema dillwynii_ Wm. Sm.

Abundant at Belmar, N. J.

Pl. 17, Fig. 10.

Fig. 11 represents a portion of the gelatinous tube containing frustules.


DICTYONEIS CLEVE (1890)

(dictyon, a net)

Frustules oblong. Valve lanceolate, constricted in the middle (in our
species); an outer layer finely punctate and an inner layer of
reticulations; the margin of the valve divided into large, quadrate cells.

The genus Dictyoneis includes species at one time ascribed to Mastogloia
and Navicula. The structure, however, is not like that of either, as the
loculi are attached to the valve and are not separable as in Mastogloia,
and the cell-wall is not like that of any Navicula.

Cleve remarks that Dictyoneis is found in warm waters. Lewis found one
specimen at Black Rock Harbor, L. I., and one in the Delaware River blue
clay. The specimens here described I found living on the New Jersey coast.


DICTYONEIS MARGINATA VAR. TYPICA CLEVE

Valve panduriform, with cuneate lobes; axial area narrow, linear, scarcely,
or not at all, widened in the middle; terminal fissures in contrary
directions; outer stratum finely punctate, about 25 in 10 µ, in parallel
striæ; inner stratum coarsely reticulated. Four and one-fourth times longer
than broad; marginal cells, 5 in 10 µ, smaller or obsolescent in the middle
of the valve; cells of the valve in irregular transverse rows, 10-12 in 10
µ. L. 93 µ.

_Navicula marginata_ Lewis.

Absecon, N. J.

Pl. 20, Fig. 3.


{79}DICTYONEIS MARGINATA VAR. COMMUTATA CLEVE

Valve four and one-half times longer than broad; cells of the valve in
irregular, transverse rows about 11 in 10 µ; marginal cells nearly equal, 6
in 10 µ. L. 125 µ.

Absecon, N. J.

Pl. 20, Fig. 2.


DICTYONEIS MARGINATA VAR. MAXIMA N. VAR.

Valve with cuneate segments; marginal cells, 4 in 10 µ; cells of the valve,
5 in 10 µ, obsolescent in the middle and smaller; transverse striæ, 25 in
10 µ.

Atlantic Coast. Rare.

Pl. 20, Fig. 1 (from a specimen found at Colon).


TRACHYNEIS CLEVE (1894)

(trachys, rough, and neis (naus), named from the chief species)

Valve more or less linear or linear-lanceolate. It appears to be composed
of three strata, one an interior, coarsely dotted, an exterior of fine
puncta in longitudinal striæ, scarcely visible, and a median of transverse
anastomosing costæ forming irregular alveoli.

Chromatophores, two or four bands on the zone (Mereschkowsky).


TRACHYNEIS ASPERA VAR. INTERMEDIA GRUN.

Valve linear-elliptic; axial area a stauros widened outward and unilateral.
Striæ of the median layer of radiating rows of oblong alveoli.

Along the coast. Not common.

Pl. 17, Fig. 15.

The type form and its numerous varieties are quite ubiquitous. Very large
specimens occur in the Antarctic regions, especially in material from Ross
Island, S. Victoria Land (Shackleton Ant. Exp.).


BRÉBISSONIA GRUN. (1860)

(named after Alphonse de Brébisson, the distinguished French naturalist)

Frustules stipitate; valve lanceolate; striæ transverse in the middle,
radiate at the ends. Median area narrow, central nodule elongated, terminal
fissures at a distance from the ends. Valve with an outer finely punctate
stratum.

At one end of one valve in each frustule is found a conspicuous punctum,
the plasma pore of Otto Mueller, through which the frustule is connected
with the gelatinous stipe, analogous to the pore in Diatoma connecting the
zig-zag frustules.

Chromatophore single, lying on one girdle and passing over to each valve.


BRÉBISSONIA BOECKII (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, with sub-acute apices; striæ, 3-4 in 10 µ, not reaching
the median line.

Blue clay. Very rare. Common in brackish water at Chestertown, Md. (T. C.
Palmer)

Pl. 17, Fig. 7.


{80}BRÉBISSONIA PALMERII, N. SP.

Valve rhombic-lanceolate, with cuneate ends and produced apices. Central
nodule more elongate and terminal fissures further from the ends than in B.
boeckii.

Pavonia, N. J. (artesian well, depth of 40 ft.). Rare.

Pl. 17, Fig. 8.

I take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. T. Chalkley Palmer, of
Media, Pa., the author of numerous papers on the Diatomaceæ.

Lewis partly describes a similar form, which he does not name, as a species
of Navicula found in the blue clay at Kaighn's Point, N. J. (Lewis, "New
and Intermediate Forms," etc., p. 15, Pl. 1, Fig. 8.)


ANOMOEONEIS PFITZER (1871)

(anomoios, unlike, and neis (naus), a boat)

Valve lanceolate, axial area narrow, central area widened; transverse striæ
punctate, the puncta in longitudinal rows or interrupted by blank lines.

A single chromatophore lies along one of the girdle sides and extends over
the valves, each of the two parts being deeply notched or slit at the ends.
According to Schmitz there are two pyrenoids, but Heinzerling thinks there
is but one.

Cleve considers this genus not well founded, as it is based upon the cell
contents of but one species, the structure of the other species not being
known. As the forms here described are easily recognized by the interrupted
puncta, the genus is, at least, convenient.


ANOMOEONEIS SPHÆROPHORA (KUETZ.) CL.

Valve elliptic-lanceolate, ends rostrate-capitate. Axial area narrow,
central area rounded, larger on one side of the median line than the other.
Striæ very slightly radiate, 16 in 10 µ, punctate, the puncta interrupted
by longitudinal blank lines.

Pfitzer states that the central plasma mass is unequal on the two sides.

_Navicula sphærophora_ Kuetz.

Fresh and brackish water. Not common.

Pl. 40, Fig. 2.


ANOMOEONEIS SERIANS (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, acute; axial area lanceolate; striæ, 24 in 10 µ; puncta
elongate.

Not common in this locality, but abundant northwards; fossil in the peat
deposits of New England.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 17, Fig. 12.

Forma minor--Valve rhombic-lanceolate, smaller than the type.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 17, Fig. 13.


ANOMOEONEIS FOLLIS (EHR.) CL.

Valve rhomboid, tumid in the middle and obtuse at the produced ends.
Central area lanceolate; striæ radiate in the middle, transverse at the
ends.

_Navicula follis_ Ehr.

_Navicula trochus_ Kuetz.

{81}Reported by Lewis as very rare in the blue clay of the Delaware River.
I have not seen it in this locality. The figure is drawn from a specimen in
the W. Bridgewater, Mass., deposit.

Pl. 17, Fig. 14.


CALONEIS CLEVE (1894)

(calos, beautiful)

Valve convex, linear or lanceolate in general outline, with transverse,
smooth or finely punctate striæ crossed by one or more longitudinal lines.

Endochrome of two chromatophores lying one on each valve, entire in some
species and deeply cleft in others.


CALONEIS LIBER (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve linear, with parallel margins and rounded ends; axial area narrow,
central area orbicular; striæ transverse in the middle, slightly divergent
at the ends, 16 in 10 µ; terminal fissures slightly curved in the same
direction; longitudinal line median. L. 82 µ.

Atlantic coast, chiefly southward.

Pl. 40, Fig. 1.


CALONEIS SILICULA (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle, with broad sub-cuneate ends; axial
area narrow, central area rounded; longitudinal line marginal; striæ
parallel or nearly so, 16 to 18 in 10 µ.

_Navicula silicula_ Ehr.

_Navicula limosa_ Donk.

Blue clay.

Pl. 21, Fig. 3 (var. genuina Cl.).


CALONEIS SILICULA VAR. INFLATA (GRUN.) CL.

Valve gibbous in the middle, with rounded ends; central area elliptical.

Schuylkill River.

Pl. 21, Fig. 4.

C. silicula may be recognized by its yellow color when dry. Its varieties
are extremely numerous.


CALONEIS TRINODIS (LEWIS)

Valve divided into three segments of equal width; ends cuneate and usually
produced; axial area elliptical with a lunate marking on each side; striæ
radiate in the middle, elsewhere parallel, about 20 in 10 µ, finely
punctate; longitudinal line marginal, scarcely visible; the striæ become
fainter toward the axial area.

Occasional in streams and in the blue clay. Abundant in a water-trough at
Ashbourne, Pa.

Pl. 21, Fig. 8.

I have retained Lewis' name as specific. Lewis, wrongly, I think, ascribes
his species to _Navicula trinodis_ Wm. Sm., which is not figured by Smith,
but is illustrated by Van Heurck (Syn. Pl. 14, Fig. 31a), and is named by
Cleve _Navicula contenta_ var. _biceps_ Arnott. {82}De Toni includes Lewis'
name under _Rhoiconeis trinodis_ (Wm. Sm.) Grun. Rhoiconeis is
achnanthiform, with frustules arcuate, and the species is named by Cleve
_Achnanthes trinodis_ (Arnott). _Caloneis schumanniana_ (Grun.) Cl., to
which as a variety Cleve unites Lewis' form, appears to resemble it only in
the lunate marks.

Fig. 9 represents a single specimen found in the Pavonia deposit and which
I believe to be an abnormal form of C. trinodis, differing only in the
degree of inflation and in the larger central area.

_Navicula trinodis_ var. _inflata_ Schultze, from Staten Island, is the
same form figured by Lewis, who states that certain specimens have produced
apices.


CALONEIS PERMAGNA (BAIL.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, with produced apices; median line nearly straight; axial
area lanceolate, irregular or slightly unilateral, about half the width of
the valve; striæ, 9 in 10 µ, radiate and indistinctly punctate;
longitudinal lines double. L. 100-200 µ.

_Pinnularia permagna_ Bail.

Common in brackish water.

Pl. 21, Fig. 1.


CALONEIS PERMAGNA VAR. LEWISIANA N. VAR.

Valve lanceolate, with undulating sides and sub-cuneate apices; axial area
less than one-third the width of the valve; striæ radiate, 12 in 10 µ,
indistinctly punctate; longitudinal lines double, closer together than in
the type. L. 140 µ.

Lewis illustrates this variety in "New and Rare Species," Pl. 2, Fig. 11,
and states that it is probably Navicula esox Kuetzing. This is an error, as
Kuetzing's species is Pinnularia esox Ehr., a form near P. major.

Rather common in the Delaware River.

Pl. 21, Fig. 2.


CALONEIS FORMOSA (GREG.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, with sub-cuneate apices; axial area one-fourth to
one-fifth the width of the valve, somewhat unilateral, dilated in the
middle; striæ, 12-14 in 10 µ radiate, punctate; longitudinal lines double,
distinct. Variable in size and outline.

Abundant along the shores of the Delaware River.

Pl. 21, Fig. 18.


CALONEIS BREVIS VAR. VEXANS (GRUN.) CL.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate; apices obtuse; median fissures distant; axial
area narrow; central area large, orbicular; longitudinal lines close
together, median.

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 21, Fig. 5.


CALONEIS WARDII CL.

Valve linear, ends cuneate; axial area linear; central area dilated to a
stauros reaching the margin; striæ parallel, radiate at the ends, 18 in 10
µ; longitudinal lines marginal.

Not uncommon in the Delaware River.

Pl. 21, Figs. 6 and 7.


{83}CALONEIS POWELLII (LEWIS) CL.

Valve linear, with cuneate ends; axial area linear; central area large,
quadrate, united to the wide longitudinal lines; striæ parallel, smooth, 8
in 10 µ.

Long Island (Lewis); Smith's Island, Delaware River.

Pl. 21, Fig. 10.


NEIDIUM PFITZER (1871)

(neidion, dim. of naus, a boat)

Valve linear or lanceolate; median fissures turned in opposite directions,
terminal fissures appearing bifurcate (?); striæ transverse, usually
oblique, finely punctate, crossed by one or several longitudinal blank
lines.

Chromatophores, two, lying on the girdle side, in cell division each
forming a partially divided pair. A large pyrenoid is said to be found in
the middle of each chromatophore, but Mereschkowsky states that the
pyrenoids are absent, but that in N. affine four elæoplasts are always seen
in the centre of the frustule.

A genus easily recognized by the peculiar terminal and median fissures and
by the yellowish or brownish color of the valves when dry, darker than in
Caloneis.


NEIDIUM AFFINE (EHR.) PFITZER

Valve linear, with protracted, sub-rostrate or capitate ends.

_Navicula affinis_ Ehr.


NEIDIUM AFFINE VAR. GENUINA FORMA MAXIMA CL.

Striæ, 14 in 10 µ, punctate, oblique in the middle, convergent at the ends;
puncta, 15 in 10 µ. L. 238 µ.

Pensauken, N. J. (artesian well).

Pl. 21, Fig. 11.

Var. genuina forma minor Cl.--L. 26 µ; striæ, 24 in 10 µ.

Brandywine Creek.

Pl. 21, Fig. 12.


NEIDIUM AFFINE VAR. AMPHIRHYNCUS (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear, with protracted capitate ends; striæ transverse, interrupted
by several longitudinal lines.

Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 21, Fig. 13.


NEIDIUM AMPHIGOMPHUS (EHR.) PFITZER

Valve with parallel margins and cuneate ends; striæ transverse, interrupted
by several longitudinal lines; central area widened transversely.

_Navicula amphigomphus_ Ehr.

Wissahickon.

Pl. 21, Fig. 14.


NEIDIUM PRODUCTUM (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve linear, elongate, with capitate apices; striæ slightly oblique;
longitudinal lines marginal; axial area very narrow, central area small.

_Navicula producta_ Wm. Sm.

Newtown Square.

Pl. 21, Fig. 16.


{84}NEIDIUM IRIDIS (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear or lanceolate-elliptical, with sub-cuneate or rounded ends;
striæ oblique, about 18 in 10 µ; central area orbicular.

_Navicula iridis_ Ehr.

_Navicula firma_ Kuetz.

Willistown, Pa.; Middletown, Delaware Co., Pa. (Palmer).

Pl. 21, Fig. 17.

The form here figured is probably the variety ampliata (Ehr.) Cl. with less
acute apices and more elliptical outline. The species occurs in many
variations, the larger being found northward, especially in the peat
deposits of New England.


NEIDIUM HITCHCOCKII (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear, with triundulate margin and cuneate ends; striæ transverse,
oblique.

_Navicula hitchcockii_ Ehr.

Pavonia, N. J. (artesian well); Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 21, Fig. 15.


DIPLONEIS EHR. (1840)

(diplos, double)

Valve elliptical or panduriform; median line enclosed in strongly siliceous
horns corresponding to the lyre-shaped areas of Navicula lyra but never
punctate; central nodule, quadrate; valve costate, or striate, or both;
between the horns and the outer part are thinner spaces or sulci, and, in
some species, outside of the sulci are narrow spaces known as lunulæ.

Chromatophores, two, upon the girdle or the valves. Pyrenoids have been
found in one species only, D. interrupta.


DIPLONEIS ELLIPTICA (KUETZ.) CL.

Valve elliptical; central nodule large; sulci narrow, curved, close to the
horns; striæ punctate, in rows radiating more and more toward the ends.
Variable in size and in the coarseness of puncta which are from 10 to 13 in
10 µ (Cleve).

Cleve describes D. ovalis Hilse as having the central nodule rounded, but
otherwise about the same as D. elliptica, and as equivalent to Navicula
ovalis A. Schmidt (Atlas, Pl. 7, Figs. 33 to 36).

Very common in fresh water and occasional in brackish.

Pl. 20, Fig. 14.


DIPLONEIS SMITHII (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve elliptical; central nodule not broad; furrows evenly curved on the
outer edge, crossed by costæ and double oblique rows of alveoli. Variable
in size and in the curvature of the furrows.

Cleve forms a new species, D. major, of the large form figured by Schmidt
(Atlas, Pl. 7, Figs. 18, 19, 21 and 22), stating that the structure is much
coarser and the form is larger with broad furrows. In the specimen here
figured the size is median and the furrows are as in D. major.

Marine and brackish. Common.

Pl. 20, Fig. 17.


{85}DIPLONEIS CRABRO VAR. PANDURA (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve constricted, segments tongue-shaped; central nodule small; horns
narrow, nearly parallel, with a row of large puncta; costæ, 4 in 10 µ,
convergent in the middle, radiating at the ends, alternating with a double
row of puncta, 11 in 10 µ.

Pavonia, N. J. (artesian well).

Pl. 20, Fig. 4.


DIPLONEIS CRABRO VAR. EXPLETA (A. S.) CL.

Valve slightly constricted, segments tongue-shaped; costæ robust, 5 or 6 in
10 µ, alternating with double rows of rather coarse puncta. L. 56 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 20, Fig. 15.


DIPLONEIS CRABRO VAR. PANDURELLA CL.?

Valve constricted, the lobes elliptical; central nodule large, with horns
parallel in the middle, convergent at the ends; furrows wide, with faint
costæ; no lunula; costæ parallel in the middle, radiate at the ends, 9 in
10 µ, alternating with very fine double rows of puncta (not shown in the
figure). L. 65 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 20, Fig. 13.


DIPLONEIS CRABRO VAR.?

Valve constricted, segments elliptical; costæ, 8 in 10 µ, converging in the
middle, radiating at the ends; horns narrow; furrows wide, costate; lunulæ
indistinct. L. 75 µ.

Resembles var. pandurella except in the convergence of the costæ and in the
lunula.

Squan River. Marine.

Pl. 20, Fig. 9.


DIPLONEIS FUSCA VAR. DELICATA (A. S.) CL.

Valve elliptical; furrows broad, crossed with rows of faint costæ and
alveoli; costæ, 6 or 7 in 10 µ; alveoli, 10 in 10 µ, in short, irregular,
longitudinal rows. L. 84 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 20, Fig. 11.


DIPLONEIS GRUENDLERI (A. S.) CL.

Valve constricted, segments tongue-shaped, often unequal; horns broad,
divergent in the middle; furrows narrow; costæ transverse, crossed by from
3 to 7 longitudinal costæ, interrupted in the middle at the border.

Blue clay.

Pl. 20, Figs. 7 and 8.


DIPLONEIS PUELLA (SCHUM.) CL.

Valve elliptical, sometimes orbicular; furrows very narrow; striæ, 20 in 10
µ, indistinct. L. 15 µ.

_Diploneis elliptica_ var. _minutissima_ Grun.

Shark River, N. J. Brackish.

Pl. 20, Fig. 12.


DIPLONEIS EXCENTRICA, N. SP.

Valve elliptical; central nodule quadrate; furrows of the same width
throughout, nearly parallel; costæ radiating toward the ends, 10 in 10 µ,
indistinct on the furrows, alternating with alveoli, 7 in 10 µ, in
irregular, longitudinal lines. One side of the valve is one and a half
times the width of the other. L. 49 µ.

{86}I can find neither description nor figure of any species to which I can
ascribe this form. It approaches D. elliptica. The alveoli are quite
distinct and distant from each other.

Brackish water. Very abundant in a gathering from Squan River, N. J.

Pl. 20, Fig. 10.


DIPLONEIS OCULATA (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve elliptical; striæ radiate at the ends, about 20 in 10 µ, coarsely
punctate. L. 23 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 7.

The figure is drawn from Brébisson's original material in H. L. Smith's
Type Slide No. 299.

_Navicula oculata_ Bréb.

Reported from New Jersey. I have not seen this species in this locality.
Navicula oculata, referred to by Kain as occurring in Shark River, is not
this form.


DIPLONEIS GEMMATA (GREV.) CL.

Valve oblong-linear, with cuneate ends and parallel or slightly concave
sides; central nodule large; horns parallel; furrows about one-third the
width of the valve. Costæ about 5 in 10 µ, alternating with double rows of
fine puncta; short costæ occur along the borders of the horns.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 20, Fig. 16.


DIPLONEIS CAMPYLODISCUS (GRUN.) CL.

Valve suborbicular; central nodule quadrate; horns divergent; costæ, 6 in
10 µ, alternating with double rows of alveoli; furrows broad, costate near
the horns.

Differs from Cleve's description in having 6, instead of 4, costæ in 10 µ.

Pensauken, N. J. (artesian well). Rare.

Pl. 20, Fig. 6.


MASTOGLOIA THWAITES (1856)

(mastos, a breast, and gloios, gelatinous, referring to the "mamillate
cushion" in which the frustules are often immersed)

Frustule rectangular. Valves similar, naviculoid. Central and axial areas
usually narrow or indistinct; striæ punctate, parallel in the middle. On
each side, between the valve and the zone, is a septate plate.


ANALYSIS OF SPECIES


  Striæ interrupted by a hyaline furrow on each side of
    the median line                                           kinsmanii

  Striæ not interrupted:

    Loculi, five, or less                                     exigua

          more than five, equal, ending at distance from
             the ends                                         smithii

            ending near the ends, distinct                    lanceolata

                                  indistinct                  elegans

            very numerous                                     apiculata

            unequal                                           angulata

{87}Karsten states that there are two chromatophores, each of which extends
from the middle of one valve to the end and down the middle of the other
valve. Mereschkowsky says, however, that there are four plates or
chromatophores, sometimes on the valve, sometimes on the zone, according to
the species, and that two long pyrenoids unite the two opposite
chromatophores.


MASTOGLOIA KINSMANII LEWIS

Valve lanceolate-elliptical, with sub-rostrate ends; loculi more numerous
than in M. angulata but less than in M. apiculata, the middle ones larger.
Median line with a sulcus on each side; central area quadrate.

_Mastogloia braunii_ Grun. (According to Cleve).

Atlantic City.

Pl. 17, Fig. 16.


MASTOGLOIA EXIGUA LEWIS

Valve elliptical- or linear-lanceolate; loculi, 2-5, usually 3, larger in
the middle and rounded; central space small; striæ, 20-24 in 10 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 17, Fig. 24.


MASTOGLOIA SMITHII THWAITES

Valve lanceolate, sub-rostrate; loculi forming a wide band ending at a
distance from the ends; striæ transverse, with puncta forming longitudinal
rows; central area rounded or transversely elliptical.

Along the coast.

Pl. 17, Fig. 19.


MASTOGLOIA LANCEOLATA THWAITES

Valve lanceolate, with sub-rostrate apices; loculi very numerous; median
and central areas indistinct; striæ, 19 in 10 µ, punctate, convergent at
the ends.

Along the coast.

Pl. 17, Fig. 18.


MASTOGLOIA ELEGANS LEWIS

Valve lanceolate, acute; loculi indistinct or rudimentary, extending to the
ends; central area apparently quadrate, sometimes indistinct; puncta
distinct, 15 in 10 µ, in transverse and longitudinal rows.

Along the coast. Common.

Pl. 17, Fig. 20.


MASTOGLOIA APICULATA WM. SM.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes with slightly produced apices;
median line between two ribs; central space very small; loculi numerous;
puncta in slightly radiating rows and in longitudinal lines.

Along the coast.

Pl. 17, Figs. 21, 22, 23.


MASTOGLOIA ANGULATA LEWIS

Valve elliptical, with produced apices; loculi usually less than 12,
unequal, the larger in the middle; striæ, 12 in 10 µ, puncta in decussating
rows. "Differs from apiculata in its more broadly elliptical shape, the
smaller number of its loculi and the angular character of its striation"
(Lewis).

{88}Considered by Cleve as synonymous with M. apiculata Grun., not Wm.
Smith, and by De Toni as synonymous with M. apiculata Wm. Sm. In any case,
M. angulata Lewis is not the same as M. apiculata Wm. Sm., the loculi of
which are equal.

Atlantic City. H. L. Smith T. S. No. 211.

Pl. 17, Fig. 17.


STAURONEIS EHR. (1843)

(stauros, a cross, and neis (naus), a boat)

Frustules free, sometimes geminate; valve as in Navicula but with a
stauros. Cell contents as in Navicula. Mereschkowsky, however, says that
the chromatophores always contain more pyrenoids than are found in
Navicula. Heinzerling gives the number as two to four in each
chromatophore.

Cleve includes under Naviculæ Microstigmaticæ all species of Stauroneis,
Pleurostauron, Schizostauron, certain Schizonemæ and Naviculæ. As a matter
of convenience, and because I have already included certain Schizonemæ and
Scoliopleura under Navicula, and because of the small number of species in
our locality, I have arranged them under the three divisions of Cleve as
follows:

_Stauroneis._--Forms having a true stauros, without diaphragms.

_Pleurostauron._--Forms like Stauroneis but with diaphragms at the ends.

_Schizostauron._--Forms having a bifid stauros.


STAURONEIS PHOENICENTERON EHR.

Valve lanceolate, obtuse; striæ radiate, 18 in 10 µ, distinctly punctate.
L. usually 125 µ but sometimes 200 µ.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 27, Fig. 1.


STAURONEIS ANCEPS EHR.

Valve lanceolate, with rostrate or capitate ends; stauros in some cases
does not reach the margin. The varieties are very numerous.

_Var. gracilis (Ehr.) Cl._--Valve lanceolate, striæ very fine; margin of
stauros striated. L. 100 µ. Cape May, N. J. Pl. 27, Fig. 5.

_Var. amphicephala (Kuetz.) Cl._--Valve capitate at the ends; striæ, 24 in
10 µ. L. 47 µ. Fresh water. Pl. 27, Fig. 7.

_Var. ?_--Valve with produced ends; striæ, 30 or more in 10 µ. L. 104 µ.
Willistown, Pa. Pl. 27, Fig. 4.

_Var. ?_--Valve with produced ends; striæ, about 28 in 10 µ, punctate. L.
47 µ. Newtown Square. Pl. 27, Fig. 8.

_Var. ?_--Valve with produced ends; striæ, 22 in 10 µ, showing a tendency
to form longitudinal rows of puncta as in Stauroneis stodderi Greenleaf,
but the rows are not so evident. L. 60 µ. Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.
Pl. 27, Fig. 9.


STAURONEIS FRICKEI VAR. ANGUSTA N. VAR.

Valve lanceolate, gradually tapering to the obtuse ends; terminal fissures
prominent, forking at a distance of 7 µ from the ends. Frustules frequently
geminate. L. 173 µ.

Newtown Square. Rare.

Pl. 26, Fig. 18.

Near Stauroneis frickei A. S. (Atlas, Pl. 242, Fig. 16), except that the
stauros is narrow at the margin.


{89}STAURONEIS SALINA WM. SM.

Valve lanceolate, obtuse; stauros narrow, with short, scattered striæ at
the margin, 18 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 65 µ.

Along the coast. Common.

Pl. 27, Fig. 6.


STAURONEIS LEGUMEN EHR.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, inflated in the middle, with produced
sub-capitate or rostrate ends separated by diaphragms. Stauros wide,
striated at the margins; axial area very narrow; striæ radiate, about 26
(?) in 10 µ, punctate. L. 28 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 39, Fig. 15.

In Cleve's description and Van Heurck's figure, the median inflation is
"not larger than the others." In the present form the median inflation is
wider.


STAURONEIS ACUTA WM. SM.

Valve rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse; a diaphragm at each end; stauros widened
outwards; striæ, 15 or 16 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 130 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 27, Fig. 2.


STAURONEIS AMERICANA A. S.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse; striæ, 14 in 10 µ. L. 119 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.

The only specimen found is asymmetrical with respect to the transverse
axis.

On Plate 40, Fig. 4, is illustrated an abnormal form of Stauroneis,
apparently near S. acuta, having an elongated central nodule and radiating,
curved and coarsely punctate striæ. Blue clay.


STAURONEIS SMITHII GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, inflated in the middle and at the ends, which have
diaphragms and are produced into rostrate apices; stauros reaching the
margin; striæ parallel, about 25 in 10 µ (28 to 30, Cleve), distinctly
punctate.

Not uncommon in meadow pools near Newtown Square.

Pl. 27, Fig. 11.


STAURONEIS CRUCICULA (GRUN.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, with obtuse, produced ends; stauros bifid; striæ, 24 in
10 µ, oblique, parallel to the branches of the stauros, closer at the ends,
punctate. L. 32 µ.

Newtown Square. East Park Reservoir. Rare.

Pl. 27, Fig. 10.


NAVICULA BORY (1826)

(dim. of navis, a boat)

Valve linear to elliptical; ends acute, rounded, rostrate, capitate or
truncate; axial area usually distinct; central area distinct, rounded or
rarely extended into a transverse fascia; striæ transverse or radiate,
punctate; central area not dilated into a transverse stauros nor into
horns.

{90}The endochrome in the greater number of species consists of two
chromatophores extending along the zone and sometimes partly over the
valves. Sometimes, however, as in N. hennedyi, N. lyra and N. humerosa, the
bands are on the valves. Certain species have four bands, others eight, and
in one the endochrome is granular. (Mereschkowsky, l. c., p. 9 et seq.)
Pyrenoids are usually absent. On account of the diversity of the
chromatophores, Mereschkowsky considers the genus not homogeneous. The
difficulty of arranging groups according to the cell contents, however, is
so great that, for the present, the species must be described by the usual
characteristics of the valves and divided as follows, according to Cleve,
to the extent of employing the classification of all Naviculoid forms as
applicable, especially to the species of Navicula. Van Heurck's analysis
includes Pinnularia, Trachyneis, Diploneis, Caloneis, Neidium and
Anomoeoneis, which are here separated, while N. lyra and N. hennedyi are
placed in different groups, although they are closely related. In other
respects Cleve's divisions correspond, to some extent, to those of Van
Heurck.

The genus Navicula at one time included the following: Dictyoneis,
Pleurosigma, Gyrosigma, Caloneis, Neidium, Diploneis, Frustulia,
Trachyneis, Anomoeoneis, Pinnularia and Stauroneis, and few forms with a
raphe escaped. For this reason the diagnosis of the present genus is
somewhat limited. Pleurosigma and Gyrosigma differ from Navicula in their
outline, Dictyoneis in the double stratification, Caloneis in the marginal
lines, Neidium in the median and terminal fissures, Diploneis in the horns,
Frustulia in the terminal nodules, Trachyneis in the stratification of the
valve, Anomoeoneis in the longitudinal arrangement of the puncta,
Pinnularia in the smooth costæ and Stauroneis in the stauros.

As the object of the present work is to aid the student of local forms in
the identification of species by the briefest methods, the further
discussion of the reasons for classification will be left for his
gratification in referring to the authorities on the subject.


PUNCTATÆ CLEVE

Valve elliptical to lanceolate; central nodule not stauroid or continued
into lyriform spaces; striæ distinctly or coarsely punctate, in radiate
rows.


NAVICULA MACULATA (BAIL.) CL.

Valve lanceolate-elliptical, with produced or sub-rostrate ends; axial area
narrow, wider near the ends and dilated to a rounded, transverse central
area; striæ radiate, 6 in 10 µ, puncta, 7 in 10 µ, in irregular,
longitudinal rows. L. 90 to 120 µ (Cl.).

_Stauroneis maculata_ Bail.

_Navicula fischeri_ A. S.

Blue clay. Along the coast, especially southward.

Pl. 24, Fig. 1.


NAVICULA LATISSIMA GREG.

Valve oblong-elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, with sub-cuneate ends;
axial area lanceolate, widened in the middle to an orbicular space; striæ
radiate, 7 in 10 µ, puncta, 11 in 10 µ, the median striæ alternating with
short striæ along the sides. L. 50-150 µ (Cl).

Blue clay. Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 24, Fig. 3.


{91}NAVICULA LATISSIMA VAR. ELONGATA (PANT.) CL.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded ends; striæ and puncta closer
than in the type form; axial area narrow, widened in the middle; terminal
fissures hook-shaped, turned in different directions.

_Navicula humerosa_ var. _elongata_ Pant.

Fossil at Buckshutem, N. J.

Pl. 24, Fig. 5.


NAVICULA FUCHSII PANT.

Valve elliptical, with slightly produced apices; axial area wide,
lanceolate; central area orbicular; striæ alternately longer and shorter in
the middle, 10-12 in 10 µ; puncta on the border of the axial area larger,
elongated; median fissures incrassate.

_Navicula humerosa_ var. _fuchsii_ (Pant.) Cl.

_Navicula_ (_latissima_ var.?) _fuchsii_ Pant.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 24, Fig. 6.


NAVICULA HUMEROSA BRÉB.

Valve lanceolate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical, with sub-cuneate or
sub-rostrate ends; axial area narrow, lanceolate; central area rounded,
somewhat transverse; terminal fissures hook-shaped, in the same direction;
central pores incrassate; striæ, 11 in 10 µ, the middle alternately longer
and shorter, closer at the ends. L. 60-86 µ. Variable in size, outline and
fineness of striation.

N. monilifera Cleve (N. granulata Bréb.) differs in having coarser striæ.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 25, Fig. 5.


NAVICULA PUSILLA WM. SM.

Valve ovate-elliptical, with rostrate or sub-rostrate ends; axial area
narrow; central area elliptical; striæ radiate, 10-12 in 10 µ in the middle
where they are longer and shorter alternately, closer at the ends; median
fissures somewhat incrassate, terminal in the same direction. L. 47 µ.

Smith's Island, Delaware River.

Pl. 25, Figs. 4, 6?

Cleve gives the striæ as 13-18 in the typical form, and 11-13 in varieties.
In the form here figured the striation is as stated by De Toni, but is
about 19 at the ends.

Fig. 6 appears to be a small form of N. pusilla, near lanceolata Grun., at
least according to the figure in "Arctic Diatoms," but not Gregory's
figure. It occurs rarely in fresh water at Newtown Square. It may be a
small form of N. punctulata and, if so, is probably accidental, as the
material is entirely fresh-water.


NAVICULA PUSILLA VAR. SUBCAPITATA N. VAR.

Valve elliptical with rostrate-capitate and truncate ends; striæ about 12
in 10 µ in the middle where they are unequal; axial area narrow, slightly
widened in the middle; central pores incrassate, terminal fissures in the
same direction. Differs from type in outline and centre.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.

Pl. 25, Fig. 8.


{92}NAVICULA DELAWARENSIS GRUN.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with sub-rostrate ends; axial area narrow,
lanceolate, widened in the middle; striæ about 10 in 10 µ; in the middle,
much closer at the ends; puncta in the middle, 9 in 10 µ, closer and much
smaller at the ends. L. 58-95 µ.

Cleve (Le Diatomiste, Vol. 2, p. 14) states that this form is very near N.
pusilla but is much larger. Specimens from Smith's Island measure 58-65 µ,
from Wildwood, 95 µ in length.

Pl. 25, Fig. 3.


NAVICULA PUNCTULATA WM. SM.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with sub-rostrate ends; axial area narrow,
central area rounded; striæ, 11 in 10 µ, closer at the ends, a few shorter
in the middle; puncta, 10 in 10 µ. L. 54 µ.

_Navicula marina_ Ralfs.

Port Penn, Delaware River (brackish water).

Pl. 25, Fig. 9.

"Although this species is described as marine in the Synopsis of Prof.
Smith, I have never found it in purely marine localities" (Donkin).


NAVICULA PUNCTATA VAR. ASYMMETRICA LAGERSTEDT

Valve lanceolate, with rostrate ends; axial area narrow, central area
transverse, irregular; striæ radiate, punctate, 12 in 10 µ. L. 36 µ.

_Navicula amphibola_ Cleve.

Blue clay.

Pl. 27, Fig. 15.


NAVICULA BRASILIENSIS VAR. BICUNEATA CL., FORMA CONSTRICTA

Valve oblong-elliptical, slightly constricted, with cuneate-rostrate ends;
axial area narrow; central area dilated transversely and unilaterally;
striæ, 9 in 10 µ; puncta closer at the border and in irregular longitudinal
rows in the middle; terminal fissures small, hook-shaped, turned in the
same direction. L. 93 µ.

Corresponds closely to Cleve's variety except in the constriction.

Blue clay.

Pl. 25, Fig. 2.


NAVICULA LACUSTRIS GREG.

Valve lanceolate, sub-acute; axial area narrow; central area orbicular;
striæ radiate, 14 in 10 µ, punctate, the median puncta sometimes more
distant than the others.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 27, Fig. 12.


LYRATÆ CL.

Valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate; striæ punctate, transverse;
axial area narrow or indistinct; central area expanded on each side into
lyre-shaped or horn-like blank spaces.


NAVICULA PRÆTEXTA EHR.

Valve elliptical; lateral areas not regular, with scattered puncta; striæ
radiate, 5 or 6 in 10 µ; puncta, 7 or 8 in 10 µ; along the axial area, a
single or double row of puncta; at {93}the middle of the border, on each
side, two striæ approach each other closely with a short stria between
them; terminal fissures small, in the same direction. L. 120 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 24, Fig. 2.

While variable in size and striation, approaching N. hennedyi, this
species, as here figured, is found in the Miocene and later deposits and is
extant in most parts of the world.


NAVICULA IRRORATA GREV.

Valve oblong-elliptical, with cuneate-rostrate ends; striæ, 7 or 8 in 10 µ,
puncta, 7 in 10 µ; axial area bordered by puncta in unequal, transverse
rows. L. 84 µ.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 24, Fig. 4.


NAVICULA HENNEDYI WM. SM.

Valve elliptical; areas semilanceolate; striæ about 11 in 10 µ, sometimes
longer and shorter on the margin; short rows of transverse striæ along the
axial area.

Blue clay.

Pl. 25, Fig. 12.

_Var. circumsecta Grun._--As in the type but with the lateral areas faintly
striate or punctate.

_Var. manca A. S._--Valve lanceolate-elliptical, the lateral areas narrow
and convergent toward the ends; short rows of transverse striæ along the
axial area; striæ, 9 in 10 µ; central pores incrassate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 25, Fig. 11.


NAVICULA LYRA EHR.

Valve elliptical, with rounded, sub-rostrate or sub-cuneate ends; lateral
areas narrow; striæ, 6 to 14 in 10 µ (Cl.), punctate. L. 50-180 µ.

_Var. ehrenbergii Cl._--Lateral areas constricted in the middle, divergent
at the ends. Cleve refers to Schmidt, Atlas, Pl. 2, Fig. 25, which is not
divergent at the ends.

Along the coast.

Pl. 25, Fig. 10.

A narrower form occurs which has the areas divergent.

_Var. ?_--Valve elliptical, lateral areas narrow, convergent at the ends
with short rows of punctate striæ; marginal striæ, 10 in 10 µ, punctate. L.
60 µ.

Squan River, N. J.

Pl. 20, Fig. 5.

_Var. dilatata A. S._--Valve elliptical, rostrate; lateral areas convergent
in the middle and nearly parallel or convergent at the ends.

Blue clay.

Pl. 25, Fig. 13.

N. lyra is exceedingly variable in outline, fineness of striation and in
the lateral areas. Intermediate forms occur approaching N. hennedyi and N.
spectabilis. In N. hennedyi the lateral areas are broad, semilanceolate,
not narrowed in the middle. In N. spectabilis the lateral areas are broad
and narrowed in the middle. In N. lyra the lateral areas are narrow and
either constricted or not in the middle. In many forms in {94}these three
species the lateral areas are more or less striated or punctate. Cleve does
not consider this a distinction of any importance, although certain
varieties are founded upon it. All three species are very common in the
blue clay and along the coast, but their varieties are too numerous to
describe or figure.


NAVICULA SPECTABILIS VAR. EMARGINATA CL.

Valve elliptical; lateral areas broad, narrowed in the middle, delicately
striated; marginal striæ, 10 in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 25, Fig. 7.


NAVICULA PYGMÆA KUETZ.

Valve elliptical, appearing hyaline; axial and central areas faint; lateral
areas convergent in the middle; striæ indistinct, about 25 in 10 µ. L. 23
µ.

Brandywine Creek (Palmer).

Pl. 27, Fig. 23.


DECUSSATÆ CL.

Valve elliptical or lanceolate; axial area narrow; central area small;
striæ punctate, in transverse and oblique, curved rows.


NAVICULA PLACENTA EHR.

Valve elliptical, with short, rostrate-capitate ends; axial area narrow;
central area elliptical; striæ in two directions, the transverse about 22
(to 27, Cl.) in 10 µ, the oblique striæ crossing in both directions in
curved lines appearing "coarser than the transverse" (Lewis).

A very peculiar species which, as Cleve remarks, seems not to be allied to
any other. L. about 35 µ, quite constant in size. It is reported from
Finland, Scotland, Hungary and New Zealand. Dr. Lewis found it in the
Delaware River. It is occasional in the Schuylkill River and the blue clay,
and very abundant on Marchantia and mosses on the wet rocks of the upper
Wissahickon (F. J. Keeley).

Pl. 27, Fig. 17.


LINEOLATÆ CL.

Valve more or less lanceolate; axial area narrow or indistinct; striæ
radiate or parallel, lineate, that is, with the puncta closer than the
striæ.


NAVICULA RADIOSA KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate with sub-rostrate apices; axial area indistinct; central
area small; striæ radiate in the middle, from 6 to 8 in 10 µ, and
convergent at the ends, about 12 in 10 µ. L. 47 µ.

Very common in fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 17; Pl. 40, Fig. 9.


NAVICULA PEREGRINA EHR.

Valve lanceolate, obtuse; axial area narrow; central area large, rounded or
slightly irregular; striæ coarse in the middle, 5 in 10 µ, radiate;
convergent at the ends, 7 or 8 in 10 µ.

Abundant in brackish water. Delaware River.

Pl. 26, Fig. 20.


{95}NAVICULA CYPRINUS (WM. SM.)

Valve lanceolate, slightly gibbous in the middle, sub-cuneate at the ends;
axial area narrow; central area small; striæ radiate in the middle, 10 in
10 µ, with shorter, transverse striæ intermediate; transverse at the
extreme ends. L. 82 µ.

_Navicula digito-radiata_ var. _cyprinus_ (Ehr. ?) Wm. Sm. Whether the form
here figured is Ehrenberg's or not, it is the species known as Pinnularia
cyprinus Ehr. of Wm. Smith.

Common in Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 26, Fig. 21.


NAVICULA REINHARDTII GRUN.

Valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, with broad, rounded ends; axial
area narrow, widened at the ends to the width of the valve; central area
widened transversely to an irregular, quadrate space; striæ coarse, 8 in 10
µ, distinctly lineate, alternately longer and shorter in the middle,
radiate, nearly transverse at the ends. L. 59 µ.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 26, Fig. 22.


NAVICULA LANCEOLATA VAR. ARENARIA (DONK.) CL.

Valve lanceolate; axial area very narrow or indistinct; central area small,
rounded; striæ radiate, 11 in 10 µ in the middle, closer at the ends. L.
47-54 µ.

_Navicula arenaria_ Donk.

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 26, Fig. 23.


NAVICULA SALINARUM GRUN.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate with produced sub-capitate or rostrate ends;
striæ radiate in the middle, longer and shorter; transverse at the ends,
lineate. L. 32 µ.

Atlantic City, N. J.

Pl. 26, Fig. 24.


NAVICULA VIRIDULA VAR. ROSTELLATA KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate with rostrate ends; axial area very narrow, central area
orbicular; striæ radiate in the middle, about 12 in 10 µ, convergent at the
ends and closer. L. 43 µ.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 16.


NAVICULA GRACILIS VAR. SCHIZONEMOIDES (EHR.) V. H.

Valve lanceolate, obtuse; axial area widened in the middle; striæ radiate
in the middle, about 12 in 10 µ, transverse or slightly convergent at the
ends. L. 45-60 µ. Occurs in gelatinous tubes; usually found free.

_Colletonema neglectum_ Thwaites.

Fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 19.


NAVICULA RAMOSISSIMA (AG.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, sub-acute; axial area very narrow; central area scarcely
widened; striæ, 12 in 10 µ, parallel throughout. L. 45 µ.

_Micromega ramosissimum_ Ag.

_Schizonema smithii_ Kuetz. (not Ag.).

East River, N. Y.

Pl. 26, Fig. 14.


{96}NAVICULA ANGLICA RALFS

Valve elliptical, with sub-capitate or rostrate ends; axial area narrow,
central area small; striæ radiate, 12-13 in 10 µ, distinctly punctate. L.
26 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 26.


NAVICULA GASTRUM EHR.

Valve elliptical, with rostrate ends; axial area narrow, central area
transverse or irregular; striæ radiate, 9 in 10 µ in the middle. L. 26 µ.

The form here figured approaches N. anglica.

Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 26, Fig. 25.


NAVICULA DICEPHALA WM. SM.

Valve linear, with rostrate or rostrate-capitate ends; axial area narrow,
central area rectangular, transverse; striæ radiate, 12 in 10 µ. L. 32 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 27, Fig. 16.


NAVICULA HUMILIS DONK.

Valve elliptical, with broad, rostrate ends; axial area narrow; central
area small; striæ radiate and distant in the middle, convergent at the
ends, coarse, appearing costate, averaging 9 in 10 µ. L. 19 µ. As Donkin
states, the striæ are "very conspicuous."

_Navicula hungarica_ var. _capitata_ (Ehr.) Cl.

_Navicula globiceps_ Lagerstedt, according to Cleve.

Willistown, Pa.

Pl. 27, Fig. 24.


NAVICULA PINNATA PANT. ?

Valve lanceolate, obtuse; axial area narrow, widened in the middle; striæ
coarse, 7 in 10 µ in the middle, radiate, 10 in 10 µ at the ends and
transverse, indistinctly lineate. L. 40 µ.

Near _Navicula ardua_ Mann (Diat. Albatross Voy., Cont. U. S. Nat.
Herbarium Vol. 10, Part 5, p. 336, Pl. 53, Fig. 2) which, however, is said
to have "strictly unbeaded costæ."

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 27, Fig. 20.


NAVICULA PENNATA A. S.

Valve lanceolate, acute; axial area narrow; central area quadrate,
transverse; striæ radiate, coarse, 5 in 10 µ, lineate. L. 68-95 µ (Cleve).

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 27, Fig. 22.


NAVICULA INFLEXA GREG.

Valve slightly elliptical-lanceolate, sub-acute, smooth at the ends; axial
area narrow, widened in the middle; striæ radiate, 11 in 10 µ, lineate.
Frustule in zone view constricted in the middle. L. 28-45 µ.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 27, Figs. 18 and 19.


{97}NAVICULA OBLONGA KUETZ.

Valve linear-lanceolate, with broad, rounded ends; margin sometimes
undulate; axial area narrow; central area large, orbicular; striæ in the
middle distant, radiate, convergent at the ends and curved or sharply bent,
7 in 10 µ, lineate. L. 70-200 µ (Cleve).

Blue clay. Occasional in fresh water.

Pl. 27, Fig. 21.


NAVICULA HASTA PANT.

Valve lanceolate, gently tapering to the obtuse, produced ends; axial area
lanceolate, widened to an orbicular space in the middle; striæ radiate, the
median coarse and quite distant, 5 in 10 µ, becoming closer at the ends
where they are 12 in 10 µ, lineate. The distance between the median striæ
gives the appearance of a stauros.

Occasional in the blue clay.

Pl. 27, Fig. 13.


NAVICULA HASTA VAR. PUNCTATA N. VAR.

Valve as in type but with striæ in the middle distinctly punctate and
reaching the median line.

Greenwich Point, Philadelphia.

Pl. 27, Fig. 14.


NAVICULA RHYNCOCEPHALA KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, with produced ends; axial area indistinct; central area
small, rounded; striæ radiate in the middle, convergent at the ends, 10-11
in 10 µ, punctate. L. 42 µ.

Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 31, Fig. 8.


NAVICULA CRYPTOCEPHALA KUETZ.

Valve lanceolate, with rostrate ends; axial area indistinct; central area
small; striæ, 16 in 10 µ, lineate, radiate in the middle, convergent at the
ends. L. 28 µ.

Common in fresh water.

Intermediate forms occur between N. rhyncocephala and N. cryptocephala.

Pl. 31, Fig. 9.


NAVICULA LONGA (GREG.) RALFS

Valve slender, rhombic, elongated, with acute ends; axial area indistinct;
central area small; striæ, 6 or 7 in 10 µ, radiate in the middle, elsewhere
transverse; central pores closely approximate. L. 120 µ.

New Rochelle, N. Y.

Pl. 31, Fig. 10.

Cleve refers this form to N. directa var. remota Grun. Some specimens are
found in this locality showing the "generally twisted" median line
mentioned by Gregory.


MESOLEIÆ CL.

Valve linear or elliptical; axial area narrow; central area quadrate; striæ
radiate, finely punctate.


NAVICULA MUTICA KUETZ.

Valve ovate, elliptical or lanceolate; axial area narrow; central area
dilated into a stauros not reaching the margin; striæ about 20 in 10 µ,
more distant in the middle, radiate, punctate. A punctum occurs on one side
of the central nodule.

{98}Reported from New Jersey in fresh water. I have not found it. The
figure is from a specimen from another locality.

Pl. 26, Fig. 6.


NAVICULA MINIMA GRUN.

Valve broadly elliptical, 13-15 µ in length; axial area narrow; central
area small but with a quadrate pseudo-stauros which is striated; striæ,
about 28 in 10 µ, radiate.

Agrees closely with N. saugeri var. Grun. in V. H. Synopsis, Pl. 14, Fig.
16, said to be intermediate between N. minima and N. atomoides Grun. N.
minima var. atomoides Grun. is smaller.

Common in water-troughs.

Pl. 26, Fig. 13.


NAVICULA PUPULA VAR. BACILLARIOIDES GRUN.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area linear, expanding on both sides
near the ends of the valve, forming a transverse lunate space; central area
small, apparently expanded into a stauros, which, however, is striated;
striæ, 18 in 10 µ, at the middle, closer at the ends, punctate. L. 54 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 26, Fig. 9.


BACILLARES CL.

Valve linear or linear-elliptical, with broad ends; axial area narrow, the
median line enclosed in siliceous ribs; striæ finely punctate, more distant
in the middle.


NAVICULA BACILLUM EHR.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area enclosed in siliceous ribs and
slightly expanded on each side at the ends; terminal nodules incrassate;
central area small, elliptical; striæ, 15 in 10 µ in the middle,
transverse, distinctly punctate, closer at the ends L. 47 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 10.

Cleve describes the form as having slightly radiate striæ in the middle.
There is considerable difference in the descriptions of Cleve, Donkin,
Grunow and Van Heurck, as also in all of the figures.


NAVICULA AMERICANA EHR.

Valve oblong-linear, with rounded ends, sometimes slightly constricted;
axial area about one-half the width of the valve, dilated in the middle;
striæ parallel in the middle, radiate at the ends, 15-16 in 10 µ. A punctum
is usually found in the central nodule. L. 55-154 µ.

Blue clay. Occasional in fresh water.

Pl. 26, Fig. 8.


DECIPIENTES CL.

Valve lanceolate, with obtuse ends; axial area narrow; central area
orbicular; striæ radiate in the middle and more distant.


NAVICULA SEMEN EHR.

Valve elliptic-lanceolate, with sub-rostrate, truncate apices; axial area
narrow, {99}sinuous; central area orbicular; terminal fissures small,
hook-shaped; striæ robust, 7 or 8 in the middle, closer at the ends,
indistinctly punctate or lineolate.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 26, Fig. 11.

Cleve states that this form belongs to the post-glacial deposits and is
found living only in the Hartz Mountains.


NAVICULA INTEGRA WM. SM.

Valve lanceolate with triundulate margins and rostrate-apiculate ends;
striæ radiate, more distant in the middle, 20-23 in µ, punctate; axial area
very narrow, central area rounded or elliptical. L. 33-43 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Common in Chester River, Md.

Pl. 26, Fig. 5.


MICROSTIGMATICÆ CL.

Valve lanceolate; axial area narrow; central area small, rounded; striæ
finely punctate, nearly parallel. (Includes here only the division
Libellus.)


NAVICULA TUMIDA (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, with rounded ends; axial area narrow, central area
elliptical; raphe slightly sigmoid; striæ, 13 in 10 µ, finely punctate, a
few shorter in the middle.

_Scoliopleura tumida_ (Bréb.) V. H.

Cape May, N. J.

Pl. 25, Fig. 1.


NAVICULA GREVILLEI (AG.) CL.

Frustules in gelatinous tubes, rectangular; zone with numerous longitudinal
divisions. Valve elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse; axial area narrow, central
area small; striæ lineate, about 18 in 10 µ in the middle where they are
slightly radiate and more evident, closer near the ends and transverse;
median line with terminal pores distant from the ends. L. 60 µ.

_Schizonema grevillei_ Ag.

East River, N. Y.

Pl. 31, Figs. 3 and 4.


NAVICULA LIBELLUS GREG.

Valve rhombic-elliptical, obtuse at the ends; axial area narrow, central
rounded, small; striæ punctate, slightly radiate, about 19 in 10 µ;
terminal fissures close to the ends, indistinct. L. 60 µ.

Cleve describes this form as having acute ends, while Gregory states that
it is "more obtuse and broader than N. rhombica." Gregory's Figure 101
apparently shows the ends acute, but he says that the valve view is
"rhombic or elliptic-lanceolate, broad, with obtuse ends" (Diat. of the
Clyde, p. 57, Pl. 6).

Hackensack Swamp, N. J.

Pl. 31, Fig. 5.


ORTHOSTICHÆ CL.

Valve lanceolate or elongated; axial area narrow; central area sometimes
apparently dilated into a stauros; striæ punctate, the puncta in transverse
and longitudinal rows.


{100}NAVICULA CUSPIDATA KUETZ.

Valve rhombic-lanceolate, with acute ends; axial area linear, narrow, not
widened in the middle; striæ transverse, 14-19 in 10 µ (Cl.). L. 70-150 µ.

Blue clay. Not uncommon in fresh water.

Pl. 26, Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 2 represents an inner valve or stratum, with strong costæ variable in
size, formerly known as Surirella craticula Ehr.

_N. cuspidata var. ambigua (Ehr.) Cl._--Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with
rostrate ends, smaller than the type and with finer striæ.

Crum Creek.

Pl. 26, Fig. 3.


NAVICULA SPICULA (HICKIE) CL.

Valve narrow, lanceolate with acute ends; axial area narrow, central area
dilated into a stauros reaching the margin; transverse striæ, 25-29 in 10
µ, longitudinal closer. L. 50-130 (Cl.).

Sometimes confused with N. crucigera.

_Stauroneis spicula_ Hickie.

Newark, N. J.

Pl. 26, Fig. 4.


NAVICULA CRUCIGERA (WM. SM.) CL.

Valve lanceolate, narrow, with acute apices; central nodule a stauros
reaching the margin but crossed by two or three coarser striæ; transverse
striæ, 12 in 10 µ, punctate, the puncta about 25 in 10 µ. L. 80-100 µ
(Cl.). Frustules in gelatinous tubes or free.

_Schizonema cruciger_ Wm. Sm.

Pl. 26, Fig. 15.

Reported as occurring in New York Bay, but I have not seen it. The figure
is from a specimen from another locality.


MINUSCULÆ CL.

Valve lanceolate or elliptical, chiefly distinguished by the small size;
axial area indistinct; central area small; striæ radiate, very finely
punctate.


NAVICULA ATOMUS NÆGELI

Valve elliptical, 6-8 µ in length; striæ radiate, 26-30 µ, closer near the
ends; axial area linear, scarcely widened in the middle.

Water-troughs and ditches. Probably common, but frequently not noticed
because of its minuteness. A mounting medium of the highest refractive
index, such as realgar, is required to resolve the striæ. In the figure the
striæ are drawn a little coarser than they appear in most specimens.

Pl. 26, Fig. 12.


LÆVISTRIATÆ CL.

Valve lanceolate, axial area distinct; central area orbicular; striæ
coarse, indistinctly punctate, approaching the costæ of Pinnularia.


{101}NAVICULA YARRENSIS GRUN.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with rounded ends; axial area lanceolate,
widened in the middle; striæ, 5 in 10 µ. L. 97 µ.

Cape May, N. J. Common.

Pl. 25, Fig. 14.

Fig. 15, a smaller form, 65 µ in length; striæ, 6 in 10 µ.

Fig. 16, 54 µ in length; striæ, 8 in 10 µ (near var. valida Pant.).


NAVICULA ELEGANS WM. SM.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with produced ends; axial area very narrow,
central area large, orbicular; striæ strongly divergent in the middle,
slightly, if at all, convergent at the ends, curved toward the margin,
indistinctly lineate, 9 in 10 µ. L. 95 µ.

Blue clay. Not rare.

Pl. 31, Fig. 1.

_Navicula elegans var. cuspidata Cl._--Valve as in type form but smaller
and with rostrate apices; striæ, 10 in 10 µ. L. 82 µ.

Belmar, N. J.

Pl. 31, Fig. 2.

Cleve remarks that the type form is acute and the striæ 9, while the var.
cuspidata has 12 striæ in 10 µ. In Fig. 1, Pl. 31, is represented a valve
having 9 striæ in 10 µ, but not acute, while Fig. 2, with but slight
variation in striæ, is more cuspidate. It is probable there are
intermediate variations.


NAVICULA PALPEBRALIS BRÉB.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with acute apiculate ends; axial area broad,
lanceolate; striæ radiate, lineate, about 11 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 31, Figs. 6 and 7.

On Plate 40, Fig. 5, is represented an abnormal form of Navicula in which
the central pores are in a line transverse to the longitudinal axis and
each raphe is curved in a line which almost returns to the centre. The
puncta are in curved lines radiating from the rounded hyaline centre.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Weissflog has described valves of Navicula somewhat similar in punctation.


PINNULARIA EHR. (1843)

(pinnula, a small feather)

Valve linear or nearly so, with rounded ends; axial area broad; central and
terminal areas large; costæ smooth, transverse or radiating, usually
convergent at the ends.

The costæ are channels on the inside of the valve, closed, except in the
middle where elliptical foramina, opening into the interior of the valve,
give rise through their terminal margins to the two longitudinal lines on
each side of the valve. The raphe begins as a groove in the side of the
conical central nodule and continues as a cleft at right angles to the
plane of the surface of the valve, in which case the raphe forms a single
line; if the raphe is inclined to the valve surface, then two lines appear
in projection, the upper and lower edges of the cleft. In some forms the
surface of the edge of the raphe on one side is folded or grooved for a
considerable distance, and the opposite edge is elevated into a ridge or
{102}tongue fitting into the groove. In such cases it is possible, in
projection, to see the upper or outer edges of the raphe, the lower edges
and the edges of the tongue and groove, thus showing four lines; sometimes,
when the tongue and groove do not meet, six lines. The so-called inner
channel is the part of the raphe on the inside of the tongue, and the
so-called exterior channel is the part of the raphe on the outside of the
tongue. If, in addition to this formation of the raphe, the plane of
cleavage changes toward the terminal nodules, the lines will cross each
other and, when two are superimposed, disappear altogether. For the careful
examination of the raphe it is necessary to employ large forms, and it is
advisable to use nitrate of silver which remains in the raphe, and, as in
slides mounted by Mr. F. J. Keeley, shows in a beautiful manner the entire
outline of raphe and fissures. The terminal fissures owe their separation
to the different directions taken by the two edges of the raphe on each
side, one edge bending in a wide curve toward the end of the valve, showing
two lines, the upper and lower edges of one side of the raphe when inclined
to the plane of the surface, and the other edge of the raphe turning
suddenly in an opposite direction and ending abruptly in a curve, giving
rise to the appearance, by diffraction, of a punctum.

Pl. 40, Figs. 13, 14 and 15.

Endochrome consists of two chromatophores lying on the zones.

Pinnularia is usually divided into the Majores, or larger, and the Minores,
or smaller forms, the latter being further divided according to their
striæ. The following classification is chiefly that of Cleve.

_Majores._--Valve large, linear with parallel or slightly radiate striæ and
broad axial area.

_Gracillimæ._--Valve small, striæ parallel or nearly so; axial area very
narrow.

_Capitatæ._--Valve with capitate or rostrate ends; striæ radiate.

_Divergentes._--Striæ strongly radiate.

_Brevistriatæ._--Striæ short.

_Distantes._--Striæ distant.

_Tabellariæ._--Striæ radiate in the middle, strongly convergent at the
ends.

_Marinæ._--Marine forms.


MAJORES

PINNULARIA MAJOR (KUETZ.) WM. SM.

Valve linear, usually slightly gibbous in the middle and at the ends; raphe
oblique; axial area less than one-third the width of valve, convergent at
the ends; striæ, 7 or 8 in 10 µ, radiate in the middle, convergent at the
ends, crossed by a narrow band. L. ? to 300 µ.

Blue clay. Fresh water. Abundant at Middletown, Delaware Co. (T. C.
Palmer).

Pl. 28, Fig. 4.

Fig. 9, Pl. 29, is one of a number of smaller forms which are difficult to
determine, approaching P. viridis.


PINNULARIA MAJOR VAR. PULCHELLA N. VAR.

Valve strongly gibbous in the middle and gradually widened to the rounded
ends; axial area broad, less than one-third the width of the valve, widened
unilaterally in the middle; striæ, 7 in 10 µ, crossed by a band nearly as
wide as the length of the costæ and scarcely distinct. L. 273 µ.

{103}The central nodule is scarcely evident, probably because it is not so
thick as in other forms. The outline is near to that of N. mesogongyla and
certain forms of N. nobilis, differing from the latter in the median line,
striæ and band which is wider than that of P. latevittata var. domingensis
Cl.

Hammonton Pond, N. J.

Pl. 28, Fig. 2.

A very beautiful form which I cannot find described or figured. It does not
appear to be N. major var. turgidula Cl., which has a narrow band. In the
fossil deposit from Hopkinton, N. H., valves occur similar in outline but
smaller.


PINNULARIA NOBILIS EHR.

Valve slightly gibbous in the middle and at the ends; median line complex;
striæ, 4 or 5 in 10 µ, slightly convergent or parallel at the ends, crossed
by a band one-third as wide as the length of the striæ. L. ? to 350 µ.

Blue clay. Fresh water.

Pl. 28, Fig. 1.


PINNULARIA DACTYLUS EHR.

Valve broad, linear, slightly gibbous in the middle; ends broad, rounded;
median line not complex, sinuous; striæ, 4 or 5 in 10 µ, crossed by a very
broad band. L. ? to 300 µ.

_Navicula gigas_ A. S.

Blue clay. Fresh water.

Pl. 28, Fig. 3.

Forms occur which are with difficulty assigned to either nobilis or
dactylus.


PINNULARIA DACTYLUS VAR. DARIANA (A. S.) CL.

Valve linear-lanceolate, obtuse; axial area broad, less than one-third the
width of the valve; striæ, 6 in 10 µ, crossed by a broad band. L. 220 µ.

Absecon, N. J.

Pl. 29, Fig. 3.


PINNULARIA DACTYLUS VAR. DEMERARÆ CL.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with sub-cuneate ends; axial area lanceolate,
broad in the middle; median line flexuose; striæ radiate throughout, 6 in
10 µ. L. 150 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 29, Fig. 10.


PINNULARIA GENTILIS (DONK.) CL.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area about one-fourth the diameter
of the valve; striæ radiate in the middle, convergent at the ends, 7 in 10
µ, crossed by a broad indistinct band.

Fresh water. Not common.

Pl. 29, Fig. 1.


PINNULARIA TRIGONOCEPHALA CL.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle and at the cuneate ends; axial area
wider between the middle and the ends, dilated to an elliptical space in
the middle; striæ, 6 in 10 µ. L. 145 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 29, Fig. 8.


{104}PINNULARIA VIRIDIS NITZSCH

Valve linear-elliptical, with rounded ends; axial area narrow, widened in
the middle; striæ, 6 to 7 in 10 µ, crossed by a band as wide as one-third
the length of the striæ.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 29, Fig. 2.

Quite variable in size. Approaches P. major by intermediate forms as in
Fig. 9, Pl. 29.


PINNULARIA VIRIDIS VAR. FALLAX CL.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area narrow, slightly widened in the
middle; striæ sometimes unilaterally interrupted, nearly parallel, 10 in 10
µ.

Elm, N. J.

Pl. 29, Fig. 4.

In Fig. 2, Pl. 30, a form is represented which corresponds closely to
Navicula viridis var. B, of Wm. Smith. It is given as synonymous with var.
fallax; it is bilaterally interrupted. Blue clay.


PINNULARIA VIRIDIS VAR. ?

Valve linear-elliptical, with rounded ends; axial area narrow, widened in
the middle to a transverse fascia which is sometimes unilateral; striæ, 14,
in the middle, divergent, convergent at the ends and closer, crossed by a
narrow band. L. 45-60 µ. Fascia sometimes absent or very narrow.

Northbrook, Pa.

Pl. 30, Fig. 17 (represents a form with wider area than usual).


PINNULARIA VIRIDIS VAR. CAUDATA N. VAR.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with sub-rostrate ends; axial area narrow,
widened to an orbicular space in the middle; striæ radiate in the middle,
11-12 in 10 µ, convergent and closer at the ends, crossed by a narrow band;
median line with very long terminal fissures; terminal nodules noticeable
because of the thickening of the edges of the terminal striæ. L. 43 µ.

Fresh water, Newtown Square. Not common.

Pl. 30, Fig. 18.


PINNULARIA SOCIALIS (PALMER)

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area broad, one-third the width of
the valve; striæ slightly radiate in the middle, convergent at the ends,
elsewhere parallel, 8 in 10 µ, crossed by an indistinct band about
one-third the length of the striæ. L. 60-120 µ.

This species, discovered by Mr. Palmer near Media, Pa., is remarkable for
the grouping of the frustules "held with girdle sides together by a
siliceous cementing of valve edges and enclosed in a common coleoderm." The
usual number included in a group is four, but sometimes six or eight are
noticed. The frustules adhere near their ends and are so firmly fastened
that boiling in nitric acid and bichromate of potash for fifteen minutes
will not separate them.

_Navicula socialis_ Palmer (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1910, p. 460,
Pl. 35).

Media, Pa.

Pl. 29, Fig. 5.


{105}PINNULARIA ÆSTUARII CL.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area broad, less than one-third the
width of the valve; central area a transverse fascia; striæ, 7 in 10 µ,
parallel except at the ends where they are slightly convergent; median line
flexuose, with short, terminal semicircular fissures. L. 85 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River. Rare.

Pl. 29, Fig. 6.


GRACILLIMÆ

PINNULARIA MOLARIS (GRUN.) CL.

Valve very convex, linear, with sub-cuneate ends; axial area narrow,
expanded in the middle to a transverse fascia reaching the margin; striæ
divergent in the middle, convergent at the ends, 16 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 29, Fig. 15.


PINNULARIA LEPTOSOMA GRUN.

Valve linear, rounded at the ends; axial area narrow; central area a broad
transverse fascia; striæ slightly divergent in the middle and convergent at
the ends, 17 in 10 µ in the middle, closer at the ends. L. 56 µ.

Fresh water. Not common.

Pl. 30, Fig. 10.


CAPITATÆ

PINNULARIA MESOLEPTA EHR.

Valve linear, with triundulate margins and capitate ends; axial area
narrow, widened in the middle; striæ divergent in the middle, convergent at
the ends, about 12 in 10 µ. L. 34 µ.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 29, Fig. 13.


PINNULARIA MESOLEPTA VAR. STAURONEIFORMIS GRUN.

Valve triundulate, capitate; axial area narrow, widened in the middle to a
transverse fascia, broader at the margin; striæ strongly divergent in the
middle and convergent at the ends, 9-10 in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Fresh water.

Pl. 30, Fig. 20.


PINNULARIA SUBCAPITATA GREG.

Valve linear or linear-elliptical, with sub-capitate ends; axial area
distinct, widened to a transverse fascia in the middle; striæ divergent in
the middle, convergent at the ends, 13 in 10 µ. L. 32 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 29, Fig. 20.


{106}PINNULARIA SUBCAPITATA VAR. PAUCISTRIATA GRUN.

Valve linear-elliptical, with rounded ends; axial area gradually widened
into a broad, transverse fascia; striæ divergent in the middle, convergent
at the ends, 11-12 in 10 µ. L. 47 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 30, Fig. 16.


PINNULARIA TERMES (EHR.) A. S.

Valve linear, with concave margins and rostrate-capitate ends; axial area
narrow, widened in the middle to an orbicular or sub-quadrate space; striæ
divergent in the middle, scarcely, if at all, convergent at the ends, 10 in
10 µ.

Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 29, Fig. 17.

This is, I believe, the form figured by Schmidt (Atlas, Pl. 45, Fig. 67).
Cleve refers it to Pinnularia interrupta forma biceps, in which the central
space is rhomboid.


PINNULARIA TERMES VAR. STAURONEIFORMIS V. H.

Valve linear, with concave margins and capitate-rostrate ends; axial area
narrow, widened into a rhomboidal fascia, reaching the margin; striæ, 10 in
10 µ, divergent in the middle, convergent at the ends.

_Pinnularia interrupta forma stauroneiformis_ Cl.

Fresh water.

Pl. 29, Fig. 14.


PINNULARIA APPENDICULATA (AG.) CL.

Valve linear, with subcapitate ends; axial area narrow; central area a
transverse fascia; striæ divergent in the middle, convergent at the ends,
16 in 10 µ. L. 43 µ.

Fresh water. Marl pits, Lenola, N. J. (Palmer).

Pl. 29, Fig. 18.


PINNULARIA BRAUNII GRUN.

Valve linear-lanceolate, with capitate ends; axial area gradually widened
toward the middle and expanded into a fascia reaching the margin; striæ
divergent in the middle, convergent at the ends, 11 in 10 µ. L. 52 µ.

Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 29, Fig. 16.


PINNULARIA MICROSTAURON (EHR.) CL.

Valve convex, linear, tapering to sub-cuneate or sub-rostrate ends; axial
area very narrow; central area a broad fascia; striæ divergent in the
middle, convergent at the ends, 12 in 10 µ. L. 35 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 29, Fig. 19.

This form does not exactly correspond to Cleve's diagnosis, as the ends are
not broad. All species in the group Capitatæ are quite variable.


{107}DIVERGENTES

PINNULARIA DIVERGENS VAR. ELLIPTICA GRUN.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area widened in the middle to a
transverse fascia; striæ, 9 in 10 µ, divergent in the middle, convergent at
the ends. L. 150 µ.

Fresh water. Not common in this locality.

Pl. 31, Fig. 13.


PINNULARIA CARDINALICULUS CL.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area wide, less than one-third the
width of the valve, expanded to a transverse fascia; striæ divergent in the
middle and slightly convergent at the ends, 9 in 10 µ. L. 97 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 30, Fig. 1.

As a rule, the median fissures in Pinnularia are turned inwards on the side
of the longer edge of the terminal fissures, but not always. In this
specimen the median fissures are turned slightly toward the side of the
shorter edge of the terminal fissures.


PINNULARIA LEGUMEN EHR.

Valve linear, with more or less triundulate margins and broad, capitate
ends; axial area less than one-fourth the width of valve, widened in the
middle; striæ strongly divergent in the middle and convergent at the ends,
10 in 10 µ. L. 84 µ.

Fresh water. May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 30, Fig. 3.


PINNULARIA LEGUMEN VAR. ?

Valve as in type, but with a transverse fascia; striæ, 10 in 10 µ, curved
or bent near the ends. L. 84 µ.

This form is not var. florentina Grun.

May's Landing, N. J. (with the type).

Pl. 30, Fig. 4.


PINNULARIA BRÉBISSONII (KUETZ.) CL.

Valve linear-elliptical, with rounded ends; axial area narrow, widened into
a transverse fascia which is usually broader at the ends; striæ divergent
in the middle, convergent at the ends, about 12 in 10 µ. L. 40-60 µ (Cl.).

Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 29, Fig. 12; Pl. 31, Fig. 11.

Variable in outline.


PINNULARIA MORMONORUM (GRUN.)

Valve linear, with rounded ends; striæ divergent in the middle, convergent
at the ends, 10 in 10 µ; axial area rhombic-lanceolate, widened to a fascia
usually reaching the border. L. 62 µ.

_Navicula mormonorum_ Grun.

Common near Willistown, Pa.

This form is regarded by Cleve as P. brébissonii, but the axial area
appears to distinguish it. The valves are sometimes narrowed in the middle.

Pl. 29, Fig. 11.


{108}BREVISTRIATÆ

PINNULARIA ACROSPHÆRIA (BRÉB.) CL.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle and at the ends; axial area about half
the width of the valve; median line with approximate central pores; median
area punctate; striæ nearly parallel, radiate at the ends, 9 in 10 µ. L.
32-180 µ (Cl.).

Blue clay. Recent, fresh water.

Pl. 30, Fig. 7.


PINNULARIA ACROSPHÆRIA VAR. TURGIDULA GRUN. ?

Valve strongly gibbous in the middle; ends rounded; striæ, 12-13 in 10 µ.
L. 54 µ.

Blue clay, Gloucester, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 30, Fig. 8.


PINNULARIA BLANDITA N. SP.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle, and with rounded ends; striæ radiate
in the middle, convergent at the ends, 13 in 10 µ; axial area about
one-fourth the width of the valve, widened in the middle; median line with
small semicircular terminal fissures. L. 65 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.

Pl. 30, Fig. 25.


PINNULARIA PARVA (EHR.) CL. VAR. ?

Valve linear, tapering to the subcapitate ends; axial area broad,
lanceolate; median line with approximate central pores and semicircular
terminal fissures; striæ slightly divergent in the middle and convergent at
the ends, 12 in 10 µ. L. 58 µ.

Differs from the type in having finer striæ.

Atco, N. J.

Pl. 30, Fig. 14.


PINNULARIA NODOSA FORMA CAPITATA CL.

Valve triundulate, with capitate ends; axial area about one-fourth the
width of valve; striæ parallel, convergent at the ends, 10 in 10 µ,
sometimes interrupted in the middle. L. 47 µ.

Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 30, Figs. 15 and 19.


PINNULARIA POLYONCA (BRÉB.) LEWIS

Valve with triundulate margins, more inflated in the middle, with capitate
ends; axial area very broad; striæ marginal, short, 9 in 10 µ, divergent in
the middle, convergent at the ends. L. 97 µ.

Kirkwood Pond, N. J.

Pl. 30, Fig. 21.

The description of Kuetzing (Species Algarum, p. 85), where he states that
the margins are "triundulate, the median inflation larger, apices
rounded-capitate," appears to sufficiently distinguish this species, which
I believe to be the same as Brun's Navicula peripunctata, except that the
form figured (Espèces Nouvelles, Pl. 16, Fig. 11) is interrupted in the
middle, a common variation in these forms. Cleve makes Navicula polyonca
Bréb. equal Pinnularia mesolepta, but at the same time he considers Lewis'
form and also Brun's as equivalent to Navicula formica Ehr., and calls it
Pinnularia nodosa var. formica Ehr. P. mesolepta has a narrower area than
nodosa. I adhere to Lewis' identification, as in any case it is the form
here figured and is nearly, if not quite, the same as Brun's species.


{109}DISTANTES

PINNULARIA LATA (BRÉB.) WM. SM.

Valve linear-elliptical, broad; axial area broad, widened in the middle;
striæ slightly radiate in the middle, 3 in 10 µ; median line oblique, the
terminal fissures hook-shaped. L. 86 µ.

Blue clay. Not uncommon.

Pl. 30, Fig. 23.


PINNULARIA BOREALIS EHR.

Valve linear, with rounded or sub-truncate ends; axial area about
one-fourth the width of the valve, widened in the middle; median line with
large hook-shaped terminal fissures; striæ, 4 or 5 in 10 µ. L. 54 µ.

Blue clay. Occasional in fresh water in a smaller form. Specimens occur
intermediate between P. lata and P. borealis.

Pl. 30, Fig. 22; Pl. 31, Fig. 12.


PINNULARIA BOREALIS VAR. SCALARIS (EHR.) CL.

Valve narrow, linear; axial area broad, widened into a transverse fascia;
striæ, 8 in 10 µ. L. 32 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 30, Fig. 24.


TABELLARIÆ

PINNULARIA STOMATOPHORA (GRUN.) CL.

Valve linear, with rounded ends; axial area less than one-third the width
of the valve, gradually widened in the middle to a transverse fascia; on
each side of the central nodule is a lunate space; striæ divergent in the
middle, convergent at the ends, 13 in 10 µ; terminal fissures very long,
bayonet shaped. L. 75 µ.

Cleve describes a variety continua as not interrupted. In some forms the
fascia is marked by very faint, short striæ on the margin.

Fresh water. Newtown Square.

Pl. 30, Fig. 12.


PINNULARIA GIBBA (KUETZ.) V. H.

Valve linear, tapering to the subcapitate ends; axial area dilated in the
middle; striæ, 10-11 µ, divergent in the middle, convergent at the ends. L.
80 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 30, Fig. 5.


PINNULARIA MESOGONGYLA (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle, ends subcapitate; axial area narrow,
widened in the middle to a large orbicular space; striæ strongly divergent
in the middle, convergent at the ends, 11 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.

Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 30, Fig. 6.


{110}PINNULARIA STAUROPTERA (GRUN.) CL.

Valve linear, with slightly triundulate margins tapering to the subcapitate
ends; axial area more than one-third the width of the valve, slightly
widened in the middle; median line with approximate central pores and
semicircular terminal fissures; striæ divergent in the middle, convergent
at the ends, 11 in 10 µ. L. 82 µ.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 30, Fig. 13.

Some of the forms are more triundulate than the specimen figured.


PINNULARIA STAUROPTERA VAR. INTERRUPTA CL.

Valve linear, tapering to the subcapitate ends; axial area broad, widened
in the middle to a transverse fascia; striæ divergent in the middle,
convergent at the ends, 10 in 10 µ; median pores approximate. L. 118 µ.

Schuylkill River.

Pl. 30, Fig. 11.


PINNULARIA TABELLARIA (EHR.) CL.

Valve linear, gibbous in the middle and tapering to the subcapitate ends;
axial area about one-third the width of the valve, widened in the middle;
median line with approximate central pores and bayonet-shaped terminal
fissures; striæ sometimes unilaterally interrupted, divergent in the
middle, strongly convergent at the ends, 9 in 10 µ. L. 138 µ.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 30, Fig. 9.

The form here figured has coarser striæ than in the type which is also
usually more capitate.

P. legumen has triundulate margins, P. mesogongyla has an orbicular space,
while P. gibba has the space widened. According to Cleve, P. gibba has
approximate central pores, as has also P. mesogongyla. In what I have
considered to be P. legumen, the central pores are more approximate than in
the other two species mentioned. In fact, all of the three resemble each
other closely, and are variously named by different authors. The form of P.
gibba here figured, which may be P. stauroptera, is not the typical form of
Wm. Smith, which has a narrow area and central space. There are, however,
among the typical specimens in H. L. Smith's Type Slide No. 275, smaller
valves which show a resemblance.


MARINÆ

PINNULARIA RECTANGULATA (GREG.) CL.

Valve linear, with abruptly rounded ends; axial area very narrow; central
area large, somewhat quadrate; striæ, 7-8 in 10 µ. L. 78 µ.

_Navicula rectangulata Greg._

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 29, Fig. 7.


{111}EPITHEMIA BRÉB. (1838)

(epithema, a cover or lid)

Frustules epiphytic, solitary, sometimes geminate, adherent on the ventral
side at the ends; in zone view rectangular, sometimes tumid in the middle.
Valve arcuate, having an interior costate stratum or transverse septa
extending to the girdle, often detached, and an exterior valve surface with
transverse rows of puncta. Central and terminal nodules not easily seen; in
some species a true raphe is indicated.

The resemblance between Epithemia and Eunotia has been already mentioned.
In the shape and striation of the valves there is an approach to Cymbella.

The genus is divided into two groups, one in which the costæ alternate with
double rows of puncta, as in E. turgida, and the other in which the rows of
puncta are more than two.

The endochrome usually consists of a band lying along the ventral zone and
extending in two flaps on the valves.


EPITHEMIA TURGIDA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Valve arcuate, with ends subcapitate; costæ radiate, 4 in 10 µ, alternating
with double rows of puncta. Median nodule central, the raphe curved toward
the ventral edge which it closely follows.

Parasitic on algæ. Very common in fresh water, especially in ponds. In the
figure the valve is asymmetrical with respect to the transverse axis, an
unusual condition.

Pl. 31, Fig. 14.


EPITHEMIA ARGUS KUETZ.

Valve with dorsal margin convex, and ventral margin nearly straight; ends
rounded, constricted; costæ robust, alternating with more than two rows of
puncta; zone view rectangular, the thickened ends of the costæ forming
large nodules in a row along the edge of the valve next to the connecting
zone.

_Cystopleura argus_ (Ehr.) Kunze.

Common in fresh water.

Pl. 31, Figs. 15 and 21.


EPITHEMIA ARGUS VAR. ?

Valve strongly arcuate on the dorsal side and concave on the ventral;
tapering to the rounded but not produced ends; costæ at unequal distances,
about 2 in 10 µ; granules in transverse rows, 8 in 10 µ. L. 100 µ.

Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 31, Fig. 16.


EPITHEMIA MUELLERI A. S. ?

Valve broad, convex, slightly arcuate, with obtuse, somewhat constricted
apices; costæ about 4 in 10 µ; striæ, 12-14 in 10 µ; in zone view the
outline is rectangular, slightly tumid in the middle. L. 78 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 31, Fig. 17.


{112}EPITHEMIA ZEBRA VAR. PROBOSCIDEA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve convex on the dorsal, concave on the ventral side; costæ, 3-4 in 10
µ, slightly radiating; apices recurved, capitate.

Blue clay.

Pl. 31, Fig. 18.


EPITHEMIA GIBBERULA VAR. PRODUCTA GRUN.

Valve narrow, lunate, with produced and arcuate apices; costæ radiate, 3-4
in 10 µ; striæ, 16-18 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 58 µ, usually smaller.

Blue clay.

Pl. 31, Fig. 19.


EPITHEMIA MUSCULUS KUETZ.

Valve short, strongly arcuate on the dorsal, concave on the ventral side;
apices slightly produced; costæ radiate, about 5 in 10 µ; striæ, 15 in 10
µ, punctate. L. 20-60 µ.

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 31, Fig. 20.


EPITHEMIA MUSCULUS VAR. CONSTRICTA (BRÉB.) V. H.

Frustule elliptical, slightly constricted in the middle. Valve convex on
the dorsal, straight on the ventral side; costæ about 4 in 10 µ; striæ
about 18 in 10 µ, finely punctate. L. 45 µ.

_Epithemia succinta_ Bréb.

New Rochelle, N. Y.

Pl. 31, Fig. 22.


RHOPALODIA MUELLER (1885)

(Rhopalodes, like a war club)

Frustule in zone view linear, linear-elliptical (in our species), or
clavate. Valve reniform or lunate; a raphe, not visible in some species in
the usual position of the valve, is found along the convex edge or keel.
Median and terminal nodules, although very small, can be determined. The
name is more appropriate to the African species which are clavate. Two
species only are found in this locality.

The chief distinction between Epithemia and Rhopalodia is in the position
of the raphe and the nodules. In R. gibba and R. ventricosa the costæ are
parallel and not radiate since the valves are not lunate.

Chromatophore a single band irregularly divided.


RHOPALODIA GIBBA (KUETZ.) MUELLER

Valve linear, arcuate on the dorsal, straight on the ventral side, reflexed
at the extremities. Costæ, 6-7 in 10 µ; striæ about 14 in 10 µ. L. 80-200
µ.

Fresh water. Common.

Pl. 31, Fig. 23.

In this species the raphe and nodules can be seen only when the valve is
examined at right angles to its usual position.


{113}RHOPALODIA VENTRICOSA (KUETZ.) MUELLER

Valve gibbous in the middle on the dorsal side, straight on the ventral
side, with reflexed apices; costæ, 7 in 10 µ; striæ, 14-16 in 10 µ. L.
40-100 µ.

The median nodule appears as a minute depression in the middle of the
dorsal side. The two species usually occur together.

_Epithemia gibba_ var. _ventricosa_ Kuetz.

Pl. 31, Fig. 24.



SURIRELLOIDEÆ

The Surirelloideæ are usually understood to include the genera Surirella,
Podocystis, Cymatopleura and Campylodiscus, all of which resemble each
other more or less, either in having a keel or markings like the divisions
of the keel in Surirella and a median line, or pseudoraphe. The genus
Nitzschia also has a keel, but it does not border each side of the valve as
in Surirella, being found either near one margin or between it and the
centre. Certain of the Surirellæ are allied to the group Tryblionella of
the Nitzschiæ, while forms of Stenopterobia are distinguished with
difficulty from the group Sigmata.

The following arrangement, therefore, is intended to include all genera
having a keel or something which resembles it.

_Hantzschia._--Valve asymmetrical; keels of the two valves opposite each
other.

_Nitzschia._--Valve asymmetrical; keels not (usually) opposite each other.

_Surirella._--Valve usually symmetrical; a keel on each border.

_Cymatopleura._--Valve without an elevated keel, but with markings like
those of Surirella; undulated in zone view.

_Campylodiscus._--Valves saddle-shaped.


HANTZSCHIA GRUN. (1877)

(named after C. A. Hantzsch)

Valve arcuate, with rostrate ends; keel puncta short, prolonged into costæ
or extending across the valve; median nodule rudimentary; the keels of the
two valves opposite each other.

Distinguished from Nitzschia chiefly by the position of the keels.
According to Mereschkowsky, however, two species of Nitzschia, N.
lanceolata and N. spectabilis, show the same peculiarity.

Chromatophores four, two on each of the zones (Mereschkowsky).


HANTZSCHIA AMPHIOXYS (EHR.) GRUN.

Valve slightly arcuate, with rostrate apices; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ
transverse, 16-18 in 10 µ, punctate. L. 60 µ.

Quite variable.

Fresh water.

Pl. 32, Fig. 9.


{114}HANTZSCHIA AMPHIOXYS VAR. MAJOR GRUN.

Valve as in type, but the keel puncta are 5 in 10 µ and the striæ are 11-12
in 10 µ. L. 71 µ.

H. amphioxys var. major Grun. is stated to be 120 µ in length. The present
form is smaller but corresponds in puncta and striation. Van Heurck remarks
that it approaches H. virgata.

Abundant in sand ripples on the beach at Cape May, N. J.

Pl. 39, Fig. 4.

Fig. 6, Pl. 39, is drawn from an authentic specimen of Wm. Smith's
Nitzschia amphioxys, from England, and is introduced for comparison. The
central nodule is not evident.

Fig. 3, Pl. 39, is from a specimen from an unknown locality. The keel
puncta are 6 and the striæ 16 in 10 µ.


HANTZSCHIA VIRGATA (ROPER) GRUN.

Valve arcuate on the dorsal side, nearly straight on the ventral side, with
rostrate, recurved apices; keel puncta prolonged to one-third the width of
the valve, 4 in 10 µ; transverse striæ, 9-10 in 10 µ. L. 115 µ.

Shark River, N. J. (Kain).

I have not been able to find this form on our coast. The figure is drawn
from a specimen from another locality.

Pl. 32, Fig. 23.


HANTZSCHIA MARINA (DONK.) GRUN.

Valve with dorsal margin slightly arcuate, ventral margin straight; apices
rostrate and recurved; keel puncta, 6 in 10 µ, prolonged into costæ across
the entire valve; transverse striæ, 12 in 10 µ, in double rows of
alternating puncta between the costæ. L. 106 µ.

_Epithemia marina_ Donkin.

Along the coast.

Pl. 32, Fig. 22.


NITZSCHIA HASSALL (1845), em. GRUN. (1880)

(named after Christian L. Nitzsch, of Halle)

Frustules usually free, sometimes enclosed in tubes or united into a
filament. Valves keeled, the keels of the two valves usually diagonally
opposite (see Hantzschia); keel puncta short or prolonged.

According to Mereschkowsky, there are at least two endochrome plates placed
transversely on the zones; sometimes there are from four to six plates, in
one species twenty granules and in another no trace of any endochrome
whatever.

The following analysis is that of Grunow as given in Cleve and Grunow's
"Arctic Diatoms," and adopted and illustrated by Van Heurck in his
"Synopsis."


GROUPS

1. _Tryblionella._--Keel very excentric, valve often folded; keel puncta
indistinct, usually the same in number as the striæ.

2. _Panduriformes._--Valve broad, constricted in the middle, with more or
less evident fold; keel very near the edge; keel puncta quite evident or
apparently wanting.

{115}3. _Apiculatæ._--Keel very near the edge; valve linear or somewhat
narrower in the middle; striæ on the longitudinal fold fainter than on the
remaining surface, or wanting; puncta not in quincunx.

4. _Pseudo-Tryblionella._--Keel more or less close to the edge; valve with
a more or less deep longitudinal fold over which the striæ are spread in
the same way as over the remaining surface; keel puncta always distinct.

5. _Circumsutæ._--Valve with more or less wide longitudinal fold; keel very
excentric; keel puncta quite evident; surface of valve irregularly punctate
and also traversed by rows of delicate puncta which belong to a different
layer of the valve.

6. _Dubiæ._--Like the group Pseudo-Tryblionella, but the valves are not so
much folded; frustules sometimes narrowed in the middle. The separation of
species is difficult and, in part, doubtful. Keel excentric.

7. _Bilobatæ._--Like the group Dubiæ, but with more central keel and so
forming a transition to the group Pseudo-Amphiprora; valves without
longitudinal folds.

8. _Pseudo-Amphiprora._--Valve with quite central, sharp keel, arcuate,
without longitudinal fold; keel puncta always evident; frustule narrowed in
the middle with more or less marked central nodule.

Includes two species not found in this locality.

9. _Perrya._--Valve arched with very sharp central keel; not narrowed in
the middle; keel puncta mostly on short or long lines which are sometimes
interrupted.

Includes six species not found in this locality.

10. _Epithemioideæ._--Keel excentric; keel puncta extended into costæ
across the entire valve.

11. _Grunowia._--As in the group Epithemioideæ, except that the costæ are
shorter, not extending across the valve; keel very excentric.

12. _Scalares._--Like Grunowia, but with sharper, somewhat excentric keel;
transverse section of frustule quadrangular.

13. _Insignes._--Like Scalares, but with more central keel so that many of
the forms are near the group Perrya; frustule somewhat sigmoid.

14. _Bacillaria._--Keel central or nearly so; valve somewhat arched; keel
sharp, as in the group Insignes.

15. _Vivaces._--Keel moderately excentric; valve, according to position,
semi-lanceolate, with keel puncta in short rows, or lanceolate with quite
central keel. The valves have in many positions a resemblance to
Hantzschia, so that N. vivax frequently becomes confounded with a form of
H. amphioxys. The median keel puncta are not distant and a central nodule
is not evident as is the case in all species of Hantzschia.

16. _Spathulatæ._--Like the group Bacillaria, but usually with very
delicate striated valves; keel in valve view usually bordered with two
parallel lines.

17. _Dissipatæ._--Like Vivaces and Spathulatæ, but with smaller central
keel and without parallel lines. Valves usually small, very delicately
striated; no central nodule.

18. _Sigmoideæ._--Keel quite central; no parallel lines; frustule sigmoid;
valve without longitudinal furrow; keel puncta not extended; no central
nodule evident.

19. _Sigmata._--Like Sigmoideæ, but with a more excentric keel.

20. _Obtusæ._--Like Sigmata, with a more or less excentric keel which has
in the middle a small bending to the inside; middle keel puncta somewhat
more distant than the others, and between them a central nodule evident.

{116}21. _Spectabiles._--Valve large, slightly arcuate, with excentric
keel; no longitudinal folds; keel puncta somewhat extended over the valve
but much less than in the group Insignes, and often scarcely perceptible.

22. _Lineares._--Keel somewhat excentric, but less than in Spectabiles;
frustule straight, sometimes a little constricted in the middle, so that a
transition is shown to the groups Dubiæ and Bilobatæ. Valve without
longitudinal fold; keel puncta round or somewhat angular, scarcely
extended.

23. _Lanceolatæ._--Valve lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or rarely
elliptical, with very excentric keel; not folded; keel puncta not extended.

24. _Nitzschiella._--Valve with excentric keel and long, produced apices.


TRYBLIONELLA

NITZSCHIA TRYBLIONELLA HANTZSCH

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with subacute apices; longitudinal fold well
marked; striæ coarse, transverse, 5 in 10 µ; indistinct puncta intermediate
between the striæ. L. 45 µ. Quite variable.

Blue clay.

Pl. 32, Fig. 8.


NITZSCHIA GRANULATA GRUN.

Valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate; striæ in double rows, each row
of three or four small puncta along the margin and rows of large puncta
about 6 in 10 µ across the valve. L. 28-44 µ.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 32, Fig. 3.


NITZSCHIA NAVICULARIS (BRÉB.) GRUN.

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with acute apices; striæ on one side a double
row of large and small puncta, and on the other side radiate short rows of
large puncta, 7 in 10 µ; middle of valve hyaline. L. 35-60 µ.

Blue clay. Not common.

Pl. 32, Fig. 4.


NITZSCHIA COMPRESSA (BAIL.)

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes acuminate; striæ, 6 or 7 in 10 µ,
coarsely punctate. L. 56 µ.

_Pyxidicula compressa_ Bailey.

_Nitzschia punctata_ (Wm. Sm.) Grun.

_Tryblionella punctata_ Wm. Sm.

Common along the coast.

Pl. 39, Fig. 7.

Var. minor (H. L. Smith).--Valve acuminate; striæ, 8 in 10 µ. L. 22 µ.

_Pyxidicula compressa_ var. _minor_ H. L. Smith, Type Slide No. 431.

Pl. 39, Fig. 8.

The smaller forms occur northward, while the larger are found southward.
This is unquestionably Bailey's form, as indicated by his figure and by the
fact that it is found everywhere along the coast. Wm. Smith's T. punctata
is the same species, although the puncta are smaller.


{117}PANDURIFORMES

NITZSCHIA PANDURIFORMIS GREG.

Valve elliptical, constricted in the middle, with sub-cuneate apices;
longitudinal fold, with a punctate longitudinal line; striæ transverse and
oblique, 15 in 10 µ; keel puncta, 6 in 10 µ. L. 108 µ.

Along the coast. More often found southward.

Pl. 39, Fig. 2.


NITZSCHIA PANDURIFORMIS VAR. MINOR GRUN.

Valve elliptical, constricted in the middle, with cuneate apices; keel
puncta, 9 in 10 µ; striæ in transverse and oblique lines about 20 in 10 µ;
longitudinal fold bordered by a punctate line. L. 34 µ.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 32, Fig. 5.

The var. continua Grun. is reported as occurring in Shark River. It varies
in having the longitudinal fold punctate. It is also usually smaller than
var. minor.


APICULATÆ

NITZSCHIA APICULATA (GREG.) GRUN.

Valve oblong-linear, with cuneate-apiculate apices; striæ punctate,
apparently interrupted or pervious, about 18 in 10 µ. L. 26 µ.

Chester River, Md.

Pl. 32, Fig. 6.

The puncta are continued across the valve, but are less distinct on the
fold. The figure shows the entire frustule with the fold on each valve. The
valves are sometimes slightly constricted.


NITZSCHIA ACUMINATA (WM. SM.) GRUN.

Valve linear, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, with acuminate
apices; longitudinal fold entirely without or with indistinct striæ; keel
puncta not evident; striæ, 14-15 in 10 µ. L. 82 µ.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 32, Fig. 13.


NITZSCHIA PLANA WM. SM.

Valve linear; apices acute, slightly constricted in the middle;
longitudinal fold further from the keel than the margin, broad, with
scattered puncta; striæ subtle, irregular, interrupted, about 18 in 10 µ;
keel puncta oblong, 3-6 in 10 µ. L. 100-170 µ.

Blue clay. Along the coast.

Pl. 32, Fig. 2.


{118}PSEUDO-TRYBLIONELLA

NITZSCHIA LITORALIS VAR. DELAWARENSIS GRUN.

Valve linear, with obtusely rounded cuneate ends, scarcely, if at all,
constricted in the middle; longitudinal fold wide; keel puncta, 5 or 6 in
10 µ, sometimes confluent; striæ obscure, about 21 in 10 µ. L. 75 µ.

Delaware River.

Pl. 32, Fig. 12.

This form is drawn from a slide of Christian Febiger containing an
abundance of specimens from Delaware City, and marked "Nitzschia dubia."


CIRCUMSUTÆ

NITZSCHIA CIRCUMSUTA (BAIL.) GRUN.

Valve elliptical, sometimes more than 200 µ in length; longitudinal fold
more or less conspicuous; keel puncta about 4 in 10 µ, the middle distant
with the appearance of a nodule; striæ irregular, subtle, finely punctate,
frequently interrupted.

_Surirella circumsuta_ Bail.

_Tryblionella scutellum_ Wm. Sm.

Common in brackish water.

Pl. 32, Fig. 1.


DUBIÆ

NITZSCHIA DUBIA WM. SM.

Valve linear, scarcely, if at all, constricted in the middle, with cuneate,
produced, apiculate apices, somewhat recurved; keel very excentric; puncta
sometimes partly prolonged, about 9 in 10 µ; striæ, 20-24 in 10 µ. L. 93 µ.

Reported from along the New Jersey coast. I have not seen it. It is
generally regarded as fresh-water. Slides sometimes labelled N. dubia are
in reality N. litoralis var. delawarensis.

Pl. 39, Fig. 5.

The figure is drawn from a specimen from another locality.


BILOBATÆ

NITZSCHIA BILOBATA WM. SM.

Valve linear-lanceolate, constricted in the middle, apiculate at the ends;
keel puncta 6 in 10 µ, prolonged unequally across part of the valve, the
two median sub-remote; striæ, 16 in 10 µ. Frustule oblong, truncate,
constricted in the middle. L. 120 µ.

Shark River, N. J., Chester River, Md.

Pl. 32, Figs. 10 and 11.


EPITHEMIOIDEÆ

NITZSCHIA EPITHEMIOIDES GRUN.

Valve linear, with cuneate, rostrate apices; slightly constricted on the
keel side; keel puncta, 8 or 9 in 10 µ, extending as costæ across the
valve; striæ delicate, 22 in 10 µ. L. 47 µ.

Brackish water, Long Island Sound.

Pl. 32, Fig. 21.


{119}GRUNOWIA

NITZSCHIA TABELLARIA GRUN.

Valve rhomboidal, inflated in the middle; apices produced; keel puncta
extend in costæ across half of the valve, 7 in 10 µ; striæ transverse,
about 22 in 10 µ. L. 20 µ.

_Dimerogramma sinuatum_ Thwaites.

_Nitzschia sinuata_ var. _tabellaria_ (Grun.) V. H.

Schuylkill River. Not common.

Pl. 32, Fig. 7.


SCALARES

NITZSCHIA SCALARIS (EHR.) WM. SM.

Valve linear, with obtusely conical apices; costæ transverse, extending
more or less to one-third the width of the valve, 3 or 4 in 10 µ; striæ, 9
or 10 in 10 µ, punctate. Length of valve quite variable, up to 480 µ
(Cleve).

A well-known form, abundant in salt marshes and more or less brackish
water.

Pl. 33, Fig. 6. (To the right of the figure is an outline of the valve
reduced one-third.)


INSIGNES

NITZSCHIA INSIGNIS GREG.

Valve nearly linear or linear-lanceolate; apices broad, slightly produced,
obtuse; keel puncta extended into short costæ, 4 or 5 in 10 µ; striæ about
14 in 10 µ. Length variable up to 400 µ.

Delaware Bay.

Pl. 33, Fig. 8.


BACILLARIA

NITZSCHIA PAXILLIFER (O. F. MUELLER) HEIBERG

Frustules united in a filament, afterwards free; valve lanceolate with
nearly central keel; keel puncta, 7-9 in 10 µ; striæ about 21 in 10 µ. L.
110 µ.

_Vibrio paxillifer_ O. F. Mueller.

_Bacillaria paradoxa_ Gmelin.

_Nitzschia paradoxa_ (Gmelin) Grun.

Brackish water or streams subject to its influence.

Pl. 33, Figs. 13 and 14.

Otto Frederick Mueller, in 1786, published at Copenhagen a work on
"Infusorial Animalcules," including a description of a Vibrio which he
named paxillifer, obviously alluding to the partially-extended frustules
bearing at the end a tablet-like bundle. Two years later, Gmelin described
the same form as Bacillaria paradoxa, a name still used. Heiberg, however,
in 1863, placed the form under Nitzschia where it properly belongs and
called it Nitzschia paxillifer (O. F. Mueller). I have adopted Heiberg's
name.

Perhaps the most remarkable of all diatoms. Many species possess the power
of motion, which, however, is evident only in the free frustule. In N.
paxillifer, the movement of the frustules occurs without the loss of
continuity or adherence to each other, so that, while at one time the
adnate frustules form a narrow filament, like that of Fragilaria, at
another {120}time they move laterally to their extreme length and form a
thread of frustules adherent at their ends, later resuming their original
position. The motion is repeated at intervals of from five to ten seconds.
No satisfactory explanation of the movement has ever been made. In the
filamentous form the frustules adhere to water-plants.


VIVACES

NITZSCHIA FLUMINENSIS GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, apices produced; keel puncta, 4-6 in 10 µ, partly
extended in short costæ; striæ transverse, 14-15 in 10 µ, punctate; keel
without a pseudo-nodule. L. 73 µ.

Common at Greenwich Point, Philadelphia.

Pl. 32, Fig. 16.

The form here figured is smaller than the type, which is from 130-160 µ in
length.


SPATHULATÆ

NITZSCHIA SPATHULATA BRÉB.

Frustule linear, truncate, dilated at the ends; zone with longitudinal
folds; valve lanceolate, keel central; apices acute, with an elevated
appendage; keel puncta, 5-6 in 10 µ; striæ very fine. L. 56 µ.

Atlantic City and Cape May, N. J. (Lewis).

Pl. 40, Fig. 3.


DISSIPATÆ

NITZSCHIA DISSIPATA (KUETZ.) GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, with sub-rostrate apices; keel excentric; keel puncta
about 6 in 10 µ; striæ, 14 in 10 µ. L. 20-40 µ.

Fresh and brackish water.

Pl. 40, Fig. 7.


SIGMOIDEÆ

NITZSCHIA MACILENTA GREG.

Frustule sigmoid, truncate at the ends; valve linear, with sub-acute apices
and nearly central keel; keel with 5-6 puncta in 10 µ; striæ obscure, about
25 to 28 (?) in 10 µ. Length variable, up to 490 µ.

As the valve is usually seen when the keel is on the margin, the outline
(reduced one-third, shown to the left of the figure) is, as a rule,
sigmoid.

Delaware Bay.

Pl. 33, Fig. 7.


NITZSCHIA VERMICULARIS (KUETZ.) HANTZSCH

Valve linear, sigmoid, attenuated toward the obtuse ends; keel puncta, 9 in
10 µ, quite distinct; striæ very fine. L. 105 µ.

Fresh-water pools.

Pl. 32, Fig. 24; Pl. 33, Fig. 9.


{121}SIGMATA

NITZSCHIA SIGMA (KUETZ.) WM. SM.

Frustule linear, sigmoid; valve linear, slightly sigmoid, tapering to the
sub-acute apices; keel excentric, puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ, 20-24 in 10 µ.
L. to 250 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 39, Fig. 13.


NITZSCHIA SIGMATELLA GREG.

Valve linear, sigmoid, slightly attenuated toward the obtuse apices; keel
excentric, puncta, 8-10 (?) in 10 µ; striæ delicate, 25-30 in 10 µ. L. to
400 µ. The keel puncta are quite obscure.

_Nitzschia curvula_ Wm. Sm.

_Nitzschia sigma_ var. _curvula_ (Wm. Sm.) De Toni.

Fresh water. Hammonton Pond; May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 33, Figs. 4 and 5.

Gregory remarks that the keel puncta are seen in some specimens. In both of
the forms figured I have counted 30 striæ in 10 µ, but, after many
examinations, I have not been quite certain about the keel puncta. The
general appearance of the valves in any position is that of a Stenopterobia
or Surirella anceps, with which it occurs.


NITZSCHIA CLAUSII HANTZSCH

Valve linear, slightly sigmoid, tapering to the sub-capitate ends; keel
puncta, 11 in 10 µ; striæ subtle. L. 40 µ.

Abundant in Ridley Creek, Delaware Co. (Palmer).

Pl. 32, Fig. 20.


OBTUSÆ

NITZSCHIA OBTUSA WM. SM.

Frustule sigmoid, rounded at the ends; keel somewhat excentric, inflexed in
the middle, the two median puncta distant; keel puncta, 5-6 in 10 µ; striæ,
26 in 10 µ. L. to 300 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 39, Fig. 16.


NITZSCHIA OBTUSA VAR. FLEXELLA H. L. SMITH

Valve more attenuate at the ends than the type and smaller.

Pl. 39, Fig. 14.


NITZSCHIA OBTUSA VAR. SCALPELLIFORMIS GRUN.

Valve linear, with apices unilaterally truncate; keel excentric; keel
puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ, 26 in 10 µ. L. 48 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 32, Fig. 17.


{122}SPECTABILES

NITZSCHIA SPECTABILIS VAR. AMERICANA GRUN.

Frustule linear, slightly constricted in the middle, with sub-cuneate ends;
valve linear, slightly arcuate, tapering to the sub-rostrate ends; keel
excentric, keel puncta sometimes confluent, 4-6 in 10 µ, prolonged into
short costæ; striæ distinct, 14 in the middle, 18 at the ends in 10 µ (but
variable in different specimens). L. 186 µ.

Blue clay, especially at Tioga St.

Pl. 33, Fig. 3; Pl. 39, Fig. 1.

This is, probably, one of the most beautiful of the Nitzschiæ. It
sometimes, according to De Toni, reaches a length of 520 µ.

Grunow states that his variety is found in the S. Bridgeton deposit. In a
slide of Moeller labelled "Bridgeton, Maine," I find specimens identical in
every respect with the Philadelphia form.


LINEARES

NITZSCHIA LINEARIS (AG.) WM. SM.

Valve linear, slightly inflexed in the middle; keel excentric; keel puncta,
8-9 in 10 µ, the two median distant; striæ about 30 in 10 µ. Frustules in
zone view narrowed toward the ends, truncate. L. 75 µ.

Very common in fresh water.

Pl. 32, Fig. 18. Fig. 20, Pl. 40, a transverse section of frustule.


LANCEOLATÆ

NITZSCHIA PALEA (KUETZ.) WM. SM.

Valve linear-lanceolate, slightly rostrate at the apices; keel puncta, 10
in 10 µ, the median not distant; striæ, 33-36 in 10 µ; zone view linear,
with rounded ends. L. 25-65 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 32, Fig. 15.


NITZSCHIA AMPHIBIA GRUN.

Valve lanceolate, apices sometimes slightly produced, rounded; keel puncta,
8-9 in 10 µ; striæ, 16 in 10 µ. L. 20-32 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 32, Figs. 14 and 25.


NITZSCHIA COMMUNIS RAB.

Frustule linear, slightly attenuated at the obtuse ends; valve
elliptical-lanceolate, attenuated toward the obtuse ends; keel puncta, 12
in 10 µ; striæ more than 30 in 10 µ. L. 35 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 32, Fig. 19.


NITZSCHIA INTERMEDIA HANTZSCH

Valve linear-lanceolate; keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ about 24 in 10 µ. L.
100 µ.

Crum Creek. Not common.

Pl. 33, Fig. 2.


{123}NITZSCHIELLA

NITZSCHIA LONGISSIMA (BRÉB.) RALFS

Valve linear-lanceolate, with exceedingly long horns or beaks; keel puncta
about 10 in 10 µ; striæ about 16 in 10 µ. L. to 500 µ.

Shark River, N. J.

Pl. 33, Fig. 1.

Forma parva V. H.--Keel puncta, 10-12 in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.

East Park Reservoir, Philadelphia.

Pl. 33, Fig. 10.

Differs from N. closterium (Ehr.) Wm. Sm. in the keel puncta.

The type form occurs in brackish and salt water. The occurrence of the
variety in fresh water is another instance of the finding of presumably
brackish forms in the water supply of the city. If these cases prove to be
unusual, it may be because of one of two reasons. The Schuylkill River,
before the building of the dam at Fairmount, was tidal as far as the Falls
of Schuylkill, and brackish influences, while not now existent, may have
caused the growth of forms which now survive. Another reason may be that
the opening of the locks at Fairmount Dam may cause a slight admission of
brackish forms from tidal water below. The abundance of the brackish
species appears to indicate that the first reason is the more plausible.


NITZSCHIA REVERSA WM. SM.

Valve lanceolate extended into beaks or horns curving in opposite
directions; keel puncta not evident; striæ, "20-26" in 10 µ. L. 70 µ.

Brackish water. Abundant in Duck Creek, Delaware River.

Pl. 33, Fig. 11.


NITZSCHIA ACICULARIS (KUETZ.) WM. SM.

Valve lanceolate, with beaks or horns about half the length of the median
part of the valve; keel puncta, 18 in 10 µ; striæ exceedingly delicate,
"about 40 in 10 µ." L. 45 µ.

Fresh water. Darby Creek.

Pl. 33, Fig. 12.


HOMOEOCLADIA AG. (1827)

(homoios, like, and clados, a branch)

Frustules like Nitzschia, but enclosed in branching or simple tubes.


HOMOEOCLADIA FILIFORMIS WM. SM.

Frustule linear, tumid in the middle, obtuse at the ends; valve
linear-lanceolate, with somewhat acute apices; keel central or nearly so;
keel puncta, 8 in 10 µ; striæ delicate. L. 108 µ.

Fresh and brackish water. Newark, N. J.

Pl. 33, Fig. 15.


{124}SURIRELLA TURPIN (1828)

(named after Dr. Suriray, a physician of Havre)

Valve linear, elliptical or ovate; pseudoraphe linear or lanceolate; a
marginal keel forming wings or alæ seen in zone view; costæ short or
reaching the pseudoraphe, frequently with intercostal striæ more or less
evident.

The genus is divided by Grunow according to the length and form of the
costæ. I include Stenopterobia.

Section 1.--Costæ of nearly equal width throughout, reaching the
pseudoraphe.

Section 2.--Costæ short or marginal.

Section 3.--Costæ dilated at the margin, attenuated toward the pseudoraphe.

Section 4.--Valve having the appearance of Nitzschia, with inconspicuous
alæ (Stenopterobia).

The endochrome consists of two laminate chromatophores, one on each valve.

The auxospores are single, originating from the union of two frustules (H.
L. Smith).


SECTION 1

SURIRELLA BISERIATA (EHR.) BRÉB.

Valve lanceolate, subacute at the ends; costæ robust, about 2 in 10 µ,
parallel in the middle, radiate at the ends; pseudoraphe narrow. L. 100 µ.

_Surirella bifrons_ Ehr.

Fresh water.

Pl. 39, Fig. 12; Pl. 35, Fig. 2 (smaller form).


SURIRELLA LINEARIS WM. SM.

Valve linear, with cuneate ends, slightly constricted in the middle; costæ
parallel, 2-3 in 10 µ. L. 90 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 35, Fig. 8.


SURIRELLA AMPHIOXYS WM. SM.

Valve oblong-linear, with cuneate ends; pseudoraphe narrow; costæ, 3-4 in
10 µ; striæ, 14-16 in 10 µ, somewhat radiate. L. 34-54 µ.

_Surirella moelleriana_ Grun.

Fresh and brackish water. Common along the coast.

Pl. 35, Figs. 12 and 13.


SURIRELLA ROBUSTA EHR.

Valve linear-ovate; pseudoraphe wide; alæ prominent; costæ wide, 1¼ in 10
µ. Frustule in zone view clavate. L. 200-365 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 36, Fig. 2.


{125}SURIRELLA SPLENDIDA (EHR.) KUETZ.

Valve ovate; costæ, 1½ to 2 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe linear, narrow. L. 125-200
µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 35, Fig. 3.

S. splendida is smaller than S. robusta and wider in proportion, but, as
intermediate forms occur, it is difficult to distinguish between them.


SURIRELLA ELEGANS EHR.

Valve ovate, rounded at one end and acute at the other; pseudoraphe
lanceolate, narrow; costæ, 1½ in 10 µ; striæ subtle, 22 in 10 µ. Frustule
in zone view cuneate. L. 180-220 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 36, Fig. 1.


SURIRELLA STRIATULA TURPIN

Valve broad, obovate or elliptical, rounded at each end; costæ, 1¼ in 10 µ,
curved at the ends; striæ, 14 in 10 µ. Frustule in zone view cuneate;
marginal alæ quite robust. L. 100-160 µ.

Blue clay. Brackish water.

Pl. 34, Fig. 1.

In the specimen figured, the outline is exactly elliptical, although the
species is usually conical at one end.


SURIRELLA GEMMA EHR.

Valve ovate or ovate-elliptical, rounded at each end, sometimes
asymmetrical along the longitudinal axis; pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ
distant, at irregular intervals, about 2 in 10 µ, somewhat radiate,
reaching the pseudoraphe; striæ, 20 in 10 µ, punctate. Frustule in zone
view cuneate. L. 70-120 µ.

Along the coast.

Pl. 36, Fig. 4.


SURIRELLA TENERA GREG.

Valve ovate; pseudoraphe narrow, well-defined; costæ indistinct, 2½ in 10
µ, their margins invisible; striæ about 14 in 10 µ, punctate, more evident
near the margin. L. 90 µ.

_Surirella diaphana_ Bleisch.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 35, Fig. 6.

The figure is that of the var. nervosa A. S. (Atlas, Pl. 23, Fig. 15),
which differs from the type in having the position of the costæ indicated
by scattered puncta.


{126}SECTION 2

SURIRELLA GUATIMALENSIS EHR.

Valve ovate; pseudoraphe very narrow and indistinct; costæ short, marginal,
2-2½ in 10 µ, absent from the rounded end. L. 120 µ.

_Surirella cardinalis_ Kitton.

Smith's Island, Delaware River.

Pl. 36, Fig. 5.


SURIRELLA OVALIS BRÉB.

Valve ovate; costæ short, marginal, radiate, 3-6 in 10 µ, often unequal;
central area ovate, indistinctly costate; striæ scarcely visible, about 18
in 10 µ; pseudoraphe narrow. L. 45-93 µ.

_Surirella davidsonii_ A. S.

Fresh or brackish water.

Pl. 35, Fig. 5; Pl. 39, Fig. 11.

The smaller specimen is from the Delaware River, and the larger from the
Hudson River.


SURIRELLA CRUMENA BRÉB.

Valve nearly orbicular; costæ short, marginal, radiate; pseudoraphe narrow,
indistinct; central area indistinctly costate, sometimes interrupted.

On account of the extreme confusion in the names of many forms which appear
to be variations of S. ovalis, I have followed Van Heurck in retaining the
original names as specific. De Toni gives S. crumena as a variety of S.
ovalis.

Fresh and brackish water. Quite common in the Delaware River.

Pl. 35, Fig. 4.


SURIRELLA PINNATA WM. SM.

Valve ovate or oblong-ovate; costæ reaching the linear pseudoraphe, about 6
in 10 µ. L. 40 µ.

_Surirella ovalis_ var. _pinnata_ (Wm. Sm.) De Toni.

S. pinnata is the type of a number of small forms usually found together,
including S. panduriformis, S. angusta and S. minuta.

Fresh water. Media (Palmer).

Pl. 36, Fig. 7; Fig. 9 (abnormal).

Var. minuta, a small form of S. pinnata, occurs with the type.


SURIRELLA PANDURIFORMIS WM. SM.

Valve linear-oblong, with rounded ends, more or less constricted in the
middle; otherwise as in S. pinnata. L. 54 µ.

Fresh water.

Pl. 36, Fig. 6.


{127}SURIRELLA ANGUSTA KUETZ.

Valve linear, with cuneate ends; otherwise as in S. pinnata.

Fresh water.

Pl. 36, Fig. 8.

S. pinnata, S. panduriformis, and S. angusta have a narrow central area,
and differ from S. ovalis which has short costæ.


SURIRELLA OBLONGA EHR. ?

Valve elliptical-lanceolate, with obtuse ends; costæ, marginal, 2½ in 10 µ;
median area granulate; pseudoraphe narrow, lanceolate, scarcely visible;
striæ about 18 in 10 µ. L. 60 µ.

Blue clay. Rare.

Pl. 35, Fig. 9.

This has the outline and appearance of S. oblonga Ehr. (Mik. Pl. 15, Fig.
48), but the costæ are closer.


SURIRELLA RECEDENS A. S.

Valve ovate; costæ, 2-2½ in 10 µ; pseudoraphe narrow, not reaching the ends
of the valve; intercostal spaces more evident near the middle. L. 50 µ.

Blue clay. Not uncommon.

Pl. 35, Fig. 7.


SURIRELLA CRUCIATA A. S.

Valve ovate; pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ, 2 in 10 µ; the outline of
several of the median costæ strongly emphasized, while the other costæ are
indistinct. L. 54 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 35, Fig. 10.


SURIRELLA GRACILIS GRUN.

Valve linear, with sub-cuneate ends, slightly constricted in the middle;
pseudoraphe very narrow; costæ, 6-7 in 10 µ; transverse striæ about 26 in
10 µ, punctate. L. 75 µ.

According to De Toni (p. 598), this form is a Nitzschia. It has, however, a
narrow pseudoraphe.

Pavonia, N. J., artesian well. Rare.

Pl. 35, Fig. 11.


SECTION 3

SURIRELLA FASTUOSA EHR.

Valve ovate; costæ about 1-2 in 10 µ, dilated at the margin and contracting
at about one-fourth the distance toward the middle; area, ovate-lanceolate;
pseudoraphe, narrow and indistinct; intercostate striæ more evident near
the margin, 19 in 10 µ, becoming again evident in a narrow band about
one-half the distance to the pseudoraphe. L. 50-120 µ.

Along the coast. More common southward.

Pl. 35, Fig. 1.


{128}SURIRELLA FEBIGERII LEWIS

Valve ovate-lanceolate; costæ about 2½ in 10 µ with punctate interspaces
extending half the distance toward the median hyaline area, which is
divided longitudinally on each side of the narrow pseudoraphe by two
longitudinal bands composed of short, transverse, irregular, punctate
lines.

Along the coast.

Pl. 36, Fig. 3.


SECTION 4 (STENOPTEROBIA)

SURIRELLA ANCEPS LEWIS

Frustule linear, straight or nearly so; valve sigmoid with rounded apices;
costæ marginal, nearly obsolete; striæ distinct, about 15 in 10 µ;
pseudoraphe wide. L. to 320 µ.

Hammonton Pond and Tom's River, N. J.

Pl. 34, Fig. 2.


SURIRELLA INTERMEDIA LEWIS

Frustule linear, straight, widened at the truncate ends; valve linear,
sigmoid, tapering to the sub-acute ends; costæ about 5 in 10 µ; striæ about
20 in 10 µ. L. variable.

Hammonton Pond, N. J.

Pl. 34, Fig. 3; Pl. 39, Fig. 9 (zone view).

This, perhaps, is forma sub-acuta Fricke.

Fig. 7, Pl. 34, is probably a small form of S. intermedia, from Willistown,
Pa. It resembles a Nitzschia.


SURIRELLA DELICATISSIMA LEWIS

Frustule linear, rounded at the ends; valve linear-lanceolate, sometimes
very slightly constricted in the middle, with acute apices; costæ, 5 in 10
µ; striæ about 20 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe well defined, lanceolate. L. to 90
µ.

Fresh water. Newtown Square.

Pl. 34, Figs. 5 and 6 (small forms).


SURIRELLA ARCTISSIMA A. S.

Valve linear, tapering to the sub-acute ends; costæ marginal, 5 in 10 µ;
striæ, 18 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe not evident. L. 184 µ.

May's Landing, N. J.

Pl. 34, Fig. 4.

Fig. 10, Pl. 39, is a small form from Newtown Square, Pa., in which the
length is 86 µ, the costæ 5 and the striæ 16 in 10 µ.


PODOCYSTIS KUETZ. (1844)

(pous, a foot, and cystis, a bag)

Frustules cuneate, similar to Surirella, but attached by short stipes to
other algæ; valve obovate.


{129}PODOCYSTIS ADRIATICA KUETZ.

Valve nearly symmetrical, obovate, with transverse costæ about 4 in 10 µ,
alternating with double rows of coarse puncta; median line distinct,
linear. L. 43 µ.

_Podocystis americana_ Bail.

Hell Gate, N. Y.

Pl. 40, Fig. 6.


CYMATOPLEURA WM. SM. (1851)

(cuma, a wave, and pleura, a side)

Valve elliptical; surface transversely undulate, with short, marginal
costæ. Frustule in zone view linear, with undulated sides.

Auxospore formation as in Surirella.


CYMATOPLEURA SOLEA (BRÉB.) WM. SM.

Valve oblong, with cuneate apices, constricted in the middle; costæ about 6
in 10 µ; striæ, 10 in 10 µ; pseudoraphe scarcely visible. L. 50-300 µ.

Blue clay. Common in the Hudson River.

Pl. 34, Figs. 8 and 9.


CYMATOPLEURA ELLIPTICA (BRÉB.) WM. SM.

Valve elliptical; marginal costæ short, 3 in 10 µ; striæ delicate, 18 in 10
µ; undulations four or more. L. 70-140 µ.

Blue clay.

Pl. 37, Fig. 1.

_Forma spiralis._--Valve ovate, swelled into curved ridges at the lower
end, with a contraction of the valve.

Port Penn, Delaware River.

Pl. 37, Fig. 2.


CYMATOPLEURA MARINA LEWIS

Frustule linear, with numerous undulations, ends apiculate; valve
linear-lanceolate, with acute ends; striæ transverse, punctate at unequal
intervals, from 16-18 in 10 µ. L. 43 µ.

East River, N. Y.

Pl. 37, Figs. 3 and 4.

Lewis states that the ends are more or less truncate. I do not find them
so.


CAMPYLODISCUS EHR. (1841)

(campulos, curved like a saddle)

Valve orbicular or sub-orbicular, with costæ or punctate rays converging
from the circumference toward the hyaline centre, which sometimes appears
like a pseudoraphe. Frustule of two saddle-shaped valves at right angles to
each other. The zone view may be of almost any shape according to position.

Endochrome consists of two bands, each lining the inner surface of each
valve. Auxospore and conjugation unknown.


{130}CAMPYLODISCUS ECHENEIS EHR.

Valve sub-orbicular, saddle-shaped; costæ indistinct, short, marginal; rows
of round or elongated puncta converge toward the lanceolate, hyaline median
space. Diam. 80-140 µ.

_Campylodiscus argus_ Bail.

Blue clay. Reservoir at Thompson and Twenty-sixth Sts., Phila.

Pl. 37, Fig. 6.

This form, usually considered as brackish and marine, is occasionally found
in fresh water. According to Deby, it is fossil in the "Champlain deposit
of N. A."


CAMPYLODISCUS HIBERNICUS EHR.

Valve irregularly orbicular; costæ, 40-60, about 2 in 10 µ, wide at the
margin and attenuated toward the centre which is somewhat quadrate; the
radials rough with minute apiculi.

Pensauken, N. J., artesian well.

Pl. 37, Fig. 5.



{131}APPENDIX


COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF DIATOMS

It is assumed that every student of the Diatomaceæ has a general knowledge
of the collection, preparation, mounting and examination of material. For
the novice, however, the following methods, used by the author for many
years, may be of service.

_Collection of Fresh-water Material._--The yellow film on the inside of
aquaria always contains small species. Stems of water-plants near the
shores of ponds and the submerged roots, the brownish coating of rocks in
streams and water-falls, fountains, and water-troughs, are prolific. At all
times of the year, some diatoms may be found in a thin layer upon the mud
of rivers or creeks. In the spring, brown patches of mud, filled with
bubbles, floating near the shore in ponds, or coming down with the current
in rivers, are rich in various forms. Within the limits assigned to our
district, I have made collections in the following localities: Schuylkill
River, including the region near Fairmount Dam, several reservoirs and the
water-supply; the Wissahickon and Fairmount Park, Darby, Crum and Ridley
Creeks, the Neshaminy and the Brandywine; meadow pools and rivulets near
the city; the upper Delaware, the Water Gap and numerous cascades
northward; the Shawangunk Mountains and the Poconos; many parts of New
Jersey along the coast; the Pine Barren region, the Hammonton, Atsion and
Kirkwood Ponds and the swamps near Atco.

In the collection of fresh-water material, it is well to be provided with a
number of small bottles. Take a handful of the water-plants or algæ, and
squeeze the material into the bottles, or, lacking a bottle, wrap it in
paper. With a small forceps it is possible to detach minute quantities of a
pure gathering which may not need further preparation beyond burning to a
red heat on the cover-glass before mounting. A malacca cane, with extending
rod to which may be screwed a bottle, net, spoon or hook, is useful on a
long trip. If it is impossible to separate the thin film of diatoms from
the mud in the bed of streams, dip up the surface mud with one bottle,
allow to settle a few minutes, then pour off the supernatant liquid, which
will be comparatively free from sand, into another bottle. It must be
confessed, however, that the mud in streams near Philadelphia contains a
large quantity of fine mica which, in some instances, it is impossible to
remove.

_Collection of Marine Material._--Shell scrapings, the stomachs of fish,
marine algæ, especially the brown and red algæ, the hulls of vessels, mud
from anchors and dredgings, are all sources which may prove valuable. In
the sand ripples, after the tide recedes, a yellowish-brown deposit will be
noticed. This should be taken up carefully with a spoon and placed in a
bottle; the sand will settle at once and a very pure gathering will be held
in suspension in the water. Such collections may be made along the entire
coast of New Jersey on sunny days in summer. In salt meadows near Absecon
and Hackensack, large quantities of diatoms, including Pleurosigma, may be
obtained in the yellow scum floating on the surface.

_The Blue Clay Deposit._--The blue clay occurs as a pre- or post-glacial
deposit in the bed of the ancient Delaware River, and, at depths varying
usually from fifteen to forty feet below the surface, has been obtained
from artesian wells at Pavonia, Pensauken and Gloucester, N. J., also at
Port Penn on the Delaware, and especially from the dredgings {132}made by
the removal of Smith's Island opposite the city. In the city proper, it may
be stated briefly that material may be found in a stratum of very light
blue clay at a depth varying from twenty to sixty feet in many places south
of Arch St. east of Broad St., and also along the beds of ancient rivulets
near Tioga St., at Sixteenth St., and in certain other places which were
probably subject to tidal overflow. One of the best collections was made
along the bank of the Schuylkill at the east end of Walnut St. Bridge, at a
depth of thirteen feet below the surface. Excavations for the Reading
Terminal and the Subway and several buildings, as the Bingham House, have
furnished numerous specimens.

_Cleaning the Material._--Some gatherings may be so pure as to be ready for
mounting when treated with dilute alcohol and oil of cloves. If, when
gathered, the diatoms are immersed in a saturated solution of picric acid
for several days, they may be stained with carmine or methylene blue, or
whatever may be required to emphasize the contents of the frustules,
including the endochrome and the pyrenoids. After staining, pass as rapidly
as expedient through the treatment with dilute alcohol and oil of cloves,
and mount in benzol balsam, avoiding heat. A hot solution of mercuric
bichloride is sometimes used for the preservation of the endochrome,
although washing is needed before mounting. For the particular stain
considered best for certain details of structure, it will be advisable to
consult works on Micro-Chemistry or Heinzerling (_l. c._). The stains of
most importance are carmine, methylene blue, hæmatoxylin, gold chloride and
Bismarck brown.

Whatever method may be used in staining, the identification of forms is
impossible, in most cases, unless the valves are carefully cleaned and the
cell-contents destroyed. For this purpose provide a casserole holding from
five to eight ounces, an iron tripod stand with alcohol lamp, several
six-inch test-tubes, preferably those with a standard base, fitted with
pure rubber corks. Take the material as free from twigs, dead leaves, sand,
and other matter as possible, place it in the casserole, and add about the
same quantity of nitric acid. Boil for twenty minutes and then add about
half a teaspoonful of powdered bichromate of potash, stirring with a glass
rod. Then take a beaker-glass partly filled with water and pour into it
slowly the liquid which has been allowed to cool a short time, whirling the
casserole to cause the concentration of sand in the centre. Allow the
material to settle for half an hour or longer, according to the amount of
diatoms and their size. Pour off the water, add more water, and place in a
test-tube. Repeat the decantation, shaking the test-tube, closed with a
rubber cork, vigorously each time. From time to time whirl the diatoms in
the casserole and throw away the sand collected in the centre. By repeating
the decantation, shaking and whirling, the deposit will be found to consist
almost entirely of diatoms. It may be necessary to repeat the boiling in
the acid and bichromate. If, however, any detritus other than sand is
noted, boil in sulphuric acid and add from time to time minute pinches of
powdered chlorate of potash, being careful to protect the eyes by holding a
piece of glass before them; otherwise the explosions which occur are likely
to throw some of the boiling acid into the eyes and destroy the sight. The
material, when clean, should be white or, in the case of Synedra,
yellowish. It is quite easy to construct a box fitted with the proper
apparatus for boiling and provided with a glass door for observation, and a
method of introducing the chlorate of potash through a small aperture or
tube. The box may be placed in the garden or fastened outside of a window
so that the poisonous fumes may be carried off.

An excellent method, in the case of larger forms, is to boil the material
already cleaned by the acid in water to which a few shavings of coarse
brown soap are added. The difference in density will hold in suspension any
flocculent matter, and while many of the smaller {133}forms will not
settle, the others will be perfectly cleaned. When satisfied with the
cleaning, preserve the stock material in part alcohol and, in using, pour
into a smaller bottle the amount required, replace the dilute alcohol with
distilled water, and mount as directed. It often happens that gatherings
are made consisting almost entirely of sand. Attempts at cleaning in the
usual way will cause the loss of nearly all of the diatoms. In this case,
after the material has been treated with acid until nothing remains but
sand and a few diatoms, the mechanical finger must be used.

In the cleaning of marine deposits, various methods may be required. In the
case of partly siliceous species, washing in pure water repeatedly is all
that can be done. The larger and heavier diatoms may be separated from the
sand by elutriation or by whirling in a casserole, by rocking in a shallow
dish the shape of a watch crystal, or by pouring slowly over a strip of
plate-glass at least two feet in length inclined at an angle of thirty
degrees. The sand will cling to the glass, while the greater portion of the
diatoms will run off. Where particles of shells or foraminifera are
present, a preliminary boiling in hydrochloric acid is advisable. In all
marine gatherings, the salt should first be washed out before proceeding
with the cleaning.

For hardened masses of clay and for fossil deposits, it is necessary to
boil in carbonate of soda and follow with the acid treatment. Citric acid
and acetate of potash used alternately in boiling may be tried. Soaking for
a time in acetate of potash and allowing the material to deliquesce for a
week before further process, has proved successful in some instances. The
repetition of several methods and the gentle breaking of the harder masses
with the point of a needle will disintegrate almost any diatomaceous earth,
but, as a last resort for refractory deposits, boil in pure water, add a
piece of caustic potash about the size of a pea, continue the boiling not
more than thirty seconds longer, and pour instantly into dilute
hydrochloric acid; otherwise the diatoms will be destroyed. Afterwards
proceed with the usual treatment.

_Slides and Covers._--Take half an ounce of No. 1 covers, circles, and
place them in a wide-mouthed bottle. Add a portion of the following mixture
(Dr. Carl Seiler's formula):

  Bichromate of potash    2 oz.
  Sulphuric acid          3 fl. oz.
  Water                   25 fl. oz.

Shake the bottle in order that the surfaces of the covers may be fully
exposed to the action of the acid, and set aside for several hours. Decant
the solution, add water repeatedly until all traces of the mixture are
removed, and keep the circles in the bottle in fifty-per cent. alcohol.
When needed, take out a circle with forceps and dry on a linen cloth.

The slides may be treated in the same way, or they may be easily prepared
by immersion in a solution of washing soda, and then washed and dried. This
process may be used in cleaning the balsam or styrax from old slides.

_Preparation of Strewn Mounts._--Place several covers on the mounting
stand. With a dipping tube, cover each circle with distilled water, and add
a small drop of the prepared diatoms, being careful to avoid any vibration
of the stand. Heat the stand until small bubbles begin to appear, remove
the lamp, and allow the water to evaporate. If the above method is
carefully followed, the diatoms will be deposited in an even layer,
provided the material is not too dense. Take a slide, centre it, and place
a small amount of styrax on the centre. Invert the prepared cover, and
gently place it upon the styrax. Heat the slide {134}on the mounting stand
until the styrax bubbles and then allow to cool. If bubbles still remain,
heat again until they disappear. It is well to mount several slides more
than required, as some may be imperfect.

_Preparation of Selected Mounts._--Take a slide, place a minute quantity of
beeswax on two places at a distance apart nearly equal to the diameter of
the cover used. Place a cover on the wax and press it down flat, or
sufficiently to keep it in position. Dip a fine needle into the following
cement:

  Glacial acetic acid    12 drachms
  Gelatine                2 drachms
  Alcohol                 1 drachm

This is made by adding the acid to the gelatine in a water-bath and then
the alcohol, and filtering. Apply the moistened needle to the centre of the
cover and spread as small a quantity as possible in a thin layer. Now place
the slide upon the turn table, centre it with respect to the position of
the gelatine, and with the finest sable brush draw a circle about a tenth
of an inch in diameter around the gelatine in water-color (Windsor), blue
or vermilion, or in India ink. Instead of the water-color, a circle of
tin-foil the size of the cover and pierced with a hole in the centre may be
used, but the colored circle is to be preferred, as, when brought into
view, it indicates exactly the focus required for observing the diatom.

The bottle containing the cleaned material, which has been kept in water
and alcohol, should be refilled with distilled water and well shaken, when
a small portion may be taken up with a dipping tube and evenly distributed
over a portion of a slide and then dried. By the use of a mechanical
finger, fitted with a small piece of finely spun glass attached by wax to
the holder of the finger, when the microscope is focussed until the glass
thread touches the diatom selected, it will adhere to the thread. Raise the
body of the microscope, remove the slide containing the spread material, or
move it to another part of the stage, and place the slide with the prepared
cover in the same position. Now carefully lower the body-tube of the
instrument until the diatom rests upon the gelatine, breathe gently upon
it, remove the cover from the slide, invert it over another slide
containing a drop of styrax and proceed by heating to mount as before. The
size of the diatom, the amount of gelatine, and several other factors, will
enter into the question of success or failure. I have, however, employed
the above method and have mounted thousands of slides of selected diatoms
successfully. It is necessary to avoid any air current which will cause the
diatom to fall from the thread. On very cold days the glass thread
sometimes becomes electrified and the diatoms will not stick; on sultry
days in August in our locality the diatoms will stick too closely.

By the same method, slides of arranged diatoms can be made using a glass
circle properly marked with lines in the eye-piece. Care should be taken to
use glass threads more or less in proportion to the size of the diatoms. A
cat's whisker is preferred by some to the glass thread. It has the
advantage of not breaking, but unless it is quite short it is too flexible.
If the point of the thread becomes covered with gelatine, lower it into a
minute drop of water upon a separate slide, and by moving it about it will
be cleaned. The diatom itself may be washed in the same way, if it is not
too small.

_Instruments Required._--For collecting, in order to determine the quality
of the find, any simple lens of fifteen to twenty diameters is sufficient.
A Stanhope is quite useful {135}although difficult to obtain, while an
achromatic triplet of sufficient power will probably be all that is
necessary. For selecting with the mechanical finger, an objective of
two-thirds-inch focus is the most convenient, but for determining species a
one-fifth-inch is needed, an immersion objective being essential for minute
forms.

No particular form of microscope is required. Any instrument having
standard parts, inclination of the body to the axis, a sub-stage condenser
and movable stage, will prove serviceable in nearly all investigations. For
critical work, measurement of striæ and location of specimens on the slide,
the large models of Bausch and Lomb leave nothing to be desired. One
smaller instrument may be used for rapid examination and for selection with
the mechanical finger. If the stage is supplied with a vernier, the diatoms
can be located rapidly and recorded for future reference. The Zentmayer
Army Hospital stand with mechanical stage is excellent. The Continental
stands, convenient for laboratory work, especially in the examination of
bacteria, are not so serviceable as the larger stands of American and
English make. The stand especially designed by Dr. Henri Van Heurck, the
celebrated Belgian naturalist, is, without doubt, admirably suited to the
investigation of the Diatomaceæ. In the form of the Circuit Stage as made
by Watson and Sons, of London, supplied with proper condenser and
mechanical stage with vernier attachment, it has been used in the
preparation of the present work with much satisfaction.

The drawings have all been made with an Abbé camera lucida, a 3 mm.
objective and a No. 10 eye-piece, producing a magnification of about 800
diameters. All illustrations are from actual specimens in my cabinet or, in
a few instances, from slides sent me by friends. In the measurement of
striæ and puncta, the number in ten microns is stated, and will be found to
be approximately correct in most of the drawings, except when the number is
in excess of twenty in ten microns, in which case it is impossible to
represent the markings accurately on figures of the magnification adopted.
All drawings are from specimens in this locality, except in a few cases
mentioned in the text.




{137}INDEX


(SYNONYMS IN ITALICS)



                                                PAGE
  Achnanthes,                                     58
    brevipes Ag.,                                 59
    coarctata (Bréb.) Grun.,                      59
    danica (Floegel) Grun.,                       60
    exigua Grun.,                                 59
    inflata (Kuetz.) Grun.,                       59
    lanceolata (Bréb.) Grun.,                     59
    linearis forma curta H.L.S.,                  59
    longipes Ag.,                                 58
    subsessilis Kuetz.,                           59

  Actinella,                                      54
    punctata Lewis,                               54

  Actinocyclus,                                   26
    barkleyi var. aggregata Rattr.,               27
    ellipticus var. delawarensis n. var.,         27
    moniliformis Ralfs,                           27

  Actinoptychus,                                  24
    _cellulosa_ Ehr.,                             24
    heliopelta Grun. var.?,                       25
    _omphalopelta_ Ehr.,                          24
    undulatus (Kuetz.) Ralfs,                     24
    vulgaris var. interrupta n. var.,             24

  Amphipleura,                                    78
    pellucida Kuetz.,                             78
    rutilans (Trentepohl) Cl.,                    78

  Amphiprora,                                     68
    alata Kuetz.,                                 68
    conspicua Grev.,                              68
    _lepidoptera_ Greg.,                          69
    ornata Bail.,                                 68
    paludosa Wm. Sm.,                             68
    pulchra Bail.,                                68

  _Amphitetras_,
    _antediluviana_ Ehr.,                         32
    _tessellata_ Shad.,                           32

  Amphora,                                        65
    acuta Greg.,                                  66
    angusta var. eulensteinii Grun.,              67
    _aponina_ Kuetz.,                             66
    arenaria Donk.,                               67
    areolata Grun.,                               66
    coffæiformis (Ag.) Kuetz.,                    66
    crassa Greg.,                                 65
    _eulensteinii_ A.S.,                          67
    gigantea var. fusca A.S.,                     65
    _insecta_ Grun.,                              69
    lævis Greg.,                                  66
    lineolata Ehr.,                               66
    _mucronata_ H.L.S.,                           69
    obtusa Greg.,                                 67
    ocellata var. cingulata Cl.,                  67
    ostrearia Bréb.,                              66
    ovalis (Bréb.) Kuetz.,                        65
      var. libyca (Ehr.) Cl.,                     65
      var. pediculus (Kuetz.) Cl.,                65
    _plicata_ Greg.,                              66
    _porcellus_ Kitton,                           66
    proteus Greg.,                                65
    _quadrata_ Bréb.,                             66
    robusta Greg.,                                65
    _salina_ Wm. Sm.,                             66
    _vitræa_ Cl.,                                 66

  Anomoeoneis,                                    80
    follis (Ehr.) Cl.,                            80
    serians Bréb.,                                80
    sphærophora (Kuetz.) Cl.,                     80

  Anorthoneis,                                    56
    excentrica (Donk.) Grun.,                     56

  Asterionella,                                   50
    formosa Hass.,                                50
    inflata Heib.,                                50

  Attheya,                                        38
    decora West,                                  38

  Aulacodiscus,                                   26
    argus (Ehr.) A.S.,                            26

  Auliscus,                                       28
    cælatus Bail.,                                29
    pruinosus Bail.,                              28
    punctatus Bail.,                              28
    sculptus (Wm. Sm.) Ralfs,                     29
    _spinosus_ Christian,                         29

  Auricula,                                       69
    _insecta_ (Grun.) Cl.,                        69
    mucronata (H.L.S.) Per.,                      69

  _Bacillaria_,                                  119
    _paradoxa_ Gmelin,                           119

  Biddulphia,                                     31
    alternans (Bail.) V. H.,                      33
    antediluviana (Ehr.) V. H.,                   32
    biddulphiana (Smith),                         31
    favus (Ehr.) V. H.,                           31
    granulata Roper,                              32
    lævis Ehr.,                                   33
    _pulchella_ Gray.,                            31
    reticulum (Ehr.),                             33
    rhombus (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                       32
    smithii (Ralfs) V. H.,                        32
    turgida (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                       32

  Brébissonia,                                    79
    boeckii (Kuetz.) Grun.,                       79
    palmerii n. sp.,                              80

  Caloneis,                                       81
    brevis var. vexans Grun.,                     82
    formosa (Greg.) Cl.,                          82
    liber (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                          81
    permagna (Bail.) Cl.,                         82
      var. lewisiana n. var.,                     82
    powellii (Lewis) Cl.,                         83
    silicula (Ehr.) Cl.,                          81
      var. inflata (Grun.) Cl.,                   81
    trinodis (Lewis),                             81
    wardii Cl.,                                   82

  Campylodiscus,                                 129
    _argus_ Bail.,                               130
    echeneis Ehr.,                               130
    hibernicus Ehr.,                             130

  _Cerataulus_
    _smithii_ Ralfs,                              32
    _turgidus_ Ehr.,                              32

  Cocconeis,                                      57
    dirupta Greg.,                                58
    pediculus Ehr.,                               57
    pellucida Grun.,                              58
    placentula Ehr.,                              57
      var. lineata (Ehr.) V. H.,                  58
    scutellum Ehr.,                               57
      var. ornata Grun.,                          57

  _Cocconema_
    _asperum_ Ehr.,                               61

  _Colletonema_
    _neglectum_ Thwaites,                         95
    _vulgaris_ Thwaites,                          77

  _Conferva_
    _biddulphiana_ Smith,                         31
    _flocculosa_ Roth,                            36
    _moniliformis_ Mueller,                       16
    _nummuloides_ Dillw.,                       1617
    _rutilans_ Trentepohl,                        78

  Coscinodiscus,                                  21
    argus Ehr.,                                   23
    asteromphalus Ehr.,                           23
      var. omphalantha Grun.,                     23
    biangulatus A. S.,                            23
    denarius A. S.,                               22
    excentricus Ehr.,                             21
      var. perpusilla Grun.,                      21
    lewisianus Grev.,                             24
    lineatus Ehr.,                                21
    marginatus Ehr.,                              22
    _minor_ Wm. Sm.,                              14
    nitidulus Grun.,                              21
    nitidus Greg.,                                21
    oculus-iridus Ehr.,                           23
    polyacanthus Grun.,                           22
    radiatus Ehr.,                                23
    _striatus_ Kuetz.,                            19
    subaulacodiscoidalis Rattr.,                  23
    subtilis Ehr.,                                21
    velatus Ehr.,                                 22

  _Creswellia_
    _turris_ Grev.,                               18

  Cyclotella,                                     19
    antiqua Wm. Sm.,                              20
    comta (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                          20
    _dallasiana_ Wm. Sm.,                         19
    _kuetzingiana_ Wm. Sm.,                       19
    meneghiniana Kuetz.,                          19
      var. stelligera Cl. and Grun.,              20
      var. stellulifera Cl. and Grun.,            20
    operculata (Ag.) Kuetz.,                      20
    _scotica_ Kuetz.,                             18
    striata (Kuetz.) Grun.,                       19
    stylorum (Br.?) V. H.,                        20

  Cymatopleura,                                  129
    elliptica (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.,                   129
    marina Lewis,                                129
    solea (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.,                       129

  Cymbella,                                       60
    affinis Kuetz.,                               61
    amphicephala Nægeli,                          61
    aspera (Ehr.) Cl.,                            61
    cistula (Hempr.) Kirchn.,                     62
    cuspidata Kuetz.,                             60
    cymbiformis (Kuetz.) Bréb.,                   62
    ehrenbergii Kuetz.,                           60
    excisa (Kuetz.) De Toni,                      61
    _gastroides_ Kuetz.,                          61
    gracilis (Rab.) Cl.,                          64
    heteropleura (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                   60
    lacustris (Ag.) Cl.,                          64
    lanceolata (Ehr.) Kirchn.,                    62
    mexicana (Ehr.) A. S.,                        62
    naviculiformis Auerswald,                     60
    parva (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                          61
    philadelphica n. sp.,                         63
    prostrata (Berk.) Cl.,                        63
    rhomboidea n. sp.,                            63
    sinuata Greg.,                                61
    triangulum (Ehr.) Cl.,                        63
    tumida (Bréb.) V. H.,                         62
    turgida (Greg.) Cl.,                          63
      var.?,                                      63
    ventricosa Kuetz.,                            62

  Diatoma,                                        41
    anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn.,                        42
    _arcuatum_ Lyng.,                             35
    _biddulphianum_ Ag.,                          31
    hiemale (Lyng.) Heib.,                        42
    _marinum_ Lyng.,                              37
    vulgare Bory.,                                42
      var. elongatum (Ag.),                       42
      var. grande (Wm. Sm.) Grun.,                42

  Dictyoneis,                                     78
    marginata var. commutata Cl.,                 79
      var. maxima n. var.,                        79
      var. typica Cl.,                            78

  Dimerogramma,                                   46
    marinum (Greg.) Ralfs,                        46
    minus (Greg.) Ralfs,                          47
    _sinuatum_ Thwaites,                         119
    surirella (Ehr.) Grun.,                       46

  Diploneis,                                      84
    campylodiscus (Grun.) Cl.,                    86
    crabro Ehr. var.?,                            85
      var. expleta (A. S.) Cl.,                   85
      var. pandura (Bréb.) Cl.,                   85
      var. pandurella Cl.?,                       85
    elliptica (Kuetz.) Cl.,                       84
      var. _minutissima_ Grun.,                   85
    excentrica n. sp.,                            85
    fusca var. delicata (A. S.) Cl.,              85
    gemmata (Grev.) Cl.,                          86
    gruendleri (A. S.) Cl.,                       85
    oculata (Bréb.) Cl.,                          86
    puella (Schum.) Cl.,                          85
    smithii (Bréb.) Cl.,                          84

  Ditylum,                                        30
    intricatum (West) Grun.,                      30

  _Echinella_
    _circularis_ Grev.,                           40
    _flabellata_ Carm.,                           39
    _paradoxa_ Lyng.,                             39

  Encyonema,                                      62

  Epithemia,                                     111
    argus Kuetz.,                                111
      var.?,                                     111
    _gibba_ var. _ventricosa_ Kuetz.,            113
    gibberula var. producta Grun.,               112
    _marina_ Donk.,                              114
    muelleri A. S.?,                             111
    musculus Kuetz.,                             112
      var. constricta (Bréb.) V. H.,             112
    _succincta_ Bréb.,                           112
    turgida (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                       111
    zebra var. proboscidea (Kuetz.) Grun.,       112

  Eunotia,                                        51
    bactriana Ehr.,                               54
    biceps Ehr.,                                  53
    bidentula Wm. Sm.,                            54
    _bigibba_ Greg.,                              53
    formica Ehr. var.?,                           54
    gracilis (Ehr.) Rab.,                         51
    hemicyclus (Ehr.) Ralfs,                      53
    _incisa_ Greg.,                               52
    luna Ehr.,                                    52
    lunaris (Ehr.) Grun.,                         53
    major (Wm. Sm.) Rab.,                         51
    nymanniana Grun.,                             51
    pectinalis (Kuetz.),                          52
      var. solierolii (Kuetz.),                   52
      var. undulata Ralfs,                        52
      var. ventricosa Grun.,                      52
    prærupta Ehr.,                                53
      var. bidens Grun.,                          53
    robusta Ralfs,                                53
    veneris Kuetz.,                               52

  Eunotogramma,                                   33
    læve Grun.,                                   33

  Euodia,                                         34
    gibba Bail.,                                  34

  Eupodiscus,                                     28
    _argus_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                       26
    radiatus Bail.,                               28
    _radiatus_ Wm. Sm.,                           32

  Fragilaria,                                     44
    arctica Grun.,                                44
    capucina var. mesolepta Rab.,                 45
    construens (Ehr.) Grun.,                      45
    harrisonii (Wm. Sm.) Grun.,                   45
    linearis Cstr.,                               45
    parasitica (Wm. Sm.),                         45
    undata Wm. Sm.,                               44
    virescens Ralfs,                              44

  Frustulia,                                      77
    _acuminata_ Kuetz.,                           76
    interposita (Lewis) De Toni,                  78
    lewisiana (Grev.) De Toni,                    77
    rhomboides (Ehr.) De Toni,                    77
      var. amphipleuroides Grun.,                 77
      var. saxonica Rab.,                         77
    vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni,                  77

  Gaillonella,                                    16
    _crenulata_ Ehr.,                             15
    _granulata_ Ehr.,                             15
    _moniliformis_ Bail.,                         16
    nummuloides (Dillw.) Bory.,                   16
    _sulcata_ Ehr.,                               15

  _Gloeonema_,                                    63
    _triangulum_ Ehr.,                            63

  Gomphoneis,                                     70
    herculaneum (Ehr.) Cl.,                       70
    mamilla (Ehr.) Cl.,                           70

  Gomphonema,                                     70
    acuminatum,                                   71
      var. coronata (Ehr.) Cl.,                   71
      var. trigonocephala (Ehr.) Cl.,             71
      var. turris (Ehr.) Cl.,                     71
      var. turris (Ehr.) Cl.?,                    71
    æquale Greg.,                                 72
    angustatum Kuetz.,                            72
    augur Ehr.,                                   72
    brasiliense var. demeraræ Grun.?,             73
    capitatum Ehr.,                               72
    capitatum var. herculaneum Ehr.,              70
    constrictum Ehr.,                             72
    geminatum Lyng.,                              71
    _insigne_ Greg.,                              71
    intricatum Kuetz.,                            72
    lanceolatum var. insignis (Greg.) Cl.,        71
    montanum Schum.,                              71
    olivaceum Lyng.,                              73
    parvulum var. micropus (Kuetz.) Cl.,          73
    sarcophagus Greg.,                            72
    sphærophorum Ehr.,                            72
    _subclavatum_ var. _montana_ Schum.,          71
    _tinctum_ Ag.,                                40
    ventricosum Greg.,                            73

  Grammatophora,                                  36
    angulosa var. hamulifera (Kuetz.) Grun.,      37
    islandica Ehr.,                               37
    marina (Lyng.) Kuetz.,                        37
      var. subtilissima (Bail.) V. H.,            37
    serpentina Ralfs,                             37
    _subtilissima_ Bail.,                         37

  Gyrosigma,                                      75
    acuminatum (Kuetz.) Cl.,                      76
    _attenuatum_ (Kuetz.) Cl.,                    75
    balticum (Ehr.) Cl.,                          75
      var. _similis_ (Grun.) Cl.,                 76
    fasciola (Ehr.) Cl.,                          77
    hippocampus (Ehr.),                           75
    kuetzingii (Grun.) Cl.,                       76
    parkeri var. stauroneioides Grun.,            75
    prolongatum (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                    76
    scalproides (Rab.) Cl.,                       76
    simile (Grun.),                               76
    spencerii var. nodifera Grun.,                76
    strigilis (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                      76

  Hantzschia,                                    113
    amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.,                      113
      var. major Grun.,                          114
    marina (Donk.) Grun.,                        114
    virgata (Roper) Grun.,                       114

  _Himantidium_
    _pectinate_ Kuetz.,                           52

  Homoeocladia,                                  123
    filiformis Wm. Sm.,                          123

  Hyalodiscus,                                    17
    radiatus var. arctica Grun.,                  17
    scoticus (Kuetz.) Grun.,                      18
    stelliger Bail.,                              17
    subtilis Bail.,                               18

  Licmophora,                                     38
    baileyi (Ehr.) Grun.,                         40
    ehrenbergii (Kuetz.) Grun.,                   40
    flabellata (Carm.) Ag.,                       39
    gracilis (Ehr.) Grun.,                        39
      var. elongata (Kuetz.) De Toni,             39
    lyngbyei (Kuetz.) Grun.,                      40
    ovulum Mer.,                                  39
    paradoxa (Lyng.) Ag.,                         39
    _splendida_ Wm. Sm.,                          39
    tincta (Ag.) Grun.,                           40

  Lysigonium,                                     16
    moniliforme (Muell.) Link,                    16
    _nummuloides_ (Lyng.) O'Meara,                17
    varians (Ag.) De Toni,                        17

  Mastogloia,                                     86
    angulata Lewis,                               87
    apiculata Wm. Sm.,                            87
    _braunii_ Grun.,                              87
    elegans Lewis,                                87
    exigua Lewis,                                 87
    kinsmanii Lewis,                              87
    lanceolata Thwaites,                          87
    smithii Thwaites,                             87

  Meloseira,                                      14
    _borreri_ Grev.,                              17
    crenulata (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                      15
    distans (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                        14
    _gowenii_ A. S.,                              15
    granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs,                       15
    _nivalis_ Wm. Sm.,                            14
    _nummuloides_ Ag.,                            16
    roeseana Rab.,                                15
      var. epidendron (Ehr.) Grun.,               15
    sulcata Kuetz.,                               15
    undulata (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                       15
    _varians_ Ag.,                                17

  Meridion,                                       40
    circulare (Grev.) Ag.,                        40
    _constrictum_ Ralfs,                          41

  _Micromega_
    _ramosissimum_ Ag.,                           95

  Navicula,                                       89
    _affinis_ Ehr.,                               83
    americana Ehr.,                               98
    _amphibola_ Cl.,                              92
    _amphigomphus_ Ehr.,                          83
    anglica Ralfs,                                96
    _angulata_ Quek.,                             74
    ardua Mann,                                   96
    _arenaria_ Donk.,                             95
    atomus Nægeli,                               100
    bacillum Ehr.,                                98
    _baltica_ Ehr.,                               75
    brasiliensis var. bicuneata Cl., forma
      constricta,                                 92
    crucigera (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                     100
    cryptocephala Kuetz.,                         97
    cuspidata Kuetz.,                            100
      var. ambigua (Ehr.) Cl.,                   100
    cyprinus (Wm. Sm.),                           95
    delawarensis Grun.,                           92
    dicephala Wm. Sm.,                            96
    _digito-radiata_ var. _cyprinus_ (Ehr.?) Wm.
      Sm.,                                        95
    elegans Wm. Sm.,                             101
      var. cuspidata Cl.,                        101
    _firma_ Kuetz.,                               84
    _fischeri_ A. S.,                             90
    _follis_ Ehr.,                                80
    fuchsii Pant.,                                91
    gastrum Ehr.,                                 96
    _gigas_ A. S.,                               103
    _globiceps_ Lagerstedt,                       96
    gracilis var. schizonemoides (Ehr.) V. H.,    95
    grevillei (Ag.) Cl.,                          99
    hasta Pant.,                                  97
      var. punctata n. var.,                      97
    hennedyi Wm. Sm.,                             93
      var. circumsecta Grun.,                     93
      var. manta A. S.,                           93
    _hippocampus_ Ehr.,                           75
    _hitchcockii_ Ehr.,                           84
    humerosa Bréb.,                               91
      var. _elongata_ Pant.,                      91
      var. _fuchsii_ (Pant.) Cl.,                 91
    humilis Donk.,                                96
    _hungarica_ var. _capitata_ (Ehr.) Cl.,       96
    inflexa Greg.,                                96
    integra Wm. Sm.,                              99
    _interposita_ Lewis,                          78
    _iridis_ Ehr.,                                84
    irrorata Grev.,                               93
    lacustris Greg.,                              92
    lanceolata var. arenaria (Donk.) Cl.,         95
    latissima Greg.,                              90
      var. elongata (Pant.) Cl.,                  91
    libellus Greg.,                               99
    _limosa_ Donk.,                               81
    longa (Greg.) Ralfs,                          97
    lyra Ehr.,                                    93
      var. dilatata A. S.,                        93
      var. ehrenbergii Cl.,                       93
      var.?,                                      93
    maculata (Bail.) Cl.,                         90
    _marginata_ Lewis,                            78
    _marina_ Ralfs,                               92
    minima Grun.,                                 98
    _mormonorum_ Grun.,                          107
    mutica Kuetz.,                                97
    oblonga Kuetz.,                               97
    _oculata_ Bréb.,                              86
    palpebralis Bréb.,                           101
    pennata A. S.,                                96
    peregrina Ehr.,                               94
    pinnata Pant.?,                               96
    placenta Ehr.,                                94
    prætexta Ehr.,                                92
    _producta_ Wm. Sm.,                           83
    punctata var. asymmetrica Lagerstedt,         92
    punctulata Wm. Sm.,                           92
    pupula var. bacillarioides Grun.,             98
    pusilla Wm. Sm.,                              91
      var. subcapitata n. var.,                   91
    pygmæa Kuetz.,                                94
    radiosa Kuetz.,                               94
    ramosissima (Ag.) Cl.,                        95
    _rectangulata_ Greg.,                        110
    reinhardtii Grun.,                            95
    rhyncocephala Kuetz.,                         97
    salinarum Grun.,                              95
    semen Ehr.,                                   98
    _silicula_ Ehr.,                              81
    _socialis_ Palmer,                           104
    spectabilis var. emarginata Cl.,              94
    _sphærophora_ Kuetz.,                         80
    spicula (Hickie) Cl.,                        100
    _trochus_ Kuetz.,                             80
    tumida (Bréb.) Cl.,                           99
    viridula var. rostellata Kuetz.,              95
    yarrensis Grun.,                             101

  Neidium,                                        83
    affine (Ehr.) Pfitzer,                        83
      var. amphirhyncus (Ehr.) Cl.,               83
      var. genuina forma maxima Cl.,              83
      var. genuina forma minor Cl.,               83
    amphigomphus (Ehr.) Pfitzer,                  83
    hitchcockii (Ehr.) Cl.,                       84
    iridis (Ehr.) Cl.,                            84
    productum (Wm. Sm.) Cl.,                      83

  Nitzschia,                                     114
    acicularis (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.,                 123
    acuminata (Wm. Sm.) Grun.,                   117
    amphibis Grun.,                              122
    amphioxys Wm. Sm.,                           114
    apiculata (Greg.) Grun.,                     117
    bilobata Wm. Sm.,                            118
    circumsuta (Bail.) Grun.,                    118
    clausii Hantzsch,                            121
    communis Rab.,                               122
    compressa Bail.,                             116
      var. minor H. L. S.,                       116
    _curvula_ Wm. Sm.,                           121
    dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun.,                    120
    dubia Wm. Sm.,                               118
    epithemioides Grun.,                         118
    fluminensis Grun.,                           120
    granulata Grun.,                             116
    insignis Greg.,                              119
    intermedia Hantzsch,                         122
    linearis (Ag.) Wm. Sm.,                      122
    litoralis var. delawarensis Grun.,           118
    longissima (Bréb.) Ralfs,                    123
      forma parva V. H.,                         123
    macilenta Greg.,                             120
    navicularis (Bréb.) Grun.,                   116
    obtusa Wm. Sm.,                              121
      var. flexella H. L. S.,                    121
      var. scalpelliformis Grun.,                121
    palea (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.,                      122
    panduriformis Greg.,                         117
      var. minor Grun.,                          117
    _paradoxa_ (Gmelin) Grun.,                   119
    paxillifer (O. F. Mueller) Heib.,            119
    plana Wm. Sm.,                               117
    _punctata_ (Wm. Sm.) Grun.,                  116
    reversa Wm. Sm.,                             123
    scalaris (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                     119
    sigma (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.,                      121
      var. _curvula_ (Wm. Sm.) De Toni,          121
    sigmatella Greg.,                            121
    _sinuata_ var. _tabellaria_ (Grun.) V. H.,   119
    spathulata Bréb.,                            120
    spectabilis var. americana Grun.,            122
    tabellaria Grun.,                            119
    tryblionella Hantzsch,                       116
    vermicularis (Kuetz.) Hantzsch,              120

  _Odontidium_
    _parasiticum_ Wm. Sm.,                        45
    _tabellaria_ Wm. Sm.,                         45

  Opephora,                                       43
    pacifica (Grun.) Petit,                       43
    pinnata var. lanceolata n. var.,              44
    schwartzii (Grun.) Petit,                     43

  _Orthosira_
    _orichalcea_ Wm. Sm.,                         15
    _punctata_ Wm. Sm.,                           15
    _spinosa_ Grev.,                              15

  _Paralia_
    _marina_ Heib.,                               15
    _sulcata_ (Ehr.) Cl.,                         15

  Pinnularia,                                    101
    acrosphæria (Bréb.) Cl.,                     108
      var. turgidula Grun.?,                     108
    æstuarii Cl.,                                105
    appendiculata (Ag.) Cl.,                     106
    blandita n. sp.,                             108
    borealis Ehr.,                               109
      var. scalaris (Ehr.) Cl.,                  109
    braunii Grun.,                               106
    brébissonii (Kuetz.) Cl.,                    107
    cardinaliculus Cl.,                          107
    _cyprinus_ Wm. Sm.,                           95
    dactylus Ehr.,                               103
      var. dariana (A. S.) Cl.,                  103
      var. demeraræ Cl.,                         103
    divergens var. elliptica Grun.,              107
    gentilis (Donk.) Cl.,                        103
    gibba (Kuetz.) V. H.,                        109
    _interrupta_ forma _stauroneiformis_ Cl.,    106
    lata (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.,                        109
    legumen Ehr.,                                107
      var.?,                                     107
    leptosoma Grun.,                             105
    major (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.,                      102
      var. pulchella n. var.,                    102
    mesogongyla (Ehr.) Cl.,                      109
    mesolepta Ehr.,                              105
      var. stauroneiformis Grun.,                105
    microstauron (Ehr.) Cl.,                     106
    molaris (Grun.) Cl.,                         105
    mormonorum Grun.,                            107
    nobilis Ehr.,                                103
    nodosa forma capitata Cl.,                   108
    parva (Ehr.) Cl.,                            108
    _permagna_ Bail.,                             82
    polyonca (Bréb.) Lewis,                      108
    rectangulata (Greg.) Cl.,                    110
    socialis (Palmer),                           104
    stauroptera (Grun.) Cl.,                     110
      var. interrupta forma stauroneiformis Cl., 110
    stomatophora (Grun.) Cl.,                    109
    subcapitata Greg.,                           105
      var. paucistriata Grun.,                   106
    tabellaria (Ehr.) Cl.,                       110
    termes (Ehr.) A. S.,                         106
      var. stauroneiformis V. H.,                106
    trigonocephala Cl.,                          103
    viridis Nitzsch,                             104
      var. caudata n. var.,                      104
      var. fallax Cl.,                           104
      var.?,                                     104

  Plagiogramma,                                   42
    obesum Grev.,                                 43
    pygmæum Grev.,                                43
    tessellatum Grev.,                            43
    wallichianum Grev.,                           43

  Pleurosigma,                                    73
    æstuarii Bréb.,                               74
    _affine_ var. _fossilis_ Grun.,               74
    angulatum (Quekett) Cl.,                      74
    _balticum_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                    75
    formosum Wm. Sm.,                             73
    _hippocampus_ (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.,                 75
    naviculaceum Bréb.,                           74
    _normanii_ var. _fossilis_ Grun.,             74
    obscurum Wm. Sm.,                             74
    rigidum Wm. Sm.,                              75
    _simile_ Grun.,                               76
    _spencerii_ var. _acutiuscula_ Grun.,         76
      var. _kuetzingii_ Grun.,                    76
    strigosum Wm. Sm.,                            74
    virginiacum H. L. S.,                         74

  Podocystis,                                    128
    adriatica Kuetz.,                            129
    _americana_ Bail.,                           129

  _Podosira_
    _hormoides_ Wm. Sm.,                          18
    _maculata_ Wm. Sm.,                           17

  _Podosphenia_
    _baileyi_ (Edw.) Lewis,                       40
    _ehrenbergii_ Kuetz.,                         40
    _lyngbyei_ Kuetz.,                            40

  Polymyxus,                                      25
    coronalis L. W. Bail.,                        25

  Pseudauliscus,                                  29
    radiatus (Bail.) Rattr.,                      29
    spinosus (Christian) Rattr.,                  29

  Pyxidicula,                                     19
    _compressa_ Bail.,                           116
      var. _minor_ H. L. S.,                     116
    cruciata Ehr.,                                19
    _radiata_ O'Meara,                            17

  Rhabdonema,                                     35
    adriaticum Kuetz.,                            36
    arcuatum (Lyng.) Kuetz.,                      35
    minutum Kuetz.,                               36

  Rhaphoneis,                                     46
    amphiceros Ehr.,                              46
      var. rhombica Grun.,                        46
    belgica var. intermedia Grun.,                46

  _Rhipidophora_
    _elongata_ Kuetz.,                            39
    _paradoxa_ Kuetz.,                            39

  Rhoicosphenia,                                  56
    curvata (Kuetz.) Grun.,                       56

  Rhopalodia,                                    112
    gibba (Kuetz.) Mueller,                      112
    ventricosa (Kuetz.) Mueller,                 113

  _Schizonema_
    _cruciger_ Wm. Sm.,                          100
    _dillwynii_ Wm. Sm.,                          78
    _grevillei_ Ag.,                              99
    _smithii_ Kuetz.,                             95

  _Scoliopleura_
    _tumida_ (Bréb.) V. H.,                       99

  Scoliotropis,                                   69
    latestriata var. amphora Cl.,                 69

  Stauroneis,                                     88
    acuta Wm. Sm.,                                89
    americana A. S.,                              89
    anceps Ehr.,                                  88
      var. amphicephala (Kuetz.) Cl.,             88
      var. gracilis (Ehr.) Cl.,                   88
    crucicula (Grun.) Cl.,                        89
    _exilis_ Kuetz.,                              59
    frickei var. angusta n. var.,                 88
    legumen Ehr.,                                 89
    _maculata_ Bail.,                             90
    phoenicenteron Ehr.,                          88
    salina Wm. Sm.,                               89
    smithii Grun.,                                89
    _spicula_ Hickie,                            100

  _Staurosira_
    _construens_ Ehr.,                            45

  Stephanopyxis,                                  18
    _appendiculata_ Ehr.,                         18
    corona (Ehr.) Grun.,                          18
    turris (Grev.) Ralfs,                         18

  Striatella,                                     37
    interrupta (Ehr.) Heib.,                      38
    unipunctata (Lyng.) Ag.,                      38

  Surirella,                                     124
    amphioxys Wm. Sm.,                           124
    anceps Lewis,                                128
    angusta Kuetz.,                              127
    arctissima A. S.,                            128
    _bifrons_ Ehr.,                              124
    biseriata (Ehr.) Bréb.,                      124
    _cardinalis_ Kitton,                         126
    _circumsuta_ Bail.,                          118
    cruciata A. S.,                              127
    crumena Bréb.,                               126
    _davidsonii_ A. S.,                          126
    delicatissima Lewis,                         128
    _diaphana_ Bleisch,                          125
    elegans Ehr.,                                125
    fastuosa Ehr.,                               127
    febigerii Lewis,                             128
    gemma Ehr.,                                  125
    gracilis Grun.,                              127
    guatimalensis Ehr.,                          126
    intermedia Lewis,                            128
    linearis Wm. Sm.,                            124
    _moelleriana_ Grun.,                         124
    oblonga Ehr.?,                               127
    ovalis Bréb.,                                126
      var. _pinnata_ (Wm. Sm.) De Toni,          126
    panduriformis Wm. Sm.,                       126
    pinnata Wm. Sm.,                             126
      var. minuta Grun.,                         126
    recedens A. S.,                              127
    robusta Ehr.,                                124
    splendida (Ehr.) Kuetz.,                     125
    striatula Turpin,                            125
    tenera Greg.,                                125

  Synedra,                                        47
    acus Kuetz.,                                  48
    affinis Kuetz.,                               50
      var. parva (Kuetz.) V. H.,                  50
      var. tabulata (Ag.) V. H.,                  50
    biceps (Kuetz.) A. S.,                        48
    capitata Ehr.,                                48
    danica Kuetz.,                                48
    fulgens (Grev.) Wm. Sm.,                      50
    goulardi Bréb.,                               48
    _gracilis_ Kuetz.,                            50
    oxyrhynchus var. undulata Grun.,              48
    pulchella (Ralfs) Kuetz.,                     48
      var. abnormis Macchiati?,                   48
      var. flexella n. var.,                      49
    radians Kuetz.,                               49
    ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr.,                          47
    vaucheriæ var. parvula (Kuetz.) Rab.,         49

  Tabellaria,                                     36
    fenestrata (Lyng.),                           36
    flocculosa (Roth) Kuetz.,                     36

  Terpsinoë,                                      34
    americana (Bail.) Ralfs,                      34
    novæ-cæsareæ Boyer,                           34

  _Tessella_
    _interrupta_ Ehr.,                            38

  Trachyneis,                                     79
    aspera var. intermedia Grun.,                 79

  Trachysphenia,                                  47
    australis Petit,                              47

  _Triceratium_
    _alternans_ Bail.,                            33
    _favus_ Ehr.,                                 31
    _obtusum_ Br.,                                33
    _pileotus_ Ehr.,                              30
    _punctatum_ Br.,                              33
    _sculptum_ Shad.,                             33

  Trinacria,                                      30
    pileolus (Ehr.) Grun.,                        30

  _Tripodiscus_
    _argus_ Ehr.,                                 26

  Tropidoneis,                                    68
    lepidoptera (Greg.) Cl.,                      69

  _Tryblionella_
    _punctata_ Wm. Sm.,                          116
    _scutellum_ Wm. Sm.,                         118

  _Vibrio_
    _paxillifer_ O. F. Mueller,                  119




PLATES


PLATE 1



  MELOSEIRA

  3-4            Meloseira roeseana var. epidendron (Ehr.) Grun.         15

  5-6            Meloseira roeseana Rab.                                 15

  8-9            Meloseira distans (Ehr.) Kuetz.                         14

  10             Meloseira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs                        15

  11-12          Meloseira sulcata Kuetz.                                15

  15-16-17       Meloseira undulata (Ehr.) Kuetz.                        15

  GAILLONELLA

  13-14          Gaillonella nummuloides (Dillw.) Bory                   16

  LYSIGONIUM

  7              Lysigonium moniliforme (Muell.) Link.                   16

  18-19          Lysigonium varians (Ag.) De Toni                        17

  HYALODISCUS

  20             Hyalodiscus scoticus (Kuetz.) Grun.                     18

  21             Hyalodiscus radiatus var. arctica Grun.                 17

  22             Hyalodiscus stelliger Bail.                             17

  NOTE.--The figures in all of the plates, except when otherwise
  noted, are magnified 800 diameters.



[Illustration: PLATE 1]


PLATE 2



  STEPHANOPYXIS

  1-2            Stephanopyxis turris (Grev.) Ralfs                      18

  3              Stephanopyxis corona (Ehr.) Grun.                       18

  CYCLOTELLA

  4              Cyclotella meneghiniana var. stelligera Cl. and Grun.   20

  5-6            Cyclotella operculata (Ag.) Kuetz.                      20

  7              Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kuetz.                          20

  8              Cyclotella meneghiniana Kuetz.                          19

  9              Cyclotella striata (Kuetz.) Grun.                       19

  10             Cyclotella stylorum (Br.?) V. H.                        20

  11             Cyclotella antiqua Wm. Sm.                              20

  12             Cyclotella meneghiniana var. stellulifera Cl. and Grun. 20

  COSCINODISCUS

  13             Coscinodiscus denarius A. S.                            22

  14             Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehr.                          21

  15-17          Coscinodiscus subtilis Ehr.                             21

  16             Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehr.                        23

  18             Coscinodiscus nitidus Greg.                             21

  19             Coscinodiscus nitidulus Grun.                           21

  20             Coscinodiscus excentricus var. perpusilla Grun. ?       21



[Illustration: PLATE 2]


PLATE 3



  COSCINODISCUS--Continued

  1-11           Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr.                             23

  2              Coscinodiscus velatus Ehr.                              22

  3              Coscinodiscus biangulatus A. S.                         23

  4              Coscinodiscus subaulacodiscoidalis Rattr.               23

  5              Coscinodiscus lewisianus Grev.                          24

  7              Coscinodiscus argus Ehr.                                23

  8              Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehr.                             21

  9              Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehr.                           22

  10             Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehr.                        23

  ACTINOCYCLUS

  6              Actinocyclus ellipticus var. delawarensis n. var.       27



[Illustration: PLATE 3]


PLATE 4



  ACTINOPTYCHUS

  1-4-6          Actinoptychus undulatus (Kuetz.) Ralfs.                 24

  2              Actinoptychus undulatus (inner stratum)                 24

  3              Actinoptychus heliopelta Grun. var.?                    25

  5              Actinoptychus vulgaris var. interrupta n. var.          24

  POLYMYXUS

  7              Polymyxus coronalis L. W. Bail.                         25

  AULACODISCUS

  8              Aulacodiscus argus (Ehr.) A. S.                         26



[Illustration: PLATE 4]


PLATE 5



  EUODIA

  1              Euodia gibba Bail.                                      34

  POLYMYXUS

  2              Polymyxus coronalis L. W. Bail., zone view              25

  EUPODISCUS

  3              Eupodiscus radiatus Bail.                               28

  AULISCUS

  4              Auliscus cælatus Bail.                                  29

  5              Auliscus sculptus (Wm. Sm.) Ralfs                       29

  6              Auliscus punctatus Bail.                                28

  7              Auliscus (intermediate form between A. cælatus and A.
      sculptus)                                                          29

  8              Auliscus pruinosus Bail.                                28

  PSEUDAULISCUS

  9              Pseudauliscus radiatus (Bail.) Rattr.                   29

  10             Pseudauliscus spinosus (Christian) Rattr.               29



[Illustration: PLATE 5]


PLATE 6



  ACTINOCYCLUS

  1              Actinocyclus barkleyi var. aggregata Rattr.             27

  2              Actinocyclus moniliformis Ralfs.                        27

  BIDDULPHIA

  3              Biddulphia antediluviana (Ehr.) V. H.                   32

  5              Biddulphia reticulum (Ehr.)                             33

  6              Biddulphia favus (Ehr.) V. H.                           31

  7-8            Biddulphia alternans (Bail.) V. H.                      33

  TRINACRIA

  9              Trinacria pileolus (Ehr.) Grun.                         30

  DITYLUM

  4              Ditylum intricatum (West) Grun.                         30

  TERPSINOË

  10             Terpsinoë americana (Bail.) Ralfs.                      34

  11             Terpsinoë novæ-cæsareæ Boyer                            34



[Illustration: PLATE 6]


PLATE 7



  BIDDULPHIA

  1-2-3-4        Biddulphia biddulphiana (Smith)                         31

  5              Biddulphia rhombus (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.                       32

  6              Biddulphia granulata Roper                              32

  7              Biddulphia turgida (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.                       32

  8              Biddulphia smithii (Ralfs) V. H.                        32

  9              Biddulphia lævis Ehr.                                   33

  10             Biddulphia lævis Ehr. Sporangial frustules (260 diam.)  33

  EUNOTOGRAMMA

  11             Eunotogramma læve Grun.                                 33



[Illustration: PLATE 7]


PLATE 8



  RHABDONEMA

  1-2-3          Rhabdonema arcuatum (Lyng.) Kuetz.                      35

  4-5-6          Rhabdonema adriaticum Kuetz.                            36

  7              Rhabdonema minutum Kuetz.                               36

  TABELLARIA

  8-9-10         Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kuetz.                     36

  11-12          Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyng.) Kuetz.                    36

  GRAMMATOPHORA

  13-14          Grammatophora marina var. subtilissima (Bail.) V. H.    37

  15-16          Grammatophora angulosa var. hamulifera (Kuetz.) Grun.   37

  17-18          Grammatophora marina (Lyng.) Kuetz.                     37

  19-20          Grammatophora islandica Ehr.                            37

  21             Grammatophora serpentina Ralfs.                         37

  STRIATELLA

  22-23          Striatella unipunctata (Lyng.) Ag.                      38

  24             Striatella interrupta (Ehr.) Heib.                      38

  ATTHEYA

  25             Attheya decora West                                     38



[Illustration: PLATE 8]


PLATE 9



  LICMOPHORA

  1-2            Licmophora flabellata (Carm.) Ag.                       39

  3-4            Licmophora lyngbyei Kuetz.                              40

  5              Licmophora ehrenbergii (Kuetz.) Grun.                   40

  6-7            Licmophora paradoxa (Lyng.) Ag.                         39

  8-9            Licmophora ovulum Mer.                                  39

  10             Licmophora baileyi (Edw.) Grun.                         40

  11             Licmophora gracilis (Ehr.) Grun.                        39

  12-13          Licmophora gracilis var. elongata (Kuetz.) De Toni      39

  14-15          Licmophora tincta (Ag.) Grun.                           40



[Illustration: PLATE 9]


PLATE 10



  MERIDION

  1-2-3          Meridion circulare (Grev.) Ag.                          40

  DIATOMA

  4              Diatoma vulgare var. grande (Wm. Sm.) Grun.             42

  5-6            Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn.                           42

  7-8            Diatoma hiemale (Lyng.) Heib.                           42

  9-10           Diatoma vulgare Bory.                                   42

  PLAGIOGRAMMA

  11             Plagiogramma tessellatum Grev.                          43

  12             Plagiogramma obesum Grev.                               43

  13             Plagiogramma pygmæum Grev.                              43

  14             Plagiogramma wallichianum Grev.                         43

  EUNOTOGRAMMA

  15             Eunotogramma læve Grun.                                 33

  OPEPHORA

  16-19          Opephora schwartzii (Grun.) Petit.                      43

  17             Opephora pinnata var. lanceolata n. var.                44

  18             Opephora pacifica (Grun.) Petit.                        43

  FRAGILARIA

  20-21          Fragilaria virescens Ralfs.                             44

  22-23          Fragilaria arctica Grun.                                44

  24-25-27-28-29 Fragilaria undata Wm. Sm.                               44

  26             Fragilaria undata Wm. Sm., var.?                        44

  30             Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grun.                      45

  31             Fragilaria harrisonii (Wm. Sm.) Grun.                   45

  34             Fragilaria capucina var. mesolepta Rab.                 45

  35             Fragilaria parasitica (Wm. Sm.)                         45

  36             Fragilaria sp. ?                                        45

  37             Fragilaria linearis Cstr.                               45

  RHAPHONEIS

  38             Rhaphoneis amphiceros Ehr.                              46

  39-40          Rhaphoneis amphiceros var. rhombica Grun.               46

  41             Rhaphoneis belgica var. intermedia Grun.                46

  SYNEDRA

  32-33          Synedra radians Kuetz.                                  49



[Illustration: PLATE 10]


PLATE 11



  SYNEDRA--Continued

  1-5-6          Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr. Sporangial                  47

  2              Synedra danica Kuetz.                                   48

  3              Synedra biceps (Kuetz.) A. S.                           48

  4-7-11         Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr.                             47

  8              Synedra capitata Ehr.                                   48

  9-18           Synedra acus Kuetz.                                     48

  10             Synedra fulgens (Grev.) Wm. Sm.                         50

  12-13          Synedra goulardi Bréb.                                  48

  14-15-16       Synedra pulchella (Ralfs) Kuetz.                        48

  17             Synedra pulchella var. abnormis Macchiati?              48



[Illustration: PLATE 11]


PLATE 12



  SYNEDRA--Continued

  1              Synedra oxyrhynchus var. undulata Grun.                 48

  2              Synedra pulchella var. flexella n. var.                 49

  3              Synedra affinis Kuetz.                                  50

  4              Synedra affinis var. tabulata (Ag.) V. H.               50

  5-6            Synedra vaucheriæ var. parvula (Kuetz.) Rab.            49

  7              Synedra affinis var. parva (Kuetz.) V. H.               50

  8              Synedra radians (Kuetz.) H. L. S.                       49

  DIMEROGRAMMA

  9-10           Dimerogramma marinum (Greg.)                            46

  11             Dimerogramma surirella (Ehr.) Grun.                     46

  12-13-14       Dimerogramma minus (Greg.) Ralfs.                       47

  TRACHYSPHENIA

  15             Trachysphenia australis Petit.                          47

  ACTINELLA

  16-17-18       Actinella punctata Lewis.                               54

  ASTERIONELLA

  19-20-21       Asterionella formosa Hass.                              50

  22             Asterionella inflata Heib.                              50

  EUNOTIA

  23             Eunotia hemicyclus (Ehr.) Ralfs                         53

  24-25          Eunotia lunaris (Ehr.) Grun.                            53



[Illustration: PLATE 12]


PLATE 13



  EUNOTIA--Continued

  1-2            Eunotia major (Wm. Sm.) Rab.                            51

  3              Eunotia gracilis (Ehr.) Rab.                            51

  4              Eunotia major (Wm. Sm.) Rab. (intermediate form)        51

  5              Eunotia prærupta Ehr.                                   53

  6-7            Eunotia pectinalis (Kuetz.)                             52

  8-10           Eunotia pectinalis var. undulata Ralfs                  52

  9              Eunotia pectinalis var. solierolii (Kuetz.)             52

  11             Eunotia luna Ehr. var.?                                 52

  12             Eunotia pectinalis var. ventricosa Grun.                52

  13             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. scalaris Ehr.)                53

  14             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. prioritis Ehr.)               53

  15             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. decadon Ehr.)                 53

  16             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. octodon Ehr.)                 53

  17-22          Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. heptodon Ehr.)                53

  18             Eunotia bactriana Ehr.                                  54

  19             Eunotia prærupta var. bidens Grun.                      53

  20             Eunotia bidentula Wm. Sm.                               54

  21             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. diadema Ehr.)                 53

  23             Eunotia prærupta Ehr. var.?                             53

  24             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. triodon Ehr.)                 53

  25             Eunotia robusta Ralfs (E. tetraodon Ehr.)               53

  26             Eunotia formica Ehr. var.?                              54

  27             Eunotia biceps Ehr.                                     53

  28-29          Eunotia sp.?                                            54

  30-31          Eunotia veneris Kuetz.                                  52

  32             Eunotia nymanniana Grun.                                51



[Illustration: PLATE 13]


PLATE 14



  AMPHIPRORA

  1-2            Amphiprora pulchra Bail.                                68

  3              Amphiprora alata Kuetz.                                 68

  4              Amphiprora conspicua Grev.                              68

  5              Amphiprora paludosa Wm. Sm.                             68

  6-7            Amphiprora ornata Bail.                                 68

  TROPIDONEIS

  8-9            Tropidoneis lepidoptera (Greg.) Cleve.                  69

  SCOLIOTROPIS

  10-11          Scoliotropis latestriata var. amphora Cleve.            69



[Illustration: PLATE 14]


PLATE 15



  AMPHORA

  1              Amphora robusta Greg.                                   65

  3              Amphora crassa Greg.                                    65

  4              Amphora obtusa Greg.                                    67

  5-6-19         Amphora proteus Greg.                                   65

  7              Amphora ovalis (Bréb.) Kuetz.                           65

  8-18           Amphora coffæiformis (Ag.) Kuetz.                       66

  9-10           Amphora lineolata Ehr.                                  66

  11             Amphora areolata Grun.                                  66

  12-21          Amphora ostrearia Bréb.                                 66

  13             Amphora lævis Greg.                                     66

  14-15          Amphora ocellata var. cingulata Cleve.                  67

  16             Amphora angusta var. culensteinii Grun.                 67

  17             Amphora arenaria Donk.                                  67

  20             Amphora acuta Greg.                                     66

  AURICULA

  2              Auricula mucronata (H. L. Smith) Peragallo              69



[Illustration: PLATE 15]


PLATE 16



  ACHNANTHES

  1-2            Achnanthes longipes Ag.                                 58

  3              Achnanthes brevipes Ag.                                 59

  4-5-6          Achnanthes subsessilis Kuetz.                           59

  7-8            Achnanthes inflata (Kuetz.) Grun.                       59

  9              Achnanthes coarctata (Bréb.) Grun.                      59

  10-11-12       Achnanthes lanceolata (Bréb.) Grun.                     59

  13             Achnanthes danica (Floegel) Grun. (lower valve)         60

  14-15          Achnanthes exigua Grun.                                 59

  16-17          Achnanthes linearis forma curta H. L. Smith             59

  COCCONEIS

  18             Cocconeis scutellum var.?                               57

  19-20          Cocconeis placentula Ehr.                               57

  21             Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. (upper valve)                  57

  22             Cocconeis dirupta Greg. (lower valve)                   58

  23-24          Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.                                57

  25-26          Cocconeis pellucida Grun.                               58

  27-28          Cocconeis scutellum var. ornata Grun.                   57

  29             Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehr.) V. H.          58

  ANORTHONEIS

  30-31          Anorthoneis excentrica (Donk.) Grun.                    56



[Illustration: PLATE 16]


PLATE 17



  FRUSTULIA

  1              Frustulia lewisiana (Grev.) De Toni                     77

  2              Frustulia rhomboides (Ehr.) De Toni                     77

  3              Frustulia rhomboides var. amphipleuroides Grun.         77

  4              Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni                   77

  5              Frustulia interposita (Lewis) De Toni                   78

  6              Frustulia rhomboides var. saxonica (Rab.) De Toni       77

  BREBISSONIA

  7              Brébissonia boeckii (Kuetz.) Grun.                      79

  8              Brébissonia palmerii n. sp.                             80

  AMPHIPLEURA

  9              Amphipleura pellucida Kuetz.                            78

  10-11          Amphipleura rutilans (Trentepohl) Cl.                   78

  ANOMOEONEIS

  12             Anomoeoneis serians (Bréb.) Cl.                         80

  13             Anomoeoneis serians forma minor                         80

  14             Anomoeoneis follis (Ehr.) Cl.                           80

  TRACHYNEIS

  15             Trachyneis aspera var. intermedia Grun.                 70

  MASTOGLOIA

  16             Mastogloia kinsmanii Lewis                              87

  17             Mastogloia angulata Lewis                               87

  18             Mastogloia lanceolata Thwaites                          87

  19             Mastogloia smithii Thwaites                             87

  20             Mastogloia elegans Lewis                                87

  21-22-23       Mastogloia apiculata Wm. Sm.                            87

  24             Mastogloia exigua Lewis                                 87



[Illustration: PLATE 17]


PLATE 18



  CYMBELLA

  1              Cymbella aspera (Ehr.) Cl.                              61

  2              Cymbella cymbiformis (Kuetz.) Bréb.                     62

  3              Cymbella cistula (Hempr.) Kirchn.                       62

  4              Cymbella lanceolata (Ehr.) Kirchn.                      62

  5              Cymbella mexicana (Ehr.) A. S.                          62

  6              Cymbella naviculiformis Auerswald.                      60

  7              Cymbella tumida (Bréb.) V. H.                           62

  8              Cymbella philadelphica n. sp.                           63

  9              Cymbella ehrenbergii Kuetz.                             60

  10             Cymbella heteropleura (Ehr.) Kuetz.                     60

  11             Cymbella rhomboidea n. sp.                              63

  12             Cymbella turgida (Greg.) Cl. var.?                      63

  13             Cymbella sinuata Greg.                                  61

  14             Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz.                              62

  15-19          Cymbella excisa (Kuetz.) De Toni.                       61

  16             Cymbella amphicephala Nægeli.                           61

  17             Cymbella cuspidata Kuetz.                               60

  18             Cymbella affinis Kuetz.                                 61

  20             Cymbella gracilis (Rab.) Cl.                            64

  21             Cymbella prostrata (Berk.) Cl.                          63

  22             Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz.?                             62

  23             Cymbella turgida (Greg.) Cl.                            63

  24             Cymbella triangulum (Ehr.) Cl.                          63

  25             Cymbella lacustris (Ag.) Cl.                            64



[Illustration: PLATE 18]


PLATE 19



  GOMPHONEIS

  1              Gomphoneis mamilla (Ehr.) Cl.                           70

  2              Gomphoneis herculaneum (Ehr.) Cl.                       70

  GOMPHONEMA

  3              Gomphonema montanum Schum.                              71

  4              Gomphonema geminatum Lyng.                              71

  5              Gomphonema acuminatum var. turris (Ehr.) Cl.            71

  6-12           Gomphonema lanceolatum var. insignis (Greg.) Cl.        71

  7              Gomphonema acuminatum var. coronata (Ehr.) Cl.          71

  8              Gomphonema constrictum Ehr.                             72

  9-10           Gomphonema sphærophorum Ehr.                            72

  11             Gomphonema acuminatum var. turris (Ehr.) Cl.?           71

  13             Gomphonema ventricosum Greg.                            73

  14             Gomphonema intricatum Kuetz.                            72

  15             Gomphonema æquale Greg.                                 72

  16             Gomphonema sarcophagus Greg.                            72

  17             Gomphonema parvulum var. micropus (Kuetz.) Cl.          73

  18-19          Gomphonema angustatum Kuetz.                            72

  20             Gomphonema acuminatum var. trigonocephala (Ehr.) Cl.    71

  21             Gomphonema augur Ehr.                                   72

  22             Gomphonema capitatum Ehr.                               72

  23             Gomphonema olivaceum Lyng.                              73

  24             Gomphonema brasiliense var. demeraræ Grun.?             73

  RHOICOSPHENIA

  25-26-27       Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kuetz.) Grun.                    56



[Illustration: PLATE 19]


PLATE 20



  DICTYONEIS

  1              Dictyoneis marginata var. maxima n. var.                79

  2              Dictyoneis marginata var. commutata Cleve.              79

  3              Dictyoneis marginata var. typica Cleve.                 78

  DIPLONEIS

  4              Diploneis crabro var. pandura (Bréb.) Cl.               85

  6              Diploneis campylodiscus (Grun.) Cl.                     86

  7-8            Diploneis gruendleri (A. S.) Cl.                        85

  9              Diploneis crabro Ehr. var.?                             85

  10             Diploneis excentrica n. sp.                             85

  11             Diploneis fusca var. delicata (A. S.) Cl.               85

  12             Diploneis puella (Schum.) Cl.                           85

  13             Diploneis crabro var. pandurella Cl.?                   85

  14             Diploneis elliptica (Kuetz.) Cl.                        84

  15             Diploneis crabro var. expleta (A. S.) Cl.               85

  16             Diploneis geminata (Grev.) Cl.                          86

  17             Diploneis smithii (Bréb.) Cl.                           84

  NAVICULA

  5              Navicula lyra Ehr. var.?                                93



[Illustration: PLATE 20]


PLATE 21



  CALONEIS

  1              Caloneis permagna (Bail.) Cl.                           82

  2              Caloneis permagna var. lewisiana n. var.                82

  3              Caloneis silicula (Ehr.) Cl.                            81

  4              Caloneis silicula var. inflata (Grun.) Cl.              81

  5              Caloneis brevis var. vexans (Grun.) Cl.                 82

  6-7            Caloneis wardii Cl.                                     82

  8              Caloneis trinodis (Lewis)                               81

  9              Caloneis trinodis (Lewis) var.?                         81

  10             Caloneis powellii (Lewis) Cl.                           83

  18             Caloneis formosa (Greg.) Cl.                            82

  NEIDIUM

  11             Neidium affine (Ehr.) Pfitzer                           83

  12             Neidium affine var. genuina forma minor Cl.             83

  13             Neidium affine var. amphirhyncus (Ehr.) Cl.             83

  14             Neidium amphigomphus (Ehr.) Pfitzer.                    83

  15             Neidium hitchcockii (Ehr.) Cl.                          84

  16             Neidium productum (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                         83

  17             Neidium iridus (Ehr.) Cl.                               84



[Illustration: PLATE 21]


PLATE 22



  PLEUROSIGMA

  1              Pleurosigma strigosum Wm. Sm.                           74

  2              Pleurosigma rigidum Wm. Sm.                             75

  3              Pleurosigma angulatum (Quekett) Cl.                     74

  4              Pleurosigma obscurum Wm. Sm.                            74

  5              Pleurosigma formosum Wm. Sm.                            73

  6              Pleurosigma naviculaceum Bréb.                          74

  7              Pleurosigma æstuarii Bréb.                              74

  8              Pleurosigma virginiacum H. L. Smith                     74



[Illustration: PLATE 22]


PLATE 23



  GYROSIGMA

  1              Gyrosigma strigilis (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                       76

  2              Gyrosigma balticum (Ehr.) Cl.                           75

  3              Gyrosigma hippocampus (Ehr.)                            75

  4              Gyrosigma simile (Grun.)                                76

  5              Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kuetz.) Cl.                       76

  6              Gyrosigma scalproides (Rab.) Cl.                        76

  7              Gyrosigma parkeri var. stauroneioides Grun.             75

  8              Gyrosigma spencerii var. nodifera Grun.                 76

  9              Gyrosigma fasciola (Ehr.) Cl.                           77



[Illustration: PLATE 23]


PLATE 24



  NAVICULA

  1              Navicula maculata (Bail.) Cl.                           90

  2              Navicula prætexta Ehr.                                  92

  3              Navicula latissima Greg.                                90

  4              Navicula irrorata Grev.                                 93

  5              Navicula latissima var. elongata (Pant.) Cl.            91

  6              Navicula fuchsii Pant.                                  91



[Illustration: PLATE 24]


PLATE 25



  NAVICULA

  1              Navicula tumida (Bréb.) Cl.                             99

  2              Navicula brasiliensis var. bicuneata Cl. forma
      constricta.                                                        92

  3              Navicula delawarensis Grun.                             92

  4-6            Navicula pusilla Wm. Sm.                                91

  5              Navicula humerosa Bréb.                                 91

  7              Navicula spectabilis var. emarginata Cl.                94

  8              Navicula pusilla var. subcapitata n. var.               91

  9              Navicula punctulata Wm. Sm.                             92

  10             Navicula lyra Ehr.                                      93

  11             Navicula hennedyi var. manca A. S.                      93

  12             Navicula hennedyi Wm. Sm.                               93

  13             Navicula lyra var. dilatata A. S.                       93

  14             Navicula yarrensis Grun.                               101

  15             Navicula yarrensis Grun. (smaller form)                101

  16             Navicula yarrensis Grun. var.?                         101



[Illustration: PLATE 25]


PLATE 26



  NAVICULA

  1-2            Navicula cuspidata Kuetz.                              100

  3              Navicula cuspidata var. ambigua (Ehr.) Cl.             100

  4              Navicula spicula (Hickie) Cl.                          100

  5              Navicula integra Wm. Sm.                                99

  6              Navicula mutica Kuetz.                                  97

  8              Navicula americana Ehr.                                 98

  9              Navicula pupula var. bacillarioides Grun.               98

  10             Navicula bacillum Ehr.                                  98

  11             Navicula semen Ehr.                                     98

  12             Navicula atomus Nægeli.                                100

  13             Navicula minima Grun.                                   98

  14             Navicula ramosissima (Ag.) Cl.                          95

  15             Navicula crucigera (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                       100

  16             Navicula viridula var. rostellata Kuetz.                95

  17             Navicula radiosa Kuetz.                                 94

  19             Navicula gracilis var. schizonemoides (Ehr.) V. H.      95

  20             Navicula peregrina Ehr.                                 94

  21             Navicula cyprinus (Wm. Sm.)                             95

  22             Navicula reinhardtii Grun.                              95

  23             Navicula lanceolata var. arenaria (Donk.) Cl.           95

  24             Navicula salinarum Grun.                                95

  25             Navicula gastrum Ehr.                                   96

  26             Navicula anglica Ralfs.                                 96

  DIPLONEIS

  7              Diploneis oculata (Bréb.) Cl.                           86

  STAURONEIS

  18             Stauroneis frickei var. angusta n. var.                 88



[Illustration: PLATE 26]


PLATE 27



  STAURONEIS--Continued

  1              Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr.                          88

  2              Stauroneis acuta Wm. Sm.                                89

  3              Stauroneis americana A. S.                              89

  4              Stauroneis anceps var.?                                 88

  5              Stauroneis anceps var. gracilis (Ehr.) Cl.              88

  6              Stauroneis salina Wm. Sm.                               89

  7              Stauroneis anceps var. amphicephala (Kuetz.) Cl.        88

  8              Stauroneis anceps var.?                                 88

  9              Stauroneis anceps var.?                                 88

  10             Stauroneis crucicula (Grun.) Cl.                        89

  11             Stauroneis smithii Grun.                                89

  NAVICULA

  12             Navicula lacustris Greg.                                92

  13             Navicula hasta Pant.                                    97

  14             Navicula hasta var. punctata n. var.                    97

  15             Navicula punctata var. asymmetrica Lagerstedt           92

  16             Navicula dicephala Wm. Sm.                              96

  17             Navicula placenta Ehr.                                  94

  18-19          Navicula inflexa Greg.                                  96

  20             Navicula pinnata Pant.?                                 96

  21             Navicula oblonga Kuetz.                                 97

  22             Navicula pennata A. S.                                  96

  23             Navicula pygmæa Kuetz.                                  94

  24             Navicula humilis Donk.                                  96



[Illustration: PLATE 27]


PLATE 28



  PINNULARIA

  1              Pinnularia nobilis Ehr.                                103

  2              Pinnularia major var. pulchella n. var.                102

  3              Pinnularia dactylus Ehr.                               103

  4              Pinnularia major (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.                      102



[Illustration: PLATE 28]


PLATE 29



  PINNULARIA--Continued

  1              Pinnularia gentilis (Donk.) Cl.                        103

  2              Pinnularia viridis Nitzsch.                            104

  3              Pinnularia dactylus var. dariana (A. S.) Cl.           103

  4              Pinnularia viridis var. fallax Cl.                     104

  5              Pinnularia socialis Palmer                             104

  6              Pinnularia æstuarii Cl.                                105

  7              Pinnularia rectangulata (Greg.) Cl.                    110

  8              Pinnularia trigonocephala Cl.                          103

  9              Pinnularia major (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm. (small form near P.
      viridis)                                                          102

  10             Pinnularia dactylus var. demeraræ Cl.                  103

  11             Pinnularia mormonorum (Grun.)                          107

  12             Pinnularia brébissonii (Kuetz.) Cl.                    107

  13             Pinnularia mesolepta Ehr.                              105

  14             Pinnularia termes var. stauroneiformis V. H.           106

  15             Pinnularia molaris (Grun.) Cl.                         105

  16             Pinnularia braunii Grun.                               106

  17             Pinnularia termes (Ehr.) A. S.                         106

  18             Pinnularia appendiculata (Ag.) Cl.                     106

  19             Pinnularia microstauron (Ehr.) Cl. var.?               106

  20             Pinnularia subcapitata Greg.                           105



[Illustration: PLATE 29]


PLATE 30



  PINNULARIA--Continued

  1              Pinnularia cardinaliculus Cl.                          107

  2              Pinnularia viridis var. fallax Cl.? (var. B., Wm.
      Sm.?).                                                            104

  3              Pinnularia legumen Ehr.                                107

  4              Pinnularia legumen var.?                               107

  5              Pinnularia gibba (Kuetz.) V. H.                        109

  6              Pinnularia mesogongyla (Ehr.) Cl.                      109

  7              Pinnularia acrosphæria (Bréb.) Cl.                     108

  8              Pinnularia acrosphæria var. turgidula Grun.            108

  9              Pinnularia tabellaria (Ehr.) Cl. var.?                 110

  10             Pinnularia leptosoma Grun.                             105

  11             Pinnularia stauroptera var. interrupta Cl.             110

  12             Pinnularia stomatophora (Grun.) Cl.                    109

  13             Pinnularia stauroptera (Grun.) Cl.                     110

  14             Pinnularia parva (Ehr.) Cl. var.?                      108

  15-19          Pinnularia nodosa forma capitata Cl.                   108

  16             Pinnularia subcapitata var. paucistriata Grun.         105

  17             Pinnularia viridis Nitzsch var.                        104

  18             Pinnularia viridis var. caudata n. var.                104

  20             Pinnularia mesolepta var. stauroneiformis Grun.        105

  21             Pinnularia polyonca (Bréb.) Lewis.                     108

  22             Pinnularia borealis Ehr.                               109

  23             Pinnularia lata (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.                        109

  24             Pinnularia borealis var. scalaris (Ehr.) Cl.           109

  25             Pinnularia blandita n. sp.                             108



[Illustration: PLATE 30]


PLATE 31



  NAVICULA

  1              Navicula elegans Wm. Sm.                               101

  2              Navicula elegans var. cuspidata Cl.                    101

  3-4            Navicula grevillei (Ag.) Cl.                            99

  5              Navicula libellus Greg.                                 99

  6-7            Navicula palpebralis Bréb.                             101

  8              Navicula rhyncocephala Kuetz.                           97

  9              Navicula cryptocephala Kuetz.                           97

  10             Navicula longa (Greg.) Ralfs.                           97

  PINNULARIA

  11             Pinnularia brébissonii (Kuetz.) Cl.                    107

  12             Pinnularia borealis Ehr.                               109

  13             Pinnularia divergens var. elliptica Grun.              107

  EPITHEMIA

  14             Epithemia turgida (Ehr.) Kuetz.                        111

  15-21          Epithemia argus Kuetz.                                 111

  16             Epithemia argus var.?                                  111

  17             Epithemia muelleri A. S.                               111

  18             Epithemia zebra var. proboscidea (Kuetz.) Grun.        112

  19             Epithemia gibberula var. producta Grun.                112

  20             Epithemia musculus Kuetz.                              112

  22             Epithemia musculus var. constricta (Bréb.) V. H.       112

  RHOPALODIA

  23             Rhopalodia gibba (Kuetz.) Mueller                      112

  24             Rhopalodia ventricosa (Kuetz.) Mueller                 113



[Illustration: PLATE 31]


PLATE 32



  NITZSCHIA

  1              Nitzschia circumsuta (Bail.) Grun.                     118

  2              Nitzschia plana Wm. Sm.                                117

  3              Nitzschia granulata Grun.                              116

  4              Nitzschia navicularis (Bréb.) Grun.                    116

  5              Nitzschia panduriformis var. minor Grun.               117

  6              Nitzschia apiculata (Greg.) Grun.                      117

  7              Nitzschia tabellaria Grun.                             119

  8              Nitzschia tryblionella Hantzsch                        116

  10-11          Nitzschia bilobata Wm. Sm.                             118

  12             Nitzschia litoralis var. delawarensis Grun.            118

  13             Nitzschia acuminata (Wm. Sm.) Grun.                    117

  14-25          Nitzschia amphibia Grun.                               122

  15             Nitzschia palea (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.                       122

  16             Nitzschia fluminensis Grun.                            120

  17             Nitzschia obtusa var. scalpelliformis Grun.            121

  18             Nitzschia linearis (Ag.) Wm. Sm.                       122

  19             Nitzschia communis Rab.                                122

  20             Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch.                            121

  21             Nitzschia epithemioides Grun.                          118

  24             Nitzschia vermicularis (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.                120

  HANTZSCHIA

  9              Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.                      113

  22             Hantzschia marina (Donk.) Grun.                        114

  23             Hantzschia virgata (Roper) Grun.                       114



[Illustration: PLATE 32]


PLATE 33



  NITZSCHIA

  1              Nitzschia longissima (Bréb.) Ralfs                     123

  2              Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch                          122

  3              Nitzschia spectabilis var. americana Grun.             122

  4-5            Nitzschia sigmatella Greg.                             121

  6              Nitzschia scalaris (Ehr.) Wm. Sm.                      119

  7              Nitzschia macilenta Greg.                              120

  8              Nitzschia insignis Greg.                               119

  9              Nitzschia vermicularis (Kuetz.) Hantzsch               120

  10             Nitzschia longissima forma parva V. H.                 123

  11             Nitzschia reversa Wm. Sm.                              123

  12             Nitzschia acicularis (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.                  123

  13-14          Nitzschia paxillifer (O. F. Mueller) Heib.             119

  HOMOEOCLADIA

  15             Homoeocladia filiformis Wm. Sm.                        123



[Illustration: PLATE 33]


PLATE 34



  SURIRELLA

  1              Surirella striatula Turpin                             125

  2              Surirella anceps Lewis                                 128

  3              Surirella intermedia Lewis                             128

  4              Surirella arctissima A. S.                             128

  5-6            Surirella delicatissima Lewis                          128

  7              Surirella intermedia Lewis forma minor?                128

  CYMATOPLEURA

  8-9            Cymatopleura solea (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.                     129



[Illustration: PLATE 34]


PLATE 35



  SURIRELLA

  1              Surirella fastuosa Ehr.                                127

  2              Surirella biseriata (Ehr.) Bréb.                       124

  3              Surirella splendida (Ehr.) Kuetz.                      125

  4              Surirella crumena Bréb.                                126

  5              Surirella ovalis Bréb.                                 126

  6              Surirella tenera Greg.                                 125

  7              Surirella recedens A. S.                               127

  8              Surirella linearis Wm. Sm.                             124

  9              Surirella oblonga Ehr.?                                127

  10             Surirella cruciata A. S.                               127

  11             Surirella gracilis Grun.                               127

  12-13          Surirella amphioxys Wm. Sm.                            124



[Illustration: PLATE 35]


PLATE 36



  SURIRELLA--Continued

  1              Surirella elegans Ehr.                                 125

  2              Surirella robusta Ehr.                                 124

  3              Surirella febigerii Lewis                              128

  4              Surirella gemma Ehr.                                   125

  5              Surirella guatimalensis Ehr.                           126

  6              Surirella panduriformis Wm. Sm.                        126

  7-9            Surirella pinnata Wm. Sm.                              126

  8              Surirella angusta Kuetz.                               127



[Illustration: PLATE 36]


PLATE 37



  CYMATOPLEURA

  1              Cymatopleura elliptica (Bréb.) Wm. Sm.                 129

  2              Cymatopleura elliptica forma spiralis                  129

  3-4            Cymatopleura marina Lewis                              129

  CAMPYLODISCUS

  5              Campylodiscus hibernicus Ehr.                          130

  6              Campylodiscus echeneis Ehr.                            130



[Illustration: PLATE 37]


PLATE 38



  1              Amphora gigantea var. fusca A. S.                       65

  2              Meloseira crenulata (Ehr.) Kuetz.                       15

  3-4            Licmophora baileyi (Edw.) Grun.                         40

  5              Coscinodiscus polyacanthus Grun.                        22

  6-7            Ditylum intricatum (West) Grun.                         30

  8              Pyxidicula cruciata Ehr.                                19

  9              Gyrosigma scalproides (Rab.) Cl.                        76

  10             Coscinodiscus asteromphalus var. omphalantha (Ehr.)
      Grun.                                                              23

  11             Rhabdonema minutum Kuetz.                               36

  12             Gyrosigma kuetzingii (Grun.) Cl.                        76

  13             Gyrosigma prolongatum (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                     76

  14             Cymbella parva (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                            61

  15             Gomphoneis herculaneum (Ehr.) Cl. (zone view)           70

  16             Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz.                              62

  17-18          Eunotia sp. (abnormal?)                                 54



[Illustration: PLATE 38]


PLATE 39



  1              Nitzschia spectabilis var. americana Grun. (zone view) 122

  2              Nitzschia panduriformis Greg.                          117

  3              Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.                      113

  4              Hantzschia amphioxys var. major Grun.                  114

  5              Nitzschia dubia Wm. Sm.                                118

  6              Nitzschia amphioxys Wm. Sm.                            114

  7              Nitzschia compressa (Bail.)                            116

  8              Nitzschia compressa var. minor H. L. Smith             116

  9              Surirella intermedia Lewis (zone view)                 128

  10             Surirella arctissima A. S. forma minor                 128

  11             Surirella ovalis Bréb.                                 126

  12             Surirella biseriata (Ehr.) Bréb.                       124

  13             Nitzschia sigma (Kuetz.) Wm. Sm.                       121

  14             Nitzschia obtusa var. flexella H. L. Smith             121

  15             Stauroneis legumen Ehr.                                 89

  16             Nitzschia obtusa Wm. Sm.                               121



[Illustration: PLATE 39]


PLATE 40



  1              Caloneis liber (Wm. Sm.) Cl.                            81

  2              Anomoeoneis sphærophora (Kuetz.) Cl.                    80

  3              Nitzschia spathulata Bréb.                             120

  4              Stauroneis ? abnormal                                   89

  5              Navicula ? abnormal                                    101

  6              Podocystis adriatica Kuetz.                            129

  7              Nitzschia dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun.                     120

  8              Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz. (zone view)                  62

  9              Navicula radiosa Kuetz. (zone view)                     94

  10             Detail of Rhabdonema arcuatum (Lyng.) Kuetz.            35

  11             Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn. (containing
      chromataphores)                                                    42

  12             Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehr. (trans. section, after
      Pelletan)                                                          23

  13-14-15       Transverse section (diagram) of Pinnularia showing
      straight, oblique and grooved raphes                              101

  16             Transverse section (diagram) of Biddulphia favus
      showing inner punctate stratum (after Deby)                        31

  17             Transverse (ideal) section of Surirella                124

  18-19          Transverse (ideal) section of Pinnularia, before and
      after division                                                    101

  20             Transverse section of Nitzschia linearis (Ag.) Wm. Sm. 122

  21             Transverse section (diagram) of Navicula                89

  22             Transverse section (diagram) of Cymbella                60

  23             Transverse section (diagram) of Amphora                 65



[Illustration: PLATE 40]







*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DIATOMACEÆ OF PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.