The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 43, April 24, 1841
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 43, April 24, 1841

Author: Various

Release date: July 26, 2017 [eBook #55202]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
        Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
        images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, VOL. 1 NO. 43, APRIL 24, 1841 ***




Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)










                        THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.

        NUMBER 43.      SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 1841.       VOLUME I.

[Illustration: DRIMNAGH CASTLE, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.]

Among the many objects of historical or picturesque interest in the
immediate vicinity of our metropolis, there are few, perhaps, better
worthy of a visit than the subject of our prefixed illustration--the old
Castle of Drimnagh, which is situated between the villages of Crumlin and
Clondalkin, and distant about three miles from the city. We have here
presented to us an ancient castellated residence, of irregular but highly
picturesque outline, still surrounded and protected by its ancient moat,
and, though in good condition and inhabited, still retaining to such an
extent its original character as a place of strength, that as we look
upon it, we might almost imagine ourselves living in the ages of its
military greatness, and belonging to a state of society very different
from that secure and peaceful one in which we happily have our existence.
In addition to these circumstances, the Castle of Drimnagh is highly
interesting, from the beauty and picturesqueness of its situation, which
is not only strikingly romantic in itself, but commands a variety of
views of the most pleasing character; as the scenery of the City and Bay
towards the east; that of the Park, Castleknock, and Clondalkin, towards
the north; and, in congenial harmony with its ivied walls, the dark
mountains of the county of Dublin towards the south--the wild fastnesses
of the Irish clans whose predatory aggressions it was originally built to
repress.

The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known, but there
is every reason to presume that it was originally founded as early as the
reign of John, by Hugh de Bernivale, who it is probable came with that
Prince into Ireland, and at all events received in 1215 a grant from him
of the lands of Drimnagh and Terenure, which continued in the possession
of his descendants for four centuries afterwards. It is from this Hugh de
Bernivale, who, as it is said, derived his descent from the ancient Dukes
of Brittany, that the several noble families of Barnwall, in Ireland,
descend. He died in 1221, leaving a son and heir, Hugo, who died without
issue the 8th of October 1237; and another son, Reginald, who becoming
heir to his brother, had his inheritance of four carracutes of land with
their appurtenances in Drimnagh and Terenure confirmed to him by patent,
by king Henry III. These possessions were ultimately, and after much
litigation, alienated from the family in the reign of James I, when they
passed into the hands of Sir Adam Loftus, ancestor of the noble family
of Ely; but Drimnagh Castle is at present the property of the Marquis of
Lansdowne.

The Castle of Drimnagh has been repaired or re-edified at various
times, so that it is not an easy matter to determine at present what
portions of it are of great antiquity, and what are altogether of more
recent date; but upon the whole it will convey a very good idea of the
fortified residence of a noble family in Ireland previous to the close of
the seventeenth century. During the troubles consequent upon the great
rebellion of 1641, it was considered a fortress of such consequence that
the Duke of Ormond had, in 1649, some thoughts of strengthening its
fortifications and making it his residence, but was dissuaded from doing
so by General Purcile and other officers of his army.

                                                                       P.




THE FOSTER BROTHER.

BY WILLIAM CARLETON.


There is scarcely a trait of human nature involved in more mystery,
or generally less understood, than the singular strength of affection
which binds the humble peasant of Irish life to his foster-brother, and
more especially if the latter be a person of rank or consideration.
This anomalous attachment, though it may to a certain extent be mutual,
is nevertheless very seldom known to be equal in strength between
the parties. Experience has sufficiently proved to us, that whilst
instances of equality in feeling have been known to characterize it, the
predominant power of its spirit has always been found to exist in the
person of the humbler party. How to account for this would certainly
require a more philosophical acquaintance with human nature than has
fallen to our lot; we must therefore be content to know that the fact
is precisely as we have stated it. Irish history and tradition furnish
us with sufficient materials on which to ground clear and distinct
proofs that the attachment of habit and contiguity in these instances
far transcends that of natural affection itself. It is very seldom
that one brother will lay down his life for another, and yet instances
of such high and heroic sacrifices have occurred in the case of the
foster-brother, whose affection has thus not unfrequently triumphed
over death itself. It is certainly impossible to impute this wild but
indomitable attachment to the force of domestic feeling, because, whilst
we maintain that the domestic affections in Ireland are certainly
stronger than those of any other country in the world, still instances
of this inexplicable devotion have occurred in the persons of those in
whom the domestic ties were known to be very feeble. It is true, there
are many moral anomalies in the human heart with which we are as yet but
imperfectly acquainted; and as they arise from some wayward and irregular
combination of its impulses, that operates independently of any known
principles of action, it is not likely that we shall ever thoroughly
understand them. There is another peculiarity in Irish feeling, which, as
it is analogous to this, we cannot neglect to mention it. We allude to
the _Parisheen_, a term which we must explain at further length to our
readers. When the Dublin Foundling Hospital was in existence, the poor
infants whom an unhappy destiny consigned to that gloomy and withering
institution were transmitted to different parts of the country, to be
nursed by the wives of the lower classes of the peasantry--such as
day-labourers, cottiers, and small farmers, who cultivated from three to
six or eight acres of land. These children were generally, indeed almost
always, called Parisheens--a word which could be properly applied only to
such as, having no known parents, were supported by the parish in which
they happened to be born. It was transferred to the Foundlings, however;
although, with the exception of the metropolis, which certainly paid a
parish tax for their maintenance, they were principally supported by a
very moral act of Parliament, which, by the wise provision of a large
grant, held out a very liberal bounty to profligacy. At all events, the
opprobrious epithet of Parisheen was that usually fixed upon them.

Now, of all classes of our fellow-creatures, one might almost naturally
suppose that those deserted and forsaken beings would be apt, consigned
as they uniformly were to the care of mercenary strangers, to experience
neglect, ill-treatment, or even cruelty itself; and yet, honour be to the
generous hearts and affectionate feelings of our humble people, it has
been proved, by the incontestible authority of a Commission expressly
appointed to examine and report on the working of the very hospital in
question, that the care, affection, and tenderness with which these
ill-fated creatures were treated by the nurses to whom they were given
out, was equal, if not superior, to that which was bestowed upon their
own children. Even when removed from these nurses to situations of
incomparably more comfort--situations in which they were lodged, fed, and
clothed, in a far superior manner--they have been known, in innumerable
instances, to elope from their masters and mistresses, and return to
their old abodes, preferring the indulgence of their affection, with
poverty and distress, to any thing else that life could offer.

All this, however, was very natural and reasonable, for we know that even
the domestic animal will love the hand that feeds him. But that which
we have alluded to as constituting the strong analogy between it and
the attachment of the foster-brother, is the well-known fact, that the
affection of the children to the nurses, though strong and remarkable,
was as nothing when compared with that which the nurses felt for them.
This was proved by a force of testimony which no scepticism could
encounter. The parting scenes between them were affecting, and in many
instances agonizing, to the last degree. Nay, nurses have frequently come
up to Dublin, and with tears in their eyes, and in accents of the most
unfeigned sorrow, begged that the orphans might be allowed to stay with
them, undertaking, rather than part with them, that they would support
them at their own expense. It would be very difficult to produce a more
honourable testimony to the moral honesty, generosity, and exquisite
kindness of heart which characterize our people, than the authentic facts
we have just mentioned. They fell naturally in our way when treating
of the subject which preceded them, and we could not, in justice to
circumstances so beautiful and striking, much less injustice to the
people themselves, pass them over in silence.

We shall now relate a short story, illustrating the attachment of a
foster-brother; but as we have reason to believe that the circumstances
are true, we shall introduce fictitious names instead of real ones.

The rebellion of ninety-eight was just at its height, when the incidents
we are about to mention took place. A gentleman named Moore had a
daughter remarkable for her beauty and accomplishments. Indeed, so
celebrated had she become, that her health was always drunk as the toast
of her native county. Many suitors she had, of course, but among the rest
two were remarkable for their assiduous attentions to her, and an intense
anxiety to secure her affections. Henry Irwin was a high loyalist, as
was her own father, whose consent to gain the affections of his daughter
had been long given to his young friend. The other, who in point of fact
had already secured her affections, was unfortunately deeply involved
in, or we should rather say an open leader on, the insurgent side. His
principles had become known to Moore, as republican, for some time before
the breaking out of the insurrection; in consequence he was forbidden his
house, and warned against holding communication with any member of his
family. He had succeeded, however, before this, by the aid of Miss Moore
herself, who was aware of his principles, in placing as butler in her
father’s family his own foster-brother, Frank Finnegan--an arrangement
which never would have been permitted, had Moore known of the peculiar
bond of affection which subsisted between them. Of this, however, he was
ignorant; and in admitting Finnegan into his family, he was not aware
of the advantages he afforded to the proscribed suitor of his daughter.
This interdiction, however, came too late for the purposes of prudence.
Ere it was issued, Hewson and his daughter had exchanged vows of mutual
affection; but the national outbreak which immediately ensued, by forcing
Hewson to assume his place as an insurgent leader, appeared to have
placed a barrier between him and her, which was naturally considered
to be insurmountable. In the meantime, Moore himself, who was a local
magistrate, and also a captain of yeomanry, took an extremely active
part in quelling the insurrection, and in hunting down and securing the
rebels. Nor was Irwin less zealous in following the footsteps of the
man to whom he wished to recommend himself as his future son-in-law.
They acted together; and so vigorous were the measures of the young
loyalist, that the other felt it necessary in some instances to check the
exuberance of his loyalty. This, however, was not known to the opposite
party; for as Irwin always seemed to act under the instructions of his
friend Moore, so was it obviously enough inferred that every harsh act
and wanton stretch of authority which he committed, was either sanctioned
or suggested by the other. The consequence was, that Moore became,
if possible, more odious than Irwin, who was looked upon as a rash,
hot-headed zealot; whilst the veteran was marked as a cool and wily old
fox, who had ten times the cunning and cruelty of the senseless puppet he
was managing. In this, it is unnecessary to say, they were egregiously
mistaken.

In the meantime the rebellion went forward, and many acts of cruelty and
atrocity were committed on both sides. Moore’s house and family would
have been attacked, and most probably murder and ruin might have visited
him and his, were it not for the influence of Hewson with the rebels.
Twice did the latter succeed, and on each occasion with great difficulty,
in preventing him and his household from falling victims to the vengeance
of the insurgents. Moore was a man of great personal courage, but apt to
underrate the character and enterprize of those who were opposed to him.
Indeed, his prudence was by no means on a par with his bravery or zeal,
for he has often been known to sally out at the head of a party in quest
of his enemies, and leave his own mansion, and the lives of those who
were in it, exposed and defenceless.

On one of those excursions it was that he chanced to capture a small body
of the insurgents, headed by an intimate friend and distant relative of
Hewson’s. As the law at that unhappy period was necessarily quick in its
operations, we need scarcely say, that, having been taken openly armed
against the King and the Constitution, they were tried and executed by
the summary sentence of a court-martial. A deep and bloody vengeance was
now sworn against him and his by the rebels, who for some time afterwards
lay in wait for the purpose of retaliating in a spirit prompted by the
atrocious character of the times.

Hewson’s attachment to his daughter, however, had been long known, and
his previous interference on behalf of her father had been successful
on that account only. Now, however, the plan of attack was laid without
his cognizance, and that with the most solemn injunctions to every one
concerned in it not to disclose their object to any human being not
officially acquainted with it, much less to Hewson, who they calculated
would once more take such steps as might defeat their sanguinary purpose.
These arrangements having been made, matters were allowed to remain
quiet for a little, until Moore should be off his guard; for we must
observe here, that he had felt it necessary, after the execution of the
captured rebels, to keep his house strongly and resolutely defended. The
attack was therefore postponed until the apprehensions created by his
recent activity should gradually wear away, and his enemies might with
less risk undertake the work of bloodshed and destruction. The night at
length was appointed on which the murderous attack must be made. All
the dark details were arranged with a deliberation at which, removed as
we now are from the sanguinary excitement of the times, the very soul
shudders and gets sick. A secret, however, communicated even under the
most solemn sanction to a great number, stands a great chance of being no
secret at all, especially during civil war, where so many interests of
friendship, blood, and marriage, bind the opposing parties together in
spite of the public principles under which they act. Miss Moore’s maid
had a brother, for instance, who, together with several of his friends
and relatives, being appointed to aid in the attack, felt anxious that
she should not be present on that night, lest her acquaintance with them
might be ultimately dangerous to the assailants. He accordingly sought an
opportunity of seeing her, and in earnest language urged her to absent
herself from her master’s house on the appointed night. The girl was not
much surprised at the ambiguity of his hints, for the truth was, that
no person, man or woman, possessing common sense, could be ignorant of
the state of the country, or of the evil odour in which Moore and Irwin,
and all those who were active on the part of government, were held. She
accordingly told him that she would follow his advice, and spoke to him
in terms so shrewd and significant, that he deemed it useless to preserve
further secrecy. The plot was thus disclosed, and the girl warned to
leave the house, both for her own sake and for that of those who were to
wreak their vengeance upon Moore and his family.

The poor girl, hoping that her master and the rest might fly from the
impending danger, communicated the circumstances to Miss Moore, who
forthwith communicated them to her father, who, again, instead of
flying, took measures to collect about his premises, during the early
part of the dreaded night, a large and well-armed force from the next
military station. Now, it so happened that this girl, whose name was
Baxter, had a leaning towards Hewson’s foster-brother Finnegan, who in
plain language was her accepted lover. If love will not show itself in a
case of danger, it is good for nothing. We need scarcely say that Peggy
Baxter, apprehensive of danger to her sweetheart, confided the secret
to him also in the early part of the day of the attack. Finnegan was
surprised, especially when he heard from Peggy that Hewson had been kept
in ignorance of the whole design (for so her brother had told her), in
consequence of his attachment to her young mistress. There was now no
possible way of warding off such a calamity, unless by communicating
with Hewson; and this, as Finnegan was a sound United Irishman, he knew
he could do without any particular danger. He lost no time, therefore,
in seeing him; and we need scarcely say that his foster-brother felt
stunned and thunderstruck at the deed that was about to be perpetrated
without his knowledge. Finnegan then left him, but ere he reached home,
the darkness had set in, and on arriving, he sought the kitchen and its
comforts, ignorant, as were indeed most of the servants, that the upper
rooms and out-houses were literally crammed with fierce and well-armed
soldiers.

Matters were now coming to a crisis. Hewson, aware that there was
little time to be lost, collected a small party of his own immediate
and personal friends, not one of whom, from their known attachment to
him, had been, any more than himself, admitted to a knowledge of their
attack upon Moore. Determined, therefore, to be beforehand with the
others, he and they met at an appointed place, from whence they went
quickly, and with as much secrecy as possible, to Moore’s house, for the
purpose not only of apprising him of the fate to which he and his were
doomed, but also with an intention of escorting him and all his family
as far from his house as might be consistent with the safety of both
parties. Our readers are of course prepared for the surprise and capture
of honest Hewson and his friends, of whose friendly intentions they are
aware. It is too true. Not expecting to find the house defended, they
were unprepared for an attack or sally; and the upshot was, that in a
few minutes two of them were shot, and most of the rest, among whom was
Hewson, taken prisoners on the spot. Those who escaped communicated to
the other insurgents an account of the strength with which Moore’s house
was defended; and the latter, instead of making an attempt to rescue
their friends, abandoned the meditated attack altogether, and left Hewson
and his party to their fate. A gloomy fate that was. Assertions and
protestations of their innocence were all in vain. An insurgent party
were expected to attack the house, and of course they came, headed by
Hewson himself, who, as Moore said, no doubt intended to spare none of
them but his daughter, and her, only, in order that she might become a
rebel’s wife. Irwin, too, his rival in love and his foe in politics, was
on the court-martial, and what had he to expect? Death; and nothing but
the darkness of the night prevented his enemies from putting it into
immediate execution upon him and his companions.

Hewson maintained a dignified silence; and upon seeing his friends
guarded from the hall where they were now assembled into a large barn, he
desired to be placed along with them.

“No,” said Moore; “if you are a rebel ten times over, you are a
gentleman; you must not herd with them; and besides, Mr Hewson, with
great respect to you, we shall place you in a much safer place. In the
highest room in a house unusually high, we shall lodge you, out of which
if you escape, we will say you are an innocent man. Frank Finnegan, show
him and those two soldiers up to the observatory; get him refreshments,
and leave him in their charge. Guard his door, men, for you shall be held
responsible for his appearance in the morning.”

The men, in obedience to these orders, escorted him to the door, outside
of which was their station for the night. When Frank and he entered
the observatory, the former gently shut the door, and, turning to his
foster-brother, exclaimed in accents of deep distress, but lowering his
voice, “There is not a moment to be lost; you must escape.”

“That is impossible,” replied Hewson, “unless I had wings and could use
them.”

“We must try,” returned Frank; “we can only fail--at the most they can
only take your life, and that they’ll do at all events.”

“I know that,” said Hewson, “and I am prepared for it.”

“Hear me,” said the other; “I will come up by and bye with refreshments,
say in about half an hour; be you stripped when I come. We are both of a
size; and as these fellows don’t know either of us very well, I wouldn’t
say but you may go out in my clothes. I’ll hear nothing,” he added,
seeing Hewson about to speak; “I am here too long, and these fellows
might begin to suspect something. Be prepared when I come. Good bye, Mr
Hewson,” he said aloud, as he opened the door; “in troth an’ conscience
I’m sorry to see you here, but that’s the consequence of turnin’ rebel
against King George, an’ glory to him--_soon and sudden_,” he added in
an undertone. “In about half an hour I’ll bring you up some supper, sir.
Keep a sharp eye on him,” he whispered to the two soldiers, giving them
at the same time a knowing and confidential wink; “these same rebels are
like eels, an’ will slip as aisily through your fingers--an’ the devil
a better one yez have in there;” and as he spoke, he pointed over his
shoulder with his inverted thumb to the door of the observatory.

Much about the time he had promised to return, a crash was heard upon
the stairs, and Finnegan’s voice in a high key exclaiming, “The curse
o’ blazes on you for stairs, an’ hell _presume_ all the rebels in
Europe, I pray heavens this night! There’s my nose broke between you
all!” He then stooped down, and in a torrent of bitter imprecations--all
conveyed, however, in mock oaths--he collected and placed again upon
the tray on which they had been, all the materials for Hewson’s supper.
He then ascended, and on presenting himself at the prisoner’s door, the
blood was copiously streaming from his nose. The soldiers--who by the
way were yeomen--on seeing him, could not avoid laughing at his rueful
appearance--a circumstance which seemed to nettle him a good deal. “Yez
may laugh!” he exclaimed, “but I’d hould a wager I’ve shed more blood for
his majesty this night than either of you ever did in your lives!”

This only heightened their mirth, in the midst of which he entered
Hewson’s room; and ere the action could be deemed possible, they had
exchanged clothes.

“Now,” said he, “fly. Behind the garden Miss Moore is waitin’ for you;
she knows all. Take the bridle-road through the broad bog, an’ get into
Captain Corny’s demesne. Take my advice too, an’ go both of you to
America, if you can. But, aisy. God forgive me for pullin’ you by the
nose instead of shakin’ you by the hand, an’ me may never see you more.”

The poor fellow’s voice became unsteady with emotion, although the smile
at his own humour was upon his face at the time.

“As I came in with a bloody nose,” he proceeded, giving that of Hewson a
fresh pull, “you know you must go out with one. An’ now God’s blessin’ be
with you! Think of one who loved you as none else did.”

The next morning there was uproar, tumult, and confusion in the house of
the old loyalist magistrate, when it was discovered that his daughter and
the butler were not forthcoming. But when, on examining the observatory,
it was ascertained that Finnegan was safe and Hewson gone, no language
can describe the rage and fury of Moore, Irwin, and the military in
general. Our readers may anticipate what occurred. The noble fellow was
brought to the drum-head, tried, and sentenced to be shot where he stood:
but ere the sentence was put in execution, Moore addressed him. “Now,
Finnegan,” said he, “I will get you off, if you tell us where Hewson and
my daughter are. I pledge my honour publicly that I’ll save your life,
and get you a free pardon, if you enable us to trace and recover them.”

“I don’t know where they are,” he replied, “but even if I did, I would
not betray them.”

“Think of what has been said to you,” added Irwin. “I give you my pledge
also to the same effect.”

“Mr Irwin,” he replied, “I have but one word to say. When I did what I
did, I knew very well that my life would go for his; an’ I know that
if he had thought so, he would be standin’ now in my place. Put your
sentence in execution; I’m prepared.”

“Take five minutes,” said Moore. “Give him up and live.”

“Mr Moore,” said he, with a decision and energy which startled them, “I
AM HIS FOSTER-BROTHER!”

This was felt to be sufficient; he stood at the appointed place, calm and
unshrinking, and at the first discharge fell instantaneously dead.

Thus passed a spirit worthy of a place in a brighter page than that of
our humble miscellany, and which, if the writer of this lives, will be
more adequately recorded.

Hewson, finding that the insurgent cause was becoming hopeless,
escaped, after two or three other unsuccessful engagements, to America,
instigated by the solicitations of his young wife. Old Moore died in a
few years afterwards, but he survived his resentment, for he succeeded
in reconciling the then government to his son-in-law, who returned to
Ireland; and it was found by his will, much to the mortification of
many of his relatives, that he had left the bulk of his property to Mrs
Hewson, who had always been his favourite child, and whose attachment to
Hewson he had himself originally encouraged.

There are two records more connected with this transaction, with which
we shall close. In a northern newspaper, dated some fifteen years
afterwards, there occurs the following paragraph:--

“AFFAIR OF HONOUR--FATAL DUEL.--Yesterday morning, at the early hour of
five o’clock, a duel was fought between A. Irwin, Esq. and J. Hewson,
Esq. of Mooredale, the former of whom, we regret to say, fell by the
second fire. We hope the words attributed to one of the parties are not
correctly reported. The blood of Frank Finnegan is now avenged.”

The other record is to be found in the churchyard of ----, where there is
a handsome monument erected, with the following inscription:--

“Sacred to the memory of Francis Finnegan, whose death presented an
instance of the noblest virtue of which human nature is capable, that
of laying down his life for his friend. This monument is erected to his
memory by James Hewson, his friend and foster-brother, for whom he died.”




TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY.

    With awe around these sacred walks I tread;
    These are the lasting monuments of the dead:--
    “The dead!” methinks a thousand tongues reply:
    “These are the tombs of such as cannot die!
    Crown’d with eternal fame, they sit sublime,
    And laugh at all the little strife of time.”--CRABBE.


Our College Library is a creditable establishment--a goodly structure to
look at, both inside and out--and has a choice and ample collection of
books of all sizes and in all languages. Gentle reader, have you ever
felt the book passion? Know you what it is? If not, belike you might walk
down our noble library’s length, and survey the books and busts, and
stalls and gallery at each side, and the beautiful antique manuscripts
in glass cases at the end just before you enter the Fagel Library, and
be no more impressed--you will excuse us--no more than a grave-digger in
knocking about an old coffin or a skull, yea, though the skull should
once have belonged to poor Yorick, the king’s jester! Ah, sir, the
passion is a tender one, if you knew but all--full of lack-a-daisical
and melancholy, yet pleasing fancies. There are people smitten by the
mere outside of a book--by the fineness of the paper, the breadth of the
margin, or the beauty of the letter-press; but they know nothing of the
true affection. Give them an annual, or an album, or any other bit of
gilt gingerbread, and they will have all they require to their hearts’
content. Let them make sonnets to their mistress’s eyebrow; there is no
soul in them; they are mere dandies; they have nothing congenial with
the true passion. To be a proper lover of books a man must have been a
great reader of them; and the more his reading, the stronger will be
his love for them. They then present themselves to him with their train
of associations, and as his eye passes along the shelves, he recognises
each volume as an old acquaintance: some he shakes hands with cordially;
with some he exchanges a few words; others he just nods to, and to some
perhaps he may give the cut direct; but he knows them all in some way
or other. As the review of a fine army to an old general, so is a fine
library to a true student. He loves to see his levy _en masse_, and
in detail. The sight of them cheers his spirits, elevates his mind,
and--mark this, gentle reader--gives him the idea of power. There lies a
great secret, which in these costermonger days we deserve great credit
for communicating to the world free-gratis for nothing.

Knowledge is power--that’s our major; there one stands in the midst of a
noble army of books--that’s our minor, or lieutenant; then a man feels
strong, and vastly well pleased with himself--and that is our fife and
drum, or conclusion, by every law of drill or logic.

In our juvenile days, before we were A-B-C’d, and therefore before we
enjoyed the privilege of free ingress and egress at the superb Old
Trinity, we used to pass whole days of rumination in the quiet pastures
of Marsh’s. This library, situate in an antique building to one side
of Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, is graciously open to the public in
general, and to all under-graduates of the University in particular, and
wears a secluded, cloistered, antiquated air about it, that invites to
contemplation. You are there on classic ground. The genius of Swift seems
to hover o’er you. You fancy yourself with an age that has passed away,
and among spirits that have long since winged their flight from earth.
Many a summer’s day have we mused and read, and read and mused, in its
delightful solitude, without any other interruption save the cackling of
hens and crowing of cocks in some of the neighbouring yards, the playing
or screaming of children in Kevin-street or Mitre-alley, the scolding of
women in some of the adjoining houses, or a few words of conversational
politeness interchanged between us and the Rev. Mr Cradoe, the librarian,
chiefly on the news of the morning.

But as a book-store, Marsh’s is not to be compared with the College
Library. Formerly this splendid repository was open only four hours in
the day for public use, from eight till ten in the morning, and from
eleven till one; but a more liberal access to its treasures has been
conceded of late; the entire is now free from nine in the morning till
four in the afternoon, without interruption. This is a great acquisition
to the privileged, and has been attended by a vast increase of readers
and visitors; but there is still room for amendment in particulars of no
small importance to general convenience. We are happy to say, however,
that to some of these the attention of the enlightened heads of the
University has been directed, and that great improvements in the economy
of the institution may at no distant day be expected. In the first
place, the books are exceedingly ill arranged, and there is no printed
catalogue of them, so that the visitor finds great difficulty in laying
his hand upon those he may be in quest of; in addition to which it may
be stated, that there is no attendant librarian, or other official whose
duty it is to give information, or procure the work which the visitor may
require. They order this matter better in France; but whatever may be
intended as to such functionaries, we have learned with much satisfaction
that a new catalogue is now in course of preparation, and that it is to
be a printed one. The preparing of so great a work for the press must
necessarily occupy a good deal of time. It has been, we understand, now
about two years in hands, and will be completed, it is expected, in about
two more. There are six writing-clerks constantly employed in preparing
slips for the printer, under competent direction. A greatly improved
classification will be effected, and the printed volumes, when perfected,
will be offered for sale. Incidental to the execution of this great work,
there will be a new and improved arrangement of the books on the shelves
to correspond with that in the catalogues; and when both these important
matters are effected, it is obvious that the difficulties which are now
experienced in the pursuit of knowledge within this venerable gallery,
will be in a great degree removed.

There is another point on which complaints are sometimes made, namely,
the excessive cold of the building in winter. It was originally intended
that no fires should be lit in it, as a security to its valuable but
highly combustible contents against accident through that medium; but in
this provision, it is plain, the preservative principle was much more
attended to than the utilitarian, and is carried, as we conceive at
the present day, to an unreasonable length. But, at all events, modern
ingenuity can meet the difficulty; for the air may be heated by means of
tubes, without the immediate presence of combustion; wherefore we are
led to expect that the same liberal and enlightened spirit which has
suggested and directed the realization of other improvements, will direct
and realize this also in due time.

By the bye, the origin of this great establishment is curious. On the
defeat of the Spaniards by the English at the battle of Kinsale in 1603,
we are told that the triumphant soldiery determined to commemorate
their victory by some permanent monument, and that they collected
among themselves the sum of £1800, which they resolved should be laid
out in the purchase of books for a library, to be founded in the then
infant establishment of Trinity College.[1] This sum was handed to the
celebrated Ussher, and by him judiciously expended, conformably to the
wishes of the generous conquerors at Kinsale. And here we pause to pay
our most profound respects to the memory of these literary warriors.
Who would have expected that the most scientific, and studious, and
intellectual men of _our_ age, would owe the most splendid temple
dedicated to their use, which the country can boast, to the bounty of a
victorious soldiery in the beginning of the seventeenth century? There
was a spirit of chivalry in this transaction which we cannot sufficiently
admire; and though we live in an age in which we pique ourselves
excessively on the march of intellect, we doubt that any testimonial
more solid and convincing is producible by us to show that our organ of
veneration in this respect is at all more highly developed than that of
men who went before us in the days of Queen Elizabeth. The bequest at all
events does honour to the profession of arms, and we are sure would be
duly appreciated by a grateful posterity, as a memorial of their mind and
achievements, if it were only more generally known.

So began our splendid University Library. In process of time its
collection of volumes was increased by many valuable donations, till
at length their growing number demanding a corresponding increase of
room, the present edifice was erected for their reception. It is built
of hewn stone, with a rich Corinthian entablature, crowned with a
balustrade, reminding us in its appearance of the gallery of the Louvre
at Paris, and was completed in 1732. The room is certainly the finest
in the empire appropriated to such a purpose. It is 210 feet long, 41
feet broad, and 40 feet high, and is very elegantly and suitably fitted
up. At its farther end, in the eastern pavilion, is a fine apartment 52
feet long, 26 wide, and 22 high, containing the Fagel library, purchased
at an expence of £8000, and comprising upwards of 17,000 volumes. This
library was the property of Mr Fagel, Pensionary of Holland, who had
it removed to London on the French invasion of Holland in 1794; the
purchase money was a grant to the College from the Governors of Sir
Erasmus Smith’s schools. The total number of volumes now in the entire
building, including the Fagel library, and 1419 volumes of manuscripts,
is 89,455.[2] The manuscripts are in Greek, Latin, English, Irish,
Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and other languages. Many of them relate to
Irish history and antiquities, particularly to the troubles of 1641,
all the depositions relating to which are here; as also the particulars
of the settlement of Ireland and plantation of it by James I. There are
many Latin manuscripts of the sacred scriptures, particularly of the New
Testament, of various ages and remote antiquity. Several are in the Irish
character but Latin language. There is also the Greek manuscript of the
New Testament that belonged to Montfortius, and is the only one extant
that reads the once contested verse, 1 Ep. John, ch. 5, v. 7. There are
old translations of the Bible by Wickliffe, Pervie, Ambrose, Ussher,
&c. There is no fund for the augmentation of the library except what
the Board may please to allot for the purpose; but it receives a great
annual increase by being entitled to one copy of every work entered at
Stationers’ Hall.

Our library and the Bodleian at Oxford are exactly of the same age;
and it is another curious fact, that while Ussher was laying out the
soldiers’ money in London to the best advantage, he met there Sir T.
Bodley engaged in a similar business for his establishment at Oxford.
If there were auction rooms in those days, we have no doubt the two
gentlemen were acceptable visitors, heartily welcome to the auctioneers,
and that they seldom let a good thing go without a smart competition.

With regard to Marsh’s Library, we may mention that it was founded in
1707 by Doctor Narcissus Marsh, then Archbishop of Dublin, and that the
building is erected on part of the ground attached to what was formerly
the archbishop’s palace. The books were originally the collection of
the celebrated Bishop Stillingfleet, and were purchased by Doctor Marsh
for the public use. Once upon a time each book was fastened by a chain
to an iron rod which ran along the shelves, so that all who partook
of the bounty of the good archbishop might read and satisfy their
souls without any danger of violating the eighth commandment; but this
stringent system is now abolished: the chains are broken; the prisoners
are free; the books are emancipated! The change may be considered as a
compliment to the honesty of modern times; and all we say is, we wish
they may deserve it. Much as we admire and commend these great public
institutions, however, it is not to be denied that their real amount of
utility is limited enough--limited at least when one compares the end
with the means. Many thousand volumes must lie on their shelves from year
to year, without ever being opened; there must be many that are fit only
for burning, and that just occupy good room to the exclusion of their
betters; and as to the very best books, how limited must the access to
them necessarily be in a great public room! Their use consists chiefly
in their being available for consultation--a most important purpose,
no doubt, but yet one the accomplishment of which still leaves a vast
hiatus in our reading hours to be filled up by other means. Now, every
individual, we humbly think, should have a library of his own, if it were
ever so small. No man ever made a good gardener that had not a small
garden, his own property, to begin with; and it is something the same
with a good reader. The careful, and leisurely, and repeated study of a
few good books, does one more real good than a cursory and indigestive
perusal of a vast number. This is well known; and, therefore, without
detracting from the just value of public libraries, we would wish that a
taste for book-collecting, as well as book-reading, were widely diffused
among us. Take our word for it, there is no better company than good
books; you may choose from among them companions for all hours, and for
all moods of the mind. Ask them questions, and they will be sure at all
times to give you at least a civil answer. They are finger-posts to the
travelling man, and travel through all regions to him who never moves
from the chimney corner. They are implements of trade to the professional
man, and a profession itself to him that has none. They are music to
the melancholy, and as a dance to the merry; as salt are they to the
solid, and to the solid as salt. They are as a new world to him that has
exhausted the old, for “of making many books,” as the preacher saith,
“there is no end.” But we must come to an end ourselves. We would,
in short, advocate the claims of literature in general, and its high
title to consideration, as it commends itself to all men in common; and
we plead guilty to the ambition of adding to the numerous honourable
characteristics of our countrymen, that of being in an eminent degree a
reading people. Irishmen ought to remember that their country was famous
in ancient days for its learning, and cherish an honest ambition in
modern times to retrieve its character. As one means of forwarding this
object, we would seek to diffuse among them a reading habit, and give our
best encouragement to whatever instrumentalities might tend to increase
libraries, and make reading easy to all classes. Cheap literature is a
luxury of sterling value; but until people have acquired a taste for
it, they will hold it cheap enough. Never do we pass a book-shop, or
an humble bookseller’s stall, without a feeling of reverence for the
profession. There, say we, is a dispensary of ideal aliment indispensable
to our mental existence, and, if properly used, yielding nothing but
health, prosperity, and enjoyment to the soul. If our countrymen read,
they will become informed--learned; and if they read good books, they
must not only become informed and learned, but wise. The vivacity of
their conversation will then be enriched with all the streams both of
useful and entertaining knowledge. Reading will be a delightful resource
to the working man, and no bad employment at least to the idle. Poverty
will have its compensations. There will be another distinction set up in
society besides that of having, or not having, mere worldly professions.
The dignity of mind will be asserted. Mind with its congenial influences
must act upon manners; and if, as the inscription upon the old gate at
Oxford beareth record, “manours maketh ye man,” our country will be once
more exalted among the nations.

                                                                    X. D.

[1] The first stone of Trinity College was laid on the 13th March 1591,
by Thomas Smith, Mayor; it was opened two years afterwards, in 1593.

[2] This return is given from the most recent calculation officially
made, and may be depended on.




SANTA CROCE.

BY J. U. U.


    I stood and saw the pictured gloom unfold
      Grey Santa Croce, crossed by dusky rays
    That dimmed its columned aisle; as from of old
    Its ancient air lay slumbering o’er the cold
      Dark dwellers underneath. When to my gaze,
      Shade-like, ’mid that grey gloom of distant day.
    She stood, whom Petrarch looked on there and caught
      That love too strong for death! A tender gleam
    Like moonlight fell around her, baffling thought;
    Strange! ’twas remembrance thither stole, and brought
      That smile of sweetness from my breast’s deep stream
      More strong than fancy, and transformed the dream
    To thee--from her, whom a less hallowed fire
    Hath made immortal with the love-devoted lyre.

       *       *       *       *       *

SENSIBLE ADVICE.--Avoid condolence with those who are mourning the loss
of friends. Condolences, as well as mournings, are bad things. Men,
and more especially women, give actual increase to their grief while,
under the notion of duty, and even of merit, they make display of it. If
mournings were altogether out of use, a vast mass of suffering would be
prevented from coming into existence. Some savage or barbarous nations
make merry at funerals: they are wiser, in this respect, than polished
ones.--_Bowring’s Deontology._

       *       *       *       *       *

When a native of Java has a child born, he immediately plants a
cocoa-tree, which, adding a circle every year to its bark, indicates
the age of the tree, and therefore the age of the child. The child,
in consequence, regards the tree with affection all the rest of its
life.--_Buck’s Harmonies, &c., of Nature._




THE THUGS.


The Thugs were known in the time of the Emperor Akbar of Delhi, by whom
many were executed. They were first known to the British government
in 1812, and then many were hanged in Bundelkund. Again, in 1817,
they attracted notice by their horrible acts, and twelve villages in
Bundelkund, which were peopled almost entirely by them, were taken by
a force sent against them. They were then dispersed, but assembled in
various parts in Sindhia’s and the Nagpoor country, also in Holkar’s
dominions. From 1817 till 1831 they were not molested, and, in
consequence, increased greatly in the latter year. Measures were taken to
suppress them, which have been attended with great success. One hundred
and eleven were executed at Jubbulpoor, and upwards of four hundred
transported for life to the eastern settlement of Pinang.

The Thugs form a perfectly distinct class of persons, who subsist
almost entirely upon the produce of the murders they are in the habit
of committing. They appear to have derived their denomination from the
practice usually adopted by them of decoying the persons they fix upon
to destroy, to join their party; and then, taking advantage of the
confidence they endeavour to inspire, to strangle their unsuspecting
victims. There are several peculiarities in the habits of the Thugs, in
their mode of causing death, and in the precautions they adopt for the
prevention of discovery, that distinguish them from every other class of
delinquents; and it may be considered a general rule whereby to judge
of them, that they affect to disclaim the practice of petty theft,
housebreaking, and indeed every species of stealing that has not been
preceded by the perpetration of murder.

The Thugs adopt no other method of killing but strangulation, and the
implement made use of for this purpose is a handkerchief, or any other
convenient strip of cloth. The manner in which the deed is done will be
described hereafter. They never attempt to rob a traveller until they
have in the first instance deprived him of life; after the commission
of a murder, they invariably bury the body immediately, if time and
opportunity serve, or otherwise conceal it; and never leave a corpse
uninterred in the highway, unless they happen to be disturbed.

To trace the origin of this practice would now be a matter of some
difficulty, for if the assertions of the Thugs themselves are entitled to
any credit, it has been in vogue from time immemorial; and they pretend
that its institution is coeval with the creation of the world. Like
most other inhuman practices, the traditions regarding it are mixed up
with tales of Hindoo superstition; and the Thugs would wish to make it
appear, that, in immolating the numberless victims that yearly fall by
their hands, they are only obeying the injunctions of the deity of their
worship, to whom they say they are offering an acceptable sacrifice.

A very considerable number of the Thugs are Mussulmans. No judgment of
the birth or caste of a Thug can, however, be formed from his name; for
it not unfrequently happens that a Hindoo Thug has a Mussulman name with
a Hindoo _alias_ attached, and _vice versa_ with respect to the Thugs
who are by birth Mahommedans. In almost every instance the Thugs have
more than one appellation by which they are known. They usually move in
large parties, often amounting to one hundred or two hundred persons,
and resort to all sort of subterfuges for the purpose of concealing
their real profession. If they are travelling southward, they represent
themselves to be either proceeding in quest of service, or on their way
to rejoin the regiments they belong to in this part of the country. When,
on the contrary, their route lies towards the north, they represent
themselves to be sepoys from corps of the Bombay or Nizam’s army, who
are going on leave to Hindustan. The gangs do not always consist of
persons who are Thugs by birth. It is customary for them to entice, by
the promise of monthly pay or the hopes of amassing money that are held
out, many persons who are ignorant of the deeds of death that are to be
perpetrated for the attainment of these objects, until made aware of the
reality by seeing the victims of their cupidity fall under the hands of
the stranglers; and the Thugs declare that novices have occasionally been
so horrified at the sight as to have effected their immediate escape.

Many of the most notorious Thugs are the adopted children of others of
the same class. They make it a rule, when a murder is committed, never
to spare the life of any one, either male or female, who is old enough
to remember and relate the particulars of the deed. But in the event of
their meeting with children of such a tender age as to make it impossible
they should be enabled to relate the fact, they generally spare their
lives, and, adopting them, bring them up to the trade of Thugs. These men
of course eventually become acquainted with the fact of the murder of
their fathers and mothers by the very persons with whom they have dwelt
since their childhood, but are still not deterred from following the
same dreadful trade. It might be supposed that a class of persons whose
hearts must be effectually hardened against all the better feelings of
humanity, would encounter few scruples of conscience in the commission of
the horrid deeds whereby they subsist; but, in point of fact, they are as
much the slaves of superstition, and as much directed by the observance
of omens in the commission of murder, as the most inoffensive of the
natives of India are in the ordinary affairs of their lives.

In the event of an expedition proving more than ordinarily successful, a
pilgrimage is usually made to Bhowanee, and a portion of the spoil taken
by the gang is set aside for the purpose of being sent to the pagoda
at Binda Chul, near Mirzapoor, as an offering to the goddess Kalee.
Propitiatory offerings are also made, and various ceremonies performed,
should the Thugs have failed in obtaining any plunder for a length of
time.

In every gang of Thugs are to be found one or more officers, who
appear to hold that rank not by the choice of their followers, but in
consequence of their wealth and influence in their respective villages,
and having assembled their immediate followers in the vicinity of their
homes. The profits of an officer are of course greater than those of his
followers; he receives six and a half or seven per cent. on all silver
coin and other property, and then shares in the remainder in common with
the other Thugs of the party. When gold is obtained in coin or in mass,
the tenth part is taken by the officer, previous to dividing it; and he
has a tithe of all pearls, shawls, gold embroidered cloths, brass and
copper pots, horses, &c. Next to the officer, the most important person
is the _bhuttoat_, or strangler, who carries the handkerchief with which
the Thugs usually murder their victims. This implement is merely a piece
of fine strong cotton cloth, about a yard long; at one end a knot is
tied, and the cloth is slightly twisted, and kept ready for use in front
of the waistcoat of the person carrying it. There is no doubt but that
all Thugs are expert in the use of the handkerchief; but if they are to
be believed, only particular persons are called upon or permitted to
perform this office. When a large gang is collected, the most able-bodied
and alert of their number are fixed upon as stranglers, and they are made
the bearers of the handkerchief only after the performance of various and
often expensive ceremonies, and only on the observance of a favourable
omen. The junior Thugs make a merit of attending upon the older and more
experienced Thugs, shampooing their bodies, and performing the most
menial offices. They gradually become initiated into all the mysteries of
the art, and if they prove to be powerful men, these promising disciples
are made stranglers. When a murder is to be committed, the strangler
usually follows the particular person whom he has been nominated by the
jemadar to strangle; and on the preconcerted signal being given, the
handkerchief is seized with the knot in the _left hand_, the right hand
being about nine inches farther up, in which manner it is thrown over
the head of the person to be strangled from behind; the two hands are
crossed as the victim falls; and such is the certainty with which the
deed is done, as the Thugs frequently declare, that before the body falls
to the ground, the eyes start out of the head, and life becomes extinct.
Should the person to be strangled prove a powerful man, or the strangler
inexpert, another Thug lays hold of the end of the handkerchief, and the
work is completed. The perfection of the act is said to be, when several
persons are simultaneously murdered without any of them having time to
utter a cry, or to be aware of the fate of their comrades.

Favourable opportunities are given for stranglers to make their first
essay in the art of strangling. When a single traveller is met with, a
novice is instructed to make a trial of his skill; the party sets off
during the night, and stops while it is still dark to drink water or to
smoke. While seated for the purpose, the jemadar inquires what time of
the night it may be, and the Thugs look up at the stars to ascertain.
This being the preconcerted signal, the strangler is immediately on
the alert, and the unsuspecting traveller, on looking up at the heavens
in common with the rest of the party, offers his neck to the ready
handkerchief, and becomes an easy prey to his murderer. The strangler
receives half a rupee extra for every murder that is committed, and if
the plunder is great, some article of value is assigned to him over and
above his share.

One of the most necessary persons to a gang of Thugs is he who goes by
the name of Tillaee, or spy. The Thugs do not always depend upon chance
for obtaining plunder, or roam about in the expectation of meeting
travellers, but frequently take up their quarters in or near a large
town, or some great thoroughfare, from whence they make expeditions,
according to the information obtained by the spies. These men are chosen
from among the most smooth-spoken and intelligent of their number, and
their chief duty is to gain information. For this purpose they are
decked out in the garb of respectable persons, whose appearance and
manners they must have the art of assuming. They frequent the bazaars
of the town near which their associates are encamped, and endeavour
to pick up intelligence of the intended dispatch or expected arrival
of goods or treasure, of which information is forthwith given to the
gang, who send out a party to intercept them. Inquiry is also made for
any party of travellers who may have arrived, and who put up in the
inns, or elsewhere. Every art is brought into practice to scrape an
acquaintance with these people. They are given to understand that the spy
is travelling the same road. An opportunity is taken to throw out hints
regarding the unsafeness of the roads, and the frequency of murders and
robberies; an acquaintance with some of the friends or relatives of the
travellers is feigned, and an invitation from them to partake of the
repast that has been prepared where the spy has put up--the conveniences
of which, and the superiority of the water, are abundantly praised.
The result is, that the travellers are inveigled into joining the gang
of Thugs, and they are feasted and treated with every politeness and
consideration by the very wretches who are at the time plotting their
murder, and calculating the share they shall acquire in the division of
their property.

Instances sometimes occur where a party of Thugs find their victims
too numerous for them while they remain in a body, and they are seldom
at a loss for expedients to create dissensions, and a consequent
division among them. If all their arts of intrigue and cajolery fail
in producing the desired effect, an occasion is taken advantage of to
ply the travellers with intoxicating liquors; a quarrel is got up, and
from words they proceed to blows, which end in the dissension of the
company, who, proceeding by different roads, fall an easier prey to their
remorseless destroyers. Having enticed the travellers into the snare
they have laid for them, the next object is to choose a convenient spot
for their murder. This, in their technical language, is called a _bhil_,
and is usually fixed upon at some distance from a village on the banks
of a small stream, where the trees and underwood afford a shelter from
the view of occasional passengers. The Thug who is sent on this duty
is called a _bhilla_; and having fixed on the place, he either returns
to the encampment of his party, or meets them on the way to report
the result of his inquiry. If the bhilla returns to the camp with his
report, the grave-diggers are sent out with him to prepare a grave for
the interment of the persons it is intended to murder. Arrangements are
previously made, so that the party in company with the travellers shall
not arrive at the bhil too soon. At the particular spot agreed on, the
bhilla meets the party. The jemadar calls out to him, “Have you cleared
out the hole?” The bhilla replies, “Yes,” on which the concerted signal
is given that serves as the death-warrant of the unsuspecting travellers,
who are forthwith strangled.

The division of plunder, as may be supposed, often leads to the most
violent disputes, which it is astonishing do not end in bloodshed. But
it might almost be supposed the Thugs have a prejudice against spilling
blood; for, when pursued, they refrain from making use of the weapons
they usually bear, even in defence of their own persons. The most wanton
prodigality occurs when plunder is divided; and occasionally the most
valuable shawls and brocades are torn into small strips, and distributed
amongst the gang, should any difference of opinion arise as to their
appropriation. The Thugs say this is also done that every person may run
the same risk, for such an article could not be shared among them until
converted into money, and some danger is attendant upon the transaction.
They appear invariably to destroy all bills of exchange that fall into
their hands, as well as many other articles that are likely to lead to
detection. Ready money is what they chiefly look for; and when they have
a choice of victims, the possessors of gold and silver would certainly be
fixed upon in preference to others.

To facilitate their plan of operations, the Thugs have established
a regular system of intelligence and communication throughout the
countries they have been in the practice of frequenting, and they become
acquainted, with astonishing celerity, with proceedings of their comrades
in all directions. They omit no opportunity of making inquiries regarding
the progress of other gangs, and are equally particular in supplying the
requisite information of their own movements. For this purpose they have
connected themselves with several persons of note residing in the Nizam’s
dominions, who follow the profession of Thugs in conjunction with their
agricultural pursuits.

Such is the extent to which this dreadful system has been carried, that
no idea can be formed of the expenditure of human life to which it has
given occasion, or the immensity of the wealth that has been acquired
by its adoption. When it is taken into consideration that many of the
Thugs confess to their having, for the last twenty-five or thirty years,
annually made a tour with parties of more than a hundred men, and with no
other object than that of murder and rapine; that they boast of having
successively put their tens and twenties to death daily; and that they
say an enumeration of all the lives they have personally assisted to
destroy would swell the catalogue to hundreds, and, as some declare, to
thousands--some conception of the horrid reality may be formed; of the
amount of the property that they have yearly made away with, it must be
impossible to form any calculation; for, independent of the thousands
in ready money, jewels and bullion, the loads of valuable cloths, and
every description of merchandise, that continually fall into their hands,
the bills of exchange that they invariably destroy must amount to a
considerable sum.

The impunity with which the Thugs have heretofore carried on their
merciless proceedings, the facility they have possessed of recruiting
their numbers--which are restricted to no particular caste or sect--the
security they have had of escaping detection, and the ease with which
they have usually purchased their release when seized by the officers
of the weak native governments in whose dominions they have usually
committed their greatest depredations, have altogether so tended to
confirm the system, and to disseminate it to the fearful extent to which
it has now attained, that the life of no single traveller on any of the
roads in the country has been safe, and but a slight chance has been
afforded to large parties of escaping the fangs of the blood-thirsty
demons who have frequented them.--_Abridged from the New Monthly
Magazine._

       *       *       *       *       *

LOVE AND POETRY.--“You know,” says Burns, “our country custom of coupling
a man and woman together as partners in the labours of harvest. In my
fifteenth autumn my partner was a bewitching creature, a year younger
than myself. My scarcity of English denies me the power of doing her
justice in that language; she was a _bonnie, sweet, sonsie lass_. In
short, she altogether, unwittingly to herself, initiated me in that
delicious passion, which, in spite of acid disappointment, gin-horse
prudence, and book-worm philosophy, I hold to be the first of human joys,
our sweetest blessing here below. How she caught the contagion I cannot
tell; you medical people talk much of infection from breathing the same
air, the touch, &c., but I never expressly said I loved her. Indeed, I
did not know myself why I liked so much to loiter behind with her, when
returning in the evening from our labours; why the tones of her voice
made my heart-strings thrill like an Æolian harp; and particularly why
my pulse beat such a furious ratan when I looked and fingered over her
little hand, to pick out the cruel nettle-stings and thistles. Among
her other love-inspiring qualities she sang sweetly; and it was her
favourite reel to which I attempted giving an embodied vehicle in rhyme.
I was not so presumptuous as to imagine that I could make verses like
printed ones, composed by men who had Greek and Latin; but my girl sang
a song which was said to be composed by a small country laird’s son, on
one of his father’s maids with whom he was in love; and I saw no reason
why I might not rhyme as well as he; for, excepting that he could smear
sheep, and cast peats, his father living on the moorlands, he had no more
scholarcraft than myself. Thus with me began Love and Poetry.”--_Burns in
a Letter to Dr Moore, 1787._

       *       *       *       *       *

PHENOMENA OF SOUND.--In the Arctic regions persons can converse at more
than a mile distant when the thermometer is below zero. In air, sound
travels from 1130 to 1142 feet per second. In water, sound passes at the
rate of 4708 feet per second. Sound travels in air, about 900 feet for
every pulsation of a healthy person at 75 in a minute. A bell sounded
under water may be heard under water at 1200 feet distant. Sounds are
distinct at twice the distance on water that they are on land. In a
balloon, the barking of dogs on the ground may be heard at an elevation
of three or four miles. On Table Mountain, a mile above Cape Town, every
noise in it, and even words, may be heard distinctly. The fire of the
English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard 130 miles on the sea.
Dr Jameson says, in calm weather he heard every word of a sermon at the
distance of two miles! Water is a better conductor of sound than air.
Wood is also a powerful conductor of sound, and so is flannel or riband.
Sound affects particles of dust in a sunbeam, cobwebs, and water in
musical glasses; it shakes small pieces of paper off a string in concord.
Deaf persons may converse through deal rods held between the teeth, or
held to the throat or breast. Echoes are formed by elliptical surfaces
combined with surrounding surfaces, or by such of them as fall into the
respective distances of the surface of an ellipse, and are, therefore,
directed to the other focus of the ellipse; for all the distances from
both foci to such surface are equal, and hence there is a concentration
of sounds at those points direct from one focus, and reflected back again
from the other focus. An echo returns a monosyllable at 70 feet distance,
and another syllable at every 40 feet additional. The echo of artillery
is encreased or created by a cloud or clouds. Miners distinguish the
substance bored by the sound; and Physicians distinguish the action of
the heart or lungs by a listening tube. Gamblers can distinguish, in
tossing money, which side is undermost, though covered by the hand.

       *       *       *       *       *

GENERAL RUN OF FACULTIES.--Society is a more level surface than we
imagine. Wise men or absolute fools are hard to be met with, as there
are few giants or dwarfs. The heaviest charge we can bring against the
general texture of society is, that it is common-place; and many of those
who are singular had better be common-place. Our fancied superiority to
others is in some one thing, which we think most of, because we excel
in it, or have paid most attention to it; whilst we overlook their
superiority to us in something else, which they set equal and exclusive
store by. This is fortunate for all parties. I never felt myself superior
to any one who did not go out of his way to affect qualities which he
had not. In his own individual character and line of pursuit every one
has knowledge, experience, and skill; and who shall say which pursuit
requires most, thereby proving his own narrowness and incompetence to
decide? Particular talent or genius does not imply general capacity.
Those who are more versatile are seldom great in any one department; and
the stupidest people can generally do something. The highest pre-eminence
in any one study commonly arises from the concentration of the attention
and faculties on that one study. He who expects from a great name in
politics, in philosophy, in art, equal greatness in other things, is
little versed in human nature. Our strength lies in our weakness. The
learned in books are ignorant of the world. He who is ignorant of books
is often well acquainted with other things; for life is of the same
length in the learned and the unlearned; the mind cannot be idle; if it
is not taken up with one thing it attends to another through choice or
necessity: and the degree of previous capacity in one class or another is
a mere lottery.--_Hazlitt’s Characteristics._

       *       *       *       *       *

TRUTH.--The confusion and undesigned inaccuracy so often to be observed
in conversation, especially in that of uneducated persons, proves that
truth needs to be cultivated as a talent, as well as recommended as a
virtue.--_Mrs Fry._

       *       *       *       *       *

Knowledge is an excellent drug, but no drug has virtue enough to preserve
itself from corruption and decay, if the vessel be tainted and impure
wherein it is put to keep.--_Montaigne’s Essays._

       *       *       *       *       *

    Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at
    the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane,
    College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley.
    Paternoster Row, London, SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street,
    Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE and
    SIMMS, Leeds; J. MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID
    ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow.







*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, VOL. 1 NO. 43, APRIL 24, 1841 ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.