Title: The flowering plants of Africa
Author: Franz Thonner
Editor: A. B. Rendle
Illustrator: Joseph Fleischmann
Release date: September 26, 2022 [eBook #69049]
Language: English
Original publication: United Kingdom: Dulau & C., LTD, 1915
Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
List of Principal Works Consulted Table of Contents List of Plates Key to the Families Key to the Genera Statistical Table Glossary of Botanical Terms Abbreviations of Authors’ Names List of Popular Names Additions and Corrections Index Some typographical errors have been corrected; |
THE
FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA
AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS
BY
FR. THONNER
WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP
DULAU & CO., LTD.
37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON
1915
{iv}
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical limits of Africa including the islands.
The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.
As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the natural system.
Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated the approximative number of the species described to the end of the year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more important synonyms.
As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” (including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by “Central Africa.”
The present work was originally published in German under the title “Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising my translation.
The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly indicated.
FRANZ THONNER.
VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.
{vii}{vi}
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A. Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895).
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W. Peters, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin, 1862-1864).
Th. Sim, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa (Aberdeen, 1909).
J. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888).
H. Forbes, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool, 1903).
F. Vierhapper, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907).
J. A. Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln (Heidelberg, 1852).
J. A. Guillemin, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833).
J. Palisot Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804).
W. J. Hooker, Niger flora (London, 1849).{viii}
H. Pobeguin, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris, 1906).
Th. Durand & E. De Wildeman, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1897-1901).
E. De Wildeman & Th. Durand, Contributions a la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1900).
—— Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901).
—— Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904).
—— Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900).
E. De Wildeman, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles, 1902-1903).
—Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1910).
—Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907).
—Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906).
—Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910).
—Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909).
Th. & H. Durand, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909).
W. P. Hiern, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch (London, 1896-1901).
O. Warburg, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903).
J. C. Mellis, St. Helena (London, 1875).
A. Grandidier & Drake Del Castillo, Histoire naturelle de Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902).
P. Baron, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906).
J. Palacky, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906).
J. G. Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877).
J. B. Balfour, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879).
J. De Cordemoy, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895).
A. Voeltzkow, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna (Frankfurt, 1902).
W. Harvey, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown, 1868).
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W. Harvey, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863).
H. Bolus & A. H. Wolley-Dod, A list of the flowering plants of the Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903).
Th. Sim, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907).
J. M. Wood, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907).
—Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910).
H. Schinz, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève, 1892-1908).
—Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900).
A. Zahlbruckner, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905).
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W. Curtis, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910).
W. J. & J. D. Hooker, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910).
B. Seemann & J. Britten, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910).
A. Engler, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910).
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K. Schumann & F. Fedde, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig, 1873-1910).
F. Fedde, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin, 1906-1910).{ix}
Botanisches Centralblatt (Leiden, 1880-1910).
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Société Linnéenne De Paris, Bulletin (Paris, 1889-1899).
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B. D. Jackson, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905).
KEY TO THE FAMILIES | ||
---|---|---|
PAGE | ||
Gymnospermae | 1 | |
Monocotyledoneae | 2 | |
Apetalae | 6 | |
Choripetalae | 18 | |
Sympetalae | 49 | |
KEY TO THE GENERA | ||
I. CYCADALES. | ||
1. | Cycadaceae | 69 |
II. CONIFERAE. | ||
2. | Taxaceae | 70 |
3. | Pinaceae | 70 |
III. GNETALES. | ||
4. | Gnetaceae | 71 |
IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. | ||
Pandanales. | ||
5. | Typhaceae | 72 |
6. | Pandanaceae | 73 |
7. | Sparganiaceae | 73 |
Helobiae. | ||
8. | Potamogetonaceae | 73 |
9. | Naiadaceae | 75 |
10. | Aponogetonaceae | 75 |
11. | Scheuchzeriaceae | 75 |
12. | Alismataceae | 75 |
13. | Butomaceae | 77 |
14. | Hydrocharitaceae | 77 |
Triuridales. | ||
15. | Triuridaceae | 78 |
Glumiflorae. | ||
16. | Gramineae | 79 |
17. | Cyperaceae | 106 |
Principes. | ||
18. | Palmae | 110 |
Spathiflorae. | ||
19. | Araceae | 114 |
20. | Lemnaceae | 119 |
Farinosae. | ||
21. | Flagellariaceae | 119 |
22. | Restionaceae | 119 |
23. | Mayacaceae | 120 |
24. | Xyridaceae | 121 |
25. | Eriocaulaceae | 121 |
26. | Rapateaceae | 121 |
27. | Bromeliaceae | 122 |
28. | Commelinaceae | 122 |
29. | Pontederiaceae | 123 |
30. | Cyanastraceae | 124 |
Liliiflorae. | ||
31. | Juncaceae | 124 |
32. | Liliaceae | 125 |
33. | Haemodoraceae | 134 |
34. | Amaryllidaceae | 135 |
35. | Velloziaceae | 139 |
36. | Taccaceae | 139 |
37. | Dioscoreaceae | 140 |
38. | Iridaceae | 140 |
Scitamineae. | ||
39. | Musaceae | 145 |
40. | Zingiberaceae | 146 |
41. | Cannaceae | 147 |
42. | Marantaceae | 148 |
Microspermae. | ||
43. | Burmanniaceae | 149 |
44. | Orchidaceae | 150 |
V. DICOTYLEDONEAE. | ||
ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. | ||
Verticillatae. | ||
45. | Casuarinaceae | 160 {xi} |
Piperales. | ||
46. | Piperaceae | 161 |
Salicales. | ||
47. | Salicaceae | 161 |
Myricales. | ||
48. | Myricaceae | 162 |
Juglandales. | ||
49. | Juglandaceae | 162 |
Fagales. | ||
50. | Betulaceae | 162 |
51. | Fagaceae | 163 |
Urticales. | ||
52. | Ulmaceae | 163 |
53. | Moraceae | 164 |
54. | Urticaceae | 168 |
Proteales. | ||
55. | Proteaceae | 170 |
Santalales. | ||
56. | Santalaceae | 172 |
57. | Opiliaceae | 173 |
58. | Grubbiaceae | 173 |
59. | Olacaceae | 173 |
60. | Octoknemataceae | 175 |
61. | Loranthaceae | 175 |
62. | Balanophoraceae | 176 |
Aristolochiales. | ||
63. | Aristolochiaceae | 176 |
64. | Rafflesiaceae | 177 |
65. | Hydnoraceae | 177 |
Polygonales. | ||
66. | Polygonaceae | 177 |
Centrospermae. | ||
67. | Chenopodiaceae | 179 |
68. | Amarantaceae | 182 |
69. | Nyctaginaceae | 186 |
70. | Cynocrambaceae | 187 |
71. | Phytolaccaceae | 187 |
72. | Aizoaceae | 188 |
73. | Portulacaceae | 190 |
74. | Basellaceae | 191 |
75. | Caryophyllaceae | 191 |
Ranales. | ||
76. | Nymphaeaceae | 197 |
77. | Ceratophyllaceae | 197 |
78. | Ranunculaceae | 197 |
79. | Berberidaceae | 199 |
80. | Memspermaceae | 199 |
81. | Anonaceae | 203 |
82. | Myristicaceae | 206 |
83. | Monimiaceae | 208 |
84. | Lauraceae | 209 |
85. | Hernandiaceae | 211 |
Rhoeadales. | ||
86. | Papaveraceae | 211 |
87. | Capparidaceae | 213 |
88. | Cruciferae | 216 |
89. | Resedaceae | 228 |
90. | Moringaceae | 229 |
Sarraceniales. | ||
91. | Nepenthaceae | 229 |
92. | Droseraceae | 230 |
Rosales. | ||
93. | Podostemonaceae | 230 |
94. | Hydrostachyaceae | 231 |
95. | Crassulaceae | 232 |
96. | Saxifragaceae | 233 |
97. | Pittosporaceae | 235 |
98. | Cunoniaceae | 235 |
99. | Myrothamnaceae | 236 |
100. | Bruniaceae | 236 |
101. | Hamamelidaceae | 238 |
102. | Platanaceae | 238 |
103. | Rosaceae | 239 |
104. | Connaraceae | 243 |
105. | Leguminosae | 245 |
Pandales. | ||
106. | Pandaceae | 289 |
Geraniales. | ||
107. | Geraniaceae | 289 |
108. | Oxalidaceae | 290 |
109. | Tropaeolaceae | 291 |
110. | Linaceae | 291 |
111. | Humiriaceae | 292 |
112. | Erythroxylaceae | 292 |
113. | Zygophyllaceae | 293 |
114. | Cneoraceae | 295 |
115. | Rutaceae | 295 |
116. | Simarubaceae | 299 |
117. | Burseraceae | 301 |
118. | Meliaceae | 302 |
119. | Malpighiaceae | 306 {xii} |
120. | Polygalaceae | 308 |
121. | Dichapetalaceae | 309 |
122. | Euphorbiaceae | 309 |
123. | Callitrichaceae | 324 |
Sapindales. | ||
124. | Buxaceae | 324 |
125. | Empetraceae | 325 |
126. | Coriariaceae | 325 |
127. | Anacardiaceae | 325 |
128. | Aquifoliaceae | 329 |
129. | Celastraceae | 329 |
130. | Hippocrateaceae | 332 |
131. | Salvadoraceae | 332 |
132. | Icacinaceae | 333 |
133. | Aceraceae | 335 |
134. | Sapindaceae | 335 |
135. | Melianthaceae | 342 |
136. | Balsaminaceae | 343 |
Rhamnales. | ||
137. | Rhamnaceae | 343 |
138. | Vitaceae | 345 |
Malvales. | ||
139. | Elaeocarpaceae | 347 |
140. | Chlaenaceae | 347 |
141. | Tiliaceae | 348 |
142. | Malvaceae | 350 |
143. | Bombacaceae | 353 |
144. | Sterculiaceae | 354 |
145. | Scytopetalaceae | 357 |
Parietales. | ||
146. | Dilleniaceae | 358 |
147. | Ochnaceae | 359 |
148. | Theaceae | 360 |
149. | Guttiferae | 360 |
150. | Dipterocarpaceae | 363 |
151. | Elatinaceae | 363 |
152. | Frankeniaceae | 363 |
153. | Tamaricaceae | 364 |
154. | Cistaceae | 365 |
155. | Bixaceae | 365 |
156. | Cochlospermaceae | 366 |
157. | Winteranaceae | 366 |
158. | Violaceae | 366 |
159. | Flacourtiaceae | 367 |
160. | Turneraceae | 373 |
161. | Passifloraceae | 374 |
162. | Achariaceae | 376 |
163. | Caricaceae | 377 |
164. | Loasaceae | 377 |
165. | Begoniaceae | 377 |
166. | Ancistrocladaceae | 378 |
Opuntiales. | ||
167. | Cactaceae | 378 |
Myrtiflorae. | ||
168. | Geissolomataceae | 379 |
169. | Penaeaceae | 379 |
170. | Oliniaceae | 380 |
171. | Thymelaeaceae | 380 |
172. | Elaeagnaceae | 383 |
173. | Lythraceae | 383 |
174. | Sonneratiaceae | 385 |
175. | Punicaceae | 386 |
176. | Lecythidaceae | 386 |
177. | Rhizophoraceae | 387 |
178. | Alangiaceae | 389 |
179. | Combretaceae | 389 |
180. | Myrtaceae | 391 |
181. | Melastomataceae | 392 |
182. | Oenotheraceae | 397 |
183. | Halorrhagaceae | 399 |
184. | Cynomoriaceae | 400 |
Umbelliflorae. | ||
185. | Araliaceae | 400 |
186. | Umbelliferae | 401 |
187. | Cornaceae | 414 |
METACHLAMYDEAE. | ||
Ericales. | ||
188. | Clethraceae | 414 |
189. | Ericaceae | 415 |
Primulales. | ||
190. | Myrsinaceae | 417 |
191. | Primulaceae | 419 |
192. | Plumbaginaceae | 420 |
Ebenales. | ||
193. | Sapotaceae | 421 |
194. | Hoplestigmataceae | 424 |
195. | Ebenaceae | 424 |
196. | Styracaceae | 425 |
Contortae. | ||
197. | Oleaceae | 425 |
198. | Loganiaceae | 427 |
199. | Gentianaceae | 429 |
200. | Apocynaceae | 432 |
201. | Asclepiadaceae | 441 |
Tubiflorae. | ||
202. | Convolvulaceae | 457 |
203. | Hydrophyllaceae | 462 {xiii} |
204. | Borraginaceae | 463 |
205. | Verbenaceae | 467 |
206. | Labiatae | 470 |
207. | Solanaceae | 481 |
208. | Scrophulariaceae | 483 |
209. | Bignoniaceae | 495 |
210. | Pedaliaceae | 498 |
211. | Martyniaceae | 500 |
212. | Orobanchaceae | 500 |
213. | Gesneraceae | 500 |
214. | Lentibulariaceae | 501 |
215. | Globulariaceae | 502 |
216. | Acanthaceae | 502 |
217. | Myoporaceae | 515 |
Plantaginales. | ||
218. | Plantaginaceae | 515 |
Rubiales. | ||
219. | Rubiaceae | 516 |
220. | Caprifoliaceae | 533 |
221. | Valerianaceae | 534 |
222. | Dipsacaceae | 534 |
Campanulatae. | ||
223. | Cucurbitaceae | 535 |
224. | Campanulaceae | 541 |
225. | Goodeniaceae | 544 |
226. | Compositae | 544 |
Statistical Table | 585 | |
Glossary of Botanical Terms | 591 | |
Abbreviations of Authors’ Names | 600 | |
List of Popular Names | 602 | |
Additions and Corrections | 607 | |
Index | 613 |
Map of Africa, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces.
{1}
1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open carpels
without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual. Stem
woody. [Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE.] 2
Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and nearly
always closed to the top, rarely (Resedaceae) open above. [Subdivision
ANGIOSPERMAE.] 5
2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the top of the
stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top. Juice mucilaginous.
Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs. Embryo
with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.] 1. Cycadaceae.
Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely (Gnetaceae)
leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided turnip-shaped stem
and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9 pollen-sacs.
Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons 3
3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped. Shrubs.
[Class GNETALES.] 4. Gnetaceae.
Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves needle-shaped.
Leaves needle- or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.] 4
4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded by a
fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule 2. Taxaceae.
Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually with
2 or more ovules 3. Pinaceae.
5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular bundles
scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined (net-veined in
many Araceae Dioscoreaceae and Taccaceae and a few Hydrocharitaceae
Liliaceae and Orchidaceae), generally narrow entire and sessile with a
dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous. [Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.] 6
Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon
or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in
a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated base
and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. [Class
{2}DICOTYLEDONEAE.] 52
6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to small, hypogynous, free
or partially-united scales, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) replaced by sepaloid
appendages of the connective. 7
Perianth well developed, calyx- or corolla-like or consisting of calyx and
corolla, rarely (Eriocaulaceae and Restionaceae) wanting in the female
flowers. 15
7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts (glumes) in
spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or several empty
glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads.
Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel solitary, with a single basal
or laterally attached ovule 8
Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or several
spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or spikes; in the
latter case (Potamogetonaceae) saltwater 9
8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule attached
at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary. Style 1,
with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths of
the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually without a
ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes. 17. Cyperaceae.
Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached laterally,
but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or the wall of the
ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers usually affixed
at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split on one side and
ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow between the nodes. 16. Gramineae.
9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of small
floating leaf- or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in cavities
of the shoots 20. Lemnaceae.
Plants differentiated into stem and leaves 10
10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Carpel solitary. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.
Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) solitary or
in glomerules, but then several separate carpels 11
11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers dioecious.
Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually woody. Pandanus, 6. Pandanaceae.
Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes 12
12. Flowers in globose heads Sparganium, 7. Sparganiaceae.
Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes 13
13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine plants,
very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If flowers
in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1 or several
one-ovuled ovaries 8. Potamogetonaceae.
{3}Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter with unisexual
flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite,
but then with a several-ovuled ovary. 14
14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young, separated
from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually surrounded by
hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. Typha, 5. Typhaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male inflorescence
in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated from it by an
empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe. Seed-coat
fleshy. 19. Araceae.
15. (6.) Ovary superior. 16
Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 37
16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or slightly
lobed ovary. 17
Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base. 33
17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly membranous
or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into an inner and
an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid. 18
Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner petaloid segments. 25
18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately or palmately
disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but sometimes
very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes. 18. Palmae.
Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing from a
herbaceous stem. 19
19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation of the
stem. 19. Araceae.
Flowers not in spadices. 20
20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in
glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.
Stamens 2-6. 21
21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each cell and
with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous. Triglochin, 11. Scheuchzeriaceae.
Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous. 22
22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged in spikes
or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1 pendulous
ovule in each cell. 22. Restionaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth not
dry. 23
23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with
1 pendulous ovule in each cell. 25. Eriocaulaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious. 24
{4}24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear. 31. Juncaceae.
Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or styles 3.
Perianth usually herbaceous. 32. Liliaceae.
25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or its
radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and embryo
or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or cartilaginous. 26
Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo
small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy. 31
26. Seeds with mealy albumen. 27
Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 29
27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo enclosed in
the albumen. 29. Pontederiaceae.
Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the
albumen. Perianth white or yellow. 28
28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas
3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in
tendrils. Flowers in panicles. Flagellaria, 21. Flagellariaceae.
Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical
pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical.
Flowers in heads. Maschalocephalus, 26. Rapateaceae.
29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow. 33. Haemodoraceae.
Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 30
30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth. Ovary
adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each cell.
Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Walleria, 34. Amaryllidaceae.
Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at least
some of them) and ovary free from the perianth. 32. Liliaceae.
31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6. 28. Commelinaceae.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous.
Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels. 32
32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes none.
Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. Mayaca, 23. Mayacaceae.
Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes
3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or spikes. Xyris, 24. Xyridaceae.
33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous. 18. Palmae.
Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants. 34
34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to scales.
Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. Sciaphila, 15. Triuridaceae.
Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed.
Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3
{5}segments. Seeds exalbuminous. 35
35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. Aponogeton, 10. Aponogetonaceae.
Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly differentiated into
sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers only of 3 greenish segments. 36
36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels. 13. Butomaceae.
Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of the
carpels. 12. Alismataceae.
37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. 38
Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular. 41
38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules.
Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually
with longitudinal nervation. 44. Orchidaceae.
Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a single
ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with
pinnate nervation. 39
39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical. 40. Zingiberaceae.
Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical. 40
40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight embryo.
Leaf-stalk not thickened. Canna, 41. Cannaceae.
Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk thickened
towards the apex or throughout its whole length. 42. Marantaceae.
41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3. 42
Stamens 5-18, usually 6. 45
42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner petal-like. Ovary
1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Water
plants. 14. Hydrocharitaceae.
Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous.
Land- or marsh-plants. 43
43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening outwards
or laterally. 38. Iridaceae.
Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments. Anthers
opening inwards or laterally. 44
44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about equalling
the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or stigma
single. 33. Haemodoraceae.
Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then inner
perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers
provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and
stigmas 3, short and thick. 43. Burmanniaceae.
45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely completely
{6}1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, more
rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with submerged or
floating leaves. 14. Hydrocharitaceae.
Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually of 6
petaloid segments. Land-plants. 46
46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Tacca, 36. Taccaceae.
Ovary 3-celled. 47
47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers unisexual, regular.
Stem climbing. 37. Dioscoreaceae.
Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers hermaphrodite,
rarely unisexual but irregular. 48
48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves toothed.
Inflorescence spadix-like. Ananas, 27. Bromeliaceae.
Perianth more or less corolla-like. 49
49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in spikes or racemes.
Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy albumen. Leaves
with pinnate nervation. Tall plants. 39. Musaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy or
cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal nervation. 50
50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short woody trunk.
Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped. Barbacenia, 35. Velloziaceae.
Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary, but
then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much projecting
and thickened. 51
51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers opening at
the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen. Flowers
in racemes or panicles. Cyanastrum, 30. Cyanastraceae.
Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two ovules in
each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen. 34. Amaryllidaceae.
52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a choripetalous
corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering at the apex or in
the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass Archichlamydeae.] 53
Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more or
less united, at least at the base. [Subclass Metachlamydeae or
Sympetalae.] 551
53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar segments, more rarely
of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a distinct differentiation
into sepals and petals. [Apetalae.] 54
Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting of 8
or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into sepals
and petals. [Choripetalae.] 188
54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but sometimes
{7}replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked. 55
Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers. 69
55. Ovary completely 1-celled. 56
Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half. 65
56. Ovule solitary, rarely (Balanophoraceae) ovules 3. 57
Ovules numerous, rarely (Casuarinaceae) 2. 63
57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle. 58
Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary. 62
58. Ovule straight. 59
Ovule incurved or inverted. 61
59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma 1.
Fruit dry. Seed albuminous. 54. Urticaceae.
Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6
bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent. 60
60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed exalbuminous.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then
leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen. 46. Piperaceae.
61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers
usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes. 67. Chenopodiaceae.
Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers
usually in heads. 226. Compositae.
62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary, free. 53. Moraceae.
Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants. 62. Balanophoraceae.
63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted perianth.
Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled, scale-like.
Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. Casuarina, 45. Casuarinaceae.
Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but sometimes
with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers
in spikes or catkins. 64
64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or more.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. 47. Salicaceae.
Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.)
Aquatic herbs. Hydrostachys, 94. Hydrostachyaceae.
65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete cell. Styles
2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or catkins. 50. Betulaceae.
Ovary completely 2-4-celled. 66
66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 67
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
{8}Male flowers without a perianth. 68
67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male
flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Callitriche, 123. Callitrichaceae.
68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Stamens
2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.
Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens
3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Myrothamnus, 99. Myrothamnaceae.
69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 70
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 153
70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 71
Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only. 146
71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 72
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled. 118
72. Ovule 1. 73
Ovules 2 or more. 103
73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 74
Ovule pendulous or descending. 94
74. Ovule straight. 75
Ovule incurved or inverted. 80
75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous at the
base. Stamens 1-12. 76
Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the base.
Stamens 4-50. 79
76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed
with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules. Exocarpus, 56. Santalaceae.
Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma penicillate. 77
77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5. 78
78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees. 53. Moraceae.
Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky. 54. Urticaceae.
79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping sheath
at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen. 66. Polygonaceae.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen. Pistacia, 127. Anacardiaceae.
80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually
mealy. 81
Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy
{9}or wanting. 87
81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft.
Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.
Perianth-segments 1-5. 82
82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in fruit.
Stamens hypogynous, united at the base. 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not folded
aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided. 83
83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (Queria) 10, hypogynous. Stipules
present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles 2-3. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but
then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1. 84
84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5), alternating
with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite. 85
Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite to them,
or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without stipules. 86
85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked.
Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. Adenogramma, 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous.
Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate. 71. Phytolaccaceae.
86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo
ring- or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles. 68. Amarantaceae.
Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5. 67. Chenopodiaceae.
87. (80.) Leaves stipulate. 88
Leaves exstipulate. 89
88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous. 103. Rosaceae.
89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as
and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female
flowers. Seed exalbuminous. 226. Compositae.
Stem woody. Stigma 1. 90
90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or nearly
so. Seed exalbuminous. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.
Perianth with valvate aestivation. 91
91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4, rarely 5;
filaments free. Seed exalbuminous. 92
Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often in
greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous. 93
{10}92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in
fascicles. Elaeagnus, 172. Elaeagnaceae.
93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening
laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril;
embryo large. Pisonia, 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their
length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed.
Seed with an aril; embryo small. 82. Myristicaceae.
94. (73.) Ovule straight. 95
Ovule incurved or inverted. 96
95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or trees.
Flowers in spikes or heads. 55. Proteaceae.
Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen.
Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. Ceratophyllum, 77. Ceratophyllaceae.
96. Leaves stipulate. 97
Leaves exstipulate. 100
97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly
enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs,
or shrubs. 103. Rosaceae.
Leaves simple, but sometimes (Moraceae) dissected. 98
98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. Macaranga, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous. 99
99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud. Shrubs
or trees. Juice not milky. 52. Ulmaceae.
Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a dilated
and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then stamens bent
inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or herbs. 53. Moraceae.
100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without
albumen. Trees or shrubs. 84. Lauraceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 101
101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy albumen.
Trees or shrubs. 83. Monimiaceae.
Stamens 8-10. 102
102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or without
albumen. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in
panicles. Galenia, 72. Aizoaceae.
103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta. 104
Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell. 108
104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a central
placenta. Water-plants. 93. Podostemonaceae.
Perianth of 4-5 segments. 105
{11}105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1.
Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Empleurum, 115. Rutaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or
less curved. Usually herbs. 106
106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5. 68. Amarantaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 107
107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or more,
perigynous. 72. Aizoaceae.
Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell or from
a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded. 109
Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more
parietal placentas. 112
109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. Leaves
exstipulate. 132. Icacinaceae.
Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater
number. 110
110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate. 59. Olacaceae.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 111
111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled. Guya, 159. Flacourtiaceae.
Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or less
perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the
dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single one,
but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided. 113
113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma. 114
Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more. 116
114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary
sessile. Seeds albuminous. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary
stalked. Seeds exalbuminous. 115
115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with
straight embryo. 173. Lythraceae.
Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked
and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo. 87. Capparidaceae.
116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, free. Stamens
10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds exalbuminous;
{12}embryo curved. Ochradenus, 89. Resedaceae.
Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply
divided. 117
117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona.
Styles 3, free or united at the base. 161. Passifloraceae.
Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 119
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 129
119. Ovules erect or ascending. 120
Ovules pendulous or descending. 124
120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at its
edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
pinnate, exstipulate. 134. Sapindaceae.
Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous,
but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed. 121
121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Dwarf shrubs. 125. Empetraceae.
Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more. 122
122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united
below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs.
Leaves stipulate, alternate. 137. Rhamnaceae.
Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate. 123
123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs. 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. 71. Phytolaccaceae.
124. Stamens hypogynous. 125
Stamens perigynous. 127
125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.
Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves
exstipulate. Lepidium, 88. Cruciferae.
Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5,
ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate. 126
126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary
usually 3-celled. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and
ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound,
stipulate. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers consisting
of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite flowers
simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit capsular.
Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate. 128
{13}128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved. 72. Aizoaceae.
129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 130
Flowers hermaphrodite. 136
130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2
stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves opposite,
pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.
Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple
or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate. 131
131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma 4-partite.
Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Nepenthes, 91. Nepenthaceae.
Leaves without pitchers. Style present. 132
132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate,
without stipules. 134. Sapindaceae.
Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout. 133
133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then free
and filaments also free. 134
134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening septicidally
and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees. 135
135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without
stipules. 124. Buxaceae.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry
or a drupe. Leaves alternate. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or
nearly so. 137
Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous. 142
137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 138
Stem woody throughout its length. 140
138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants. 93. Podostemonaceae.
Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo. 139
139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds
exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves stipulate. 72. Aizoaceae.
140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in
bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
curved. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous;
embryo straight. 141
{14}141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. Grewia, 141. Tiliaceae.
Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. 72. Aizoaceae.
Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight embryo. 143
143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 144
Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate. 145
144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight.
Leaves without stipules. 173. Lythraceae.
Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves
alternate, with small stipules. Maerua, 87. Capparidaceae.
145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at
least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous. 169. Penaeaceae.
Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous.
Seeds albuminous. Geissoloma, 168. Geissolomataceae.
146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 147
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 152
147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a
curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without
stipules. 148
Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth
irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx. 149
148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate. Phytolacca, 71. Phytolaccaceae.
Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry. 72. Aizoaceae.
149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous. 150
Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers. Stamens
usually perigynous. 151
150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits
fleshy, drupaceous. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than
perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry. 78. Ranunculaceae.
151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual.
Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen. 83. Monimiaceae.
Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds without
albumen. 103. Rosaceae.
152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous,
free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. Brasenia, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the
base. Trees. Leaves stipulate. 144. Sterculiaecae.
153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled. 154
Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely 2- or
{15}more-celled. 177
154. Ovule 1. 155
Ovules 2 or more. 167
155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to the
ovary-wall. 156
Ovule pendulous or descending. 162
156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire. Stamens
as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate
in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees. 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground,
or herbaceous plants. 157
157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as
many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. 158
Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but
then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments. 159
158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate. 54. Urticaceae.
Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.
159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.
Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. 226. Compositae.
Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments
or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. 160
160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens
10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. Cynocrambe, 70. Cynocrambaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly. 161
161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers
in spike- or panicle-like inflorescences. Beta, 67. Chenopodiaceae.
Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate.
Flowers in heads. Sclerocephalus, 75. Caryophyllaceae.
162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous.
Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales. Cynomorium, 184. Cynomoriaceae.
Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed. 163
163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite the
perianth-segments or fewer. 164
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the
perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate. 166
164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 53. Moraceae.
Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate. 165
165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. Hypodaphnis, 84. Lauraceae.
{16}Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. Gyrocarpus, 85. Hernandiaceae.
166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. Gunnera, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves
alternate. 72. Aizoaceae.
167. (154.) Ovules 2-5. 168
Ovules numerous. 174
168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on
the stem of trees. 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or
parasitic upon roots. 169
169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10,
rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes,
racemes, or heads. 179. Combretaceae.
Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds
albuminous. 170
170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers consisting
of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple. 171
171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Octoknema, 60. Octoknemataceae.
Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. 172
172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with
inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Grubbia, 58. Grubbiaceae.
Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo
with superior radicle or undivided. 173
173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. 56. Santalaceae.
Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers
unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons. 62. Balanophoraceae.
174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither leaves
nor scales. Hydnora, 65. Hydnoraceae.
Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales. 175
175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual. 64. Rafflesiaceae.
Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
well developed. 176
176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1. Grevea, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous.
{17}Styles 2-3. Bembicia. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 178
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 183
178. Ovules erect or ascending. 179
Ovules pendulous or descending. 180
179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and
styles 2. Embryo curved. 219. Rubiaceae.
Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight. 137. Rhamnaceae.
180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost completely
2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Corylus, 50. Betulaceae.
Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs,
rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves exstipulate. 181
181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves stipulate.
Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens. Ovary-cells
and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small. 186. Umbelliferae.
Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves exstipulate.
Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or mealy albumen.
Herbs or undershrubs. 182
182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen.
Leaves undivided. Tetragonia, 72. Aizoaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a
straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones,
deeply divided. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments
more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate.
Trees or shrubs. 51. Fagaceae.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (Lecythidaceae) 2-6, but then
style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite. 184
184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
without stipules. 185
Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous. 186
185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth
regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs. Leaves
scale-like, not green. Cytinus, 64. Rafflesiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves.
Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a capsule.
Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green. Aristolochia, 63. Aristolochiaceae.
186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous.
{18}Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth
regular. Style 1, undivided. 187
187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. Ludwigia, 182. Oenotheraceae.
Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs. 176. Lecythidaceae.
188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 189
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 481
189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 190
Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only. 451
190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing one
or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one. 191
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, the partitions
sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the others
empty but well developed. 273
191. Ovule 1. 192
Ovules 2 or more. 214
192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 193
Ovule pendulous or descending. 205
193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5. 194
Leaves exstipulate. 198
194. Stigma 1, entire. 195
Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less distinctly
perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. 197
195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided. Dovera, 131. Salvadoraceae.
Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and corolla
with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more or
less distinctly perigynous. 196
196. Style basal or nearly so. 103. Rosaceae.
Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10. 105. Leguminosae.
197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs
or trees. Maesopsis, 137. Rhamnaceae.
Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so. 199
Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx. 201
199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves
undivided. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs. 200
200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted.
{19}Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Portulacaria, 73. Portulacaceae.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles).
Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 86. Papaveraceae.
201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted
aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate
aestivation. 202
202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them. Stigma
1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more
numerous. 203
203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs,
rarely shrubs. 88. Cruciferae.
Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens
1, 5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees. 204
204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals valvate
in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers (or
16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. Hua, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled
anthers nor united in pairs. 127. Anacardiaceae.
205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10. 206
Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Polygalaceae) stipulate, but then stamens
8. 207
206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple. 105. Leguminosae.
Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly
united. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments
united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then unisexual
or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 208
208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or
more. Leaves simple or digitate. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Anacardiaceae) unisexual,
but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves pinnate. 209
209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma entire.
Leaves undivided. Shrubs. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (Anacardiaceae) distinctly
{20}perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate. 210
210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little developed,
entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. 57. Opiliaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx distinctly
developed. 211
211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs,
rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs
or trees. 212
212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla
with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided.
Shrubs. Endodesmia, 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with
valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate. 213
213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3 transparently
dotted leaflets. Eriander, 115. Rutaceae.
Ovule with dorsal raphe. 127. Anacardiaceae.
214. (191.) Ovules 2. 215
Ovules 3 or more. 231
215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending. 216
Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending. 224
216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter
case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or nearly so.
Leaves usually stipulate. 217
Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers regular,
more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal. Leaves usually
exstipulate. 218
217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite
the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens
perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound. 105. Leguminosae.
218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly perigynous.
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 104. Connaraceae.
Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in
the latter case herbs. 219
219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but then
shrubs or trees. 220
220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.
{21}Seeds exalbuminous. 103. Rosaceae.
Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous,
but then leaves opposite. 221
221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite. Shrubs
or trees. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate. 222
222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut. Herbs.
Leaves dissected. Sarcocapnos, 86. Papaveraceae.
Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided. 223
223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs.
Flowers white. Dipterygium, 87. Capparidaceae.
Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening by
valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow. Berberis, 79. Berberidaceae.
224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens 4-10.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex. 225
225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers
irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely
somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6. 226
226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual.
Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound. 115. Rutaceae.
Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more than
5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple. 227
227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate. 132. Icacinaceae.
Stamens 6 or more. 228
228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves
exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 229
229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Stamens 12 or more. 230
230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals
5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. 103. Rosaceae.
Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more
then 20. Seeds with copious albumen. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta. 232
{22}Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas. 244
232. Ovules basal. 233
Ovules attached to a central placenta. 239
233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire. 234
Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6. 236
234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers
solitary or in pairs. 196. Styracaceae.
Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments. 235
235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening
by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening
by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical. 79. Berberidaceae.
236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees. Leaves
alternate, stipulate. Lophira, 147. Ochnaceae.
Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5. 237
237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former alternate.
Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. Seeds
albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. Drosophyllum, 92. Droseraceae.
Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds
with a large or rather large embryo. 238
238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds
exalbuminous. 153. Tamaricaceae.
Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6. 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules ascending or horizontal. 240
240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma
entire or obscurely lobed. 241
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous. 242
241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. Pelletiera, 191. Primulaceae.
Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. 190. Myrsinaceae.
242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple with
an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so.
Style simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles
2 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 243
243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves alternate. 73. Portulacaceae.
{23}Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. 245
Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 248
245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals 5 or
leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves
usually compound. 105. Leguminosae.
Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves
exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs. 246
246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens numerous.
Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. Delphinium, 78. Ranunculaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or
less curved. 247
247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant.
Leaves dissected. Epimedium, 79. Berberidaceae.
Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or
wanting. 88. Cruciferae.
248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas
contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma. 249
Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not contiguous
at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas. 266
249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10. 250
Fertile stamens more than petals. 257
250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. Warburgia, 157. Winteranaceae.
Fertile stamens 2-6. 251
251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous,
with curved embryo. 87. Capparidaceae.
Fertile stamens 5, rarely (Passifloraceae) 4 or 6, but then flowers unisexual.
Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo. 252
252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees. 253
Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds albuminous. 254
253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single
slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. Moringa, 90. Moringaceae.
Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves simple, undivided. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly hypogynous,
and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed between the petals
and the stamens. Flowers regular. 161. Passifloraceae.
Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter
{24}case neither staminodes nor a corona within them. 255
255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers regular.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. 147. Ochnaceae.
Staminodes wanting. 256
256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or suffruticose.
Placentas 3. 158. Violaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely
3-5. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.
257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), rarely 9 (3
sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. Leaves
more or less deeply divided. 86. Papaveraceae.
Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem woody
and leaves undivided. 258
258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. Stamens
numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules scattered
over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Albumen
ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Monodora, 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (Flacourtiaceae) 9, but
then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style distinctly
developed or stamens 5-15. 259
259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (Capparidaceae) of 2 sepals and
6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case ovary long-stalked.
Albumen scanty or wanting. 260
Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4
petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 262
260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5,
with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or
trees. 118. Meliaceae.
Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the latter
case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or
digitate. 261
261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile or
nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves simple, without stipules. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary
usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular. 87. Capparidaceae.
262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds ex-albuminous.
Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. 149. Guttiferae.
Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. 263
263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals 5.
Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed. 264
{25}Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed. 265
264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks
clothed with minute scales. Bixa, 155. Bixaceae.
Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and flower-stalks
glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Cochlospermum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.
265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually straight.
Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.
Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves mostly
opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 154. Cistaceae.
Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona
usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate.
Shrubs or trees. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants. 267
Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (Droseraceae) whorled, but then
water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles. 268
267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 152. Frankeniaceae.
Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without
albumen. Hypericum, 149. Guttiferae.
268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, and
stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned
outwards. 92. Droseraceae.
Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs,
then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate
or all radical. 269
269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo curved. 89. Resedaceae.
Flowers regular. Ovary closed. 270
270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx
deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5.
Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3. 160. Turneraceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, very
rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous. 271
271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally separating
from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards.
Leaves exstipulate. 153. Tamaricaceae.
Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary.
Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves
stipulate. 272
272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers turned
outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile or nearly
so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
{26}Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona 3- or
more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers
turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many as sepals. 161. Passifloraceae.
273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 274
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 319
274. Ovules erect or ascending. 275
Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 288
275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into several
glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then stamens
8-10. 276
Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, rarely
outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6. 277
276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled.
Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. Bersama, 135. Melianthaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo
more or less curved. 134. Sapindaceae.
277. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 278
Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate.
Shrubs or trees. 285
278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided,
exstipulate. 279
Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5. 280
279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards.
Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally.
Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 125. Empetraceae.
280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments
united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate. 281
Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves exstipulate. 282
281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or more-celled.
Seeds albuminous. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled
and seeds exalbuminous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees. 149. Guttiferae.
Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate. 283
283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1. 118. Meliaceae.
Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo
{27}curved. 284
284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the stamens. 88. Cruciferae.
Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. Limeum, 72. Aizoaceae.
285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary 2-celled.
Style basal. Stigma 1. Parinarium, 103. Rosaceae.
Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly
so. 286
286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. Dirachma, 107. Geraniaceae.
Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5. 287
287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style 1,
with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles. 137. Rhamnaceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the
petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma. 129. Celastraceae.
288. (274.) Flowers unisexual. 289
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 293
289. Leaves simple. 290
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 293
290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted
aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting;
stigma lobed. Shrubs or trees. Carpodiptera, 141. Tiliaceae.
Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly
united. 291
291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens 5.
Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers
opening by longitudinal slits. 292
292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-limb
nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. Panda, 106. Pandaceae.
Ovules inverted. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. Spiny
shrubs. Neoluederitzia, 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous. 127. Anacardiaceae.
294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular. 295
Flowers regular or nearly so. 298
295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into a
stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small. 296
296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs. 119. Malpighiaceae.
{28}Stamens 5-8. 297
297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals 5,
perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. Tropaeolum, 109. Tropaeolaceae.
Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous. 120. Polygalaceae.
298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, but less
than twice as many, 2-6. 299
Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely (Thymelaeaceae)
as many as the petals, but then 8-10. 305
299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together as many
as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves undivided. 300
Filaments free or united in pairs. 301
300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous. 110. Linaceae.
Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. Cottsia, 119. Malpighiaceae.
301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly perigynous.
Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with
abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young,
undivided, bearing glandular hairs. Roridula, 147. Ochnaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or
without any. 302
302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. 88. Cruciferae.
Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or
trees. 303
303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate. 116. Simarubaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. 304
304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3- or 5-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas
3 or 5. Leaves simple. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. Filicium, 134. Sapindaceae.
305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 306
Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. 312
306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 307
Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. 310
307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate. 127. Anacardiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous. 308
308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled.
Style simple. 115. Rutaceae.
{29}Leaves without dots. 309
309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely simple
and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style
simple. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or 2-lobed. 116. Simarubaceae.
310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, valvate
in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen. 59. Olacaceae.
Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen. 311
311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 119. Malpighiaceae.
Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, petaloid.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Octolepis, 171. Thymelaeaceae.
312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx with
valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple,
stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (Malpighiaceae) a
few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate
or open aestivation. 313
313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas
contiguous at the base. 314
Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous)
stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15. 316
314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen. 118. Meliaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. 315
315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves exstipulate. Saccoglottis, 111. Humiriaceae.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs. 316
316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate,
stipulate. Nectaropetalum, 110. Linaceae.
Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely solitary.
Sepals usually with glands on the outside. 119. Malpighiaceae.
317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves
undivided. 318
318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the inside. Styles
or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on the
outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous. 119. Malpighiaceae.
319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 320
{30}Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 389
320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the stigmas,
or 1 sessile stigma. 321
Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the stigmas,
or 2 or more free sessile stigmas. 371
321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals. 322
Stamens more than the petals. 339
322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. 323
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. 325
323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Augea, 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate. 324
324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
a berry. 138. Vitaceae.
Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less
united. Ovary 3- or more-celled. Fruit a capsule. 144. Sterculiaceae.
325. Stamens 2-4. 326
Stamens 5. 333
326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4. 327
Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. 332
327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules
wanting. 328
Leaves without glandular dots. 329
328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc cushion-shaped.
Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled mericarps.
Seeds with curved embryo. Chamaelea, 114. Cneoraceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like. 115. Rutaceae.
329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud.
Shrubs or trees. 330
Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or
transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 331
330. Disc present. 129. Celastraceae.
Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. Azima, 131. Salvadoraceae.
331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands.
Shrubs or trees. 197. Oleaceae.
Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with
glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 88. Cruciferae.
332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. 130. Hippocrateaceae.
Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly
{31}wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous. 107. Geraniaceae.
333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base. 334
Filaments free. 336
334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Quivisianthe, 118. Meliaceae.
Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted
aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 335
335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Phyllocosmus, 110. Linaceae.
Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril. 107. Geraniaceae.
336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary spines. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate. 337
337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Triumfetta, 141. Tiliaceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 338
338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves
opposite, at least those of the flowering branches. 129. Celastraceae.
339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8. 340
Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more. 343
340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens
8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending,
at least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees. 341
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2- or 5-celled or transversally
septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 342
341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.
Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate. 134. Sapindaceae.
342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate.
Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate. 88. Cruciferae.
Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 344
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 359
344. Filaments free. 345
Filaments evidently united, at least at the base. 354
345. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 346
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 349
346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary spines. 115. Rutaceae.
{32}Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules. 347
347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate in bud.
Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves alternate. 348
348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. 141. Tiliaceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate.
Shrubs or trees. 117. Burseraceae.
349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 350
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 352
350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. Disc cup-shaped.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Leptochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.
Sepals 4-6. Disc ring- or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales
or wanting. 351
351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an appendage.
Leaves usually compound. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes
dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets. 107. Geraniaceae.
352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided,
sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate. 134. Sapindaceae.
Flowers regular. 353
353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or laterally
attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds exalbuminous. 117. Burseraceae.
Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending. 115. Rutaceae.
354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate. 355
Sepals imbricate in bud. 356
355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in bud. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud. 144. Sterculiaceae.
356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs
or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees. 357
357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. Disc
wanting. 110. Linaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. 358
358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled.
{33}Disc usually present. 118. Meliaceae.
359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs. 360
Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 362
360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an
apical pore. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.
Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Anthers
opening by two longitudinal slits. 361
361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
362. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 363
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 366
363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.
Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves stipulate. Petals 5. 364
364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits. 141. Tiliaceae.
Filaments evidently united. 365
365. Anthers opening by a single slit. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. Dombeya, 144. Sterculiaceae.
366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. 367
Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided. 368
367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire. 154. Cistaceae.
Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary 5-celled.
Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate. 107. Geraniaceae.
368. Leaves stipulate. 369
Leaves exstipulate. 370
369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit dehiscent. Sarcochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.
Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent. 150. Dipterocarpaceae.
370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous. 148. Theaceae.
Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. 149. Guttiferae.
371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12. 372
Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 382
372. Filaments free. 373
Filaments obviously united, at least at the base. 377
373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 374
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 376
374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10. 98. Cunoniaceae.
Leaves alternate. 375
375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc present.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or nut.
{34}Seeds exalbuminous. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers
unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice
as many. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8,
inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.
377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals.
Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 378
378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals imbricate in bud. 379
379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or
style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.
Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 112. Erythroxylaceae.
Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or
style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers
in racemes or panicles. 380
380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. Herbs
or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit
a drupe. Leaves simple, undivided. 381
381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers in
panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing
shrubs. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then stamens
4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes. 110. Linaceae.
382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate. 383
Leaves exstipulate. 386
383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free or
united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers
unisexual. Trees. Heywoodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Calyx valvate in bud. 384
384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. Seeds
albuminous; embryo curved. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally confluent). 385
385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite or
polygamous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
{35}Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers unisexual. 141. Tiliaceae.
386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds
exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate. 387
387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled.
Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style
1, two-cleft. Talinella, 73. Portulacaceae.
Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles
3-5, free or united at the base. 388
388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, valvate
in bud. Anthers 4-celled. Junodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers
2-celled. 148. Theaceae.
389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas
contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma. 390
Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the stigmas,
or two or more free sessile stigmas. 439
390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals. 391
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 404
391. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 392
Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves
undivided. 399
392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted
aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire. 154. Cistaceae.
Stamens 2-6. 393
393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. Receptacle
with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with
auricles at the base. 88. Cruciferae.
Ovary 3- or more-celled. Stamens 4-5. 394
394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. Disc
wanting. Leaves stipulate. 395
Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently united,
but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes
united. 396
395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple. 144. Sterculiaceae.
396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting.
Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves
undivided, exstipulate. Impatiens, 136. Balsaminaceae.
Anthers free, opening lengthwise. 397
397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc present.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
{36}alternate, pinnate. Melianthus, 135. Melianthaceae.
Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or
wanting. 398
398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile stamens.
Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. Thomassetia, 148. Theaceae.
399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
straight. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 400
400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. Sepals
4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. Subularia, 88. Cruciferae.
Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and
petals 5. 401
401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Heteropyxis, 180. Myrtaceae.
Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled. 402
402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens 3. Stamens
inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds
exalbuminous. 130. Hippocrateaceae.
Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc.
Seeds albuminous. 403
403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an
aril. 129. Celastraceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without
an aril. Brexia, 96. Saxifragaceae.
404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 405
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 416
405. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 406
Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided. 413
406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base. 407
Filaments free, rarely (Rutaceae) united in several bundles. 408
407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this case many
ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. Leaves
stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many,
but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves
exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. 118. Meliaceae.
408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. 87. Capparidaceae.
{37}Ovary sessile or nearly so. 409
409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 141. Tiliaceae.
Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation. 410
410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. 154. Cistaceae.
Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc
ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 411
411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds with a
copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. 135. Melianthaceae.
Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular. 412
412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves without dots, stipulate. 113. Zygophyllaceae.
413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or whorled,
exstipulate. 181. Melastomataceae.
Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 414
414. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 173. Lythraceae.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs
or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 415
415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. Filaments
free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with
translucent dots. Psiloxylon, 180. Myrtaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by
the back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 417
Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. 433
417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous. 418
Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 428
418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 419
Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 425
419. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 420
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 421
420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit at the
apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.
Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits. 141. Tiliaceae.
421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with imbricate,
not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. 422
422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. Petals
5. 423
{38}Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores. 424
423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the apex
or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny. 142. Malvaceae.
Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments
united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes
absent. 141. Tiliaceae.
425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided. 426
Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 427
426. Disc present. Ovules inverted. 140. Chlaenaceae.
Disc absent. Ovules usually straight. 154. Cistaceae.
427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. Seeds
with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. Sphaerosepalum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.
Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen. 87. Capparidaceae.
428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. Ovary
6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Nuphar, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5. 429
429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not contorted
aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. Seeds
exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx and
corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds albuminous. 430
430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals united
below. Ovary sessile, 5- or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. 115. Rutaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but then
ovary stalked. 431
431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds
exalbuminous. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular. 432
432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually straight.
Seeds albuminous. 154. Cistaceae.
Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules
inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs. 148. Theaceae.
433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 434
Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438
434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary 3-8-celled.
{39}Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx valvate.
Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then leaves
digitate. 435
435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary 5-10-celled,
slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided,
rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled. 436
436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. 87. Capparidaceae.
Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite. 437
437. Ovary 2-6-celled. 173. Lythraceae.
Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals
linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sonneratia, 174. Sonneratiaceae.
438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc present.
Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate,
not peltate. 140. Chlaenaceae.
Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals
numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6- or more-celled. Style wanting.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10. 440
Stamens numerous. 446
440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an hypogynous
disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous. 441
Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting. 442
441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and exstipulate.
Placentas thick. Saxifraga, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows. 98. Cunoniaceae.
442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments free.
Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 151. Elatinaceae.
Leaves alternate or all radical. 443
443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. 444
444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds
albuminous. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or
{40}shrubs. Leaves undivided. 445
445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly 3-cleft.
Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. Clethra, 188. Clethraceae.
Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty
or wanting. Bracteoles present. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.
446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the base,
numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all
radical, stipulate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9. 447
447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous. 149. Guttiferae.
Leaves alternate. 448
448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles free.
Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves
dissected, exstipulate. Nigella, 78. Ranunculaceae.
Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base. 449
449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty or wanting.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 148. Theaceae.
Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate. 450
450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 144. Sterculiaceae.
451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length. 452
Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above. 457
452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Filaments
united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate
aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate,
more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves
exstipulate. 453
453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs. 454
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate. 456
454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits drupaceous.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate. 147. Ochnaceae.
Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate. 455
455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending. 134. Sapindaceae.
Stamens inserted outside the disc. 116. Simarubaceae.
456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently
dotted. 115. Rutaceae.
457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 458
{41}Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 470
458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 459
Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical. 462
459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided. 460
Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant. 461
460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. Crassula, 95. Crassulaceae.
Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.
Flowers in racemes. Coriaria, 126. Coriariaceae.
461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an aril.
Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Hibbertia, 146. Dilleniaceae.
Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. Clematis, 78. Ranunculaceae.
462. Leaves stipulate. 463
Leaves exstipulate. 467
463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. Styles
terminal. Flowers unisexual. 464
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the
petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. Ovules
inverted. 465
464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules pendulous,
straight. Fruit dry. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.
Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. Tiliacora, 80. Menispermaceae.
465. Petals and stamens perigynous. 103. Rosaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided. 466
466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous,
with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. Christiania, 141. Tiliaceae.
Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. Astrocarpus, 89. Resedaceae.
467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody. 116. Simarubaceae.
Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then
sepals 6 or more. 468
468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as petals
or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers usually
in racemes. 80. Menispermaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals
2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant. 469
469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen
{42}ruminate. 81. Anonaceae.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then
leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform. 78. Ranunculaceae.
470. (457.) Leaves stipulate. 471
Leaves exstipulate. 474
471. Petals and stamens perigynous. 103. Rosaceae.
Petals and stamens hypogynous. 472
472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers
irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Caylusea, 89. Resedaceae.
Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. 473
473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or
more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers
regular, 5-merous. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous.
Leaves undivided. 146. Dilleniaceae.
474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 475
Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 479
475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen
abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. 476
476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but then, as
usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting. 95. Crassulaceae.
Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2. 477
477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted and then
stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. Seeds
with an aril. 104. Connaraceae.
Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves translucently
dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without
an aril. 478
478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a
thick and hard coat. Fagara, 115. Rutaceae.
Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with
a thin coat. Leaves undivided. Suriana, 116. Simarubaceae.
479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. 480
480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 146. Dilleniaceae.
Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less
{43}deeply divided or compound. 78. Ranunculaceae.
481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 482
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, rarely 2 or more
distinct ovaries. 507
482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs parasitic
upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little developed.
Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals.
Stigma 1. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees. 483
483. Ovule 1. 484
Ovules 2 or more. 490
484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4.
Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.
Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer,
rarely (Alangiaceae) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers hermaphrodite. 485
485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing
plants. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils. 486
486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees or
climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles. 85. Hernandiaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Seed albuminous. 487
487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs
or trees. Fruit a drupe. Polyscias, 185. Araliaceae.
Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then
herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels. 488
488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or
undershrubs. Fruit a nut. 186. Umbelliferae.
Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or
trees. 489.
489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo large. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a
nut. Embryo small. 100. Bruniaceae.
490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta. 491
Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.
491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5.
Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 492
Flowers hermaphrodite. 493
492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds albuminous.
{44}Herbs. Leaves undivided. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.
Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple.
Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (Bruniaceae) undershrubs. 494
494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves
alternate, stipulate. 103. Rosaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided. 495
495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or
whorled. 496
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous. 497
496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. Anthers
without appendages. Seeds albuminous. Carallia, 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds
exalbuminous. 181. Melastomataceae.
497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud. 498
498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.
Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves alternate,
exstipulate. 100. Bruniaceae.
499. (490.) Ovules apical. 500
Ovules parietal. 502
500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of
the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves
opposite, undivided. Vahlia, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire
or cleft. Seeds without albumen. 501
501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs,
usually climbing or prostrate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style
simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. 179. Combretaceae.
502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. 503
Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous. 504
503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves well-developed. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
{45}scale-like. Pilostyles, 64. Rafflesiaceae.
504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals small.
Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. Leaves
lobed. Ribes, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style
simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves
undivided or wanting. 505
505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. Style
simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually
leafless plants. 167. Cactaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several
bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly
lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy
plants. 506
506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their number.
Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or whorled. Ceriops, 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or
bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style divided.
Fruit a capsule. 159. Flacourtiaceae.
507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 508
Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. 527
508. Ovules erect or ascending. 509
Ovules pendulous or descending. 513
509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles
or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. 103. Rosaceae.
Stamens 2-5. 510
510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Circaea, 182. Oenotheraceae.
Flowers 4-5-merous. 511
511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 3.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers unisexual.
Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. Cayaponia, 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 512
512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open
aestivation. 129. Celastraceae.
Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 137. Rhamnaceae.
513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled. 514
Ovary 3-15-celled. 522
514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous. 515
{46}Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2. 517
515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry.
Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Pimenta, 180. Myrtaceae.
Stamens 4. 516
516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Trees
or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cornus, 187. Cornaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Leaves radical. Trapa, 182. Oenotheraceae.
517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
alternate. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous. 518
518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. Trees, shrubs,
or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in heads or
head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles. 519
Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary
inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided.
Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or
panicles. 520
519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit a
capsule. Albumen scanty. 101. Hamamelidaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers 5-merous.
Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. Albumen abundant. 100. Bruniaceae.
520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, and then, as
usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers 5-merous.
Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free. 186. Umbelliferae.
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc
usually entire. 521
521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels,
spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe. 185. Araliaceae.
Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe. 187. Cornaceae.
522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry. 523
Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent. 524
523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting into
2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.
Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaves stipulate. Land-plants. 103. Rosaceae.
524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper ones
undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or
heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16,
{47}rarely twice their number, 10. 185. Araliaceae.
Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or
fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4. 525
525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. Flowers
in racemes or fascicles. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. 526
526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous. 187. Cornaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones sometimes
without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles 3-4.
Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. 528
Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell. 537
528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 529
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 533
529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals,
2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually herbaceous
and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs,
rarely undershrubs. 530
530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary inferior.
Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Olinia, 170. Oliniaceae.
Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. Leaves
opposite, but stipulate, or alternate. 531
531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Ovules
pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen. 100. Bruniaceae.
Leaves stipulate. 532
532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules
erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the flowering
branches, opposite. 129. Celastraceae.
533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. 177. Rhizophoraceae.
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate
or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 534
534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or more.
Leaves exstipulate. 535
{48}Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate. 536
535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or united
into several bundles. 180. Myrtaceae.
Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a
cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent. 176. Lecythidaceae.
536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected in
5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or
cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.
Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending.
Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe. 103. Rosaceae.
537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas
contiguous at their base. 538
Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the
base. 546
538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16. 539
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals
very numerous. 543
539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), rarely
as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs with tendrils. Leaves
alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Fruit
usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils,
or woody plants. 540
540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as the
petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers opening
by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous. 182. Oenotheraceae.
Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either stamens
as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds albuminous,
or anthers opening by apical pores. 541
541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with several
longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers usually
opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. 181. Melastomataceae.
Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. 542
542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers
or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules numerous
in each ovary-cell. 224. Campanulaceae.
Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the
surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an
aril. 129. Celastraceae.
{49}543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs
or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 544
544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in the bud.
Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. Punica, 175. Punicaceae.
Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation.
Ovules axile. 545
545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a
cup at the base. 176. Lecythidaceae.
Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. 180. Myrtaceae.
546. (537.) Stamens 2-10. 547
Stamens numerous. 548
547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence),
more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, tendril-bearing
herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous.
Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem woody,
or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous,
but then flowers 4-merous. 96. Saxifragaceae.
548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. 549
Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 550
549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly differentiated, together
8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated,
together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. Cydonia, 103. Rosaceae.
550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves radical, floating,
peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.
Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening
loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in
cymes or panicles. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 552
Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 728
552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 553
Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only. 719
553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 554
Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, at least at the
time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud). 604
554. Ovule 1. 555
{50}Ovules 2 or more. 570
555. Ovule erect or ascending. 556
Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple. 564
556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or branches
stigmatose on the inside). 557
Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. 563
557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base. 558
Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. 561
558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded aestivation.
Leaves exstipulate. 69. Nyctaginaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves
stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 559
559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Cometes, 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1. 560
560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. Herbs.
Leaves all radical, exstipulate. Litorella, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Salvadora, 131. Salvadoraceae.
561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves whorled.
Shrubs. 205. Verbenaceae.
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 562
562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the petaloid
staminodes). Seeds albuminous. 68. Amarantaceae.
Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), 4.
Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. 55. Proteaceae.
563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with
curved embryo. 74. Basellaceae.
Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight
embryo. 192. Plumbaginaceae.
564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, free.
Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, with
united filaments. 80. Menispermaceae.
Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers hermaphrodite. 565
565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. Anthers
opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. Seeds
albuminous. 566
Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely
(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3. 567
566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, and
then corolla-lobes very unequal. 215. Globulariaceae.
Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. Stigma entire.
{51}Corolla-lobes almost equal. Microdon, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or corolla-like
perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the
corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 55. Proteaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or
fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free from
it. 568
568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.
Flowers regular. 171. Thymelaeaceae.
Stamens 3-8, hypogynous. 569
569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by
two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous. 189. Ericaceae.
Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers
opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.
570. (554.) Ovules 2. 571
Ovules 3 or more. 578
571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers irregular.
Leaves opposite. 572
Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 573
572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing
shrubs. Flowers in clusters. Afromendoncia, 216. Acanthaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule or
nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. Linariopsis, 210. Pedaliaceae.
573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves simple,
entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular. 574
Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number,
but then, as usually, leaves compound. 576
574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with valvate,
corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves stipulate. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.
Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves exstipulate. 575
575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx
with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 132. Icacinaceae.
576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than twice
as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla 4-lobed.
Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or more.
{52}Leaves alternate. 577
577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10, five
of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. Connarus, 104. Connaraceae.
Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules inverted.
Leaves usually stipulate. 105. Leguminosae.
578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta. 579
Ovules parietal. 587
579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and
opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit
a drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Olax, 59. Olacaceae.
Ovules 3, ascending, or more. 580
580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely fewer, 3.
Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs. 73. Portulacaceae.
Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Caryophyllaceae) 3-cleft, but then sepals,
corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each. 581
581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. Style
simple. 582
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer
or more numerous. 583
582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 191. Primulaceae.
Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves alternate, gland-dotted. 190. Myrsinaceae.
583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular. 584
Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 585
584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate
aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs. 75. Caryophyllaceae.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2. 202. Convolvulaceae.
585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. Stigma
1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2. 586
586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. Sepals
2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all radical.
Herbs. 214. Lentibulariaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 205. Verbenaceae.
587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens as
many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate,
compound or reduced to the dilated petiole. 105. Leguminosae.
{53}Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.
588. Style simple or 2-cleft. 589
Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 603
589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4. 590
Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. 595
590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, undivided. 199. Gentianaceae.
Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 591
591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers
irregular. 592
Fertile stamens 4. 594
592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous rind
Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. Martynia, 211. Martyniaceae.
Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous. 593
593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting.
Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. Dintera, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and placentas
much projecting. 213. Gesneraceae.
594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves compound. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without
green colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. 212. Orobanchaceae.
595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8. 596
Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more.
Shrubs or trees. 600
596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. Placentas
2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or nearly so,
5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not
milky. 597
597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves scale-like.
Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4. 212. Orobanchaceae.
Leaves green, rarely (Gentianaceae) without green colour, but then flowers
regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2. 598
598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark resinous.
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then stem
herbaceous. 599
599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers
{54}4-merous. 198. Loganiaceae.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but
then flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate. 199. Gentianaceae.
600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5. 601
Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided. 602
601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers
opening outwards. Cinnamosma, 157. Winteranaceae.
Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening
inwards or laterally. 118. Meliaceae.
602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. Placentas
numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate. 81. Anonaceae.
Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas
2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. Hoplestigma, 194. Hoplestigmataceae.
603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs. 162. Achariaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. Carica, 163. Caricaceae.
604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled. 605
Ovary 3- or more-celled. 669
605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 606
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 621
606. Ovules erect or ascending. 607
Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 611
607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 608
Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 609
608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. Fruit
capsular. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle. 205. Verbenaceae.
609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs. 193. Sapotaceae.
Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening
inward. 610
610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds
exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Rochelia, 204. Borraginaceae.
Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees
or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Gaertnera, 219. Rubiaceae.
611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 612
Fertile stamens 5 or more. 618
612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, 2-4-lobed.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 189. Ericaceae.
{55}Stamens inserted on the corolla. 613
613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit opening
by a lid. Seeds albuminous. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens
2 or stigmas 2. 614
614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. Disc
wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound,
but sometimes with a single leaflet. Jasminum, 197. Oleaceae.
Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. Leaves
simple. 615
615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves
alternate. Wellstedia, 204. Borraginaceae.
Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely
alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 616
616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a single
slit or pore. Seeds albuminous. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 617
617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the funicle, exalbuminous. 216. Acanthaceae.
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the funicle,
albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs. 205. Verbenaceae.
618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base with one
another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single pore. 120. Polygalaceae.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 619
619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided. 620
620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from the
corolla or nearly so. 189. Ericaceae.
Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla;
filaments free. Stigmas 2. 200. Apocynaceae.
621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 622
Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary. 640
622. Fertile stamens 2-3. 623
Fertile stamens 4-30. 626
623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, rarely 3.
Disc wanting. 197. Oleaceae.
Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with
the ovary-cells. 624
624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.
Trees or shrubs. Tapura, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as
{56}nearly always, style simple. 625
625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4. 627
Fertile stamens 5-30. 634
627. Corolla with 4 divisions. 628
Corolla with 5 divisions. 632
628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite
or whorled, without stipules. 216. Acanthaceae.
Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous. 629
629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves
sessile. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. 630
630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect 202. Convolvulaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees. 631
631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse
lines or ridges. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base. 197. Oleaceae.
632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or nearly so.
Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds
albuminous. 217. Myoporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then
flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut. 633
633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Seeds without albumen. 216. Acanthaceae.
634. (626.) Stamens 5. 635
Stamens 8-30. 639
635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed
apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 636
636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse lines
or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves alternate. 637
637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in bud. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate
in bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees. 638
638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a drupe. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
{57}Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a capsule. Lonchostoma, 100. Bruniaceae.
639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Euclea, 195. Ebenaceae.
640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4. 641
Fertile stamens 5-16. 658
641. Flowers more or less irregular. 642
Flowers regular. 652
642. Leaves opposite or whorled. 643
Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. 648
643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse
lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base,
and then herbs or undershrubs. 644
644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen. 645
Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any. 646
645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas
remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule.
Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes
5, with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma
lobed. Flowers in spikes. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. Placentas
usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more or less
distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Seeds without albumen. 647
647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely on a small
cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the valves bearing
the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves simple. 216. Acanthaceae.
Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less distinctly
winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually separating
from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or berry. Ovules
numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or trees. 209. Bignoniaceae.
648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary
usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. 207. Solanaceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary
usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower. 649
640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above
the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.
Shrubs. Oftia, 217. Myoporaceae.
{58}Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous. 650
650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules numerous.
Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually compound. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. 651
651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2.
Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite. 210. Pedaliaceae.
Albumen distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4. 653
Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 654
653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. 200. Apocynaceae.
Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal
capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 199. Gentianaceae.
654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit dehiscing
by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent. 655
655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc more
or less distinctly developed. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or apical
pores. 656
656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla usually
folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the
median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous. 207. Solanaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound.
Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 657
657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse
lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually numerous. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.
Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none. 197. Oleaceae.
658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled. 659
Leaves alternate. 662
659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse
lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines;
in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5. 660
660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose
at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon trees. Dermatobotrys, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
{59}Corolla with contorted aestivation. 661
661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal
capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 199. Gentianaceae.
Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. 200. Apocynaceae.
662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 663
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 665
663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. Lightfootia, 224. Campanulaceae.
Stamens attached to the corolla. 664
664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. Humbertia, 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs. 207. Solanaceae.
665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened
and sometimes 2-lobed apex. 200. Apocynaceae.
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles)
stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 666
666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla regular
Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs. 203. Hydrophyllaceae.
Style 1, undivided. 667
667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas 2.
Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs. 209. Bignoniaceae.
Seeds not winged, albuminous. 668
668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening lengthwise. Stigma
1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short. 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 207. Solanaceae.
669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell 670
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 685
670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or
fewer. 671
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 679
671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. Disc
wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 672
672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers
irregular. 120. Polygalaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the
apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled. 673
673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. Flowers
regular. 189. Ericaceae.
{60}Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. 674
674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1.
Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a lid. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Corolla not scarious. 675
675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. Leaves
alternate. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 676
676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the micropyle
directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, undivided.
Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when
young. 204. Borraginaceae.
Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number,
but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and leaves
opposite or whorled. 677
677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla regular,
5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules
pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Myoporum, 217. Myoporaceae.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla 2-lipped.
Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards. 678
678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as usually,
fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered cymes
arranged in false whorls. 206. Labiatae.
Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, drupaceous.
Inflorescence usually of the racemose type. 205. Verbenaceae.
679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous.
Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves simple,
stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. 680
680. Style 1, undivided. 681
Styles 2 or more, free or partially united. 683
681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a capsule
or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the
latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry. 682
682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. Leea, 138. Vitaceae.
Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided. 193. Sapotaceae.
683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10.
Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals
{61}united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles. 684
684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary or in
cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation. 195. Ebenaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, and
corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in racemes
or panicles, unisexual. 122. Euphorbiaceae.
685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 686
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 701
686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or
fewer. 687
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 693
687. Stamens 4. 688
Stamens 5-7, rarely (Dichapetalaceae) 2-3 only fertile. 691
688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. Leaves
opposite, lobed, stipulate. Pretrea, 210. Pedaliaceae.
Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen.
Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate. 689
689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut. 690
690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the base. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers
unisexual. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.
Ovary 3-celled. Disc present. 692
692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. Ipomoea, 202. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds
exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. 121. Dichapetalaceae.
693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 694
Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 698
694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Oxalidaceae) stipulate, but then sepals free and
imbricate in bud. 695
695. Style 1, undivided. 696
Styles 2-8, free or partially united. 697
696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 118. Meliaceae.
Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by
{62}apical pores. Leaves undivided. 189. Ericaceae.
697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united
in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. Shrubs
or trees. 195. Ebenaceae.
698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base.
Shrubs or trees. 195. Ebenaceae.
Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided. 699
699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation. 700
700. Anthers 1-celled. 142. Malvaceae.
Anthers 2-celled. 144. Sterculiaceae.
701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla,
or fewer. 702
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. 708
702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers irregular.
Albumen scanty. 703
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 704
703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves
whorled. Shrubs. Bowkeria, 208. Scrophulariaceae.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. 210. Pedaliaceae.
704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 705
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 706
705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate aestivation.
Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Roussea, 96. Saxifragaceae.
Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved. 207. Solanaceae.
706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base. 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube. 707
707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.
Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with
stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees. 198. Loganiaceae.
708. (701.) Stamens 3-12. 709
Stamens numerous. 714
709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs. 710
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 711
710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers
{63}with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes
absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5.
Leaves lobed. Cylicomorpha, 163. Caricaceae.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube.
Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. Style
long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. Cercopetalum, 87. Capparidaceae.
711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with imbricate,
corolla with contorted, aestivation. 108. Oxalidaceae.
Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate aestivation. 712
712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. 189. Ericaceae.
Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted,
aestivation. 713
713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves digitate.
Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores. 144. Sterculiaceae.
714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without stipules.
Herbs. Orygia, 72. Aizoaceae.
Corolla of 5 divisions. 715
715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees. 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 716
716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. Leaves
stipulate. 717
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs
or trees. 719
717. Anthers 2-celled. 144. Sterculiaceae.
Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved. 718
718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. 143. Bombacaceae.
Leaves simple. 142. Malvaceae.
719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. Ficalhoa, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting. 148. Theaceae.
720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex. 721
Styles 2 or more, entirely free. 725
721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or
more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves
stipulate. 142. Malvaceae.
Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5. 722
722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually irregular.
Leaves usually opposite or whorled. 206. Labiatae.
Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular. 723
723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the apex
{64}or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the upper
ones, alternate. 204. Borraginaceae.
Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or styles
stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite. 724
724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and adhering
to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains cohering.
Disc wanting. 201. Asclepiadaceae.
Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free. 200. Apocynaceae.
725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla
with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs. 202. Convolvulaceae.
Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more. 726
726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen
abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 81. Anonaceae.
Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or
wanting. 727
727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits indehiscent.
Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary,
rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves
exstipulate. 728
728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Shrubs or trees. 104. Connaraceae.
Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite
and undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 95. Crassulaceae.
729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled. 730
Ovary 2- or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries. 747
730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the ovary.
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Shrubs
growing upon trees. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.
Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with
the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the divisions,
but then ovules numerous. 731
731. Ovule 1. 732
Ovules 2 or more. 740
732. Ovule erect. 733
Ovule pendulous. 734
733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or
open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers
in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate. 226. Compositae.
{65}Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted,
calyx with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in
racemes or panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. Ancistrocladus, 166. Ancistrocladaceae.
734. Leaves alternate. 735
Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 737
735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate plants.
Stamens 2-5. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided. 736
736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. Fruit
dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. Berzelia, 100. Bruniaceae.
Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6.
Fruit succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. Viburnum, 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs. 738
738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 219. Rubiaceae.
Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 739
739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4.
Seed albuminous. 222. Dipsacaceae.
Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3.
Seed exalbuminous. 221. Valerianaceae.
740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central placenta. 741
Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas. 745
741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and opposite
the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.
Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer. 742
742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with the
divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate aestivation. 743
Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as and
opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 744
743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. Stigma
2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. Merciera, 224. Campanulaceae.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. Herbs
or undershrubs. Samolus, 191. Primulaceae.
{66}Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. Maesa, 190. Myrsinaceae.
745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds
albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants. 167. Cactaceae.
Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants. 746
746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. 219. Rubiaceae.
Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 2-5.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds
exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, stigmatose
beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually opposite. 748
Ovary 1. 749
748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the anthers,
to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free below the
thickened apex. Disc wanting. 201. Asclepiadaceae.
Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Pollen of free grains. 200. Apocynaceae.
749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 750
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 758
750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 751
Leaves alternate. 753
751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 221. Valerianaceae.
Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 752
752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards.
Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. Sambucus, 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Leaves undivided. 219. Rubiaceae.
753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of
the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more
than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs,
or undershrubs. 754
754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla
with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided. 59. Olacaceae.
Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or
more. 755
755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1,
enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. Scaevola, 225. Goodeniaceae.
Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous. 756
756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Styles
or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided. 100. Bruniaceae.
{67}Corolla with valvate aestivation. 757
757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves undivided. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.
Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united
throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound. 185. Araliaceae.
758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. 759
Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. 769
759. Leaves opposite or whorled. 760
Leaves alternate. 764
760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted
on the corolla, with free filaments. 219. Rubiaceae.
Leaves exstipulate. 761
761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds
albuminous. 762
762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate aestivation.
Usually herbs. 224. Campanulaceae.
Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate
or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees. 763
763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.
Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. 220. Caprifoliaceae.
Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose
below the apex. Ovary 2-celled. 200. Apocynaceae.
764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with 2 ovules
in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.
Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply divided
or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous. 765
765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely somewhat
irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than the divisions
of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. 223. Cucurbitaceae.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then
irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 766
766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, stigmatose
beneath the thickened apex. 200. Apocynaceae.
Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style
stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 767
767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules in
each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or undershrubs. 100. Bruniaceae.
Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules
{68}numerous. Style simple. 768
768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and then
corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply
divided, at least after the period of flowering. 224. Campanulaceae.
Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary 3-4-celled
with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, 5-partite, valvate
in bud. Undershrubs. Berenice, 96. Saxifragaceae.
769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant
fleshy albumen. Vaccinium, 189. Ericaceae.
Stamens numerous. 770
770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved
embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.
Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees. 771
771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at the
base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. 176. Lecythidaceae.
Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes
finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so. 772
772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. Rhaptopetalum, 145. Scytopetalaceae.
Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted. 180. Myrtaceae.
EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA
(PHANEROGAMAE)
SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE
CLASS I. CYCADALES
FAMILY 1. CYCADACEAE
Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight, with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more or less united cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 1.)
1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains of the
old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels pinnately
toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.—Species 2,
one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other
cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used
as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith
contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.] Cycas L.
Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several
nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe
ZAMIEAE.] 2
2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains of old leaves
at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels) imbricate.—Species 2.
South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental plants. Stangeria Th. Moore
Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of
old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.—Species 20. South and Central
Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are
eaten and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum
or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.) Encephalartos Lehm.
{70}
CLASS II. CONIFERAE
FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE
Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2, drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 2, species 9. (Under CONIFERAE.)
Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with
air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two
coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.—Species
8. South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They
yield timber and bark for tanning. (Including Nageia Gaertn.) [Subfamily
PODOCARPOIDEAE.] Podocarpus L’ Hér.
Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without
air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat.
Aril cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood.
“Yew.” [Subfamily TAXOIDEAE]. Taxus L.
FAMILY 3. PINACEAE
Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5 pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 6, species 25. (Under CONIFERAE.) (Plate 2.)
1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled,
needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air-bladders.
Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery
or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules turned
downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2
Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 pollen-sacs.
Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards.
[Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4
2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening
obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. Cones
ripening the first year; scales leathery.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the
preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” Abies Juss.
Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters
of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening
longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening the
second or third year; scales woody. 3
CYCADACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 1.
J. Fleischmann del.
Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur.
A Young plant. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Pollen-sacs. E Female inflorescence. F Carpel. (A partly from De Wildeman, Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)
PINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 2.
J. Fleischmann del.
Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.
A Fruiting branch. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Fruit. E Carpel. F Seed.
3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of many; those
of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots,
the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal
appendage, deciduous.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield
timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” Cedrus Loud.
Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very
rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in
spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the end of the
branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal
umbonate appendage, persistent.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized
in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used
for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the manufacture
of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products,
as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of
the stone-pine, P. Pinea L.) are edible. “Pine.” Pinus L.
4. Fruit fleshy, berry- or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels
or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.—Species 9. North and East
Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil,
brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Arceuthos Ant. & Kotschy and Sabina Spach). Juniperus L.
Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more.
Leaves usually scale-like. 5
5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, 1-10-seeded.—Species
8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, and southern
East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially
C. quadrivalvis Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used
for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (Including
Tetraclinis Mast. and Widdringtonia Endl.) (Plate 2.) Callitris Vent.
Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded.—Species
1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and
sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine.
“Cypress.” Cupressus L.
CLASS III. GNETALES
FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE
Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa.
1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, linear, with
{72}parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male consisting of
a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, and a rudimentary
ovule. Ovule with a single coat.—Species 1; German South-west
Africa and Angola. (Tumboa Welw.) [Subfamily WELWITSCHIOIDEAE.] Welwitschia Hook. fil.
Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male
flowers consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and
2-8 stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules,
but sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2
2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical or oval,
penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, the male
consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens with 1-celled
anthers. Ovule with two coats.—Species 2. West Africa. The
young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily GNETOIDEAE.] Gnetum L.
Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary or
in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8
stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding the
perianth.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa.
The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily
EPHEDROIDEAE.] Ephedra L.
ORDER PANDANALES
FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE
Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical, superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs. Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long, axile embryo.
Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine,
and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for the
manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are
edible. “Reedmace.” Typha Tourn.
PANDANACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 3.
J. Fleischmann del
Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv.
A Whole plant. B Male inflorescence. C Leaf. D Female inflorescences. E Male flower. A and D (from Palisot-Beauvois Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)
POTAMOGETONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 4.
J. Fleischmann del
Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.
A Flowering branch. B Fruiting branch. C Flower. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 6. PANDANACEAE
Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks, sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts, arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile. Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with abundant albumen. (Plate 3.)
Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers used in
perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.” Pandanus L.
FAMILY 7. SPARGANIACEAE
Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a large, axile embryo. (Under TYPHACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.” Sparganium L.
ORDER HELOBIAE
SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE
FAMILY 8. POTAMOGETONACEAE
Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely 2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.—Genera 8, species 35. (Including ZOSTERACEAE, under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 4.)
1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth,
but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective. 2
Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual. 5
2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the sheaths
of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel
1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle and a
tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.—Species 2. North and
South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing material.
“Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.] Zostera L.
Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed in the
sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1, undivided
{74}or many-parted. 3
3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts. Flowers
polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel 1.
Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with
a very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of
the plumule. Marine plants.—Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The
leaves are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe
POSIDONIEAE.] Posidonia Koen.
Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains
globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less
peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.] 4
4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage
and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit
stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves
subulate.—Species 1. Ruppia L.
Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage
and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit
sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.—Species 20. Used
for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.) Potamogeton Tourn.
5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2. Stigmas
strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent
cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.] 6
Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2. Pollen-grains
globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield- or funnel-shaped,
shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon.
Fresh- or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.] 7
6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe carpels
scarcely compressed.—Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola.
(Halodule Endl., under Cymodocea Koen.) Diplanthera Thouars
Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels compressed
and keeled.—Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including Phycagrostis Ascherson) Cymodocea Koen.
7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and undivided.
Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels usually 4,
slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.—Species 1. North and South
Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Zannichellia Mich.
Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3
segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels
3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Althenia Fr. Petit
APONOGETONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 5.
J. Fleischmann del.
Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.
A Plant in flower. B Female flower. C Carpel cut lengthwise.
ALISMATACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 6.
J. Fleischmann del.
Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.
A Plant in flower. B Male flower from above. C Male flower cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 9. NAIADACEAE
Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual. Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double, sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1. Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well developed plumule.
Genus 1, species 10. (Including Caulinia A. Braun) Naias L.
FAMILY 10. APONOGETONACEAE
Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow, with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4 spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct. Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted. Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (Under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 5.)
Genus 1, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants, especially the lattice-leaf (A. fenestralis Hook. fil.) with
perforated leaves. The tubers are edible and contain starch. (Including
Ouvirandra Thouars). Aponogeton Thunb.
FAMILY 11. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Marsh herbs. Leaves linear, with axillary scales. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, usually green. Stamens 3-6. Anthers turned outwards; pollen-grains ovoid. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (JUNCAGINEAE, under NAIADACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 4. North, South, and West Africa. The leaves and fruits
of some species are edible. (Juncago Tourn.) Triglochin L.
SUBORDER ALISMATINEAE
FAMILY 12. ALISMATACEAE
Aquatic or marsh herbs, with milky juice. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers regular. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, rarely in the female flowers of 3 sepals only. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3. Anthers opening outwards. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6 or more, rarely 3, distinct or united at the base. Ovules solitary in each carpel, rarely two or more, inverted. Seeds without albumen; embryo curved.—Genera 9, species 15. Tropical and North Africa. (Plate 6.){76}
1. Carpels on a large and distinctly convex receptacle. Inner perianth-segments
petal-like, larger than, or almost as large as the outer. Stamens
6 or more. [Tribe SAGITTARIEAE.] 2
Carpels on a small and almost flat receptacle. 4
2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ripe carpels numerous, slightly compressed,
with many ribs.—Species 3. Central and North-west Africa. (Under
Alisma L.) Echinodorus Engelm.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Ripe carpels much compressed laterally. 3
3. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Petals a little longer than the sepals.
Carpels many. Ripe carpels with two crest-like ribs.—Species 1.
Tropics. (Lophiocarpus Miq., under Sagittaria L.) Lophotocarpus Th. Dur.
Flowers dioecious. Petals shorter than the sepals, white. Carpels 7-9.
Ripe carpels with 3 ribs.—Species 1. German South-west Africa. Rautanenia Buchenau
4. Petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting. Stamens 3 or 9. [Tribe
WIESNEREAE.] 5
Petals larger than the sepals, coloured. Stamens 6, rarely 9. [Tribe
ALISMEAE.] 6
5. Flowers dioecious. Petals in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 9.
Carpels about 12.—Species 1. East Africa. Burnatia Mich.
Flowers monoecious. Petals present, but very small and falling off early.
Stamens 3. Carpels 3-6.—Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar.
(Wisneria Mich.) Wiesnera Mich.
6. Carpels 6-8, united at the base and spreading horizontally, containing
2 or more ovules each and opening by a lid when ripe.—Species 2. North
Africa. The root-stock is edible. Damasonium Tourn.
Carpels 6-20, distinct, with a single ovule in each, indehiscent. 7
7. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Carpels 15-20. Pericarp bony within,
hollow on either side. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. Tropics. (Plate
6.) Limnophyton Miq.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves ovate, cordate, or lanceolate. 8
8. Carpels 6-12, irregularly whorled, slightly compressed and 3-5-ribbed
when ripe; pericarp woody within.—Species 2. Tropics and Egypt.
(Under Alisma L.) Caldesia Parl.
Carpels 15-20, distinctly whorled, much compressed and 2-ribbed when
ripe; pericarp leathery or parchment-like.—Species 1. North and
East Africa. The root-stock contains starch and is used in medicine.
“Water-plantain.” Alisma L.
{77}
SUBORDER BUTOMINEAE
FAMILY 13. BUTOMACEAE
Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in umbel-like cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, all, or the inner ones only, petal-like. Stamens 9, very rarely fewer. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6, very rarely fewer, distinct or united at the base only, opening when ripe along the ventral suture. Ovules on irregularly branched parietal placentas, numerous, inverted. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 2. North and Central Africa. (Under ALISMACEAE.)
Perianth-segments nearly equal, all petal-like, pink, persistent. Embryo
straight. Leaves linear. Juice not milky.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used as a garden plant. The root-stock is edible.
“Flowering-rush.” Butomus Tourn.
Perianth-segments unequal, outer sepal-like, inner petal-like, white, falling
off very early. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Leaves elliptical. Juice
milky.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. (Butomopsis
Kunth) Tenagocharis Hochst.
FAMILY 14. HYDROCHARITACEAE
Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers enclosed when young in a one-or several-flowered spathe of one or two bracts, regular, rarely somewhat irregular. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla, rarely simple. Stamens 2-12. Anthers opening outwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, more or less distinctly one-celled, with 2-15 parietal placentas, which sometimes form incomplete dissepiments. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 10, species 40. (Plate 7.)
1. Stigmas 2-5. Placentas as many, slightly raised. 2
Stigmas 6 or more. Placentas as many, much projecting and generally
meeting in the centre of the ovary. 6
2. Petals none. Stamens 3. Pollen-grains filiform. Stigmas several times
as long as the sepals. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.
Totally submerged marine plants. Leaves more or less distinctly
stalked.—Species 2. Indian Ocean. [Subfamily HALOPHILOIDEAE.] Halophila Thouars
Petals present, but sometimes very small and falling off very early. Pollen-grains
globular. Stigmas at most twice as long as the sepals. Embryo
with a not very strongly developed radicle. Freshwater plants; flowers
raised above the water. Leaves sessile. [Subfamily VALLISNERIOIDEAE.] 3
3. Leaves whorled. Spathes 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 3.—Species
1. Upper Nile, Madagascar, Mauritius. Used in refining
sugar. [Tribe HYDRILLEAE.] Hydrilla L. C. Rich.
{78}Leaves spirally arranged. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. 4
4. Spathes of the male flowers 2-10-flowered, not breaking away from the
stem. Stamens 3-9. Ovules inverted.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Angola. [Tribe BLYXEAE.] Blyxa Noronha
Spathes of the male flowers many-flowered, breaking away from the stem.
Stamens 2-3. Ovules straight. [Tribe VALLISNERIEAE.] 5
5. Male flowers regular, with 3 fertile and 2-4 sterile stamens. Stigmas
linear, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Leaves one-nerved. Stem elongated.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Lagarosiphon Harv.
Male flowers somewhat irregular, with 2-3 fertile stamens and sometimes
a sterile one. Stigmas ovate, notched or two-toothed. Leaves several-nerved.—Species
2. North and Central Africa. Used in refining sugar. Vallisneria Mich.
6. Leaves in two rows. Ovules inverted, inserted in the angles formed by the
placentas and the wall of the ovary. Radicle of the embryo strongly
developed. Marine plants. [Subfamily THALASSIOIDEAE.] 7
Leaves in rosettes. Ovules inverted, but inserted on the whole surface
of the placentas, or straight. Radicle of the embryo not strongly
developed. Freshwater plants. [Subfamily STRATIOTOIDEAE.] 8
7. Scape of the male flowers short, of the female long and at length spirally
twisted. Male spathes several-flowered; flowers with 3 petals and 3
stamens.—Species 1. Madagascar and Red Sea. Yields fibres and
edible seeds. Enalus L. C. Rich.
Scapes moderately long, not spirally twisted. Male spathes one-flowered;
flowers without petals, with 6 stamens.—Species 1. East Africa. Thalassia Soland.
8. Placentas undivided. Ovules straight. Fertile stamens 9. Stem emitting
runners. Leaves floating.—Species 1. Algeria and Madagascar.
“Frogbit.” [Tribe HYDROCHARITEAE.] Hydrocharis L.
Placentas two-cleft. Ovules inverted. Seeds very numerous. Fertile
stamens 6-12. Stem very short, without runners. Leaves at least
partially submerged. [Tribe OTTELIEAE.] 9
9. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spathes one-flowered. Stigmas 6.—Species 9.
Tropics and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 7.) Ottelia Pers.
Flowers dioecious. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. Stigmas
9-15.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables. Boottia Wall.
ORDER TRIURIDALES
FAMILY 15. TRIURIDACEAE
Small, pale, yellowish or reddish herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in racemes, regular, monoecious. Perianth of 6 petaloid, valvate segments united at the base. Stamens 3; filaments short or wanting; anthers 2-celled, opening transversely. Carpels inserted on a convex or conical receptacle,
HYDROCHARITACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 7.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Stamen. D Pistil cut lengthwise.
GRAMINEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 8.
J. Fleischmann del.
Chloris Gayana Kunth
A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Spikelet. D Flower. E Empty glume above the flower.
numerous, distinct; styles lateral; ovules solitary, erect, inverted. Fruits dehiscing by a longitudinal slit.
Genus 1, species 3. West Africa and Seychelles. (Including Seychellaria
Hemsl.) Sciaphila Blume
ORDER GLUMIFLORAE
FAMILY 16. GRAMINEAE
Stem usually herbaceous and hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, usually linear and furnished at their base with a sheath split open on one side and ending in a ligule. Inflorescence consisting of spikelets, rarely of single flowers, usually enclosed by 2 glumes (outer or empty glumes) and arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Flowers in the axil of the flowering glume (or valve), subtended by the usually 2-keeled palea and sometimes by one or two, rarely more, minute lodicules. Perianth none. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or laterally affixed, slightly curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 1. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp usually dry and adnate to the seed. Embryo outside the copious albumen.—Genera 205, species 1600. “Grasses.” (Plate 8.)
1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile, the lower
male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile one. Axis
of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower, jointed below the
outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling entire from their
stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes together with a part of
it. [Subfamily PANICOIDEAE.] 2
Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower or
jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the spikelet
falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a distinct interval
between the flowers or with a continuation of the axis beyond the flowers,
or 3- to many-flowered. 65
2. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6. Seed
with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.] 3
Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed.
Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum. 7
3. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length hardened.
Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.—Species 1. North Africa.
One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and paper-making. Lygeum L.
Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted,
with feathery stigmas. 4
4. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each branch
{80}of the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1,
long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. Leptaspis R. Br.
Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at the
very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate. 5
5. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 4.
(Homalocenchrus Mieg.) Leersia Swartz
Outer glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6. 6
6. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 4. Madagascar
and Natal. (Under Potamophila R. Br.) Maltebrunia Kunth
Flowering glume and palea strongly compressed.—Species 3, two wild in
Central Africa, the third (O. sativa L., rice) cultivated in various regions.
The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal, starch, oil,
and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture of paper and
brush-ware. Oryza L.
7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length hardened,
firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the hermaphrodite
flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others. Rachis of the
spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely jointed. [Tribe
PANICEAE.] 8
Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the outer
glumes. 26
8. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in the
lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes in the
male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves net-veined.—Species
2. Tropical and South-East Africa. Olyra L.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets arranged
in spikes. 9
9. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter. 10
Spikelets all hermaphrodite. 11
10. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite and two or
three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the flattened, leaf-like
rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate,
sagittate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Phyllorhachis Trimen.
Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6 upper
male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not leaf-like.
Stem creeping.—Species 1. Madagascar. Thuarea Pers.
11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem creeping.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the sand
on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine. Stenotaphrum Trin.
{81}Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis. 12
12. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an involucre
formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed glumes inserted
below the two empty glumes. 13
Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed glumes.
Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery. 16
13. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose. Aquatic
herbs.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Odontelytrum Hack.
Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2, feathery. 14
14. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre. Bristles of
the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base. Spikelets in
spike-like panicles.—Species 30. Some of them (especially S. italica
Beauv.) are cultivated as cereals. Setaria Beauv.
Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed; involucre
falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above the persistent
involucre, but then styles united at the base. 15
15. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often united at the
base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.—Species 10. Tropics and Egypt.
Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses. Cenchrus L.
Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.—Species 65. Some
(especially the duchn, P. typhoideum Rich.) are cultivated as cereals, as
fodder, or as ornamental plants. (Including Gymnothrix Beauv. and
Penicillaria Willd.) Pennisetum Pers.
16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume and 2
flowers. 17
Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and 2
flowers. 21
17. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged in
panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.—Species 1. South-west Africa
(Nama-land). Anthaenantia Beauv.
Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or panicled
spikes. 18
18. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2 stigmas.—Species
3. North-west and South Africa. Spartina Schreb.
Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free or
shortly united. 19
19. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer glume
awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.
(Stereochlaena Hack.) Chloridion Stapf.
Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous. 20
20. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering glume
mucronate.—Species 6. Central Africa. Eriochloa Kunth
Lower outer glume without a callus at the base.—Species 15. Tropical
{82}and South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.
The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundi P. exile Kippist)
are sometime used as food. Paspalum L.
21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the spikelet
jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes awnless.
Spikelets arranged in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics. Isachne R. Br.
Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also a
male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes;
spikelet falling as a whole. 22
22. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets one-flowered,
directed to one side and disposed in panicles.—Species 4.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder. Oplismenus Beauv.
First outer glume awnless. 23
23. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical or
cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or mucronate.
Spikelets in panicles. 25
Second outer glume without a basal swelling. 24
24. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second, papery.—Species 1.
South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Panicum L.). Leucophrys Rendle
First outer glume much smaller than the second.—Species 20. Some are
used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Including Monachyron Parl.
and Rhynchelytrum Nees, under Panicum L.) Tricholaena Schrad.
25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted awn.—Species 1.
German East Africa. Acritochaete Pilger
Second outer glume unawned.—Species 220. Some (especially P. miliaceum
L., millet, and P. sanguinale L.) are cultivated as cereals, others
furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for plaiting-work or as
ornamental plants. (Including Axonopus Beauv., Digitaria Pers.,
Echinolaena Desv., Sacciolepis Nash, and Syntherisma Walt.) Panicum L.
26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the uppermost
sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the inflorescence
not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.] 27
Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost. 30
27. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute, the
third awned.—Species 3. Abyssinia. Beckera Fresen.
Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small.
Flowering glume awnless. 28
28. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more or less
distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches of
the panicle.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a
fodder-grass. Melinis Beauv.
Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the
second and third awned. 29
29. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly along
{83}the branches of the panicle. (See 24.) Tricholaena Schrad.
Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the
third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches
of the panicle.—Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used
as ornamental plants. Thysanolaena Nees
30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different inflorescences,
or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower portion of the
inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.] 31
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Andropogon) unisexual,
but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and arranged
in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary. 33
31. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base, enclosed singly or
2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style not very long, 2-cleft.—Species
1 (C. Lacryma Jobi L., Job’s tears). North-west Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally and for
making ornamental articles and rosaries. Coix L.
Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in spikes or
spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long, undivided
or shortly 2-cleft. 32
32. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.—Species 1 (E.
mexicana Schrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or fodder-plant. Euchlaena Schrad.
Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed rachis.
Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed by
leathery glumes.—Species 1 (Z. Mays L., maize or Indian corn). Cultivated
for the grain or as a fodder- or ornamental plant. The seeds are
also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous drinks. The
leaves and spathes yield fibre. Zea L.
33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts, containing a single
hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous, awnless, the
lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer glumes, awnless.
Stamens 2.—Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia. Crypsis Ait.
Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 34
34. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in pairs,
along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes 2.
[Tribe ZOYSIEAE.] 35
Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more rarely
singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less distinctly jointed
rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of a sometimes very
narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3. [Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.] 42
35. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole. 36
{84}Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs. 38
36. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre formed by
the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.—Species 5. Central
and South Africa. Anthephora Schreb.
Clusters of spikelets without an involucre. 37
37. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer glumes
1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of the
spike glabrous.—Species 4. (Nazia Adans.) Tragus Hall.
Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like spikelets.
Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Hereroland). Monelytrum Hack.
38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes 2,
glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller. Spikelets
diverging from the rachis.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Used as fodder-grasses. Perotis Ait.
Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round. 39
39. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets
pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. (Osterdomia Neck.) Zoysia Willd.
Outer glumes 2. 40
40. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering glume
somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly shorter
than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with a large
hilum. Spikelets in pairs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. Tetrachaete Chiovenda
Outer glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless. 41
41. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless. Flowering
glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free; stigmas
feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.—Species 1. Northern part
of Central Africa. Latipes Kunth
Outer glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines. Flowering
glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas
long, short-haired all round.—Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental
or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.” (Including Colobachne
Beauv.) Alopecurus L.
42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with the
appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in which
the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest
outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite,
stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (Ophiurus) reduced to the adnate
pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [Subtribe ROTTBOELLIINAE.] 43
Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the reception
of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering glumes of
the sessile spikelets awned or (Elionurus) the lowest outer glume membranous
or papery and marked with two transparent balsamiferous
{85}streaks. 48
43. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked spikelets. 44
Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the terminal
spikelet only. 46
44. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate.
Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element
of the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile. Vossia Wall. & Griff.
Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with a
long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in
racemes. 45
45. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis horizontally
truncate without an appendage.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used
for plaiting-work. (Rhytidachne Hack., including Jardinea Steud.) Rhytachne Desv.
Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked ones with
a long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate with an
appendage at the tip.—Species 5. Central and South Africa. Urelytrum Hack.
46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the base.—Species
1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (Including Hackelochloa O.
Ktze.) Manisuris Swartz
Lower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back. 47
47. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently
absent.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under Rottboellia L. fil.) Ophiurus Gaertn.
Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.—Species
15. (Including Hemarthria R. Br.) Rottboellia L. fil.
48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the upper male
or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to
empty glumes. 49
Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1- or (Imperata)
2-flowered. 52
49. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a male and a
female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets
awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound racemes.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cyphochlaena Hack.
Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower. Flowering
glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned. [Subtribe
ISCHAEMINAE.] 50
50. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by sheathing
bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens 2-3.—Species
1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental
plant. Apluda L.
Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or digitate;
one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel. Stamens
{86}3. 51
51. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume tuberculate.—Species
1. Abyssinia. Thelepogon Roth
Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.—Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder- or garden plants. Ischaemum L.
52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [Subtribe SACCHARINAE.] 53
Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female, the stalked
ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel. [Subtribe
ANDROPOGONINAE.] 60
53. Rachis of the raceme jointed. 54
Rachis of the raceme not jointed. 57
54. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis, rarely
solitary. 55
Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky. Spikelets
in pairs. 56
55. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence, all sessile. Flowering
glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate-lanceolate.—Species 5.
Tropics. Arthraxon Beauv.
Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile, the other
stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless. Leaves
linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.—Species 5. South and East
Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (Including Eulalia
Kunth) Pollinia Trin.
56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.—Species 5. South Africa,
southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as ornamental
plants or for plaiting mats. Erianthus Michx.
Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.—Species 5. One of them
(S. officinarum L., sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It
is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a
vegetable and a fodder-plant. Saccharum L.
57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer glumes 3,
membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.—Species 1 (I. cylindrica P.
Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used for
paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant. Imperata Cyr.
Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned. 58
58. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small, ending
in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa. Cleistachne Benth.
Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn
in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like. 59
59. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all round. Outer
{87}glumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.) Alopecurus L.
Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer glumes
with usually long awns.—Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.” Polypogon Desf.
60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or neuter spikelets
and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely without a bract. 61
Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base, rarely
surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes in pairs
subtended by a common spathe. 62
61. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage decurrent
along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species
2. (Anthistiria L. fil.). Themeda Forsk.
Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base,
falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (Under Anthistiria L. fil.) Iseilema Anders.
62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite, the shorter-stalked
male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed. Racemes
terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa. Trachypogon Nees
Spikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme distinctly
jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not jointed, but then
spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles. 63
63. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous streaks,
usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary; rachis nearly
always silky.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl.
Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes of
the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes nearly
always panicled. 64
64. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base.
(See 55.) Arthraxon Beauv.
Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not cordate.—Species
110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (A. Sorghum Brot.) is cultivated
as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous drinks,
dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery (lemon-grass,
vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as fodder- or garden-plants.
(Including Anatherum Beauv., Chrysopogon Trin., Cymbopogon
Spreng., Euclaste Franch., Heterochloa Desv., Heteropogon Pers., Homopogon
Stapf, and Sorghum Pers.) Andropogon L.
65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating from it,
often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually transversely
{88}veined. Stem generally woody. [Subfamily BAMBUSOIDEAE.] 66
Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without a stalk,
rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [Subfamily POOIDEAE.] 79
66. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and
thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.] 67
Stamens 6. 68
67. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Microcalamus Franch.
Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs
or shrubs.—Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood,
fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments. Arundinaria Michx.
68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall shrubs
or trees. 69
Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe BAMBUSEAE.] 72
69. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume. Spikelets
1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.] 70
Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.] 71
70. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond the flower.
Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry. Trees.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits are edible;
also the wood and the fibres are used. Melocanna Trin.
Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower in the
form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small wrinkled
nut. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. Schizostachyum Nees
71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large. Fruit
oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cephalostachyum Munro
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules 1-2,
very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.—Species 1. Naturalized
in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables, edible
seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. Dendrocalamus Nees
72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost (hermaphrodite)
flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled. 73
Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without a
keel. 75
73. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Oxytenanthera Munro
Spikelets compressed. Herbs. 74
74. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much broadened
at the base. Spikelets in racemes.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Atractocarpa Franch.
Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not broadened.—Species
{89}5. Equatorial West Africa. Puelia Franch.
75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style
2-3-cleft or -parted. Tall shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Nastus Juss.
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6. 76
76. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two
bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.—Species 1. German
East Africa. Oreobambus K. Schum.
Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy. 77
77. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles 2,
free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Guaduella Franch.) Microbambus K. Schum.
Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2. 78
78. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened. Herbs.—Species
5. Equatorial West Africa. Guaduella Franch.
Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall shrubs.—Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield wood,
fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are also
used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.” Bambusa Schreb.
79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly always equal-sided
spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.] 80
Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes or in
racemes or panicles. 94
80. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered. Outer
glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves stiff.—Species
1. Azores. “Matgrass.” [Subtribe NARDEAE.] Nardus L.
Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2. 81
81. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike. 82
Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [Subtribe ELYMINAE.] 93
82. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis. [Subtribe
LOLIINAE.] 83
Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis. 88
83. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer glumes, the
others with one. 84
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered. 86
84. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.
Dwarf herbs.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Oropetium Trin.
Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus. 85
85. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like appendages.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. Ischnurus Balf. fil.
Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like appendages.—Species 3.
{90}Madagascar, South and North-west Africa. Monerma Beauv.
86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes
produced into 3 points.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Including Kralikiella Coss. et Durieu). Kralikia Coss. et Durieu
Spikelets many-flowered. Styles very short. 87
87. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a dorsal
awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.—Species 2. North
Africa. (Including Meringurus Murbeck). Gaudinia Beauv.
Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit
glabrous.—Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species
(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel, L. temulentum L.)
is poisonous. (Including Arthrochortus Lowe). Lolium L.
88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints of the spike
separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet. Outer glumes
approximate in front. [Subtribe LEPTURINAE.] 89
Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the spike
separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or not separating
at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [Subtribe TRITICINAE.] 90
89. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis
of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Psilurus Trin.
Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.—Species 4. North
Africa, Abyssinia, Socotra. Lepturus R. Br.
90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow, falling with
the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.—Species 7. North
Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (A. repens Beauv.)
is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup, and medicinally.
(Including Eremopyrum Jaub. et Spach). Agropyrum Gaertn.
Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity.
Fruit free. 91
91. Outer glumes ovate, 3- to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose,
2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.—Species 13.
Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the others
(especially the wheat, T. sativum Lam. and polonicum L.) cultivated
in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and for plaiting-work,
other species as ornamental plants. (Including Aegilops L.) Triticum L.
Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not
ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet. 92
92. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering glumes
awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Haynaldia Schur
Outer glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from the
{91}tip. Spike rather loose.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. One of them (the rye, S. cereale L.) is cultivated as a
cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for
plaiting-work. Secale L.
93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the flower.
Flowering glume awned.—Species 8. North Africa; some species also
cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The barley (H. sativum Jessen) is cultivated as a cereal and for making
beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes. Other species
are used as ornamental plants. Hordeum L.
Spikelets 2-6-flowered.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. “Lymegrass.” Elymus L.
94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming one-sided,
sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe CHLORIDEAE.] 95
Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more frequently
in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes. 123
95. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower. 96
Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers. 108
96. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the hermaphrodite
flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle. 97
Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one or
several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes. 101
97. Spikelets awned. 98
Spikelets awnless. 99
98. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very long
awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.—Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt. Schoenefeldia Kunth
Flowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn.
Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.—Species 4. Southern
West Africa. Willkommia Hack.
99. Spikes solitary, terminal.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used in
medicine. Microchloa R. Br.
Spikes digitate or in racemes. 100
100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the outer
glumes.—Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in medicine.
“Dogstooth.” Cynodon Pers.
Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated.
Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.—Species 2.
East Africa. Craspedorhachis Benth.
101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned. Spikes
solitary, rarely 2-3 together.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa
and Egypt. (Including Campulosus Desv.) Ctenium Panzer
{92}Outer glumes 2. 102
102. Spike 1, terminal. 103
Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like. 105
103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base, with
shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Streptogyne Beauv.
Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas. 104
104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.—Species 6. East and
South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. Enteropogon Nees
Spikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.—Species 1. South Africa. Harpechloa Kunth
105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.—Species 25. Some are used
as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.) Chloris Swartz
Spikes all distant or the lowest only approximate. 106
106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a straight
awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above the
flowering glume. Low grasses.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. Melanocenchris Nees
Spikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn
or awnless. Rather tall grasses. 107
107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering
one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Gymnopogon Beauv.
Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.—Species 8.
Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (Including Cypholepis
Chiov.) Leptochloa Beauv.
108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal. 109
Spikes more than 3. 114
109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets many-flowered.
Spikes long, rather loose.—Species 4. Central Africa. Tripogon Roth
Flowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense,
usually short. 110
110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the back. Spikelets
2-3-flowered.—Species 6. Central and North Africa. (Including
Lepidopironia Rich.) Tetrapogon Desf.
Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate. 111
111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost orbicular.
Leaves rather broad.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Under Eragrostis
Beauv.) Coelachyrum Nees
Spike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow. 112
112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately membranous.—Species
3. South Africa. (Prionanthium Desv.) Prionachne Nees
Spikelets 3- to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmly
{93}membranous, rather stiff. 113
113. Outer glumes subequal.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Wangenheimia Moench
Outer glumes very unequal or only one present.—Species 50. Some are
used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants.
Fescue.” (Including Ctenopsis De Not., Nardurus Reichb., and
Vulpia Gmel.) Festuca L.
114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire. 115
Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet. 116
115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles short.—Species
1. South Africa. Tetrachne Nees
Outer glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles
long.—Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (Under Tetrachne Nees). Entoplocamia Stapf
116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering glumes.
Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.—Species 2. Central
Africa and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (Dineba Jacq.) Dinebra Jacq.
Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes. 117
117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the upper. 118
Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant. 119
118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.—Species 6. Used
as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making beer.
(Under Eleusine Gaertn.) Dactyloctenium Willd.
Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp
usually loose.—Species 10. The coracan (E. coracana Gaertn.) is
cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species are
used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Acrachne Wight
Arn.) Eleusine Gaertn.
119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less adhering
to the palea. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free. 120
120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal. 121
Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal. 122
121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.—Species 3. East and South
Africa. (Under Diplachne Beauv.) Leptocarydium Hochst.
Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.) Leptochloa Beauv.
122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis. Lodicules very small.
Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 2. South
and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. (Under Eragrostis L. or
Leptochloa Beauv.) Pogonarthria Stapf
Spikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large.
Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 1. East Africa
{94}and Egypt. (Stapfiola O. Ktze., under Eragrostis L.) Desmostachya Stapf
123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered. 124
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. 153
124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe PHALARIDEAE.] 125
Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [Tribe
AGROSTIDEAE.] 129
125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets in pairs
on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.—Species 2. Madagascar. Poecilostachys Hack.
Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless. 126
126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than the lower.
Stamens 6, rarely 3.—Species 25. South and East Africa, Mascarene
Islands, St. Helena. Ehrharta Thunb.
Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling
them. Stamens 2-3. 127
127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering glume
and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.—Species 10.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental
grasses. The seeds of Ph. canariensis L. (Canary-seeds) are used as food
and in medicine. Phalaris L.
Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume
and palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2. 128
128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.—Species 5. North-west
and Central Africa. The vernal grass (A. odoratum L.) imparts a sweet
scent to new-made hay. Anthoxanthum L.
Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.—Species 5. South
Africa and Madagascar. “Holygrass.” (Ataxia R. Br., under Anthoxanthum
L.). Hierochloë Gmel.
129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the tips
of the slightly gaping glumes. [Subtribe PHLEINAE.] 130
Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed in
it. 133
130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the spikelet
produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an empty
glume.—Species 2. South Africa. Fingerhuthia Nees
Flowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet
rarely produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty
glumes. 131
131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled,
unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves
awl-shaped.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Mibora Adans.
Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled. Leaves
{95}flat. 132
132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes unarmed.—Species
4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa, Madagascar. Heleochloa Host
Flowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate
or shortly awned.—Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some
species have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses. Ph. pratense
L. is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.” Phleum L.
133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly
enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the
flower. [Subtribe STIPINAE.] 134
Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing
or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the fruit,
but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle. 137
134. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass. Milium L.
Flowering glume awned. 135
135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral branches
sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.—Species 80. Some of them have
edible seeds or are used as fodder. (Including Arthratherum Beauv.) Aristida L.
Flowering glume with a single awn. 136
136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted, persistent
awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually 3.—Species 15.
North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The Esparto-grass (St. tenacissima L.) is used for the manufacture of
paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as ornamental grasses
(feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (Stupa L., including Macrochloa
Kunth) Stipa L.
Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea 2-keeled.
Lodicules usually 2.—Species 3. North Africa, one species
also introduced into South Africa. (Piptatherum Beauv.) Oryzopsis Michx.
137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and dehiscing.
Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes unarmed.
Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.—Species 60. Some
of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for plaiting-work.
(Including Triachyrium Hochst. and Vilfa Beauv.) Sporobolus R. Br.
Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually
adnate to the seed. 138
138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile, which consist
of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a dorsal awn.—Species
1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced into South
Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. (Chrysurus Pers.) Lamarckia Moench
{96}Spikelets all alike. 139
139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume. Flowering
glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight, terminal
or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.—Species 2. East and South-east
Africa (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (Under Brachyelytrum Beauv.) Pseudobromus K. Schum.
Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it.
Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved
or with a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless. 140
140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short terminal
awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike- or head-like.—Species 1.
North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used as an ornamental
grass. “Harestail-grass.” Lagurus L.
Outer glumes not feathery. 141
141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering glume.
Panicles spike-like.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. “Nitgrass.” Gastridium Beauv.
Outer glumes not bladdery. 142
142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles spike-like.—Species
13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (Including
Enneapogon Desv.) Pappophorum Schreb.
Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless. 143
143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin lateral
awns.—Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia. Trisetaria Forsk.
Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short
bristles. 144
144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back, sometimes
keeled towards the tip. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed. 145
145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long hairs. 146
Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or
without a callus. 147
146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets
large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation
of the axis.—Species 1 (A. arundinacea Host, maram). North Africa.
Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is
edible. (Psamma Beauv.) Ammophila Host
Flowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless.
Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy
prolongation of the axis.—Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropical
Africa, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including Deyeuxia Beauv.) Calamagrostis Roth
147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower. Flowering
glume shorter than the outer glumes. 148
Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like appendage
{97}bearing sometimes empty glumes. 149
148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles few-flowered.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Agrostis L. or Colpodium Trin.) Poagrostis Stapf
Palea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles many-flowered.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some are
used as fodder- or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.” Agrostis L.
149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2 bristles
at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation of the
axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles spike-like.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Gastridium Beauv.) Triplachne Link
Flowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes. Continuation
of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty glumes. 150
150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal. Continuation
of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle loose.—Species
2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental grasses. Apera Adans.
Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes
subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty
glumes. 151
151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, membranous,
about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis
of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.—Species
10. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses. Koeleria Pers.
Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5- to many-nerved,
leathery or longer than the outer glumes. 152
152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the back,
with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especially
A. sativa L.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield also
oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses. (Including
Avenastrum Juss.) Avena L.
Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the
outer ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the
flower 2 or more.—Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are
used as ornamental grasses. Melica L.
153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a twisted
or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer glumes,
rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short axis not
prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.] 154
Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal awn, or
unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets 2-flowered,
the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or 3-many-flowered.
{98}[Tribe FESTUCEAE.] 177
154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the upper
flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned. 155
Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper
flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned. 161
155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes connate.
Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.) Lygeum L.
Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free. Styles
2, free. Stigmas feathery. 156
156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel. Panicle
spike-like. (See 112.) Prionachne Nees
Outer glumes membranous. 157
157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Airopsis Desv.
Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading. 158
158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes
truncate or minutely toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Aira L.) Molineria Parl.
Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. 159
159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the
spikelet very short. (See 21.) Isachne R. Br.
Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided with
a dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity. 160
160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat
elongated between the flowers.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental grass. (Under Aira L.) Antinoria Parl.
Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal
awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.—Species 8. Extra-tropical
regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental
grasses. Aira L.
161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the apical
lobes or teeth. 162
Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex. 168
162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or hermaphrodite. 163
Spikelets 2- or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost
male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved. 165
163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme or panicle.—Species
13. Tropical and South Africa. Tristachya Nees
Spikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle. 164
164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly
toothed. Spikelets small.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used for plaiting-work. Arundinella Raddi
Palea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctly
{99}toothed. Spikelets large.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Trichopteryx Nees
165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation of the
axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like teeth. 166
Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually incomplete.
Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth. 167
166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the seed.—Species 5.
South Africa. (Under Danthonia DC.) Pentameris Beauv.
Fruit oblong.—Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds
of some species are eaten or used in medicine. (Under Danthonia DC.) Pentaschistis (Nees) Stapf
167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest flowering
glume without, the others with side-bristles.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Danthonia DC.) Chaetobromus (Nees) Stapf
Spikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the flowering
glumes.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the
tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in medicine. Danthonia DC.
168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.) Gaudinia Beauv.
Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles. 169
169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite. 170
Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren. 171
170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis. Stamens
3. Styles short.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield fodder
and edible seeds. Arrhenatherum Beauv.
Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume,
without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in
the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.) Hierochloe Gmel.
171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling entire, 2-flowered,
the upper flower usually male, the lower hermaphrodite with the flowering
glume unarmed.—Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental grasses. Holcus L.
Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes. 172
172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets large. 173
Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small. 174
173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit of the
ovary.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the
tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-, medicinal,
or ornamental plants. Bromus L.
Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the
ovary. (See 152.) Avena L.
174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned. 175
Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with toothed
lobes or entire. 176
175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved.
{100}Spikelets linear-oblong.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) Ventenata Koeler
Flowering glume of the lower flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes
1-3-nerved. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical.—Species 20. Extra-tropical
regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as
fodder- or ornamental grasses. Trisetum Pers.
170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the tip.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Aira L.) Corynephorus Beauv.
Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.—Species
5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic
islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (Under Aira L.) Deschampsia Beauv.
177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23 awn-like
or awn-bearing lobes. [Subtribe PAPPOPHORINAE.] 178
Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (Triodia) 3-lobed, bearing a
single awn or unawned. 182
178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in
panicles.—Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt.
Some are used as fodder-grasses. Triraphis R. Br.
Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets 2-6-flowered. 179
179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the lobes.
Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in dense
panicles.—Species 1. Egypt. Boissiera Hochst.
Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes
or from the notches between them. Styles 2, free. 180
180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered,
in spike-like panicles. (See 142.) Pappophorum Schreb.
Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes. 181
181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered,
in heads.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Echinaria Desv.
Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets 4-6-flowered,
in rather loose panicles.—Species 3. Central and South
Africa and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (Antoschmidtia
Steud.) Schmidtia Steud.
182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs enveloping
the glumes. [Subtribe ARUNDINAE.] 183
Axis of the spikelets and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired. 185
183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the axis of
the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more or less
rolled up. Low grasses.—Species 1 (A. tenax Link). North Africa.
Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an ornamental
plant. Ampelodesma Beauv.
Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis
of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and rather
{101}broad. Tall grasses. 184
184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine point. Axis of
the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet usually male.
Panicles lax.—Species 2. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work and
divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the root-stock is edible
and used in medicine. “Reed.” (Trichoon Roth) Phragmites Trin.
Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch. Axis of
the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the uppermost
flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles dense.—Species
5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in house-building,
for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and ornamental plants.
Reed.” (Donax Beauv., including Neyraudia Hook. fil.) Arundo L.
185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the tips of the
flowering glumes; styles long. [Subtribe SESLERINAE.] 186
Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the flowering
glumes; styles short or almost wanting. 191
186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets in one-sided
spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered.
Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering ones
awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.) Streptogyne Beauv.
Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads. 187
187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire, 2-flowered, very
rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes awned or
mucronate. (See 130.) Fingerhuthia Nees
Spikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in spike-like
panicles, not falling entire. 188
188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles, rarely in
heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awned.
Spikelets 3-7-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa. Elytrophorus Beauv.
Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3. 189
189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. Panicles
enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species
1. South Africa. Urochlaena Nees
Glumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves
flat. 190
190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped by the
sheath of the uppermost leaf.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
(Under Ammochloa Boiss.) Dictyochloa (Murb.) Camus
Spikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath.
Species 2. North Africa. Ammochloa Boiss.
191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper
female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but not
continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikelets
{102}in loose panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. Coelachne R. Br.
Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower
hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many -flowered. 192
192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [Subtribes TRIODIINAE and ERAGROSTINAE.] 193
Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved. 207
193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or -cleft, rounded on the back, at least
at the base. 194
Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (Diplachne) distinctly
2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then keeled. 196
194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Triodia R. Br.
Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between
them. 195
195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer glumes
unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.—Species 1. South
Africa. Lophacme Stapf
Flowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes subequal.—Species
2. Central and South Africa. (Under Diplachne
Beauv.) Crossotropis Stapf
196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded by the
sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged in one-sided
spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or mucronate.—Species
8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds or are
used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.” Cynosurus L.
Spikelets all alike. 197
197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as a whole,
containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above them.—Species
1. Abyssinia. Harpachne Hochst.
Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none. 198
198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at their
base. 199
Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked. 203
199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets 2-4-flowered,
with membranous, unarmed glumes. 200
Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short, rather
thick, but somewhat spreading branches. 201
200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with flat
leaves.—Species 1. North Africa. Catabrosa Beauv.
Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the spikelet
somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow leaves.—Species
2. North Africa. Sphenopus Trin.
201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading branches. Glumes
{103}hard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.—Species 5. North Africa. Cutandia Willk.
Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes
membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 202
202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the flowering
glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like. Flowering
glumes awned below the tip.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Avellinia Parl.
Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes.
Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.) Koeleria Pers.
203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, usually
toothed. 204
Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not
distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate. 205
204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire, acuminate.
Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.—Species 3. South Africa and
southern East Africa. (Triphlebia Stapf, under Lasiochloa Kunth). Stiburus Stapf
Panicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa
and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses. Diplachne Beauv.
205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical, loosely 2-4-flowered;
axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly grooved.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work and as
an ornamental grass. Molinia Schrank
Flowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely 5-many-flowered. 206
206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis
of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.—Species 1. Coast
of East Africa. Halopyrum Stapf
Outer glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the spikelet
usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.—Species 130.
Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses, others as sand-binders
or for plaiting-work. The tef (E. abyssinica Link) is cultivated in
Abyssinia as a cereal. Eragrostis Host
207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two or more
empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering glumes
keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [Subtribe MELICINAE.] Melica L.
Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty glume
or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the back. 208
208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins between
the nerves. [Subtribe CENTOTHECINAE.] 209
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins.
{104}[Subtribes FESTUCINAE and BRACHYPODINAE.] 210
209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a panicle.
Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren spikelet
in its axil. (See 125.) Poecilostachys Hack.
Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.—Species 4. Tropics. Centotheca Desv.
210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles. 211
Spikelets not in glomerules. 212
211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering
glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on the
keel.—Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder- and
ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.” Dactylis L.
Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved, usually hispid.
Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved, unarmed.—Species 3.
South Africa. Lasiochloa Kunth
212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or heads.
Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the
palea, mucronate.—Species 4. North and East Africa. Aeluropus Trin.
Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate. 213
213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false spike. Flowering
glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved, unarmed.—Species 7.
North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.
(Brizopyrum Link). Desmazeria Dumort.
Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering
glumes not keeled. 214
214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the top.
Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering to
the palea. (See 173.) Bromus L.
Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it. 215
215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or 2-cleft.
Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.—Species 4. South
and North Africa. Schismus Beauv.
Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones. 216
216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious, broader than
the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.—Species 5. North
Africa, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. “Quaking-grass.” Briza L.
Flowering glumes not cordate. 217
217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled. 218
Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards
the tip. 220
218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like. (See
151.) Koeleria Pers.
Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous.
{105}Panicles usually spreading. 219
219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the tip.
Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles
one-sided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Sclerochloa Beauv.
Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or throughout.—Species
20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some
are used as ornamental grasses. Poa L.
220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a bristle-like
continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes rather stiff,
1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt, awnless.—Species
10. South and East Africa. Achneria Munro
Spikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually membranous
outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered. 221
221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed,
usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually 2-flowered.
Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.) Avena L.
Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes
awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered. 222
222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.) Danthonia DC.
Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or
5-nerved. Styles very short. 223
223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining the
middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit
oblong or ovate. 224
Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the
middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear. 225
224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free, narrowly
or not grooved.—Species 1 (G. fluitans R. Br., manna-grass). North-west
Africa. The seeds are used as food. (Under Poa L.) Glyceria R. Br.
Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea,
broadly or not grooved.—Species 4. North-west and South Africa.
(Under Glyceria R. Br.) Atropis Rupr.
225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved. Outer
glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species
9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some
species are used as ornamental grasses. Brachypodium Beauv.
Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually
5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. 226
226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.) Festuca L.
Seed with a punctiform hilum. 227
227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering glumes
unarmed.—Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa.
(Under Festuca L.) Scleropoa Griseb.
Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Under
Festuca L.) Catapodium Link
{106}
FAMILY 17. CYPERACEAE
Grass-like herbs, very rarely (Schoenodendron) low trees. Stems usually triangular, rarely jointed. Leaves with a closed sheath, sometimes without a blade. Flowers in genuine or spurious spikelets arranged in spikes, heads, or panicles. Perianth much reduced or wanting. Stamens 1-6. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or naked, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, inverted. Style simple or with 2-3 branches. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed free. Embryo lateral, enclosed by the albumen.—Genera 40, species 880. “Sedges.” (Plate 9.)
1. Flowers unisexual, but sometimes (Bisboeckelerieae) apparently hermaphrodite,
single female flowers being surrounded by several male ones;
in this case false spikelets branched at the insertion of one of the lowest
bracts. 2
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Flowers either in centripetal
spikelets without a terminal flower or in centrifugal (false) spikelets
branched at the insertion of the uppermost bract below the terminal
flower. 13
2. Spikelets unisexual, rarely partly unisexual, partly bisexual; the female
1-flowered, the male 2- or more-flowered. Stamens 1-2, rarely 3.
[Tribe SCLERIEAE.] 3
Spikelets bisexual, rarely 1-flowered and spicate. 8
3. Perianth consisting of scales or bristles. Partial inflorescences panicled. 4
Perianth none. 6
4. Perianth of numerous bristles. Spikelets in spikes.—Species 6. Central
Africa to Transvaal. Eriospora Hochst.
Perianth of 2-5 scales. 5
5. Perianth of 2-3 laciniate scales. Spikelets in head-like clusters. Herbs.—Species
1. West Africa. Microdracoides Hua
Perianth of 3-5 ciliate scales. Spikelets in spikes. Small trees.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Schoenodendron Engl.
6. Female flowers in the upper portion of the partial inflorescences. Spikelets
in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Eriospora Hochst.) Fintelmannia Kunth
Female flowers in the lower portion of the partial inflorescences or in
special partial inflorescences. 7
7. Style thickened and jointed at the base, deeply 3-cleft. Fruit without a
distinct disc. Spikelets in panicles. Leaves broad.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Under Scleria Berg) Acriulus Ridl.
Style not thickened at the base. Fruit very hard, surrounded by a disc
at the base.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
Diplacrum R. Br.) Scleria Berg
8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded by 3 or
more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by an utricle-like
{107}bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe CHRYSITRICHINAE.] 9
Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered or consisting of a basal
female flower and several male ones. Stamens usually 3. Female
flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe CARICEAE.] 11
9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes which are
sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including
Thoracostachyum Kurz) Mapania Aubl.
Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads. 10
10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous
spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Used for plaiting-work. Lepironia Rich.
Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4 spikelets.—Species
3. South Africa. Chrysithrix L.
11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male inserted
above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of the spikelet;
rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting. Utricle
usually 2-cleft.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including Hemicarex
Benth.) Schoenoxiphium Nees
Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually rudimentary
axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed. 12
12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at the tip.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands. Uncinia Pers.
Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently rudimentary
and usually early disappearing.—Species 80. Extra-tropical regions
and mountains of the tropics. Carex L.
13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal flower, branched
from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered. 14
Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely 1-2-flowered;
flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added. 24
14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral hermaphrodite
flowers. Style dilated at the base.—Species 30. South Africa.
(Elynanthus Nees, including Macrochaetium Steud.) [Tribe GAHNIEAE.] Tetraria Beauv.
Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being sometimes
added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.] 15
15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3. 16
Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. 19
16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base of the
style. Spikelets in heads.—Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. (Under Carpha R. Br.) Asterochaete Nees
Perianth-bristles equal or wanting. 17
17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not beaked.—Species
6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Abyssinia,
North Africa. (Including Epischoenus C.B. Clarke). Schoenus L.
{108}Perianth-bristles feathery. 18
18. Perianth-bristles 3. Glumes 4-5. Style with a thickened, persistent
base. Spikelets in spikes or solitary.—Species 3. South Africa.
(Ecklonea Steud.) Trianoptiles Fenzl
Perianth-bristles 6. Glumes numerous. Style slightly thickened. Spikelets
in panicles.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
(Under Schoenus L.) Cyclocampe Steud.
19. Style-branches 1-2. Perianth of 6 or more bristles or wanting.—Species
15. (Rynchospora Vahl). Rhynchospora Vahl
Style-branches 3. 20
20. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. 21
Perianth none. 22
21. Perianth of 3 bristles. Upper leaves with red sheaths.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Decalepis Boeck., under Tetraria Beauv.) Boeckeleria Dur.
Perianth of 5-6 bristles. Lowest flower male.—Species 6. Madagascar
and South Africa. Costularia C. B. Clarke
22. Partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle.—Species 5. Cladium R. Br.
Partial inflorescences arranged in a head. 23
23. Involucre of the inflorescence short. Stem leafless.—Species 1. Madagascar
and neighbouring islands. (Arthrostylis Boeck.) Actinoschoenus Benth.
Involucre of the inflorescence long. Stem leafy.—Species 1. West Africa
and Madagascar. Used medicinally. Remirea Aubl.
24. (13.) Bracteoles 1-2. [Tribe HYPOLYTREAE.] 25
Bracteoles none. [Tribe SCIRPEAE.] 28
25. Bracteoles 1-2, parallel with the glume (bract), i.e. placed before or behind
or before and behind it. Stamens 1-2. [Subtribe LIPOCARPHINAE.] 26
Bracteoles 2, lateral to the glume, sometimes united. Stamens 2-3.
[Subtribe HYPOLYTRINAE.] 27
26. Bracteole 1, deciduous. Stamen 1. Spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3,
subtended by a single involucral bract.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. (Under Scirpus L.) Hemicarpha Nees
Bracteoles 2, persistent. Stamens 1-2. Spikelets in heads surrounded
by several involucral bracts.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
(Hypaelyptum Vahl). Lipocarpha R. Br.
27. Bracteoles united in front, longer than the glume. Spikelets solitary
or in heads. Stem leafy at the base only.—Species 9. Tropical and
South Africa. Ascolepis Nees
Bracteoles free or united behind, as long as or shorter than the glumes.
Spikelets in heads or panicles. Stem leafy throughout its length.—Species
10. Tropics. Hypolytrum Rich.
28. (22.) Glumes distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged
in heads or umbels. [Subtribe CYPERINAE.] 29
Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged
{109}in spikes or panicles. [Subtribe SCIRPINAE.] 34
29. Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 1. Region
of the great lakes. (Under Carpha R. Br.) Oreograstis K. Schum.
Perianth none. 30
30. Flowers with a toothed or lobed disc at the base of the ovary. Spikelets
solitary or in heads.—Species 3. South Africa. (Under Ficinia
Schrad.) Hemichlaena Schrad.
Flowers without a disc. 31
31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and sometimes
also a male flower, arranged in heads.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery and medicine;
others yield fodder. (Plate 9.) Kyllinga Rottb.
Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered. 32
32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel, the
lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately arranged
heads.—Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal. Courtoisia Nees
Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes not
winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one. 33
33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base, long acuminate
at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes. Stamens 2.—Species
1. South-east Africa. (Under Mariscus Gaertn. or Cyperus L.) Cylindrolepis Boeck.
Glumes with free margins.—Species 300. The root-stocks of some (especially
C. esculentus L.) are eaten and used for the preparation of oil, perfume,
and medicaments; the culms (especially of C. Papyrus L.) are
used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve as
fodder- or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including
Galilea Parl., Juncellus Griseb., Mariscus Vahl, Pycreus Beauv., and
Torulinium Desv.) Cyperus L.
34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base. 35
Style not or slightly thickened at the base. 37
35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.—Species 75. Some are used as fodder.
(Including Abildgaardia Vahl and Bulbostylis Kunth). Fimbristylis Vahl
Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually persistent. 36
36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.—Species 1. Tropics. (Under
Fuirena Rottb.) Pentasticha Turcz.
Spikelets solitary.—Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or yield
starch. (Eleocharis R. Br.) Heleocharis R. Br.
37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the ovary.
Glumes usually brown or black.—Species 65. South Africa and mountains
of East Africa and Madagascar. Ficinia Schrad.
Flowers without a disc. 38
38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering. Spikelets
solitary or in umbels.—Species 1. South Africa. The cotton-like
{110}perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions. “Cotton-grass.” Eriophorum L.
Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting. 39
39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales or
bristles.—Species 20. Fuirena Rottb.
Glumes glabrous.—Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or
for plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine.
(Including Isolepis R. Br. and Schoenoplectus Reichb.) Scirpus L.
ORDER PRINCIPES
FAMILY 18. PALMAE
Stem woody, usually simple. Leaves pinnately or palmately split, at least 2-cleft, usually collected in a crown at the top of the stem. Flowers in simple or branched spadices enveloped by spathes, usually unisexual and provided with rudimentary stamens or carpels. Perianth-segments 6, similar in texture, but often unequal in size, leathery or parchment-like, green, white or yellow. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, united at the base or adnate below to the perianth. Carpels 3, superior, distinct or united and then forming a 1-3-celled ovary; sometimes 2 carpels empty or reduced to the style. Ovules solitary in each cell, filling the cell and sometimes adhering to its wall. Fruits berry-or drupe-like. Seeds with a small embryo and horny albumen.—Genera 36, species 100. (Plates 10 and 11.)
1. Carpels 3, distinct. Fruit consisting of 1-3 smooth berries. Leaf-segments
induplicate in bud. [Subfamily CORYPHOIDEAE.] 2
Carpels 3, united and forming a 1-3-celled ovary, or carpel 1. 3
2. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with 2 or more incomplete spathes. Flowers
polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of the female flowers as in the male.
Seed ovate, not deeply grooved; albumen ruminate. Stem short,
usually branched.—Species 1 (Ch. humilis L.). North-West Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant; the leaf-buds are eaten and the fibres
used for making ropes or paper or for stuffing cushions. “Dwarf-palm.”
[Tribe SABALEAE.] Chamaerops L.
Leaves pinnate. Spadices with one complete spathe. Flowers dioecious.
Perianth of the female flowers differing from the male. Seed oblong,
with a deep longitudinal groove.—Species 5. Some (especially the
date-palm, Ph. dactylifera L.) have edible fruits, also used for making
brandy and sugar. They yield also palm-wine, wood, and fibres for
plaiting and stuffing, and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe PHOENICEAE.] Phoenix L.
3. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with many incomplete spathes. Fruit a
drupe with 1-3 distinct stones; epicarp smooth or minutely dotted.
[Subfamily BORASSOIDEAE, tribe BORASSEAE.] 4
Leaves pinnately dissected or 2-cleft. Fruit berry-like or covered with
imbricate scales or containing a single stone; if fruit drupe-like and
one-seeded, then spadices with 1-4 complete spathes. 8
CYPERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 9.
J. Fleischmann del.
Kyllinga alba Nees
A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).
PALMAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 10.
J. Fleischmann del.
Raphia Laurentii De Wild.
A Young plant. B Group of fruits. C Fruit. D Seed. (A from De Wildeman, Expedition Laurent).
4. Male flowers many in each pit of the spadix. 5
Male flowers solitary in each pit of the spadix. 6
5. Male flowers 20-30 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens about 30. Fruit
nearly always with a single stone. Seeds deeply 2-lobed.—Species 1.
Seychelles. The fruit (“double cocoa-nut”) is eaten and used in
medicine. Lodoicea Labill.
Male flowers 10 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens 6. Fruit with 3 stones.
Seeds emarginate. Species 1 (B. flabellifer L., Palmyra palm). Tropics.
It yields timber, fibre (piassave), starch (sago), gum, vegetables, edible
fruits, wine, vinegar, alcohol, sugar, and medicaments. Borassus L.
6. Stamens 15-30. Fruit with 3 stones, very rarely with 1-2. Medium-sized
trees.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. They
furnish fibre for plaiting-work and are used as ornamental plants;
one species has edible fruits. Latania Comm.
Stamens 6. Fruit with a single stone. Tall trees. 7
7. Albumen ruminate. Fruit medium-sized (the size of a walnut). Stem
simple.—Species 3. Upper Nile and Madagascar. They yield timber,
fibre, edible pith, and alcohol. (Including Bismarckia Hildebr. &
Wendl.) Medemia G. de Wuert. & Braun
Albumen homogeneous. Fruit large. Stem usually branched.—Species
13. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. They yield wood, fibre, edible
fruits, and wine. “Dum palm.” Hyphaene Gaertn.
8. (3.) Ovary and fruit clothed with imbricate scales. Fruit one-seeded.
Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Leaf-segments reduplicate in
bud. [Subfamily LEPIDOCARYOIDEAE, tribe METROXYLEAE.] 9
Ovary and fruit without scales. Flowers usually without bracts. [Subfamily
CEROXYLOIDEAE.] 15
9. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. [Subtribe CALAMINAE.] 10
Ovary completely 3-celled. [Subtribe RAPHIINAE.] 11
10. Stem erect. Leaves without tendrils. Spadices terminal. Seed depressed-globose.—Species
1 (M. Rumphii Mart.) Cultivated in Madagascar
and the Mascarenes. It yields wood, fibre for plaiting and
weaving, vegetables, and starch (sago). (Sagus Blume). Metroxylon Rottb.
Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. Spadices lateral.—Species 6.
Tropics. The stems (cane) are used for plaiting-work and for the
manufacture of walking-sticks and various utensils. “Rattan-palm.” Calamus L.
11. Stem erect. Flowers monoecious, the male and female on the same branches
of the much-branched terminal spadices. Seed oblong or ovate.—Species
10. Tropics. The leaf-stalks (false bamboo) are used for building
houses and making furniture, the fibres (piassave) for plaiting, weaving,
and brush-making. The stems, leaf-buds, and fruits of some species
yield starch, meal, vegetables, wine, and oil. (Plates 10 and 11.) Raphia Beauv.
{112}Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. 12
12. Flowers monoecious, in cymes on the primary branches of the lateral
spadices; cymes consisting of one female and several male flowers.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work
and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Calamus L.) Oncocalamus Mann & Wendl.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in pairs on the branches of the
spadices. 13
13. Spadices lateral. Spathes none.—Species 5. West Africa to the upper
Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of
various utensils. (Under Calamus L.) Eremospatha Mann & Wendl.
Spadices terminal. Spathes tubular. 14
14. Seed flattened, with a thick raphe. Leaves with a short stalk and narrow
segments.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. They furnish
cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils.
(Under Calamus L.) Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl.
Seed roundish, deeply grooved, kidney-shaped in transverse section. Leaves
with a rather long stalk and rather broad segments.—Species 2. West
Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of
various utensils. (Under Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl. or Calamus
L.) Laccosperma Mann & Wendl.
15. (8.) Fruit a drupe; endocarp very hard, with 3 pores. [Tribe COCOEAE.] 16
Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous, rarely woody. [Tribe ARECEAE.] 17
16. Flowers sunk singly in deep pits of the spadix-branches. Spadices unisexual,
with 2 deciduous spathes. Stamens united high up. Fruit
rather small; pericarp spongy outside; pores towards the top of the
stone.—Species 1 (E. guineensis L. oil-palm). Central Africa. The
stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, vegetables, and wine; the fruits
are edible and used for making oil. [Subtribe ELAEIDINAE.] Elaeis Jacq.
Flowers inserted singly or in groups of three in shallow pits or notches of
the spadix-branches. Spadices bisexual, with a woody, persistent
spathe. Stamens free or united at the base. Fruit large; pericarp
fibrous; pores towards the base of the stone.—Species 1 (C. nucifera L.,
coco-nut-palm). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised on the shores
of the tropics. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, tanning
materials, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are edible and
yield oil, fodder, and a drink. [Subtribe ATTALEINAE.] Cocos L.
17. Leaves with long prickles. Spadices branched; spathes 2 or more, complete.
Corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Ovary 1-celled,
with a laterally affixed ovule. Stigmas 3. 18
{113}Leaves without prickles. 23
18. Leaves with a long sheath. Spadices below the leaves. Seed with homogeneous
albumen. 19
Leaves with a rather short sheath. Spadices between the leaves. Seed
with ruminate albumen. 20
19. Seed obtusely triquetrous. Stamens 9.—Species 1. Seychelles. Deckenia Wendl.
Seed ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally. Stamens usually 12.—Species
3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used in house-building and
as ornamental plants. Acanthophoenix Wendl.
20. Leaves 2-cleft, with pinnately toothed margins. 21
Leaves irregularly pinnatisect. 22
21. Stamens 6. Seed and endocarp furrowed. Spadices with 3 spathes. Leaf-stalk
prickly.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. Verschaffeltia Wendl.
Stamens 15-20. Seed and endocarp not furrowed. Spadices with 2
spathes. Leaf-stalk smooth.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an
ornamental plant. (Stevensonia Duncan). Phoenicophorium Wendl.
22. Stamens 6. Seed elliptical. Spadices twice branched, with several spathes.—Species
1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. Roscheria Wendl.
Stamens 40-50. Seed kidney-shaped. Spadices once branched, with
2 spathes.—Species 1. Seychelles. Nephrosperma Balf.
23. (17.) Spadices with many tubular incomplete spathes, twice branched.
Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem tree-like.—Species 4. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Used as ornamental plants. The fruit is said to be
poisonous. Hyophorbe Gaertn.
Spadices with 1-4 spathes, all or the uppermost complete (i.e. completely
enveloping the spadix, when young.) 24
24. Spadices with 4 spathes, simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix.
Corolla valvate in bud. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem reed-like.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruit is edible. Podococcus Mann & Wendl.
Spadices with 1-3 spathes; if simple, then corolla of the female flowers
imbricate in bud or stamens 3 or many. 25
25. Stamens numerous. Stigma 1. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla valvate in bud.
Spadices simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Stem short.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Sclerosperma Mann & Wendl.
Stamens 3-6. Stigmas usually 3. 26
26. Stamens in the male flowers 3, staminodes in the female 6. Ovary with 1
fertile and 2 empty cells. 27
Stamens 6. 28
27. Stamens opposite the petals, united at the base.—Species 3. Madagascar. Trichodypsis Baill.
Stamens alternating with the petals, free or almost free.—Species 7. Madagascar.
{114}Used as ornamental plants. (Including Adelodypsis Becc.) Dypsis Nor.
28. Ovary 1-celled. 29
Ovary 3-celled, but usually one cell only fertile. 34
29. Spadices simple. Leaves deeply forked. Stem short, erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Haplophloga Baill.
Spadices branched. 30
30. Spadices once branched. Stigma usually 1. Stem tree-like.—Species
5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as ornamental plants.
The fibres of the leaves (piassave) are used in the manufacture of ropes
and stuffs. Dictyosperma Wendl. & Drude
Spadices 2-3 times branched. Stigmas usually 3. 31
31. Spadices twice branched. Male flowers with valvate or subimbricate
sepals. Anthers sagittate, basifixed, opening outwards or laterally.
Rudimentary pistil 3-cleft. Female flowers larger than the male.
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Tall trees.—Species 1 (A. Catechu L., betel palm).
Cultivated in East Africa. It yields wood, bark for tanning, fibre,
vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are chewed. Areca L.
Spadices thrice branched. Male flowers with imbricate sepals. Anthers
ovoid, opening inwards. Rudimentary pistil entire. 32
32. Styles basal. Stem reed-like.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Chrysalidocarpus
Wendl.) Neodypsis Baill.
Styles or stigmas terminal. 33
33. Leaves irregularly pinnatisect, with lanceolate segments. Stem low,
reed-like.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Dypsidium Baill.) Neophloga Baill.
Leaves regularly pinnatisect, with linear segments. Stem tall.—Species
2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including Vonitra Becc.) Phlogella Baill.
34. Spadices simple. Petals lanceolate. Anther-halves linear. Style conical.—Species
3. Madagascar. Haplodypsis Baill.
Spadices much branched. Petals ovate or orbicular. Anther-halves
oblong or ovate. Style 3-partite. 35
35. Flowers monoecious. Sepals of the male flowers orbicular. Stamens
unequal in length. Stigmas awl-shaped. Albumen ruminate.—Species
5. Madagascar. Leaves used for plaiting-work. Phloga Nor.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the male flowers elliptical. Stamens subequal.
Stigmas short and thick. Albumen homogeneous.—Species 2. Madagascar
and Comoro Islands. Ravenea Hildebr. & Bouché
ORDER SPATHIFLORAE
FAMILY 19. ARACEAE
Leaves usually net-veined. Flowers in spadices, without bracteoles. Perianth simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly, usually berry-like. Seed-coat fleshy.—Genera 33, species 150. (Plate 12.)
PALMAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 11.
J. Fleischmann del.
Raphia Laurentii De Wild.
A Inflorescence. B Male flower-buds. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Female flower.
ARACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 12.
J. Fleischmann del.
Hydrosme grata Schott
A Leaf. B Inflorescence and spathe. C Stalk of the inflorescence. D Inflorescence without the spathe. E Stamen. F Stamen from above. G Pistil. H Pistil cut lengthwise. (B-H partly from a drawing in the Vienna Hofmuseum.)
1. Flowers hermaphrodite. 2
Flowers unisexual. 5
2. Perianth none. Ovary incompletely 2-celled with several ascending
ovules. Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate.—Species 2.
West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Raphidophora Schott).
[Tribe MONSTEREAE.] Afroraphidophora Engl.
Perianth of 4-6 segments. 3
3. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Tall herbs. Juice milky. Root-stock
tuberous. Leaves sagittate; stalk prickly.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe LASIEAE.] Cyrtosperma Griff.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Juice not milky. 4
4. Ovule one in each cell, ascending, inverted. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing
shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate to ovate. Spathe oblong or ovate.—Species
1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. [Tribe POTHOEAE.] Pothos L.
Ovules several in each cell, pendulous, straight. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves sessile, linear, sword-shaped.
Spathe linear, sword-shaped, forming a continuation of the flowering
stem.—Species 1 (A. Calamus L., sweet-flag). Introduced in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields tanning-materials and is used in the preparation
of perfumes, liquors, snuff, and medicaments. [Tribe ACOREAE.] Acorus L.
5. Perianth present. 6
Perianth none. 8
6. Perianth cupular. Ovary 1-4-celled with 2 or more ovules in each cell.
Juice milky. Leaves sagittate; stalk not thickened near the middle.
Spathe-margins connate below.—Species 20. Central and South-East
Africa. [Tribe STYLOCHITONEAE.] Stylochiton Leprieur
Perianth of 4 free segments. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell.
Juice not milky. Leaves pinnate; stalk with a thickened joint near
the middle. Spathe-margins free. [Tribe ZAMIOCULCASEAE.] 7
7. Stamens with free filaments; anthers opening by slits. Leaves several,
once pinnate. Spathe upon a short stalk.—Species 1. East Africa
and Mascarene Islands. Used as an ornamental plant. Zamioculcas L.
Stamens with united filaments; anthers opening by pores. Leaf 1, thrice
pinnate in the adult stage. Spathe upon a long stalk.—Species 2.
East Africa to the upper Congo. Gonatopus Hook. fil.
8. Stamens united throughout their length or almost so. 9
Stamens free or united in pairs or at the base only. 17
9. Female (inferior) part of the spadix adnate to the spathe, 1-flowered.
Stamens 2. Floating water-plants. Juice not milky.—Species 1.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Used medicinally. [Tribe
PISTIEAE.] Pistia L.
Female part of the spadix free from the spathe, several-flowered.
{116}Stamens 3-8, very rarely 2. Land- or marsh-plants. Juice milky. 10
10. Stem creeping. Leaves lanceolate, parallel-veined, with numerous primary
and secondary lateral veins. Ovary completely or incompletely
2-3-celled with numerous ovules.—Species 12. West Africa. [Tribe
ANUBIADEAE.] Anubias Schott
Stem erect or tuberous. Leaves ovate, ovate-sagittate or dissected, net-veined,
rarely parallel-veined with 5 primary lateral nerves. 11
11. Ovules 1-3. Spadix with barren flowers below and above the male ones.
Stem short, ascending. Leaves ovate or sagittate, entire, with about
5 primary lateral nerves and many parallel secondary ones.—Species
2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and Zanzibar. They yield
fibre and edible tubers and seeds and are used in medicine. Typhonodorum Schott
Ovules 4 or more. Leaves sagittate- or cordate-ovate and net-veined,
or dissected. 12
12. Ovules 4. Female flowers with staminodes. Spadix with a terminal
appendage. Stem tuberous. Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Seychelles.
[Tribe PROTAREAE.] Protarum Engl.
Ovules more than 4. Leaves sagittate- or cordate-ovate. [Tribe COLOCASIEAE.] 13
13. Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules straight or almost so. 14
Ovules incompletely 2-3-celled. Ovules inverted. Spadix without a
terminal appendage. 16
14. Ovules few, basal. Stem erect. Spadix with a terminal appendage.—Species
1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in Madagascar and
the neighbouring islands. Stem and leaves are edible; also used as an
ornamental plant. Alocasia Schott
Ovules many, parietal. Stem tuberous. 15
15. Spadix with a terminal appendage. Spathe erect. Stamens 3-6.—Species
1 (C. antiquorum Schott, taro or dinde). Cultivated and sometimes
naturalised in Tropical and North Africa. The tubers and leaves are
eaten and used in medicine; also an ornamental plant. (Under Caladium
Vent.) Colocasia Schott
Spadix without an appendage. Spathes recurved at the top. Stamens
2-3.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant. Remusatia Schott
16. Style disc-like, adnate to the styles of the neighbouring flowers. Ovules
with a long funicle. Leaves leathery.—Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes
naturalised in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Used as
ornamental plants or vegetables. Xanthosoma Schott
Style none. Ovules with a short funicle. Leaves herbaceous, usually
with red spots.—Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised
in West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. Caladium Vent.
17. (8.) Stem above ground and usually climbing or underground and creeping.
Spadix without an appendage. Ovary 1-2-celled with 1 ovule in each
cell. 18
{117}Stem underground, short and thick, more or less tuberous. Juice milky. 23
18. Juice milky. Leaves cordate or sagittate. Female inflorescence not
adnate to the spathe. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe NEPHTHYTIDEAE.] 19
Juice not milky. Leaves lanceolate oblong or elliptical, acute or obtuse
at the base, rarely cordate and then female inflorescence adnate to the
spathe or ovary 2-celled. Seed albuminous. 22
19. Stem underground, creeping.—Species 3. West Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. (Including Oligogynium Engl.) Nephthytis Schott
Stem above ground, climbing, woody. 20
20. Leaves perforated or dissected. Male inflorescence three times as long as
the female and contiguous to it. Ovary with a strongly projecting
parietal placenta.—Species 2. West Africa. Rhektophyllum N. E. Brown
Leaves entire or lobed, not perforated. Ovary with a slightly projecting
parietal or sub-basal placenta. 21
21. Leaves oblong, shortly cordate at the base. Male inflorescence twice as
long as the female and contiguous to it. Stamens 2-3.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Cercestis Schott). Alocasiophyllum Engl.
Leaves sagittate or hastate. Stamens usually 4.—Species 7. West
Africa. Cercestis Schott
22. Stem creeping. Female inflorescence adnate to the spathe, as long as the
male. Ovary conical. Style present.—Species 1. Central Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. [Tribe CALLOPSIDEAE.] Callopsis Engl.
Stem climbing or erect. Female inflorescence free from the spathe.
Ovary subglobose. Style wanting.—Species 17. Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe CULCASIEAE.] Culcasia Beauv.
23. (17.) Spadix covered with fertile flowers to the top. Ovary with 4 or
more ovules. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Spathe funnel-shaped.—Species
10. South Africa and southern Central Africa; one species
(Z. aethiopica Spreng.) cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name
of “Calla” and naturalised in the island of Madeira. (Aroides Heist.,
Richardia Kunth). [Tribe ZANTEDESCHIEAE.] Zantedeschia Spreng.
Spadix ending in an appendage which is glabrous or covered with rudimentary
flowers, rarely without an appendage, but then ovary 1-2-ovuled
and leaves dissected. 24
24. Ovules inverted. Ovary usually 2-4-celled. Male and female portions
of the spadix contiguous, rarely separated by a glabrous interval without
barren flowers. Leaf 1, dissected. [Tribe AMORPHOPHALLEAE.] 25
Ovules straight. Ovary 1-celled. Seeds albuminous. Spadix with a
terminal appendage. [Tribe AREAE.] 27
25. Spadix ending in a flowerless appendage.—Species 35. Tropics. Some
have edible tubers or are used as ornamental plants. (Under Amorphophallus
Blume). (Plate 12.) Hydrosme Schott.
Spadix covered with flowers to the top; upper flowers sometimes reduced
{118}to barren stamens. 26
26. Ovary 1-celled. Male inflorescence as long as the female. Spathe boat-shaped.—Species
7. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. Anchomanes Schott
Ovary 2-celled. Male inflorescence longer than the female.—Species 2.
Equatorial West Africa. (Including Zyganthera N.E. Brown). Pseudohydrosme Engl.
27. Spadix unisexual (containing male or female flowers only). Stamens 2-4.
Ovules basal. Leaves dissected.—Species 4. East Africa. Some are
poisonous. Arisaema Mart.
Spadix bisexual (containing both male and female flowers). 28
28. Male inflorescence contiguous to the female. 29
Male inflorescence separated from the female by a distinct interval usually
covered with rudimentary flowers. 30
29. Stamen 1. Anther opening by a slit. Ovules basal. Leaves sagittate
or hastate.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and furnish
starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. Arisarum Targ. Tozz.
Stamens 3-4. Anthers opening by pores. Ovules basal or apical. Leaves
several dissected.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked,
and furnish starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. Dracunculus Schott
30. Interval between the male and the female inflorescence without rudimentary
flowers. Spathe divided into two chambers, one of which contains a
female flower, the other one several male flowers. Stamens 2. Ovules
numerous. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Ambrosinia Bassi
Interval between the male and the female inflorescence clothed with
rudimentary flowers. Spathe not 2-chambered. Female flowers
several. 31
31. Ovules 6 or more, parietal. Stamens 3-4. Leaves sagittate or hastate.—Species
2. North Africa. Poisonous and sometimes used as ornamental
plants. The tubers are edible when cooked and yield starch; they are
also used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. Arum L.
Ovules 1-4, basal. Stamens 1-2. Leaves linear, oblong, ovate, or dissected. 32
32. Ovule 1. Leaves several, entire.—Species 3. North Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield
starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. Biarum Schott
Ovules 2-4. Leaf 1, dissected.—Species 2. East Africa and Angola.
Used as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and
yield starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. Sauromatum Schott
{119}
FAMILY 20. LEMNACEAE
Floating herbs without distinct stems or leaves, consisting of leaf-or grain-like fronds. Inflorescence seated in a cavity of the frond and consisting of 1-2 male flowers and a female. Flowers monoecious, without a perianth. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-6 basal ovules and a funnel-shaped stigma. Seed-coat fleshy.—Genera 3, species 12.
1. Fronds rootless. Inflorescence on the back of the frond, without a spathe
and consisting of 1 male and 1 female flower.—Species 6. (Including
Wolffiella Hegelm., under Lemna L.) [Subfamily WOLFFIOIDEAE.] Wolffia Horkel
Fronds with roots. Inflorescence at the margin of the frond, consisting of
2 male and a female flower enclosed by a spathe. [Subfamily LEMNOIDEAE.] 2
2. Fronds with one root each, 3-5-nerved.—Species 5. Some are used in
medicine. “Duckweed.” Lemna L.
Fronds with several roots each, many-nerved.—Species 1. (Under Lemna
L.) Spirodela Schleid.
ORDER FARINOSAE
SUBORDER FLAGELLARIINEAE
FAMILY 21. FLAGELLARIACEAE
Climbing herbs. Leaves lanceolate, ending in a tendril. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free, subpetaloid, yellowish or whitish, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner. Stamens 6. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with a solitary, inverted ovule in the inner angle of each cell. Style with 3 linear, recurved stigmas. Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a small marginal embryo.
Genus 1. Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used in medicine
and for plaiting-work. Flagellaria L.
SUBORDER ENANTIOBLASTAE
FAMILY 22. RESTIONACEAE
Grass-like herbs. Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers in spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles, regular, unisexual. Perianth of 3-6 membranous or scarious segments, imbricate in bud, rarely absent in the female flowers. Stamens 2-3. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1-3 pendulous, straight ovules. Fruit dry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a marginal embryo.—Genera 12. Species 230. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Plate 13.)
1. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-3-celled when young. Fruit 1-celled,
indehiscent. 2
{120}Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit 1-3-celled, dehiscent. Flowers dioecious. 10
2. Spikelets, all or most of them, bisexual, containing a male and a female
flower, arranged in spikes. Styles 2.—Species 1. South Africa. Phyllocomos Mast.
Spikelets unisexual. 3
3. Female spikelets 1-flowered. Styles or stigmas 2. 4
Female spikelets 2-many-flowered, very rarely 1-flowered, but then stigmas
3. 6
4. Glumes distant. Male spikelets in panicles, female in spikes.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including Ceratocaryum Nees). Willdenowia Thunb.
Glumes closely imbricate. 5
5. Female flowers on a thick stalk. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Fruits more
or less distinctly stalked.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). Hypodiscus Nees
Female flowers on a thin stalk or sessile. Styles 2. Fruits sessile.—Species
20. South Africa to Nyasaland. Hypolaena R. Br.
6. Outer perianth-segments of the female flowers winged on the keel. 7
Outer perianth-segments not winged. Styles 2-3. 8
7. Style 1. Female spikelets in spikes.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Thamnochortus Berg
Styles 2-3. Female spikelets solitary or in fascicles.—Species 5. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Thamnochortus Berg). Staberoha Kunth
8. Female spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3 on the top of the stem,
2-5-flowered. Outer perianth-segments larger than the inner. Styles
2.—Species 8. South Africa (Cape Colony). Cannomois Beauv.
Female spikelets in spikes or panicles. Outer perianth-segments as large
as or smaller than the inner, more rarely larger, but then styles 3. 9
9. Leaf-sheaths persistent. Styles 3.—Species 15. South Africa. Leptocarpus R. Br.
Leaf-sheaths deciduous, more rarely persistent, but then styles 2.—Species
30. South Africa. (Including Lamprocaulos Mast.) Elegia L.
10. (1.) Leaf-sheaths persistent.—Species 100. South Africa. (Plate 13.) Restio L.
Leaf-sheaths, at least the upper ones, deciduous. Spikelets few-flowered. 11
11. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Female spikelets in short spikes.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Askidiosperma Steud.
Ovary and fruit 3-celled.—Species 15. South Africa. Dovea Kunth
FAMILY 23. MAYACACEAE
Herbs. Leaves alternate, linear, 2-toothed at the apex. Flowers in axillary, 2-3-flowered umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth consisting of 3 imbricate sepals and 3 imbricate petals. Stamens 3. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, straight. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Mayaca Aubl.
RESTIONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 13.
J. Fleischmann del.
Restio compressus Rottb.
A Upper part of a plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Male flower. D Male flower cut lengthwise.
XYRIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 14.
J. Fleischmann del.
Xyris angustifolia De Wild. & Dur.
A Plant in flower. B Flower (the third sepal has fallen off). C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 24. XYRIDACEAE
Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in spikes or heads with an involucre of imbricate bracts, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, one much larger than the others and deciduous. Petals 3, united below into a tube. Fertile stamens 3, adnate to the petals; staminodes 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Ovules numerous, straight. Style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen. (Plate 14.)
Genus 1, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. Xyris L.
FAMILY 25. ERIOCAULACEAE
Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre, very small, monoecious. Perianth membranous, simple or double, rarely in the female flowers none. Stamens 2-6. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Fruit capsular. Embryo small, at the apex of the albumen.—Genera 4, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 15.)
1. Stamens 2-3, opposite the petals. Petals of the male flowers united
below, without a gland on the inside. Style-branches 6, three of which
bear a stigma, rarely 3. [Subfamily PAEPALANTHOIDEAE.] 2
Stamens 4-6, very rarely fewer, but then petals free. Petals usually with
a gland on the inside near the apex. Style-branches 2-3, without
alternating appendages. [Subfamily ERIOCAULOIDEAE.] 3
2. Petals of the female flowers united at their middle part.—Species 6. Central
and South Africa. (Under Paepalanthus Mart.) Syngonanthus Ruhl.
Petals of the female flowers free.—Species 3. West Africa and Mascarene
Islands. Paepalanthus Mart.
3. Petals united into a tube, but free at the base in the female flowers. Inner
involucral bracts more or less spreading. Stamens 6.—Species 8.
Tropics. Some are used in medicine. (Plate 15.) Mesanthemum Koern.
Petals free or absent. Inner involucral bracts rarely spreading.—Species
60. Tropical and South Africa. Eriocaulon L.
SUBORDER BROMELIINEAE
FAMILY 26. RAPATEACEAE
Herbs. Leaves radical, lanceolate. Flowers in heads with 2 large involucral bracts, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like, yellow or whitish, 6-lobed. Stamens 6, inserted in the tube of the perianth. Anthers linear, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 1 ascending, inverted ovule in each cell. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo near the apex of the mealy albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. West Africa (Liberia). Maschalocephalus Gilg & Schum.
{122}
FAMILY 27. BROMELIACEAE
Herbs. Leaves for the most part radical, linear, toothed. Inflorescence terminal, cone-shaped. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Petals slightly cohering and bearing two scales at the base. Stamens 6, slightly adhering to the petals. Anthers linear, turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 3-celled, with many axile, inverted ovules. Style 1; stigmas 3. Fruits berry-like, united into a cone-shaped head. Embryo near the base of the mealy albumen.
Genus 1, species 1 (A. sativus Schult., pine-apple). Cultivated and often
naturalised in the tropics. The edible fruit and the fibres of the
leaves are used. (Ananassa Lindl.) Ananas Adans.
SUBORDER COMMELININEAE
FAMILY 28. COMMELINACEAE
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, more or less distinctly separated into sepals and petals. Fertile stamens 2-6. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Ovules straight. Style terminal. Embryo near the apex of the more or less mealy albumen.—Genera 12, species 160. (Plate 16.)
1. Fruit indehiscent, ovate or globular. Ovary 3-celled. Petals free, white,
more rarely pale pink or blueish. Inflorescence a panicle without
spathe-like bracts. [Tribe POLLIEAE.] 2
Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. 3
2. Pericarp succulent. Margin of the leaves silky. Perfect stamens 3.—Species
10. West Africa and Upper Nile. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Palisota Reichb.
Pericarp crusty. Margin of the leaves nearly glabrous. Perfect stamens
3 or 6.—Species 5. Tropics. Pollia Thunb.
3. Fertile stamens 2-3, sterile ones 0-4, often bearing empty anthers.
[Tribe COMMELINEAE.] 4
Fertile stamens 5-6. [Tribe TRADESCANTIEAE.] 7
4. Inflorescence in the axil of spathe-like bracts. 5
Inflorescence without spathe-like bracts. 6
5. Sterile stamens with linear anther-halves cohering at the base. Ovary
2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals white. Spathes on the
elongate branches of a panicle.—Species 1. West Africa. Polyspatha Benth.
Sterile stamens with cross-shaped anthers. Ovary usually 3-celled. Petals
usually blue.—Species 80. Some have an edible root-stock or yield
vegetables, medicaments, or dyeing-materials; others are used as
ornamental plants. Commelina L.
6. Sepals large, equal, lanceolate, acute. Petals equal. Fruit with 3 equal-sized,
many-seeded cells.—Species 1. East Africa. Anthericopsis Engl.
ERIOCAULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 15.
J. Fleischmann del.
Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern.
A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence cut lengthwise. C Bract. D Male flower. E Male flower laid open. F Older female flower (from which the sepals have been removed excepting one). G Older female flower laid open (the ovary cut lengthwise).
COMMELINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 16.
J. Fleischmann del.
Aneilema beninense Kunth
A Flowering branch. B Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).
Sepals small, unequal, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse. Petals unequal.
Fruit with 2 cells, more rarely with 3, one of which is smaller and 1-2-seeded.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Plate 16.) Aneilema R. Br.
7. Petals united below into a tube, but sometimes free at the base, blueish or
reddish. Ovary 3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 8
Petals free or nearly so. 9
8. Stamens inserted towards the top of the corolla-tube. Petals united from
the base.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Coleotrype C. B. Clarke
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Petals free at the base.—Species
15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Cyanotis Don
9. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit ovate. Filaments glabrous.
Petals red or yellow. Inflorescence a panicle.—Species 9. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Floscopa Lour.
Ovary 3-celled. 10
10. Ovules 4-10 in each cell. Fruit oblong. Filaments glabrous. Petals
whitish. Inflorescence a panicle.—Species 2. Central Africa. Buforrestia C. B. Clarke
Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globular. Stamens hairy. Inflorescence
spike-, head-, or umbel-like. 11
11. Ovules 2 in each cell; in the dorsal cell sometimes solitary. Fruit subglobular.
Stamens with a narrow connective. Sepals herbaceous, green.
Inflorescence spike- or head-like. Stem long.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Forrestia A. Rich.
Ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit ovoid. Stamens with a broad connective.
Sepals subpetaloid. Inflorescence umbel-like and surrounded by an
involucre of two bracts. Stem short.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Rhoeo Hance
SUBORDER PONTEDERIINEAE
FAMILY 29. PONTEDERIACEAE
Aquatic herbs. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, without bracts, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, white, yellow or blue, united below into a tube, rarely nearly free. Stamens 3 or 6, affixed to the perianth. Anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal, many-seeded capsule. Seeds with a ribbed testa, a copious mealy albumen, and a long cylindrical embryo.—Genera 3, species 5. Tropics.
1. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Perianth funnel-shaped,
with a distinct tube.—Species 3. Central Africa. Heteranthera Ruiz & Pav.
{124}Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Perianth blue or violet. 2
2. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube; Filaments thread-like. Anthers
attached by the back. Stigma entire or shortly lobed.—Species 1.
Tropics. Used as an ornamental plant. Eichhornia Kunth
Perianth bell-shaped, with nearly free segments. Filament of the largest
stamen toothed at the base. Anthers attached by the base. Stigma
deeply cleft.—Species 1. Central Africa (Upper Nile and Kasai).
Used as an ornamental plant, and in medicine. Monochoria Presl
FAMILY 30. CYANASTRACEAE
Herbs. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves elliptical or cordate, with curved main-nerves. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, provided with bracts. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, shortly united at the base. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, more or less united below. Anthers linear, longer than the filaments, opening by short slits at the apex. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, deeply lobed, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Style simple, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed with a thin testa, a copious albumen, and a transversely-ovate marginal embryo. (Under PONTEDERIACEAE or HAEMODORACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 5. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. (Schoenlandia
Cornu). Cyanastrum Oliv.
ORDER LILIIFLORAE
SUBORDER JUNCINEAE
FAMILY 31. JUNCACEAE
Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free, stiff, usually green. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules 3 or more, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 3, elongated. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight axile embryo and abundant albumen.—Genera 3, species 55. (Plate 17.)
1. Stem woody. Leaves at its top, stiff, serrate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 or
few ovules in each cell. Style very short. Seeds with a large embryo
and appressed testa.—Species 1. South Africa. It yields fibres and
vegetables and is used for plaiting-work. “Palmiet.” (Plate 17.) Prionium E. Mey.
Stem herbaceous. Style thread-like. Seeds with a small embryo. 2
2. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 basal ovules. Leaves with a closed sheath and
ciliate margins.—Species 10. North and South Africa and high mountains
of Central Africa. “Wood-rush.” Luzula DC.
Ovary 1-3-celled, with numerous parietal or axile ovules.—Species 45.
Some are used in medicine or for plaiting-work. “Rush.” Juncus L.
JUNCACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 17.
J. Fleischmann del.
Prionium serratum Drege
A Inflorescence. B Branch of the inflorescence. C Older flower. D Younger flower cut lengthwise. E Leaf.
LILIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 18.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dracaena Perrotetii Bak.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise.
SUBORDER LILIINEAE
FAMILY 32. LILIACEAE
Perianth more or less corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely fewer. Ovary superior, usually 2-5-celled, rarely 1-celled with parietal placentas. Seeds with a small embryo and abundant, fleshy or horny albumen.—Genera 79, species 1450. (Including COLCHICACEAE and SMILACEAE.) (Plate 18.)
1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm. 2
Underground part of the stem a rootstock or not distinctly developed. 41
2. Leaves all radical, rarely also some much smaller cauline leaves present. 3
Leaves distributed along the stem or crowded at its top. 31
3. Stem arising out of a corm, very short, underground during the time of
flowering, bearing 1-3 flowers at the top. Perianth with a very long,
sometimes split tube. Capsule opening septicidally. [Tribe COLCHICEAE.] 4
Stem arising out of a bulb. Flowers in racemes or umbels, very rarely
solitary. Perianth with a not very long tube or without a tube. Capsule
opening loculicidally. 5
4. Perianth-segments free.—Species 2. Algeria and Abyssinia. Used as
ornamental plants. Merendera Ram.
Perianth-segments united below.—Species 5. North Africa. Poisonous
and used as medicinal and ornamental plants. Colchicum L.
5. Flowers in cymose umbels or heads surrounded by 2-3 bracts. Scape
distinctly developed. Leaves usually linear. Perianth-segments free
or united at the base only. [Tribe ALLIEAE.] 6
Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or spikes, very rarely solitary, rarely in
umbels or heads surrounded by 3 or more bracts, but then scape almost
wanting, leaves oblong to ovate, spreading, and perianth-segments
united to the middle or higher up. 8
6. Inflorescence surrounded by narrow bracts. Radical leaves 1-3. Perianth
usually yellow.—Species 10. North Africa. Gagea Salisb.
Inflorescence surrounded by broad membranous bracts usually united
at the base. 7
7. Perianth-segments united into a short tube at the base. Filaments dilated.
Ovules in each ovary-cell 6-12. Smell not alliaceous.—Species 2.
Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North Africa, the Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Ornamental plants. (Milla Cav.) Nothoscordum Kunth
Perianth-segments free or nearly free. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, rarely
3-6. Smell alliaceous.—Species 30. North Africa, Abyssinia, southern
West Africa, and South Africa. Some of them (onion, leek, garlic) are
cultivated as vegetables or pot-herbs, and yield also condiments, medicaments,
{126}and glue; others are used as ornamental plants. Allium L.
8. Anthers attached by the base. Stem or inflorescence branched or twining.
Leaves vanishing before the time of flowering. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE,
Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] 9
Anthers attached by the back. Stem simple. [Tribe SCILLEAE.] 10
9. Inflorescence twining, bearing flowers on its upper branches only. Seeds
oblong, with a small embryo.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. Bowiea Harv.
Inflorescence bearing flowers on all its branches or not branched. Seeds
ovoid or globose, with a large embryo.—Species 7. South Africa to
Angola. Schizobasis Bak.
10. Flowers in nearly sessile heads or umbels surrounded by an involucre.
Perianth-segments united into a tube below. Leaves 2, oblong or
ovate. 11
Flowers in racemes or spikes, rarely solitary. 12
11. Perianth-segments very unequal. Filaments free.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Daubenya Lindl.
Perianth-segments subequal. Filaments united at the base.—Species 30.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Massonia Thunb.
12. Perianth-segments free or nearly free. 13
Perianth-segments united into a tube below. 18
13. Seeds flattened or sharply angled, more or less distinctly winged. Perianth
white, yellow, or green. 14
Seeds globose or obovoid. 15
14. Perianth persistent; inner segments somewhat shorter than the outer,
connivent at the top, hood-shaped or crested.—Species 70. South and
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Albuca L.
Perianth deciduous; segments subequal, spreading or connivent and
bell-shaped.—Species 55. Some of them are poisonous or used in medicine
or as ornamental plants. Urginea Steinh.
15. Inflorescence racemose, crowned by a tuft of leafy bracts. Perianth
greenish.—Species 10. South Africa to Nyasaland. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Eucomis L’Hér.
Inflorescence without a terminal tuft of bracts. 16
16. Perianth-segments convex, connivent at the top, whitish. Flowers in
spikes or spike-like racemes, sessile or short-stalked, the uppermost
abortive. Filaments broadened almost to the top.—Species 17. Central
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Drimiopsis Lindl.
Perianth-segments spreading or campanulately-connivent at the base.
Flowers in racemes, long- or short-stalked, in the latter case filaments
thread-shaped or broadened at the base only. 17
17. Perianth-segments 1-nerved, blue or red, rarely whitish or greenish. Stamens
affixed to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped or broadened at
{127}the base only.—Species 100. Some have edible bulbs or are used in
medicine or as ornamental plants. “Squill.” (Including Endymion
Dumort.) Scilla L.
Perianth-segments obscurely many-nerved, white or yellow and usually
striped, rarely brownish or greenish. Stamens usually free from the
perianth and with flattened filaments.—Species 90. Some have edible
bulbs. Ornithogalum L.
18. Perianth-tube cylindrical, linear or oblong in section. 19
Perianth-tube bell-, urn-, funnel-, or saucer-shaped. 23
19. Perianth-segments very short and broad, more or less ovate. 20
Perianth-segments narrow and more or less elongated. 21
20. Perianth falling off after flowering. Stamens inserted below the throat;
filaments very short. Ovules numerous. Seeds flattened. Leaves
awl-shaped. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 1. South Africa. Litanthus Harv.
Perianth withering. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube; filaments
thread-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds thick. Leaves strap-shaped.
Flowers in dense racemes.—Species 3. South Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. Veltheimia Gled.
21. Seeds flattened. Anthers linear. Perianth-segments unequal, the outer
spreading, the inner erect, as long as or shorter than the outer. Leaves
linear, usually more than 2.—Species 60. Dipcadi Medik.
Seeds thick. Anthers oblong. Perianth-segments equal or, if unequal,
the inner usually longer than the outer. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
more rarely linear, usually 2. 22
22. Perianth-segments equal, lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Stamens inserted
at the throat of the perianth. Leaves 2, oblong.—Species 10.
South Africa. Polyxena Kunth
Perianth-segments more or less unequal in length, oblong or spatulate.
Stamens inserted in the tube of the perianth.—Species 40. South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Lachenalia Jacq.
23. Perianth-segments very short, usually blue. 24
Perianth-segments half as long as the tube or longer. 25
24. Perianth urn-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell.—Species 7. North Africa.
Several species serve as ornamental plants; the bulbs are used in
medicine and as a substitute for soap. Muscari Mill.
Perianth bell-shaped. Ovules 5-6 in each cell.—Species 1. Madagascar. Rhodocodon Bak.
25. Perianth-segments unequal, the inner longer. Leaves 2, rarely 3-5.
(See 22.) Lachenalia Jacq.
Perianth-segments nearly equal. 26
26. Perianth with a very short tube and spreading segments. Filaments
united at the base. Leaves 2, broad. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Whiteheadia Harv.
Perianth with a more or less elongated tube, very rarely with a short tube,
{128}but with erect segments. Leaves 2, narrow, or more. 27
27. Seeds globular or obovoid, turgid. Ovules 2-6 in each cell.—Species
12. North and South Africa, southern East Africa, and Madagascar.
Some species are used in medicine, perfumery, or gardening. (Including
Bellevalia Lapeyr.). Hyacinthus L.
Seeds flattened or angular. Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Flowers
whitish. 28
28. Perianth-segments erect or converging. 29
Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. 30
29. Perianth funnel-shaped; segments half as long as the curved tube. Stamens
inserted at the throat. Ovary oblong. Style subulate. Leaves large,
lanceolate. Raceme dense, about 100-flowered.—Species 2. German
South-west Africa. Pseudogaltonia Kuntze
Perianth bell-shaped; segments as long as the tube or longer. Stamens
inserted below the throat. Ovary ovate. Style short, columnar.
Leaves short, linear. Raceme lax, 6-20-flowered.—Species 2. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Rhadamantus Salisb.
30. Perianth withering; segments as long as the tube, the outer oblong, the
inner obovate. Stamens inserted below the throat. Seeds angular.—Species
3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Galtonia Decne.
Perianth falling off after flowering; segments somewhat longer than the
tube, linear or oblong. Stamens inserted at the throat. Seeds discoid.—Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. Drimia Jacq.
31. (2.) Anthers turned outwards, opening outwards or laterally. Styles 3.
[Tribe ANGUILLARIEAE.] 32
Anthers turned inwards, opening inwards or laterally. Style 1, sometimes
very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Flowers solitary or in lax, few-flowered
racemes or umbels. 37
32. Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers long-stalked, solitary or in racemes,
rarely short-stalked and then solitary and axillary. Perianth dark
brown. 33
Capsule opening septicidally. Flowers sessile or short-stalked, in spikes,
spike-like racemes, or heads, rarely solitary and terminal. 34
33. Perianth deciduous; segments without a gland at the base. Stamens
with thickened filaments. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 10.
Tropics and northern South Africa. Iphigenia Kunth
Perianth persistent; segments with a gland at the base. Stamens with
thread-shaped filaments. Flowers in racemes.—Species 3. South
Africa, southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Used as ornamental
plants. Ornithoglossum Salisb.
34. Perianth-segments united below, persistent. Stigmas capitate. Flowers
in spikes, without bracts.—Species 4. South Africa and mountains
{129}of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Wurmbea Thunb.
Perianth-segments free, clawed. Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely
solitary or in spikes; in the latter case perianth deciduous and stigmas
on the inside of the styles. 35
35. Flowers in spikes, without bracts. Perianth deciduous, whitish. Ovary
3-lobed, obovate.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including
Neodregea Wright). Dipidax Salisb.
Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely solitary, provided with bracts. Perianth
persistent. 36
36. Flowers in racemes or solitary. Stigmas lateral. Ovary triangular-cylindrical.
Perianth yellow or red. Stem distinctly developed.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Baeometra Salisb.
Flowers in heads. Stigmas minute. Ovary usually ovoid.—Species
20. South, East, and North Africa. (Erythrostictus Schlecht.) Androcymbium Willd.
37. Flowers large, usually solitary. Perianth deciduous, bell- or funnel-shaped,
usually white or reddish. Anthers linear or oblong. Stigma usually
3-lobed. [Tribe TULIPEAE.] 38
Flowers rather small, usually umbellate. Perianth persistent, finally more
or less wheel-shaped with spreading segments, usually yellow. Anthers
ovate or oblong. Stigma usually simple. 40
38. Perianth funnel-shaped, white; segments recurved at the apex. Anthers
attached by the back. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. “Lily.” Lilium L.
Perianth bell-shaped, usually reddish; segments more or less erect, not
recurved. Anthers attached by the base. Flowers usually solitary. 39
39. Flowers drooping. Perianth-segments with a nectar-bearing pit or spot
at the base. Style long.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as ornamental plants. Fritillaria L.
Flowers erect, sometimes slightly drooping before flowering. Perianth-segments
without a pit, but often with a nectar-bearing spot at the base.
Style very short.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as
ornamental plants. “Tulip.” Tulipa L.
40. Perianth funnel-shaped, whitish, with oblong-ovate segments. Style short;
stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. North Africa (Cyrenaica). Lloydia Salisb.
Perianth wheel-shaped, usually yellow and with lanceolate segments. (See 6.) Gagea Salisb.
41. (1.) Branches leaf-like, but often awl-shaped. Leaves scale-like. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in fascicles, umbels, or racemes.
Fruit a berry. [Tribe ASPARAGEAE.] 42
Branches not leaf-like; stem usually simple. Leaves well developed. 44
42. Flowers inserted at the base of the usually linear leaf-like branches. Perianth-segments
free or slightly united at the base. Stamens 6, with free
filaments.—Species 80. Some of them are used as vegetables, medicinal-,
{130}ornamental-, or hedge-plants. (Including Myrsiphyllum Willd.) Asparagus L.
Flowers inserted on the surface or margin of the lanceolate or broader
leaf-like branches. Stamens with united filaments. 43
43. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united high up. Anthers 6.
Ovary 3-celled. Style distinctly developed; stigmas 3.—Species 1.
Canary Islands, Madeira, and Azores. Semele Kunth
Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments free. Anthers 3. Ovary 1-celled.
Style very short; stigma lobed.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as
ornamental and medicinal plants. Ruscus L.
44. Flowers solitary, axillary. Anthers turned outwards. Fruit capsular.
[Tribe UVULARIEAE.] 45
Flowers solitary but terminal or collected into various inflorescences.
Anthers turned inwards. 47
45. Perianth-segments free, spreading or reflexed. Style bent downwards at
the base.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Poisonous and used
as medicinal and ornamental plants; some of them yield starch. Gloriosa L.
Perianth-segments united below or connivent. Style not bent downwards. 46
46. Perianth-segments free or almost so, with a nectar-bearing cavity at their
base.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Littonia Hook. fil.
Perianth-segments united almost to the top into a pitcher-shaped tube,
with a short spur at the base.—Species 1. South-East Africa. Used as
an ornamental plant. Sandersonia Hook. fil.
47. Flowers solitary, in 2-3-flowered heads, in axillary cymes, or in umbels,
the latter sometimes arranged in racemes. 48
Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles, which are sometimes contracted
into many-flowered heads or consist of fascicles or cymes. 52
48. Stem herbaceous. Leaves radical, linear, parallel-veined. Inflorescence
terminal. Fruit a capsule. 49
Stem woody at least at the base, usually climbing. Leaves cauline, oblong
or broader, net-veined. Inflorescence axillary. Fruit a berry. 51
49. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-3, surrounded by an involucre of 5-7
bracts, sessile. Perianth-segments free. Ovary-cells with a single
ovule.—Species 1. North Africa. [Tribe APHYLLANTHEAE.] Aphyllanthes L.
Flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 bracts. Perianth-segments united below.
Ovary-cells with many ovules. [Tribe AGAPANTHEAE.] 50
50. Perianth with a long tube and a corona at the throat. Style short, columnar.—Species
20. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. Tulbaghia L.
Perianth with a short tube, without a corona. Style filiform. Seeds
winged.—Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Agapanthus L’ Hér.
51. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united below into
{131}a long tube.—Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe LUZURIAGEAE.] Behnia Didrichs.
Flowers in umbels, dioecious. Perianth-segments free.—Species 9. Some
of them are used medicinally. [Tribe SMILACEAE.] Smilax Tourn.
52. Perianth-segments free or almost so, more or less spreading. Stem herbaceous.
Ovary 3-celled. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE.] 53
Perianth-segments evidently united at their base or connivent into a long
tube, rarely almost free and not connivent into a tube, but then stem
woody, very seldom herbaceous plants growing upon trees and having
a 1-celled ovary. 66
53. Anthers attached by the base or between the lobes of the base. 54
Anthers attached by the back. 62
54. Anthers opening by terminal pores, sometimes prolonged into slits. Filaments
thickened. Perianth blue, rarely white. Fruit a berry. Leaves
2-ranked, linear. Flowers in lax panicles.—Species 2, one native in
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other one naturalized
in the Island of St. Helena. They are used as ornamental and medicinal
plants; the berries are poisonous. [Subtribe DIANELLINAE.] Dianella Lam.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit a capsule. Leaves in several
ranks or 1-2 only present. Flowers usually in racemes. 55
55. Anthers without a pit at the base. Perianth more or less campanulate.
Seeds woolly. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves 1-3, usually a single
leaf.—Species 50. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. [Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] Eriospermum Jacq.
Anthers attached to the filament in a small pit at the base. Perianth more
or less rotate. [Subtribes ANTHERICINAE and ASPHODELINAE.] 56
56. Perianth spirally twisted after flowering, blue violet or red. Ovules 2
in each ovary-cell. 57
Perianth not twisted, usually white. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 58
57. Stamens free or the inner attached to the perianth; filaments flattened.
Perianth blue. Stem very short, 2-3-flowered.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Nanolirion Benth.
Stamens attached to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped. Stem long,
many-flowered.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. Caesia R. Br.
58. Ovules many in each cell. Filaments short and broad. Perianth funnel-shaped,
with erect segments.—Species 3. West Africa. (Debesia
Kuntze). Acrospira Welw.
Ovules 4-8 in each cell. Filaments thread-shaped or slightly broadened
in the middle. 59
59. Stamens as long as or longer than the perianth. Flowers almost sessile. 60
Stamens shorter than the perianth. Flowers distinctly stalked. 61
60. Perianth-segments erect. Leaves broadly elliptical.—Species 1. Southern
West Africa. Verdickia De Wild.
Perianth-segments spreading. Leaves linear or lanceolate.—Species 15.
{132}Central Africa. (Under Chlorophytum Ker). Dasystachys Bak.
61. Fruit deeply 3-lobed or acutely angled. Seeds discoid.—Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Chlorophytum Ker
Fruit not distinctly lobed, obtusely angled. Filaments thread-shaped.—Species
120. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Phalangium
Juss.) Anthericum L.
62. (53.) Anthers attached to the filament in a small dorsal pit. 63
Anthers without a dorsal pit. 65
63. Perianth wheel-shaped, with spreading 5-nerved segments, white on the
inner face, violet or red on the outer. Filaments woolly. Seeds globular
or ovoid.—Species 1. North-West Africa. Used in medicine. Simethis Kunth
Perianth bell- or funnel-shaped, with more or less connivent, 1-nerved
segments. Seeds triquetrous. 64
64. Perianth yellow. Filaments distinctly unequal, bent downwards. Stem
bearing leaves to the middle or higher up.—Species 2. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Asphodeline Reichb.
Perianth white or reddish. Filaments subequal. Stem bearing leaves
at the base only.—Species 10. North Africa, northern East Africa, and
Mascarene Islands. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants
or for preparing glue. Asphodelus L.
65. Filaments glabrous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Perianth white or
yellow.—Species 9. South Africa. Bulbinella Kunth
Filaments bearded. Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow,
rarely whitish.—Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are
poisonous to cattle. Bulbine L.
66. (52.) Stamens free from the perianth, rarely (Lomatophyllum) slightly
attached to it at the base. Anthers attached to the tip of the filament
in a small pit. Perianth-segments evidently united or connivent into
a narrow tube at the base. Fruit a capsule which is rarely fleshy.
Leaves leathery and all radical, or more or less fleshy. [Tribe ALOINEAE.] 67
Stamens attached to the perianth, rarely almost free, but then anthers
without a pit, perianth-segments almost free, spreading or globosely-connivent,
fruit a berry, and leaves not fleshy. 75
67. Leaves leathery, minutely toothed or entire, radical or nearly so. Inflorescence
terminal, simple, densely racemose, upon an almost naked
stalk. Perianth usually yellow or red; limb regular or nearly so,
not 2-lipped. [Subtribe KNIPHOFIINAE.] 68
Leaves fleshy and usually prickly, generally inserted on a woody stem,
rarely leathery, but then inflorescence subcapitate or loosely racemose
or perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Inflorescence axillary, but often
apparently terminal. [Subtribe ALOINAE.] 69
68. Perianth campanulate, with a short and wide tube. Flowers spreading,
{133}rarely erect.—Species 5. South Africa to Angola. Notosceptrum Benth.
Perianth cylindrical, with a long and narrow tube. Flowers more or less
drooping, rarely erect.—Species 65. South and East Africa to Katanga
and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. Kniphofia Moench
69. Perianth-segments erect or converging. Flowers usually large and red or
yellow. 70
Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. Flowers usually small and
whitish. 72
70. Perianth-tube long, curved, swollen below, cylindrical above. Perianth
usually red. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Stem short. Leaves
not toothed. Racemes lax, one-sided.—Species 40. South Africa.
Most of them are used as ornamental plants. Gasteria Duval
Perianth-tube straight or almost so, cylindrical or campanulate. Perianth
usually reddish-yellow. Stamens as long as the perianth or somewhat
longer. 71
71. Flowers small, erect, whitish, with minute bracts. Perianth-segments
free. Stamens exserted. Filaments thread-shaped. Leaves not awned.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Aloë L.) Chamaealoë Berg.
Flowers large, spreading or drooping, yellow or red, rarely small erect
and whitish, but then bracts large, filaments flattened, and leaves long-awned.—Species
160. They yield fibre, vegetables, dye-stuffs, vermin-poison,
and medicaments, and are often used as ornamental plants. Aloë L.
72. Perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Fruit
dry. 73
Perianth with a regular, stellate limb. Stem woody. 74
73. Ovary and fruit conical, acuminate. Leaves leathery, jointed, dilated
at the base and forming a bulb.—Species 4. South Africa to Angola.
(Under Haworthia Duval) Chortolirion Berg.
Ovary and fruit rounded at the top. Leaves fleshy, not jointed and not
forming a bulb.—Species 60. South Africa to Angola. Some are used
as ornamental plants. Haworthia Duval
74. Perianth with short segments, whitish. Stamens equalling the perianth-tube.
Fruit dry.—Species 9. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Apicra Willd.
Perianth with long segments, red or green. Fruit fleshy.—Species 3. Mascarene
Islands. Used as ornamental plants. Lomatophyllum Willd.
75. (66.) Anthers attached to the tip of the filament in a pit at their back.
Ovary 3-celled with many ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery capsule.
Flowers yellowish-red, large, panicled. Leaves all radical. [Tribe
HEMEROCALLEAE.] 76
Anthers without a pit. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell, or
incompletely 6-celled, or 1-celled. Fruit a berry, rarely a fleshy capsule
{134}or a nut. Flowers usually whitish. 77
76. Leaves herbaceous. Inflorescence few-flowered. Seeds ovate, angled.—Species
1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. A garden-plant.
“Day-lily.” Hemerocallis L.
Leaves leathery. Inflorescence many-flowered. Seeds oblong, winged.—Species
1 (Ph. tenax Forst., New-Zealand-flax). Cultivated in South
Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Yields fibre and is used as an
ornamental and medicinal plant. Phormium Forst.
77. Perianth-segments globosely-campanulately converging, slightly cohering
at the base. Stamens with the filaments thickened at the apex and with
sagittate basifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with an incomplete
partition and numerous ovules. Leaves serrate, crowded at the top
of the woody stem.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalised in the
Mascarene Islands and the island of Zanzibar. They yield fibre and
starch and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe YUCCEAE.] Yucca L.
Perianth-segments spreading towards the tip. Stamens with thread-like
filaments or with dorsifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8
ovules in each cell, or 1-celled. [Tribe DRACAENEAE.] 78
78. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules. Style short or wanting. Anthers
attached at or near the base, opening laterally. Flowers polygamous,
in panicles formed of spikes. Leaves all radical.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. It yields fibre and is used as an ornamental plant. Astelia Banks & Soland.
Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the
back. 79
79. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. Style short and thick. Perianth-segments
almost free. Flowers in repeatedly branched panicles. Stem woody.—Species
2. Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. (Under
Cordyline Commers.) Cohnia Kunth
Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Style long and slender. Perianth-segments
evidently united. 80
80. Leaves all radical, springing from a short root-stock, cartilaginous. Flowers
in racemes composed of fascicles. Ovary sessile with a large base.
Fruit an achene with a membranous pericarp. Seed-coat fleshy.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Many of them yield fibre and
are used as ornamental plants. “Bowstring-hemp.” (Sanseverinia
Petagna). Sansevieria Thunb.
Leaves springing from a sometimes very short woody stem, herbaceous
or leathery. Fruit a berry.—Species 65. Tropical and South Africa
and Canary Islands. Several species yield a resin (dragon’s blood)
employed medicinally and industrially; some are used for plaiting-work
or as ornamental plants. Dracaena Vand.
FAMILY 33. HAEMODORACEAE
Herbs. Leaves narrow, 2-ranked. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Perianth yellow; segments 6, petal-like, free or{135} shortly united at the base. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments and attached at their base. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary 3-celled; two cells sometimes sterile. Style simple, with a simple stigma, rarely 3-parted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds flat. Embryo small, enclosed by the base of the albumen.—Genera 4, species 6. South Africa.
1. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. 2
Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Flowers regular. 3
2. Ovary with 1 fertile cell. Flowers regular, glabrous, in racemes.—Species
1. Natal and Kaffraria. Barberetta Harv.
Ovary with 3 fertile cells. Flowers irregular, hairy, in panicles.—Species 2.
Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. The roots contain a red
dye-stuff. Wachendorfia L.
3. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Flowers hairy, in panicles.—Species 2.
Cape Colony. Dilatris Berg
Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Flowers glabrous, solitary.—Species
1. Cape Colony. Pauridia Harv.
FAMILY 34. AMARYLLIDACEAE
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely (Gethyllis) more. Anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or (Walleria) almost superior, 3-celled, with slightly projecting axillary placentas. Ovules inverted. Embryo small, straight, lateral, enclosed by the fleshy albumen.—Genera 33, species 310. (Including HYPOXIDACEAE.) (Plate 19.)
1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm, rarely a short root-stock.
Leaves all radical. Flowers solitary or in umbels; inflorescence surrounded
by a spathe. [Subfamily AMARYLLIDOIDEAE.] 2
Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Flowers in spikes, racemes or
panicles, rarely solitary or in umbels, but without a spathe. 27
2. Perianth furnished with a corona, which sometimes is reduced to a narrow
ring or a crown of hairs. [Tribe NARCISSEAE.] 3
Perianth without a corona. [Tribe AMARYLLIDEAE.] 8
3. Stamens inserted within the corona. Corona cup- or ring-shaped or consisting
of 12 scales. [Subtribe NARCISSINAE.] 4
Stamens inserted on the edge of the cup- or funnel-shaped corona; corona
rarely reduced to a crown of hairs. 6
4. Corona of 12 free scales. Perianth tubular, red. Fruit a berry.—Species
2. Central Africa (British East Africa and Angola). Cryptostephanus Welw.
Corona cup- or ring-shaped, undivided or lobed. Perianth bell-, funnel-,
or salver-shaped, usually white or yellow. Fruit a capsule. 5
5. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, yellow. Corona little
developed, 6- or 12-lobed.—Species 1. North-West Africa. (Carregnoa
{136}Boiss.) Tapeinanthus Herb.
Perianth salver- or bell-shaped, with a more or less elongated tube.—Species
10. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants, in the preparation
of perfumes, and in medicine; some species are poisonous. (Including
Aurelia Gay and Corbularia Haw.) Narcissus L.
6. Perianth salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and linear segments, white.
Corona funnel-shaped. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1.
West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe EUCHARIDINAE.] Hymenocallis Salisb.
Perianth funnel-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cell. [Subtribe
PANCRATIINAE.] 7
7. Flowers white, regular. Corona large, cup-shaped. Stigma 1.—Species
8. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants,
for the preparation of starch, and in medicine. Pancratium L.
Flowers red, slightly irregular. Corona reduced to a crown of hairs.
Stigmas 3.—Species 2. Naturalised in the West African islands St.
Thomas and Princes Island. Ornamental plants. Hippeastrum Herb.
8. (2.) Ovules 1-6 in each cell of the ovary. Perianth-segments free or
united below into a short tube. [Subtribe HAEMANTHINAE.] 9
Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. 14
9. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Spathe consisting of two
narrow bracts. 10
Perianth with a distinct tube. Spathe of two broad bracts or of more than
two bracts. Anthers oblong, attached by the back. 11
10. Anthers globose, attached by the base. Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell.
Perianth red.—Species 10. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Including Carpolyza Salisb.) Hessea Herb.
Anthers oblong, attached by the back. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species
5. South Africa. Strumaria Jacq.
11. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell. Perianth reddish-yellow, funnel-shaped.
Spathe of more than 2 bracts. Leaves linear.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Clivia Lindl.
Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell. 12
12. Spathe consisting of 2 bracts. Pedicels long. Perianth red, salver-shaped.
Fruit a capsule. Leaves linear.—Species 4. South Africa and southern
Central Africa. Used for the preparation of arrow-poison, in medicine,
and as ornamental plants. Buphane Herb.
Spathe consisting of more than 2 bracts. Pedicels short or rather short.
Fruit a berry. 13
13. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Perianth-tube very short. Umbels
rather few-flowered. Leaves very long and narrow, strap-shaped.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Demeusea De Wild. & Th. Dur.
Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube long.
Umbels many-flowered. Leaves rather short.—Species 45. South and
Central Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or
{137}medicinal plants. (Including Choananthus Rendle) Haemanthus L.
14. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. 15
Perianth with a distinct tube. 19
15. Perianth divided to the ovary, white, rarely reddish. Flowers regular,
middle-sized, solitary or in few-flowered umbels. [Subtribe GALANTHINAE.] 16
Perianth with a short tube, usually red. Flowers more or less irregular,
in umbels. [Subtribe AMARYLLIDINAE.] 17
16. Perianth-segments spreading, whitish. Anthers deeply sagittate at the
base. Flowers erect, in umbels.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Lapiedra Lag.
Perianth-segments converging. Anthers slightly sagittate at the base.
Flowers drooping.—Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental
plants and in medicine; the bulb is edible. Leucoium L.
17. Filaments thickened at the base. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obtusely angled,
3-valved.—Species 17. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Imhofia Heist.) Nerine Herb.
Filaments thread-shaped, free. Stigma entire. 18
18. Ovules sunk in the placentas. Ovary oblong. Fruit obtusely angled,
bursting irregularly. Perianth-segments oblong. Flowers drooping.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony); also naturalised in the Canary
Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Used as an ornamental plant; the
bulb is poisonous. Amaryllis L.
Ovules not sunk in the placentas. Ovary top-shaped. Fruit acutely
angled, 3-valved.—Species 10. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Brunsvigia Heist.
19. Flowers solitary. [Subtribe ZEPHYRANTHINAE.] 20
Flowers in umbels occasionally reduced to a single flower. [Subtribe
CRININAE.] 22
20. Perianth with a short tube, funnel-shaped, yellow. Filaments long.
Anthers oblong, attached at the back near the base. Scape above-ground.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental
plant. Sternbergia Waldst. & Kit.
Perianth with a long tube. Filaments very short. Anthers linear, attached
at the base. Scape underground. 21
21. Perianth salver-shaped, yellow or whitish. Stamens in a single row.—Species
9. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruit of some is eaten or
used in medicine. Gethyllis L.
Perianth funnel-shaped, white or reddish. Stamens in 2 rows.—Species
5. South Africa. Apodolirion Bak.
22. Perianth-tube perceptibly shorter than the limb. 23
Perianth about as long as or longer than the limb. 26
23. Flowers rather small, yellow or yellowish-white, almost regular. Perianth-segments
lanceolate, slightly longer than or twice as long as the tube.
{138}Stigmas 3.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Anoiganthus Bak.
Flowers large, red, reddish-yellow, or reddish-white. Stigma 1, simple
or 3-lobed. 24
24. Flowers almost regular. Perianth-segments elliptical, about twice as long
as the tube. Umbels 6-9-flowered. Fruit oblong.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. Vallota Herb.
Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments 3-4 times as long as
the tube. 25
25. Umbels 2-4-flowered. Scape hollow. Perianth hairy within. Fruit
globose. (See 7.) Hippeastrum Herb.
Umbels many-flowered; spathe of 2 bracts. Scape solid.—Species 2.
South Africa to Damaraland. Ammocharis Herb.
26. Ovules sunk in the placentas, usually few in each ovary-cell. Stigma very
small, capitate. Anthers linear. Scape solid.—Species 60. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Stenolirion Bak.) (Plate 19.) Crinum L.
Ovules not sunk in the placentas, many in each ovary-cell. Stigma more
or less distinctly 3-lobed or 3-parted. Anthers oblong. Scape hollow.—Species
25. South and East Africa and Angola. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Cyrtanthus Ait.
27. (1.) Leaves fleshy, very long (1-2 m.), in a rosette at the base or the
top of the stem. Very tall plants. [Subfamily AGAVOIDEAE.] 28
Leaves not fleshy and not very long. Smaller plants. [Subfamily HYPOXIDOIDEAE.] 30
28. Filaments longer than the perianth. Flowers in spikes or panicles, usually
greenish or yellow. Leaves at the top of a very short stem.—Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa
and some tropical islands. They yield fibre, fodder, drinks, medicaments,
and a substitute for soap, and are also used as hedge- or garden-plants. Agave L.
Filaments shorter than the perianth. 29
29. Filaments strongly thickened at the base. Flowers in panicles, white.
Fruit ovoid. Leaves at the top of a short stem.—Species 1. Cultivated
and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa and some tropical
islands. It yields fibre, and is used as a hedge- or garden-plant, also in
medicine. (Furcraea Vent.) Fourcroya Schult.
Filaments slightly thickened at the base. Flowers in capitate spikes,
red. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Leaves at the base of a long stem.—Species
1. Naturalised in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. Doryanthes Correa
30. Ovary inferior with many ovules in each cell. Perianth yellow, rarely
white or red. Leaves all radical, usually hairy like the peduncle. [Tribe
HYPOXIDEAE.] 31
Ovary inferior with 2 ovules in each cell or half-inferior or almost superior.
Perianth blue, red, or whitish. Leaves usually radical and cauline. 32
AMARYLLIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 19.
J. Fleischmann del.
Crinum abyssinicum Hochst.
A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise.
VELLOZIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 20.
J. Fleischmann del.
Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle
A Inflorescence. B Flower cut lengthwise.
31. Ovary beaked. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in dense spikes or heads.—Species
6. Tropical and South Africa. They yield fibre and are
used medicinally and as ornamental plants; some have an edible root-stock. Curculigo Gaertn.
Ovary not beaked. Fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary or in lax racemes
or umbels.—Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Including Ianthe Salisb.) Hypoxis L.
32. Ovary almost inferior with 2 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the back,
bursting lengthwise. Perianth with a distinct tube. Fruit 1-seeded.
Flowers in panicles. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence woolly.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). [Tribe CONOSTYLIDEAE.] Lanaria Ait.
Ovary half-inferior or almost superior, with several or many ovules in
each cell. Anthers attached at the base or near it, bursting at or towards
the apex. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Stem, leaves,
and inflorescence glabrous. [Tribe CONANTHEREAE.] 33
33. Ovary half-inferior. Stamens more or less unequal. Flowers usually
without bracteoles, solitary and terminal or arranged in racemes or
panicles. Leaves, all or most of them, crowded at the base of the stem.—Species
7. South Africa to Damaraland. Some have edible root-stocks
or are used as ornamental plants. Cyanella L.
Ovary almost superior. Stamens equal. Flowers blue, with bracteoles,
solitary or in pairs and axillary, or arranged in panicles. Leaves
scattered along the stem.—Species 5. Southern tropical Africa. Some
have edible root-stocks. Walleria Kirk
FAMILY 35. VELLOZIACEAE
Leaves linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments free or nearly so, petaloid, usually white. Stamens 6. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Placentas projecting and peltately dilated. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds black, compressed. Embryo very small, enclosed by the albumen. (Under AMARYLLIDEAE.) (Plate 20.)
Genus 1. Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Xerophyta Juss., under
Vellozia Vand.) Barbacenia Vand.
FAMILY 36. TACCACEAE
Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves all radical, large, stalked, twice pinnately divided. Flowers in an umbel-like inflorescence on a leafless scape, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth greenish-brown, bell-or urn-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens 6. Filaments hooded. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style short, umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, enclosed by the albumen.
Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants and for plaiting-work;
the tubers yield starch (arrowroot) and are edible when cooked. Tacca Forst.
{140}
FAMILY 37. DIOSCOREACEAE
Root-stock tuberous. Stem twining. Leaves alternate, net-veined, usually cordate. Flowers in racemes, inconspicuous, regular, unisexual. Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3. Embryo enclosed in a horny or cartilaginous albumen.—Genera 2, species 45. (Plate 21.)
Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged.—Species 3. North Africa. The tubers
are eaten and used in medicine; the berries are poisonous. (Tamnus
Juss.) Tamus L.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are cultivated for their edible tubers (yams) or used in medicine;
others are poisonous. (Including Testudinaria Salisb.) (Plate 21.) Dioscorea L.
SUBORDER IRIDINEAE
FAMILY 38. IRIDACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth with 6 petaloid segments. Stamens 3, inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, rarely (Hermodactylus) 1-celled. Style-branches usually divided or dilated. Ovules numerous, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Embryo enclosed by the horny albumen.—Genera 39, species 600. (Plate 22.)
1. Flowers solitary, terminal, sometimes surrounded by several axillary
flowers, each flower with a spathe. Perianth regular; inner and outer
segments nearly equal. Leaves not exactly 2-ranked. Stem short
or almost wanting. [Subfamily CROCOIDEAE.] 2
Flowers in various inflorescences, rarely spathes solitary, but 2- or more-flowered
or (if 1-flowered) the outer perianth-segments very different from
the inner ones. Leaves 2-ranked, folded one above the other, rarely
(Geosiris) reduced to scales. Stem distinctly developed. 5
2. Stem underground, very short. Perianth-tube very long. 3
Stem partly above ground. Perianth-tube short or moderately long. 4
3. Style-branches undivided, stigmatose inside. Perianth red or violet,
rarely white with red streaks.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). Syringodea Hook. fil.
Style-branches many-lobed or many-parted, stigmatose at the top.—Species
3; one of them only cultivated. North-West Africa. Used
as ornamental plants; the tubers are edible. The cultivated species
(C. sativus L.) yields the saffron, which is used as a condiment and for
dyeing. Crocus L.
4. Leaves crowded at the top of the very short stem. Perianth with a rather
long tube, yellow or violet. Filaments united into a tube. Style-branches
dilated above, petal-like.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Used as ornamental plants. Galaxia Thunb.
DIOSCOREACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 21.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax
A Flowering branch. B Male flower from above. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Group of fruits.
IRIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 22.
J. Fleischmann del.
Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Ovary cut lengthwise.
Leaves scattered along the stem or crowded at its base. Filaments free,
rarely united, but then perianth with a very short tube. Style-branches
not petal-like.—Species 50. South and North Africa and mountains of
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Trichonema
Ker). Romulea Maratti
5. (1.) Spathes 1-flowered, in spikes. Style-branches well developed, generally
alternate with the anthers, thread-shaped or thickened at the top,
more rarely dilated and almost petal-like, but undivided. Flower
usually more or less irregular. Stem leafy. [Subfamily IXIOIDEAE.] 6
Spathes 2- or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, but then style-branches
either reduced to short teeth, or opposite the anthers, petal-like, and
2-lobed. Flowers regular, but the inner perianth-segments often very
different from the outer ones. [Subfamily IRIDOIDEAE.] 23
6. Style-branches 2-parted. [Tribe WATSONIEAE.] 7
Style-branches undivided. 10
7. Flowers small. Perianth with a short tube, red or blue. Ovules 2 in
each ovary-cell.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Micranthus Pers.
Flowers large or rather large. Perianth with a long or rather long tube.
Ovules many in each ovary-cell. 8
8. Perianth-tube straight or nearly so. Filaments short, inserted at the
throat of the perianth.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some
have edible tubers or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 22.) Lapeyrousia Pourr.
Perianth-tube curved. Filaments long, inserted below the throat of the
perianth. 9
9. Spathes short, scarious. Perianth yellowish, with unequal segments.—Species
2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Freesia Klatt
Spathes rather long, rigid. Perianth red or white, with almost equal segments.—Species
15. South Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarenes. Some
are used as ornamental plants. Watsonia Mill.
10. (6.) Flowers distinctly irregular. [Tribe GLADIOLEAE.] 11
Flowers regular or almost so. Filaments and style straight. [Tribe
IXIEAE.] 18
11. Perianth curved. 12
Perianth straight. 13
12. Perianth-tube longer than the limb, filiform below, cylindrical above.
Stamens inserted in the basal part of the tube. Spathes small.—Species
20. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Including Anisanthus Sweet). Antholyza L.
Perianth-tube as long as or shorter than the limb, funnel-shaped.—Species
120. Some of them have edible bulbs, others are used in medicine
{142}or as ornamental plants. Gladiolus L.
13. Leaves folded, usually hairy. Perianth with a long tube.—Species 30.
South Africa and Island of Socotra. Several species have edible bulbs
or are used as ornamental plants. Babiana Ker
Leaves flat, glabrous. 14
14. Perianth-segments almost free, thinly acuminate, yellowish-green. Ovules
2-3 in each ovary-cell. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Melasphaerula Ker
Perianth-segments evidently united below, obtuse or shortly mucronate.
Ovules usually numerous. 15
15. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped (distinctly widened above). Style-branches
filiform. Spathe-bracts lacerated. 16
Perianth-tube more or less cylindrical (slightly or not widened above).
Style-branches usually dilated. Spathe-bracts entire or toothed. 17
16. Perianth 2-lipped, with a long or rather long tube, yellow or violet. Style-branches
short.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as
ornamental plants. Synnotia Sweet
Perianth regular, with a short or rather short tube, yellow, red or variegated.
Style-branches long.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used
as ornamental plants. The bulbs are edible. Sparaxis Ker
17. Spathe-bracts long, green, entire. Inflorescence spicate. Perianth nearly
always with a long tube.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. Acidanthera Hochst.
Spathe-bracts short, brown, toothed at the top. Inflorescence spicate
or paniculate. Perianth with a short or rather short tube.—Species
35. South and Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental
plants; some yield edible bulbs or a substitute for saffron. (Including
Crocosmia Planch., Montbretia DC., and Tritonixia Klatt). Tritonia Ker
18. (10.) Style-branches club-shaped. 19
Style-branches linear or subulate. 20
19. Stigmas notched. Flowers white or yellow. Spathe-bracts lacerated.
Leaves short.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Streptanthera Sweet
Stigmas entire. Flowers white or red. Spathe-bracts entire. Leaves
long.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Dierama C. Koch
20. Style-branches linear, slightly dilated, short. Outer spathe-bract brown.—Species
20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Morphixia Ker). Ixia L.
Style-branches subulate. Spathe-bracts green or brown at the tip. 21
21. Style long, with short branches.—Species 35. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Geissorrhiza Ker
{143}Style short, with long branches. 22
22. Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Perianth red. Filaments as
long as or longer than the anthers.—Species 2. South Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. Schizostylis Backh. & Harv.
Underground part of the stem a corm. Filaments short.—Species 35.
South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Hesperantha Ker
23. (5.) Style-branches undivided, very short or thread-shaped or somewhat
broadened at the top, but not petal-like, nearly always alternate with the
stamens. 24
Style-branches more or less divided or petal-like, opposite the stamens.
Perianth with a short tube or without a tube. Fruit not enclosed by the
spathe. 32
24. Perianth with a distinct tube. Filaments free. Style-branches very
short. Fruit, wholly or for the greater part, enclosed by the spathe.
[Tribe ARISTEAE, Subtribe ARISTINAE.] 25
Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Style-branches usually
long. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe. [Tribe SISYRINCHIEAE.] 30
25. Perianth-segments very unequal, the inner much larger than the outer,
blueish, the outer black; tube short. Spathes 2-3-flowered, solitary
or in corymbs.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Cleanthe Salisb.
Perianth-segments almost equal. 26
26. Stem and leaves without green colour. Leaves short, scale-like. Flowers
in umbel-like cymes. Perianth white, with a short tube.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Geosiris Baill.
Stem and leaves green. Leaves long, linear or sword-shaped. Perianth
blue, rarely yellowish or whitish. 27
27. Spathes 3- or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes, racemes or corymbs.
Herbs. Perianth with a short tube.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Aristea Ait.
Spathes 1-2-flowered. Undershrubs. 28
28. Perianth with a short tube and clawed segments, blue. Filaments long.
Spathes in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Klattia Bak.
Perianth with a long tube. Filaments short. 29
29. Perianth blue, glabrous, with a cylindrical tube. Filaments awl-shaped.
Anthers small. Spathes solitary or in corymbs.—Species 2. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. (Under Aristea Ait.) Nivenia Vent.
Perianth greenish-yellow, hairy outside, with a funnel-shaped tube. Filaments
flat. Anthers large. Spathes surrounded by empty bracts and
arranged in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as
{144}an ornamental plant; the stem contains sugar. Witsenia Thunb.
30. Filaments united into a tube. Perianth blue.—Species 1. Naturalised in
the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental plant. [Subtribe SISYRICHINAE.] Sisyrinchium L.
Filaments free or nearly so. Perianth yellow or red. [Subtribe LIBERTINAE]. 31
31. Stem leafy. Spathes in lax corymbs. Perianth orange-coloured. Style
filiform, with club-shaped, erect or spreading stigmas.—Species 1.
Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental and medicinal
plant. Belamcanda Adans.
Stem leafless. Spathes solitary or in heads. Perianth pale yellow. Style
very short, with thread-shaped, recurved stigmas.—Species 6. South
Africa. Bobartia Ker
32. (23.) Stigmas at the tip of the style-branches. Inner and outer perianth-segments
almost equal. Filaments united. Underground part of the
stem a bulb. [Tribe TIGRIDIEAE, subtribe CIPURINAE.] 33
Stigmas on the underside of the dilated style-branches. Inner and outer
perianth-segments unequal. [Tribe MORAEEAE.] 36
33. Style-branches simple or one of them forked. 34
Style-branches divided. Perianth-segments usually crisped. 35
34. Perianth white, divided to the ovary.—Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal). Keitia Regel
Perianth yellow or brownish-red, with a short tube.—Species 12. South
Africa; one species also naturalised in St. Helena. Used as ornamental
plants. Homeria Vent.
35. Perianth yellow, divided to the ovary, twisting up in fading. Style-branches
cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Hexaglottis Vent.
Perianth greenish brownish or red, with a short tube. Style-branches
dilated, fringed on the margin.—Species 8. South Africa and southern
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Ferraria L.
36. Style-branches broadened, but not petal-like. Perianth blue; segments
free, the inner with the edges rolled inwards and the tip recurved. Filaments
free. Scape flattened.—Species 1. Angola and islands of
equatorial West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe
MARICINAE.] Marica Ker
Style-branches winged, petal-like. [Subtribe IRIDINAE.] 37
37. Perianth-segments free, not bearded. Filaments usually united.—Species
60. Southern and tropical Africa. Several species have edible root-stocks,
others are poisonous, many are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Dietes Salisb. and Vieusseuxia Delaroche). Moraea L.
Perianth-segments united at the base. Filaments free. 38
38. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentas. Inner perianth-segments linear,
{145}acuminate.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Hermodactylus Adans.
Ovary 3-celled, with axile placentas.—Species 15. North Africa. Many
of them are used as ornamental plants, some are poisonous; the root-stock
of several species (orris-root) is edible and yields tanning materials,
perfumes, and medicaments. Iris L.
ORDER SCITAMINEAE
FAMILY 39. MUSACEAE
Tall herbaceous plants. Leaves with a large, oblong or ovate, penni-nerved blade. Flowers subtended by large bracts and arranged in usually spicate rows or cymes, irregular. Perianth corolla-like. Fertile stamens 5, rarely 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style free from the stamens, 3-6-lobed. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 4, species 25. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 23.)
1. Leaves spirally arranged. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-2 rows of
flowers. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Sepals and two of the
petals united below. Fruit berry-like. Seeds without an aril.—Species
15, growing wild in the tropics, besides 4 (especially M. paradisiaca L.)
which are cultivated in various regions. They yield fibre (Manila hemp),
tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, and edible fruits (bananas and
plantains), from which also starch, sugar, vinegar, and alcoholic liquor
are made. Some species are used as ornamental plants. [Subfamily
MUSOIDEAE.] Musa L.
Leaves 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals free or the lateral ones united with the petals. Fruit capsular.
[Subfamily STRELITZIOIDEAE.] 2
2. Odd sepal posterior. Petals united at the base. Ovules solitary in each
ovary-cell. Fruit opening septicidally. Seeds without an aril.—Species
1. Naturalised on the Canary Islands. An ornamental plant;
the root-stock is edible. [Tribe HELICONIEAE.] Heliconia L.
Odd sepal anterior. Petals free, at least one of them. Ovules many
in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening loculicidally. Seeds with an aril.
[Tribe STRELITZIEAE.] 3
3. Petals very unequal, the two lateral ones elongated, connate on one side,
provided with a wing-like appendage on the other, the third petal very
short. Stamens 5. Aril yellow. Inflorescence few-flowered. Stem
moderately tall.—Species 4. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Plate 23.) Strelitzia L.
Petals subequal, free, without an appendage. Stamens 6. Aril blue.
Inflorescence many-flowered. Stem very tall. Species 1 (R. madagascariensis
Sonn., traveller’s tree). Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.
The leaves are used in house-building; their sheaths retain much water;
the sap also furnishes a drink. The seeds are edible and yield a fat. Ravenala Adans.
{146}
FAMILY 40. ZINGIBERACEAE
Herbs. Stem simple, springing from a root-stock. Leaves stalked or provided with a sheath, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in spikes racemes heads or panicles, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite, very rarely dioecious. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Sepals united below. Petals subequal, united below. Fertile stamen 1. Anther 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes 1-3, petal-like, at least one of them (the lip). Ovary inferior, more or less completely 3-celled. Ovules numerous. Style enclosed in a groove of the filament. Stigma funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seed with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 11, species 120. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 24.)
1. Leaves spirally arranged; sheath at first closed, articulated with the
petiole. Filaments petal-like. Lateral staminodes wanting. Epigynous
glands none. Stem and leaves not aromatic.—Species 35. Central
Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and
in the preparation of rubber. (Including Cadalvena Fenzl). [Subfamily
COSTOIDEAE.] Costus L.
Leaves two-ranked; sheath split open, not articulated with the petiole.
Epigynous glands present, often style-like. Stem and leaves aromatic.
[Subfamily ZINGIBEROIDEAE.] 2
2. Lateral staminodes petal-like, but sometimes adnate to the lip, which then
appears 3-lobed. [Tribe HEDYCHIEAE.] 3
Lateral staminodes linear, tooth-like, or wanting; in the latter case lip
not distinctly 3-lobed. [Tribe ZINGIBEREAE.] 5
3. Connective spurred. Lateral staminodes adnate below to the filament
of the fertile stamen.—Species 1 (C. longa L.). Cultivated and
sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock yields starch,
condiments, medicaments, perfumes, and dyeing-materials (turmeric);
the leaves are used for plaiting-work. Curcuma L.
Connective not spurred. Lateral staminodes free from the filament of the
fertile stamen. 4
4. Connective with a crest-like appendage. Filament short. Lateral staminodes
broad.—Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. Kaempfera L.
Connective without an appendage. Filament long. Lateral staminodes
narrow. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.—Species 3, two of
them natives of Madagascar, the third naturalised in the tropics. Ornamental
plants; the tubers yield condiments, perfumes, and medicaments. Hedychium Koen.
5. Connective with a distinct appendage. Flowering stem separated from the
leafy stem. 6
Connective without a distinct appendage. 8
MUSACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 23.
J. Fleischmann del.
Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait.
A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens and inner petals.
ZINGIBERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 24.
J. Fleischmann del.
Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. & Dur.) K. Schum.
A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.
6. Connective with a grooved beak. Lip 3-lobed.—Species 2. Cultivated
and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock is used as a
condiment, especially for the preparation of liquors, and in medicine.
“Ginger.” Zingiber L.
Connective with an oblong or 3-lobed, not grooved appendage. Lip not
distinctly 3-lobed. 7
7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the
base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons)
and Madagascar. Aulotandra Gagnepain
Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip. Inflorescence
dense.—Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of paradise)
of several species (especially A. melegueta Roscoe) are used as a condiment
and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; others serve
as ornamental plants. (Under Amomum L.) (Plate 24.) Aframomum K. Schum.
8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating
the leafy stem.—Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions. Ornamental
plants. Alpinia L.
Filament short. Lip clawed. 9
9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base. Epigynous
glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem. Inflorescence
very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured
involucre.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used
as an ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (Nicolaia Horan.,
under Amomum L.) Phaeomeria Lindl.
Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament. 10
10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly exceeding
the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the base of
the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.—Species 1 (E. Cardamomum White
et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the Mascarene
Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and for
the preparation of perfumes and medicaments. Elettaria Maton
Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence
usually terminal.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Ethanium Salisb.) Renealmia L. f.
FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE
Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under SCITAMINEAE.)
Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various regions.
They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing materials, and
are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.” Canna L.
{148}
FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes 2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.—Genera 12, species 60. Tropics. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 25.)
1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.] 2
Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe
PHRYNIEAE.] 3
2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform
appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers
each.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Thalia L.
Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing
3 pairs of flowers each.—Species 1 (M. arundinacea L.) Cultivated
and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains
starch (arrow-root). Maranta L.
3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from
the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar. Thaumatococcus Benth.
Staminodes 4, rarely 3. 4
4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each. Ovary
with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under
Myrosma Benth. or Phrynium Willd.) Ctenophrynium K. Schum.
Bracts in two opposite rows. 5
5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales inserted above
the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually accompany the
bracts. 6
Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles. 8
6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger half
all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence panicle-,
very rarely spike-like.—Species 13. West Africa. Some have edible
fruits. (Under Phrynium Willd. or Phyllodes Lour.) Sarcophrynium K. Schum.
Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry. Leaves
having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side. Undershrubs
or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence spike-like. 7
7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an aril.
Flower-pairs without a bracteole.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under
Trachyphrynium Benth.) Hybophrynium K. Schum.
MARANTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 25.
J. Fleischmann del.
Clinogyne arillata K. Schum.
A Flowering branch. B Flower.
ORCHIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 26.
J. Fleischmann del.
Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. fil.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Flower in longitudinal section (the spur cut off near the base).
Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without an
aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.—Species 6. West Africa. Trachyphrynium Benth.
8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from the 1-leafed
stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of them, equalling
the outer.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Calathea
Mey.) Afrocalathea K. Schum.
Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its
branches. 9
9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a strap-shaped
appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers each.
Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon). Ataenidia Gagnepain
Inner staminodes smaller than the outer. 10
10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds. Inflorescence
consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair of
flowers each, persistent.—Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in the
preparation of salt. (Under Clinogyne Benth. or Donax Lour.) Halopegia K. Schum.
Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each. 11
11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.—Species 2. West Africa.
(Under Calathea Mey.) Phrynium Willd.
Inflorescence raceme- or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.—Species 25.
West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield
starch or fibre. (Donax Lour., including Marantochloa Griseb.) (Plate
25.) Clinogyne Salisb.
ORDER MICROSPERMAE
SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE
FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE
Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa loose.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. [Tribe
BURMANNIEAE.] 2
Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.] 3
2. Ovary 1-celled.—Species 3. Central Africa. Gymnosiphon Blume
{150}Ovary 3-celled.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Burmannia L.
3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma
3-parted.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Oxygyne Schlecht.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma
6-toothed.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Thismia
Griff.) Afrothismia (Engl.) Schlecht.
SUBORDER GYNANDRAE
FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE
Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.—Genera 96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)
1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the
sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into
tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.] 2
Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages. 37
2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs or
without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the
back. 3
Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly
reflected, but then lip with one spur. 14
3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a large
appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the
middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.] 4
Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate to it,
but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe SATYRIINAE.] 7
4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.—Species 10. South Africa. Corycium Swartz
Lateral sepals free. 5
5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa. Disperis Swartz
Lateral sepals flat. 6
6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.—Species
15. South Africa. (Including Ommatodium Lindl.) Pterygodium Swartz
Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.—Species 8. South
{151}Africa (Cape Colony). Ceratandra Eckl.
7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending
spurs or sacs.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used in medicine. (Including Aviceps Lindl. and Satyridium Lindl.) Satyrium Swartz
Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like cavity. 8
8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous. 9
Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous. 13
9. Lip more or less saccate at the base. 10
Lip flat. 11
10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in
the middle of the stem.—Species 9. South Africa and mountains of
the tropics. Brownleea Harv.
Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves
at the base of the stem.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Under Disa Berg). Schizodium Lindl.
11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are attached;
side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.—Species 110. Southern and
tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Penthea Lindl.) Disa Berg
Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the
middle-lobe. 12
12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.—Species
10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under Disa Berg). Herschelia Lindl.
Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Disa Berg). Monadenia Lindl.
13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped.
Stigma not extended in two branches.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Disa Berg). Forficaria Lindl.
Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear branches.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Pachites Lindl.
14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. [Subtribe
HABENARIINAE.] 15
Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short. 21
15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, not prolonged
into anther-channels. Column very short.—Species 10. Tropics.
(Under Habenaria L. or Platanthera Rich.) Peristylus Blume
Stigmatic processes free 16
16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels.
Perianth subglobose.— Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Acrostylia Frapp.
Column short 17
17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not enclosed
by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.—Species 7. Central
{152}Africa. (Under Habenaria Willd.) Roeperocharis Reichb.
Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the
base into two lateral anther-channels. 18
18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad. 19
Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender. 20
19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, entire,
with a long spur. Petals broad.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.
(Under Habenaria Willd.) Barlaea Reichb. fil.
Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or
broader, usually lobed.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Cynosorchis Thouars, including Amphorchis Thouars, Hemiperis Frapp.,
and Camilleugenia Frapp.) Cynorchis Thouars
20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur short.—Species 1.
North-west Africa. (Tinea Biv.) Neotinea Reichb. fil.
Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.—Species 210. (Including Bonatea
Willd., Platycoryne Reichb., and Podandria Rolfe). Habenaria Willd.
21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding from
the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. [Subtribe
SERAPIADINAE.] 22
Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther or naked,
rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the rostellum and carried
away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe GYMNADENIINAE.] 27
22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually convex,
gibbous and hairy.—Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield
medicaments (salep) and mucilage. Ophrys L.
Glands enclosed in a common pouch. 23
23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.—Species 20. North Africa. The tubers
yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. Orchis L.
Glands united into one. 24
24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. Lip
not spurred; middle-lobe entire.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
They yield medicaments and mucilage. Serapias L.
Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the apex.
Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. 25
25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally 3-lobed,
flat in the bud.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It yields
medicaments and mucilage. (Under Orchis L.) Anacamptis Rich.
Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent inwards
or rolled up in the bud. 26
26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in the bud.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Aceras R. Br. or
Orchis L.) Himantoglossum Spreng.
Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther in the
{153}bud.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Barlia Parl.) Aceras R. Br.
27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum narrow.
Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses short.
Column short. Lip with a short spur.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Bucculina Lindl., Deroemeria Reichb. fil., Monotris
Lindl., Saccidium Lindl., Scopularia Lindl., and Tryphia Lindl.) Holothrix L. C. Rich.
Glands of the rostellum free. 28
28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from the
rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a very
short spur. Flowers very small.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Herminium L.
Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then small. 29
29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not spurred.—Species
4. South Africa. (Including Hallackia Harv.) Huttonaea Harv.
Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave. 30
30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells. 31
Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells. 33
31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not spurred.
Flowers yellow or white.—Species 5. South Africa and southern East
Africa. (Schizochilus Sond.) Gymnadenia R. Br.
Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave. 32
32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals
subequal.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Brachycorythis Lindl.) Neobolusia Schlecht.
Petals inserted below the column.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
(Including Schwartzkopffia Kraenzl., under Platanthera Rich.) Brachycorythis Lindl.
33. Lip with a spur. 34
Lip without a spur. 36
34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the spur.—Species
3. Madagascar. Bicornella Lindl.
Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided. 35
35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.—Species 2. South
Africa. Bartholina R. Br.
Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.—Species 20. The tubers
yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including Gennaria Parl.,
under Habenaria Willd.) Platanthera L. C. Rich.
36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of the
pollen-masses very short.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East
Africa. Stenoglottis Lindl.
Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.—Species 2. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Arnottia A. Rich.
37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and withering.
Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with overlapping
{154}edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.] 38
Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence
lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the
bud. 55
38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined and incumbent
upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or powdery. Rostellum
not distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses, or
not distinctly cohering with them. 39
Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but then
pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. Rostellum
usually distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses. 47
39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the other.
Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.] 40
Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or
less incumbent. 42
40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a violet
colour.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Limodorum L. C. Rich.
Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed. 41
41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed by the
connivent sepals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Cephalanthera L. C. Rich.
Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad and
projecting between the spreading sepals.—Species 4. North-west
Africa and northern East Africa. (Helleborine Hill). Epipactis L. C. Rich.
42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe GASTRODIINAE.] 43
Sepals and petals free. 44
43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 gibbosities
at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock
branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). Gastrodia R. Br.
Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate,
not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous,
spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Auxopus Schlecht.
44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.] 45
Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.] 46
45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually
leafy plants.—Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially
V. planifolia Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as
condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are
used as ornamental plants. Vanilla Swartz
Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless
{155}plants.—Species 1. Comoro Islands. Galeola Lour.
46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Epipogon Gmel.) Galera Blume
Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually
separated from the flowering stem.—Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal.
(Including Apostellis Thouars, under Pogonia Juss.) Nervilia Gaud.
47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, angular
segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.] 48
Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments. 53
48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a strap-shaped
stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum. 49
Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of the
rostellum. 50
49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the middle.
Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed blade.—Species
4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Cheirostylis Blume
Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals free.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Monochilus
Blume). Zeuxine Lindl.
50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas free,
erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.—Species 2. Madagascar
and Mascarene Islands. Gymnochilus Blume
Lip distinctly differing from the other petals. 51
51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with an
oblong blade.—Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West
Africa. Platylepis A. Rich.
Column short. 52
52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled at the
base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.—Species 3. Mascarenes,
Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons. Hetaeria Blume
Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the base; blade
not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the tip.—Species 3.
Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. Goodyera R. Br.
53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip narrow
below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender stalk
arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.—Species 2. Tropics. (Corymbis
Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.] Corymborchis Thouars
Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes. 54
54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 lateral
appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.—Species 1. West Africa.
[Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.] Manniella Reichb. fil.
Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence
{156}one-sided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe SPIRANTHINAE.] Spiranthes L. C. Rich.
55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before expansion. 56
Inflorescence lateral. 65
56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the base. Leaves
jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.] Agrostophyllum Blume
Pollen-masses 2-4. 57
57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the perianth
a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes scarcely
perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic plants.
[Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.] 58
Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages.
Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.] 61
58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed,
linear. Joints of the stem swollen.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under
Eulophia R. Br.) Acrolophia Pfitz.
Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed. 59
59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem
slender.—Species 1. German East Africa. Neobenthamia Rolfe
Lip 3-lobed. 60
60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem
slightly thickened.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. Ansellia Lindl.
Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. Side-lobes
of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually thickened
into pseudo bulbs.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Including Epiphora Lindl.) Polystachya Lindl.
61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed. 62
Anther inclined to horizontal. 63
62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening laterally.
Column long.—Species 1. West Africa. Orestia Ridl.
Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip uppermost.—Species
4. West Africa and Comoro Islands. Microstylis Nutt.
63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column slender.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Liparis L. C. Rich.
Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed. 64
64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. (Cestichis Thouars, under Liparis Rich.) Stichorchis Thouars
Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip
uppermost, concave at the base.—Species 1. Tropics. Oberonia Lindl.
65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise in the bud,
one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or several joints
{157}of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial herbs. 66
Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together along the midrib
in the bud, their edges being applied to each other without overlapping).
Mostly epiphytic herbs. 73
66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of the
rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually jointed.
[Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.] 67
Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the rostellum.
Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.] 71
67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base. 68
Lip without a spur or pouch. 69
68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually reflected. Petals
erect or spreading.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. Lissochilus R. Br.
Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.—Species 130. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage
or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cyrtopera Lindl. and Orthochilus
Hochst.) Eulophia R. Br.
69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the lip.—Species 4.
East Africa. Pteroglossaspis Reichb. fil.
Column without appendages. 70
70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the former with
a narrow, the latter with a broad base.—Species 1. Madagascar. Eulophiella Rolfe
Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the margin
of the ovary, both with a narrow base.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage. Cyrtopodium R. Br.
71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence 2-3-flowered.
Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, roundish wings.
Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.—Species 2. West Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Pachystoma Reichb. fil.) Ancistrochilus Rolfe
Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping
the column or adnate to it, usually spurred. 72
72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column short.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Calanthe R. Br.
Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column
slender.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs. Phaius Lour.
73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots weakly
developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers axillary.
Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base of the
{158}column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.] 74
Leafy stems with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally
at their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with
pseudobulbs. Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the
column. 86
74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. Pollen-masses
without an appendage. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Island of
Réunion. Bonniera Cord.
Lip spurred. 75
75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. Lip
entire, smooth, shortly spurred.—Species 10. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants. Aeranthus Lindl.
Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged
into a foot. 76
76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost imperceptible
stalk. 77
Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by the
gland only. 81
77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.—Species 10. Madagascar and the
neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including Ancistrorhynchus Finet,
Dicranotaenia Finet, and Monixus Finet, under Angrecum Thouars). Aerangis Reichb. fil.
Stalk of the pollen-masses simple. 78
78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes
almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including Lepervenchea Cord., Radinocion Ridl., and Rhaphidorhynchus
Finet). Angrecum Thouars
Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like. 79
79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals connivent.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Angrecum Thou.
or Saccolabium Blume). Calyptrochilus Kraenzl.
Lip not covering the column. 80
80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.—Species 4. Madagascar
and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. (Under Saccolabium Blume). Acampe Lindl.
Lip directed downwards.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Saccolabium Blume
81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip entire,
with a long spur.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands,
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Angrecum
Thou.) Macroplectrum Pfitz.
Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short
{159}stalks. 82
82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. Lip with
a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved sickle-shaped
side-lobes.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Cryptopus Lindl.
Gland of the rostellum without scales. 83
83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the column.—Species
9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Aeonia Lindl.) Oeonia Lindl.
Lip with a long, thread- or club-shaped spur. 84
84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united
with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.—Species
1. German East Africa. Angrecopsis Kraenzl.
Sepals and petals subequal, free. 85
85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short
stalks.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. (Pectinaria Cord., under
Angrecum Thou., Macroplectrum Pfitz. or Mystacidium Lindl.) Ctenorchis K. Schum.
Sepals and petals spreading. 86
86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a common
gland.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Plate 26.) Listrostachys Reichb. fil.
Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two
separate glands.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. (Including Gussonia A. Rich.) Mystacidium Lindl.
87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage at
the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. Lip
usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by a
single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.] 88
Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a
stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode,
bearing one or two leaves. 92
88. Lip distinctly spurred. 89
Lip not distinctly spurred. 90
89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.—Species 5. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. (Under Eulophia R. Br.) Eulophiopsis Pfitz.
Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Lemurorchis Kraenzl.
90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender,
without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used
as an ornamental plant. Grammatophyllum Blume
Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with
more or less distinct pseudobulbs. 91
91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below and
{160}upon them.—Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. Cymbidium Swartz
Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence not enveloped by sheaths.
Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the column a distinct chin.—Species
2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. Grammangis Reichb. fil.
92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, 3-lobed.—Species
2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Eulophia
R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.] Eulophidium Pfitz.
Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, not
distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.] 93
93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the
dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.—Species 3. West
Africa. (Under Bolbophyllum Thou. or Polystachya Lindl.) Genyorchis Schlecht.
Pollen-masses without a stalk. 94
94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, united
towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.—Species 1. Madagascar,
Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under
Bolbophyllum Thou.) Cirrhopetalum Lindl.
Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or equalling
it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary. 95
95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a
dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.—Species 40. Tropical and South-East
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. Megaclinium Lindl.
Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. Inflorescence
with a cylindrical rachis.—Species 90. Tropical and South-East Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Bulbophyllum Thou.) Bolbophyllum Thouars
CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE
SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE
(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE)
ORDER VERTICILLATAE
FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath. Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen 1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior.
PIPERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 27.
J. Fleischmann del.
Piper guineense Schum.
A Fruiting branch. B Part of the female spike with two flowers and their bracts. C Female flower cut lengthwise.
SALICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 28.
J. Fleischmann del.
Salix Safsaf Forsk.
A Fruiting branch. B Part of a flowering branch. C Male flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.
Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands,
cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood) and the
bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in medicine. Casuarina Rumph.
ORDER PIPERALES
FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE
Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.)
1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate.
Herbs.—Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield
vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine. Peperomia Ruiz & Pav.
Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually
shrubs. 2
2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel. Stipules
united into a sheath. Shrubs.—Species 1. Tropics. Yields edible
fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine. (Under
Piper L.) Heckeria Kunth
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.—Species 17,
two of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including Coccobryon
Klotzsch and Cubeba Miq.) (Plate 27.) Piper L.
ORDER SALICALES
FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.)
Disc cup- or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at
least those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader).
Buds terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.—Species 6. North
and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.” Populus L.
Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at the
base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to ovate).
Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.—Species 15, two of them only
naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and tanning-materials,
and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.) Salix L.
{162}
ORDER MYRICALES
FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE
Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth, but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, without albumen. (Plate 29.)
Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores.
They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used
in medicine. Myrica L.
ORDER JUGLANDALES
FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen.
Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber, tans and
dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments. Juglans L.
ORDER FAGALES
FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base. Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.—Genera 2, species 2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)
Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy anthers.
Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre free from
the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes bud-shaped,
solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.—Species 1
(C. Avellana L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west
Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.] Corylus Tourn.
Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous anthers.
Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted involucre
formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small. Female
spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves
MYRICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 29.
J. Fleischmann del.
Myrica conifera Burm. fil.
A Fruiting branch. B Male inflorescence. C Male flower. D Group of fruits. E Female flower. F Ovary cut lengthwise. G Fruit. H Fruit cut lengthwise.
ULMACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 30.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trema guineensis Schum.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit cut lengthwise.
folded along the side-nerves in the bud.—Species 1 (A. glutinosa L.,
alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields
timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.] Alnus Tourn.
FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments 4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior, 3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)
Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers in clusters
of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles 6, thread-shaped.
Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves serrate.—Species
1 (C. vulgaris Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa. Yields timber,
bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch and oil are prepared. Castanea Tourn.
Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each surrounded
by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5, flattened.
Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.—Species 8. North-west
Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. They yield
timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and medicinal drugs,
starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.” Quercus L.
ORDER URTICALES
FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more, straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, very rarely (Ulmus) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 5, species 35. (Under URTICACEAE.) (Plate 30.)
1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite.
Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily BARBEYOIDEAE.] Barbeya Schweinf.
Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious
polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate. 2
2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat.
Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.—Species 1 (U. campestris
L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning and
{164}dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily ULMOIDEAE.] Ulmus L.
Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded
or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the
axils of the leaves. [Subfamily CELTIDOIDEAE.] 3
3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers
unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud.
Embryo with narrow cotyledons.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. Chaetacme Planch. & Harv.
Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees.
Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud,
at least at the apex. 4
4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the
apex only. Flowers almost sessile.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials,
and medicaments. (Sponia Commers.) (Plate 30.) Trema Lour.
Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas
feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.—Species 20. Some of them
yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and
edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.” Celtis L.
FAMILY 53. MORACEAE
Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect and straight. Styles 1-2.—Genera 26, species 260. (Under URTICACEAE or ULMACEAE.) (Plate 31.)
1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently bent
backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not
leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily MOROIDEAE.] 2
Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning. 14
2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several male
ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.] Bleekrodia Blume
Flowers arranged in spike- raceme- or head-like inflorescences or collected
upon flattened receptacles. 3
3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely in
spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male and female
flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2. [Tribe
DORSTENIEAE.] 4
Flowers in spike-, raceme- or head-like, unisexual inflorescences (containing
only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers solitary. Stamens
4. Trees or shrubs. 7
4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers or male ones
only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa. Sloetiopsis Engl.
Flowers on flattened receptacles. 5
MORACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 31.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dorstenia elliptica Bureau
A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Inflorescence cut lengthwise. D Young male flower. E Older male flower. F Female flower cut lengthwise.
URTICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 32.
J. Fleischmann del.
Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Older female flower. D Pistil cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut lengthwise.
5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers, the
middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the outside
by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth and
3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. Central Africa. Mesogyne Engl.
Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or several
female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only. Perianth
2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3. 6
6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male flowers
and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous. Shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central Africa. Trymatococcus Poepp. & Endl.
Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many
male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy
outside. Herbs or low shrubs.—Species 50. Tropics. Some are
poisonous or used medicinally. (Plate 31.) Dorstenia L.
7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like inflorescences.
Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Island
of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.] Maillardia Frapp. & Duchartre
Female flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. 8
8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong) inflorescences,
the male in spike-, raceme- or head-like ones. Style simple,
with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive side-branch.
Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.] 9
Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the
female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped,
equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.] 12
9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers
4-lobed. Spinous plants.—Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar.
It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under Plecospermum Trecul) Cardiogyne Bur.
Male flowers in spike- or raceme-like inflorescences. 10
10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants. Leaves
entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft, persistent and
enclosing the fruit.—Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa. The
wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for silkworms. Maclura Nutt.
Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants. 11
11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit wholly,
or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves undivided.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield timber. Chlorophora Gaud.
Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the
perianth. Leaves usually lobed.—Species 1 (B. papyrifera Vent.,
paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper;
{166}the fruit is edible. Broussonetia Vent.
12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse nerves. Ovary
subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar. Pachytrophe Bur.
Stipules free. 13
13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed without
albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Ampalis Boj.
Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose. Seed
with copious albumen.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in
various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits
(mulberries), dyes, and medicaments. Morus L.
14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud. Stipules
leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily CONOCEPHALOIDEAE.] 15
Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves rolled
inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants. 16
15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads arranged
in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female flowers
upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.—Species 1 (M. Smithii
R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber (cork-wood)
and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water. Musanga R. Br.
Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes
or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the
base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false
heads. Style short.—Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield
timber or edible fruits. Myrianthus Beauv.
16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry. Herbs.
Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily
CANNABOIDEAE.] 17
Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs
with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently
shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud. Stipules
usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily ARTOCARPOIDEAE.] 18
17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided.
Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow cotyledons.—Species
1 (H. Lupulus L., hop). Cultivated in the extratropical
regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a fibre-plant,
and in medicine. Humulus L.
Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female
flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.—Species
1 (C. sativa L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre,
oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish). Cannabis Tourn.
18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle provided
at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo
{167}curved. Shrubs or trees.—Species 160. Some of them yield timber,
bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables, medicaments,
and edible fruits (especially the figs, from F. carica L.) which are
also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee. Some species
are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe FICEAE.] Ficus L.
Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. 19
19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers and a
single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe
BROSIMEAE.] 20
Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others
only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or
trees. 22
20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including Cyatanthus Engl.) Scyphosyce Baill.
Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the
receptacle. Trees. 21
21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface. Male
flowers with, female without bracts.—Species 2. West Africa (Congo). Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & Dur.
Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with,
male without bracts.—Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and
dye-stuffs. Bosqueia Thouars
22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous bracts
on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar receptacle
or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.] 23
Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at the
base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female flowers
on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.] 24
23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male
flowers with, female without a perianth.—Species 3. Central Africa.
Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre. Antiaris Leschen.
Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave. Male
flowers without, female with a perianth.—Species 2. Cultivated in the
tropics. Yielding india-rubber. Castilloa Cerv.
24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious. Stamen
1.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bark
used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible fruits, and
medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.” Artocarpus Forst.
Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens
1-5. 25
25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts or
perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.—Species 1.
{168}Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Acanthotreculia Engl.
Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some
male flowers.—Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds
from which also oil and meal are prepared. Treculia Decne.
FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE
Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely (Parietaria) polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending, straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, usually albuminous.—Genera 20, species 150. (Plate 32.)
1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3 segments,
of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free. [Tribe
FORSKOHLEAE.] 2
Stamens 2-5. 4
2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers with a perianth.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Didymodoxa E. Mey.) Australina Gaudich.
Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers without a perianth. 3
3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs
undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 5. Forskohlea L.
Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Tropical and South Africa. Droguetia Gaudich.
4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging hairs.
Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre; perianth 4-cleft.
[Tribe PARIETARIEAE.] 5
Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed. 6
5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and recurved.—Species
8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.” Parietaria Tourn.
Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.—Species 1. Canary
Islands. Gesnouinia Gaudich.
6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (Fleurya) almost glabrous, and then
stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the female
flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4, rarely
1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.] 7
Plants without stinging hairs. 12
7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.—Species
10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used
as pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.” Urtica Gaudich.
{169}Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate. 8
8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit fleshy. Shrubs
or trees, rarely undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South-East
Africa. Urera Gaudich.
Stigma linear or oblong. 9
9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes 2-parted, large
segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments. Herbs with
punctiform cystoliths.—Species 3. Tropics. Girardinia Gaudich.
Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are sometimes
rudimentary. 10
10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or longer than
the perianth.—Species 7. South and Central Africa. They yield
fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.) Fleurya Gaudich.
Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants. 11
11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.—Species 3. Central
Africa. (Urticastrum Heist.) Laportea Gaudich.
Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.—Species
6. Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. Obetia Gaudich.
12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite, rarely
4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with
orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs,
rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules
connate. [Tribe PROCRIDEAE.] 13
Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs with
3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the ovary.
Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting. Embryo
with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually punctiform.
Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.] 16
13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal leaves.
Herbs. 14
Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very small,
stipule-like. 15
14. Flowers on a disc- or bell-shaped receptacle.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Lecanthus Wedd.
Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.—Species 35. Tropics. Some
are used as vegetables or textile plants. (Adicea Rafin.) Pilea Lindl.
15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female
flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.—Species
15. Tropics. Elatostema Forst.
Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments
ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Tropics. Procris Juss.
16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves
alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.—Species 1. Naturalized
on the Island of Mauritius. Phenax Wedd.
{170}Female flowers with a perianth. 17
17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the ovary, dry or
membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma filiform. 18
Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less succulent
in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or
trees. 19
18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged nor
ribbed. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
Two of them (especially B. nivea Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese grasscloth
plant) are cultivated as textile plants. Boehmeria Jaqu.
Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or
ribbed. Leaves usually entire.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Pouzolzia Gaudich.
19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Pipturus Wedd.
Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Debregeasia Gaudich.
ORDER PROTEALES
FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (Brabeium) whorled. Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4 petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted, more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed exalbuminous.—Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 33.)
1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers stalked.
Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
[Tribe PERSOONIEAE.] 2
Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the perianth-segments;
anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less deeply divided, but
rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.] 3
2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes. Leaves
whorled, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are
edible and used as a substitute for coffee. Brabeium L.
Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in spikes
arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil. Dilobeia Thouars
3. Flowers unisexual, regular. 4
Flowers hermaphrodite. 5
4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts narrow.—Species
3. South Africa. Aulax Berg
PROTEACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 33.
J. Fleischmann del.
Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br.
A Flowering branch. B Flower laid open. C Perianth-segment and stamen.
LORANTHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 34.
J. Fleischmann del.
Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Anther.
Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.—Species 75. South
Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired
leaves of the silver-tree (L. argenteum R. Br.) also form an
article of commerce. Leucadendron Herm.
5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes
reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and
recurved above. 6
Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments more or less united,
except the hindmost, which is separated from the others. 11
6. Leaves, at least the inferior, more or less divided. 7
Leaves all undivided. 8
7. Heads arranged in sometimes very short spikes, 4-flowered. Ovary glabrous
or almost so. Fruit sessile.—Species 15. South Africa. (Nivenia R.
Br.) Paranomus Salisb. & Knight
Heads solitary or arranged in corymbs or heads, usually many-flowered.
Ovary hairy, usually woolly or hispid. Fruit short-stalked.—Species
70. South Africa. Serruria Salisb.
8. Heads solitary, 4- or more-flowered. Fruit sessile.—Species 20. South
Africa. (Including Orothamnus Eckl.) Mimetes Salisb.
Heads arranged in spikes, racemes, or umbels, 1-6-flowered. Fruit with a
short stalk. 9
9. Flowers somewhat irregular. Stigma lateral, or very oblique, or seated in
the centre of a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Heads in lax
spikes or racemes.—Species 25. South Africa. Spatalla Salisb.
Flowers regular. Stigma terminal or nearly so, conical or club-shaped. 10
10. Style more or less lateral, not constricted at the base. Perianth-tube
4-angled. Inflorescence cylindrical.—Species 5. South Africa. Spatallopsis Phillips
Style terminal, constricted at the base. Perianth-tube short, not 4-angled.
Inflorescence globose.—Species 12. South Africa. Sorocephalus R. Br.
11. (5.) Anterior perianth-segments separating above. Anthers oblong or
ovate. Style deciduous. Fruit glabrous. Flowers in sometimes oblong
heads, usually yellow.—Species 40. South and East Africa. Some
species yield timber and bark for tanning. (Plate 33.) Leucospermum R. Br.
Anterior perianth-segments united almost to the top into a lip. Anthers
linear. Style persistent. Fruit covered with dense hairs. 12
12. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Anthers obtuse.—Species 15. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. Faurea Harv.
Flowers in heads. Anthers usually with a prolonged connective.—Species
130. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber,
bark for tanning, or medicaments. (Leucadendron L.) Protea L.
{172}
ORDER SANTALALES
SUBORDER SANTALINEAE
FAMILY 56. SANTALACEAE
Terrestrial plants, sometimes parasitic on roots. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth simple. Stamens 3-6, as many as and inserted on the perianth-segments, equalling them or shorter. Anthers stalked, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, rarely almost superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, or ovules 2-5, pendulous from the apex of a central or subparietal placenta. Style simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without a testa, with copious fleshy albumen; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 6, Species 140. (Plate 34.)
1. Ovary superior. Ovule 1. Style absent; stigma 2-lobed. Stalk of the
fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used
medicinally. [Tribe ANTHOBOLEAE.] Exocarpus Labill.
Ovary inferior. Ovules 2-5. Style present. 2
2. Perianth-tube above the ovary coated by a disc on the inside, or wanting.
Placenta thick, straight. Ovules recurved. Stigma 3-4-parted or
4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. [Tribe OSYRIDEAE.] 3
Perianth-tube above the ovary not coated by a disc on the inside. Placenta
thin, usually flexuous. Ovules straight. Stigma entire or obscurely
2-3-lobed. [Tribe THESIEAE.] 4
3. Leaves, at least most of them, opposite. Flowers in panicles which are
sometimes composed of false umbels, 4-6-merous, hermaphrodite or
polygamous. Stigma 4-5-lobed. Embryo with very short cotyledons.—Species
2. South Africa. They yield timber and tanning material.
(Rhoiocarpus A. DC.) Colpoon Berg
Leaves alternate. Flowers in false umbels, which are often arranged in
racemes, or the female and hermaphrodite solitary, 3-4-merous,
dioecious or polygamous. Stigma 3-4-partite. Embryo with long
cotyledons.—Species 8. North and East Africa to Natal. Some
species yield fragrant wood (African sandalwood), tanning and dyeing
materials, and medicaments. (Plate 34.) Osyris L.
4. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-tube above the ovary very shortly campanulate;
segments usually with a tuft of hairs in the male flowers.
Anther-halves elliptical. Style short.—Species 6. South Africa. Thesidium Sond.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-tube above the ovary campanulate or
cylindrical; segments with tufts or rows of hairs. Anther-halves
usually oblong. Style long or rather short. 5
5. Fruit a drupe. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules. Undershrubs.—Species
7. East and South Africa. Osyridicarpus A. DC.
Fruit a nut.—Species 120. Thesium L.
SANTALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 35.
J. Fleischmann del.
Osyris tenuifolia Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Male flower from above. D Male flower cut lengthwise.
OPILIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 36.
J. Fleischmann del.
Opilia amentacea Roxb.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 57. OPILIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx (or calyx-like excrescence of the receptacle) entire or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Petals (or perianth-segments) 4-5, free. Stamens equal in number and opposite to them, free or adnate at the base. Disc present. Ovary superior or nearly so, 1-celled, with a thick central placenta. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of the placenta, with no coat. Style simple. Fruit succulent. Seed without a testa; albumen abundant; embryo large, with superior radicle.—Genera 2, species 15. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 35.)
Axis of the inflorescence with cushion-shaped swellings at the base of the
pedicels. Flowers in short racemes or umbels. Receptacle broad,
cupular. Disc lobed. Petals with inflected tips. Filaments short.
Anthers broad.—Species 5. Central Africa. Rhopalopilia Pierre
Axis of the inflorescence without swellings. Flowers in racemes. Receptacle
small.—Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Groutia Guill. &
Perr., including Urobotrya Stapf). (Plate 35.) Opilia Roxb.
FAMILY 58. GRUBBIACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, narrow, entire, leathery. Inflorescences axillary, cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-partite, with sepaloid, valvate segments. Stamens 8, almost free from the perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or at first incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous from a central or subparietal placenta, straight, with no coat. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa and fleshy albumen; embryo straight, with inferior radicle. (Under SANTALACEAE or HAMAMELIDACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 4. South Africa (Cape Colony). Grubbia Berg
FAMILY 59. OLACACEAE
Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers regular. Calyx usually small. Petals or corolla-lobes 3-6, nearly always valvate in bud. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or nearly so, rarely half-inferior or almost inferior, 1-celled, usually septate at the base, rarely 2-5-celled to the top. Ovules 1-5, pendulous from the apex of a usually free placenta, inverted. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1, with a small embryo and abundant albumen.—Genera 11, species 70. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 36.)
1. Ovary superior, 1-celled, sometimes septate at the base. Ovules 2-3,
with no coat. 2
Ovary superior, 1-celled with 4-5 ovules, or completely or nearly completely
{174}3-4-celled, or more or less inferior. Ovules with 1-2 coats. 5
2. Filaments united into a long tube. Stamens 4-5, as many as and opposite
the divisions of the corolla. Disc 4-5-lobed. Calyx enlarged in fruit.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Tribe APTANDREAE.] 3
Filaments free or nearly so. [Tribe OLACEAE.] 4
3. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Ovules 2. Calyx cupular, not splitting
at the time of maturity.—Species 1. West Africa. Aptandra Miers
Flowers 5-merous. Ovules 3. Calyx splitting into 3 segments at the
time of maturity.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They yield
timber and oily seeds which are also used in medicine. Ongokea Pierre
4. Ovules 2. Stamens 5-10. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.—Species 6. West
Africa. Ptychopetalum Benth.
Ovules 3. Stamens 6-12, of which 3-6 are fertile. Calyx enlarged in
fruit.—Species 40. Tropics. Some species yield timber. (Plate
36.) Olax L.
5. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-6, free or nearly so. [Tribe
ANACOLOSEAE.] 6
Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals. Ovary superior, completely
or almost completely 3-4-celled. 9
6. Ovary superior, septate at the base, with 4-5 ovules. Flowers 5-merous,
in panicles.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. Stolidia Baill.
Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or
fascicles. 7
7. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx entire or toothed. Ovary very incompletely
2-celled. Ovules 2.—Species 1. Madagascar. Anacolosa Blume
Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.
Ovules 3-4. 8
8. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a
drupe.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Strombosiopsis Engl.
Flowers 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a berry.—Species
7. Central Africa. (Including Lavalleopsis Van Tiegh.) Strombosia Blume
9. Stamens 3-4 times as many as the petals, 12-20. Calyx entire, not
enlarged in fruit. Juice resinous.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Yields timber and edible oily seeds. [Tribe COULEAE.] Coula Baill.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-12. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Juice
not resinous. 10
10. Anthers globose. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Style short. Petals
5-6. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Leaves with milky juice.—Species
3. West Africa. [Tribe HEISTERIEAE.] Heisteria Jaqu.
Anthers linear. Ovary almost completely 3-4-celled. Style as long
as the ovary. Petals 4-5. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Leaves with
watery juice.—Species 3. Tropical and South-East Africa. They
yield fragrant wood, bark for tanning, edible fruits, and oily seeds, and
are also used in medicine. [Tribe XIMENIEAE.] Ximenia Plum.
OLACACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 37.
J. Fleischmann del.
Olax Durandii Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Branch of another specimen. C Flower cut lengthwise.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 38.
J. Fleischmann del.
Aristolochia bracteata Retz.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).
FAMILY 60. OCTOKNEMATACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments short. Disc obscure. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a free filiform placenta and 3 pendulous ovules. Style divided into 3-5 two-or three-cleft lobes. Fruit woody, surrounded by the fleshy receptacle. Seeds with a thin coat; embryo minute, situated at the apex of the 8-furrowed albumen. (Under OLACACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Octoknema Pierre
SUBORDER LORANTHINEAE
FAMILY 61. LORANTHACEAE
Shrubs, parasitic upon trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Perianth simple, with 2-6 valvate segments, often surrounded at the base by a calyx-like outgrowth of the receptacle. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on them. Ovary inferior, with 1-4 indistinctly developed ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit succulent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera, 4, species 300. (Plate 37.)
1. Receptacle with a calyx-like outgrowth surrounding the base of the perianth.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Anthers usually stalked and opening
by two longitudinal slits. Style more or less filiform. Leaves
well-developed.—Species 250. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are used medicinally. (Plate 37). [Subfamily LORANTHOIDEAE.] LORANTHUS L.
Receptacle without a calyx-like outgrowth. Flowers unisexual. Anthers
sessile. [Subfamily VISCOIDEAE.] 2
2. Anthers adnate to the perianth; cells several or many, opening by pores.
Placenta basal. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more.—Species 50. Some
of them yield bird-lime or are used medicinally. “Mistletoe.” [Tribe
VISCEAE.] Viscum L.
Anthers seated on the perianth, but not adnate to it; cells 1-2, opening
by longitudinal or transverse slits. Placenta central. Leaves scale-like. 3
3. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Perianth of the male flowers
2-5-parted, of the female 2-parted. Flowers dioecious, solitary.—Species
1. North-West Africa. [Tribe ARCEUTHOBIEAE.] Arceuthobium Marsch. Bieb.
Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Perianth 3-parted.
Flowers monoecious, disposed in rows.—Species 5. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. (Bifaria Van Tiegh.) [Tribe PHORADENDREAE.] Korthalsella Van Tiegh.
{176}
SUBORDER BALANOPHORINEAE
FAMILY 62. BALANOPHORACEAE
Succulent herbs without green colour, parasitic on roots, upon which their root-stock is seated. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in spadix-like spikes or heads, red, unisexual. Perianth in the male flowers of 3-6 segments, in the female 3-lobed or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, sometimes one of them abortive. Ovary inferior or naked, 1-celled. Ovules 1-3, pendulous from a central placenta or from the apex of the cell or adnate to the wall of the ovary, without coats. Style simple, sometimes very short; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed without a testa; albumen copious; embryo small, apical, undivided.—Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.
1. Fertile stamens 2. Female flowers with a 3-lobed perianth. Ovules 3.
Stigma 3-lobed, borne on a long filiform style. Spadices oblong, solitary.—Species
2. South Africa. [Subfamily MYSTROPETALOIDEAE.] Mystropetalon Harv.
Fertile stamens 3 or more. Female flowers without a perianth, but the
base of the style sometimes surrounded by a tubular outgrowth of the
receptacle. Stigma entire or sessile. 2
2. Stamens free. Anthers globose, many-celled. Ovules 3. Stigma sessile.
Spadices panicled. Root-stock not resinous.—Species 1. South and
East Africa. [Subfamily SARCOPHYTOIDEAE.] Sarcophyte Sparrm.
Stamens united. Anthers 2-4-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma
simple. Spadices solitary. Root-stock resinous. [Subfamily BALANOPHOROIDEAE.] 3
3. Anthers 3-6, linear, 4-celled. Ovary linear. Ovule adnate to the wall
of the ovary. Perianth-segments of the male flowers linear. Spadices
hemispherical.—Species 2. Tropics. [Tribe LANGSDORFFIEAE.] Thonningia Vahl
Anthers numerous, 2-celled. Ovule free, pendulous.—Species 1. Comoro
Islands. [Tribe BALANOPHOREAE.] Balanophora Forst.
ORDER ARISTOLOCHIALES
FAMILY 63. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, corolla-like, with a distinct tube. Stamens 5-24, adnate to the style. Anthers opening outwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 4-6-celled. Ovules several or many in each cell, pendulous descending or horizontal, inverted. Style or stigma 6-lobed. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a small embryo and copious albumen. (Plate 38.)
Genus 1, species 30. Some are used medicinally. Aristolochia L.
{177}
FAMILY 64. RAFFLESIACEAE
Parasitic herbs, partly immersed in the tissue of the plants upon which they grow. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or more. Stamens 8 or more; filaments united into a column. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 4 or more parietal placentas, or several-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigmas situated beneath its thickened apex. Fruit a berry. Seeds minute, with a hard testa, oily albumen, and undivided embryo.—Genera 2, Species 4. (CYTINACEAE.)
Ovary 1-celled, with usually 4 slightly projecting parietal placentas.
Ovules inverted. Anthers affixed beneath the thickened apex of the
staminal column, opening by transverse slits. Perianth-segments free.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
Apodanthes Poiteau). [Tribe APODANTHEAE.] Pilostyles Guill.
Ovary more or less completely 6- or more-celled; placentas parietal, but
much projecting, sometimes uniting in the middle. Ovules straight.
Anthers laterally affixed to the thickened apex of the staminal column,
opening by longitudinal slits. Perianth-segments united below. Flowers
in spikes, racemes, or panicles.—Species 3. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. They have edible fruits and are used medicinally. [Tribe
CYTINEAE.] Cytinus L.
FAMILY 65. HYDNORACEAE
Fleshy, herbaceous, leafless root-parasites with a creeping root-stock. Flowers solitary, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, fleshy, tubular, with 3-4 (very rarely 5) valvate segments. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments, inserted in the tube; filaments united; anther-cells numerous, linear, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with many placentas hanging down from the top of the cell. Stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. Seeds with a hard testa, copious albumen, and undivided embryo. (Under CYTINACEAE).
Genus 1, species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are edible or
used for tanning. Hydnora Thunb.
ORDER POLYGONALES
FAMILY 66. POLYGONACEAE
Leaves alternate, undivided or pinnately cleft, provided at the base with a stem-clasping sheath. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 3-6. Stamens 4-50. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1. Styles 2-4, free or united at the base. Fruit a nut. Seed with an abundant, mealy albumen and a usually lateral embryo.—Genera 9, species 120. (Plate 39.){178}
1. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 6, rarely 4; occasionally fewer than
perianth-segments, and then stamens 4-5 and perianth-segments 5-6
in the male, 6 in the female flowers; in this case stem herbaceous and
flowers monoecious. [Subfamily RUMICOIDEAE, Tribe RUMICEAE.] 2
Stamens more than perianth-segments, rarely equal in number, but then 5.
Herbs or undershrubs with hermaphrodite or polygamous flowers, or
shrubs. 3
2. Perianth at the time of maturity firm, tubular, tightly clasping the fruit.
Flowers unisexual. Annual herbs.—Species 2. North and South
Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Emex Neck.
Perianth at the time of maturity more or less membranous, not tubular and
not clasping the fruit very tightly.—Species 45. Some are used as
vegetables, for tanning and dyeing, or in medicine. “Dock.” Rumex L.
3. Seed with ruminate albumen. Shrubs with 5, 7-10, or 20-50 stamens.
[Subfamily COCCOLOBOIDEAE.] 4
Seed with homogeneous albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, more rarely
shrubs with 6 or 12-18 stamens. [Subfamily POLYGONOIDEAE.] 5
4. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, the outer deciduous. Stamens
20-50. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
TRIPLARIDEAE.] Symmeria Benth.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, united at the base into a
tube becoming two-winged in fruit. Stamens 5-10. Mostly climbing,
tendril-bearing plants.—Species 3. West Africa. [Tribe COCCOLOBEAE.] Brunnichia Banks
5. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves small. Stamens 6 or 12-18. Filaments
united at the base. [Tribe ATRAPHAXIDEAE.] 6
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stamens 8, more rarely
5-7. Filaments free, but sometimes inserted on a ring-shaped disc.
[Tribe POLYGONEAE.] 7
6. Perianth-segments 4, the inner much enlarged in fruit. Stamens 6, the
outer with a callosity at the base. Stigmas 2. Fruit glabrous. Embryo
lateral. Leaves ovate or orbicular.—Species 1. Egypt. Atraphaxis L.
Perianth-segments 5-6, not enlarged in fruit. Stamens 12-18, with
a hairy appendage at the base. Stigmas 4. Fruit bristly. Embryo
axile. Leaves linear or subulate.—Species 1. North Africa. Calligonum L.
7. Perianth-segments of the hermaphrodite and female flowers united below
into a narrow tube. Flowers polygamous.—Species 17. Central and
South Africa. Some are used as vegetables and for making bread.
(Including Raphanopsis Welw.) (Plate 39.) Oxygonum Burch.
Perianth-segments not united below into a narrow tube. 8
8. Seed with broad, folded cotyledons. Perianth shorter than the fruit.
Leaves cordate.—Species 1 (F. esculentum Moench, buckwheat).
Cultivated as a cereal or fodder-plant. (Under Polygonum L.) Fagopyrum Gaertn.
POLYGONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 39.
J. Fleischmann del.
Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. and Steud.) Benth. and Hook.
A Fruiting plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit cut lengthwise.
CHENOPODIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 40.
J. Fleischmann del.
Traganum nudatum Del.
A Flowering branch. B Part of a fruiting branch,. C End of a branch. D Flower with bracts and bracteoles. E Flower cut lengthwise.
Seed with narrow, not folded cotyledons.—Species 50. Some are poisonous,
others serve as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants, or yield
tanning and dyeing materials. Polygonum L.
ORDER CENTROSPERMAE
SUBORDER CHENOPODIINEAE
FAMILY 67. CHENOPODIACEAE
Stem erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves exstipulate, sometimes wanting. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish. Perianth simple, of 1-5 imbricate segments, herbaceous or membranous, persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, inserted on the receptacle or the base of the perianth. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits, curved inwards in the bud. Ovary superior, rarely (Beta) half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, on a basal funicle, curved. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Seed with a curved, peripheral embryo.—Genera 26, species 120. (SALSOLACEAE.) (Plate 40.)
1. Embryo spiral. Albumen wanting or separated in two parts by the embryo. 2
Embryo more or less ring- or horseshoe-shaped or folded together. Albumen
wholly or partly enclosed by the embryo, rarely wanting. 11
2. Bracteoles small, scale-like. Perianth herbaceous or fleshy. Stigmas
thread-shaped, papillose all round. Leaves glabrous, fleshy.—Species
10. Some are used as vegetables or for making soda. (Including
Chenopodina Moq., Lerchia Hall., Schanginia C. A. Mey., Schoberia C. A.
Mey., and Sevada Moq.) [Tribe SUAEDEAE.] Suaeda Forsk.
Bracteoles equalling or exceeding the perianth. Perianth usually membranous.
Stigmas papillose on the inside. Leaves usually hairy.
[Tribe SALSOLEAE.] 3
3. Seed horizontal. Disc usually inconspicuous. [Subtribe SODINAE.] 4
Seed vertical. Disc usually lobed. [Subtribe ANABASINAE.] 6
4. Perianth 5-lobed, hardening to the top and wingless in the fruit. Filaments
flattened. Disc inconspicuous. Embryo in a conical spiral. Shrubs
with continuous branches and alternate leaves.—Species 2. North
Africa to the Sahara. (Plate 40.) Traganum Del.
Perianth 4-5-parted or of 4-5 free segments, not hardening or at the
base only and furnished with a horizontal wing in the fruit. 5
5. Branches jointed. Leaves scale-like, opposite, connate in pairs. Shrubs.
Perianth-segments free. Anthers blunt. Disc lobed, enlarged in the
fruit. Embryo in a flat spiral.—Species 2. North Africa. Haloxylon Bunge
Branches continuous. Disc usually inconspicuous.—Species 20. Some
of them are used as vegetables or in medicine or furnish soda. “Saltwort.”
{180}(Including Caroxylon Thunb.) Salsola L.
6. Perianth of 2 inner and 3 outer segments of which two are in front and one
behind. Fruiting perianth winged, not hardened. Seed compressed
dorsally. Flowers solitary, more rarely in clusters, and then branches
jointed and leaves opposite. 7
Perianth of 3 inner and 2 outer segments of which one is in front and one
behind. Fruiting perianth more or less hardened. Seed compressed
laterally. Branches continuous. 8
7. Branches jointed. Leaves opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Filaments
awl-shaped. Style short.—Species 5. North Africa and
Nubia. Some yield soda or are used medicinally. Anabasis L.
Branches continuous. Leaves alternate. Spinous shrubs. Flowers solitary.
Filaments flattened; connective pointed. Style long. Pericarp
membranous.—Species 1. North Africa. Noaea Moq.
8. Perianth-segments united at the base, wingless in the fruit, but one of them
sometimes produced into a prickle. Style long. Shrubs. 9
Perianth-segments free, winged in the fruit, at least some of them. Style
short. Disc lobed. Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters. 10
9. Leaves opposite. Flowers in pairs, hermaphrodite. Disc indistinct.—Species
1. Sahara. Nucularia Battand.
Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters, polygamous. Disc lobed.—Species
2. North Africa and Northern Central Africa. Cornulaca Del.
10. Inner perianth-segments not winged in the fruit. Stamens with a 2-lobed
connective. Shrubs.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Halogeton
C. A. Mey.) Agathophora Fenzl
Inner and outer perianth-segments winged in the fruit. Stamens with
a blunt connective. Herbs.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria).
Used as a vegetable or for making soda. Halogeton C. A. Mey.
11. (1.) Branches more or less distinctly jointed. Leaves little developed,
glabrous. Flowers in clusters, usually of 3, arising in the axils of
scale-like bracts or apparently sunk in hollows of the rachis and collected
in cone-shaped inflorescences. Stamens 1-2. [Tribe
SALICORNIEAE.] 12
Branches continuous. Leaves well developed, usually hairy. Flowers
solitary or in clusters, more rarely in spike-like inflorescences. Stamens
3-5, more rarely 1-2. 16
12. Bracts and upper leaves alternate. 13
Bracts and upper leaves opposite. 14
13. Perianth slightly flattened from the side, 4-5-toothed, surrounded by a
wing-like border. Stamens 2. Ovule with a short funicle. Micropyle
of the ovule and radicle of the embryo inferior. Low shrubs.—Species
1. North-West Africa (Algeria). Kalidium Moq.
Perianth flattened from the back, 3-toothed, without a wing-like border.
Ovule with a long funicle. Micropyle and radicle superior or ascending.—Species
{181}2. North Africa to Nubia. Yield soda. Halopeplis Bunge
14. Bracts free, peltate, deciduous. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1, inserted
in front. Ovule on a long, curved, almost ring-shaped funicle. Micropyle
and radicle superior. Shrubs.—Species 1. North Africa
to Eritrea. Yields soda. Halocnemum Marsch. Bieb.
Bracts united, persistent; flower-clusters apparently sunk in hollows of
the branch-joints. Perianth 3-4-toothed or -cleft. Stamen 1,
inserted behind, or stamens 2. Ovule on a short funicle. Micropyle
and radicle inferior. 15
15. Seed smooth or tubercled; embryo curved; albumen abundant, lateral.
Stamens 2. Stigmas 2. Shrubs.—Species 3. North and Central
Africa. They yield soda and are used in medicine. Arthrocnemum Moq.
Seed hairy; embryo folded together; albumen scanty and central or
wanting.—Species 4. Sea-coasts. They yield soda and are used in
medicine. Salicornia L.
16. Flowers unisexual, sometimes intermixed with a few hermaphrodite, of
two kinds, the male and hermaphrodite with a 3-5-parted perianth and
without bracteoles, the female without a perianth, but with 2 sometimes
united or 2-parted bracteoles. Stamens 3-5. Leaves glabrous,
mealy or cottony, usually hastate. [Tribe ATRIPLICEAE.] 17
Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes intermixed with similar unisexual
ones, all with 4-5 perianth-segments. 19
17. Bracteoles small, narrow, free, unchanged in the fruiting stage, not enclosing
the fruit. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 5. Shrubs.—Species
2. South Africa and St. Helena. Exomis Fenzl
Bracteoles large, broad, usually united and hardening, completely enclosing
the fruit. 18
18. Bracteoles united nearly to the top, hardened in the fruit and sometimes
prolonged into 2-4 prickles. Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 4-5. Stem
and leaves glabrous. Herbs.—Species 1 (S. oleracea L., spinach).
Cultivated in the extra-tropical regions. It serves as a vegetable;
the seeds are sometimes used for making bread. Spinacia L.
Bracteoles free and herbaceous, or more or less united, but not nearly to
the top, and at length hardened. Stigmas 2-3. Stem and leaves
clothed, when young, with bladdery hairs, afterwards mostly with a close
minute whitish pubescence.—Species 20. Some are used as vegetables,
for making soda, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. “Orache.” (Including
Obione Gaertn.) Atripex L.
19. Ovary half-inferior. Perianth-segments connivent in the fruit. Fruit
dehiscing by a lid. Herbs with a fleshy taproot. Bracteoles usually
present.—Species 3. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one of
them (B. vulgaris L., beet) also cultivated in South Africa and Madagascar.
The latter species yields sugar, vegetables, fodder, and a
substitute for coffee and tobacco. [Tribe BETEAE.] Beta L.
Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent, rarely dehiscing by a lid, but then
{182}perianth-segments spreading in the fruit. 20
20. Flowers with bracteoles, solitary. Perianth membranous, unchanged in
the fruit; segments erect. Stigmas 2. Ovule on a long funicle.
Pericarp membranous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves subulate,
rigid, pungent.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). [Tribe
POLYCNEMEAE.] Polycnemum L.
Flowers without bracteoles. 21
21. Perianth 4-5-lobed, membranous. Leaves narrow, clothed with thin
hairs. [Tribe CAMPHOROSMEAE.] 22
Perianth 5-parted, rarely 4-parted or 5-lobed, more or less herbaceous.
Leaves usually broad and clothed with bladdery hairs. 25
22. Perianth unequally 4-toothed, scarcely changed in the fruit. Stamens
4. Seed erect. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Flowers in spikes. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Camphorosma L.
Perianth 5-toothed, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Seed nearly always
horizontal. Embryo ring-shaped. Flowers solitary or in clusters,
in the axils of the leaves. 23
23. Fruiting perianth unchanged and unappendaged. Undershrubs.—Species
3. North and South Africa. Chenolea Thunb.
Fruiting perianth winged, gibbous, or prickly. 24
24. Fruiting perianth gibbous or prickly.—Species 2. North Africa. (Echinopsilon
Moq., under Chenolea Thunb. or Kochia Roth). Bassia All.
Fruiting perianth with one or several wings.—Species 3. South Africa to
Hereroland and North Africa to Nubia. Kochia Roth
25. Fruit not enclosed in the perianth, dehiscing with a lid. Perianth-segments
spreading, linear-oblong. Stamens 5, much shorter than the perianth.
Stigmas 2, short. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, entire, glabrous.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). Oreobliton Durieu & Moq.
Fruit wholly or partly enclosed in the perianth, indehiscent. Leaves
usually broad, toothed, and mealy or glandular-hairy.—Species 25.
Some of them yield edible seeds, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as
vegetables or ornamental plants; several are poisonous. “Goosefoot.”
(Including Blitum L. and Roubieva Moq.) [Tribe CHENOPODIEAE.] Chenopodium L.
FAMILY 68. AMARANTACEAE
Leaves without stipules. Perianth more or less dry, simple, of 1-5 imbricate segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules erect or suspended from a basal funicle, curved. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Embryo surrounding the mealy albumen.—Genera 32, species 200. (Plate 41.){183}
1. Anthers 1-celled. Ovule 1. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.
Inflorescences head-or shortly spike-shaped. [Subfamily GOMPHRENCIDEAE,
tribe GOMPHRENEAE.] 2
Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily AMARANTOIDEAE.] 4
2. Stigma 1, capitate. Fertile stamens alternating with staminodes.—Species
7. Some are used as ornamental plants, others are noxious
weeds. (Including Telanthera R. Br.) [Subtribe FROEHLICHINAE.] Alternanthera Forsk.
Stigmas 2-4, subulate. [Subtribe GOMPHRENINAE.] 3
3. Filaments entire.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Philoxerus R. Br.) Iresine L.
Filaments fringed, toothed, or 3-parted.—Species 1. Tropical and South
East Africa. A weed, sometimes used as an ornamental plant. Gomphrena L.
4. Ovule 1. [Tribe AMARANTEAE.] 5
Ovules 2 or more, very rarely ovule 1, erect; in this case filaments united
below into a membranous tube and flowers hermaphrodite. [Tribe
CELOSIEAE.] 32
5. Ovule erect. Radicle of the embryo descending. Filaments free or united
in a ring at the base. Flowers unisexual, polygamous, or hermaphrodite
but intermixed with sterile ones. Leaves alternate. [Subtribe AMARANTINAE.] 6
Ovule pendulous. Radicle of the embryo ascending. [Subtribe ACHYRANTHINAE.] 9
6. Perianth spreading. Filaments united at the base. Stigmas 3. Fruit a
berry. Shrubs. Flowers polygamous, in spikes or racemes.—Species
1. Canary Islands. Bosia L.
Perianth erect. Herbs or undershrubs. 7
7. Flowers unisexual or polygamous; no sterile ones. Filaments free.—Species
20. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as vegetables,
in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including Albersia Kunth, Amblogyna
Rafin., and Euxolus Rafin.) Amarantus L.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Partial inflorescences consisting of one fertile
and two sterile flowers. 8
8. Sterile flowers comb-shaped. Filaments free. Style short; stigma 2-lobed.—Species
1. Tropical and North Africa. Used as a vegetable. Digera Forsk.
Sterile flowers wing-shaped. Filaments united at the base. Style long;
stigmas 2.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Pleuropterantha Franch.
9. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. 10
Flowers in clusters of two or more; usually some of them sterile. 20
10. Spurious staminodes (sterile processes) interposed between the fertile
stamens. 11
{184}Spurious staminodes wanting. 18
11. Perianth densely covered with silky or woolly hairs. 12
Perianth glabrous or scantily hairy. 15
12. Perianth-segments firmly leathery, silky-hairy, 3-nerved. Shrubs. Leaves
alternate, fleshy.—Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (Under
Sericocoma Fenzl). Calicorema Hook. fil.
Perianth-segments more or less membranous. 13
13. Branches jointed. Leaves very small, opposite, ovate, acuminate. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Hereroland). Arthraerua Schinz
Branches continuous. 14
14. Perianth-segments silky, more or less thickened and hardened at the
base, 1-nerved. Flowers small. Ovary hairy. Stigma capitate.—Species
8. Southern and Central Africa. Sericocoma Fenzl
Perianth-segments woolly, not thickened. Flowers very small, in dense
spikes.—Species 10. Some are used as vegetables or as ornamental
plants. (Ouret Adans.) Aerva Forsk.
15. Spurious staminodes minute, narrow, acute, unappendaged. Perianth-segments
brownish-red, stiff-leathery, large, oblong, 3-nerved. Inflorescence
head-like, ovoid. Leaves usually alternate. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola and Congo). Mechowia Schinz
Spurious staminodes more or less quadrate, fringed or appendaged. Leaves
opposite. 16
16. Spurious staminodes fringed below the top. Perianth-segments erect,
oblong, blunt, thickened below. Flowers erect, spicate. Leaves small,
sessile, linear-oblong. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Pandiaka Hook. fil.) Argyrostachys Lopr.
Spurious staminodes fringed at the top or prolonged into appendages.
Perianth-segments pointed. Flowers usually bent downwards. 17
17. Perianth-segments red or yellow, elliptical, hardened at the base, faintly
1-5-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 7. Central Africa to
Transvaal. Centema Hook. fil.
Perianth-segments white, green or brown, lanceolate, stiff-leathery,
usually 3-ribbed.—Species 30. Some of them yield a substitute for
soap or are used in medicine. (Including Achyropsis Moq. and Pandiaka
Moq.) (Plate 41.) Achyranthes L.
18. (10.) Stamens 1-2. Perianth-segments 3-5, membranous, woolly, 1-nerved.
Herbs.—Species 1. Tropics. Nothosaerua Wight
Stamens 4-5. 19
19. Outer perianth-segments densely clothed with silky hairs, faintly 3-nerved.
Style slender. Shrubs.—Species 2. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Chionothrix Hook. fil.
Outer perianth-segments glabrous or scantily hairy, with 3 strong ribs.
Flowers greenish.—Species 15. Central and South East Africa. (Including
Psilostachys Hochst.) Psilotrichum Blume
AMARANTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 41.
J. Fleischmann del.
Achyranthes angustifolia Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Branch of the inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise.
NYCTAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 42.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pisonia aculeata L.
A Branch with inflorescences. B Male flower. C Female flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit. F Fruit cut lengthwise. G Group of fruits.
20. (9.) Spurious staminodes interposed between the stamens. 21
Spurious staminodes none. 26
21. Spurious staminodes small, entire. Ovary hairy. Either perianth clothed
with long silky hairs or leaves alternate. 22
Spurious staminodes usually quadrate and fringed, more rarely narrow,
but then perianth not clothed with long silky hairs and leaves (as nearly
always) opposite. 23
22. Ovary with a horn-like appendage.—Species 6. South and Central Africa.
(Under Sericocoma Fenzl). Cyphocarpa Lopr.
Ovary without a horn. (See 14.) Sericocoma Fenzl
23. Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile flowers without sterile ones.
Perianth hairy. Erect shrubs.—Species 4. South and Central Africa.
(Under Sericocoma Fenzl or Cyphocarpa Lopr.) Sericocomopsis Schinz
Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, or of 2 fertile
ones only. 24
24. Stem woody, climbing. Leaves ovate. Sterile flowers reduced to long
tufts of hairs. Perianth glabrous. Spurious staminodes narrow, entire
or toothed.—Species 2. Equatorial regions (Uganda and Cameroons). Sericostachys Gilg & Lopr.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, erect or ascending. Sterile
flowers usually reduced to spines. Spurious staminodes usually broad
and fringed. 25
25. Perianth-segments thickened and hardening at the base, yellow or red.
(See 17.) Centema Hook. fil.
Perianth-segments not hardening.—Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Desmochaeta DC.) Cyathula Lour.
26. (20.) Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile flowers without sterile
ones, and arranged in globose heads. Perianth white, with silky hairs.
Ovary hairy. Shrubs.—Species 1. German South-West Africa.
(Under Marcellia Baill., Sericocomopsis Schinz, or Sericocoma Fenzl). Leucosphaera Gilg
Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, the latter
sometimes reduced to bristles or spines. 27
27. Perianth-segments thickened and hardened at the base, yellow or red.
Ovary glabrous. (See 17.) Centema Hook. fil.
Perianth-segments not hardening. 28
28. Sterile flowers consisting of hooked spines.—Species 6. Tropical and
South Africa. Pupalia Juss.
Sterile flowers consisting of not hooked spines, bristles, or hairs. 29
29. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile and 2 sterile flowers, the latter
reduced to bristles or spines. Ovary hairy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
10. Southern West Africa to Namaland. (Under Sericocoma
Fenzl). Marcellia Baill.
Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile flowers.
{186}Ovary glabrous. 30
30. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile flowers, the
latter reduced to branched spines. Collective inflorescence interrupted
below. Style very short. Herbs.—Species 2. South Africa and
German South-West Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill. or Sericocoma
Fenzl). Sericorema Lopr.
Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile and 6 sterile flowers, the latter
reduced to long simple spines or bristles. Style thread-shaped. 31
31. Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow spines. Herbs.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill.) Kentrosphaera Volk.
Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow or brown, rather soft
bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill.) Dasysphaera Volk.
32. (4.) Perianth-segments spreading. Style short, with 2-4 stigmas. Fruit
succulent, baccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves ovate.—Species
1. Tropics. Deeringia R. Br.
Perianth-segments erect. Fruit dry. 33
33. Fruit opening lengthwise. Style very short, with 2-3 stigmas. Filaments
united at the base only. Leaves narrow. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Henonia Moq.
Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs or undershrubs. 34
34. Spurious staminodes longer than the stamens, 2-lobed. Style short.
Leaves narrow.—Species 10. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. Hermbstaedtia Reichb.
Spurious staminodes shorter than the stamens or wanting.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as textile,
ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants. (Including Lestiboudesia
Thou.) Celosia L.
SUBORDER PHYTOLACCINEAE
FAMILY 69. NYCTAGINACEAE
Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth simple, but often surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, 3-6-lobed, valvate or folded in the bud, persistent. Stamens with the filaments united below; connective narrow; anthers opening laterally. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1, lateral. Fruit a nut, enclosed by the enlarged and hardened perianth. Seed albuminous.—Genera 5, species 30. (Plate 42.)
1. Seed with a straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in corymbs, inconspicuous. Involucre consisting of 2-3 small bracts.
Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Stamens 5-15.—Species
6. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 42.) [Tribe
PISONIEAE.] Pisonia Plum.
Seed with a curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees,
but then leaves alternate or fascicled and flowers in fascicles. Stamens
{187}1-10. [Tribe MIRABILEAE.] 2
2. Stem woody, spinous. Leaves alternate or fascicled. Flowers in fascicles.
Stamens 5-10, unequal. Ovary oblong. [Subtribe BOUGAINVILLEINAE.] 3
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, not spinous. Leaves opposite.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary ovoid or globose. [Subtribe BOERHAVIINAE.] 4
3. Clusters of flowers surrounded by an involucre of 3 large, coloured bracts.
Fruit not winged. Leaves scattered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
tropics. Ornamental plant. Bougainvillea Commers.
Clusters of flowers without an involucre. Fruit winged. Leaves fascicled.—Species
2. South Africa, southern West Africa, and Madagascar.
(Including Amphoranthus S. Moore). Phaeoptilon Radlk.
4. Flowers large, surrounded by a calyx-like, 4-5-cleft involucre.—Species 1
(M. Jalapa L., marvel of Peru). Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental
and medicinal plant. Mirabilis L.
Flowers surrounded singly or in clusters by some early deciduous bracts.—Species
20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. Boerhavia L.
FAMILY 70. CYNOCRAMBACEAE
Herbs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, the lower opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers monoecious, the male in groups of 2-4 opposite the leaves, the female in axillary clusters of 3. Perianth of the male flowers 2-3-parted, valvate in bud, of the female tubular, 2-4-toothed. Stamens 10-30, free; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple, basal. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a curved embryo and cartilaginous albumen. (THELIGONACEAE, under CHENOPODIACEAE or URTICACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. (Theligonum L.) Cynocrambe Gaertn.
FAMILY 71. PHYTOLACCACEAE
Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in racemes or spikes, bracteolate. Perianth 4-5-parted, herbaceous or membranous, coloured, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 3-33, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers affixed at the back, opening by two longitudinal slits. Carpels superior. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell or in each distinct carpel, basal, curved; micropyle turned downwards and outwards. Seed with an annular embryo surrounding the albumen.—Genera 5, species 15.
1. Style 1, undivided. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 4. Anthers linear. Perianth
4-parted. Flowers in racemes. Leaves elliptical. Undershrubs.
[Tribe RIVINEAE.] 2
Styles 2 or more, free or nearly so. Perianth neatly always 5-parted. 3
2. Flowers irregular. Fruit nearly dry. Species 1. Tropics. Used
medicinally. (Mohlana Mart.) Hilleria Vell.
Flowers regular. Fruit succulent. Species 1. Naturalized in the
{188}tropics. Used as an ornamental and a dye-plant. Rivina Plum.
3. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Stamens 3-5. Anthers ovate or globose.
Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 4. South Africa and
southern West Africa. (Including Lophiocarpus Turcz. and Wallinia
Moq.) Microtea Swartz
Ovary solitary, 2-16-celled, or several separate ovaries. Stamens 6-33.
Leaves lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate. [Tribe PHYTOLACCEAE.] 4
4. Carpels 2. Stamens numerous. Fruit dry, capsular. Climbing shrubs.—Species
1. Madagascar. Barbeuia Thouars
Carpels 5-16. Fruit succulent, baccate.—Species 8, five of them
spontaneous in tropical and South Africa, the others cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield vegetables,
dyes (chiefly from Ph. decandra L.), a substitute for soap, and medicaments;
some are poisonous. “Poke.” (Including Pircunia Moq.) Phytolacca L.
FAMILY 72. AIZOACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth usually simple. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary usually several-celled. Ovules curved or inverted. Fruit dry. Seeds with a curved embryo and a usually mealy albumen.—Genera 20, species 480. (FICOIDEAE or MESEMBRIACEAE). (Plate 43.)
1. Perianth divided to the base or nearly so, free from the ovary. [Subfamily
MOLLUGINOIDEAE.] 2
Perianth with a distinct tube sometimes adnate to the ovary, simple.
[Subfamily FICOIDEAE.] 11
2. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from a basal funicle. Style 1.
Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles. Leaves whorled.—Species
7. South Africa. Adenogramma Reichb.
Ovary solitary but 2- or more-celled, or several separate ovaries. 3
3. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Inflorescence cymose. [Tribe LIMEAE.] 4
Ovary 3-7-celled, or 3-5 separate ovaries. 5
4. Perianth of 4 thin-membranous, fringed segments, surrounded by bracts.
Stamens 4, much exceeding the perianth. Fruit capsular. Flowers in
false spikes. Leaves stipulate.—Species 1. South Africa. Polpoda Presl
Perianth of 5 herbaceous entire segments, to which 3-5 petals are sometimes
added. Stamens 5-10, not or scarcely exceeding the perianth.
Fruit separating in two nutlets. Leaves exstipulate.—Species 15.
South and Central Africa. (Including Semonvillea Gay). Limeum L.
5. Carpels separate. Ovules solitary. Perianth simple. Flowers in cymes.
Leaves opposite.—Species 5. Some of them are used as vegetables or in
medicine. Giesekia L.
{189}Carpels united in the ovarial portion. 6
6. Ovary-cells one-ovuled. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles.—Species
5. South Africa and southern West Africa. Psammatropha Eckl. & Zeyh.
Ovary-cells several- or many-ovuled. 7
7. Petals or petaloid staminodes numerous, united at the base. Stamens
numerous. Flowers conspicuous. Leaves exstipulate, fleshy.—Species
1 Orygia Forsk.
Petals none, but the stamens sometimes intermixed with staminodes.
Leaves stipulate. 8
8. Styles linear or slightly club-shaped. Stipules membranous, entire. 9
Styles obovate or wedge-shaped. Stipules fringed or sheath-like. 10
9. Ovules with a long funicle. Seeds crowned by an appendage of the funicle.
Pericarp firm.—Species 3. Used in medicine. Glinus L.
Ovules with a short funicle. Seeds without an appendage of the funicle.
Pericarp thin. Stamens 3-10. Glabrous herbs with narrow leaves.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used in
medicine. Mollugo L.
10. Disc cup-shaped, lobed or divided. Stamens 3-5. Stipules fringed.—Species
17. South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena. Pharnaceum L.
Disc none. Stipules sheath-like. Leaves thread-shaped.—Species 4.
South Africa. Hyperstelis E. Mey.
11. (1.) Ovary superior. Petals none. 12
Ovary inferior. [Tribe MESEMBRIANTHEMEAE.] 18
12. Fruit transversely dehiscent, circumscissile. Leaves opposite. [Tribe
SESUVIEAE.] 13
Fruit longitudinally dehiscent, loculicidal or septicidal. [Tribe AIZOEAE.] 14
13. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary or few, basal or subbasal. Pericarp
thick in the upper part. Seed-coat wrinkled.—Species 10. Some of
them are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Plate 43.) Trianthema L.
Ovary 3-5- rarely 2-celled. Ovules numerous, axile. Pericarp thin.
Seed-coat smooth. Flowers red.—Species 6. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them have edible seeds, or serve as vegetables. (Including
Diplochonium Fenzl and Halimus Rumph.) Sesuvium L.
14. Stamens 4-5. Ovary-cells and styles 3. 15
Stamens 8 or more. 16
15. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Filaments long. Fruit roundish. Shrubs with
silky hairs. Leaves all cauline, opposite or alternate, imbricate, triangular-ovate,
without stipules. Flowers axillary, yellowish.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Plinthus Fenzl
Ovary-cells several-ovuled. Filaments short. Fruit linear-oblong. Glabrous
herbs. Radical leaves lanceolate to ovate, with fringed stipules;
cauline leaves whorled, filiform. Flowers in cymes, whitish-green.—Species
{190}2. South Africa. Coelanthum E. Mey.
16. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Styles 4-5. Ovules 2 or more
in each cell. Flowers yellow.—Species 12. Some of them have edible
seeds. Aizoon L.
Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and styles 2. Ovules
1 or 2 in each cell. 17
17. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Ovules basal. Stem
glabrous.—Species 4. South Africa. Acrosanthes Eckl. & Zeyh.
Stamens 8, rarely 10, but then ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, and stem
hairy or warty. Ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell.—Species 20. South
Africa to Angola. Galenia L.
18. (11.) Petals (or petaloid staminodes) numerous. Stamens numerous.
Ovary 4-20-celled, with many basal or parietal ovules. Fruit a
capsule.—Species 330. Some of them have edible fruits or seeds or
serve as vegetables, as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for making
soda. Mesembrianthemum L.
Petals (or petaloid staminodes) none. Ovary 2-8-celled with one pendulous
ovule in each cell, or ovary 1-celled. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Leaves alternate. 19
19. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 4, two of them shorter than the others and without
a stigma.—Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). Anisostigma Schinz
Ovary 2-8-, very rarely 1-celled. Styles as many as ovary-cells.—Species
35. Southern and Central Africa. One species (T. expansa Murr., New
Zealand spinach) is cultivated as a vegetable in various regions. Tetragonia L.
SUBORDER PORTULACINEAE
FAMILY 73. PORTULACACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, free or united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Petals 4-6, free or united at the base, falling off very early. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, or fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually superior and 1-celled. Ovules basal or affixed to a free central placenta, curved, the micropyle lateral or inferior. Style 2-8-cleft or parted, rarely (Portulaca) undivided. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo more or less curved.—Genera 6, species 35. (Plate 44.)
1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by a
lid.—Species 12. Some are used as vegetables, fodder-, medicinal, or
ornamental plants. “Purslane.” [Tribe PORTULACEAE.] Portulaca L.
Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscing by valves or indehiscent. [Tribe CALANDRINIEAE.] 2
2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style-branches 2. Stamens
numerous. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. Talinella Baill.
Ovary 1-celled with 1, 3, or many ovules. Style-branches 3. 3
AIZOACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 43.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trianthema pentandrum L.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Mericarp cut lengthwise.
PORTULACACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 44.
J. Fleischmann del.
Talinum cuneifolium Willd.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.
3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.—Species
3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. Portulacaria Jacq.
Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or undershrubs. 4
4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white. Calyx
persistent.—Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands. Used
as a vegetable. Montia L.
Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free
petals, regular. Calyx deciduous. 5
5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo
slightly curved.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Anacampseros L.
Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an
appendage.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables.
(Plate 44.) Talinum Adans.
FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE
Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.—Genera 2, species 4, Tropics. (Under CHENOPODIACEAE or PORTULACACEAE.)
Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below. Stigmas
entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo spiral.—Species
3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar, the third
cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as vegetables,
in medicine, and as dye-plants. Basella L.
Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas
forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo semicircular.—Species
1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized in
the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant. Boussaingaultia H. B. & K.
SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE
FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (Sclerocephalus) half-inferior. Ovules on{192} basal or central placentas, with a distinct funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.—Genera 45, species 280. (Including PARONYCHIEAE or ILLECEBRACEAE, ALSINACEAE, and SILENACEAE.) (Plate 45.)
1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not
distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small
and rather flat. [Subfamily ALSINOIDEAE.] 2
Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present, usually
clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free. [Subfamily
SILENOIDEAE.] 35
2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at the top.
Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually scale-like or
wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the latter case
styles 2. 3
Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous, rarely 2,
and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves exstipulate
and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed. 16
3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side flowers male
or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1. Ovule one.
Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe PTERANTHEAE.] 4
Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous. 6
4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3.
Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral bracts.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Dicheranthus Webb
Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral
bracts. Herbs. 5
5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters
of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.—Species 1. North
Africa. Pteranthus Forsk.
Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of
flowers on a rather thin stalk.—Species 1. Northern East Africa to
Egypt. Cometes L.
6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves
opposite.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa.
[Tribe SCLERANTHEAE.] Scleranthus L.
Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.] 7
7. Ovule 1. 8
Ovules 2. Undershrubs. 15
8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then style
very short. 9
Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then style
{193}elongated. 13
9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate.
Petals 5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra. Lochia Balf. fil.
Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals
obtuse. 10
10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals prickly
beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the calyx-tube.
Fruit bursting at the top.—Species 1. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands. Sclerocephalus Boiss.
Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or
wanting. Ovary free. 11
11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved.
Stipules small.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia,
Cape Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine. Herniaria L.
Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip. 12
12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly sessile.
Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false
whorls; stipules very small.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Used
in medicine. Illecebrum L.
Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently
stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.—Species 15. North Africa
and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a
substitute for tea. Paronychia Juss.
13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low
shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. North
Africa. Gymnocarpos Forsk.
Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short with
3 stigmas. Herbs. 14
14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.—Species 1. Island
of Socotra. Haya Balf. fil.
Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate, narrow.—Species
3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa and
Madagascar. Corrigiola L.
15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear, fleshy.—Species
1. Nubia. Sphaerocoma Anders.
Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves
lanceolate, flat.—Species 2. South and Central Africa. Pollichia Soland.
16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.] 17
Styles free from the base. 22
17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules
few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two
bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.—Species 1. Island
of Kerguelen. Lyallia Hook.
{194}Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1. 18
18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear. Stipules
dark red at the base.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Ortegia Loefl.
Petals 5. 19
19. Petals 2-parted.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. Drymaria Willd.
Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed. 20
20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut up
into bristles.—Species 1. North Africa. Loeflingia L.
Sepals entire. 21
21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.—Species 6. Some are used medicinally. Polycarpon Loefl.
Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.—Species 25.
Some are used medicinally. (Polycarpia Webb, Polia Lour., including
Robbairea Boiss.) (Plate 45.) Polycarpaea Lam.
22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe SPERGULEAE.] 23
Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.] 25
23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5.
Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Madagascar. Telephium L.
Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like
cymes. Leaves linear or subulate. 24
24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia.
Some are used medicinally. (Lepigonum Fries, Tissa Adans.) Spergularia Pers.
Styles and fruit-valves 5.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.” Spergula L.
25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5 thread-like
scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle. Leaves
subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile flowers.—Species
1. North Africa. Queria L.
Ovules 3 or more, rarely (Buffonia) 2. 26
26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary or in
panicle-like cymes. 27
Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting. 28
27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the sepals.—Species
6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics.
Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.” Stellaria L.
Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used
medicinally. Cerastium L.
28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit cylindrical.
Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like cymes.—Species
1. North Africa. Holosteum L.
{195}Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting. 29
29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5. 30
Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5. 32
30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by 8
recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Under Cerastium L.) Moenchia Ehrh.
Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening
to the base in 4-5 valves. 31
31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals none.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands. Colobanthus Bartl.
Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves
subulate.—Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa
and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Pearlwort.” Sagina L.
32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the
base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.—Species 5. North-west
Africa. Buffonia L.
Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals
nearly always 5. 33
33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.—Species 8. North Africa
and northern East Africa. (Including Minuartia L., under Arenaria L.) Alsine Wahlenb.
Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case apparently
twice as many as styles. 34
34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.—Species 2.
North-west Africa. (Under Arenaria L.) Moehringia L.
Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.—Species 10. North Africa
and northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.” Arenaria L.
35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with contorted
aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.] 36
Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with quincuncially-imbricate
aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe LYCHNIDEAE.] 41
36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs. 37
Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs. 38
37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.—Species 2.
North Africa. (Including Dianthella Clauson). Tunica Scop.
Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical,
or ovate.—Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The
roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. Gypsophila L.
38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes reduced to
hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts. 39
Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a winged
{196}claw. 40
39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small
or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an
anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
North Africa. Velezia L.
Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths
on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens
10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.” Saponaria L.
40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by
bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral
hilum and a curved embryo.—Species 1. North Africa. The roots
are used as a substitute for soap. (Under Saponaria L.) Vaccaria Medik.
Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at
the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.—Species
25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa.
Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of
perfumes. “Pink.” Dianthus L.
41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely
1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42
Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43
42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules
numerous.—Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South
Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.”
(Githago Desfont., under Lychnis L.) Agrostemma L.
Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.—Species
3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. Uebelinia Hochst.
43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed.
Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by
6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.—Species 6. North-west and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap.
(Under Lychnis L.) Melandryum Roehl.
Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44
44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white,
with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base.
Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.—Species 1.
North-west Africa. Cucubalus L.
Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.—Species 75. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute
for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including
Eudianthe Rohrb.) Silene L.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 45.
J. Fleischmann del.
Polycarpaea linearifolia DC.
A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.
RANUNCULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 46.
J. Fleischmann del.
Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl
A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise.
SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE
FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE
Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 20.
1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, axillary.
Leaves ovate, without stipules.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Used medicinally. (Hydropeltis Michx.) [Subfamily CABOMBOIDEAE.] Brasenia Schreb.
Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. Petals
numerous. [Subfamily NYMPHAEOIDEAE.] 2
2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the
corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule.
Leaf- and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.—Species 20. Used as
ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are
edible and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.”
(Castalia Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.] Nymphaea Smith
Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without
an aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf- and flower-stalks with many
small air-canals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as
ornamental plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (Nymphaea
Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.] Nuphar Smith
FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments 9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a large, many-leaved plumule.
Genus 1, species 3. Ceratophyllum L.
SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE
FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels{198} superior, solitary or separate, rarely (Nigella) united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)
1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some rudimentary
ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.] 2
Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the suture. 7
2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle. 3
Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous. 4
3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with a short
spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp without a
hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, linear.—Species
2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.” Myosurus L.
Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.—Species 50. Many of
them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Ceratocephalus Pers. and Ficaria Dill.) Ranunculus L.
4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule
with a single coat. 5
Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule
with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical. 6
5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. Perianth-segments
4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.—Species 40.
Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. Clematis L.
Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely
low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.—Species
15. North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Knowltonia Salisb.)
(Plate 46.) Anemone L.
6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat receptacle,
marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or cymes.—Species
4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine. Thalictrum L.
Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a cylindrical
receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, terminal.—Species
4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine and as
ornamental plants. Adonis L.
7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not glandular
petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. Carpels
several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than the inner.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an ornamental
and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.] Paeonia L.
Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 glandular
petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not fleshy.
Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. [Tribe
{199}HELLEBOREAE.] 8
8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8. 9
Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2. 10
9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves ternately
dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. “Columbine.” Aquilegia L.
Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united.
Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.—Species
6. North Africa. Some (especially N. sativa L.) yield condiments
and medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants. Nigella L.
10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, helmet-shaped.
Flowers yellow.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
Poisonous and used in medicine. Aconitum L.
Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, spur-shaped.—Species
18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or
used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.” Delphinium L.
FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE
Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 6. North and East Africa.
1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers
6-merous. Fruit a berry.—Species 4. North and East Africa.
They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments,
and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation of
drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.] Berberis L.
Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit
a capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.] 2
2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Epimedium L.
Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds
without an aril.—Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are
used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. Leontice L.
FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE
Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 6. Petals{200} usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. Fruits drupaceous.—Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)
1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male flowers
2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels
solitary. 2
Sepals 6-24, rarely (Stephania) in the female flowers only 3-4. Petals
free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (Stephania) solitary. 3
2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, in cymes.
Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.—Species 12. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Cissampelos L.
Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves
usually narrow. Low-growing plants.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Cissampelos L.) Antizoma Miers
3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4
Sepals 9-24. 22
4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length.
Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.
(Including Homocnemia Miers and Perichasma Miers). Stephania Lour.
Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5
5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6
Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner. 7
6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stigmas thick, entire.—Species 5. Central Africa. (Including
Ropalandria Stapf). Dioscoreophyllum Engl.
Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
“Calumba-root.” Iatrorrhiza Miers
7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers
opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves
sinuated or dissected.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Syntriandrium Engl.
Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (Tiliacora) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and
leaves undivided, very rarely (Penianthus) petals wanting. 8
8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a
transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top.
Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay. Epinetrum Hiern
Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9
9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10
{201}Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17
10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11
Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13
11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0.
Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style
nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen
and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged
in racemes.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt.
They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (Cebatha Forsk.) (Plate 47.) Cocculus L.
Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style
nearly terminal. 12
12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female
flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous,
with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate,
penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.—Species 2.
West Africa. (Including Heptacyclum Engl.) Penianthus Miers
Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3.
Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and
thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved.
Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.—Species
4. West Africa. Kolobopetalum Engl.
13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate,
palmately 5-7-nerved. 14
Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved. 15
14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female
flowers 6.—Species 1. Northern Central Africa. Tinospora Miers
Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.—Species
7. Tropical and South-east Africa. Desmonema Miers
15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Cocculus DC.) Orthogynium Baill.
Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16
16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp
tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Tinospora Miers). Platytinospora Diels
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes
in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp
smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.—Species 12, Central
Africa. (Including Glossopholis Pierre, under Limacia Lour.) Tiliacora Colebr.
17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of
the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves
oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. Spirospermum Thouars
{202}Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18
18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers
opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3;
endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.—Species
1. West Africa. (Miersiophyton Engl., under Chasmanthera
Miers). Rhigiocarya Miers
Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19
19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft.
Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) Kolobopetalum Engl.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or
tubercled. 20
20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers
opening inwards. (See 16.) Tiliacora Colebr.
Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21
21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) Desmonema Miers
Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves
broadly cordate.—Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible
tubers. Chasmanthera Hochst.
22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23
Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24
23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 1. West Africa. Synclisia Benth.
Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length.
Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.
(See 8.) Epinetrum Hiern
24. Petals none. 25
Petals 3-9, usually 6. 27
25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse
slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. Leaves
broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.—Species 2. West
Africa. Syrrheonema Miers
Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes
confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral. 26
26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening by confluent
slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.) Penianthus Miers
Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax
cymes or in panicles.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including Pycnostylis
Pierre, Rameya Baill., and Welwitschiina Engl.) Triclisia Benth.
27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.—Species 1. West Africa. Sphenocentrum Pierre
Petals 3-6. 28
28. Stamens 3. 29
Stamens 6-18. 31
MENISPERMACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 47.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cocculus Leaeba DC.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.
ANONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 48.
J. Fleischmann del.
Anona senegalensis Pers.
A Branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stigma. D Anther. E Young fruit cut lengthwise.
29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Filaments united high up. 30
30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Strychnopsis Baill.
Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. (Including Gamopoda Bak. and Tripodandra Baill.) Rhaptonema Miers
31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers
opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals
and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Anisocycla Baill.
Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers
opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32
32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33
Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes.
Leaves undivided. 34
33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves
compound, with 3 leaflets.—Species 4. Madagascar. Burasaia Thouars
Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem
climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Limaciopsis Engl.
34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers
present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers
absent. (See 16.) Tiliacora Colebr.
SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.
FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (Bocagea) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)
1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas.
[Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2
Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a
many-celled ovary. 3
2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy
margin.—Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some
{204}species are used as condiments and in medicine. Monodora Dun.
Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Monodora Dun.) Isolona (Pierre) Engl.
3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united
stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe
MILIUSEAE.] Piptostigma Oliv.
Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4
4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion
and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading,
valvate in the bud, very rarely (Anona) the inner imbricate at the apex.
[Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5
Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading,
but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens. 10
5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate
with the sepals, or 6.—Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical
and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield
cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a
substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others)
from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.] Anona L.
Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6
6. Ovules solitary. 7
Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8
7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark
and yellow hairs.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber,
dyes, and medicaments. (Under Xylopia L.) Enantia Oliv.
Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon
linear styles.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Oxymitra
Blume) Stenanthera (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels
8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and
contracted between the seeds. Trees.—Species 1. German East
Africa. Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels
Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved
when ripe. 9
9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the
flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling
shrubs.—Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible
fruits or are used in medicine. Artabotrys R. Br.
Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above.
Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules
2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.—Species 30.
Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments.
{205}(Xylopicrum P. Br.) Xylopia L.
10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base,
subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] Hexalobus A. DC.
Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11
11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12
Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.] 23
12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or
scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual. 13
Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells. 15
13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the
female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Congo). Thonnera De Wild.
Petals 4. 14
14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female
much larger than the male. Trees.—Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa. Tetrastemma Diels
Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as
large as the male. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). Uvariopsis Engl.
15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile.
Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.—Species 2. West
Africa (Congo). Monanthotaxis Baill.
Petals in 2 rows. 16
16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.—Species 30. Tropical
and South-east Africa. (Including Clathrospermum Planch.) Popowia Endl.
Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17
17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels
3, one-seeded.—Species 1. Madagascar. Bocagea St. Hil.
Stamens numerous. 18
18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short.
Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in
axillary clusters.—Species 1 (C. odorata Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang).
Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a
perfume. Cananga Rumph.
Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19
19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs.
(See 9.) Artabotrys R. Br.
Style short or wanting. 20
20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between
the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed
{206}with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21
Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted
between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with
stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22
21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8
seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers
hermaphrodite.—Species 9. Tropics. Unona L. f.
Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2
seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.—Species
8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. Polyalthia Blume
22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species 2. Central
Africa. (Under Unona L. f.) Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels
Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.—Species 3.
Central Africa. Uvariastrum Engl.
23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24
Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26
24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded.
Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the
bud. Sepals 3, small.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Anona L.) Anonidium Engl. & Diels
Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25
25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely
larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled;
styles linear. Shrubs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Unona L. f.) Cleistochlamys Oliv.
Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner.
Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.—Species
9. West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Benth.) Cleistopholis Pierre
26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in
the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large
bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. Pachypodanthium Engl. & Diels
Carpels free. 27
27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels
about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base,
greatly exceeding the calyx.—Species 1. East Africa. (Asteranthopsis
O. Ktze., under Uvaria L.) Asteranthe Engl. & Diels
Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually
free.—Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. Uvaria L.
FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; fila{207}ments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)
1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed.
Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.—Species 1. Madagascar. Mauloutchia Warb.
Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent.
Aril distinctly developed. 2
2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes
or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid,
dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading
cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The
seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments
and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible. Myristica L.
Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3
3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth
funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united
filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire.
Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral
nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the
margin; transverse veins faint.—Species 3. West Africa. They
yield timber and oil. (Including Ochocoa Pierre). Scyphocephalium Warb.
Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in
racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with
suberect cotyledons. 4
4. Flowers in simple, fascicle- or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers
3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with
forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.—Species 4. West
Africa. They yield timber. Staudtia Warb.
Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles.
Aril slit. 5
5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral
nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6
Flowers sessile, in heads. 7
6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped.
Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.—Species
4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. Coelocaryon Warb.
Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel- or
pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.—Species 1. Cultivated
in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. Virola Aubl.
7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers
2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves
{208}of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.—Species 5. West
Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under Myristica
L.) (Plate 49.) Pycnanthus Warb.
Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen
uniform. 8
8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as
or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral
nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Brochoneura Warb.) Cephalosphaera Warb.
Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually
longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly
as strong transverse veins.—Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are
used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under Myristica L.) Brochoneura Warb.
FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy albumen.—Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)
1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more,
sunk in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped.
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
3. West Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE,
tribe SIPARUNEAE.] Glossocalyx Benth.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth regular
or nearly so. [Subfamily MONIMIOIDEAE.] 2
2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female flowers
falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe TRIMENIEAE.] 3
Receptacle large, cup- or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth
falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. Carpels
several or many. 4
3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. Flowers
on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Chloropatane Engl.
Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on short
stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield timber. (Including Paxiodendron Engl.) Xymalos Baill.
4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the carpels.
Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. Anther-halves
confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in
MYRISTICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 49.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb.
A Part of a flowering branch. B Male partial inflorescence. C Male flower. D Fruit, the pericarp cut lengthwise.
MONIMIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 50.
J. Fleischmann del.
Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Female flower. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Carpel (the ovary cut lengthwise).
clusters, monoecious.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Mollinedia
Ruiz & Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.] Ephippiandra Decne.
Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and
enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous.
Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.] 5
5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk in the receptacle.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, dioecious.—Species 4.
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. Monimia Thouars
Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the receptacle.—Species
20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some
species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (Ambora Juss.) Tambourissa Sonn.
FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary superior, very rarely (Hypodaphnis) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)
1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily LAUROIDEAE.] 2
Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily PERSEOIDEAE.] 11
2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. Flowers
in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or trees.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, spices, and medicaments,
and are also used as ornamental plants. “Laurel.” [Tribe
LAUREAE.] Laurus L.
Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, usually
9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. 3
3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute scales.
Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the inner.
Fertile stamens 9.—Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. Some
are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.] Cassytha L.
Stem shrub- or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6,
rarely 4, subequal segments. 4
4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. Perianth-segments
6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe CRYPTOCARYEAE.] 5
Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe
APOLLONIADEAE.] 6
5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but free
from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.—Species 8.
Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments.
{210}(Agathophyllum Juss.) Ravensara Sonn.
Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the receptacle,
but adnate to the seed.—Species 10. Madagascar, South and East
Africa. Cryptocarya R. Br.
6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.—Species
2. Madagascar. Potameia Thouars
Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9. 7
7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Berniera Baill.
Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. Flowers
in panicles. 8
8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong or obovate,
the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate glands.—Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. Tylostemon Engl.
Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens
with 2 roundish glands at their base. 9
9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 1. Canary Islands
and Madeira. Yields timber. Apollonias Nees
Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.—Species 20. Tropics. Some
species yield timber or edible seeds. (Afrodaphne Stapf, Hufelandia
Nees, Nesodaphne Hook., under Tylostemon Engl.) Beilschmiedia Nees
10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers dioecious, in
umbels.—Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles.
They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (Tetranthera Jaqu.) [Tribe
LITSEEAE.] Litsea Lam.
Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers hermaphrodite
or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.] 11
11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle accrescent.
Flowers usually polygamous. 12
Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely
or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 13
12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Ocotea Aubl.) Hypodaphnis Stapf
Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, fat,
condiments, and medicaments. (Including Mespilodaphne and Oreodaphne
Nees). (Plate 51.) Ocotea Aubl.
13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time of
flowering.—Species 2 (C. zeylanicum Breyn, cinnamon, and C. camphora
Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They
yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses. Cinnamomum Blume
Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole. 14
LAURACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 51.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens. D Staminode. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Group of fruits. G Young fruit cut lengthwise.
PAPAVERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 52.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petals (a the upper, b one of the lateral, c the lower). D Bundle of stamens (the third anther not visible). E Pistil (the ovary cut lengthwise).
14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, greenish.—Species
1 (P. gratissima Gaertn., avocado-pear). Cultivated in the
tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a fat and a dye are
prepared, and is used in medicine. Persea Gaertn.
Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, blackish.—Species
1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under
Persea Gaertn.) Phoebe Nees
FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under LAURACEAE or COMBRETACEAE.)
1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma
capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted.
Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 1. East Africa, Angola,
Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily GYROCARPOIDEAE.] Gyrocarpus Jaqu.
Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite
or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or
less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily
HERNANDIOIDEAE.] 2
2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2
scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Illigera Blume
Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or
lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers
6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees.
Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre
of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more
male.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in
medicine. Hernandia L.
ORDER RHOEADALES
SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE
FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE
Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers {212}opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.—Genera 11, species 50. (Including FUMARIACEAE.) (Plate 52.)
1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite
(or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a
two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky.
[Subfamily FUMARIOIDEAE.] 2
Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5
2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent,
3- or more-seeded.—Species 9. South and North Africa and high
mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Cysticapnos Adans.) Corydalis DC.
Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not
appendaged. 3
3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each
side. Leaves fleshy.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Sarcocapnos DC.
Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each
side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4
4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior
spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) Trigonocapnos Schlecht.
Fruit globular or compressed, erect.—Species 15. North, South, and East
Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
“Fumitory.” (Including Discocapnos Cham. & Schlechtend. and
Platycapnos Bernh.) Fumaria L.
5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.—Species
7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
[Subfamily HYPECOIDEAE.] Hypecoum L.
Stamens numerous. [Subfamily PAPAVEROIDEAE.] 6
6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma
subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled,
2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.—Species 1. Naturalized
in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] Hunnemannia Sweet
Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or
stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7
7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne
upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged.
Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally.
“Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] Chelidonium L.
Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite
{213}to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8
8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves
2-4. Juice yellow. 9
Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent.
Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10
9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2
erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.—Species 2.
North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal
plants; the seeds yield oil. Glaucium Juss.
Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent
lobes. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. Roemeria Medik.
10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow
or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and
medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. Argemone L.
Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely
septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.—Species 12.
North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also
cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used
as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. P. somniferum L. yields
opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.” Papaver L.
SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.
FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE
Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (Cercopetalum) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (Dipterygium) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)
1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two
valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs
or trees. [Subfamily CAPPARIDOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo
curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14
2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with
a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3
Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then
stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4
3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon
a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.—Species 10. East Africa,
Madagascar and Mauritius. Thylachium Lour.
Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated,
{214}stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.—Species 50. Some of them
yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including Niebuhria DC.
and Streblocarpus Arn.) Maerua Forsk.
4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc
and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2.
Leaves digitate.—Species 2. South Africa. Bachmannia Pax
Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting,
but then leaves undivided. 5
5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube- or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens
4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine.
(Including Schepperia Neck.) Cadaba Forsk.
Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens
rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and
sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6
6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided. 7
Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9
7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long
stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3,
rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.—Species 6. Central Africa. Courbonia Brongn.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more.
Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8
8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules
numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa. Buchholzia Engl.
Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The
fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. Boscia Lam.
9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens
10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile
ovules. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. West Africa. Cercopetalum Gilg
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then
stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10
10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two
bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile
stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species
3. East Africa. Cladostemon A. Br. & Vatke
Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11
11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens
5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Pteropetalum Pax). Euadenia Oliv.
Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12
12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open.
Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a
CRUCIFERAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 53.
J. Fleischmann del.
Heliophila amplexicaulis L. fil.
A Plant with inflorescences. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruiting branch. E Seed cut lengthwise.
CAPPARIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 54.
J. Fleischmann del.
Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond.
A Branch with flowers and fruits. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Seed.
long gynophore, 1- or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves
ternately compound.—Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber,
edible fruit, or medicaments. Crataeva L.
Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and androphore
little developed or wanting. 13
13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and then petals
numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, 1-celled.—Species
25. Central Africa. Ritchiea R. Br.
Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.—Species 50. Some
of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from C. spinosa L.),
edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous. Capparis L.
14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary
with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. Undershrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily
DIPTERYGIOIDEAE.] Dipterygium Decne.
Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more. 15
15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens
40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. Shrubs.
Flowers fascicled.—Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE.] Calyptrotheca Gilg
Fruit several- or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate from
the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous.
[Subfamily CLEOMOIDEAE.] 16
16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, borne
upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves
ternately compound.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Cleome L.) Chilocalyx Klotzsch
Calyx-tube none. 17
17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. Ovary stalked.
Herbs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, and is also
used as an ornamental plant. (Pedicellaria Schrank). Gynandropsis DC.
Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a
distinct androphore. 18
18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves
digitate.—Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including
Dianthera Klotzsch and Tetratelia Sond., under Cleome L.)
(Plate 53.) Polanisia Raf.
Stamens 4-6, all fertile. 19
19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Cleomodendron Pax
Disc ring- or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs or
undershrubs.—Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Cleome L.
{216}
FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo curved.—Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)
1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. Stigma more
developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe HESPERIDEAE.] 2
Hairs simple or wanting. 37
2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 3
Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 19
3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. 4
Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged. 7
4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style appendaged
at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base.
Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.—Species 1. North Africa. Lonchophora Dur.
Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals
white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles. 5
5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear,
entire. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Parolinia Webb
Fruit-valves with an entire appendage. 6
6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals red. Leaves
oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with star-shaped
hairs.—Species 5. East Africa. Diceratella Boiss.
Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or
yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.—Species 1. North
Africa. Notoceras R. Br.
7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral stamens.
Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united. 8
Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes
blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or
indistinctly developed. 14
8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal gibbosity;
stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species
15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants or in medicine. “Stock.” Matthiola R. Br.
Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited
{217}at the base.
9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear,
white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves
divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). Leptaleum DC.
Longer filaments free or slightly cohering. 10
10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex.
Petals white or pink.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including Maresia Pomel). Malcolmia R. Br.
Seeds flat; radicle accumbent. 11
11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted between
the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs stellate.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Farsetia Desv. or Malcolmia R. Br.). Eremobium Boiss.
Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled. 12
12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely angled.
Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.—Species 3.
North and East Africa. Morettia DC.
Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds. 13
13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely 2-lobed.
Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.—Species 13. East
and North Africa. Some are used medicinally. Farsetia Desv.
Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with a
faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.—Species 15. North, East, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.” Arabis L.
14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply limited.
Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 15
Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring.
Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma
usually sharply limited. 16
15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as
ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including Dichroanthus
Webb). Cheiranthus L.
Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.—Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. Erysimum L.
16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves with a strong
midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under Sisymbrium L.). Descurainia Webb & Berth.
Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely
yellowish, reddish, or bluish. 17
17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; radicle
accumbent. (See 13.). Arabis L.
{218}Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve. 18
18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Arabis L.). Turritis L.
Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.—Species 2. East,
South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Arabis L. or
Sisymbrium L.). Stenophragma Celak.
19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded. 20
Fruit 2- or more-seeded. 22
20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. Style
very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Schlechteria Bolus
Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs. 21
21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, without a
partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves linear.
Hairs star-shaped.—Species 2. North Africa. Clypeola L.
Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with a
rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or
spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. (Vogelia Medik.) Neslia Desv.
22. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 23
Fruit many-seeded. 30
23. Petals yellow. 24
Petals white or reddish. 26
24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments without an
appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, boat-shaped
valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle incumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra. Lachnocapsa Balf.
Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 25
25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage.
Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle
very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants
covered with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. Bunias L.
Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely
lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle
accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.—Species 13. North
and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.
(Including Meniocus Desv.) Alyssum L.
26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, projecting
inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves toothed.—Species
1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.” Anastatica L.
{219}Fruit-valves without an appendage. 27
27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. Stigma
sessile. Seeds 4.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Hinterhubera
Reichb. and Hornungia Reichb.) Hutchinsia R. Br.
Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition
broad. 28
28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit elliptical,
tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. Flowers
short-stalked.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Euclidium R. Br.
Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous. 29
29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit
orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
(Under Alyssum L.). Ptilotrichum C. A. Mey.
Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with scattered
fibres.—Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and
St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Koniga
Adans., under Alyssum L.) Lobularia Desv.
30. Petals yellow. 31
Petals white or red. 34
31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter filaments with a tooth-like
appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds numerous, winged.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Farsetia Desv.) Fibigia Medik.
Sepals not saccate. 32
32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely without,
but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a mid-rib at
the base. (See 25.) Alyssum L.
Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with
the mid-rib extending to the top. 33
33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint middle-nerve.
Radicle accumbent.—Species 5. North-west Africa. Some are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Erophila DC.) Draba L.
Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong middle-nerve.
Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. North
Africa. They yield oil and medicaments. Camelina Crantz
34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.). Farsetia Turr.
Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged. 35
35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint middle-nerve;
partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) Draba L.
{220}Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent. 36
36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.—Species 1. North Africa and
northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the islands
of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds purse.” Capsella DC.
Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.). Hutchinsia R. Br.
37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely notched
at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or twisted.
[Tribe THELYPODIEAE.] 38
Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex
entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.]. 45
38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 39
Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely folded
or spirally twisted. 42
39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. Seed-coat
spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle accumbent.
Leaves roundish.—Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a vegetable
and in medicine. Pringlea Hook. fil.
Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle incumbent. 40
40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. Fruit
oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves
reniform-cordate.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Chamira Thunb.
Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded transversely. 41
41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. Petals
blue or red. Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Carponema Sond.
Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often constricted
between the seeds.—Species 60. South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.) Heliophila L.
42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Palmstruckia Sond.
Fruit 2- or more-seeded. 43
43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See 41.) Heliophila L.
Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 44
44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating from
the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals red.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Cycloptychis E. Mey.
Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow.
Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow
or red.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Brachycarpaea DC.
45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 46
{221}Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 77
46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. Cotyledons
folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.] 47
Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless
beak. 59
47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints). 48
Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells. 56
48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals
yellow. Undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Hemicrambe Webb
Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded. 49
49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved. 50
Fruit-valves convex. 51
50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes
long, erect, connate.—Species 7. North Africa. Moricandia DC.
Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and
Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
The seeds of some species are used as a condiment. Diplotaxis DC.
51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved. 52
Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly flattened. 53
52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. Leaves
dissected.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Erucaria Gaertn.) Reboudia Coss. & Durieu
Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves
lyrate.—Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the
Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (S. alba L.) yields salad, oil,
condiments, and medicaments. (Under Brassica L.) Sinapis L.
53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper one, 3-4-seeded.
Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Under Rapistrum Desv.) Cordylocarpus Desf.
Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper
one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet. 54
54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Petals
yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.—Species 25, five of
them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables,
salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially B. oleracea L., cabbage,
B. campestris L., rapeseed, B. Napus L., turnip, and B. nigra Koch,
black mustard. (Including Melanosinapis Schimp. & Spenn.) Brassica L.
Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite. 55
55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate.
Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.—Species 6. North and
{222}East Africa. (Including Hirschfeldia Moench, under Brassica L.) Erucastrum Presl
Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. Sepals connivent. Petals
violet.—Species 4. North Africa. (Including Hussonia Coss.) Erucaria Gaertn.
56. Seeds pendulous. 57
Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect. 58
57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers
solitary, axillary.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Raffenaldia
Godr.) Cossonia Durieu
Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers
racemose.—Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized
in South Africa, the second (R. sativus L.) cultivated and naturalized
in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments.
“Radish.” (Raphanus L.) Rhaphanus L.
58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs.
Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended
by bracts.—Species 4. North Africa to Nubia. Enarthrocarpus Labill.
Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two
valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected.
Flowers without bracts. (See 55). Erucaria Gaertn.
59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile.
Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.—Species 5.
North Africa. Woad (I. tinctoria L.) yields a dye, other species are used
medicinally. Isatis L.
Fruit 2- or more-seeded. 60
60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61
Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67
61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none.
Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals
violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62
Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent,
glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then
radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter
case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63
62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals
with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including Oudneya R. Br.) Henophyton Coss. & Durieu
Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately
divided. (See 50.). Moricandia DC.
63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at
least the lower, pinnately divided. 64
{223}Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65
64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the
lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.—Species 2. North
Africa. Ammosperma Hook. fil.
Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved.
Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). Diplotaxis DC.
65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or
linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged.
Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.—Species 8. Some
of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” Cardamine L.
Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually
undivided. 66
66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.) Arabis L.
Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid.
Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.) Turritis L.
67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve.
Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or
converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants. 68
Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, rarely
(Nasturtium) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with a faint
or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals white
or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins. 69
68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. Cotyledons
folded. (See 50.) Moricandia DC.
Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a
single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable. Conringia Heist.
69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate. 70
Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded. 71
70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals
yellow.—Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized in
the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. “Wintercress.” Barbarea R. Br.
Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds usually
in two rows.—Species 15. Some of them (especially N. officinale
R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and medicaments. (Including
Roripa Scop.) Nasturtium R. Br.
71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong ribs.
Glands confluent into a ring. 72
Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked. 73
72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals white.
Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
{224}Used medicinally. (Under Sisymbrium L.) Alliaria Adans.
Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.—Species
25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including Kibera
DC. and Nasturtiopsis Boiss.) Sisymbrium L.
73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds
globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves. 74
Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, or
without a beak. 75
74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds in 2 rows.
Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the stem.—Species 4.
North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are used as a condiment
or in medicine. (Including Rytidocarpus Coss.) Eruca Lam.
Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals spreading.
(See 52.). Sinapis L.
75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals saccate.
Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 6. Madeira
and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Brassica L.) Sinapidendron Lowe
Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs. 76
76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.) Rhaphanus L.
Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.) Brassica L.
77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells (joints), the
lowest cell sometimes seedless. 78
Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless
beak. 82
78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary in
each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral saccate.
Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, axillary.
(See 57.) Cossonia Durieu
Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose. 79
79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper with
an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals
saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. Cakile Gaertn.
Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded.
Petals white or yellow. 80
80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; lower joint
1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
(Including Ceratocnemon Coss. et Balansa, Didesmus Desv., Otocarpus
Durieu, and Rapistrella Pomel). Rapistrum Desv.
Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint
seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white. 81
81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous from
the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. Filaments
not toothed. Leaves lobed.—Species 2. North-west Africa. (Including
{225}Kremeria Coss.). Muricaria Desv.
Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous
from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals spreading.—Species
7. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables
(sea-kale). Crambe L.
82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow,
often marked with violet veins. 83
Fruit not distinctly beaked. 87
83. Fruit indehiscent, 1- or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and usually a
rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed,
lobed, or cleft. 84
Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 or
more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in this case
shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded. 85
84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt). Schimpera Hochst. & Steud.
Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Myagrum L.
85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs.
Leaves entire.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Vella L.
Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided,
at least some of them. 86
86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa. Carrichtera Adans.
Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or undivided.
(See 74.) Eruca Lam.
87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded. 88
Fruit 2- or more-seeded. 91
88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed globular.
Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments
without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately
divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Calepina Adans.
Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided. 89
89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an appendage.
Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle accumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.) Schlechteria Bolus
Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or undershrubs. 90
90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage.
Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma.
Fruit discoid, winged.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used
as ornamental plants. Aethionema R. Br.
Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral
{226}glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed
beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks
bent downwards. (See 59.) Isatis L.
91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded. 92
Fruit 4- or more-seeded. 99
92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing
partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged;
radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves
pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). Ricotia L.
Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or not
compressed; partition well developed. 93
93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally. 94
Fruit not distinctly compressed. 97
94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical partition,
opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, rarely
obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the
embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.—Species 20.
Some of them (especially L. sativum L., garden-cress) yield salad, oil, and
medicaments. Lepidium L.
Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition. 95
95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle short, accumbent;
cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals
yellow. Median and lateral glands present.—Species 6. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. Biscutella L.
Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white,
red or violet. 96
96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.
Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, indehiscent.—Species 7.
Some of them are used medicinally. (Senebiera Poir.) Coronopus Gaertn.
Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo.
Style distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than
the inner. Median glands wanting.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.” Iberis L.
97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced partition.
Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with a thread-shaped
funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted
at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs.
Leaves pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Succowia Medik.
Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a
very short funicle. 98
98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short lobes.
Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted
behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow.
Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-east Africa
{227}(Egypt). Ochthodium DC.
Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent;
cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect.
Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 2.
North Africa to Nubia. Zilla Forsk.
99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence partition
as broad as the fruit. 100
Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit. 104
100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle accumbent.
Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without a distinct
median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals
violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately dissected.
Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.). Ricotia L.
Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent
partition. Sepals not saccate. 101
101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the base. Radicle
incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like appendage at
the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. Leaves
undivided or lobed.—Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally. Savignya DC.
Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent.
Petals white or yellow. 102
102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, or without
a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex lobed.
Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.) Nasturtium R. Br.
Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median
glands wanting. 103
103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate
beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under Cochlearia L.) Kernera Medik.
Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the
stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) Draba L.
104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit winged.
Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded.
Leaves undivided. 105
Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle accumbent.
Cotyledons not folded. 106
105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly
and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Psychine Desf.
Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely
{228}lobed. Glabrous herbs.—Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. Schouwia DC.
106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. Cotyledons
inserted behind the bend of the embryo. 107
Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. 108
107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. Style
short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or
pinnatipartite.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables. Teesdalia R. Br.
Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent.
Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.—Species 1. High
mountains of East Africa. Subularia L.
108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. Lateral
sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. Radicle
incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.). Aethionema R. Br.
Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate. 109
109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. Petals
rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the laterally
dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Ionopsidium Reichb.
Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or thickened
but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent. 110
110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. Leaves
pinnately divided. (See 27.) Hutchinsia R. Br.
Fruit-valves winged. 111
111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves undivided.—Species
6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. “Penny-cress.” Thlaspi L.
Radicle incumbent. 112
112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or yellow.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including
Pastorea Tod.) Bivonaea DC.
Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals
white. (See 36.). Capsella DC.
SUBORDER RESEDINEAE
FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.—Genera 6, species 45. (Plate 55.)
1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves
lanceolate, entire. 2
RESEDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. APR.
Pl. 55.
J. Fleischmann del.
Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petal. D Stamens. E Ovary cut lengthwise and across. F Fruit. G Seed cut lengthwise. H Part of a branch with clusters of leaves.
DROSERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 56.
J. Fleischmann del.
Drosera Burkeana Planch.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Petal. D Flower without the corolla (the calyx cut lengthwise). E Style. F Older flower. G Older flower cut lengthwise. H Seed.
Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary open
at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the middle
only, then petals 4. 3
2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the cell,
stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Astrocarpus Neck.
Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.—Species 3. North and Central
Africa. Caylusea St. Hil.
3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3.
Fruit berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species
5. North Africa and northern East Africa. Ochradenus Del.
Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top. 4
4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile.
Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. South Africa and
North Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.) Oligomeris Cambess.
Petals 4-8. Disc present. 5
5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double.
Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
East Africa. Randonia Coss.
Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs
or undershrubs.—Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa;
one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially
R. luteola L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially R.
odorata L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. “Mignonette.”
(Including Luteola Tourn.). Reseda L.
SUBORDER MORINGINEAE
FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Under CAPPARIDACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East Africa,
Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (M. oleifera Lam., horse-radish-tree)
cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts of the tropics.
This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, vegetables, oil, condiments,
and medicaments. Moringa Juss.
ORDER SARRACENIALES
FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 or{230} more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, axile embryo and fleshy albumen.
Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental
plants. “Pitcher plant.” Nepenthes L.
FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)
1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal or
nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up
in the bud. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Morocco). Drosophyllum Link
Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened
stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs. 2
2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, surrounded by
bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. Flowers
solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched stigmas.
Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating water-plants.—Species
1. Upper Nile. Aldrovanda L.
Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing long-stalked
glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.—Species 13. Southern and
tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation of liquors and
in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.) Drosera L.
ORDER ROSALES
SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE
FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE
Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.)
PODOSTEMONACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 57.
J. Fleischmann del.
Tristicha alternifolia Tul.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise.
HYDROSTACHYACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 58.
J. Fleischmann del.
Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss.
A Plant in flower. B Male flower with its bract. C Female flower, and ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed.
1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1.
Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropical
and South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.] Tristicha Thouars
Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely of
3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2.
Leaves usually dissected. 2
2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4;
filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the flower.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.] Angolaea Wedd.
Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (Winklerella) 3,
but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.] 3
3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked. 4
Filaments obviously united. 5
4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the deciduous
one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the lower with
two teeth at the base.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Ledermanniella Engl.
Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much
branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.—Species 2.
West Africa. Used as salad. Dicraeanthus Engl.
5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. Flowers
drooping.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad.
(Including Isothylax Baill.) Sphaerothylax Bisch.
Ovary and fruit 2-celled. 6
6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with prominent ribs.
Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Podostemon Mich.
Fruit with equal valves. 7
7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers
drooping.—Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (Leiocarpodicraea
Engl., under Dicraea Thouars). Leiothylax Warm.
Fruit with prominent ribs. 8
8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them or both
falling off. Pollen-grains separate.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Winklerella Engl.
Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 9.
Tropics. (Under Podostemon Mich.) Dicraea Thouars
FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE
Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, with separated{232} anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under PODOSTEMONACEAE.) (Plate 58.)
Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. Hydrostachys Thouars
SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE
FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (Crassula) 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)
1. Petals free or nearly so. 2
Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube. 5
2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free or
nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.—Species 180.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Bulliarda DC., Dinacria Harv., Helophytum Eckl. & Zeyh., and Tillaea
L.) Crassula L.
Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (Sedum) equalling the sepals in
number, but then leaves alternate. 3
3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly
so. Leaves usually scattered.—Species 25. North Africa and high
mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as
medicinal or ornamental plants. Sedum L.
Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united.
Leaves usually rosulate. 4
4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals linear-lanceolate,
inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.—Species 10. North-west
Africa. (Petrophyes Webb). Monanthes Haw.
Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals lanceolate,
brightly coloured.—Species 70. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “House-leek.”
(Including Aeonium Webb, Aichryson Webb, and Greenovia
Webb & Berth.) Sempervivum L.
5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite. 6
Flowers 5-6-merous. 8
CRASSULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 59.
J. Fleischmann del.
Kalanchoë laciniata DC.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of carpels. D Fruit. E Seed.
SAXIFRAGACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 60.
J. Fleischmann del.
Brexia madagascariensis Thouars
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.
6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn- or almost
bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate.
Undershrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Crassuvia Comm.) Bryophyllum Salisb.
Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7
7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube- or bell-shaped;
segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens
8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.—Species 15. Madagascar.
(Under Kalanchoe Adans.) Kitchingia Bak.
Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then
corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually
salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic
resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) Kalanchoë Adans.
8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.—Species 40.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Echeveria DC., Mucizonia DC., Pistorinia DC., and Umbilicus DC.) Cotyledon L.
Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9
9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle.
Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.—Species 1.
South Africa. Grammanthes DC.
Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.—Species
4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Rochea DC.
FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE
Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including GROSSULARIACEAE.) (Plate 60.)
1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily SAXIFRAGOIDEAE.] 2
Stem woody, rarely (Berenice) herbaceous above, but then style simple.
Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3
2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled,
with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves
opposite, entire.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Vahlia Thunb.
Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled,
with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.—Species 9. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
{234}plants. Saxifraga L.
3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely
2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with
valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with
enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.—Species 1 (H. Hortensia DC.)
Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An
ornamental plant. [Subfamily HYDRANGEOIDEAE.] Hydrangea L.
Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4
4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a
berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 2.
North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (R. Grossularia L., gooseberry)
yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including
Grossularia A. Rich.) [Subfamily RIBESOIDEAE.] Ribes L.
Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers
unisexual. [Subfamily ESCALLONIOIDEAE.] 5
5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. Grevea Baill.
Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or
2-parted. 6
6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma.
Fruit a berry or drupe. 7
Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire
stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8
7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent,
rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc.
Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo
shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
solitary or in few-flowered clusters.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Roussea Smith
Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of
the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a
drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low
trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.—Species 2.
East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (Venana
Lam.) (Plate 60.) Brexia Thouars
8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds
linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Island of Réunion. Berenice Tul.
Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the
top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9
9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud.
Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled,
female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Montinia L.f.
PITTOSPORACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 61.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruiting branch. E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.
CUNONIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 62.
J. Fleischmann del.
Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed.
Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in
umbel-shaped cymes. 10
10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs
with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.—Species 2. South
Africa and southern East Africa. Choristylis Harv.
Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick.
Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.—Species 1. Island
of Réunion. Forgesia Comm.
FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 61.)
Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some
are used as ornamental plants. Pittosporum Banks
FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 62.)
1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the calyx.
Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3
leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Platylophus Don
Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs.
Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes. 2
2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary
2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing.
Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.—Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber. Cunonia L.
Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.—Species 15. Madagascar
and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, tans,
dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.) Weinmannia L.
{236}
FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE
Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens 3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under HAMAMELIDEAE or SAXIFRAGACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used as a
fumigant and in medicine. (Including Myosurandra Baill.) Myrothamnus Welw.
FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE
Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without stipules, rarely (Staavia) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lonchostoma) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.—Genera 12, species 55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)
1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. Petals clawed,
the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle (calyx-tube)
glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe AUDOUINIEAE.] 2
Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. [Tribe
BRUNIEAE.] 4
2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond
the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red.
Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.—Species 1. Cape
Colony. Audouinia Brongn.
Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. Connective
not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in
racemes. 3
3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, deciduous.
Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.—Species 5. South Africa. Thamnea Soland.
Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals
glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in
racemes. Bracteoles 6.—Species 1. Cape Colony. Tittmannia Brongn.
BRUNIACECAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 63.
J. Fleischmann del.
Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.
HAMAMELIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 64.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. and Zeyh.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (the petals cut off excepting one). C Cross-section of ovary.
4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary 2-celled
with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing parts.
Flowers in spikes. 5
Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands. 6
5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary
hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.—Species 3. Cape
Colony. Lonchostoma Wickstr.
Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary almost
inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.—Species 3. Cape Colony. Linconia L.
6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base
of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent. 7
Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at the
base of the petals tubercle- or pouch-like. 8
7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter than
the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, spicately
arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 1. Cape Colony.
(Under Berzelia Brongn.) Mniothamnea Oliv.
Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the petals;
anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club- or spoon-shaped.—Species
9. South Africa. Berzelia Brongn.
8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent. 9
Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in
heads. 10
9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals short,
with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the petals,
equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, kneed.—Species
8. South Africa. (Under Brunia L.) Pseudobaeckea Nied.
Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with
a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals,
unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style
long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers
in heads.—Species 4. South Africa. Brunia L.
10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly thickened.
Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals united
beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at the
base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 9. South Africa. Staavia Thunb.
Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and thread-shaped;
stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex. 11
11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a short
claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above.
Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.—Species 8.
{238}South Africa. (Under Berardia Sond.) (Plate 63.) Raspalia Brongn.
Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a long claw
bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or less cohering,
long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the flowers. Bracteoles
spatulate or sickle-shaped.—Species 5. South Africa. (Berardia
Brongn.) Diberara Baill.
FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 64.)
1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none.
Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow.
Flowers in many-flowered heads.—Species 3. South and East Africa.
(Plate 64.) Trichocladus Pers.
Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior
or almost so. 2
2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. Flowers
in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.—Species 1. Madagascar. Franchetia Baill.
Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong.
Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like
spikes.—Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species
yield timber and medicaments. Dicoryphe Thouars
SUBORDER ROSINEAE
FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty albumen; cotyledons linear.
Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They also yield timber. “Plane.” Platanus L.
FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. Ovules inverted.—Genera 32, species 230. (Including AMYGDALACEAE and POMACEAE.) (Plate 65.)
1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually
connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2
Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly
enclosed by it. 10
2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10.
Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily
NEURADOIDEAE.] 3
Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle
succulent. [Subfamily POMOIDEAE.] 4
3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa. Neurada L.
Flowers large. Epicalyx none.—Species 6. South Africa. Grielum L.
4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit
small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.—Species 3. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. Cotoneaster Medik.
Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5
5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice
as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each.
Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental plant. Amelanchier Medik.
Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6
6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5.
Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves
undivided.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Pers., quince). Cultivated in
North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is
edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine.
(Under Pyrus L.) Cydonia Tourn.
Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7
7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of
them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8
Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp.
Carpels 2-5. 9
8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens
10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species
{240}1. Madeira. Chamaemeles Lindl.
Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually
lobed or divided and deciduous.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments
and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including
Crataegus L.) Mespilus L.
9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching
to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous
endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided,
persistent.—Species 1 (E. japonica Lindl., loquat). Cultivated
in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits.
(Under Photinia Lindl.) Eriobotrya Lindl.
Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit
not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.—Species 8, of
which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (P. communis
L., pear, and P. Malus L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa
and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits,
from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species
are used as ornamental plants. (Pyrus L., including Malus Tourn. and
Sorbus L.). Pirus Tourn.
10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a
single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily ROSOIDEAE.] 11
Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or
one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit
a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25
11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube- or urn-shaped,
tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12
Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup- or saucer-shaped),
not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. 21
12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6,
large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnate.—Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also
naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and
in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible
fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] Rosa Tourn.
Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.] 13
13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4. 14
Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the
calyx only. 15
14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad.
Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.—Species
{241}1. South Africa. Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals
narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (Brayera Kunth) Hagenia Gmel.
15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows
of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal.
Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. North and
South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used
in medicine. Agrimonia L.
Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16
16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5.
Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed
or digitate.—Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing
materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including Aphanes
L.) Alchimilla L.
Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17
17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of
the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers
in spikes or heads. 18
Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers
very small. Shrubs or trees. 20
18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used medicinally. Acaena Vahl
Receptacle without bristles. 19
19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not
coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.—Species 10.
North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some
species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs.
(Under Poterium L.) Sanguisorba L.
Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured,
smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. (Sarcopoterium Spach). Poterium L.
20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting
receptacle somewhat fleshy.—Species 2. Canary Islands and
Madeira. Bencomia Webb
Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous,
rarely somewhat fleshy.—Species 40. South Africa and
southern Central Africa. Cliffortia L.
21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2.
Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves
pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (Ulmaria Tourn., under
{242}Spiraea L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. Filipendula L.
Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually
inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22
22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal.
Epicalyx none.—Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from
which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants,
for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.] Rubus L.
Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always
present. 23
23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves
pinnatisect.—Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also
naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and
medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] Geum L.
Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24
24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle.
Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.—Species 5. Cultivated
in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores,
Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries),
dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. Fragaria L.
Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes
spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve
for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants. Potentilla L.
25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular.
[Subfamily PRUNOIDEAE.] 26
Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE.] 27
26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. Central and South-east
Africa. Pygeum Gaertn.
Petals petaloid.—Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa,
the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They
yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits
(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and
confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental
plants. (Including Amygdalus L., Armeniaca Juss., Cerasus Juss., and
Persica Tourn.) Prunus L.
27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or
near the base of the bell- or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe
CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28
Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the
flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less
tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29
28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens
10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. Grangeria Comm.
ROSACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 65.
J. Fleischmann del.
Parinarium congoënse Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Flower from above. D Unripe fruit.
CONNARACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 66.
J. Fleischmann del.
Connarus Smeathmannii DC.
A End of branch with young fruits. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed with aril.
Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous.
Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.—Species
3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil,
medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums). Chrysobalanus L.
29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely
1-celled.—Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber
(Griffonia Hook. fil.) Acioa Aubl.
Filaments free or united at the base only. 30
30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens 6-7.
Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.—Species 3. West Africa. Magnistipula Engl.
Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small. 31
31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
3. East Africa and Madagascar. Hirtella L.
Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit
usually 2-seeded.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of
them yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from
which also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (Parinari
Aubl.) (Plate 65). Parinarium Juss.
FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3 leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds with an aril often adnate to the testa.—Genera 12, species 140. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.)
1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.]. 2
Sepals valvate in the bud. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
[Tribe CNESTIDEAE.] 8
2. Ripe carpel indehiscent, nearly always 2-seeded. Seeds with a large,
adnate aril. Calyx hardened in fruit. Petals greatly exceeding the
sepals. Stamens 10, very unequal, surrounded by a disc. Carpel 1.
Flowers in clusters, springing from the old wood.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa (Gaboon). (Anthagathis Harms). Jollydora Pierre
Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise, usually 1-seeded. 3
3. Fruit-carpels narrowed at the base into a distinct stalk. Seeds attached
to the ventral suture, with a free aril. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.—Species
18. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 66.) Connarus L.
Fruit-carpels not stalked. Seeds attached at their base. Carpels (at the
{244}time of flowering) 3-5. 4
4. Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in fruit, small, usually flaccid. 5
Calyx conspicuously enlarged and hardened in fruit, leathery to woody.
Stamens 10. Carpels 5. 6
5. Leaves trifoliolate.—Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. Agelaea Sol.
Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
Styles 2-cleft at the apex. Calyx persistent.—Species 7. Tropics.
Some are poisonous. (Under Rourea Aubl.) Byrsocarpus Schum. & Thonn.
6. Calyx tightly clasping the fruit, herbaceous at the time of flowering. Styles
short; stigmas capitate. Seeds with very convex cotyledons.—Species
40. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. Rourea Aubl.
Calyx not clasping the fruit. Stamens very unequal. Styles long. 7
7. Stem twining. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx leathery at the time
of flowering. Seeds with flat cotyledons.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa. Paxia Gilg
Stem erect. Inflorescence racemose-fasciculate. Anther-halves distant
from one another, the pollen-sacs placed crosswise.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. (Jaundea Gilg). Yaundea Gilg
8. (1.) Ripe carpel indehiscent, not stalked, with a crusty pericarp. Seeds
enveloped by a thin aril. Carpel 1. Stamens 5-7, alternating with as
many glands. Calyx deeply divided, persistent, but not enlarged in
fruit. Low trees. Leaves unifoliolate. Flowers in clusters.—Species 2.
West Africa. Hemandradenia Stapf
Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise. 9
9. Receptacle prolonged into a stalk-like androphore. Sepals red, free. Petals
yellow, clawed, with 2 glands above the claw. Styles long. Erect
shrubs.—Species 1. Northern West Africa (Liberia). Dinklagea Gilg
Receptacle not prolonged. Petals without glands. Mostly climbing
shrubs. 10
10. Sepals united to the middle, ovate-triangular. Petals linear, four times
as long as the calyx, rolled inwards at the tip. Stamens very unequal.
Styles long; stigmas lobed.—Species 6. West Africa. Spiropetalum Gilg
Sepals free or nearly so. Petals not more than twice as long as the calyx.
Styles short; stigmas capitate. 11
11. Fruit-carpels glabrous on the inside, short-haired on the outside, prolonged
into a stalk at the base. Seeds without a distinct aril, but with
a fleshy testa. Embryo long and narrow. Petals longer than the
calyx.—Species 10. West Africa. Manotes Sol.
Fruit-carpels covered with long stiff hairs on the inside and usually also
on the outside. Seeds with a very small adnate aril at the base. Petals
as long as or shorter or somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens
subequal.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. Cnestis Juss.
{245}
FAMILY 105. LEGUMINOSAE
Leaves usually compound and stipulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules inserted at the ventral suture. Style simple, but sometimes with a tooth near the apex. Stigma entire. Fruit 1-, 2-, or transversely several-celled, opening in two valves or along the ventral suture, or separating transversely in two or more joints, or indehiscent.—Genera 261, species 3300 (FABACEAE, including PAPILIONACEAE, CAESALPINIACEAE and MIMOSACEAE.) (Plate 67.)
1. Petals valvate in bud. Flowers regular. Leaves twice pinnate, rarely
(Acacia) reduced to the broadened stalk. [Subfamily MIMOSOIDEAE.] 2
Petals imbricate in bud or wanting. Flowers more or less irregular (sometimes
nearly regular.) 28
2. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Unarmed trees. [Tribe PARKIEAE]. 3
Calyx with valvate aestivation. 4
3. Flowers in long spikes, yellowish. Fertile stamens 5, sterile ones 10-15.—Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber, oil, and edible seeds.
(ovala-seeds) Pentaclethra Benth.
Flowers in globular or club-shaped heads. Fertile stamens 10.—Species
7. Tropics. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, vegetables, medicaments,
edible fruits, from which a drink is prepared, and oily seeds,
which are also used as a condiment, a substitute for coffee, a fish-poison,
and for improving bad water. Parkia R. Br.
4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 5
Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. 25
5. Anthers without glands. [Tribe MIMOSEAE.] 6
Anthers crowned, at least in the bud, by a sometimes caducous gland.
Stamens 10. 9
6. Fruit dehiscing by two valves which separate from the persistent sutures.
Petals united below. 7
Fruit dehiscing by two valves which do not separate from the sutures, or
indehiscent. 8
7. Fruit and seeds slightly 4-angled, the former prickly. Petals red. Stamens
8-10. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in heads.—Species 1. West
Africa. Schranckia Willd.
Fruit and seeds flat.—Species 20. Tropics to Egypt, one species
naturalized. Some yield timber or medicaments or serve as ornamental
plants. Mimosa L.
8. Fruit broadly linear. Seeds placed transversely. Petals free, white.
Stamens 10. Ovary stalked. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Flowers in
heads.—Species 1 (L. glauca Benth.). Naturalized in the Tropics. It
yields timber, fodder, edible fruits, ornamental seeds, and medicaments. Leucaena Benth.
Fruit narrowly linear. Seeds placed obliquely or longitudinally.—Species
7. One of them naturalized in the Tropics, the others natives of Madagascar.
{246}Seeds used as ornament. (Acuan Medik.) Desmanthus Willd.
9. Seeds albuminous. [Tribe ADENANTHEREAE.] 10
Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe PIPTADENIEAE.] 19
10. Flowers in heads. 11
Flowers in spikes or racemes. 12
11. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite, partly (the lower) male or
neuter. Ovary stalked. Ovules numerous. Fruit obliquely-oblong,
opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules membranous,
cordate.—Species 1. Tropics. Used as a vegetable. Neptunia Lour.
Flowers all hermaphrodite. Ovary sessile. Ovules 1-2. Fruit sickle-shaped,
indehiscent. Shrubs. Stipules spinous, recurved.—Species
1. South Africa. Xerocladia Harv.
12. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite and yellow, partly (the
lower) neuter and white or red. Fruit not winged. Shrubs or trees.—Species
12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield ebony-like
wood and medicaments. (Cailliea Guill. & Perr.) Dichrostachys DC.
Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly male or female, or all hermaphrodite;
no neuter flowers. Trees. 13
13. Fruit winged or distinctly 4-angled, transversely septate, indehiscent. 14
Fruit neither winged nor distinctly 4-angled. 16
14. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary stalked. Flowers sessile.—Species 1. Madagascar
and Mauritius. Gagnebina DC.
Fruit 4-winged or 4-angled. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Flowers stalked. 15
15. Fruit 4-winged.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, a
substitute for soap, poison, and medicaments. Tetrapleura Benth.
Fruit 4-angled. Leaves with 4-5 pairs of pinnae.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Amblygonocarpus Harms
16. Fruit distinctly dehiscing in two valves. 17
Fruit indehiscent. 18
17. Seeds few, very flat, winged, with a long funicle.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Newtonia Baill.
Seeds numerous, thick, red. Leaflets numerous.—Species 1 (A. pavonina
L.). Naturalized in the tropics. It yields timber, gum, dyes,
medicaments, and edible oily seeds, which are also used as ornaments. Adenanthera L.
18. Calyx large, tube- or urn-shaped, with ovate, acute teeth. Stamens
inserted at the base of the petals. Leaves with one pair of pinnae
and several pairs of very large oblong leaflets. Spikes arranged in
panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Yields
timber and medicaments. Calpocalyx Harms
Calyx small, bell-shaped, with short segments. Stamens free. Leaves
with 2-5 pairs of pinnae and small or rather small leaflets.—Species 3.
North and Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. (Including
{247}Anonychium Benth.) Prosopis L.
19. (9.) Flowers in heads. Ovary sessile, with many ovules. Fruit transversely
septate. Trees.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber
and a substitute for soap. (Under Parkia R.Br.) Xylia Benth.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. Shrubs or trees. 20
20. Flowers sessile. 21
Flowers short-stalked. 23
21. Calyx saucer-shaped, cleft to the middle. Petals free. Disc cupular,
thick. Fruit large, elliptical, 1-celled. Seeds winged, with a long
funicle. Trees. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of pinnae. Spikes panicled.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. Fillaeopsis Harms
Calyx bell-shaped, shortly toothed. Disc inconspicuous or wanting. 22
22. Petals obviously united below. Fruit 1-celled, opening in two valves.—Species
13. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield ebony-like
wood. Piptadenia Benth.
Petals free or nearly so. Fruit with thick, persistent sutures, the valves
splitting transversely into one-seeded joints. Endocarp separating
from the exocarp and persisting round the seeds. Shrubs.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially E. scandens L.
with fruits attaining a yard in length) yield soap-bark, fibre, vegetables,
fish-poison, and edible oily seeds which are also used in medicine and as
ornaments. (Gigalobium P.Br., Pusaetha L.) Entada Adans.
23. Disc cupular, thin. Ovary stalked. Seeds winged. Trees. Leaves
with one pair of pinnae. Flowers with a very short stalk.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. (Including Cyrtoxiphus Harms) Cylicodiscus Harms
Disc inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs.
Leaves with 3-12 pairs of pinnae. 24
24. Calyx-teeth more or less unequal. Buds oblique. Fruit woody, transversely
septate, opening in two valves. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of pinnae.—Species
1. German East Africa. Pseudoprosopis Harms
Calyx-teeth equal. Fruit leathery, with persistent sutures, the endocarp
separating from the exocarp. Leaves with 6-12 pairs of pinnae.—Species
5. South Africa and southern Central Africa. They yield
fish-poison and are used in medicine. Elephantorrhiza Benth.
25. (4.) Filaments free or the inner united into a ring. Petals white or yellow.—Species
80. They yield timber, fibre, soap-bark, gum (especially
from A. Senegal Willd., Verek), tanning and dyeing materials, perfumes,
oil, and medicaments; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Vachellia Arn.) [Tribe ACACIEAE.] Acacia Willd.
Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. Petals white or red.
Flowers in heads. Unarmed plants. [Tribe INGEAE.] 26
26. Fruit strongly curved or coiled, thick, leathery, separating into one-seeded
{248}joints or indehiscent. Petals united beyond the middle. Trees.—Species
3. Tropics; one species naturalized. They yield timber,
gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. Pithecolobium Mart.
Fruit straight or nearly so. 27
27. Fruit dehiscing elastically. Petals united to the middle. Shrubs.—Species
5. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments, and
are used also as ornamental plants. Calliandra Benth.
Fruit dehiscing in two straight and thin, not elastic valves, or indehiscent.
Petals united to the middle or beyond.—Species 45. Tropical and
South-east Africa; several species also cultivated in Egypt. Some
species (especially A. Lebbek Benth.) yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum,
condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Zygia Benth.) Albizzia Durazz.
28. (1.) Petals 1-6, the posterior one (the one next the placenta) inside of all
in the bud, not forming a papilionaceous corolla, or wanting altogether.
Embryo usually with a straight radicle. [Subfamily CAESALPINIOIDEAE.] 29
Petals 5, the posterior outside in bud, usually constituting a papilionaceous
corolla. Sepals united below. Stamens 10, more rarely 5-9. Embryo
usually with an inflexed radicle. Leaves simple, unifoliolate, digitate,
or once pinnate. [Subfamily PAPILIONATAE.] 104
29. Calyx undivided or shortly lobed in the bud, usually more deeply divided
at the time of flowering. 30
Calyx, already in the bud, divided down to the receptacle or nearly so. 39
30. Stamens 1-10. Corolla of 5 petals, nearly regular. Trees or shrubs. 31
Stamens 16 or more. Corolla of 6 petals, or of a single petal, or wanting.
Calyx undivided in bud. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliolate. Trees.
[Tribe SWARTZIEAE.] 37
31. Leaves undivided, 2-lobed, 2-parted, or of 2 leaflets. [Tribe BAUHINIEAE.] 32
Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. Stamens 10. 34
32. Ovary and fruit with a very long stalk, the fruit turgid. Ovules few.
Style short. Stamens 10. Petals red. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate
in bud. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided, penninerved or faintly
trinerved.—Species 3. West Africa. (Bandeiraea Welw.) Griffonia Baill.
Ovary and fruit with a short or rather short stalk, the fruit not turgid. 33
33. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very long. Petals yellowish. Stamens 10, partly
sterile. Leaves undivided, ovate or elliptical. Racemes many-flowered.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Bauhinia L.) Gigasiphon Drake
Receptacle (calyx-tube) not very long.—Species 40. Tropical and
South Africa, and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning
and dyeing materials, edible roots, oily seeds, and medicaments, or
{249}serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 67.) Bauhinia L.
34. Leaves once pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Calyx campanulate,
subequally 5-lobed. Petals subequal, white or red. Ovules numerous.
Fruit opening by two valves. Shrubs. Flowers solitary or in racemes.—Species
8. Madagascar and East Africa. Cadia Forsk.
Leaves twice pinnate. [Tribe DIMORPHANDREAE.] 35
35. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2. Style very short. Fruit with a
thin, leathery rind, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular. Flowers in
spikes.—Species 2. Central Africa to Transvaal. They yield
gum. Burkea Hook.
Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Fruit with a thick, leathery rind.
Flowers in racemes. Trees. 36
36. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals with a long claw. Stamens with a glandular
connective. Style long. Fruit long, wavy, indehiscent. Leaflets
small.—Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. Brandzeia Baill.
Calyx-lobes subequal. Stamens with a glandless connective. Style
short. Fruit oblong, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds oblong. Leaflets
large.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing
materials, medicaments, and poisons especially used in ordeals. “Sassy
tree.” (Fillaea Guill. & Perr.). Erythrophloeum Afz.
37. (30.) Corolla of 6 petals, almost regular. Stamens 16-18. Ovary sessile.
Ovules 2. Leaves unifoliolate.—Species 2. West Africa to the
Great Lakes. They yield timber. Baphiopsis Benth.
Corolla reduced to a single petal or wanting. Ovary stalked. Ovules
more than 2. Leaves pinnate. 38
38. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very short, almost wanting. Petal 1. Fruit linear.—Species
2. Tropics. Yielding timber. (Tounatea Aubl.). Swartzia Schreb.
Receptacle bell-shaped. Petals none. Fruit ovate.—Species 1 (C.
africana Lour.). Central Africa. Yields timber, gum, edible fruits,
and medicaments. Cordyla Lour.
39. (29.) Leaves, at least some of them, twice pinnate. [Tribe CAESALPINIEAE.] 40
Leaves all once pinnate, rarely simple. 52
40. Common petiole very short, ending in a spine; rachis of the pinnae very
long, flattened, leaf-like; leaflets very small. Stipules spinous.
Trees or shrubs. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, subequal, yellow.
Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, tardily dehiscing or
indehiscent. Seeds oblong, placed lengthwise, albuminous.—Species 2,
one of them a native of South Africa, the other naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, bast for paper-making, a substitute for coffee, and
medicaments, and serve also as garden- or hedge-plants. Parkinsonia L.
Common petiole distinctly developed; rachis of the pinnae not leaf-like. 41
41. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Petals 5, subequal, yellow.
{250}Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves,
membranous or thin-leathery. Seeds transverse, ovoid, exalbuminous.—Species
3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Melanosticta
DC.) Hoffmannseggia Cav.
Stem woody throughout, shrub- or tree-like. 42
42. Flowers sessile, in elongate panicled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with semiorbicular
lobes. Petals 5, equal, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Stamens
10, unequal. Anthers basifixed. Ovules 2-3. Trees.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). Stachyothyrsus Harms
Flowers more or less stalked, in racemes or panicles. 43
43. Flowers polygamous. Calyx slightly imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5,
subequal, white or greenish. Stamens 6-10. Seeds transverse, albuminous.
Trees. Leaves without stipules.—Species 2, one a native of
Central Africa, the other naturalized in North Africa. Used as hedge-plants
and yielding timber. Gleditschia L.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10. 44
44. Petal 1, greenish-yellow. Calyx valvate in bud. Ovules very numerous.
Styles long. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Aprevalia Baill.
Petals 5. 45
45. Sepals united high up, excepting one, valvate in bud. Petals unequal,
red. Ovules numerous. Fruit straight, turgid, dehiscing by two
valves. Seeds transverse. Trees. Bracts coloured.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. Colvillea Boj.
Sepals free above the receptacle. 46
46. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals yellow or red. Ovules numerous. Style
thread-shaped. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse,
oblong, albuminous. Trees. Stipules indistinct. Flowers large.—Species
3. Tropics; also cultivated in various regions. Ornamental
plants. “Flame-tree.” Poinciana L.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 47
47. Ovule 1, very rarely ovules 2. Seed 1, placed lengthwise. Fruit winged
at the top, indehiscent. Petals subequal, white or yellow. Spinous
climbing shrubs. Flowers small.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Cantuffa
Gmel.). Pterolobium R.Br.
Ovules 2 or more. Seeds placed transversely. 48
48. Fruit woody, not winged, 2-seeded, opening by two valves. Ovary short-stalked,
2-ovuled. Stigma peltate. Stamens hairy at the base. Petals
unequal. Receptacle oblique.—Species 2. German East Africa.
(Under Peltophorum Vog.). Bussea Harms
Fruit membranous or leathery. 49
49. Fruit winged at both sutures, indehiscent. Stigma broad-peltate. Filaments
hairy at the base. Petals subequal, yellow. Trees—Species 1.
Central Africa and northern South Africa. Peltophorum Vog.
Fruit winged at one suture only or not winged. Stigma small, sometimes
{251}concave. 50
50. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very oblique. Petals
subequal, yellow. Stamens bent downwards.—Species 5. West
Africa and Madagascar. Mezoneurum Desf.
Fruit not winged. Receptacle not very oblique. 51
51. Fruit membranous, lanceolate, dehiscing in the middle of the valves.
Seeds oblong. Sepals subequal. Petals oblong, subequal, yellow.
Stamens erect, hairy at the base. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Trees.—Species 1 (H. campecheanum L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields timber (log-wood), dyes, gum, and medicaments, and serves also
as a garden- and hedge-plant. Haematoxylon L.
Fruit leathery, dehiscing at the sutures or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid or
globose. Petals yellow or red. Stamens bent downwards. Ovules
few.—Species 10, of which 7 are natives of tropical and South Africa,
3 naturalized there as well as in Egypt and Madeira. They yield timber,
tanning and dyeing materials, oily seeds, and medicaments, and are also
used as garden- and hedge-plants. (Including Guilandina L.). Caesalpinia L.
52. (39.) Anthers attached by the base or nearly so, rarely by the back, and
then opening by apical pores. Seeds usually albuminous. [Tribe
CASSIEAE.] 53
Anthers distinctly attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits.
Seeds usually exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. 58
53. Petals 1-2 or 0. Ovules 2-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Trees.
Leaves unequally pinnate. 54
Petals 3-5. 55
54. Stamens 2-3.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber and edible
fruits from which an intoxicating drink is prepared. Dialium L.
Stamens 8-10. Petals none.—Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber. Andradia Sim
55. Petals 3, narrow, yellow. Fertile stamens 2; anthers opening by a terminal
pore. Staminodes 3, petaloid. Ovules 4-5. Trees. Leaves
unequally pinnate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields
timber. Distemonanthus Benth.
Petals 5. Stamens 4-10. 56
56. Sepals 4. Petals unequal, red. Stamens 4-5, some of them with cohering
anthers. Ovules 2. Fruit 4-winged. Leaves unequally pinnate.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Oligostemon Benth.) Duparquetia Baill.
Sepals 5. Leaves equally pinnate or simple. 57
57. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. Filaments thickened above.
Anthers opening below the top. Ovules few. Fruit fleshy, with
transverse partitions. Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Baudouinia Baill.
Leaves pinnate.—Species 40. They yield timber, gum, tanning and
dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments (especially senna-leaves),
{252}
fodder, vegetables, edible fruits, and a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental plants. Cassia L.
58. (52.) Ovules 2, rarely 3 or 1, occasionally in some flowers 4. Ovary or its stalk usually free at the base of the receptacle, more rarely adnate to it. [Tribe CYNOMETREAE.]. 59
Ovules 4 or more, occasionally in some flowers only 3. Ovary or its stalk usually adnate to the receptacle by the back. Leaves pinnate. [Tribe AMHERSTIEAE.] 80
59. Petals none. 60
Petals 1-5. 64
60. Sepals 6, very small and unequal. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate. Bracteoles large.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). Dewindtia De Wild.
Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 or 4. Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Bracteoles small or wanting. 61
61. Sepals 5, distinctly imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Ovary sessile. Stigma acute. Bracteoles present.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. (Under Copaiba Mill. or Hardwickia Roxb.) Oxystigma Harms
Sepals 4. 62
62. Stamens 4, inserted on the outside of a spathe-like disc cleft on one side. Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovary nearly sessile. Bracteoles present.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Stemonocoleus Harms
Stamens 8-10. 63
63. Ovary sessile. Fruit sessile, drupe-like, indehiscent. Bracteoles present.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, fragrant resin, arrow-poison, and medicaments. The fruits of one species are edible, of another poisonous. “Dattock.” Detarium Juss.
Ovary stalked. Fruit stalked, oblique, with a leathery rind, dehiscing by two valves. Bracteoles none.—Species 9. Central Africa. They yield timber, a resin (copal) used for making ornaments, lacs and varnishes, dye stuffs, medicaments, and edible seeds. (Copaiba Mill.) Copaifera L.
64. Petals 1-2. Bracteoles large. Trees. Leaves pinnate. 65
Petals 5. 67
65. Stamens 3. Sepals 4, small, scale-like. Petals 1, orbicular.—Species 10. Central Africa. Cryptosepalum Benth.
Stamens 10. 66
66. Sepals reduced to minute teeth or wanting. Leaves with a single pair of leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Aphanocalyx Oliv.
Sepals 5, three of them very small, the other two larger and connate. Petal 1, spatulate. Filaments united at the base, excepting one. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets.—Species 2. West Africa. Monopetalanthus Harms
67. Fertile stamens 3. Ovules 3. Bracteoles large. Tree—Species 20.
Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (Vouapa Aubl.) Macrolobium Schreb.
Fertile stamens 10, rarely (Cynometra) more. 68
68. Petals very unequal. Leaves pinnate. 69
Petals equal or nearly equal. 71
69. Corolla of 1 large and 4 very small petals. Receptacle shortly cup-shaped.
Bracteoles minute. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Eurypetalum Harms
Corolla of 3 large and 2 small petals. 70
70. Bracteoles petal-like. Receptacle cup- or top-shaped.—Species 4.
West Africa. (Under Cynometra L.) Hymenostegia Harms
Bracteoles sepal-like, hairy outside, equalling the bracts. Receptacle
funnel-shaped. Sepals 4. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-4 pairs of leaflets.—Species
1. West Africa. Loesenera Harms
71. Sepals 5, very unequal, the lowest very large. Receptacle very short.
Trees. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cymbosepalum Bak.
Sepals 4-5, equal or nearly equal. 72
72. Receptacle (calyx-tube) long and narrow. Sepals 4. Stalk of the ovary
obliquely adnate to the receptacle. 73
Receptacle short and usually broad. 75
73. Bracteoles large, petaloid, enclosing the bud. Receptacle with a thick
disc on one side. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with 2-4 leaflets.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons.) Plagiosiphon Harms
Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, or wanting. Leaves simple
or pinnate with many leaflets. 74
74. Leaves simple. Shrubs.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). Zenkerella Taub.
Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).
The bark is used as a condiment. Scorodophloeus Harms
75. Ovule 1. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. Sepals 4.
Trees. Leaves simple.—Species 1. East Africa. Podogynium Taub.
Ovules 2, rarely 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 76
76. Filaments united into a ring at the base, unequal, hairy. Sepals 5. Ovary
glandular. Trees. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in
terminal, many-flowered racemes.—Species 1. East Africa. Stuhlmannia Taub.
Filaments free. Bracteoles none. 77
77. Flowers in panicles. Sepals short. Petals white. Filaments hairy at
the base. Fruit flat, lanceolate, opening by two valves. Trees.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. Umtiza Sim
{254}Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Sepals usually long. 78
78. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered corymbs. Filaments hairy at the
base. Fruit flat, ovate, beaked, opening by two valves. Low, glandular
shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). The seeds are edible. Cordeauxia Hemsl.
Flowers in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves or from the old
wood. 79
79. Fruit lanceolate, flat, bursting in the middle of the valves, but remaining
closed at the sutures. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow. Filaments erect,
hairy at the base. Stalk of the ovary free. Trees. (See 51.) Haematoxylon L.
Fruit more or less ovate and turgid, opening in two valves. Filaments
usually glabrous.—Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. Some
species yield timber and resin (copal). Cynometra L.
80. (58.) Petals reduced to minute scales or wanting. Trees. 81
Petals well developed. 87
81. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persisting during the time of flowering.
Calyx consisting of 1-5 scale-like sepals, or replaced by a 10-lobed
disc, or wanting altogether. 82
Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. Calyx of 4-5
well-developed sepals. 83
82. Disc fleshy. Petals 5, awl-shaped. Stamens 5-6. Stipules small, connate.—Species
4. West Africa. Didelotia Baill.
Disc none. Stamens 10-20, more or less united at the base. Ovules few.
Fruit oblong or linear, opening in two valves. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species
20. Central Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten and
the bark is used as a substitute for cloth. (Under Didelotia Baill.) Brachystegia Benth.
83. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 5. Disc expanded. Ovary in its centre,
subsessile. Ovules numerous. Style very short; stigma peltate.
Fruit linear, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Leaves equally pinnate.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Bracteoles very small, deciduous.—Species
1 (C. Siliqua L., carob-tree). North Africa. The fruits are
edible, and used as fodder and for preparing brandy and medicaments;
the seeds serve as a substitute for coffee. Ceratonia L.
Sepals 4. Stamens 8-10. Disc not expanded. 84
84. Petals 5, scale-like. Stamens 10. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 12. Central and South Africa. They yield timber,
gum, and edible seeds from which meal is prepared. (Theodora Medik.) Schotia Jaqu.
Petals none. 85
85. Stamens 8, alternatingly unequal. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous.
Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Bracteoles
{255}linear.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Hylodendron Taub.
Stamens 10, rarely 8, but then equal in length. Ovary short-stalked.
Ovules few. 86
86. Stamens unequal, 10. Fruit oblong, winged, indehiscent. Seeds pendulous.
Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in simple racemes.—Species
1. Madagascar. Apaloxylon Drake
Stamens equal in length. Fruit broad-oblong to orbicular, dehiscing in
two valves. Leaves unequally pinnate.—Species 5. Central Africa
to Delagoa Bay. (Apalatoa Aubl.) Crudia Schreb.
87. (80.) Well developed petal 1; sometimes 2-4 rudimentary petals in
addition. Trees. 88
Well developed petals 3-6. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 93
88. Petal sessile. Sepals 4. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 89
Petal with a long claw. 90
89. Receptacle minute. Sepals scale-like. Petal orbicular. Stamens 3,
short. Ovary with a short stalk. Ovules 4. Stigma truncate. Bracteoles
large, enclosing the bud, persistent at flowering. (See 65.) Cryptosepalum Benth.
Receptacle rather large, narrowly top-shaped. Sepals large, coloured.
Petal oblong. Stamens 10, long. Ovary with a long stalk. Ovules
numerous. Stigma capitate. Bracteoles falling off early.—Species 3.
West Africa. They yield timber and an aromatic resin. Daniella Benn.
90. Fertile stamens 3. 91
Fertile stamens 5-10. 92
91. Bracteoles enclosing the bud, persisting at flowering. Petal folded
together in the bud. Flowers small or middle-sized. (See 67.) Macrolobium Schreb.
Bracteoles shorter than the bud, falling off during the time of flowering.
Receptacle elongated. Sepals 4. Fruit oblong. Flowers rather large.—Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. It yields timber,
edible seeds, and medicaments. (Under Afzelia Smith). Intsia Thouars
92. Fertile stamens 6-8. Sepals 4. Bracteoles shorter than the bud. Seed
with an aril.—Species 4. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. They yield
timber; the aril is edible, the seeds are poisonous and used medicinally.
(Under Intsia Thouars) Afzelia Smith
Fertile stamens 5 or 10. Sepals usually 5. Petal folded in bud, whitish.
Bracteoles enclosing the bud.—Species 15. Central Africa. The
wood and the bark are used, the latter for making cloth. Berlinia Soland.
93. (87.) Sepals 6-7. Petals 6, subequal. Fertile stamens 6-8, barren ones
4-7. Trees.—Species 1. East Africa. Englerodendron Harms
Sepals 4-5. 94
94. Sepals 5. Trees. 95
{256}Sepals 4. 96
95. Petals more or less unequal, white or yellowish. Stamens 5 or 10. Fruit
dehiscent. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. (See 92.) Berlinia Soland.
Petals subequal, red. Stamens 10. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Seeds
pendulous.—Species 1. Madagascar. Bathiaea Drake
96. Fertile stamens 3. Petals unequal, 3 of them larger than the other two.
Trees. 97
Fertile stamens 10 or more. 98
97. Filaments united nearly half their length. Petals yellowish or red-striped.
Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Bracteoles
narrow, falling off early.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber,
tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which drinks and
medicaments are prepared, and oily seeds. Tamarindus L.
Filaments free. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud.
(See 67.) Macrolobium Schreb.
98. Stamens numerous, united at the base. Anthers linear. Petals subequal.
Bracteoles enclosing the bud. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa. Polystemonanthus Harms
Stamens 10. 99
99. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. 100
Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. 101
100. Petals very unequal, 3 large, 2 very small. Filaments united at the base.
Ovules numerous. Leaves with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and resin.
(Under Daniella Benn.) Cyanothyrsus Harms
Petals subequal. Ovules few. Shrubs. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of
leaflets. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles petaloid. (See 73.) Plagiosiphon Harms
101. Filaments, excepting one, united high up. Petals pink, narrow; blade
passing gradually into the claw. Sepals unequal, subvalvate in bud.
Receptacle very short. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaflets 7-9,
alternate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Tessmannia Harms
Filaments free or united at the base. 102
102. Petals sessile or nearly so, subequal, red. Leaves with 2-16 pairs of
leaflets. Flower in panicles. (See 84.) Schotia Jacq.
Petals with a long or rather long claw. Trees. 103
103. Sepals slightly imbricate. Petals subequal. Filaments, excepting one,
united at the base. Leaves with 1-4 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large, in
racemes.—Species 7. West Africa to the Great Lakes. Baikiaea Benth.
Sepals much imbricate. Petals white. Filaments free. Ovules few.
Leaves with one pair of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2.
Tropics. They yield timber and resin (copal) which is used for turnery
and carving and for making lacs and varnishes. (Under Hymenaea L.) Trachylobium Hayne
104. (28.) Filaments free or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. 105
{257}Filaments, all or all excepting one, united into a tube or sheath. 126
105. Stamens 4-5. Filaments very short. Anthers attached by the base,
opening at the top; 2-3 of them united. Ovary 4-winged. Ovules 2.
Stigma terminal. Calyx-lobes 4, unequal. Petals 5, shorter than the
calyx, unequal, red. Leaves pinnate. (See 56.) Duparquetia Baill.
Stamens 8-10. [Tribes SOPHOREAE and PODALYRIEAE.] 106
106. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 107
Leaves pinnate or palmately trifoliolate. 112
107. Calyx shortly toothed, not slit. Corolla whitish; petals of the keel
slightly cohering. Ovules few. Shrubs with arched or climbing
branches. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Bracteoles large, enclosing the flower, persistent.—Species 1. West
Africa. Dalhousiea Grah.
Calyx shortly toothed but slitting as the flower expands, on one or both
sides, or deeply cleft. Bracteoles not enclosing the flower, rather large
but deciduous, or small. 108
108. Calyx shortly toothed, but deeply slit in one or two places. Corolla white
or yellow; petals of the keel free or nearly so. Ovules few. 109
Calyx subequally 4-5-cleft. Stipules awl-shaped or wanting. 110
109. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary long-stalked. Calyx slit
on one side. Corolla white; petals of the keel free. Fruit long-stalked,
falcate-ovate, turgid. Seeds oblong, with a thick aril. Flowers in
panicles. Bracteoles small.—Species 1. West Africa. Leucomphalus Benth.
Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovary nearly sessile. Fruit compressed.
Seeds ovate or orbicular.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Some of them yield timber (camwood), dye-stuffs, or
edible fruits. (Including Bracteolaria Hochst.) Baphia Afz.
110. Petals of the keel free. Flowers in 5-10-flowered racemes.—Species 1.
West Africa. Ormosia Jacks.
Petals of the keel united. Flowers solitary or in 2-4-flowered fascicles. 111
111. Corolla yellow; keel shortly beaked. Fruit compressed. Leaves sessile,
without stipules. Flowers solitary.—Species 10. South Africa. The
leaves are used as a substitute for tea or as a medicament. Cyclopia Vent.
Corolla red or reddish-white; keel blunt. Ovary sessile. Fruit turgid.
Leaves short-stalked, with deciduous stipules. Hairy plants.—Species
20. South Africa. Podalyria Lam.
112. (106.) Leaves palmately trifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 113
Leaves pinnate. 115
113. Petals subequal, yellow, those of the keel united. Ovary sessile or nearly
so. Fruit oblong, not septate. Erect shrubs. Leaves sessile, leathery,
exstipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, with bracteoles. (See 111.) Cyclopia Vent.
Petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit linear. Leaves stalked,
{258}stipulate. Flowers in racemes. 114
114. Standard shorter than the wings. Petals yellow. Fruit septate between
the seeds. Erect shrubs. Leaves herbaceous; stipules connate.
Flowers without bracteoles.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous
and medicinal. Anagyris L.
Standard as long as or longer than the wings. Petals clawed, yellowish-white.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers with small, deciduous
bracteoles.—Species 3. West Africa. (Giganthemum Welw.) Camoënsia Welw.
115. Corolla nearly regular; petals subequal. 116
Corolla papilionaceous; petals conspicuously unequal, at least one of
them (the standard) very different from the others. 118
116. Petals entire. Anthers linear, Ovules more than 2. (See 34.) Cadia Forsk.
Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Anthers ovate. Ovules 1-2. 117
117. Petals shortly lobed. Ovary short-stalked. Leaflets 9-11. Flowers
in racemes.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Dicraeopetalum Harms
Petals deeply left. Ovary long-stalked. Leaflets 13-19. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Amphimas Pierre
118. Petals of the keel united. 119
Petals of the keel free. 121
119. Petals long-clawed, red. Ovary sessile. Ovules few. Fruit compressed,
not winged, leathery, dehiscing in two valves. Trees. Flowers
in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena. Yields timber and is used as an ornamental plant. Virgilia Lam.
Petals short- or not clawed, white, yellow or violet. Ovary more or less
distinctly stalked. Fruit tardily or not dehiscing. 120
120. Fruit compressed, winged at the upper suture, membranous. Calyx-lobes
unequal. Petals yellow; those of the keel curved. Flowers in racemes.
Bracteoles none.—Species 9. South and Central Africa. Calpurnia E. Mey.
Fruit terete or nearly so, constricted between the seeds, 4-winged or
wingless, leathery, woody or fleshy.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east
Africa. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, and medicaments, and are
also used as ornamental plants. Sophora L.
121. Standard broad-oblong or narrow-ovate, clawed and auricled. Calyx
very shortly toothed. Filaments slightly united at the base, excepting
one. Ovary long-stalked, hairy. Style very short, almost straight.
Ovules numerous. Trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under Cadia Forsk.) Pseudocadia Harms
Standard broad-ovate or orbicular. Ovary short-stalked or almost
{259}sessile. 122
122. Calyx shortly toothed or entire. Stigma terminal. Fruit almost terete,
constricted between the seeds. 123
Calyx deeply cleft. Fruit flat. 124
123. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the curved receptacle (calyx-tube).
Standard suborbicular, slightly exceeding the other petals. Filaments
free. Flowers in racemes arising from the old wood.—Species 5.
Central Africa. Angylocalyx Taub.
Stalk of the ovary not adnate to the receptacle. Style curved at the
apex. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. (See 120.) Sophora L.
124. Ovule 1. Stigma terminal. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets 5-7.—Species
1. East Africa. Platycelephium Harms
Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets 7-13. 125
125. Stigma terminal. Corolla blue. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets curved
and pointed.—Species 1. South Africa. Bolusanthus Harms
Stigma lateral. Corolla red or green. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2.
West Africa. They yield timber. Afrormosia Harms
126. (104.) Filaments all, or the alternate ones, broadened at the apex. [Especially
tribe LOTEAE.] 127
Filaments not broadened at the apex. 147
127. Filaments monadelphous, i.e., all united into a tube or sheath, at least
when young. 128
Filaments diadelphous, i.e., united into a sheath, excepting one, which is
free from the others, at least at the base, but sometimes connate with
them in the middle or slightly cohering with them at the very base. 131
128. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the broadened stalk, usually ending
in a tendril or bristle. Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in
racemes, without bracteoles. Petals short-clawed. Anthers all alike.
Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex bearded on the inner
face. Fruit opening by two valves. Herbs.—Species 35. North
Africa and the mountains of the tropics. Several species yield edible
tubers or seeds, vegetables, fodder, medicaments, or perfumes; some
are poisonous or used as ornamental plants. (Including Orobus L.) Lathyrus L.
Leaves unequally pinnate, digitate, or unifoliolate. Style glabrous. 129
129. Leaflets minutely toothed, 1 or 3, very rarely more. Stipules adnate
to the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes long,
subequal. Petals short-clawed. Anthers usually of two kinds. Ovary
more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.—Species
60. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some are used as vegetables
or in medicine. Ononis L.
Leaflets entire. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers in heads or umbels,
sometimes almost solitary. Petals long-clawed. Anthers all alike.
Fruit not or tardily dehiscing. 130
130. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Fruit protruding beyond the calyx, linear,
{260}shortly or not beaked, slightly 4-angled, spirally coiled. Silky herbs.
Flowers in umbels, very small, reddish-yellow, without bracteoles.—Species
1. Abyssinia. Helminthocarpum A. Rich.
Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit enclosed by the calyx or
slightly protruding; in the latter case beaked. Flowers in heads or
nearly solitary.—Species 12. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some
species (especially A. Vulneraria L.) are used as fodder-, dyeing-, medicinal-,
or ornamental plants. (Including Cornicina Boiss., Dorycnopsis
Boiss., and Physanthyllis Boiss.) Anthyllis L.
131. (127.) Keel beaked. 132
Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. 138
132. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2. Calyx deeply and equally divided.
Corolla yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, flat, margined, indehiscent.
Herbs. Lowermost leaves simple, with adnate stipules, upper pinnate,
without stipules. Flowers in few-flowered heads.—Species 1. North
Africa. (Circinus Medik.) Hymenocarpos Savi
Ovary sessile. Ovules more than two. Calyx more or less unequally
divided. Flowers solitary or in umbels. 133
133. Leaves simple, undivided. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Upper
calyx-teeth united high up. Petals long-clawed, yellow. Fruit spirally
coiled, almost terete, ribbed. Herbs.—Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. Scorpiurus L.
Leaves pinnate, sometimes apparently digitate. 134
134. Fruit jointed. 135
Fruit not jointed. Herbs or undershrubs. 136
135. Joints of the fruit and seeds curved. Fruit more or less flattened, with
the upper edge notched at each seed. Corolla yellow. Leaves with 5
or more leaflets.—Species 9. North Africa. Hippocrepis L.
Joints of the fruit and seeds straight, oblong. Fruit not or slightly
flattened. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, stipulate.—Species 12.
North Africa. Some species are poisonous or used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Coronilla L.
136. Leaves with many leaflets. Stipules small, membranous. Corolla
yellow. Fruit flat, slightly curved. Seeds quadrate. Glabrous herbs.—Species
1. North Africa. (Bonaveria Scop., Securidaca Gaertn.). Securigera DC.
Leaves with 4-5 leaflets, of which the 1-2 lowest have usually the
appearance of stipules. Stipules very small or wanting. Keel gibbous
on each side. Seeds globular or lenticular. 137
137. Fruit longitudinally 4-winged or 4-angled.—Species 5. North Africa.
Used as fodder or as vegetables. (Under Lotus L.) Tetragonolobus Scop.
Fruit neither 4-winged nor 4-angled.—Species 50. Some of them are
used as vegetables, fodder, or ornamental plants. (Including Heinekenia
{261}Webb, Lotea Medik., and Pedrosia Lowe). Lotus L.
138. (131.) Petals, at least the lower, adnate below to the staminal tube.
Standard oblong or ovate. Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate
or palmate; leaflets 3-5, usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the
leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in umbels, heads, or spikes.—Species 70.
North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of
them are used as fodder or in medicine. “Clover.” Trifolium L.
Petals free from the staminal tube. Leaflets entire, rarely toothed, but
then more than 5. Stipules usually free or wanting. 139
139. Leaves unifoliolate, stipellate; stalk winged. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-lobes
unequal. Uppermost stamen free at the base, but united with
the others in the middle. Ovary sessile. Ovules 3-4.—Species 4.
Central Africa. (Under Desmodium Desv.) Droogmansia De Wild.
Leaves pinnate, digitate, or reduced to the usually broadened stalk. 140
140. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the stalk. Leaflets entire. Stipules
leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Ovary more or less distinctly
stalked. Style-apex broadened and bearded. Fruit 2-valved.
Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. 141
Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 142
141. Style-apex laterally compressed with reflexed edges, hence grooved
above. Corolla white or red; wings adhering to the keel. Herbs with
tendrils. Leaflets 2-6.—Species 3. North Africa, also cultivated
in the tropics. They yield fodder and edible seeds (peas), from which
also starch is prepared. Pisum L.
Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the edges bent downwards or
straight. (See 128.). Lathyrus L.
142. Stem woody throughout. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in
racemes or fascicles. Upper calyx-teeth united for the greatest part.
Corolla red or violet; wings slightly adhering to the keel; standard
with a callus at the base. Fruit linear, flat.—Species 15. Tropical
and South-east Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a fish-poison. Mundulea DC.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 143
143. Flowers in racemes. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla blue; standard
suborbicular, with a callus and two auricles; keel somewhat longer
than the wings and the standard. Uppermost stamen cohering with
the others at the base. Style-apex bearded. Ovules 2. Twining undershrubs.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). Spathionema Taub.
Flowers solitary or in umbels or heads. 144
144. Leaflets toothed. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary. Corolla white
or blue. Fruit ovate to oblong, turgid, 2-valved.—Species 2. North
Africa and Abyssinia; one species also cultivated in Angola. They
yield edible seeds (chick-peas) and are used medicinally. Cicer L.
Leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely solitary, but then
{262}corolla yellow. 145
145. Leaflets numerous. Leaf-stalk long. Flowers very small, in heads or
umbels. Keel nearly straight. Fruit jointed.—Species 6. North
Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as fodder.
“Birds-foot.” (Including Arthrolobium Desv.) Ornithopus L.
Leaflets 3-5, the lower usually stipule-like. Leaf-stalk short or
wanting. 146
146. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, with a long claw. Fruit jointed.
Undershrubs with long silky hairs. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or
2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). (Ludovicia Coss.) Hammatolobium Fenzl
Corolla white or red; standard oblong or ovate, short-clawed; wings
coherent towards the apex, longitudinally folded or transversely
gibbous; keel gibbous on each side. Fruit continuous, terete, 2-valved.
Stipules very small or wanting.—Species 6. North Africa. (Including
Bonjeania Reichb.) Dorycnium Vill.
147. (126.) Anthers of two kinds, five shorter and attached by the back, the
others longer and attached by the base, or the alternate ones rudimentary. 148
Anthers all alike. 205
148. Leaves digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. [Tribe GENISTEAE.] 149
Leaves pinnate, but sometimes with three leaflets. 195
149. Uppermost stamen free or nearly so. 150
Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. 158
150. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves stipulate. 151
Stem woody throughout. Leaves usually exstipulate. 154
151. Keel with a straight beak. Anthers bearded. Stigma lateral. Fruit
linear. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers in axillary racemes.—Species
2. Southern West Africa. (Under Indigofera L.) Rhynchotropis Harms
Keel with a spirally twisted beak or without a beak. Anthers not bearded.
Stigma terminal. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate. 152
152. Keel spirally beaked. Fruit oblong. Flowers opposite the leaves,
solitary or 2-3 together. Bracteoles 2.—Species 2. South Africa to
Amboland. Bolusia Benth.
Keel curved inwards, not beaked. Flowers in axillary or terminal
inflorescences. Bracteoles none. 153
153. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovules several. Fruit linear. Leaves digitate.
Corolla reddish.—Species 1. East Africa. Parochetus Hamilt.
Keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate. Gland-dotted plants.—Species 60.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Psoralea L.
154. Keel with a lateral gibbosity or spur. Anthers distinctly unequal. Leaves
simple. 155
{263}Keel without a lateral appendage. Anthers nearly equal. 156
155. Keel beaked. Corolla yellowish-green, shorter than the calyx. Ovule
1. Flowers in small terminal heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Lathriogyne Eckl. & Zeyh.
Keel blunt. Corolla red or white, longer than the calyx.—Species 10.
South Africa. Amphithalea Eckl. & Zeyh.
156. Corolla blue, red, or white. Ovule 1. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate,
stipulate. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Corolla yellow. Ovules 2 or more. Leaves simple, exstipulate. 157
157. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the lowest very large and petaloid. Standard
ovate or oblong; wings oblong. Inflorescence surrounded by large
bracts.—Species 4. South Africa. Liparia L.
Calyx-lobes about equal. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracts
not very large.—Species 15. South Africa. Priestleya DC.
158. (149.) Filaments united into a sheath which is slit above. 159
Filaments united into a tube which is closed all round. 180
159. Style bearded or ciliate on the inside towards the apex. 160
Style glabrous inside. 161
160. Fruit flat, oblong or ovate, stalked, downy, 2-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves
trifoliolate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Priotropis Wight & Arn.
Fruit turgid.—Species 220. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Some yield fibres, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. Crotalaria L.
161. Ovule 1. 162
Ovules 2 or more. 163
162. Leaves stipulate. Flowers ebracteolate, blue, pink or white. Keel
incurved. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an outgrowth at the
hilum, adhering to the pericarp. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Leaves exstipulate. Flowers bracteolate, red, yellow or white. Keel
almost straight, gibbous at each side. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.
Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Silky-hairy shrubs. Leaves
simple, sessile. Flowers usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves.—Species
8. South Africa. Coelidium Vog.
163. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate, usually exstipulate. 164
Leaves digitate, with 3, rarely 5-7 leaflets, usually stipulate. 171
164. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the 1-3 lowest usually narrower than
the rest. 165
Calyx-lobes about equal. 169
165. Petals adnate at the base to the staminal tube, yellow; wings auricled
at the base; keel with a blunt spur at each side. Ovules 2. Shrubs
clothed with long hairs. Leaves stalked, linear. Flowers axillary.
Bracteoles leaf-like.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Walpersia Harv.
{264}Petals free from the staminal tube. 166
166. Petals red, long-clawed, glabrous. Fruit ovate, turgid. Prostrate
undershrubs clothed with long reddish-brown hairs. Leaves imbricate
sessile, lanceolate. Flowers in short racemes.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Euchlora Eckl. & Zeyh.
Petals yellow, rarely white or red, but then short-clawed and leaves
fascicled. 167
167. Leaves in tufts of 3 or more, usually thread-shaped.—Species 150. South
Africa. Aspalathus L.
Leaves scattered, flat. Petals yellow. Fruit linear or lanceolate, more or
less flattened. 168
168. Plant hairy. Leaves stalked.—Species 90. Lotononis DC.
Plant glabrous.—Species 30. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Rafnia Thunb.
169. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked, narrow, usually thread-shaped.
Flowers in racemes, yellow. Fruit linear. Funicle very short.—Species
25. South Africa. Lebeckia Thunb.
Leaves sessile. 170
170. Leaves many-nerved, flat, stiff. Calyx 5-cleft, with pungent segments.
Corolla yellow; standard villous. Fruit linear or lanceolate, slightly
flattened.—Species 15. South Africa. Borbonia L.
Leaves one- or few-nerved, usually thread-shaped and in tufts. Fruit
obliquely-ovate or -lanceolate. Funicle filiform. (See 167.) Aspalathus L.
171. (163.) Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed or 2-parted, the lower
3-toothed or 3-parted. Corolla yellow. Fruit linear. 172
Calyx not 2-lipped, all segments subequal or the 4 upper ones united
in pairs. 174
172. Keel longer than the standard and the wings. Calyx deeply two-lipped.
Fruit flat, somewhat constricted and with thin partitions between the
seeds, not glandular. Undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers
solitary. Bracteoles small.—Species 4. South Africa. Dichilus DC.
Keel shorter than the standard. Leaves stipulate. 173
173. Fruit glandular-hairy or viscid, flat, usually constricted between the
seeds. Calyx tubular, usually shortly two-lipped. Shrubs or undershrubs.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. Bracteoles mostly leaf-like.—Species
12. South Africa. Melolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.
Fruit hairy, but not glandular. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Standard
suborbicular. Bracteoles usually small.—Species 60. (Tephrothamnus
Sweet, including Macrolotus Harms) Argyrolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.
174. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the upper 4 united in pairs, the lowest
separate and narrow. 175
{265}Calyx-lobes about equal. 177
175. Keel and style straight. Standard spatulate. Bracteoles bristle-like.—Species
3. South Africa. (Pleiospora Harv.) Phaenohoffmannia O. Ktze.
Keel and style curved inwards. Bracteoles none. 176
176. Fruit flattened, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side. Corolla
yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Stigma oblique. Herbs.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Listia E. Mey.
Fruit slightly flattened or turgid, straight or curved. (See 168.) Lotononis L.
177. Fruit winged, flat, ovate or oblong, stalked, indehiscent. Petals long-clawed,
yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Ovary stalked. Ovules
few. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes.—Species 7. South Africa.
(Viborgia Thunb.) Wiborgia Thunb.
Fruit not winged. Ovules usually numerous. 178
178. Fruit ovate, 1-3-seeded. Corolla white, yellowish, or red; standard
with a long claw, clothed with long hairs. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes
or heads, without bracteoles.—Species 10. South Africa. Buchenroedera Eckl. & Zeyh.
Fruit linear, lanceolate, or oblong. 179
179. Seeds with a very short funicle. Fruit linear. Corolla yellow. Shrubs
or undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes.
(See 169.) Lebeckia Thunb.
Seeds with a long funicle. Fruit flattened or slightly inflated. Leaves
usually stipulate. (See 168.) Lotononis L.
180. (158.) Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. Corolla blue, rose,
or white. Bracteoles none. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more. 181
181. Calyx 2-lipped. 182
Calyx subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Leaves 1- or 3-foliolate. 191
182. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. 183
Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or wanting. 188
183. Leaves reduced to scales or spines. Spinous shrubs. Calyx and corolla
yellow. Fruit oblong or ovate, 1-4-seeded.—Species 6. North
Africa; one species (U. europaeus L.) also naturalized in South Africa,
the Mascarenes, and St. Helena. This species is used as a garden- or
hedge-plant and furnishes a dye-stuff, fodder, and a substitute for tea.
“Furze.” Ulex L.
Leaves digitate, with 2-9 leaflets. 184
184. Leaflets 5-9. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Keel beaked; wings
cohering at the apex.—Species 10. North and Central Africa. They
{266}yield manure, fodder, vegetables, medicaments, and edible seeds which
serve also as a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental
plants. Lupinus L.
Leaflets 2-4. Stipules usually free. Wings free. 185
185. Leaflets 2 or 4, very rarely 3. Lateral calyx-lobes much shorter than the
others. Fruit jointed, bristly or spiny, indehiscent. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
3. Tropical and South Africa. Used as fodder. Zornia Gmel.
Leaflets 3. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 186
186. Fruit covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Seeds without an
outgrowth at the hilum. Corolla yellow; keel curved inwards.
Shrubs.—Species 7. North and Central Africa. Adenocarpus DC.
Fruit not glandular, but usually hairy. 187
187. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs.—Species 15. North
Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including Sarothamnus Wimm., Spartocytisus Webb, and
Teline Medik.) Cytisus L.
Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. Corolla yellow. (See 173.) Argyrolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.
188. (182.) Calyx sheath-like, split on one side after flowering. Corolla
yellow; keel and wings adnate below to the staminal tube;
keel acuminate, curved inwards; wings obovate. Stigma oblique.
Fruit linear. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves unifoliolate, without stipules.—Species 1 (S. junceum
L., Spanish broom). North Africa. Yields fibres and medicaments
and is used as an ornamental plant. Spartium L.
Calyx not sheath-like. Keel obtuse or free from the staminal tube. 189
189. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Fruit linear or oblong, flat.
Petals free from the staminal tube. Shrubs. (See 187.) Cytisus L.
Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. 190
190. Keel distinctly curved inwards; wings and keel free from the staminal
tube; standard suborbicular. Fruit linear or oblong, flat, covered
with glandular tubercles or hairs. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate, with
small stipules. Flowers in racemes, yellow. (See 186.) Adenocarpus DC.
Keel straight or nearly so, blunt, gibbous at each side; wings and keel
usually adnate to the staminal tube; the former oblong; standard
ovate. Fruit usually inflated. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 40.
North Africa. Some species yield fibres, dyes, and medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. (Including Retama Boiss.) Genista L.
191. (181.) Calyx deeply divided. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked.
Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See
129.) Ononis L.
Calyx shortly toothed. Filaments not broadened above. Ovary sessile
{267}or nearly so. Leaflets entire. 192
192. Calyx obscurely toothed, coloured. Corolla yellow, free from the staminal
tube. Fruit thickened or winged at the upper suture. Seeds without
an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves digitate, without
stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used medicinally. Calycotome Link
Calyx distinctly toothed. Corolla red, blue, or white. 193
193. Petals with a long claw, blue or violet; wings and keel adnate at the
base to the staminal tube. Fruit oblong, glandular-hairy. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate
on the young branches, unifoliolate on the older. Flowers
solitary or in fascicles. Bracteoles small, leaf-like.—Species 1.
North Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. Erinacea Boiss.
Petals with a short claw or sessile, free from the staminal tube. Seeds
with an outgrowth at the hilum. Unarmed plants. Leaves trifoliolate.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. 194
194. Keel shorter than the standard. Corolla red or violet. Fruit linear,
many-seeded. Shrubs. Bracteoles bristle-like.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Hypocalyptus Thunb.
Keel longer than the standard. Corolla red or white. Fruit ovate-lanceolate,
few-seeded. Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Loddigesia Sims
195. (148.) Leaves equally pinnate. 196
Leaves unequally pinnate. 197
196. Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary or in spikes. Calyx with a long, narrow
tube and unequal lobes. Corolla yellow or whitish; keel beaked.
Filaments all united. Ovules 2-3. Fruit oblong, inflated, continuous
within, indehiscent, ripening beneath the soil. Stem herbaceous.—Species
1 (A. hypogaea L., ground-nut). Cultivated.
The seeds are edible and yield oil; the leaves are used as a vegetable
or as fodder. Arachis L.
Leaflets numerous. Flowers in racemes. Calyx with a wide tube,
truncate or with subequal lobes. Keel blunt or somewhat pointed.
Filaments united, excepting one. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear,
with transverse partitions.—Species 15. Tropics to Natal and Egypt.
Some species yield timber, fibre, fodder, or medicaments, or serve as
garden- or hedge-plants. Sesbania Pers.
197. Leaflets 3. 198
Leaflets numerous. 203
198. Leaflets with stipels. 199
Leaflets without stipels. 201
199. Filaments all united. Corolla red; standard unappendaged; keel almost
straight, blunt, shorter than the wings. Style short and thick. Flowers
very small. Twining herbs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east
{268}Africa. Used medicinally. Teramnus Swartz
Filaments united, excepting the uppermost, which is free at least at the
base. Standard auricled at the base; keel curved. Flowers large or
rather large. 200
200. Uppermost stamens free at the base, but united with the others at the
middle. Corolla red; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Twining
shrubs.—Species 1. Tropics. Dioclea H. B. & K.
Uppermost stamens free throughout. Corolla red or yellowish-green;
keel as long as or longer than the wings.—Species 20. Tropics.
Some of them yield poisons, medicaments, vegetables, fodder, and
dyes, or serve as ornamental plants. (Stizolobium P. Br.). Mucuna Adans.
201. Stipules free, stem-clasping. Corolla red, blue, or white; keel blunt.
Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Corolla red or yellow; keel usually
beaked. Ovules 2 or more. 202
202. Leaflets toothed. Calyx with a short tube and subequal segments.
Fruit dehiscing by two valves, usually terete. (See 129.) Ononis L.
Leaflets entire. Calyx with a thread-shaped tube and unequal segments,
four of which are connate. Corolla yellow. Ovules 2-3. Base of the
style persistent. Fruit flat, separating in two joints or indehiscent.
Herbs. Flowers usually intermixed with feathery bristles.—Species
5. Tropical and South Africa. Stylosanthes Swartz
203. (197.) Stem woody. Corolla white or red; wings free. Stamens diadelphous
at the base, at first monadelphous at the middle. Ovary stalked.
Style hairy at the apex. Fruit flat.—Species 1 (R. Pseudacacia L.).
Naturalized in North Africa. Yields timber and medicaments and is
used as an ornamental plant. The bark and the leaves are poisonous. Robinia L.
Stem herbaceous. Corolla blue, yellow, or whitish. Ovary sessile. 204
204. Filaments united, excepting one, or all united into a sheath split above.
Wings free. Fruit oblong or ovate, flat or constricted between the
seeds.—Species 2. North Africa. They yield medicaments (liquorice),
dyes, and material for papermaking. Glycyrrhiza L.
Filaments all united into a closed tube. Wings slightly adhering to the
keel. Style glabrous. Fruit linear, subterete.—Species 1. North
Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plant.
“Goats rue.” Galega L.
205. (147.) Leaves abruptly pinnate. [Especially tribe VICIEAE.] 206
Leaves imparipinnate, digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 220
206. Calyx distinctly two-lipped, the upper lip entire or shortly 2-toothed, the
lower one entire, 3-toothed, or 3-parted. Corolla yellow; standard
suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Flowers in racemes. 207
{269}Calyx equally or subequally toothed or divided, or entire. 210
207. Bracts very large, imbricate, hiding the flowers and fruits. Bracteoles
none. Flowers very small. Filaments all united. Ovules 2. Herbs.
Stipules produced at the base into a spur-like appendage.—Species 9.
Central Africa. Geissaspis Wight & Arn.
Bracts not hiding the flowers, usually small and deciduous. Bracteoles
present. 208
208. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Filaments all united. Ovules more
than two.—Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Damapana
Adans., including Kotschya Endl.) Smithia Ait.
Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 209
209. Ovary sessile. Uppermost stamen free. Keel obtuse. Fruit ring-shaped
or spirally twisted, flat, glabrous except at the shortly spinous
sutures, 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets. Stipules
spurred at the base. Bracts not spurred.—Species 1. West
Africa. Cyclocarpa Afz.
Ovary stalked. Fruit straight, curved, or spirally twisted; in the
latter case covered with glandular hairs.—Species 60. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species (especially the ambatch, A. Elaphroxylon
Taub.) yield cork-wood, fibre, and medicaments. (Including Herminiera
Guill. & Perr.) Aeschynomene L.
210. Style hairy, usually bearded lengthwise. Fruit more or less flattened,
1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs.
Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 211
Style glabrous. 214
211. Staminal tube obliquely truncate at its mouth. 212
Staminal tube evenly truncate. 213
212. Style bearded on the inner face. Flowers small. Corolla bluish-white;
keel somewhat pointed. Uppermost stamen free. Ovary almost
sessile. Ovules 2. Seeds flat.—Species 3. North Africa; also
cultivated in northern Central Africa. The seeds of L. esculenta
Moench (lentils) are used as food, for the preparation of starch, and in
medicine. (Under Ervum L.) Lens Gren. & Godr.
Style hairy all round or on the back only; in the latter case flowers large
or middle-sized. Seeds globose or slightly flattened.—Species 40.
North and East Africa; some species also naturalized in South Africa
and the Mascarene Islands. They yield fodder, edible fruits and seeds
(especially beans from V. Faba L.), and medicaments; some are used as
ornamental plants. “Vetch.” (Including Ervum L. and Faba
Tourn.) Vicia L.
213. Style-apex compressed laterally, with the margins bent upwards, hence
grooved above. Ovary subsessile. Ovules more than 2. Corolla
white or red; keel blunt. Uppermost stamens free at the base.
Leaves with 1-3 pairs of leaflets. (See 141.) Pisum L.
Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the margins straight or bent downwards.
{270}(See 128.) Lathyrus L.
214. Stamens 9. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white or pink; standard
adhering to the staminal tube at its base; wings oblong, shorter than
the keel. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves ending in a bristle. Bracteoles
present.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Several species
(especially A. praecatorius L.) yield fibres, poisonous ornamental seeds
(crab-eyes), and medicaments. Abrus L.
Stamens 10. 215
215. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of
hairs. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely
chambered, opening by two valves. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs,
clothed with appressed hairs fixed at the middle. Bracteoles none.—Species
320. Tropical, South, and North-east Africa. Several species
yield a dye (indigo), or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. 216
216. Fruit indehiscent, not jointed. Calyx-teeth obscure or wanting. Standard
auricled at the base; petals of the keel free. Alternate filaments with
a scale at the base. Trees. Leaflets alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Xanthocercis Baill.
Fruit dehiscent or jointed. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 217
217. Fruit jointed, dehiscing on one side or indehiscent. Corolla yellow;
standard orbicular. Stamens usually all united. (See 209.) Aeschynomene L.
Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 218
218. Fruit transversely septate. Bracteoles bristle-like, deciduous. Uppermost
stamen free. (See 196.). Sesbania Pers.
Fruit longitudinally septate or 1-celled. Wings adhering to the keel. 219
219. Fruit 1-celled, compressed. Petals with a short claw. Herbs. Leaves
ending in a bristle or a tendril. Bracteoles none. (See 212.). Vicia L.
Fruit 2-celled, rarely 1-celled but then turgid.—Species 70. North and
East Africa to Transvaal and the Cape Verde Islands. Several species
yield fodder, tragacanth-gum, manna-like exudations, or edible
seeds which are also used as a substitute for coffee. (Including Acanthyllis
Pomel, Erophaca Boiss., and Phaca L.) Astragalus L.
220. (205.) Leaves unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 221
Leaves digitate or pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets 251
221. Leaves exstipulate or wanting 222
Leaves stipulate. 224
222. Branches leaf-like. Leaves usually wanting. Trees. Corolla red. Fruit
turgid, indehiscent.—Species 5. Madagascar. They yield timber.
(Including Neobaronia Bak.) Phylloxylon Baill.
Branches not leaf-like. Leaves present. Shrubs. Corolla yellow. Fruit
flat, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth near the
{271}hilum. 223
223. Flowers in heads surrounded by large imbricate bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe
very large, petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong.
(See 157.) Liparia L.
Flowers solitary or in racemes, umbels, or heads with small or medium-sized
bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe equalling or slightly exceeding the
others. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracteoles bristle-like.
(See 157.) Priestleya DC.
224. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 225
Stem woody throughout. 241
225. Uppermost stamen united with the others at least in its lower half. 226
Uppermost stamen free from the others throughout or at the base. 229
226. Ovule 1. Ovary sessile. Style slender. Calyx-teeth long and pointed.
Petals shortly clawed. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, ovate, indehiscent.
Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Hallia Thunb.
Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 227
227. Style bearded. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Seeds with an
aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole.
(See 128.) Lathyrus L.
Style glabrous. Leaves unifoliolate. 228
228. Style short and broad. Ovary sessile. Petals red, long-clawed. Fruit
compressed. Leaflets entire. Stipules awl-shaped. Flowers very
small, in axillary racemes.—Species 5. Central Africa to Transvaal. Microcharis Benth.
Style awl-shaped. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Calyx deeply
divided. Petals short-clawed. Leaflets toothed. Stipules adnate
to the leaf-stalk. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves. (See 129.) Ononis L.
229. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when
young, free at the base, later sometimes free throughout. 230
Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly from the base. 234
230. Fruit jointed. 231
Fruit not jointed. 232
231. Upper calyx-lobes separate. Wings small; standard subsessile. Ovary
stalked. Ovules 1-3. Leaflets without stipels. Flowers in axillary,
few-flowered racemes, with small bracteoles.—Species 5. Nileland and
Island of Socotra. Taverniera DC.
Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Wings oblong, adhering to the
keel. Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets usually with stipels.—Species 40.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal,
or textile plants. (Meibomia Moehr.) Desmodium Desv.
232. Flowers very small, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with minute bracteoles.
Fruit oblong, with a membranous pericarp, indehiscent.
{272}Leaflets without stipels.—Species 2. South Africa to Angola. Sylitra E. Mey.
Flowers not very small, in usually terminal or leaf-opposed racemes.
Fruit with a more or less herbaceous pericarp, dehiscing by two valves. 233
233. Flowers with rather large bracteoles, violet. Ovary shortly stalked.
Stigma penicillate. Fruit 4-winged, septate. Stem twining. Leaflets
with stipels. Stipules spurred.—Species 4. Tropics. The roots and
the fruits are used as vegetables. (Botor Adans.) Psophocarpus Neck.
Flowers without bracteoles. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets without
stipels, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species 130.
Some of them yield dyes, poisons, and medicaments. (Cracca L.,
including Pogonostigma Boiss. and Requienia DC.) Tephrosia Pers.
234. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of
hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit with transverse partitions.
Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. 235
Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely affixed by the middle. 236
235. Keel beaked. Anthers bearded at base and apex. Style boat-shaped
below. Ovules 4-6. Fruit short-stalked, turgid. (See 151.) Rhynchotropis Harms
Keel blunt or somewhat pointed, gibbous or spurred on each side. Style
thread-shaped. Fruit sessile or nearly so. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
236. Ovule 1. 237
Ovules 2 or more. 238
237. Leaflets with stipels. Flowers in racemes, with broad bracteoles. Calyx-lobes
narrow, subequal. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Leptodesmia Benth.
Leaflets without stipels. Leaves gland-dotted. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp
adnate to the seed. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
238. Ovules 2. Corolla usually yellow. 239
Ovules 3 or more. Corolla usually red. 240
239. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the
funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-lobes separate or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining
plants.—Species 55. Tropical and South Africa. The roots of one
species are used in making beer. Eriosema DC.
Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the
hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed at or nearly in the
middle. Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Standard orbicular or
obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants.—Species
100. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (Dolicholus Medik.) Rhynchosia Lour.
240. Calyx-lobes long, stiff, very unequal, the two upper ones united high up.
Style thread-shaped, glabrous. Fruit jointed, indehiscent. Leaves
{273}unifoliolate, usually stipellate. Stipules membranous. Flowers small,
in racemes, with bracteoles.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa.
(Fabricia Scop.). Alysicarpus Neck.
Calyx-lobes subequal. Style flattened, bearded towards the apex.
Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with a small aril.
Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. Stipules
leaf-like. Flowers without bracteoles. (See 128.) Lathyrus L.
241. (224.) Filaments all united into a tube split on one or on both sides.
Bracteoles present. 242
Filaments united into a tube, excepting one which is free, at least at the
base. 240
242. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed.
Seeds oblong. Shrubs, usually erect. Flowers in few-flowered
racemes.—Species 10. Tropics. (Diphaca Lour., including Arthrocarpum
Balf. f.) Ormocarpum Beauv.
Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Anthers basifixed. Fruit not jointed,
indehiscent. Seeds reniform. Trees or climbing shrubs. Flowers in
cymes arranged in many-flowered raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species
65. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield
timber (Senegal-ebony) and gum-resin. (Amerimnon P.Br., including
Ecastaphyllum Rich.) Dalbergia L. f.
243. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when
young. 244
Uppermost stamen free throughout. 245
244. Fruit jointed, indented at one or at both sutures. Leaflets usually
with stipels. (See 231.). Desmodium Desv.
Fruit not jointed, very thinly or not septate, opening by two valves.
Standard clawed, suborbicular. Ovary sessile. Stigma usually hairy.
Leaflets usually with numerous parallel side-nerves and without
stipels. Bracteoles none. (See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
245. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs
with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. 246
Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 247
246. Fruit separating into joints. Petals red, clawed. Ovules numerous.
Leafstalk not jointed at the apex.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Bremontiera DC.
Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Standard sessile or short-clawed;
keel gibbous or spurred on each side. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
247. Bracteoles present. Trees. Petals yellow, more rarely white marked
with violet; those of the keel free or slightly cohering. Ovules 2-4.
Fruit compressed, more or less winged, indehiscent.—Species 15.
Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber (rose-wood)
and a resin (kino) used for tanning and dyeing and for medicinal
purposes, also edible fruits and seeds. Pterocarpus L.
{274}Bracteoles wanting. Shrubs. 248
248. Ovule 1. Petals blue, red, or white; standard short-clawed; keel
curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more. 249
249. Ovules 3 or more. Petals red. Fruit subterete, constricted between
the seeds, indehiscent. Spinous shrubs. Racemes with the rachis
ending in a spine.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. The resinous
exudations (Persian manna) are used for food and in medicine. Alhagi Desv.
Ovules 2. Petals red or yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit
dehiscing by two valves. 250
250. Fruit compressed. Seeds with a linear hilum. (See 239.) Eriosema DC.
Fruit turgid. Seeds with a short hilum.—Species 5. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. (Moghania
St. Hil.) Flemingia Roxb.
251. (220.) Leaflets 3. 252
Leaflets 4 or more. 330
252. Leaves digitate. 253
Leaves pinnate. 264
253. Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. Ovules
numerous. Bracteoles bristle-like. 254
Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 257
254. Filaments united into a closed tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at the
hilum. Herbs or hairy shrubs. 255
Filaments united into a sheath split above. Seeds without an outgrowth
at the hilum. Glabrous undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 256
255. Calyx-lobes unequal, the upper approaching in pairs. Standard spatulate;
wings obliquely ovate. Anthers slightly unequal. Fruit ovate-lanceolate,
dehiscing by two valves. Tall shrubs with brownish
hairs. Flowers in head-like spikes. (See 175.) Phaenohoffmannia O. Ktze.
Calyx-lobes subequal. Standard ovate or oblong; wings narrow; petals
of the keel scarcely cohering. Fruit linear or lanceolate, dehiscing
at the upper suture. Decumbent herbs. Flowers very small, solitary
or in short racemes.—Species 1. Central Africa. Rothia Pers.
256. Keel longer than the standard. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded.
Undershrubs. (See 194.) Loddigesia Sims
Keel shorter than the standard. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs
or trees. (See 194.) Hypocalyptus Thunb.
257. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when
young. 258
Uppermost stamen free. Bracteoles absent. 260
258. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate below to the staminal tube.
{275}Fruit not jointed, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Leaflets usually
toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in
spikes, heads, or umbels. Bracteoles absent. (See 138.) Trifolium L.
Petals free from the staminal tube. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets
entire. 259
259. Flowers very small, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with
small bracteoles. Petals yellowish. Fruit oblong; pericarp membranous.
Undershrubs. (See 232.) Sylitra E. Mey.
Flowers not very small, in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals usually
red. Fruit dehiscing by two valves; pericarp more or less herbaceous.
(See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
260. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a small
point. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely
septate, dehiscing by two valves. Plants with appressed hairs fixed
by the middle. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. 261
261. Ovule 1. Keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering
to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more. 262
262. Ovules 2. Petals free from the staminal tube; standard auricled at
base. Fruit turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. (See 250.) Flemingia Roxb.
Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, but then lower petals adnate to the staminal
tube. Wings exceeding the keel. Herbs. Stipules adnate to the
leafstalk. 263
263. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Keel
blunt. Ovules 2-8. Fruit scarcely dehiscent. (See 138.) Trifolium L.
Petals free from the staminal tube, red. Keel somewhat pointed, curved.
Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.
Flowers solitary. (See 153.) Parochetus Hamilt.
264. (252.) Leaflets with stipels. [Especially tribe PHASEOLEAE.] 265
Leaflets without stipels. 310
265. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 266
Stem woody throughout. 303
266. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. Flowers
small, red, in racemes, with the rachis not thickened.—Species 20.
Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (G. hispida Maxim., soy-bean)
only cultivated. The latter yields edible oily seeds. Glycine L.
Uppermost stamen free or almost so, or united with the others in the
middle only. 267
267. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, free at the base, but united with
the others in the middle. 268
{276}Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so. 272
268. Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of the
pedicels. Bracteoles present. Wings usually free from the keel.
Fruit not jointed, opening in two valves. 269
Flowers in racemes with the rachis not thickened, or in fascicles, or
solitary. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit compressed. 271
269. Fruit 4-angled or 4-winged. Seeds oblong. Stigma villous. Corolla
violet. Bracteoles rather large, falling off tardily. Stipules spurred.
(See 233.) Psophocarpus Neck.
Fruit 2-3-angled or 2-winged. Stigma small. Bracteoles small, falling
off early. Stipules small. 270
270. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper much larger than the lower. Seeds
ovate or orbicular.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The
seeds of several species are eaten and used for dyeing and in medicine. Canavalia Adans.
Calyx-lobes not very unequal, the upper united higher up, but not considerably
larger than the lower. Seeds oblong.—Species 1. East
Africa. Pueraria DC.
271. Fruit more or less distinctly jointed. Bracteoles usually present. (See
231.) Desmodium Desv.
Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Stigma usually penicillate.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Bracteoles wanting.
(See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
272. Style hairy above. 273
Style glabrous or hairy at the base only, sometimes with a hairy stigma. 287
273. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes with the rachis not thickened
at the insertion of the pedicels. Keel curved. Ovules numerous.
Fruit linear. 274
Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of
the pedicels. 277
274. Calyx tubular; upper lobes united high up. Corolla white, blue, or violet;
wings oblong, adhering to the much shorter and pointed keel. Ovary
stalked. Style broadened above, bearded lengthwise.—Species 5.
Tropics. Used as medicinal, dyeing, and ornamental plants. Clitoria L.
Calyx campanulate. Wings obovate. Ovary almost sessile. 275
275. Upper calyx-teeth united to the middle. Corolla red or violet; standard
equalling the wings, spurred or gibbous on the back; keel not beaked.
Style-apex broadened, hairy round the stigma. Fruit flat. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum. Climbing herbs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in West Africa. Used as a medicinal and ornamental
plant. (Bradburya Rafin., under Clitoria L.) Centrosema DC.
Upper calyx-teeth united wholly or for the greatest part. Standard
not spurred at the back, but auricled at the base. Style-apex slightly
or not thickened. Fruit more or less inflated. Seeds with an outgrowth
{277}near the hilum. 276
276. Style with a crown of hairs beneath the large ovoid stigma. Wings
longer than the keel, but shorter than the standard. Stipules long-spurred.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Congo). Vignopsis De Wild.
Style bearded on the inner face towards the top, or penicillate round the
small terminal stigma. Wings adhering to the keel.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and edible
fruits or seeds, or serve as ornamental plants. Dolichos L.
277. Keel spirally twisted. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc. Stigma
lateral or oblique. 278
Keel more or less curved inwards, but not spiral. 279
278. Keel with a long spur; wings free. Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Style with a pointed dorsal appendage at the apex. Flowers violet
or whitish, without bracteoles.—Species 3. Central Africa. One
species (Ph. venenosum Balf., Calabar bean) has poisonous seeds used
in ordeals and medicinally. Physostigma Balf.
Keel without a spur, but sometimes with two gibbosities; wings adhering
to the keel. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules numerous. Style without a
dorsal appendage at the apex.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east
Africa; one species (Ph. vulgaris L.) cultivated also in extra-tropical
regions. The fruits and seeds of some species (beans) are eaten
and used for preparing starch and medicaments, those of others are
poisonous. Several species are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. Phaseolus L.
279. Stigma lateral, situated beneath the apex of the style. 280
Stigma terminal, but sometimes oblique. 283
280. Style-apex bent down towards the stigma. Stigma globose, blunt or
notched. Wings oblong, equalling the blunt keel. Fruit flat. Leaflets
usually toothed.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They
yield fibre used for rope-making, and edible roots and seeds, from
which also starch and medicaments are prepared. (Cacara Thouars). Pachyrrhizus Rich.
Style-apex bent back. Fruit turgid. 281
281. Fruit subglobular, 1-2-seeded, ripening under ground. Ovules 2-3.
Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Creeping herbs. Racemes
1-3-flowered.—Species 1 (V. subterranea Thouars). Cultivated
in Tropical and South Africa. Yields edible fruits and oily
seeds. Voandzeia Thouars
Fruit linear, several- or many-seeded, ripening above ground. Ovules
several or many. 282
282. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, with acuminate segments. Keel pointed; wings
auricled. Undershrubs with erect or ascending branches.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Vigna Savi). Otoptera DC.
Calyx 4-5-toothed or 5-cleft. Keel blunt or beaked.—Species 65.
{278}Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species yield fibre used
for rope-making, and edible fruits or seeds. (Including Liebrechtsia
De Wild.) Vigna Savi
283. Stigma very oblique. Style-apex wedge-shaped, hairy. Calyx-teeth
very short and broad. Keel blunt. Fruit linear.—Species 5. Central
and South-east Africa. (Under Vigna Savi). Sphenostylis E. Mey.
Stigma slightly oblique or straight. 284
284. Upper lip of the calyx entire. Style bearded lengthwise. Fruit oblong,
2-4-seeded. 285
Upper lip of the calyx notched. 286
285. Keel almost straight, blunt. Standard oblong, straight, folded over
the other petals. Corolla yellow-green. Style flat at base, hairy above.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Dolichos L.) Chloryllis E. Mey.
Keel sharply bent upwards, pointed. Standard orbicular, bent back,
expanded. Corolla white or red. Style flat and bearded above.—Species
1 (L. vulgaris Savi). Tropical and South-east Africa; also
cultivated in Egypt. It yields edible fruits and seeds, fodder, and
medicaments, and serves also as an ornamental plant. (Under Dolichos
L.) Lablab Savi
286. Ovules 2. Style flattened and hairy above. Keel pointed. Upper
calyx-teeth united to about the middle. Glandular plants.—Species
10. Central Africa. (Under Dolichos L.) Adenodolichos Harms
Ovules 3 or more. Style thread-shaped. Keel shortly beaked. Glandless
plants. (See 276.) Dolichos L.
287. (272.) Ovules 1-2. 288
Ovules 3 or more. 295
288. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a
short point. Calyx-teeth subequal. Corolla usually red; keel
gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit more or less turgid, with
transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by
the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. Fruit more or less compressed. 289
289. Ovule 1. Calyx-teeth about equal, bristle-like. Keel obtuse. Fruit enclosed
by the calyx. Bracts broad. (See 237.) Leptodesmia Benth.
Ovules 2, rarely ovule 1, but then calyx-teeth unequal (the upper ones
more or less united). 290
290. Bracteoles present. 291
Bracteoles absent. Corolla usually yellow; standard auricled at the
base. 293
291. Style hairy at the base, bent almost at a right angle above the middle.
Ovary surrounded at the base by a cupular disc. Calyx-teeth and
bracteoles ending in a club-shaped gland. Corolla spotted with
violet. Fruit 1-celled. Leaflets toothed.—Species 5. Central
Africa. (Under Rhynchosia Lour.) Eminia Taub.
{279}Style glabrous, slightly curved. Fruit transversely chambered. 292
292. Corolla yellowish; keel as long as the wings; standard not auricled.
Flowers two or several together in the axils of the leaves, subsessile.
Fruit ripening under ground.—Species 1. West Africa. Cultivated
for its edible seeds. Kerstingiella Harms
Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings; standard slightly auricled.
Flowers in axillary racemes or false-racemes. Fruit ripening above
ground. (See 266.) Glycine L.
293. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Standard oblong or ovate; wings shorter
than the keel, auricled at the base. Style downy below.—Species 4.
Tropics. Cylista Ait.
Calyx-lobes about equal, but the two upper ones sometimes more or less
united. 294
294. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the
funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth free or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining
plants. (See 239.) Eriosema DC.
Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the
hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed in the middle.
Upper calyx-teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular or obovate.
Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants. (See 239.) Rhynchosia Lour.
295. (287.) Calyx entire or obscurely toothed, gibbous at the base. Corolla
yellow or red. Ovary surrounded at the base by a tubular disc.
Style broadened in the middle. Fruit flattened, 2-valved. Twining
herbs. Bracteoles present.—Species 1. South and East Africa and
Madagascar. Dumasia DC.
Calyx distinctly toothed. 296
296. Upper sepals wholly united; hence calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft. Twining
herbs. 297
Upper sepals more or less separate; calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 298
297. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings. Rachis
of the inflorescence not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels.
Bracts striate.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. Shuteria Wight & Arn.
Calyx-lobes long. Corolla yellow; keel as long as or longer than the
wings. Rachis of the inflorescence thickened at the insertion of the
pedicels. Bracts bristle-like.—Species 2. East Africa to Natal
and Mascarene Islands. Galactia P. Browne
298. Wings free from the keel. Flowers small, red. Leaflets large. 299
Wings adhering to the keel. 300
299. Fruit septate between the seeds, oblong. Seeds globose. Ovules 3-5.
Style thickened below. Standard auricled at the base.—Species 1.
German South-west Africa. Neorautanenia Schinz
Fruit not septate between the seeds, flat, with transversely veined valves.
{280}Seeds reniform. Style awl-shaped. Upper calyx-lobes united high up.
Hairy plants.—Species 5. Central and South-east Africa (Anarthrosyne
E. Mey.) Pseudarthria Wight & Arn.
300. Bracteoles wanting. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Connective
ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Plants with appressed
hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Bracteoles present. 301
301. Standard spurred or gibbous at the apex of the claw. Style broadened
above. Fruit flat. Seeds oblong. Stem twining. Flowers large.
Bracteoles larger than the bracts. (See 275.) Centrosema DC.
Standard neither spurred nor gibbous. Flowers small or medium-sized. 302
302. Fruit jointed, flat, usually indehiscent. (See 231.) Desmodium Desv.
Fruit not jointed, but septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves.
Corolla red; standard auricled at the base; wings exceeding the keel.
Bracts bristle-like. (See 266.) Glycine L.
303. (265.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle. Calyx-lobes
blunt and very short. Fruit not jointed, indehiscent.—Species
30. Tropics. Some species yield timber, dyes, fish-poison, and
medicaments. Lonchocarpus H. B. & K.
Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so, rarely (Desmodium)
united with the others in the middle, but then calyx-lobes pointed.
Fruit jointed or dehiscent. 304
304. Connective of the stamens produced in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Calyx-teeth subequal. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Ovary
sessile or nearly so. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs with appressed
hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. 305
305. Standard with two auricles at the base. 306
Standard without an appendage at the base. 308
306. Calyx-teeth blunt, nearly equal. Corolla usually red; keel beaked.
Bracteoles deciduous.—Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Strongylodon Vog.
Calyx-teeth pointed, unequal, the upper united high up. Corolla yellow;
keel blunt. Bracteoles none. 307
307. Standard oblong or ovate; keel longer than the wings. Ovary and
base of the style hairy. Style thread-shaped. Ovules 2.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Baukea Vatke
Standard orbicular; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Ovary and
base of style glabrous or downy. Style thickened in the middle and
at the apex. Ovules numerous.—Species 1 (C. indicus Spreng.,
pigeon-pea). Tropics, also cultivated. Yields edible, pea-like fruits
{281}and seeds, medicaments, fodder, food for silkworms, and manure. Cajanus DC.
308. Style bearded above. Upper calyx-teeth almost entirely united. Wings
adhering to the shorter and pointed keel. Fruit not jointed. Bracteoles
persistent. (See 274.) Clitoria L.
Style glabrous. 309
309. Fruit separating into joints, when ripe. Flowers usually small. Wings
adhering to the keel. (See 231.) Desmodium Desv.
Fruit not jointed. Flowers large. Wings much shorter than the standard,
sometimes wanting. Ovary stalked.—Species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. Several species yield wood, vegetables, and medicaments,
or serve as ornamental plants. Erythrina L.
310. (264.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. 311
Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 314
311. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, not jointed, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants.
Bracteoles absent. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more. Fruit linear or oblong, dehiscent or separating into
joints. 312
312. Staminal tube split. Ovary sessile. Fruit breaking up into several
joints. Shrubs. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.) Ormocarpum Beauv.
Staminal tube closed. Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Herbs
or undershrubs. Bracteoles absent. 313
313. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point. Ovary sessile. Corolla
red; keel blunt. Fruit slightly 4-angled, transversely septate.
Stipules bristle-like. Flowers small, in racemes, without bracteoles.—Species
2. Central Africa. Cyamopsis DC.
Connective without an appendage. Ovary stalked. Calyx deeply
divided. Standard suborbicular. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules
adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See 129.) Ononis L.
314. Bracteoles present. Calyx-teeth subequal. Wings short. Ovary
stalked. Ovules few. 315
Bracteoles absent. 316
315. Keel beaked. Standard clawed, auricled. Uppermost stamen free.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds subglobular. Twining shrubs.
Rachis of the raceme thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. (See
306.) Strongylodon Vog.
Keel not beaked. Standard scarcely clawed. Uppermost stamen at
first united with the others in the middle. Fruit breaking up into
several joints. Seeds reniform. Erect undershrubs. (See 231.) Taverniera DC.
316. Petals, at least the lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Herbs.
Leaflets usually toothed. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or
umbels. (See 138.) Trifolium L.
Petals free from the staminal tube. 317
317. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a point, or a tuft of
{282}hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved inwards, gibbous or spurred on
each side. Fruit transversely septate. Plants with appressed hairs
fixed by the middle. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. 318
318. Ovule 1. Corolla red, blue, or white; standard clawed. Fruit ovate,
indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants.
Stipules stem-clasping, not adnate. Bracts membranous. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more, rarely ovule 1, but then fruit more or less curved or
coiled, corolla usually yellow, standard almost sessile, and stipules
adnate to the leafstalk. 319
319. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, united with the others in the
middle. Corolla red or white; standard suborbicular, clawed; wings
adhering to the keel. Stigma usually hairy. Fruit dehiscing by two
valves. Leaflets entire, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, more rarely in axillary
racemes or clusters. Bracts distinctly developed. (See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
Uppermost stamen free from the base, rarely united with the others
in the middle, but then standard oblong or ovate, sessile or nearly so,
corolla usually yellow, fruit not or tardily dehiscent, leaflets usually
toothed, stipules adnate to the leafstalk, inflorescence axillary, and
bracts minute or wanting. 320
320. Ovules 1-2. 321
Ovules more than 2. 325
321. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper two almost wholly united, the
side ones small, the lowest the longest, enlarged after flowering, scarious.
Corolla reddish-yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit
falcate-ovate, enclosed by the calyx, 1-seeded, 2-valved. Twining
undershrubs. (See 293.) Cylista Ait.
Calyx-lobes about equal, but the upper ones sometimes more or less united,
not or scarcely enlarged after flowering. 322
322. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, more or less flattened, straight or nearly
so. Upper calyx-teeth usually more or less united. Standard auricled
at base. Leaflets usually entire. 323
Fruit not or very tardily dehiscing, turgid or curved to spiral, exceeding
the calyx. Upper calyx-teeth scarcely or not united. Leaflets usually
toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 324
323. Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at
the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle attached in the
middle or nearly so. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or
decumbent, rarely erect plants. (See 239.) Rhynchosia Lour.
Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the
funicle attached at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth not or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining
{283}plants. (See 239.) Eriosema DC.
324. Fruit straight, globular or ovoid, thick, wrinkled. Flowers in slender,
more or less spike-like racemes, yellow, rarely white. Herbs.—Species
10. North Africa and Abyssinia; several species also naturalized
in South Africa. Used as fodder or in medicine. Melilotus Juss.
Fruit more or less curved (sickle- or kidney-shaped) or spirally coiled,
usually flattened. Flowers in short racemes or in heads.—Species
35. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa; several species
also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some of them (especially
M. sativa L., lucern) are used as fodder, or medicinal plants, and for
making paper and brush-wares, others are noxious as burs. Medicago L.
325. Upper calyx-lobes more or less, sometimes entirely united. Corolla
yellow. Standard suborbicular, auricled at base. Fruit linear or
oblong, constricted between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets
entire, gland-dotted. 326
Upper calyx-lobes not or scarcely united. Standard oblong or obovate.
Fruit dehiscing at the upper suture or indehiscent, rarely tardily
dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate
to the leafstalk. 328
326. Upper calyx-lobes shortly united. Keel exceeding the wings. Fruit
oblong, curved, turgid, 1-celled. Seeds with an outgrowth at the
hilum. Viscid, twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1. South
Africa and Madagascar. Fagelia Neck.
Upper calyx-lobes united for the greater part or entirely. Fruit compressed
and transversely septate. 327
327. Fruit oblong, blunt or shortly pointed. Seeds with an outgrowth at the
hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules persistent. Flowers in
fascicles or short racemes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
(Under Atylosia Wight & Arn.) Cantharospermum Wight & Arn.
Fruit linear, ending in a long point. Seeds without an outgrowth at the
hilum. Style broadened in the middle and towards the apex. Erect
shrubs or undershrubs. Stipules deciduous, awl-shaped. Flowers in
racemes. (See 307.) Cajanus DC.
328. Flowers in long, more or less spike-like racemes. Ovules few. Fruit
oblong to globose, thick, straight, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Herbs.
(See 324.) Melilotus Juss.
Flowers solitary or in short racemes, heads, or umbels. 329
329. Fruit linear or oblong, straight or slightly curved. Herbs.—Species 25.
North Africa, Nile-land, and South Africa. T. foenumgraecum L. is
cultivated for its seeds, which are used as food, fodder, vermin-poison,
in medicine, and in the manufacture of cloth; it is also used as a
vegetable. Trigonella L.
{284}Fruit spirally twisted, more rarely sickle- or kidney-shaped. (See 324.) Medicago L.
330. (251.) Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 331
Stem woody throughout. 347
331. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base, at least when
young. 332
Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 336
332. Filaments united into a closed tube, at least when young. Corolla red,
blue, or white. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 333
Filaments united into a sheath split on one or both sides. Corolla yellow,
sometimes veined with red. Fruit breaking up into joints, more
rarely indehiscent. 335
333. Stem twining. Leaflets 5-7, stipellate. Bracteoles present. Uppermost
stamen finally separating from the others. (See 266.) Glycine L.
Stem erect or decumbent. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles absent.
Uppermost stamen remaining united with the others. 334
334. Leaflets 5-7. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla red; standard sessile;
wings free. Connective ending in a short point. Fruit septate.
(See 313.) Cyamopsis DC.
Leaflets numerous. Stipules semi-sagittate. Corolla blue or white;
standard short-clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Connective
without an appendage. Fruit 1-celled. (See 204.) Galega L.
335. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, with 2 or more flat joints.
Calyx 2-lipped. (See 208.) Smithia Ait.
Fruit much exceeding the calyx. Ovary stalked. (See 209.) Aeschynomene L.
336. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when
young. 337
Uppermost stamen free throughout. 339
337. Standard clawed. Wings adhering to the keel. Ovules several or
many, very rarely only 2. Stigma usually penicillate. Fruit linear,
rarely oblong or ovate, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually
with many parallel side-nerves. Flowers white or red, in terminal or
leaf-opposed racemes, rarely in axillary fascicles or racemes; in this
case ovules numerous. Bracteoles absent. (See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
Standard nearly sessile. Wings short. Ovules 1-3. Fruit oblong to
orbicular, indehiscent, very rarely dehiscing by two valves. Flowers
in axillary spikes or racemes. 338
338. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, feathery. Corolla red; keel
adhering to the staminal tube. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, oblong
or ovate. Unarmed, hairy plants. Stipules connate.—Species 2.
North Africa. Ebenus L.
Calyx-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube. Fruit projecting beyond
{285}the calyx, hemispherical or spirally twisted.—Species 10. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Sainfoin (O. sativa Lam.) is cultivated in
various regions for fodder, sometimes also as a medicinal or ornamental
plant. Onobrychis Gaertn.
339. Style bearded lengthwise towards the top. Fruit 2-valved. 340
Style glabrous above or penicillate round the stigma. 343
340. Style thread-shaped, bearded on the outside or all round. Calyx-teeth
subequal. Petals red or white, clawed; standard exceeding the
wings and the keel. Seeds kidney-shaped, with a filiform funicle.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 40. South Africa to Angola. Some are
used medicinally. (Coluteastrum Heist.) Lessertia DC.
Style flattened, bearded on the inner side. 341
341. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Corolla blue
or white. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Leaflets usually
stipellate. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) Clitoria L.
Calyx-teeth about equal. Seeds with a small aril covering the hilum.
Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 342
342. Staminal tube obliquely truncate. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovary
almost sessile. Ovules 2. Aril ovate or oblong. Flowers small,
bluish-white. (See 212.) Lens Gren. & Godr.
Staminal tube evenly truncate. Keel shorter than the wings, usually
blunt. Ovules 3 or more. Aril usually linear. (See 128.) Lathyrus L.
343. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Fruit transversely septate, 2-valved. Plants with appressed hairs
fixed by the middle. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 344
344. Leaflets stipellate, 5-7. Flowers in terminal racemes, without bracteoles.
Fruit jointed, enclosed by the calyx; joints ovate, slightly flattened.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal
plant. Uraria Desv.
Leaflets not stipellate. Fruit jointed, with orbicular or quadrate flattened
joints, or not jointed. 345
345. Fruit breaking up into joints, flat. Wings clawed, auricled, shorter than
the scarcely clawed standard. Flowers in axillary racemes, with
bristle-like bracteoles.—Species 12. North Africa. Some are used as
fodder- or ornamental plants. Hedysarum L.
Fruit not jointed, usually septate lengthwise. 316
346. Fruit sessile, linear, flat, longitudinally 2-celled, indehiscent, the valves
boat-shaped with a wavy and toothed keel. Hairy herbs. Leaflets
emarginate. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers in axillary
spikes or fascicles, bluish or whitish.—Species 1. North Africa and
Abyssinia. Biserrula L.
Fruit not flat and with wavy and toothed valves, tardily dehiscent.
{286}(See 219.) Astragalus L.
347. (330.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base into a
tube usually split in one or two places, rarely (Dalbergia) wanting. 348
Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 354
348. Fruit breaking up into two or more joints, very rarely reduced to a single
ovate, not winged joint. Calyx usually two-lipped. Corolla yellow or
white, sometimes with red stripes or veins. Standard suborbicular.
Erect shrubs. 349
Fruit not jointed, indehiscent, more or less distinctly winged, rarely
not winged but curved. Ovules few. Trees or climbing, very rarely
erect shrubs. 351
349. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, jointed. Seeds 2 or more,
reniform or orbicular, flat. Calyx two-lipped. Racemes short.
Bracteoles persistent. (See 208.) Smithia Ait.
Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 350
350. Joints of the fruit 2 or more, oblong, usually striate. Ovary sessile,
with several or many ovules. Racemes few-flowered. Bracteoles
persistent. (See 242.) Ormocarpum Beauv.
Joints of the fruit quadrate to semiorbicular, not striate. Ovary usually
stalked. (See 209.) Aeschynomene L.
351. Staminal tube closed all round. Calyx subtruncate, very shortly or
obscurely toothed. Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets opposite—Species
15. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (Deguelia Aubl.,
including Leptoderris Dunn) Derris Lour.
Staminal tube split in one or two places. Leaflets usually alternate. 352
352. Anthers attached by the base, with erect cells opening by a short apical
slit, or with divergent cells opening lengthwise. Calyx-lobes unequal.
Ovary stalked. Seeds kidney-shaped. Flowers in copious panicles
composed of cymes. (See 242.) Dalbergia L. f.
Anthers attached by the back, opening by parallel longitudinal slits.
Fruit more or less oblique or curved. 353
353. Bracteoles persistent. Calyx bell-shaped, obtuse at base. Corolla
violet; standard silky outside. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-2. Fruit
thick-leathery, crescent-shaped, not winged. Seed 1, kidney-shaped.
Small spiny trees.—Species 1. West Africa. Drepanocarpus G. F. Mey.
Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx more or less top-shaped at the base. Corolla
yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; standard glabrous.
Ovules 2-6. Fruit membranous or leathery, hardened in the middle,
more or less distinctly winged. (See 247.) Pterocarpus L.
354. (347.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least
when young. 355
Uppermost stamen free throughout. 361
355. Wings free from the keel. Ovules more than two. Fruit 2-valved.
Leaflets usually with stipels. 356
{287}Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets usually without stipels. 357
356. Flowers in axillary racemes, without bracteoles. Corolla white. Ovary
stalked, not surrounded by a disc. Style hairy at the apex. Stipules
spine-like. (See 203.) Robinia L.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, with bracteoles. Corolla red,
bluish, or white. Ovary usually surrounded at the base by a disc.
Style glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some
species yield timber, dyes, and poison. Millettia Wight & Arn.
357. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Shrubs.
Bracteoles absent. 358
Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or climbing
shrubs. Bracteoles present. 359
358. Petals acuminate, red; standard lanceolate; keel beaked. Style
glabrous.—Species 10. Madagascar. Chadsia Boj.
Petals obtuse or subacute, white or red; standard suborbicular; keel
not beaked. (See 233.) Tephrosia Pers.
359. Fruit winged. Seeds flat. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. (See 351.) Derris Lour.
Fruit not winged. 360
360. Fruit with a thick-leathery, almost woody pericarp, oblique-oblong, not
thickened at the sutures. Seed 1, kidney-shaped, rather thick. Ovary
subsessile, with 2 ovules. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in racemes,
reddish.—Species 1. Seychelles. The wood and the oily seeds are
used. (Galedupa Lam.) Pongamia Vent.
Fruit with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Seeds flat. (See 303.) Lonchocarpus H. B. & K.
361. (354.) Stem shrubby, erect or climbing. 362
Stem tree-like. 371
362. Style bearded lengthwise towards the apex. Ovules numerous. Fruit
indehiscent or dehiscing at the top only. Flowers in axillary racemes. 363
Style glabrous, or hairy at the base only, or bearing a penicillate stigma. 365
363. Style bearded on the back or all round. Stigma terminal. Corolla red
or white; keel blunt, shorter than the standard. Fruit finally dehiscing
at the top. (See 340.) Lessertia DC.
Style bearded on the inner side only. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated,
indehiscent. 364
364. Stigma terminal. Corolla red; keel pointed, exceeding the standard.
Bracteoles present.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental
plant. Sutherlandia R. Br.
Stigma placed beneath the hooked apex of the style. Corolla yellow;
keel blunt; standard with two callosities on the inner side.—Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They (especially C. arborescens L.
bladder senna) are used as ornamental plants and yield a dye and
{288}medicaments. Colutea L.
365. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a short point, or a tuft of hairs.
Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit 2-valved. Hairs fixed by the
middle. Bracteoles absent. (See 215.) Indigofera L.
Connective without an appendage. Bracteoles usually present. 366
366. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) Psoralea L.
Ovules 2 or more. 367
367. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard,
the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellowish. Ovary
sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles, with large persistent
bracteoles.—Species 8. West Africa. Platysepalum Welw.
Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 368
368. Wings adhering to the keel. 369
Wings free from the keel. 370
369. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit flat, narrowly winged, transversely
chambered or 1-celled, indehiscent. Usually climbing plants.
(See 351.) Derris Lour.
Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, more
rarely 1-celled, but turgid, finally dehiscing by two valves. (See
219.) Astragalus L.
370. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules free.
Fruit leathery, suborbicular, not winged, indehiscent. Seed 1, oblong
or ovate. Climbing plants. Leaflets without stipels.—Species 3.
West Africa. Ostryocarpus Hook. fil.
Inflorescence terminal. Ovary usually surrounded by a disc. Fruit
linear or oblong, tardily dehiscing by two valves. Seeds orbicular or
reniform. (See 356.) Millettia Wight & Arn.
371. (361.) Calyx 2-lipped, with large entire lips. Corolla yellow; wings
free; petals of the keel free. Ovary subsessile, surrounded by a
lobed disc. Ovules 3-4. Bracteoles small, deciduous.—Species 1.
West Africa (Congo). Dewevrea Mich.
Calyx 2-lipped with divided lips, or more or less equally 4-5-toothed. 372
372. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard,
the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellow. Ovary
sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles large, persistent.
(See 367.) Platysepalum Welw.
Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 373
373. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 374
Fruit indehiscent. Ovules 2-6. 375
374. Leaflets alternate, gland-dotted on the lower face. Petals gland-dotted.
Ovary long-stalked. Ovules 3-4. Fruit woody, turgid.—Species 2.
Central Africa. Schefflerodendron Harms
LEGUMINOSAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 67.
J. Fleischmann del.
Bauhinia macrantha Oliv.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from the side and the front. D Staminodes. E Stigma. F Ovary. cut lengthwise. G Fruit.
GERANIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 68.
J. Fleischmann del.
Monsonia biflora DC.
A Whole plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Cross-section of ovary. E Unripe fruit. F Ripe fruit. G Mericarp.
Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery
and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.) Millettia Wight & Arn.
375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard
distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit
drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp.
Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.—Species 2. West Africa. They
yield timber and are used in medicine. (Vouacapoua Aubl.) Andira Lam.
Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes
marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with
a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite.
(See 247.) Pterocarpus L.
ORDER PANDALES
FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small, slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe; stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile embryo and an oily albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Porphyranthus
Engl.) Panda Pierre
ORDER GERANIALES
SUBORDER GERANIINEAE
FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 6, species 350. (Plate 68.)
1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the
petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. Tails
(awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers
solitary, with 4 bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe
DIRACHMEAE.] Dirachma Schweinf.
Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some frequently
{290}sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails (awns) of
the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe GERANIEAE.] 2
2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel and without
glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7, rarely 2-4.—Species
250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species also naturalized
in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants,
some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments. Pelargonium L’Hér.
Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with glands
at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15. 3
3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile. 4
Stamens 15, all fertile. 5
4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5. Petals
entire. Flowers usually in umbels.—Species 40. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres
are made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.” Erodium L’Hér.
Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens usually 10.
Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in pairs.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some
species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning and dyeing
materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.” Geranium L.
5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.—Species 25. Some
are used medicinally. (Plate 68.) Monsonia L.
Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines formed
from the persistent leafstalks.—Species 7. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic
resin. (Under Monsonia L.) Sarcocaulon DC.
FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE
Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.—Genera 3, species 160. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 69.)
1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers in
cymes.—Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They
yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for
preparing a scouring water. Averrhoa L.
Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. 2
OXALIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 69.
J. Fleischmann del.
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.
A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Fruit-valve. E Seed. F Seed cut lengthwise.
LINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 70.
J. Fleischmann del.
Hugonia acuminata Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Tendrils.
2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate, sensitive.—Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Oxalis L.) (Plate
69.) Biophytum DC.
Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves usually
digitate.—Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or for preparing
chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including Bolboxalis Small). Oxalis L.
FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE
Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free; anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under GERANIACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1 (T. majus L., Indian cress). Naturalized in the Island
of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad, condiments,
and medicaments. Tropaeolum L.
FAMILY 110. LINACEAE
Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.—Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.)
1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands at their
base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit capsular.
Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.] 2
Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same number,
5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. Shrubs or
trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.] 4
2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers 4-merous.
Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. North Africa
and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.” Radiola Gmel.
Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous. 3
3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them)
with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped.
Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Ornamental plant. (Under Linum L.) Reinwardtia Dumort.
Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with glands.—Species
25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. L.
usitatissimum L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also fodder and
{292}medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. “Flax.” Linum L.
4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous.
Fruit a drupe.—Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Plate 70.) Hugonia L.
Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top. 5
5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a glandular pit
at the claw.—Species 2. East Africa. Nectaropetalum Engl.
Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled. 6
6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. Inflorescence racemose,
cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted bracts.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). Lepidobotrys Engl.
Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular.
Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Ochthocosmus Benth.) Phyllocosmus Klotzsch
FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from
which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Aubrya Baill., under Humiria
Aubl.) Saccoglottis Mart.
FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under LINACEAE.) (Plate 71.)
Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. Filaments
united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit 3-4-celled.
Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Aneulophus Benth.
Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments united
into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty ones.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 71.
J. Fleischmann del.
Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Petal from within. D Stamen from front and back. E Cross-section of ovary. F Fruit. G Fruit cut lengthwise.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 72.
J. Fleischmann del.
Balanites aegyptiaca Del.
A Branch with flowers and young fruits. B Part of branch with spines. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary and disc cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary. F Fruit. G Fruit cut lengthwise.
Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.—Species 40. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate
71.) Erythroxylon P. Browne
FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely (Neoluederitzia) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (Seetzenia) styles 5.—Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)
1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-celled
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an
appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and
undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies BALANITOIDEAE
and NITRARIOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several- or many-seeded.
Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but
then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3
2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a
cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather
long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves
with two leaflets. Spiny plants.—Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara,
Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily
seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and
for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (Agialid Adans.)
(Plate 72.) Balanites Del.
Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary
3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very
short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave,
induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves
simple, undivided, fleshy.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be
inebriating. “Nitre bush.” Nitraria L.
3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. Filaments
without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many
ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies TETRADICLIDOIDEAE
and PEGANOIDEAE.] 4
Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite.
Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE.] 5
4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals
3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely
{294}3-celled, 6-ovuled.—Species 1. North-east Africa. Tetradiclis Stev.
Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5,
linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed,
with undivided, many-ovuled cells.—Species 1. North Africa. The
seeds are used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. Peganum L.
5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter
case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an
appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6
Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc
distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8
6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary
surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. South-west
Africa (Namaland). Neoluederitzia Schinz
Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs
or undershrubs. 7
7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1
in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate
undershrubs. Leaflets 3.—Species 2. South and North-east
Africa. Seetzenia R. Br.
Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure.
Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending
funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.—Species 15. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally. Fagonia Tourn.
8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers
large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5
glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged.
Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Kelleronia Schinz
Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9
9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals
narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped
appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous.
Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa. Augea Thunb.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10
10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. Disc
5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10,
appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Sisyndite E. Mey.
Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11
11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very short,
with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets,
bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs.
Flowers cymose, 5-merous.—Species 12. Some of them have edible
{295}seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. Tribulus Tourn.
Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc
fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.—Species
55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison. Zygophyllum L.
FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under SIMARUBACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under Cneorum
L.) Chamaelea Tourn.
FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE
Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (Empleuridium) without dots. Petals free, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 33, species 320. (Including AURANTIACEAE and XANTHOXYLEAE.) (Plate 73.)
1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more
or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily RUTOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even
when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound,
but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19
2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than
2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3
Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum)
wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (Pelea) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each
carpel. 4
3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire.
Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.—Species
2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra. Thamnosma Torr.
Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.—Species 8. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.
“Rue.” (Including Desmophyllum Webb and Haplophyllum Juss.) Ruta L.
4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound.
{296}[Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5
Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves
simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7
5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.
Flowers polygamous.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Melicope
Forst.) Pelea A. Gray
Stamens 3-5. 6
6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united.
Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.—Species 15. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally. Evodia Forst.
Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables,
condiments, and medicaments. (Including Pterota P. Br., under
Zanthoxylum L.) Fagara L.
7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8
Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9
8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed.
Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-edged,
without glandular dots.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Empleuridium Sond.
Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle.
Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top.
Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-serrate.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. Empleurum Soland.
9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the
tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons.
Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. Staminodes
linear, glandulose. Trees.—Species 2. East and South Africa.
[Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] Calodendron Thunb.
Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons.
Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10
10. Staminodes 5. 11
Staminodes none. 15
11. Style long. Stigma small. 12
Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences
terminal. 13
12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped anthers.
Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels
2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.—Species
100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) Agathosma Willd.
Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in
the axils of the leaves.—Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony).
{297}Some are used medicinally. Barosma Willd.
13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked
gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary
covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.—Species 25.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. Adenandra Willd.
Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw.
Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14
14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland.
Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled
claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Coleonema Bartl. & Wendl.
Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. Staminodes
very small.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.
15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16
Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17
16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary
or in clusters, white.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Phyllosma Bolus
Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony). Macrostylis Bartl. & Wendl.
17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Some are used medicinally. Diosma L.
Petals clawed, hairy within. 18
18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers with a
terminal gland. Flowers very small.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Euchaetis Bartl. & Wendl.
Petals obovate. (See 14.) Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.
19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly
so. [Subfamily TODDALIOIDEAE, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20
Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily AURANTIOIDEAE,
tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27
20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals imbricate
in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21
Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only,
1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22
21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style
long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons). Eriander H. Winkl.
Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style
short, with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.—Species 18. Tropical and
{298}South Africa. (Under Toddalia Juss.) Teclea Del.
22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds exalbuminous.
Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate
in bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23
Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not
or obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.] 24
23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal cotyledons.
Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Diphasia Pierre
Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal
cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.—Species
4. West Africa. Oricia Pierre
24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. Trees.
Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon). Araliopsis Engl.
Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with
3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25
25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds albuminous;
embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1.
Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (Cranzia Schreb.) Toddalia Juss.
Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous.
Embryo straight or almost so. 26
26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. East Africa. Toddaliopsis Engl.
Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.—Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Toddalia Juss.) Vepris Comm.
27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice
as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28
Ovary 5- or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with
1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32
28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29
Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30
29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-, rarely
4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed
cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.—Species 1. Cultivated
in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible
fruits. Triphasia Lour.
Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply
divided. Leafstalk winged.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield
timber, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. Limonia L.
30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.—Species
1. West Africa. Glycosmis Correa
Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally
pinnate. 31
RUTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 73.
J. Fleischmann del.
Agathosma ciliata Link
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petal. D Stamen. E Staminode. F Flower cut lengthwise. G Cross-section of ovary. H Fruit.
SIMARUBACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 74.
J. Fleischmann del.
Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.
31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers
rather large.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics.
Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. Murraya L.
Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers
rather small.—Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Including Myaris Presl). Clausena Burm.
32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp leathery.
Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.—Species 4. Cultivated;
also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and
afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and
citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared. Citrus L.
Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp
hard. Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33
33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.—Species 1. Region
of the great lakes. Balsamocitrus Stapf
Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine. Aegle Correa
FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or without albumen.—Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under RUTACEAE.) (Plate 74.)
1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an
appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with
a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Tropics.
[Subfamily SURIANOIDEAE.] Suriana L.
Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled.
Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily
SIMARUBOIDEAE.] 2
2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe SIMARUBEAE.] 3
Filaments without a scale at the base. 9
3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval. 4
Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear.
Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe
MANNIINAE.] 8
4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo
curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.—Species 2. Central Africa.
{300}[Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.] Harrisonia (R.Br.) Juss.
Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes.
[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5
5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in
bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute
scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody.
Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. Samadera Gaertn.
Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6
6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields
arrow-poison and is used in medicine. Quassia L.
Calyx 2-4-lobed or -cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments
with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7
7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets
oblong or obovate.—Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds
yield a fat. (Under Quassia L.) Odyendea (Pierre) Engl.
Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9.
Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.—Species 4. Central Africa.
They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. Hannoa Planch.
8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries
united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Pierreodendron Engl.
Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free.
Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species 1. West
Africa. Mannia Hook. fil.
9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the
styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10
Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12
10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma
subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] Soulamea Lam.
Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate. 11
11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit
consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] Brucea J. S. Muell.
Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery
mericarps suspended from a central column.—Species 5. Central
Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] Kirkia Oliv.
12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Poisonous. Perriera Courchet
Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. 13
13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers
oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.—Species
{301}1. South Africa. (Under Nectaropetalum Engl.) Peglera Bolus
Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles.
[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14
14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with
a thin fleshy layer.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Klainedoxa Pierre
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15
15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-seeded,
with a thin fleshy layer.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Irvingia Hook. fil.) Desbordesia Pierre
Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick
fleshy layer.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible
fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including Irvingella van Tiegh.) (Plate
74.) Irvingia Hook. fil.
FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE
Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.—Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under TEREBINTHACEAE). (Plate 75.)
1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and stamens
inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud. Ovary
2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled
stone; one cell only fertile.—Species 110. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh)
which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are
also used as hedge plants. (Balsamea Gled., Balsamodendron Kunth.
including Hemprichia Ehrenb. and Hitzeria Klotzsch). Commiphora Jacq.
Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which
the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2
2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled
stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3
Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5
3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a lateral
style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick.
Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons.
Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell
{302}sterile.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber,
edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Pachylobus Don or Santiria
Blume) Santiriopsis Engl.
Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4
4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or
style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with
a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled.
Sepals united at the base.—Species 13. West Africa. They yield
timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under Canarium L.)
(Plate 75.) Pachylobus Don
Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick,
woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle
and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high
up.—Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi)
used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds. Canarium L.
5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary
5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin. Aucoumea Pierre
Disc situated inside the stamens. 6
6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid.
Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and
resin. (Marignia Comm.) Protium Burm.
Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones,
dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Central Africa.
The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in
medicine. Boswellia Roxb.
FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.—Genera 23, species 150. (Including AITONIEAE, CEDRELEAE, and PTAEROXYLEAE.) (Plate 76.)
1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves
pinnate. [Subfamily CEDRELOIDEAE] 2
Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3
2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.—Species 2. South and
East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.
Ovary and fruit 5-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cedrelopsis Baill.
BURSERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 75.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pachylobus edulis G. Don
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Staminode. F Cross-section of ovary.
MELIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 76.
J. Fleischmann del.
Trichilia retusa Oliv.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Anther.
3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens
8-10. [Subfamily SWIETENIOIDEAE.] 4
Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on
each placenta. [Subfamily MELIOIDEAE.] 9
4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc
wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube.
Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. West
Africa. Pynaertia De Wild.
Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5
5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube
campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the
anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.—Species 7. Central Africa. Lovoa Harms
Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6
6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube
entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals
with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa. Wulfhorstia C. DC.
Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted aestivation. 7
7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal
ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.—Species 15. Central
Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including Leioptyx
Pierre, under Swietenia L.) Entandophragma C. DC.
Disc cup- or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by
longitudinal ridges. 8
8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit,
winged below.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and
gum. (Under Cedrela L.) Pseudocedrela Harms
Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous
in each cell, winged all round.—Species 7. Tropics. They yield
timber (African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. Khaya Juss.
9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers
8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large,
pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or medium-sized;
testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or membranous. 11
10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat
corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate,
with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.—Species
3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark,
and oily seeds. (Under Carapa Aubl.) Xylocarpus Koen.
Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to
{304}each ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate,
with many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.—Species
4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. Carapa Aubl.
11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12. 12
Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19
12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or almost
included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaflets
6-25. 13
Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of
its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14
13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of the
lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma
2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.—Species
1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Under Melia L.) Azadirachta Juss.
Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2- or more-seeded capsule
or berry. Radicle included.—Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber.
(Including Bingeria A. Chev. and Heckeldora Pierre). Guarea L.
14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers inserted
between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or drupe.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.—Species 2. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands. Cipadessa Blume
Filaments united high up, rarely (Trichilia) at the base only, but then
fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15
15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers
inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like.
Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.—Species 1. Madagascar. Symphytosiphon Harms
Ovary 2-3-celled. 16
16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the
tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long.
Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with
fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged
stalk and 3 woolly leaflets.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).
Used medicinally. (Nelanaregam Adans.) Naregamia Wight & Arn.
Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets,
rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17
17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged.
Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are
divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used medicinally. Pterorhachis Harms
Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at the
{305}entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18
18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire or
shortly toothed.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some
of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including
Charia C. DC.) Ekebergia Sparm.
Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal
tube usually more or less deeply divided.—Species 35. Tropical
and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Plate 76.) Trichilia L.
19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes.
Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20
Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens
united high up. 21
20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. (Aitonia Thunb.,
Carruthia O. Ktze.) Nymania Lindb.
Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma
usually thick.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used medicinally. (Including Calodryum Desv., Grevellina Baill.,
and Quivisia Comm.) Tourraea L.
21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12,
inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds
with scanty albumen.—Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the
others (especially M. Azederach L., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated
as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber,
gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of
liquors. The fruits are poisonous. Melia L.
Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22
22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23
Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24
23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation.
Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal
tube. (See 10.) Xylocarpus Koen.
Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.—Species
1. Madagascar. Quivisianthe Baill.
24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top
of its teeth. Disc ring- or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed
stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) Ekebergia Sparm.
Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets
usually alternate. 25
25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud.
Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.—Species
{306}4. West Africa. Turraeanthus Baill.
Petals free, or united at the base only. 2
26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) Guarea L.
Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) Carapa Aubl.
SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE
FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE
Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)
1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without glands.
Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers
in terminal racemes. 2
Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3
2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers glabrous.
Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small
stigmas. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe GALPHIMIEAE.] Galphimia Cav.
Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals
unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles
converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves
alternate or subopposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.] Echinopteris Juss.
3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals more
or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4
Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small dorsal
wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.] 10
4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals
with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves
mucronate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cottsia Dubard & Dop
Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5
5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens
10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6
Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually
opposite. 7
6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular,
cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-shaped.—Species
1. West Africa. Rhinopteryx Nied.
MALPIGHIACEAE.
FLOW PL. AFR.
Pl. 77.
J. Fleischmann del.
Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.
A Part of branch with fruits. B Leaf. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Mericarp. E Mericarp cut lengthwise.
POLYGALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 78.
J. Fleischmann del.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.
A Branch with flower-buds. B Flower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed). C Flower without the perianth, cut lengthwise. D Group of fruits. E Fruit cut lengthwise.
Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal
wing.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) Acridocarpus Guill. & Perr.
7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10.
Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed
glands.—Species 4. Central and South-east Africa. Sphedamnocarpus Planch.
Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely
truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8
8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. Stamens
11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species
1. Madagascar. Tricomariopsis Dubard & Dop
Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9
9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a
distinct claw. Sepals with glands.—Species 1. West Africa. Heteropteris Juss.
Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip.
Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under Sphedamnocarpus Planch.) Banisterioides Dubard & Dop
10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with a
short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing. 11
Styles longer than the ovary. 12
11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.—Species
1. East Africa. Diaspis Nied.
Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. Leaves
usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.—Species 4. East
Africa. Caucanthus Forsk.
12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, with the
stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with an undivided
side-wing.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. Flabellaria Cav.
Petals clawed. 13
13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3,
rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 5. Madagascar. Microsteira Bak.
Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite. 14
14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, all perfectly
developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less toothed or
fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched side-wing.—Species
{308}25. Tropical and South Africa. Triaspis Burch.
Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a
single style perfectly developed. 15
15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals fringed.
Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 2, one a native of West
Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental
plants. (Gaertnera Roxb.) Hiptage Gaertn.
Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or without
glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted side-wing.—Species
17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa. Tristellateia Thouars
SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE
FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE
Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.—Genera 6, species 240. (Plate 78.)
1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled. 2
Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary
1-2-celled. 3
2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. Fruit
a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield
timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. Carpolobia Don
Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma punctiform.
Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under
Carpolobia Don) Atroxima Stapf
3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma
entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage.
Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield
bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are
said to be poisonous. (Lophostylis Hochst.) (Plate 78.) Securidaca L.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. 4
4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, rarely
8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, albuminous.—Species
60. South Africa to Nyasaland. Muraltia Neck.
Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like. 5
5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7,
rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave
DICHAPETALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 79.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.
EUPHORBIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 80.
J. Fleischmann del.
Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Stamens and disc. D Fruit. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Cross section of ovary.
petal with an appendage. Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). The fruits are edible. (Mundtia Kunth). Mundia Kunth
Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.—Species 170. Some of
them yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. “Milkwort.” Polygala L.
SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE
FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South Africa. (CHAILLETIACEAE.) (Plate 79.)
Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate in bud.
Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc semi-annular.—Species
2. Central Africa. Tapura Aubl.
Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile stamens
5.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.
(Chailletia DC.) (Plate 79.). Dichapetalum Thouars
SUBORDER TRICOCCAE
FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE
Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (Bridelia) perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.—Genera 122, species 1200. (Including DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE.) (Plate 80.)
1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily CROTONOIDEAE.]. 2
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily PHYLLANTHOIDEAE.]. 76
2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the appearance
of a single flower and containing one female flower and several or many
male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with glandular appendages.
Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice milky. [Tribe
EUPHORBIEAE.]. 3
Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a single
{310}flower. 11
3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female
flowers with a 3-4-toothed or -cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs. 4
Male flowers without a perianth. 5
4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and consisting of 4
or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3- or 6-cleft. Trees.—Species
3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally. Anthostema Juss.
Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled.
Style 4-parted.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. Dichostemma Pierre
5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and with an
appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar. Pedilanthus Neck.
Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided
gland. 6
6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the partial
inflorescence and split at one side only. 7
Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or
cup. 9
7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial inflorescence.
Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united
high up. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Stenadenium Pax
Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. Herbs. 8
8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united
at the base.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Monadenium Pax). Lortia Rendle
Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres
united high up.—Species 10. Central Africa. Monadenium Pax
9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.—Species 10. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous. Synadenium Boiss.
Glands of the involucre separate. 10
10. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Euphorbia L.) Elaeophorbia Stapf
Fruit a capsule.—Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield
timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden- or
hedge-plants. “Spurge.” Euphorbia L.
11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, imbricate
or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the male flowers.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like. Leaves and young shoots clothed
with scales or stellate hairs.—Species 100. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, incense-wood, oil,
and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe CROTONEAE.] Croton L.
{311}Filaments straight in the bud. 12
12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. [Especially
tribe ACALYPHEAE.] 13
Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 59
13. Corolla present in the male flowers. 14
Corolla absent in the male flowers. 24
14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil cup-shaped
or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy
undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 15
Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes (Caperonia)
adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary pistil club-shaped
and style with many branches. 17
15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 glands
alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil
absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding
plants. Manniophyton Muell. Arg.
Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5.
Undershrubs or trees. 16
16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens.
Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Schubea Pax
Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with
the stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs.
Young shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Gilgia Pax
17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers club-shaped.
Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal tube.
Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, usually
hispid.—Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre. Caperonia St. Hil.
Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or
wanting. 18
18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. Flowers in
racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.—Species 7. Northern
and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments.
“Turnsole.” (Tournesolia Scop.) Chrozophora Neck.
Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate glands. 19
19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence spicate or
racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.—Species 12. West
Africa. Crotonogyne Muell. Arg.
Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like
hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two
{312}former cases stamens 6-14. 20
20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. Trees.
Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. Stamens
8-20. Fruit a drupe.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in
the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and
edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”). Aleurites Forst.
Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. Shrubs.
Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but then
leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule. 21
21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male flowers,
4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers falling off very
early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male flowers without a
rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when young.—Species 2.
West Africa (Cameroons). Grossera Pax
Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13. 22
22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the base.
Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Branches glabrous.—Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands. Tannodia Baill.
Flowers dioecious. 23
23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the connective.—Species
2. West Africa and Comoro Islands. Agrostistachys Dalz.
Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.—Species 2. East
Africa. Holstia Pax
24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond. 25
Styles free or united at the base only. 32
25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column. 26
Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. 31
26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers 3-4-celled.
Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical
and South Africa. (Including Mappa Juss.) Macaranga Thouars
Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
3-4-, rarely 5-celled. 27
27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary 4-celled,
winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. Seeds
with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). Tetracarpidium Pax
Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely 4-partite.
Seeds usually without an outgrowth. 28
28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. Stamens 3,
with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into a globose
body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar. Sphaerostylis Baill.
Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30. 29
29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary
{313}3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided,
palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands. (Including Niedenzua Pax). Adenochlaena Baill.
Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary
pistil none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing. 30
30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts.
Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.—Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental
plants. Dalechampia L.
Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves spreading.
Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central and South
Africa. Plukenetia L.
31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often with
stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.—Species 45. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Ctenomeria
Harv.) Tragia L.
Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.—Species 20. Tropics.
The fruits of some species are used for tanning. Pycnocoma Benth.
32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate,
globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers
monoecious.—Species 1 (R. communis L., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous
in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental
plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in
medicine. Ricinus L.
Filaments not branched. 33
33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments
6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34
Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35
34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5,
small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female
spicate, paniculate, or solitary.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Acalypha L.
Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6,
broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female.
Flowers spicate.—Species 4. West Africa. Mareya Baill.
35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36
Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57
36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37
Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in
the middle. 50
37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38
Stamens numerous. 43
38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout.
Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short,
{314}2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.—Species
2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber):
(Siphonia Schreb.) Hevea Aubl.
Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the
base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39
39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free,
bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious.
Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40
Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base.
Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41
40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. (Under Cephalocroton Hochst.) Cephalocrotonopsis Pax
Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the
base.—Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German
South-west Africa. Cephalocroton Hochst.
41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences
catkin-like, springing from the old wood.—Species 5. Tropics. Some
yield dye-stuffs. Lepidoturus Baill.
Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences
spike- or panicle-like, axillary. 42
42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves penninerved.—Species
2. Madagascar. (Including Orfilea Baill., under Alchornea
Swartz) Lautembergia Baill.
Styles free, undivided.—Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some
of them yield dye-stuffs. Alchornea Swartz
43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male flowers
consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the female indistinct.
Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without stipules.
Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the old wood, the
female in axillary racemes.—Species 1. East Africa. Crotonogynopsis Pax
Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary usually
hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very rarely 5.
Flowers in spikes or panicles. 44
44. Styles two-cleft. 45
Styles undivided. 47
45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Disc
indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves palminerved.—Species
5. Central Africa. Neoboutonia Muell. Arg.
Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers
4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. Trees.
Leaves penninerved. 46
46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk rather
{315}short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.—Species 1. West Africa. Necepsia Prain
Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles awl-shaped. Leafstalk very
short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. Spikes unisexual.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under Alchornea Swartz) Palissya Baill.
47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles thickish,
united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers in
axillary spikes, monoecious.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Neopycnocoma Pax
Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite. 48
48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles 4.
Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Southern West Africa
(Amboland). Pseudotragia Pax
Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody. 49
49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx
of the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Argomuellera Pax
Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including Echinus Lour.) Mallotus Lour.
50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx
5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Herbs.
Flowers in cymes.—Species 8. South Africa. (Including Paradenocline
Muell. Arg.) Adenocline Turcz.
Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or many-cleft. 51
51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards.
Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs. 52
Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards. 54
52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. Calyx
3-partite. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. North Africa; also introduced
in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in medicine.
“Mercury.” Mercurialis L.
Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate. 53
53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow,
entire. Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. South Africa. Seidelia Baill.
Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. Stamens
4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. South Africa. Leidesia Muell. Arg.
54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers
imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced
to 3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.—Species
1. Central Africa. Micrococca Benth.
Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of
the female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 55
55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. Stamens 5
{316}or more, usually numerous.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber or are used in medicine. Claoxylon Juss.
Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules
spiny. 56
56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less ciliate
scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers broad.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in pendulous
spikes.—Species 1. Southern West Africa. Poggeophyton Pax
Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no staminodes.
Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.—Species 8. Central
Africa. Erythrococca Benth.
57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. Styles
recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. Ovary
3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, the male
ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. Leaves pinnately
nerved.—Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. Hasskarlia Baill.
Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. 58
58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers
4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat
leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.—Species
3. Central Africa. Cleidion Blume
Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not
prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually
short and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately
nerved. (See 26.). Macaranga Thouars
59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers. 60
Corolla absent in the male flowers. 66
60. Flowers in corymb- or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes,
nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite
the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.] 61
Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, but
often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or
trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.] 62
61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer nearly
free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. Leaves
undivided.—Species 2. East Africa. Neojatropha Pax
Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with
an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 50. Central and South Africa;
two species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species
yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as garden-
or hedge-plants. Jatropha L.
62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. Flowers
{317}solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves undivided. 63
Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Flowers
in panicles. 64
63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. Fruit
a drupe.—Species 1. West Africa. Microdesmis Planch.
Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Fruit
a capsule.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Cluytia L.
64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, pinnately
nerved. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). Mildbraedia Pax
Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, palmately
nerved at the base. Trees. 65
65. Leaves lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar. Givotia Griff.
Leaves dissected.—Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from
the seeds. Ricinodendron Muell. Arg.
66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc little
developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.] 67
Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or
lobed. Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees. 74
67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary many-celled.
Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout
their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers monoecious.—Species
1 (H. crepitans L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized in the
tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the fruits
are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous. Hura L.
Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the
inflorescence by their base only. 68
68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. Shrubs or
trees. Flowers monoecious. 69
Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free
or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled. 71
69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective not
broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in panicles.—Species
3. Central Africa. Maprounea Aubl.
Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column.
Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a
drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth. 70
70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united
high up. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Tropics. Omphalea L.
Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or
{318}united at the base. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2. Central Africa. Excoecariopsis Pax
71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or -lobed. Inflorescence terminal.
Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious. 72
Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent
central column. 73
72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds without an
outgrowth.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They yield
timber; one species (S. sebiferum Roxb.) is cultivated for its oily seeds.
(Including Conosapium Muell. Arg.). Sapium P. Browne
Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no central
column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 5. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are poisonous. Stillingia L.
73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. Inflorescences
terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves alternate.—Species
3. Central Africa. (Cnemidostachys Mart.) Sebastiania Spreng.
Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious.
Inflorescences usually lateral.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Taenosapium Muell. Arg.) Excoecaria L.
74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the male
flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately
divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.—Species 3.
Cultivated in the tropics. M. Glaziovii Muell. Arg. yields rubber,
M. utilissima Pohl and M. dulcis Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants)
furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal,
starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared. Manihot Adans.
Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a
disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided.
[Tribe GELONIEAE.] 75
75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and without a
rudimentary pistil.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Ceratophorus
Sond., including Suregada Roxb.) Gelonium Roxb.
Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments united.—Species
1. West Africa. Chaetocarpus Thwait.
76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5-7.
Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees. 77
Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 81
77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each
with an incomplete partition.—Species 1. West Africa. Martretia Beille
Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells
undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.] 78
78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore.
Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel. 79
Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit a
{319}capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted. 80
79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to the top.
Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under Bridelia
Willd.) Neogoetzea Pax
Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering to the
calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a drupe.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield dye-stuffs.
(Including Gentilia Beille) Bridelia Willd.
80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short androphore.—Species
10. Tropics. Cleistanthus Hook.
Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, dioecious.—Species
1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Stenonia Baill.
81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments united.
Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary 3-4-celled.
Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating after the time of
flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in
axillary glomerules.—Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe JUNODIEAE.] Junodia Pax
Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 82
82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary 2-celled.
Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central stamens,
without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. Flowers
dioecious, in racemes. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
DAPHNIPHYLLEAE] Daphniphyllum Blume
Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then
stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.] 83
83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex. 84
Corolla absent. 95
84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels
4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.—Species 1. South
Africa. Yields timber. Heywoodia Sim
Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.] 85
85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in the male
flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; anthers
opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in glomerules.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Bricchettia Pax
Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. 86
86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in the male
flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short androphore.
Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. Shrubs.—Species
1. Seychelles. (Under Savia Willd.) Wielandia Baill.
Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. 87
87. Styles very short, undivided. 88
{320}Styles well developed, two-cleft. 90
88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. Rudimentary
pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous,
with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.—Species 6. Tropics. Amanoa Aubl.
Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees. 89
89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of separate
glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. Seeds with
a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.—Species 2.
Equatorial regions. Megabaria Pierre
Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. Rudimentary
pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Centroplacus Pierre
90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals shorter
than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with scanty
albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the
male ones fascicled, the female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Lachnostylis Turcz.
Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like. 91
91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded cotyledons.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. (Pentabrachium Muell. Arg.) Actephila Blume
Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds
with copious albumen. 92
92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female
flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in
glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. West
Africa (Congo). Neochevaliera Beille
Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and 5
stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles,
or monoecious. 93
93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, in glomerules
or the female solitary. Shrubs.—Species 8. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. (Under Savia Willd.) Petalodiscus Baill.
Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or
fascicles. 94
94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary
pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs,
undershrubs, or shrubs.—Species 6. Andrachne L.
Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick connective.
Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long.
Shrubs or trees.—Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar. Thecacoris Juss.
95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a 5-8-partite
calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.] 96
{321}Leaves simple, undivided. 98
96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). Aristogeitonia Prain
Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10. 97
97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber (African teak). Oldfieldia Hook.
Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft calyx
and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a disc
consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, undivided
styles. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Paivaeusa Welw.
98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in fascicles or
panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc none. Fruit
a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.] 99
Leaves alternate. 100
99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles
united high up.—Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic).
Yields timber. Androstachys Prain
Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united
at the base only.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit
poisonous. (Hyaenanche Lamb.) Toxicodendron Thunb.
100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely in heads
or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. [Subtribe
ANTIDESMINAE.] 101
Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely in
umbels without an involucre. 112
101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, female solitary.
Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens
4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent.
Trees.—Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible fruits. Uapaca Baill.
Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre. 102
102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. 103
Ovary 2-5-celled. 105
103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs. Antidesma L.
Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc. 104
104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female
flowers ring-shaped.—Species 2. Madagascar. Cometia Thouars
Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. Plagiostyles Pierre
105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or
shrubs. 106
{322}Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled. 108
106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens
4-6.—Species 12. Central and South Africa. Hymenocardia Wall.
Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short. 107
107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female cup-shaped,
entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.—Species 4. West Africa and
Upper Nile. Maesobotrya Benth.
Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. Styles
shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.—Species 10. West Africa. Baccaurea Lour.
108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See 107.) Baccaurea Lour.
Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. 109
109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. Rudimentary
pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial regions. Baccaureopsis Pax
Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft. 110
110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. Flowers
very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, thick, 2-cleft.—Species
5. Central Africa. Cyathogyne Muell. Arg.
Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped. 111
111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from the old
wood. Seeds with an aril.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Maesobotrya
Benth.) Staphysora Pierre
Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first
suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.) Thecacoris Juss.
112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly united.
Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs.
[Subtribe DRYPETINAE.] 113
Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. [Subtribe
PHYLLANTHINAE.] 115
113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc cup-shaped
in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals unequal.—Species
1. West Africa. Sibangea Oliv.
Stamens 4 or more. 114
114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.—Species 4.
Central Africa. Drypetes Vahl
Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. Cyclostemon Blume
115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided into
glands. 116
Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. 120
116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. Stamens
{323}5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs. 117
Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers
divided into glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees. 118
117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female divided into 5 glands
alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with an outgrowth
at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence many-flowered.—Species 3.
Central Africa. Pseudolachnostylis Pax
Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite the
sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum.
Flowers monoecious, fascicled.—Species 4. Central Africa. Cluytiandra Muell. Arg.
118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers
monoecious, large. Stipules large.—Species 1. German East Africa. Zimmermannia Pax
Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft.
Flowers usually dioecious. 119
119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds
grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.—Species 8.
Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under Securinega
Juss.) Flueggea Willd.
Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers undivided.
Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.—Species
6. Some of them yield timber. Securinega Juss.
120. Disc present. 121
Disc absent. Shrubs or trees. 124
121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below to the
sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. Filaments
very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches
2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Agyneia Vent.
Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not much
thickened. 122
122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.—Species 80. Tropical and
South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve
as garden- or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials,
edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including Cicca L. and Pleiostemon
Sond.) (Plate 80.) Phyllanthus L.
Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs
or trees. 123
123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or notched,
flattened.—Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Humblotia Baill.
Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply
divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.—Species 2. Equatorial
{324}West Africa. Lingelsheimia Pax
124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united;
anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (Melanthesopsis Muell. Arg.) Breynia Forst.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers
opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar. Leptonemea Juss.
FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE
Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under HALORRHAGIDACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of Central
Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene
Islands. Callitriche L.
ORDER SAPINDALES
SUBORDER BUXINEAE
FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles 3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.—Genera 3; species 8. (Under EUPHORBIACEAE.)
1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.
Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.—Species 6. The box
(B. sempervirens L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and
medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.] Buxus L.
Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a
rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments.
[Tribe STYLOCEREAE.] 2
2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves narrowed
into a long point.—Species 1. Central Africa. Macropodandra Gilg
Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or
slightly pointed.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Notobuxus Oliv.
{325}
SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE
FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE
Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle turned downwards.—Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.
Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary cells, style-branches,
and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear branches.—Species
1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as a condiment and
in medicine. Corema Don
Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, and
fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.—Species 1. Island
of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for
preparing drinks and medicaments. Empetrum L.
SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE
FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.
Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning
and dyeing. Coriaria L.
SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE
FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, rarely (Pistacia) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.—Genera 29, species 250. (TEREBINTHACEAE.) (Plate 81.)
1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal. Fertile
stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe MANGIFEREAE.] 2
Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a
lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles.
{326}Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound. 5
2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under Mangifera L.) Fegimanra Pierre
Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5. 3
3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.—Species 1. Madagascar.
The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments. Gluta L.
Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which bear
small anthers. Calyx 5-partite. 4
4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped,
with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk. Leaves
lanceolate.—Species 1 (M. indica L., mango-tree). Cultivated in the
tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible
fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from the seeds,
and medicaments. Mangifera Burm.
Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit kidney-shaped,
with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy stalk.
Leaves obovate.—Species 1 (A. occidentale L., cashew-tree). Cultivated
in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials,
oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which vinegar and
brandy are prepared, and medicaments. Anacardium L.
5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually
rudimentary ones, rarely (Protorhus) with 3 fertile cells; in this case
stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.] 6
Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound,
rarely stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5.
[Tribe SPONDIEAE.] 20
6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of 2-5 in the
female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves compound.—Species
5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa and northern East
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, resins (mastic
and turpentine) which are used industrially, in medicine, as fumigatories,
masticatories, or condiments, and for preparing spirituous drinks, also
edible oily fruits and seeds (pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments. Pistacia L.
Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 7
7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top, or a
slightly lobed sessile stigma. 8
Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to the
ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas. 13
8. Leaves simple, undivided. 9
Leaves compound, pinnate. 11
9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and 1
sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Seychelles. Campnosperma Thwait.
{327}Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present. 10
10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad, fleshy. Filaments
thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed. Style
short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate.
Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches
and hardened bracts.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Botryceras Willd.) Laurophyllus Thunb.
Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad.
Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at the
top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Micronychia Oliv.
11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly perigynous.
Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10. Ovary
sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.—Species 1. West
Africa. Thyrsodium Benth.
Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or
nearly so. Style thick or wanting. 12
12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as many
as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma
sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.—Species 1. Madagascar. Faguetia March.
Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals.
Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.—Species 20. Tropics.
Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits. Sorindeia Thouars
13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle. 14
Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity. 16
14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary compressed.
Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the male
flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals lanceolate,
enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate; stalk winged.—Species
1. South Africa. Loxostylis Spreng. fil.
Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers
polygamous. 15
15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp. Seedcoat
thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.—Species 100. Some
of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments,
medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants. Rhus L.
Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick.
Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species
18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Anaphrenium
E. Mey.) Heeria Meissn.
16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5. 17
Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate. 18
17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally. Styles
{328}sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas. Fruit transversely
oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick cotyledons.—Species
1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. Baronia Bak.
Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at
the top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species
10. Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are
poisonous or used medicinally. Protorhus Engl.
18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral,
thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Smodingium E. Mey.
Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal. 19
19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and a
fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.—Species 30. Central
Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Emiliomarcelia Hel. et Th. Dur.) Trichoscypha Hook. fil.
Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a parchment-like
exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.—Species 2.
Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes.
They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning
and dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments. Schinus L.
20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Styles
5. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 2. West Africa. Spondianthus Engl.
Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound. 21
21. Petals valvate in bud. 22
Petals imbricate in bud. 23
22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips. Male
flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3, serrate.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa. Spondiopsis Engl.
Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or elliptical,
finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite flowers 4-5,
free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal nerve.—Species 4,
two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa, the others cultivated
in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning material, medicaments,
and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared.
(Including Antrocaryon Pierre). Spondias L.
23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top. 24
Sepals more or less united. 25
24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds
oblong, terete.—Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under Spondias L.). Pseudospondias Engl.
Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the
filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat
ANACARDIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 81.
J. Fleischmann del.
Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Older female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit.
CELASTRACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 82.
J. Fleischmann del.
Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.
compressed.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They
yield timber, gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds
from which a spirituous drink is prepared. Sclerocarya Hochst.
25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets numerous.—Species
2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits (blood-plums). Haematostaphis Hook. fil.
Flowers 4-5-merous. 26
26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals
united at the base only. 28
27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style simple,
club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, alternate.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Nothospondias Engl.
Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles
3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the top
and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case leaflets 3.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber,
bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Calesiam Adans., Odina Roxb., including Lanneoma Del.) (Plate 81.) Lannea Rich.
28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the fruit with 2
fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. South Africa. Harpephyllum Bernh.
Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of the
fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.—Species 5. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits.
(Under Spondias L.) Poupartia Comm.
SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE
FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with 4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen (ILICINEAE.)
Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments.
The holly (I. Aquifolium L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted as a
garden- or hedge-plant. Ilex L.
FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc present.{330} Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to it, 2-5-celled, rarely (Pleurostylia) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, with leaf-like cotyledons.—Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)
1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily CELASTROIDEAE.] 2
Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7
2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting branches. Unarmed
shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3
Leaves alternate. 4
3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Ovary-cells
and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves elliptical.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber and medicaments
and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” Evonymus L.
Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells and
stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
1 (C. edulis Forsk.). Central and South Africa. The wood
and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for preparing a tea
and medicaments. (Methyscophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh.) Catha Forsk.
4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary or in
clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and
stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed
shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Under Celastrus L.). Polycardia Juss.
Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely
4-5-celled. 5
5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost hemispherical,
ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Celastrus L.) Putterlickia Endl.
Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not hemispherical. 6
6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. Ovary
usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers
5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.—Species 9.
South Africa. Pterocelastrus Meissn.
Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not
ribbed.—Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments.
(Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under Celastrus L.) Gymnosporia Wight & Arn.
7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous.
{331}Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Subfamily TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE.] Ptelidium Thouars
Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the disc.
Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily CASSINIOIDEAE.] 8
8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate.
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy
mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.—Species
5. East and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including Cathastrum
Turcz.) Pleurostylia Wight & Arn.
Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely
lateral in the fruit. 9
9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs.
Upper leaves opposite, broad.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Yields timber. (Under Cassine L.) Maurocenia L.
Ovules erect. 10
10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes usually
present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the lower
lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.—Species 1. Isle of Réunion. Herya Cordem.
Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards.
Petal-like staminodes none. 11
11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted at the
margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost dry.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Elaeodendron Jacq.) Lauridia Eckl. & Zeyh.
Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12
12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.—Species 20.
Tropical and South Africa. (Under Cassine L. or Elaeodendron Jacq.) Mystroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.
Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13
13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers
opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly
toothed.—Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under Schrebera
Thunb.) Hartogia Thunb.
Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers
usually opening inwards. 14
14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.—Species 10. South Africa. Cassine L.
Pericarp dry.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Cassine L.)
(Plate 82.) Elaeodendron Jacq.
{332}
FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5, inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under CELASTRINEAE.) (Plate 83.)
1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc indistinct.
Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite, serrate.—Species
4. West Africa. Campylostemon Welw.
Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct. 2
2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in fascicles
or in fascicled cymes.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.) Salacia L.
Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish.
Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.—Species 50.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including
Helictonema Pierre). Hippocratea L.
FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx 2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the radicle turned downwards.—Genera 3, species 6.
1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one
another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent.
Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Monetia
L’Hér.) Azima Lam.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or
to the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present.
Ovary 1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees. 2
2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers oblong.—Species
3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including Platymitium
Warb.) Dobera Juss.
Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid or
globose.—Species 1 (S. persica Garcin). North-east and Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the
twigs are used as tooth-brushes. Salvadora Garcin
HIPPOCRATEACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 83.
J. Fleischmann del.
Salacia Dusenii Loesen.
A Flowering branch. B Flower from above. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.
ICACINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 84.
J. Fleischmann del.
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Fruit cut lengthwise.
SUBORDER ICACININEAE
FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa, without an aril.—Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 84.)
1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling the albumen.
Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe PHYTOCRENEAE.] 2
Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire. 7
2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved. 3
Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes very
small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved. 5
3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, hermaphrodite. Stem
tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves undivided, wavy at the
margin.—Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). Trematosperma Urban
Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious. 4
4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the male
flowers 3-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa. Polycephalium Engl.
Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Pyrenacantha Hook.
5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes
arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Endacanthus Baill.
Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla enlarged
in the fruit. 6
6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather long.
Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older branches.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Stachyanthus Engl.
Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments
short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7.
West Africa. Chlamydocarya Baill.
7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or without a
calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards. Embryo
nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with tendrils.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe
IODEAE.] Iodes Blume
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with a
calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and the anthers
{334}opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the albumen.
Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case leaves alternate
or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.] 8
8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute and free,
or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a ring-shaped
appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Grisollea Baill.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx
and a corolla. 9
9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up. 10
Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only. 14
10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 11
Embryo much shorter than the albumen. 12
11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma small or shield-shaped.
Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo with flat cotyledons.
Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining branches.—Species 7.
Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds. Icacina Juss.
Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp
and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing
shrubs.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are
eaten and used medicinally. Lavigeria Pierre
12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc present.
Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly lobed.—Species
6. Tropics. Desmostachys Planch. & Miers
Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2
swellings. Style lateral. 13
13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary usually
with two narrow swellings at the top.—Species 12. Central Africa.
(Under Apodytes Mey.) Rhaphiostyles Planch.
Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two
broad swellings on the ventral face.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.) Apodytes E. Mey.
14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle. 15
Petals united beyond the middle. 16
15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers in
repeatedly forked cymes.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. Cassinopsis Sond.
Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
few-flowered fascicles or panicles.—Species 9. Central Africa. (Including
Alsodeiidium Engl.) Alsodeiopsis Oliv.
16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc indistinct.
Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. Tridianisia Baill.
{335}Petals valvate in the bud. 17
17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Acrocoelium Baill.
Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate. 18
18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube
throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style long,
filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.—Species 5. Tropics. Leptaulus Benth.
Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts
of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a
lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.—Species 1. West
Africa. Lasianthera Beauv.
SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE
FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules. Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior, 2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under SAPINDACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark,
and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.” Acer L.
FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE
Trees or shrubs, rarely (Cardiospermum) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5, mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually 8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct. Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-, usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (Cossignia) 3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.—Genera 51, species 200. (Including DIDIEREACEAE.) (Plate 85.)
1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1. Style
3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped
disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided,
deciduous. Spiny trees.—Species 6. Madagascar. Some species
{336}yield timber. (Including Alluaudia Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.] Didierea Baill.
Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely
upon it (Pistaciopsis) or no distinct disc present (Dodonaea); in both
these cases petals wanting. 2
2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary. 3
Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary. 45
3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent
stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5,
small. Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.
Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches
and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a
winged rachis.—Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar. Filicium Thwait.
Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8. 4
4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4. 5
Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or 0. Leaves
exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate (Pistaciopsis)
or simple (Pappea). 14
5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice ternate. Herbs
or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs. Petals with a
crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. 6
Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or shrubs
without tendrils. Seeds without an aril. 8
6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated, with a
membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.—Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa, one species (C. Helicacabum L.) also naturalized in North
Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and
serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.” Cardiospermum L.
Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated,
with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with
a more or less distinct aril. 7
7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3 nutlets.—Species
1. Madagascar. Serjania Schum.
Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.—Species 1. Tropics. Poisonous
and yielding fibres and medicaments. Paullinia L.
8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals
with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary deeply
lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.—Species 50. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Under Schmidelia L.) Allophyllus L.
Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5. 9
9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale. Stamens
8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.—Species
3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the
{337}fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for soap,
mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as ornaments
and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including Dittelasma Hook.) Sapindus L.
Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit
furrowed or lobed, indehiscent. 10
10. Calyx shortly bell- or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only. Petals
with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or leathery. 11
Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up.
Pericarp more or less fleshy. 12
11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals
with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.—Species 1. Madagascar. Plagioscyphus Radlk.
Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.—Species 7. West
Africa. (Under Erioglossum Blume) Pancovia Willd.
12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the margin,
bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets 10-12.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). Glossolepis Gilg
Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed. 13
13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an incurved
crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed. Ovary
7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). Radlkofera Gilg
Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary 3-4-celled,
rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and crestless scale.
Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. Chytranthus Hook. fil.
14. (4.) Petals absent. 15
Petals present. 23
15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in bud. 16
Sepals 5, united high up. 19
16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.—Species
1. Madagascar. Crossonephelis Baill.
Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled. 17
17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens
7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.—Species 2.
Central Africa. Melanodiscus Radlk.
Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an
aril. 18
18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding the
calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an
aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.—Species 2. East
Africa. Haplocoelum Radlk.
Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much exceeding
the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a narrowly
{338}winged rachis.—Species 4. Central Africa. Pistaciopsis Engl.
19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent twice in the
bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost straight.
Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.—Species 2. Central
Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water. Lecaniodiscus Planch.
Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8. 20
20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 21
Ovary 3-celled. 22
21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the seedcoat.—Species
1 (L. chinensis Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics
and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible
fruits, and medicaments. (Under Nephelium L. or Euphoria Commers.) Litchi Sonn.
Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate to
the seed-coat.—Species 1 (N. lappaceum L., Rambutan). Cultivated
in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds. (Under
Euphoria Comm.) Nephelium L.
22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers in
axillary panicles.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber
(iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Nephelium L.) Stadmannia Lam.
Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers
in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the stem.—Species
3. Central Africa. Placodiscus Radlk.
23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens
6-10. 24
Calyx 5-parted. 27
24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit indehiscent,
3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril. Inflorescences
arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See 13.) Chytranthus Hook. fil.
Calyx cup- or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the
margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent.
Seeds with an aril. 25
25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins prolonged into
small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves simple, undivided,
oblong.—Species 4. East and South Africa. They yield
timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Sapindus L.) Pappea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves
pinnate. 26
26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped. Disc
clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled, almost
glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.—Species 5. Central Africa.
{339}Some yield timber. (Under Blighia Koen.) Phialodiscus Radlk.
Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments glabrous.
Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid on the
outside, woolly within.—Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. Eriocoelum Hook. fil.
27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud. 28
Sepals broadly imbricate in bud. 33
28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an
aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the
older parts of the stem.—Species 1. Madagascar. Pseudopteris Baill.
Stamens 6-10. 29
29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous
endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of
leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 3. Central Africa. Aporrhiza Radlk.
Stamens 8-10. 30
30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8. 31
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished
at the base with a scale adnate at each side. 32
31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly glands
when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without an
aril.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Sapindus L.) Smelophyllum Radlk.
Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a crustaceous
pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.—Species 1 (E. Longana
Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under Nephelium
L.) Euphoria Commers.
32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit large, bluntly
3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate aril.—Species
3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe or over-ripe, but
edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and medicaments; from the
fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared. “Akee-tree.” (Under
Cupania L.) Blighia Koen.
Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa.
Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.—Species 3. West Africa. Lychnodiseus Radlk.
33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with
a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.—Species 1. Madagascar. Tinopsis Radlk.
Stamens 8-24. 34
34. Stamens 8. 35
{340}Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril. 42
35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, with
a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and a crustaceous
testa.—Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa. Macphersonia Blume
Leaves once pinnate. 36
36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous, leathery,
or crustaceous. 37
Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges, rarely
(Molinaea) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely (Sapindus) without,
but then with a bony testa. 38
37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby. Inflorescences
springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with a hooded scale.
Disc cup-shaped, crenate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cotylodiscus Radlk.
Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed. 38
38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into mericarps.
Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.—Species 1 (A.
senegalensis Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible
fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are poisonous.
(Under Sapindus L.) Aphania Blume
Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like mericarps.
Seeds with a leathery testa.—Species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.) Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.
39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.—Species 10.
Madagascar. (Under Cupania L., Jagera Blume, or Ratonia DC.). Tina Roem. & Schult.
Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled. 40
40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments bent twice
in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Eriandrostachys Baill.
Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base
or without any appendage. Usually trees. 41
41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged, capsular.—Species
8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber
and medicaments. (Under Cupania L.). Molinaea Comm.
Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or
separating into mericarps. (See 9.) Sapindus L.
42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular,
bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs.
Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under
Cupania L.) Laccodiscus Radlk.
Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs. 43
43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.—Species 1.
East Africa. (Under Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.) Camptolepis Radlk.
SAPINDACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 85.
J. Fleischmann del.
Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg
A Inflorescence. B Male flower. C Male flower cut lengthwise (two anthers have fallen off). D Older female flower cut lengthwise. E Leaf.
MELIANTHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 86.
J. Fleischmann del.
Bersama abyssinica Fresen.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Flower without the perianth. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit. G Seed with aril. H Seed cut lengthwise.
Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands.
Fruit separating into mericarps. 44
44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24.
Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous
veins.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil. Hornea Bak.
Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.) Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.
45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit
capsular. 46
Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or indistinct. 48
46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens
8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds
with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally
pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.—Species 2.
South Africa and Madagascar. Erythrophysa E. Mey.
Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile.
Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves
with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs. 47
47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally
twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. Cossignia Comm.
Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves
equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.—Species 3. Tropics. (Majidea
Kirk) Harpullia Roxb.
48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate. 49
Petals absent. 51
49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular.
Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.) Harpullia Roxb.
Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish. 50
50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the
base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Conchopetalum Radlk.
Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. Petals
minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually 1-celled.—Species
1. South Africa. Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.
51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually 3-celled.
Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally
twisted. Leaves usually simple.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the
beaten branches are used as torches. Dodonaea L.
Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent,
usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves
{342}pinnate. 52
52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). Zanha Hiern
Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate. 53
53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets
elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa. Talisiopsis Radlk.
Calyx deeply divided. 54
54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with a thin
testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in few-flowered
cymes.—Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible. Dialiopsis Radlk.
Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery
testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, entire.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields timber,
edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.
or Melicocca L.) Doratoxylon Thouars
SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE
FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 30. (Under SAPINDACEAE) (Plate 86.).
1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. Disc
equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled,
with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule septicidal.—Species
3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.] Greyia Hook. & Harv.
Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc one-sided.
Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules
1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.] 2
2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, shorter
than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in
each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.—Species 5. South Africa;
one species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves
as an ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous. Melianthus L.
Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc semi-orbicular.
Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including Natalia
Hochst.) (Plate 86.) Bersama Fres.
BALSAMINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 87.
J. Fleischmann del.
Impatiens capensis Thunb.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.
RHAMNACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 88.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ventilago leiocarpa Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Petal expanded. E Younger and older stamen. F Fruit. G Lower part of the fruit cut open.
SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE
FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE
Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules 3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 87.)
Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible oily
seeds. (Including Trimorphopetalum Bak.) Impatiens L.
ORDER RHAMNALES
FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE
Shrubs or trees, rarely (Helinus) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, more rarely (Phylica) exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate, rarely (Maesopsis) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight embryo.—Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)
1. Ovary superior or almost so. 2
Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 9
2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Leaves
opposite or nearly so, penninerved.—Species 2. Equatorial regions.
The fruits are edible. (Including Karlea Pierre) Maesopsis Engl.
Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed,
or 2-4 stigmas. 3
3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on the
inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each
side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.—Species 1.
Abyssinia. Lamellisepalum Engl.
Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes,
rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 stigmas. 4
4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. Fruit
wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.—Species 10.
Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac,
{344}food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from which
a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have poisonous
fruits; some are used as hedge plants. Zizyphus Juss.
Leaves penninerved. 5
5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 stones.
Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Northern
East Africa. The fruits are edible. Sageretia Brongn.
Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 6
6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with 2-4
indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the
axils of the leaves.—Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (Adolia
Lam.) Scutia Brongn.
Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely
thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting. 7
7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. East Africa. The fruits
are edible. Berchemia Neck.
Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin. 8
8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 elastically
dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Macrorhamnus Baill.
Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing stones.
Seed-coat thin.—Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. They
yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and medicaments.
“Buckthorn.” Rhamnus L.
9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior. 10
Ovary inferior. 15
10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or crenate. 11
Style 2-4-cleft. 12
11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled,
1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in
axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.) Maesopsis Engl.
Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing
mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary
and terminal cymes or panicles.—Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena. Noltia Reichb.
12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem erect
or decumbent. 13
Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule. 14
13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. Leaves
3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers in
axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.—Species 1. Cultivated and
naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant. Paliurus Juss.
Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery.
{345}(See 4.) Zizyphus Juss.
14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like appendage,
dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species
3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. They
yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 88.) Ventilago Gaertn.
Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded.
Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in lateral inflorescences.—Species 6. Tropics. Lasiodiscus Hook. fil.
15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit separating
into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. Leaves
alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in
spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 80. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are
used as ornamental plants. Phylica L.
Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged
in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary. 16
16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit separating
into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low trees.
Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in axillary
cymes.—Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the islands. Colubrina Brongn.
Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary. 17
17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy beneath.
Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits
which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent
mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.—Species 1. Island of St.
Helena. Nesiota Hook. fil.
Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
axillary and terminal inflorescences. 18
18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, entire.
Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. South Africa
(Betchuanaland). Marlothia Engl.
Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually many-flowered
cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating from
a central column. 19
19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing
elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa. Helinus E. Mey.
Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged;
mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent—Species 12.
Tropics. Some are used medicinally. Gouania L.
FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.
Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (Cissus) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose inflorescences. Calyx{346} small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.—Genera 5, species 200. (AMPELIDEAE.) (Plate 89.)
1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary 3-8-celled,
with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils.
Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield vegetables,
edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental
plants. [Subfamily LEEOIDEAE.] Leea L.
Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily VITOIDEAE.] 2
2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling
off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds pear-shaped,
with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves
more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often with
tendrils.—Species 1 (V. vinifera L., grape-vine). North Africa, also
cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used for preparing
wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments. Vitis Tourn.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually spreading
at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, but then
only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped. 3
3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped.
Seeds egg- or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with
tendrils.—Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under
Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.) Ampelocissus Planch.
Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly
without tendrils. 4
4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. Disc adnate
to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences
compact.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under Cissus L.
or Vitis Tourn.) Rhoicissus Planch.
5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and adnate
to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.—Species 150.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits or
tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under Vitis Tourn.) (Plate 89.) Cissus L.
VITACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 89.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch.
A Flowering branch. B Fruiting branch. C Male Flower, the corolla cut lengthwise. D Stamens. E Ovary cut lengthwise. F Ovary cut across. G Fruit. H Fruit cut lengthwise.
CHLAENACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 90.
J. Fleischmann del.
Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.
ORDER MALVALES
SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE
FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE
Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under TILIACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra. Elaeocarpus L.
SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE
FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE
Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 25. Madagascar. (Under TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 90.)
1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc
cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2
Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct
or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each
ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4
2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens
numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. (Sarcolaena Thouars). Sarcochlaena Thouars
Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3
3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit
a one-seeded nut.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Leptolaena Thouars).
(Plate 90.) Leptochlaena Thouars
{348}Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.—Species 4. Madagascar. Xerochlamys Bak.
4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat
smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments
united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending.
Fruit a nut.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Sclerolaena Bak., Xylolaena
Baill.) Xylochlaena Baill.
Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two
outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring- or cup-shaped.
Filaments not united in bundles. 5
5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two
flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit.
Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.—Species
5. Madagascar. (Schizolaena Thouars). Schizochlaena Thouars
Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6
6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the
disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Rhodolaena Thouars). Rhodochlaena Thouars
Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge
of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Eremolaena Baill.) Eremochlaena Baill.
SUBORDER MALVINEAE
FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE
Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (Grewia) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (Christiania) deeply divided.—Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)
1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals
with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish,
opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or
wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves
cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2
Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores.
Style simple. 4
2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed.
Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar. Carpodiptera Gris.
Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3
3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united
at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate.
{349}Fruit with one-seeded cells.—Species 2. Tropics. Christiania DC.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.
Stigmas twisted, almost entire.—Species 1. Madagascar. Speirostyla Bak.
4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (Grewia) petals wanting. Receptacle
nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore.
Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5
Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely
(Corchorus) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely
(Sparmannia) oval. 11
5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with
numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Pentadiplandra Baill.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (Triumfetta) 5-10,
but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6
6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species
50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. Triumfetta L.
Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7
7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2
ovules in each cell. Filaments free.—Species 140. Tropical and
South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits
from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) Grewia L.
Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules
in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8
8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments
free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9
Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base.
Stipules cleft. 10
9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8
furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.—Species 1. West Africa. The
seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. Duboscia Bocq.
Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled.
Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). Diplanthemum K. Schum.
10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.—Species 1.
West Africa. Desplatzia Bocq.
Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Used medicinally. (Grewiopsis De Wild. & Dur.) Grewiella O. Ktze.
11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage.
Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in
each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12
Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short
{350}point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13
12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles.
Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular,
spiny.—Species 2. West Africa. (Including Acrosepalum Pierre). Ancistrocarpus Oliv.
Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers
with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped,
many-celled.—Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing
and in medicine. Glyphaea Hook. fil.
13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14
Staminodes none. 17
14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point.
Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma
5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.—Species 3. Central
Africa. Cistanthera K. Schum.
Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or
more ovules in each cell. 15
15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit
oblong, prickly, not winged.—Species 3. West Africa to the Great
Lakes. They yield fibre. Honckenya Willd.
Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16
16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.—Species 6.
South and East Africa and Madagascar. S. africana L. is used as an
ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. Sparmannia L. f.
Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate
wings.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. Cephalonema K. Schum.
17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base,
bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely
toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled
with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1. East Africa. Ceratosepalum Oliv.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals
free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other
parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and
medicaments. Corchorus L.
FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE
Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)
TILIACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 91.
J. Fleischmann del.
Grewia occidentalis L.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruiting branch. E Fruit. F Cross section of fruit.
MALVACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 92.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pavonia praemorsa Willd.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Fruit. E Mericarp cut lengthwise.
1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, indehiscent,
falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the top. Flowers
with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.] Malope L.
Carpels placed side by side in one plane. 2
2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary
in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top.
Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.] 3
Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style. 5
3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. Carpels
opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.—Species 2. Tropics. Yielding
fibre. Malachra L.
Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles. 4
4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels alternating
with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular beneath.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only cultivated.
Used as medicinal and textile plants. Urena L.
Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves
without glands on the under surface.—Species 25. Tropical and
South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
textile plants. (Malache Vogel). (Plate 92.) Pavonia L.
5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. Staminal
tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.] 6
Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the
outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.] 14
6. Carpels with 1 ovule. 7
Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. [Subtribe
ABUTILINAE.] 11
7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.—Species 20.
Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe
SIDINAE.] Sida L.
Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.] 8
8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. Shrubs
or undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Malvastrum A. Gray
Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face. 9
9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column
of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.—Species 15. Some of them are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.” Malva L.
Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below. 10
10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 3-6-cleft.—Species
{352}12. North Africa; one species also introduced into
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Navaea Webb & Berth. and Saviniona Webb & Berth.) Lavatera L.
Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx
6-9-cleft. Herbs.—Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, and
medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Alcea L.) Althaea L.
11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two compartments
by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the top. Ovules
2-3 in each carpel. 12
Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or club-shaped. 13
12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels numerous.
Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species
1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of Madeira. Modiola Moench
Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps
beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 3.
Tropics. They yield fibres. Wissadula Med.
13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules 2-3
in each.—Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
(Including Sphaeroma Harv.) Sphaeralcea St. Hil.
Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.—Species 30.
Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee,
or serve as ornamental plants. Abutilon Gaertn.
14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds
kidney-shaped. 15
Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple. 17
15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10
bracteoles.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Kosteletzkya Presl
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 16
16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate bracteoles.
Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Senra Cav.
Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more narrower
bracteoles or wanting.—Species 130. Some of them yield timber,
fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. (Including Abelmoschus Medik., Lagunaea
Cav., and Paritium St. Hil.) Hibiscus L.
17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 5-celled.
Leaves small, undivided. 18
Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided. 19
18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves ovate.—Species
{353}1. Madagascar. Macrocalyx Cost. & Poisson
Epicalyx 11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves
reniform or orbicular.—Species 1. East Africa. Symphyochlamys Guerke
19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds woolly.
Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South Africa, the
others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They yield cotton,
oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments. Gossypium L.
Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles. 20
20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily
dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species
7. Central and South Africa. (Fugosia Juss.) Cienfuegosia Cav.
Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds
woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield
timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments. Thespesia Corr.
FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE
Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers 1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under MALVACEAE or STERCULIACEAE.) (Plate 93.)
1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit
leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.—Species 1 (C. pentandra Gaertn.,
silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the
Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing,
oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (Eriodendron DC.) Ceiba Gaertn.
Stamens numerous. 2
2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed aestivation.
Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, dehiscent.—Species 6.
Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for stuffing, and medicaments
(Including Pachira Aubl.) (Plate 93.) Bombax L.
Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. Fruit
woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, pendulous.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning materials,
vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp of the fruits
and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is prepared. “Baobab.” Adansonia L.
{354}
FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE
Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (Hua) exstipulate. Sepals more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (Cotylonychia) at first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (Hua) valvate aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (Triplochiton) 1-celled. Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.—Genera 28, species 470. (Including BUETTNERIACEAE and TRIPLOCHITONACEAE.) (Plate 94.)
1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments united.
Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or throughout.
Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.] 2
Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always,
provided with a corolla. 7
2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or brown.
Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.—Species 2. West Africa. Octolobus Welw.
Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5. 3
3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds
albuminous. 4
Anthers arranged in a ring. 5
4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous
rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under Sterculia L.) Firmiana Marsigli
Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with
a woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.—Species 25. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African
tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including Eribroma Pierre). Sterculia L.
5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules
2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged,
indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield
timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments. Heritiera Ait.
Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the staminal
column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels dehiscent. 6
6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.—Species 4. Central
Africa. (Under Sterculia L.) Pterygota Endl.
Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.—Species 45. Central and South-east
Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds (cola-nuts)
which are also used medicinally. (Edwardia Rafin.) Cola Schott
BOMBACACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 93.
J. Fleischmann del.
Bombax lukayensis De Wild. and Dur.
A Flowering branch. B Flower-bud cut lengthwise (the anthers cut off excepting one). C Anther.
STERCULIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 94.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.
7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary
3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.] Keraudrenia Gay
Petals distinctly developed. 8
8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted in
the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free.
Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.] 9
Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled. 10
9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens 10,
inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear,
glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber. Achantia A. Chev.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a
short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed.
Panicles lateral, few-flowered.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields
timber. Triplochiton K. Schum.
10. Petals or their lower part hooded. 11
Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one of
them hooded, the others flat. 18
11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. Staminodes
none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. Trees.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are used as condiments. Hua Pierre
Ovary 2- or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe
BUETTNERIEAE.] 12
12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals at
first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate blade.
Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Cotylonychia Stapf
Staminodes present. 13
13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe
THEOBROMINAE.] 14
Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the
barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.
[Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.] 17
14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 15
Petals without a blade. 16
15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody,
prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for
{356}clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments. Guazuma Plum.
Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery rind,
indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers
in cymes.—Species 3 (chiefly Th. Cacao L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa-butter,
the pericarp for making a beverage. They yield also fibres and
are used in medicine. Theobroma L.
16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. Staminodes
solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.—Species 10. West
Africa. Scaphopetalum Mast.
Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. Staminodes
in bundles, thread-like.—Species 10. Central Africa. Leptonychia Turcz.
17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers sessile or
nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 13. Tropics. Buettnera L.
Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked.
Seeds albuminous.—Species 2. Madagascar. Ruelingia R. Br.
18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals unequal,
one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of 3 alternating
with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in each cell. Trees.—Species
1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe HELICTEREAE.] Kleinhofia L.
Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a
gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not
hooded. 19
19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous,
usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.] 20
Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (Melhania) 5, but then alternating
with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually
very oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.] 22
20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary 5-celled,
the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more in each
cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or small
shrubs.—Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including Mahernia L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.] Hermannia L.
Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells
opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds elliptical;
embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.] 21
21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.—Species 2. Tropical
and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally. Waltheria L.
Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.—Species 5. Tropics; one
species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and medicaments.
{357}(Including Altheria Thouars) Melochia L.
22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. 23
Staminodes 2-8, usually 5. 24
23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.—Species
1. Island of Mauritius. Astiria Lindl.
Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles.
Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion. Ruizia Cav.
24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs,
undershrubs, or low shrubs.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
Melhania Forsk.
Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting. 25
25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals slightly
oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. Undershrubs.—Species
3. East Africa. Harmsia K. Schum.
Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Trees
or shrubs. 26
26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. (Including Assonia Cav. and Xeropetalum Del.) (Plate
94.) Dombeya Cav.
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple. 27
27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the staminal
tube. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Cheirolaena Benth.
Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.—Species 8. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Trochetia DC.
SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE
FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely 3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 5, species 40. West Africa. (RHAPTOPETALACEAE, under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 95.)
1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal
slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5
or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of
hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe
OUBANGUIEAE.] 2
Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical
{358}pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently
separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs.
Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe RHAPTOPETALEAE.]
3
2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen
ruminate.—Species 9. West Africa. Scytopetalum Pierre
Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen uniform.—Species
10. West Africa. (Including Egassea Pierre) Oubanguia Baill.
3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Albumen
ruminate.—Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.) Rhaptopetalum Oliv.
Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform. 4
4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Pierrina Engl.
Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.—Species 15. West Africa. (Including
Erythropyxis Pierre) Brazzeia Baill.
ORDER PARIETALES
SUBORDER THEINEAE
FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; embryo minute, straight.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)
1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging
below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved
with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially T. alnifolia L.,
water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.)
[Tribe TETRACERAE.] Tetracera L.
Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel. 2
2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, oblong,
one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Hibbertia Andrz.
Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical pores
sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, united
at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel
side-nerves, usually stipulate.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. They yield timber. (Wormia Blume) Dillenia L.
SCYTOPETALACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 95.
J. Fleischmann del.
Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl.
A Part of flowering branch. B End of branch. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Cross-section of ovary.
DILLENIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 96.
J. Fleischmann del.
Tetracera alnifolia Willd.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Anther.
FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE
Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds rather large.—Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 97.)
1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs or undershrubs. 2
Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow.
Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. 4
2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in
racemes.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). Roridula L.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary 1-celled
or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe
LUXEMBOURGIEAE.] 3
3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile stamens.
Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. West Africa. Vausagesia Baill.
Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted into a tube,
the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually solitary.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. Sauvagesia L.
4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal ovules.
Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals
enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.—Species 1
(L. alata Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.) Lophira Banks
Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style.
Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting
of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.] 5
5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the
anthers.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.) Ochna L.
Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. 6
6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by longitudinal
slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged into slits.
Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered clusters.—Species
3. East Africa. Brackenridgea A. Gray
Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores.
Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.—Species 60. Tropics.
(Gomphia Schreb.) Ouratea Aubl.
{360}
FAMILY 148. THEACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more, rarely (Thomassetia) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, 2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and Canary Islands. (TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 98.)
1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.] 2
Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. 4
2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united in
5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary clusters.—Species
1. Seychelles. Thomassetia L.
Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles. 3
3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned inwards.
Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Low trees or
climbing shrubs.—Species 6. Madagascar. (Including Rhodoclada
Bak.) Asteropeia Thouars
Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. Tall
trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber. Nesogordonia Baill.
4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones
united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Species 2. Cultivated
and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (Th.
sinensis L.) is the tea-plant, the other (Th. japonica L., camellia) is an
ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including Camellia
L.) [Tribe THEEAE.] Thea L.
Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.
[Tribe TERNSTROEMIEAE.] 5
5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, half-inferior.—Species
1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is used in
medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.) Visnea L. f.
Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1,
simple.—Species 1. West Africa. Adinandra Jacks.
FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE
Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 180. (Including CLUSIACEAE and HYPERICINEAE.) (Plate 99.)
1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one
ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles. Medusagyne Bak.
Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5. 2
OCHNACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 97.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. & Gilg
A Inflorescence. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Fruiting branch. D Mericarp.
THEACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 98.
J. Fleischmann del.
Visnea Mocanera L. f.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D End of a fruiting branch. E Young fruit. F Young fruit cut lengthwise.
2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct,
not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily HYPERICOIDEAE.] 3
Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or trees. 7
3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons
longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in
5 bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.] 4
Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous within. 6
4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles of
3-5.—Species 1 (H. paniculata Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber,
dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments.
(Harungana Lam.) Haronga Thouars
Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20. 5
5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted cotyledons.
Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.—Species 35. Tropics. Some
are used medicinally. Psorospermum Spach
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Caopia Adans.) Vismia Vell.
6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long wing.
Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with
a basal appendage. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe
CRATOXYLEAE.] Eliaea Camb.
Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a distinct
wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually
shorter than the radicle.—Species 35. Some of them yield wood and
medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Androsaemum
All. and Triadenia Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.] Hypericum L.
7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with an
aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily CLUSIOIDEAE, tribe GARCINIEAE.] 8
Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril. 11
8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each cell.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.—Species 4.
Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including Stearodendron
Engl.) (Plate 99.) Allanblackia Oliv.
Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9
9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently
divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2.
Petals 4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers
{362}in clusters, rarely solitary.—Species 12. Madagascar and West
Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (Calysaccion
Wight) Ochrocarpus Thouars
Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril. 10
10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Including Tsimatimia Jum. et Perrier) Rheedia L.
Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles.
Petals 4-5.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing
seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts.
(Including Xanthochymus Roxb.) Garcinia L.
11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style 5-cleft.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube.
Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily MORONOBOIDEAE.] 12
Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple
style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (Hypericum) ovary
5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and embryo
with distinct cotyledons. 13
12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals
nearly equalling the petals.—Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of
the tallow-tree (P. butyracea Sabine) yield a fat. Pentadesma Sabine
Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each.
Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.—Species 15.
Madagascar and West Africa. S. globulifera L. f. yields timber and a
resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible
fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including
Chrysopia Thouars) Symphonia L. f.
13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary 1-4-celled
with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a
very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily CALOPHYLLOIDEAE.] 14
Sepals 5. 15
14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. Flowers
in racemes or panicles.—Species 6. Madagascar and East Africa.
They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments. Calophyllum L.
Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (M. americana
L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape Verde Islands.
The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, and edible fruits
(mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing drinks. Mammea L.
15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united at the
base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe.
Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.—Species 1.
West Africa. [Subfamily ENDODESMIOIDEAE.] Endodesmia Benth.
Ovary 2-5-celled. 16
GUTTIFERAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 99.
J. Fleischmann del.
Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of fruit.
ELATINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 100.
J. Fleischmann del.
Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from behind. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.
16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a
berry.—Species 1. Madagascar. Leioclusia Baill.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.) Hypericum L.
FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very thin albumen.—Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.
Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary glabrous.
Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.—Species 1. Seychelles.
Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE.] Vateria L.
Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo
with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.—Species 15. Central Africa.
(Under Vatica L.) [Subfamily MONOTOIDEAE.]. Monotes A. DC.
SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE
FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 15. (Plate 100.)
Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and without
membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers
solitary.—Species 3. North Africa. Elatine L.
Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting midrib
and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves
serrate.—Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate
100.) Bergia L.
FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, hermaphrodite. {364}Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy albumen and a straight, axile embryo.—Genera 2, species 10.
Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small shrubs.—Species
1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. (Under
Frankenia L.) Beatsonia Roxb.
Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals usually
with a ligule.—Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa,
and South Africa. Frankenia L.
FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE
Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)
1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. Stamens
numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, thread-shaped;
stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout the ovary, but
bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating from the wall of the
ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all round, albuminous.—Species
3. North Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe REAUMURIEAE.]. Reaumuria L.
Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or
wanting; stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped.
Seeds without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top,
exalbuminous. [Tribe TAMARICEAE.] 2
2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with
a stalked tuft of hairs.—Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria). Myricaria Desv.
Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas
borne upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile
tuft of hairs.—Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
(Plate 101.) “Tamarisk.” Tamarix L.
TAMARICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 101.
J. Fleischmann del.
Tamarix senegalensis DC.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Fruit. E Seed.
CISTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 102.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cistus heterophyllus Desf.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Transverse section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed in longitudinal section.
SUBORDER CISTINEAE
FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE
Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or 5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 5, species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)
1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, inverted.
Style long. Undershrubs.—Species 5. North Africa.
(Under Helianthemum L.) Fumana Spach
Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight. 2
2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs or
undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.—Species 15. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others
(ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant.
(Plate 102.) Cistus L.
Carpels 3. 3 3
3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical.
Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 40. North Africa
and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.” Helianthemum Adans.
Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened
in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked. 4
4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper ones,
alternate, without stipules.—Species 3. North Africa. (Under
Helianthemum Tourn.) Halimium Willk.
Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.—Species
10. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum Tourn.) Tuberaria Spach
FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.
Genus 1, species 1 (B. orellana L.). Cultivated and naturalized in the
tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments. Bixa L.
{366}
SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE
FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 7. Tropics. (Under BIXINEAE.)
Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at the top.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous,
parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately lobed or
divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.—Species 5.
Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. (Maximilianea
Mart. & Schrank.) Cochlospermum Kunth
Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved.
Flowers in compound cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar. Sphaerosepalum Bak.
SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE
FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (CANELLACEAE.)
Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or 14-18,
1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.] Cinnamosma Baill.
Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers cymose.—Species
2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe CINNAMODENDREAE.] Warburgia Engl.
FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE
Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with
VIOLACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 103.
J. Fleischmann del.
Rinorea gracilipes Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen from front and back. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit.
FLACOURTIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 104.
J. Fleischmann del.
Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Hér.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary.
{367} the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.)
1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished
with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a
spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above.
Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe
VIOLEAE.] 2
Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss.
Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe
RINOREEAE.] 3
2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and
serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). Viola L.
Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Calceolaria
Loefl., Ionidium Vent.) Hybanthus Jacq.
3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent.
Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). Allexis Pierre
Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds
without an aril, with copious albumen.—Species 70. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (Alsodeia Thouars). (Plate
103.) Rinorea Aubl.
FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (Dioncophyllum) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (Kiggelaria) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (Bembicia) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.—Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including SAMYDACEAE, under BIXINEAE.) (Plate 104.)
1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the
petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
[Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2
Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals
{368}absent. 7
2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base. 3
Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5
3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style
very short.—Species 4. East and South-east Africa. Rawsonia Harv. & Send.
Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4
4. Stamens 5.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Dasylepis Oliv.) Scottelia Oliv.
Stamens numerous.—Species 3. Central Africa. Dasylepis Oliv.
5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple,
with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes,
hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands
and East Africa. Erythrospermum Lam.
Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft
or -parted. 6
6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal
capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Pyramidocarpus Oliv.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a
many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. (Cerolepis Pierre). Camptostylus Gilg
7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8
Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35
8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary
superior. 9
Petals as many as sepals. 17
9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with
8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite.
Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas.
Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.—Species 1. West Africa. Dissomeria Benth.
Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous,
parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10
10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation.
Style simple. 11
Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12
11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx
hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas
2-3. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Madagascar. Prockiopsis Baill.
Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3
sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with
broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.—Species 5.
{369}Central Africa. Buchnerodendron Guerke
12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by
the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with
small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the
axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.—Species
3. West Africa. Poggea Guerke
Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13
13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the
back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs.
Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. East Africa. Grandidiera Jaub.
Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base.
Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14
14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly
branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without
spines.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) Lindackeria Presl
Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15
15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into
several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous,
minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 15.
Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.) Caloncoba Gilg
Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16
16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves;
seeds few, large.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some
species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Under Oncoba Forsk.) Xylotheca Hochst.
Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and
numerous seeds.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally;
the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. Oncoba Forsk.
17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate
in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior.
Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.—Species
6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.] Kiggelaria L.
Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18
18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its
margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe
PAROPSIEAE.] 19
Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25
19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular,
entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened.
Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated
{370}axillary spikes or racemes.—Species 3. West Africa. Soyauxia Oliv.
Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers
solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20
20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened
and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Bracts with two large glands at the base.—Species 1. West Africa
(Liberia). (Under Paropsia Nor.) Androsiphonia Stapf
Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21
21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile,
in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate
bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by
ants. Leaves stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa and region of the
Great Lakes. Barteria Hook.
Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22
22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped.
Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
6. Equatorial West Africa. Paropsiopsis Engl.
Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23
23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens
5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.—Species 1. Madagascar. Hounea Baill.
Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin,
thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24
24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the
base of the blade.—Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. Paropsia Nor.
Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base
of the stalk.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Paropsia Nor.) Smeathmannia Soland.
25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose.
Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26
Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28
26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Moquerysia Hua
Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27
27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in
pairs. Leaves large, serrate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Phylloclinium Baill.
Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules.
Leaves very large.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Phyllobotryum Muell. Arg.
28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior,
more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.] 29
Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a
{371}berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33
29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with
1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes
or spike-like panicles.—Species 4. East and South Africa. Trimeria Harv.
Flowers hermaphrodite. 30
30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers
in axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Gerrardina Oliv.
Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31
31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8,
nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including
Bivinia Tul.) Calantica Tul.
Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32
32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18.
Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles.
Leaves exstipulate.—Species 2. West Africa. Byrsanthus Guill.
Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in
the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals.
Petals persistent.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber. (Including Blackwellia Comm.) Homalium Jacq.
33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached
by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united
at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dioncophyllum Baill.
Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1,
simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34
34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective
not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the
sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Marquesia Gilg
Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged.
Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar
to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves
3-5-nerved at the base.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (Phoberos
Lour.) Scolopia Schreb.
35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3.
Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] Bembicia Oliv.
Ovary superior. 36
36. Receptacle with thread- or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages.
Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas. 37
Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without
{372}thread- or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39
37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual,
solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Trichostephanus Gilg
Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe
CASEARIEAE.] 38
38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with
a minute aril.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Ophiobotrys Gilg
Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite.
Stamens 6-12.—Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (Guidonia Plum.) Casearia Jacq.
39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals
glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous
ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire
or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.) Calantica Tul.
Stamens not in bundles. 40
40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in
bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit
a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a
minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without
stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.—Species 2.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. Physena Thouars
Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41
41. Ovary 2- or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1,
simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly
nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes,
hermaphrodite.—Species 5. Madagascar. (Ropalocarpus Boj.) Rhopalocarpus Boj.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or
more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2- or more-celled,
then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe.
Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42
42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled. Styles 2-8,
free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands. 43
Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44
43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas
with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.—Species
17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits.
(Dovyalis Arn. & Mey., including Aberia Hochst.) Doryalis Arn. & Mey.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded
{373}by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each.
Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.—Species 7.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian
plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) Flacourtia Juss.
44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a
disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very
short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules.
Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.
Yields timber and condiments. Guya Frapp.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc
but then style distinctly developed. 45
45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong,
imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the
apex. Stipules none.—Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar
and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine. Ludia Lam.
Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish,
or 3. Styles 3 or 0. 46
46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3.
Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers
in racemose inflorescences.—Species 6. Madagascar. Tisonia Baill.
Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the
base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry.
Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible
fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (Aphloia Benn.) Neumannia Rich.
FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE
Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)
1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2
Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3
2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit
dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs.
Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the
stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.—Species
{374}1. Mascarene Islands. Mathurina Balf. fil.
Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril
one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes
with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes.
Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including Erblichia Seem.,
under Turnera L.) Piriqueta Aubl.
3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted
at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas
of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute.
Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.—Species 2. East Africa. Loewia Urban
Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or
trees, but then stigmas divided. 4
4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any
appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each
or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5
Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the
seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy
herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6
5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the
calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril
entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. (Under Turnera L.) Hyalocalyx Rolfe
Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube.
Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar,
the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Turnera L.
6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale
at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear.
Seeds in one row.—Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
105.) Wormskioldia Schum. & Thonn.
Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens
adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in
several rows.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Wormskioldia Schum.
& Thonn.) Streptopetalum Hochst.
FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE
Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)
TURNERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 105.
J. Fleischmann del.
Wormskioldia lobata Urb.
A Whole plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Seed with aril. E Seed cut lengthwise.
PASSIFLORACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 106.
J. Fleischmann del.
Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.
A Flowering branch. B Tendril. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Cluster of fruits.
1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers
attached by the back. 2
Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. 3
2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the calyx.
Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style
3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing.
Leaflets in 1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.—Species 6. West Africa
and Madagascar. Deidamia Thouars
Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much
exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5 staminodes.
Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers
in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa. Donaldsonia Bak.
3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona
formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas
and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Schlechterina Harms
Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals. 4
4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals 5. Style simple. 5
Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes. 6
5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger than the
sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes tooth-shaped.
Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire. Climbing,
tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Northern
West Africa. Crossostemma Planch.
Calyx-tube bell- or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong,
much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped.
Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a
prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short gynophore.
Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils.
Leaves linear-lanceolate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa. Machadoa Welw.
6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at first
turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and 3-cleft.
Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.—Species
8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They
yield edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental
plants. “Passion-flower.” Passiflora L.
Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers
affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally.
{376}Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. 7
7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple. Style
3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered cymes.—Species
15. Central and South Africa. (Including Basananthe Peyr.) Tryphostemma Harv.
Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without
a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves
with 1-3 glands at the base.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in
medicine. (Modecca Lam., including Echinothamnus Engl., Jaeggia
Schinz, Keramanthus Hook. fil., Ophiocaulon Hook. fil., and Paschanthus
Burch.) (Plate 106.) Adenia Forsk.
FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards. Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.—Genera 3, species 3. South Africa. (Under PASSIFLORACEAE.)
1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in
racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona formed
of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Style-branches
twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to the wrinkled
testa.—Species 1. South Africa. Ceratiosicyos Nees
Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers
solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat
of the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa. 2
2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves 3-lobed.
Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers
with a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few,
usually 6-8. Style-branches twice as many as placentas.—Species 1.
Cape Colony. Acharia Thunb.
Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous.
Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the
throat of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary
short-stalked, oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as
placentas. Fruit elliptical.—Species 1. Cape Colony. Guthriea Bolus
{377}
SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE
FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE
Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers, at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal, inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside, woody within.—Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (PAPAYACEAE, under PASSIFLORACEAE.)
Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed,
simple or scantily branched.—Species 1 (C. Papaya L., papaw-tree).
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible
fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice
of the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat
tender. (Papaya Tourn.) Carica L.
Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem
branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under Jacaratia
Marcgr.) Cylicomorpha Urban
SUBORDER LOASINEAE
FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud, becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior, unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.
Genus 1, species 1. South Africa. Kissenia R. Br.
SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE
FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE
Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5, very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate 107.){378}
Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including Mezierea
Gaud.) Begonia L.
SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE
FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE
Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under DIPTEROCARPACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. West Africa. Ancistrocladus Wall.
ORDER OPUNTIALES
FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE
Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem. Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 5, species 13.
1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed. Perianth
wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle. Cotyledons
intertwisted.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily PEIRESKIOIDEAE,
tribe PEIRESKIEAE.] Peireskia Plum.
Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed. Cotyledons
not intertwisted. 2
2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated. Ovules
not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily CEREOIDEAE.] 3
Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of the stem
short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or less wheel-shaped.
Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily OPUNTIOIDEAE, tribe
OPUNTIEAE.] 4
3. Perianth funnel- or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments. Ovules
numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.—Species 1. Cultivated
and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative
plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.] Cereus Haw.
BEGONIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 107.
J. Fleischmann del.
Begonia Favargeri Rechinger
A Aboveground part of the plant. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from front and back. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary. F Seed.
PENAEACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 108.
J. Fleischmann del.
Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth
A Flowering branch. B Flower in longitudinal section and bracteole. C Anther. D Transverse section of ovary.
Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few, on
short funicles. Epiphytes.—Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
(Under Hariota Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.] Rhipsalis Gaertn.
4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem without
spines. Flowers red.—Species 1 (N. coccinellifera S. Dyck). Cultivated
and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands.
It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under
Opuntia Haw.) Nopalea S. Dyck
Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.—Species 3. Cultivated,
especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits (prickly pear)
from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar are prepared; one
species is used for rearing the cochineal insect. Opuntia Haw.
ORDER MYRTIFLORAE
SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE
FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE
Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite, surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous, unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1. Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight embryo. (Under PENAEACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. South Africa. Geissoloma Lindl. & Kunth
FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE
Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with 2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.—Genera 5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.)
1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending. Ovary
and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.] 2
Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in the
{380}axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.] 3
2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal spikes or
heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the anthers.
Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the connective.—Species
1. Cape Colony. (Under Endonema Juss.) Glischrocolla A. DC.
Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4. Filaments
nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned
outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds
with an outgrowth at the top.—Species 2. Cape Colony. Endonema A. Juss.
3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens
very short.—Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including Stylapterus Juss.) Penaea L.
Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. 4
4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals. Stamens
slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2 in each
cell.—Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under Sarcocolla Kunth). Brachysiphon A. Juss.
Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens much
exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost equalling
the connective.—Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental
plants. (Plate 108.) Sarcocolla Kunth
FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid, white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons. (Under LYTRHACEAE, MELASTOMATACEAE, or RHAMNACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber. Olinia Thunb.
FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE
Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid. Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, 4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a nut. Embryo large, straight.—Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.)
1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed singly
{381}or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous. Ovary
4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers
solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.—Species 7. West Africa. (Including
Makokoa Baill.) [Subfamily OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE, tribe
OCTOLEPIDEAE.] Octolepis Oliv.
Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 1-2-celled. 2
2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens 8-10.
Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels,
yellowish-green.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily
PHALERIOIDEAE, tribe PEDDIEAE.] Peddiea Harv.
Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily THYMELAEOIDEAE.] 3
3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted, sometimes
united into a ring. 4
Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the
stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10. 9
4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part falling
off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe
GNIDIEAE.] 5
Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a whole. Fruit
with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe DICRANOLEPIDEAE.] 6
5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly sessile,
with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded by
hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers
solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.—Species 25. South and
Central Africa. Struthiola L.
Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and inserted
in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat. Trees, shrubs, or
undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged spike-like in the
axils of the upper leaves.—Species 125. Southern and tropical Africa.
Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants.
(Including Arthrosolen Mey. and Lasiosiphon Frees) Gnidia L.
6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs. 7
Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous. 8
7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked, surrounded
at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in few-flowered
axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.—Species 6. Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. Synaptolepis Oliv.
Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers
in long-stalked spikes or heads.—Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands. Stephanodaphne Baill.
8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls
remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc
{382}none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in terminal umbels.—Species 1. East and South-east
Africa. Englerodaphne Gilg
Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate.
Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked.
Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in
pairs, axillary.—Species 25. Central Africa. Dicranolepis Planch.
9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long, narrowly
funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level. Filaments
short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc
ring- or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters,
greenish-yellow.—Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.] Craterosiphon Engl. & Gilg
Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in the
latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.] 10
10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales, jointed
above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers 4-merous.
Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit dry.
Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped. 11
Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at
the base by a disc or by several glands. 12
11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona
inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.—Species 5. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. Cryptadenia Meissn.
Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat of the
calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the stamens.—Species
20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 109.) Lachnaea L.
12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part,
rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering. 13
Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole, the
segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short.
Flowers 4-merous. 16
13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute or
wanting. (See 5.) Gnidia L.
Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant,
but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs. 14
14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the tube.
Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without
albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species 6. South Africa
and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. Dais L.
Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube.
Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves
opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes. 15
15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.—Species 1. South Africa. Chymococca Meissn.
THYMELAEACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 109.
J. Fleischmann del.
Lachnaea filamentosa (L. fil.) Gilg
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (the hairs are omitted).
LYTHRACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 110.
J. Fleischmann del.
Nesaea floribunda Sond.
A Flowering branch. B Flower without the petals, cut lengthwise. C Petal. D Cross-section of ovary.
Fruit dry.—Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve
as ornamental plants. Passerina L.
16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly united,
narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments
deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal
racemes or spikes, hermaphrodite.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. Wikstroemia Endl.
Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting. 17
17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Stigma large.
Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles.—Species 4.
North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding bast-fibres, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also serve as ornamental
plants. Daphne L.
Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs, or
shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary.—Species
10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal or
fibre-plants. Thymelaea Endl.
FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE
Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous, very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate. Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons.
Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island of Mauritius.
Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments. “Oleaster.” Elaeagnus L.
SUBORDER MYRTINEAE
FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE
Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx, usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell, attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.)
1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing into
{384}the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.] 2
Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style.
Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.] 9
2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens
10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from
the bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. Cuphea P. Browne
Flowers regular or almost so. 3
3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds
not winged. 4
Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without
dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long. 7
4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous.
Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate,
with appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many
as the sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary,
axillary, with whitish bracteoles.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as a
vegetable. Peplis L.
Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly;
in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose. 5
5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate.
Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes,
with whitish bracteoles.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Some are used medicinally. Ammania L.
Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves. 6
6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins. Sepals
usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. Glabrous
plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in terminal
spikes or racemes, bracteolate.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Quartinia Endl., Rhyacophila Hochst., and Suffrenia
Bellardi). Rotala L.
Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely campanulate,
with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils,
rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false whorls).—Species 8.
North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Lythrum L.
7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly
completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South-east
Africa. Galpinia N. E. Brown
Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 8
8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly completely
2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seeds
{385}not winged. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. East Africa and
Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as
ornamental plants. Woodfordia Salisb.
Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled.
Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers
solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 2. Madagascar and
East Africa. They serve as vegetables. Pemphis Forst.
9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base. Calyx-tube
expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a
single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South-east
Africa (Natal). Rhynchocalyx Oliv.
Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in two
or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 10
10. Calyx-tube top- or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4. Stamens
inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite the
sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat
with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in panicles.—Species 1 (L. inermis L.). Tropical and North Africa.
Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including
Rotantha Bak.) Lawsonia L.
Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote
from the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid.
Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels. 11
11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating
with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by
4 valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.—Species 1.
Island of Mauritius. Tetrataxis Hook. fil.
Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on
splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling off.
Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like
cymes.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.) Nesaea Comm.
FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary, without bracteoles, regular. Sepals 6-7, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals 6-7, linear, occasionally wanting. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, kidney-shaped, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary almost superior, with 10-20 somewhat incomplete cells not reaching the top. Ovules very numerous, attached to the partitions, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit succulent, indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds curved, exalbuminous, with a hard coat and a straight embryo. (BLATTIACEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields
edible fruits, condiments, and medicaments. (Blatti Adans.) Sonneratia L. f.
{386}
FAMILY 175. PUNICACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the branches, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5-8, red, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals as many, red or yellow, imbricate and crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous, curved inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, with several cells, which are usually arranged in 2-3 whorls placed one above the other. Ovules numerous, at first basal, afterwards parietal, inverted. Style simple; stigma 1. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous, with an outer fleshy and an inner horny coat; embryo straight, with twisted cotyledons. (GRANATEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. One of them growing wild in the Island of Socotra,
the other one (P. Granatum L., pomegranate) cultivated and naturalized
in northern and tropical Africa. The latter serves as an ornamental
plant and yields wood, tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments,
and edible fruits, from which also a drink is prepared. Punica L.
FAMILY 176. LECYTHIDACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or racemose, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-5. Petals 4-6, adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate in bud, or wanting. Stamens numerous, united at the base, curved in the bud. Anthers versatile, usually basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, ring-shaped. Ovary inferior, 2-20-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under MYRTACEAE.) (Plate 111.)
1. Petals and staminodes absent. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Stamens almost
free. Disc obscure. Ovules numerous in each cell, inserted in a
vertical ring round a shield-shaped placenta, horizontal, the micropyle
turned outwards. Stigmas 4. Fruit a drupe. Leaves clustered.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
Yielding timber. [Subfamily FOETIDIOIDEAE.] Foetidia Comm.
Petals or staminodes present. Stamens obviously united at the base.
Disc distinct. Ovules inserted in rows on slightly thickened placentas,
horizontal with the micropyle turned inwards, or ascending, or pendulous.
Flowers racemose, rarely solitary, but then leaves scattered. 2
2. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens and staminodes united to different heights,
in 4 concentric rows, the inner row partly fertile, the rest barren. Anthers
1-celled. Disc thick. Ovary 5-20-celled. Style short; stigmas 5.
Seeds 5 or more. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary. Leaves
scattered.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber and edible
fruits. [Subfamily NAPOLEONOIDEAE.] Napoleona Beauv.
Sepals 2-4. Petals 4-6. Stamens all fertile or the innermost barren,
all united to the same height. Anthers 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped.
LECYTHIDACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 111.
J. Fleischmann del.
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume
A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise (the stamens cut off near the middle). D Anther. E Cross-section of ovary. (A from Curtis Botanical Magazine, pl. 3831.)
RHIZOPHORACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 112.
J. Fleischmann del.
Weihea africana Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (some anthers cut off). C Cross-section of ovary.
Ovary 2-4-celled. Style long; stigma 1, entire or 2-4-lobed. Seeds
1-4. Flowers in racemes. Leaves clustered. [Subfamily PLANCHONIOIDEAE.] 3
3. Ovary long, winged. Ovules inserted along the inner angle of the cells or
in the middle of the partitions. Fruit a nut. Embryo with distinct
cotyledons. Bracteoles in the middle of the long pedicels.—Species 2.
West Africa. Petersia Welw.
Ovary short, ovate. Ovules suspended from the apex of the inner angle
of the cells. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Embryo undivided. Bracteoles
at the base of the pedicels.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. East and South-east Africa. They yield timber,
tanning bark, vegetables, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments, and serve
also as ornamental plants. (Plate 111.) Barringtonia Forst.
FAMILY 177. RHIZOPHORACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, induplicate-valvate in bud, usually lobed or fringed. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many as the petals or more, rarely (Anisophyllea) some of them barren. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Seeds usually germinating in the still attached fruit.—Genera 10, species 45. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 112.)
1. Styles 3-4. Ovary inferior, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 6-8,
several of them sometimes barren. Flowers 3-4-merous, polygamous.
Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
[Subfamily ANISOPHYLLOIDEAE.] 2
Style 1. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry or a capsule.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. [Subfamily
RHIZOPHOROIDEAE.] 3
2. Flowers in few-flowered spikes or racemes. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species 7.
Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits. Anisophyllea R. Br.
Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Style ovate. Fruit 2-4-seeded.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Yields edible, oily seeds. Poga Pierre
3. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Placentas usually passing into the style.
Ovules without appendages. Petals yellow, brown, red, or greenish.
Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Tribe GYNOTROCHEAE.] 4
Ovary superior or nearly so. Placentas not reaching to the base of the
style. Ovules with appendages. Petals 4-6, toothed or split, usually
white. [Tribe MACARISIEAE.] 7
4. Ovary inferior. Receptacle (flower-tube) deeply concave, bell- or funnel-shaped,
distinctly prolonged above the ovary. Petals 5-14. Calyx
{388}crowning the fruit. 5
Ovary half-inferior. Receptacle slightly concave, saucer-shaped, scarcely
prolonged above the ovary. Petals 4-6. Calyx at the base of the fruit.
Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Plants with aerial roots.
Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes. 6
5. Receptacle funnel-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a long tube.
Flowers 8-14-merous. Petals red or brown, 2-lobed, with thread-like
appendages. Antesepalous stamens curved sideways at the base,
becoming opposite to the antepetalous. Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary
2-4-celled. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Flowers
solitary.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields timber
and bark used for tanning and dyeing. Bruguiera Lam.
Receptacle bell-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a short tube.
Flowers 5-8-merous. Petals yellowish, irregularly lobed. Antesepalous
stamens not opposite to the antepetalous. Disc usually
double. Fruit 1- or 3-6-celled. Seeds germinating after the fruit
has fallen. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in
cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar. Carallia Roxb.
6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire, yellowish or green. Anthers with
numerous cells (pollen-sacks). Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma 2-lobed.—Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. They
yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Mangrove.” Rhizophora L.
Flowers 5-6-merous. Petals 2-lobed, brownish. Anthers with 4 cells.
Disc deeply lobed. Ovary 3-celled above, 1-celled below. Stigma
entire.—Species 1. Tropics. Yields timber and tanning bark. Ceriops Arn.
7. Ovary 2-4-celled, adnate to the receptacle by the broad base. Leaves
opposite. 8
Ovary 5-celled, sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous,
in few-flowered inflorescences. Seeds winged. 9
8. Disc distinctly 8-15-lobed. Stamens 10-15. Stigma entire. Placentas
reaching the middle of the ovary only. Flowers in many-flowered
inflorescences, frequently in glomerules.—Species 10. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under Cassipourea Aubl.) Dactylopetalum Benth.
Disc not distinctly lobed. Stamens 10-30. Stigma 2-4-lobed. Placentas
reaching the base of the style. Fruit fleshy. Seeds with an aril.
Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, solitary or in few-flowered
inflorescences.—Species 18. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
112.) Weihea Spreng.
9. Ovary sessile. Tall trees. Leaves whorled.—Species 2. West Africa. Anopyxis Pierre
Ovary short-stalked. Low trees. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Madagascar. Macarisia Thouars
{389}
FAMILY 178. ALANGIACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 6-10-toothed. Petals 6-10, free or slightly cohering at the base, narrow, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Filaments short, free or nearly so, hairy. Anthers long, adnate, opening inwards or laterally by two longitudinal slits. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a large central embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under CORNACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Marlea Roxb.
and Stylidium Lour.) Alangium Lam.
FAMILY 179. COMBRETACEAE
Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers in spikes heads or panicles, regular or nearly so, 4-6-merous. Petals free or wanting. Stamens usually twice as many as the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovules 2-3, rarely 4-6, pendulous from the apex of the cavity, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded drupe or nut, rarely incompletely dehiscent, usually angled or winged. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 12, species 330. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 113.)
1. Ovary half-inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovules 2, with a short
funicle. Fruit dorsally compressed, dry, indehiscent. Embryo with
very thick, almost hemispherical cotyledons.—Species 2. West Africa.
[Subfamily STREPHONEMATOIDEAE.] Strephonema Hook. fil.
Ovary inferior. Ovules usually with a long funicle. Fruit winged, angled,
laterally compressed, or terete. Embryo with flat, folded, or twisted
cotyledons. [Subfamily COMBRETOIDEAE.] 2
2. Flowers with bracteoles adnate to the ovary, arranged in spikes or racemes.
Sepals persistent. Petals 5. Cotyledons twisted. [Tribe LAGUNCULARIEAE.] 3
Flowers without bracteoles. Sepals deciduous, rarely persistent, but
then flowers in heads. 4
3. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile. Stamens 10. Ovules 2; funicle short.—Species
1. Coasts of West Africa. Yields timber, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments. Laguncularia Gaertn.
Leaves alternate. Flowers stalked. Ovules 4-6; funicle long.—Species
1. Coast of East Africa and Madagascar. Lumnitzera Willd.
4. Petals 4-5, rarely none; in this case, as usually, leaves opposite. Flowers
mostly hermaphrodite. Funicle usually tubercled. Cotyledons flat
or folded, more rarely twisted. [Tribe COMBRETEAE.] 5
Petals none. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite. Flowers mostly
polygamous. Sepals deciduous. Funicle usually smooth. Cotyledons
{390}twisted. Trees or erect shrubs. [Tribe TERMINALIEAE.] 10
5. Petals absent. Sepals 5. 6
Petals present, sometimes minute, rarely absent, but then sepals 4. 7
6. Calyx campanulate, divided down to the ovary, wing-like in fruit. Cotyledons
twisted. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicled spikes.—Species
1. Madagascar. Calycopteris Lam.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobed or cleft, net-veined, corolla-like, deciduous.
Fruit woody. Cotyledons flat. Flowers in heads or short
spikes.—Species 9. Madagascar. (Under Combretum L.) Calopyxis Tul.
7. Flowers ebracteate, arranged in heads which are subtended by 4 involucral
bracts. Sepals persistent. Petals 5, strap-shaped. Stamens 10.
Ovules 4-6. Fruit elongate, spindle-shaped, obscurely 5-angled, clothed
with long hairs. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, dotted.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. Guiera Adans.
Flowers bracteate, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals deciduous.
Fruit winged or angled. 8
8. Flowers polygamous (hermaphrodite and male). Fruit 2-, rarely 3-4-winged,
indehiscent. Trees or erect shrubs.—Species 5. Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Under Combretum L.) Pteleopsis Engl.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit 4-5-winged or 4-5-angled. 9
9. Calyx-tube above the ovary very long and thin, filiform; style adnate to it.
Ovules 3-4. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit dehiscing at the top along the
5 angles. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper opposite.—Species
3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Quisqualis L.
Calyx-tube not elongate-filiform. Ovules 2-3; funicles equal in length.
Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes intermixed
with alternate ones.—Species 230. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, arrow-poison,
medicaments, and fatty seeds; several serve as ornamental plants.
(Including Cacoucia Aubl., Campylochiton Welw., Campylogyne Welw.,
and Poivrea Comm.) (Plate 113.) Combretum L.
10. (4.) Flowers and fruits in globose heads. Receptacle (calyx-tube) prolonged
above the ovary into a stalk. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed. Ovules 2.
Fruits erect or spreading, flat, 2-winged, produced into a long beak;
pericarp corky. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber,
dyes, a substitute for soap, and medicaments. Anogeissus Wall.
Flowers and fruits in sometimes ovate, usually panicled spikes. Receptacle
not much prolonged. Fruit not long-beaked but sometimes acuminate;
pericarp leathery or drupaceous. 11
11. Fruits crowded in a cone, bent downwards, flat, 2-winged, acuminate;
pericarp leathery. Flowers in short panicled spikes, 5-merous. Calyx-lobes
erect. Ovules 2.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield
timber, tanning materials, and medicaments. Conocarpus Gaertn.
COMBRETACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 113.
J. Fleischmann del.
Combretum racemosum Beauv.
A Part of a flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Cross-section of fruit.
MYRTACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 114.
J. Fleischmann del.
Eugenia natalitia Sond.
A Flowering branch. B Hermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). C Cross-section of ovary. D Male flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.
Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony
within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.—Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for
fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible
oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants. Terminalia L.
FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, rarely (Psiloxylon) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 85. (Plate 114.)
1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. Trees.
[Subfamily LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.] 2
Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous.
Leaves opposite. [Subfamily MYRTOIDEAE, tribe MYRTEAE.] 5
2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as a whole.
Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly
alternate.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions.
They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino),
and an ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe
EEUCALYPTINAE.] Eucalyptus L’Hér.
Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free. 3
3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves opposite.—Species
1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.] Metrosideros Banks
Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate. 4
4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. South Africa. Heteropyxis Harv.
Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (Fropiera Hook. fil.) Psiloxylon Thouars
5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers usually
4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled.
[Subtribe EUGENIINAE.] 6
Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer
cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe
MYRTINAE.] 8
6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting distinctly
{392}with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. Petals
free.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including
Chloromyrtus Pierre). (Plate 114.) Eugenia L.
Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually narrowed
into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary. 7
7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. Sepals
comparatively large.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in Madagascar
and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes
naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning,
spices (cloves from J. caryophyllus Nied.), medicaments, and edible
fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Caryophyllus
L., under Eugenia L.) Jambosa DC.
Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. Staminiferous
disc none. Sepals usually small.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, spices,
medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including Acmena DC., under Eugenia
L.) Syzygium Gaertn.
8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 ovules each.
Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds 1-2, with
a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute cotyledons.—Species
2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. They
yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and medicaments, and
serve also as ornamental plants. Pimenta Lindl.
Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules each.
Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds numerous,
with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral. 9
9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit completely
or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large cotyledons.—Species
1 (M. communis L., myrtle). North Africa and
Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental
plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and
medicine. Myrtus L.
Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually
4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated
in the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning
and dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments. Psidium L.
FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, usually with an{393} enlarged connective and opening at the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 115.)
1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central placenta.
Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals white or
blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with a
posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. Shrubs
or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily
MEMECYLOIDEAE, tribe MEMECYLEAE.] 2
Ovary completely 2- or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon
axile placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily MELASTOMATOIDEAE.] 3
2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. Flowers
in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.—Species 1. East
Africa. Warneckea Gilg
Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at the
back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, more
rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence
glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits. Memecylon L.
3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a membranous,
4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. Connective
of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two
spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes
usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe
OSBECKIEAE.] 4
Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then fruit
bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before
and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and
behind. 17
4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly lengthened
at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the smaller ones with
a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or trees. 5
Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length. 8
5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger with two
bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a membranous
skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. West Africa. Dinophora Benth.
Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube
usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5
valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin. 6
6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened
{394}at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy
shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 20.
Madagascar. Dichaetanthera Endl.
Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the smaller
stamens not or scarcely lengthened. 7
7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or fleshy.
Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly leaves.—Species
1. Seychelles. Melastoma Burm.
Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary
adnate to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous.
Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.—Species
50. Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots
of some species. (Including Argyrella Naud.) (Plate 115.) Dissotis Benth.
8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. Flowers
in terminal cymes or panicles. 9
Connective with two bosses or without any appendage. 12
9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base.
Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles
at the top. Shrubs.—-Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Barbeyastrum Cogn.
Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the
base. 10
10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube
pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Amphorocalyx Bak.
Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube bell-shaped.
Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or herbs. 11
11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves
5-11-nerved.—Species 2. Madagascar. Dionychia Naud.
Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating
with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.—Species 4. Madagascar. Rhodosepala Bak.
12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. Stamens
equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top. 13
Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary
more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 15
13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily hairy.
Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely
tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.—Species
1. West Africa. Nerophila Naud.
Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy.
Petals usually red. 14
14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and
provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
{395}2. Tropics. (Under Osbeckia L.) Antherotoma Hook. fil.
Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then connective
not distinctly lengthened at the base.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Osbeckia L.
15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, provided
with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. Calyx-tube
bristly. Shrubs.—Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield
edible fruits and medicaments. Tristemma Juss.
Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens
equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers
solitary. 16
16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers terminal.—Species
1. West Africa. (Under Guyonia Naud.) Afzeliella Gilg
Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.—Species
2. West Africa. Guyonia Naud.
17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or leathery,
rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in front
and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.] 18
Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. Connective
usually furnished with appendages only behind. 25
18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens equal
or nearly so. 19
Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. Calyx-lobes
tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes,
umbels, or panicles. 20
19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the base.
Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). Tetraphyllaster Gilg
Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit a
capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species
5. West Africa. Sakersia Hook. fil.
20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones lengthened
at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in front, that of the
shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in front. Flowers 5-merous.
Calyx-tube top- or urn-shaped; lobes short, alternating with accessory
teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the middle. Shrubs. Flowers
in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 3. West Africa. Dicellandra Hook. fil.
Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the connective
of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened at the
base. 21
21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube constricted
above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly so. Climbing
{396}shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at the base
of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed of cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Myrianthemum Gilg
Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (Medinilla) distinctly unequal, but
then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not many-flowered
and springing from the base of the stem. 22
22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished with a
spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly
adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Preussiella Gilg
Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. 23
23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering
to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.—Species 25.
Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Medinilla Gaud.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves
nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in
terminal umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and
one behind. 24
24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half adhering
to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the base.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.—Species 1. Central Africa. Phaeoneuron Gilg
Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube
to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.—Species
1. East Africa. Orthogoneuron Gilg
25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. Stamens
equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without any
appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.] 26
Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat or concave
at the top, rarely (Calvoa) slightly convex, but then the connective
appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe SONERILEAE.] 29
26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in
umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals
produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and two
glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.—Species 1. East Africa. Petalonema Gilg
Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing
small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 27
27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the base,
tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.—Species 1. Madagascar. Phornothamnus Bak.
Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged. 28
28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. Connective
unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by several
MELASTOMATACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 115.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed.
OENOTHERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 116.
J. Fleischmann del.
Jussieua linifolia Vahl
A Plant in flower. B Flowering branch of a taller specimen. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.
dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.—Species 1. Madagascar. Rousseauxia DC.
Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary
adhering to the calyx-tube all round.—Species 20. Madagascar. Veprecella Naud.
29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly prolonged
at the base. 30
Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or unappendaged.
Flowers 5-merous. 32
30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. Leaves
cordate, 9-nerved.—Species 2. Central Africa. Cincinnobotrys Gilg
Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous. 31
31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with
glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.—Species 1.
East Africa. Urotheca Gilg
Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or
climbing shrubs.—Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Gravesia Naud.
32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones lengthened at
the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, spurred or unappendaged
behind.—Species 8. West Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Amphiblemma Naud.
Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the
base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss
behind.—Species 9. Central Africa. Calvoa Hook. fil.
FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE
Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, rarely (Ludwigia) absent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 40. (ONAGRACEAE, including HYDROCARYACEAE.) (Plate 116.)
1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Flowers
4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. Floating herbs, with
filiform branched side-roots and broad radical leaves.—Species 2. The
seeds are edible and are used for preparing meal and medicaments.
“Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.] Trapa L.
Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more
frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules. 2
2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape
of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds
{398}2. Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked
bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
North Africa. [Tribe CIRCAEEAE.] Circaea L.
Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous.
Fruit a capsule or a berry. 3
3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not prolonged
beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, rarely
absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs.
Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.] 4
Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less prolonged
above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers somewhat
irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit
loculicidal or indehiscent. 5
4. Stamens 3-6.—Species 5. (Including Isnardia L.) Ludwigia L.
Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or cushion-shaped.—Species
10. Some of them are used medicinally and for
dyeing. (Plate 116.) Jussieua L.
5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, with
a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit a berry.—Species
1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An ornamental
plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.] Fuchsia L.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit
a capsule. 6
6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal
in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft
of hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.] 7
Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed.
Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma
4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.] 8
7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond
the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down,
broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma
4-partite.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments,
and serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under Epilobium
L.) Chamaenerium Spach
Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above
the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.—Species
15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Willow-herb.” Epilobium L.
8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than the lobes).
Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at the angles,
with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated funicle. Leaves
pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa.
{399}Ornamental plants. (Under Oenothera L.) Xylopleurum Spach
Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled,
with a more or less membranous or leathery rind. 9
9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves dentate.—Species
2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants;
one species (O. biennis Scop.) has edible roots. (Under Oenothera L.) Onagra Tourn.
Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North
and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants.
“Evening primrose.” Oenothera Spach
SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE
FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 117.)
1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Sepals 2.
Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. Fruit a
drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. Leaves
radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species
1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally.
[Subfamily GUNNEROIDEAE.] Gunnera L.
Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Sepals
4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals 4 or
in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long embryo.
[Subfamily HALORRHAGOIDEAE.] 2
2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit one-seeded,
dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 9. (Serpicula L.) (Plate 117.)
[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.] Laurembergia Berg
Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps.
Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary
and axillary or in terminal spikes.—Species 5. North, South, and
East Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.] Myriophyllum L.
{400}
SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE
FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE
Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without cotyledons.
Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Cynomorium Mich.
ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE
FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, rarely (Polyscias) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)
1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or lobed,
without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not jointed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; endocarp
membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.—Species 1 (H. Helix L.,
ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the
fruits are poisonous. Hedera L.
Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely undivided
or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. Fruit a
drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, or
bony. 2
2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly developed.
Pedicels not jointed. 3
Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with
uniform albumen. 5
3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. Stylopod
convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp crustaceous.
Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely in
umbels.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Seemannaralia
Viguier). (Plate 118.) Cussonia Thunb.
Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap.
Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes.
Leaves digitate. 4
4. Stamens as many as the petals.—Species 13. Tropics. (Including
Astropanax Seem., Heptapleurum Gaertn., and Sciadophyllum P. Browne) Schefflera Forst.
HALORRHAGACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 117.
J. Fleischmann del.
Laurembergia repens Berg
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Young fruit. E Young fruit cut lengthwise.
ARALIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 118.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cussonia spicata Thunb.
A Leaf. B Flower-bud. C Flower-bud cut lengthwise. D Inflorescence.
Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of a
cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.—Species
1. Seychelles. Geopanax Hemsl.
5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in spikes or
heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens as
many as the petals. 6
Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or
style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. 7
6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded on the
surface.—Species 30. Tropics. (Including Cuphocarpus Decne. et
Planch. and Tieghemopanax Viguier, under Panax L.) Polyscias Forst.
Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary 2-celled.
Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. Leaves unequally
pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled umbels.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Panax L.) Sciadopanax Seem.
7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, 10-15;
filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.—Species 4. Madagascar
and the neighbouring islands. Gastonia Comm.
Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; filaments
awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles. Indokingia Hemsl.
FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE
Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (Drusa) opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc (stylopod), rarely (Lagoecia) style simple. Fruit dry, usually separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely 2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat cotyledons.—Genera 92, species 410. (APIACEAE.) (Plate 119.)
1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels wanting,
more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. Seeds rather
flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent inwards at the point
and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or fascicled simple umbels or in
racemed false-whorls, rarely (Hermas) in compound umbels. Leaves undivided,
{402}lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely (tribe Coriandreae) with
a woody one, but then oil-channels situated on the inner surface of the
mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this side. Flowers usually in
compound umbels. 6
2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and a
much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting.
Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point.
[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.] 3
Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe
MULINEAE.] 4
3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, stipulate.—Species
15. Some are used medicinally. Hydrocotyle L.
Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal
ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves
exstipulate.—Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are
used medicinally. (Under Hydrocotyle L.) Centella L.
4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels
more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or lanceolate,
with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. Leaves
3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple umbels.—Species
1. Island of Kerguelen. Azorella Lam.
Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. Calyx-teeth
large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed. 5
5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with barbed
prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes
wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple
umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite,
clothed with barbed bristles.—Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under
Bowlesia Ruiz et Pav.) Drusa DC.
Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted or
wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous.
Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals
awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels.
Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.—Species 5. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Hermas L.
6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather long,
rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, or tubercles.
Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the primary ribs,
scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes large. Petals
with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or spikes, which
are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily SANICULOIDEAE.] 7
Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc (stylopod).
{403}Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in the furrows
of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. [Subfamily
APIOIDEAE.] 11
7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or containing a
rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious and fruit with
faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. Oil-channels indistinct
or wanting; in the former case style single. [Tribe LAGOECIEAE.] 8
Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite
or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.] 9
8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in simple umbels
with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica). Lagoecia L.
Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels
or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. Leaves
lobed.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. Arctopus L.
9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit
clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without distinct
ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.—Species 2.
North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. Sanicula L.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with
scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small oil-channels
or without distinct oil-channels. 10
10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually 10
bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb
membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels
indistinct. Leaves undivided.—Species 8. South and Central Africa. Alepidea Laroch.
Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several or
many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each flower.
Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.—Species 15.
North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. Eryngium L.
11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit distinctly developed,
similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more or less distinctly
winged or beset with rows of prickles. 12
Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting. 23
12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe
LASERPITIEAE.] 13
Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more rarely
with bristles or tubercles. 17
13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so on
the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.] 14
Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. Oil-channels
also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the
{404}inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.] 16
14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels only under
the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly notched.—Species 3.
Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally. Tornabenea Parl.
Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire. 15
15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs.
Petals white or reddish.—Species 2. Island of Madeira. The roots
are edible. (Including Monizia Lowe, under Thapsia L.) Melanoselinum Hoffm.
Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary
ribs. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. Thapsia L.
16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels distant.
Petals narrow, yellow.—Species 5. North Africa. Used medicinally. Elaeoselinum Koch
Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly contiguous.
Petals broad, white,.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Under Elaeoselinum Koch) Margotia Boiss.
17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe
SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.] 18
Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds. 21
18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs
prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels
obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.—Species 5. North Africa and mountains
of the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Turgenia Hoffm.) Caucalis L.
Albumen flat at the edge. 19
19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). Primary
ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows of
prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.—Species 1.
North Africa. (Under Daucus L.) Orlaya Hoffm.
Fruit with a narrow commissure. 20
20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. Umbels
of many rays.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Ammiopsis Boiss.
Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. Oil-channels
large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.—Species 9. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under Caucalis L.) Torilis Adans.
21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure.
Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the
inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong,
white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.—Species 1 (C. Cyminum L.).
North Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a
condiment and a medicament. Cuminum L.
Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe
{405}DAUCEAE.] 22
22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly glabrous.
Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 rays.—Species
1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under Daucus L.) Ammodaucus Coss. & Dur.
Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs clothed
with short bristles.—Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; one
species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially
D. Carota L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and medicaments. Daucus L.
23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner
face. 24
Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face. 44
24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each by
several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always
one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe
ECHINOPHOREAE.] 25
Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or
hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded. 26
25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of the male,
which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. Oil-channels
solitary in each furrow.—Species 1. North Africa. The root is edible. Echinophora L.
Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels of the male;
no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow.—Species 1.
Abyssinia. Pycnocycla Lindl.
26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or yellowish-green.
Fruit laterally compressed.—Species 25. North and South
Africa. Some are used medicinally. Bupleurum Tourn.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected. 27
27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.] 28
Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 35
28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and
under the primary ribs. 29
Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards
and notched at the tip. 31
29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals entire
and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few rays.—Species
3. North Africa. Used medicinally. Scandix L.
Fruit with a short beak. 30
30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower part.
Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent
inwards at the tip.—Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them,
the chervil (A. Cerefolium Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used
{406}medicinally. Anthriscus Hoffm.
Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. Petals
broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts numerous.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Under Athamantha L.) Tinguarra Parl.
31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from front to back,
clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, narrow;
besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped.
Petals minute, white.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Caucalis L.) Chaetosciadium Boiss.
Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting. 32
32. Fruit with thread- or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather thin.
Root tuberous. 33
Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large,
solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous. 34
33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to a
single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels
numerous.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Geocaryum Coss. et
Dur., under Chaerophyllum L.) Conopodium Koch
Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre
and involucels of 1-4 bracts.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including
Balansaea Boiss. et Reut., under Chaerophyllum L. or Bunium
Koch). Biasolettia Koch
34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels few-flowered.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Chaerophyllum L.) Physocaulis Tausch.
Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 3. North Africa. One species is
poisonous. Chaerophyllum L.
35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. Oil-channels
only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.] 36
Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all
indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.] 37
36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct ribs.
Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. Calyx
not toothed.—Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. Bifora Hoffm.
Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. Commissure
large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx toothed.—Species
1 (C. sativum L.). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized
in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment and for preparing
an aromatic oil. Coriandrum L.
37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, more or
less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent. 38
Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes
obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more
{407}or less biglobose. 41
38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. Fruit ovoid,
glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards.
Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3.
North-west Africa. Cachrys L.
Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed. 39
39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very narrow,
each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not compressed,
hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments broad.—Species
2. North-west Africa. Magydaris Koch
Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very
narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow. 40
40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much compressed. Oil-channels
1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed by the pericarp.
Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.—Species 1. East Africa. Trachydium Link
Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous.
Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally. Hippomarathrum Lindl.
41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. Pericarp
thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not
toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.—Species 2. North Africa,
Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.” Conium L.
Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin.
Petals long inflexed. 42
42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx toothed.
Petals white.—Species 1. North Africa. Physospermum Cuss.
Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous. 43
43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed.
Petals white. Involucre wanting.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Cyrenaica). (Under Conopodium Koch). Scaligeria DC.
Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments. Smyrnium L.
44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the dorsal
and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much compressed
from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.] 45
Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and seeds
slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.] 57
45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of the
mericarps, distant from the seed. 46
Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed. 52
46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge. 47
Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge or
{408}not distinctly developed. 50
47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal ribs.
Petals white.—Species 1. South Africa. (Pappea Sond. & Harv.) Choritaenia Benth. & Hook.
Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of the
mericarps. 48
48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin.
Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.—Species 2. North Africa.
They yield vegetables and medicaments. Tordylium L.
Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels distinctly
developed. 49
49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a broad oil-channel.
Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the top.—Species 7.
East and North Africa. Malabaila Hoffm.
Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals
white, hairy.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Heracleum
L.) Zozimia Hoffm.
50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually ending
at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the furrows. Dorsal
ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. Calyx toothed.
Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of many bractlets.—Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield edible roots,
fodder, and medicaments. Heracleum L.
Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the fruit.
Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow greenish
or reddish. 51
51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those
of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in.
Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in
the furrows, rarely in pairs.—Species 2. One growing wild in South
Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.”
(Under Peucedanum L.) Pastinaca L.
Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral
umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad.
Marginal wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.—Species 10.
North and East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African
ammoniacum) used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables
or as ornamental plants. Ferula L.
52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or
less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting
in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals
white.—Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots.
(Krubera Hoffm., including Sclerosciadium Koch). Capnophyllum Gaertn.
{409}Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform. 53
53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in
the furrows. Calyx toothed. 54
Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous. 55
54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Astydamia DC.
Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.—Species 1. Egypt. Ducrosia Boiss.
55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals
yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral
umbels male.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Ferula L.) Ferulago Koch
Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral
umbels sometimes male. 56
56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels
solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled
inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.—Species 1.
(A. graveolens L., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (Under Peucedanum
L.) Anethum Tourn.
Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing.
Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.—Species 50. Some
of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including Bubon L.,
Imperatoria Tourn., and Lefeburia A. Rich.) Peucedanum L.
57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure
(plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually
prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe
SESELINAE.] 58
Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs
usually slender, filiform, rarely keel- or wing-like. [Subtribe
CARINAE.] 73
58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel- or wing-like. 59
Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad. 69
59. Ribs wing-like. 60
Ribs keel- or ridge-like. 62
60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under Meum Jacq.) Ligusticum L.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. 61
61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly
wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.—Species
10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (Including
Stenosemis E. Mey.) (Plate 119.) Annesorrhiza Cham. & Schlechtd.
Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy.
Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2.
{410}South Africa. (Under Selinum L.) Cnidium Cuss.
62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened,
spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and
rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow
segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.” Crithmum Tourn.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (Seseli) accompanied by a second
channel in each furrow or one under each rib. 63
63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present. 64
Calyx not toothed. 67
64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point.
Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves
once or twice dissected.—Species 2. South Africa. Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh.
Stem herbaceous. 65
65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped,
compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present.
Leaves thrice dissected.—Species 2. Canary Islands. Todaroa Parl.
Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval. 66
66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly
ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long,
with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves
twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.—Species 3. Central
Africa. Physotrichia Hiern
Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and
with narrow segments.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some
are used in medicine. (Including Libanotis Crantz). Seseli L.
67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp
not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.—Species 2.
North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions.
They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and
serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”. Foeniculum L.
Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp
thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments. 68
68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical.
Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used
medicinally. Phellolophium Bak.
Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid;
furrows broad.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used
medicinally. “Fools parsley.” Aethusa L.
69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels
solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate,
white. Involucels of many bracts.—Species 10. North and South
Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. Oenanthe L.
{411}Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present. 70
70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not
considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face.
Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many
bracts. Leaves with broad segments.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Brignolia Bertol.) Kundmannia Scop.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second
in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish. 71
71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate.
Disc depressed. (See 66.) Seseli L.
Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre
present. Leaves thrice dissected. 72
72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a
keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.—Species
4. North Africa. Used medicinally. Athamanta L.
Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels
thickened.—Species 2. East Africa. Diplolophium Turcz.
73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (Heteromorpha) toothed to dissected,
and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like. 74
Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit
filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like. 77
74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore
none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels
solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Hohenackeria Fisch. & Mey.
Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore
free. 75
75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa. (Franchetella O. Ktze.). Heteromorpha Cham. et Schlechtd.
Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal. 76
76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit
oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in
each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery.
Umbels of few rays, involucrate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Nirarathamnus Balf.
Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire.
Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.) Bupleurum Tourn.
77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed.
Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many
bracts.—Species 7. South Africa. Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schlechtd.
Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs. 78
78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender.
Petals white or reddish. 79
{412}Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 83
79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc
broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly
developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels
present.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Falcaria Host.
Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. 80
80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones
on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the
ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the
styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few
bracts.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Lereschia Boiss.,
under Anthriscus L.) Cryptotaenia DC.
Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc
broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and
lateral. 81
81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.—Species 5. North and Central
Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots. Ammi L.
Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally
notched. 82
82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a
single cotyledon.—Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible.
(Including Diaphycarpus Calestani, partly under Carum L.) Bunium L.
Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo
with 2 cotyledons.—Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar,
and South Africa; one species (C. Carvi L., caraway) also cultivated
elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for
preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous.
Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including Selinopsis
Coss. et Dur., partly under Bunium L.) Carum L.
83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves dissected or the lower lobed. 84
Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (Rhyticarpus) 3, large, but then
shrubs and upper leaves undivided. 85
84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.—Species
7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as
vegetables. (Including Berula Koch) Sium L.
Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.—Species
25. The fruits of P. anisum L., anise, serve as a condiment; other
species are used in medicine. (Including Reutera Boiss.) Pimpinella L.
85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform. 86
Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy. 87
86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the
ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected
{413}with very narrow segments.—Species 7. South and North Africa and
Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
Some species yield condiments. (Tragiopsis Pomel, under Carum L.
or Ptychotis L.) Trachypermum Link
Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs.
Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the
sheath. Umbels of few rays.—Species 10. North and South Africa.
(Deverra DC.) Pituranthos Viv.
87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels
large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white,
straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or
wanting.—Species 7. One of them (A. graveolens L., celery) is used
as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including Helosciadium
Koch). Apium L.
Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond. 88
88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there
in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed
and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Sison L.
Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed,
more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched. 89
89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat
reddish, much inflexed at the tip. 90
Calyx distinctly toothed. 91
90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3
times pinnately dissected.—Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized
in tropical and South Africa. One species (P. sativum Hoffm., parsley)
is used as a pot-herb. (Under Apium L. or Carum L.). Petroselinum Hoffm.
Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow.
Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.—Species 1. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Under Carum L.) Ridolfia Moris.
91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly
inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.—Species 3.
South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for
preparing an intoxicating drink. (Glia Sond., under Lichtensteinia
Cham. & Schlechtd.) Ruthea Bolle
Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip,
rarely shortly inflexed, but then red. 92
92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at
the tip.—Species 1. Madagascar. Anisopoda Bak.
Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed
at the tip. 93
93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transverse
{414}fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.—Species
4. North and South Africa. (Under Carum L., Petroselinum
Hoffm., or Seseli L.) Ptychotis Koch
Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Rhyticarpus Sond.
FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo long.—Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.
1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma
4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite,
in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.—Species 1.
South Africa. Yields timber. [Subfamily CURTISIOIDEAE.] Curtisia Ait.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple,
or styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily
CORNOIDEAE.] 2
2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. Flowers
hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in panicles.—Species
3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.] Melanophylla Bak.
Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.] 3
3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate.
Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves
opposite.—Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). Cornus L.
Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. Anthers
oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers
in panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Kaliphora Hook. fil.
SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE
(SYMPETALAE)
ORDER ERICALES
FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE
Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the base, opening by
UMBELLIFERAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 119.
J. Fleischmann del.
Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.
A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Petal. E Group of fruits. F Fruit. G Cross-section of a mericarp.
ERICACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 120.
J. Fleischmann del.
Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Fruit. E Fruit cut across. F Seed.
{415} two short slits at the top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a short embryo. (Under ERICACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for
making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant. Clethra L.
FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE
Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely (Ficalhoa) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.—Genera 17, species 720. (Including VACCINIACEAE.) (Plate 120.)
1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. Stamens
8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.—Species 8. Azores, Madeira,
East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits.
[Subfamily VACCINIOIDEAE, tribe VACCINIEAE.] Vaccinium L.
Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to the
corolla-tube at the base. 2
2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 10-15
inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.
Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a berry.
Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or lanceolate.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily ARBUTOIDEAE.] 3
Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (Erica) 5-merous,
but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent.
Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent
central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very
rarely trees. 5
3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like appendages.
Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules
axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.—Species 2. North
Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits,
and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.] Arbutus L.
Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct.
{416}Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.] 4
4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of
three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma
finally 5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). Ficalhoa Hiern
Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted
singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire.
Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.—Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are
poisonous or yield wood and medicaments. Agauria DC.
5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed,
deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without
appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled.
Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal
racemes.—Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily
RHODODENDROIDEAE, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.] Daboecia Don
Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but then few-seeded
and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla usually persistent
after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled and linear.
[Subfamily ERICOIDEAE.] 6
6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, but then
1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.] 7
Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.] 12
7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.
Corolla-lobes 4. 8
Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3. 10
8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx unequally
4-cleft or 4-parted.—Species 15. South Africa. (Including Coccosperma
Klotzsch, Lagenocarpus Klotzsch, and Lepterica N. E. Brown). Salaxis Salisb.
Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or -cleft. 9
9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Under Syndesmanthus Klotzsch). Codonostigma Klotzsch
Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.—Species 20. South
Africa. (Including Coilostigma Klotzsch). Scyphogyne Brongn.
10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.—Species
9. South Africa. (Including Aniserica N. E. Brown) Sympieza Lichtenst.
Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted. 11
11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary 1-2-celled.—Species
50. South Africa. (Including Anomalanthus Klotzsch
and Syndesmanthus Klotzsch). Simochilus Hook. & Benth.
Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.—Species 40.
South Africa. (Including Acrostemon Klotzsch, Eremiopsis N. E. Brown,
Grisebachia Klotzsch, Hexastemon Klotzsch, Platycalyx N. E. Brown,
{417}Thamnus Klotzsch, and Thoracosperma Klotzsch). Eremia Don
12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal. 13
Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12. 14
13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. Disc
distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.—Species 6. Tropical
and South Africa. Ericinella Klotzsch
Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Blaeria L.
14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted nearly
to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. Anthers
spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing septicidally,
few-seeded.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Salisb., ling). North-west
Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing materials,
medicaments, and food for bees. Calluna Salisb.
Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing
loculicidally, usually many-seeded. 15
15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts and
bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers terminal.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Plate 120.) Philippia Klotzsch
Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc
usually distinctly developed. 16
16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including the
other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Erica L.) Macnabia Benth.
Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.—Species 480.
South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. Many
species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. (Including
Pentapera Klotzsch). “Heath.” Erica L.
ORDER PRIMULALES
FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE
Trees or shrubs, rarely (Afrardisia) herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary superior, rarely (Maesa) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a long radicle and small cotyledons.—Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)
1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface of the
placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. Stigma
{418}broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.)
[Subfamily MAESOIDEAE.] Maesa Forsk.
Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded.
[Subfamily MYRSINOIDEAE.] 2
2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite,
5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Ardisia Swartz or
Myrsine L.) [Tribe ARDISIEAE.] Heberdenia Banks
Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then
flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.] 3
3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore at the
apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments short.
Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, 5-merous.—Species
6. Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz). Monoporus A. DC.
Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.
4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous.
Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so. 5
Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick. 6
5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; petals white,
equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile
or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral dwarf-shoots.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Myrsine L.) Pleiomeris A. DC.
Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, unequal-sided.
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels or racemes,
5-merous.—Species 10. West Africa. (Under Ardisia Swartz). Afrardisia Mez
6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers unisexual.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Samara L., Pattara Adans.) Embelia Burm.
Petals obviously united below. 7
7. Filaments wanting. 8
Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present. 9
8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible dwarf-shoots.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Myrsine L.) Rapanea Aubl.
Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz or Icacorea
Aubl.) Badula Juss.
9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals imbricate
in bud. Anthers free.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and
Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
fodder plants. Myrsine L.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or panicles.—Species
55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Oncostemon A. Juss.
MYRSINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 121.
J. Fleischmann del.
Maesa lanceolata Forsk.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruiting branch. D Fruit. E Seed. F Seed cut lengthwise.
PRIMULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 122.
J. Fleischmann del.
Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Seed. D Seed cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, 3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo small, axile.—Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)
1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, imbricate
in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers in
terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Used as
vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.] Samolus L.
Ovary superior. 2
2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.] Coris L.
Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly. 3
3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. Ovules
numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers
solitary, radical.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or
medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.] Cyclamen L.
Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous. 4
4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.] 5
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.] 9
5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. 6
Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below. 8
6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under Asterolinum
Link & Hoffmsg.) Pelletiera St. Hil.
Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded. 7
7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at least the
upper ones.—Species 1. North and East Africa. Centuneulus L.
Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species
2. North and East Africa. Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.
8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.” Anagallis L.
Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.—Species 12.
North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as
{420}ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lubinia Vent.) Lysimachia L.
9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the corolla.
Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, deeply cleft,
ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.
Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem creeping.—Species 1.
Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.) Ardisiandra Hook.
Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla.
Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical.
Stem erect, sometimes very short. 10
10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short tube, whitish or
reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, subsessile.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. Androsace L.
Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves
spatulate.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. “Primrose.” Primula L.
FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, 5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)
1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. Inflorescence
usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which usually
bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.] 2
Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the corolla.
Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 bracteoles, one
of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.] 4
2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens
free from the corolla. Undershrubs.—Species 9. Some of them yield
arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. Plumbago L.
Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs. 3
3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped,
pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 2. Abyssinia. Ceratostigma Bunge
Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence
spicate-paniculate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Vogelia
Lam.) (Plate 123.) Dyerophyton O. Ktze.
4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles united nearly
halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Undershrubs.—Species 3.
North Africa. (Bubania Gir.) Limoniastrum Moench
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 5
PLUMBAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 123.
J. Fleischmann del.
Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise.
SAPOTACEAE.
FLOW. Pl. AFR
Pl. 124.
J. Fleischmann del.
Mimusops Kummel Bruce
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Petal, stamen, and staminodes. D Petal from outside. E Anther from outside. F Cross-section of ovary.
5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. Inflorescence
paniculate. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields tanning and
dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an ornamental plant. Goniolimon Boiss.
Stigmas cylindrical or filiform. 6
6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the base.
Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.—Species 10. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.” Armeria Willd.
Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or
remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 60. North
Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are
used for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium
Boiss.) Statice L.
ORDER EBENALES
SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE
FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE
Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. Fruit a berry.—Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)
1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, rarely
with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.] 2
Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.] 4
2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. Appendages
of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous,
affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.—Species 1. Seychelles. Northea Hook. fil.
Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as many
staminodes, or more. 3
3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. Labourdonnesia Boj.
Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark,
a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds,
fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including Baillonella Pierre, Dumoria
A. Chev., Imbricaria Commers., Labramia A. DC., and Tieghemella
{422}Pierre). (Plate 124.) Mimusops L.
4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.] 5
Fertile stamens more than petals. 17
5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small. 6
Staminodes 5 or more. 11
6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of the
branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older
branches.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cryptogyne Hook. fil.
Filaments without a leaf-like appendage. 7
7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the
long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and
enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish
brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped
auricles at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat
distant, connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Gaboon). Delpydora Pierre
Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted. 8
8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually approximate.—Species
20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber
or edible fruits. Chrysophyllum L.
Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves
of the leaves somewhat distant. Trees. 9
9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the segments.
Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; primary
side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species
6. Central Africa. They yield timber. Malacantha Pierre
Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or
shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves
lanceolate or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network
of veins. 10
10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the middle.—Species
6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under Sideroxylon
L.) Sersalisia R. Br.
Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle
or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.—Species 4. Central
Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. Pachystela Pierre
11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled. 12
Ovary 8-12-celled. 16
12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style long.
Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and
narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves
lanceolate, stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Sideroxylon
L.) Bakerisideroxylon Engl.
Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules
{423}attached by the middle or below it. 13
13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. Staminodes
lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small stigma. Seeds
exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 3. Central
Africa. (Including Stironcurum Radlk.) Synsepalum A. DC.
Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards. 14
14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, albuminous.
Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco.
Yields timber (iron-wood) and oil. Argania Roem. & Schult.
Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually
5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary. 15
15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with leaf-like
cotyledons.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands,
and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.
(Including Calvaria Commers. and Sapota A. DC.) Sideroxylon L.
Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons.
(See 10.) Sersalisia R. Br.
16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules
attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed,
with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.—Species 1
(A. Sapota L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a
guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Sapota
Plum.) Achras L.
Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or -parted. Ovary 8-10-celled.
Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular,
with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with
rusty-brown hairs.—Species 1 (B. Parkii Kotschy). Central Africa.
Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat (shea-butter)
from the seeds. (Bassia L.) Butyrospermum Kotschy
17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, 20, or
more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone- or
club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.] 18
Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. Anthers
opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.] 19
18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers
solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes fallen leaves.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Tridesmostemon Engl.
Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped,
Flowers springing from the old wood.—Species 13. West Africa.
They yield timber and a sort of guttapercha. Omphalocarpum Beauv.
19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds albuminous.—Species
1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha. Payena A. DC.
Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species
2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding guttapercha. Palaquium Blanco
{424}
SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE
FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens 23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty albumen. (Under FLACOURTIACEAE.)
Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Hoplestigma Pierre
FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE
Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile embryo.—Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)
1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers 4-merous,
dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.—Species 1. Madagascar. Tetraclis Hiern
Corolla with contorted aestivation. 2
2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla 3-4-lobed.
Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique
at the base.—Species 1. West Africa. Rhaphidanthe Hiern
Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and anthers
oblong or lanceolate. 3
3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1
ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.—Species 20. South and Central
Africa. Some species yield timber. Royena L.
Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only 3.
Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy. 4
4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; in the
latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers 3-merous, more
rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species
20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield
timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.) Maba Forst.
Ovary 4- or 8-16-celled, rarely 2- or 6-celled; in the latter case female
flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous.
Stamens usually 12-20. 5
EBENACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 125.
J. Fleischmann del.
Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.
OLEACEAE
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 126.
J. Fleischmann del.
Schrebera alata Welw.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Group of fruits. D Fruit cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut across.
5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with 2
ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged
after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.—Species 35. Central
and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. Euclea L.
Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, usually
8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently enlarged
after flowering. Stamens usually 16.—Species 75. Tropical and
South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing
materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and medicaments.
(Including Thespesocarpus Pierre). Diospyros Dalech.
FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE
Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into 2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short radicle and thin cotyledons.
Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Afrostyrax Perkins & Gilg
ORDER CONTORTAE
SUBORDER OLEINEAE
FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE
Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc none. Ovary superior, rarely (Fraxinus) naked, 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.—Genera 11, species 120. (Including JASMINEAE.) (Plate 126.)
1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit 2-parted,
but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, white
or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; in the
latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. [Subfamily
JASMINOIDEAE, tribe JASMINEAE.] 2
Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not
2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud or
stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but then
petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily OLEOIDEAE.] 3
2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell- or wheel-shaped, with a
short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules
2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or
{426}pinnatifid.—Species 3. South Africa. Menodora Humb. & Bonpl.
Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs.
Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.—Species 60. Some of them
are used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine). Jasminum L.
3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.—Species 4. North-west
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments.
“Ash.” [Tribe FRAXINEAE.] Fraxinus L.
Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present. 4
4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each
ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers
in panicles. Trees.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Nathusia
Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.] Schrebera Roxb.
Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a
short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate segments;
in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. Leaves
undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.] 5
5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation. 6
Petals all united at the base. 7
6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a long
radicle.—Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.
(Picconia DC.) Notelaea Vent.
Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short
radicle.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber. (Mayepea Aubl.) Linociera Swartz
7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple spikes
or racemes. Shrubs.—Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber
and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. Phillyrea L.
Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation. 8
8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers
in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in
clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some
have edible fruits. Noronhia Stadtmann
Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons.
Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters. 9
9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the margins.
Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in clusters.
Low trees.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa. Dekindtia Gilg
Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening
inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes. 10
10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, and 2-4
seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized
in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the
{427}wood is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.” Ligustrum L.
Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely
2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.—Species 15. Some of them,
especially the olive (O. europaea L.), yield timber, edible fruits, oil, and
medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. Olea L.
SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE
FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 14, species 240. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 127.)
1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens
4. Style simple. [Subfamily BUDDLEIOIDEAE.] 2
Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily LOGANIOIDEAE.] 8
2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting
beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a
transverse line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several
cells.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber. (Plate 127.) Nuxia Lam.
Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather
long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs
consisting of 2 cells. 3
3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted
at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule.
Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a
transverse line. Trees.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. Chilianthus Burch.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting. 4
4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal simple
racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Gomphostigma Turcz.
Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences composed
of cymes. 5
5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit a
globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a
transverse line.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Buddleia L.) Adenoplea Radlk.
{428}Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 6
6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely
2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform.
Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.—Species 2. Madagascar. Adenoplusia Radlk.
Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule. 7
7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate.
Shrubs.—Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Nicodemia Ten.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.—Species 18. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute
for soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. Buddleia L.
8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Corolla
funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit a
capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath.
[Tribe GELSEMIEAE.] 9
Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely
with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud. 10
9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral bracts
united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.—Species 6. Central
Africa. (Under Mostuea Didr.) Coinochlamys Anders.
Flowers without an involucre.—Species 25. Tropics. Mostuea Didr.
10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. Stamens
the same in number. 11
Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in
number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences
terminal and lateral. 12
11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and narrow.
Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit a berry.
Inflorescences terminal.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe FRAGRAEEAE.]. Anthocleista Afz.
Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.—Species 10 Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.] Geniostoma Forst.
12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the others
and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary 2-celled
with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing
shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.] Usteria Willd.
Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5. 13
13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in the upper
leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa. Retzia Thunb.
LOGANIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 127.
J. Fleischmann del.
Nuxia Autunesii Gilg
A Flowering branch. B Flower (from which the anthers have fallen off excepting one). C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary cut lengthwise.
GENTIANACEAE.
FLOW PL. AFR.
Pl. 128.
J. Fleischmann. del.
Chironia transvaalensis Gilg
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.
Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules several
or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved—Species
110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others
edible fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including
Brehmia Harv. and Ignatia L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] Strychnos L.
FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (Canscora) somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely (Erythraea) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Chironia) a berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.—Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)
1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or yellow.
Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with little
intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all radical,
broad-cordate. [Subfamily MENYANTHOIDEAE.] 2
Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not compressed
from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. [Subfamily
GENTIANOIDEAE.] 3
2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. Flowers
panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. Villarsia Vent.
Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers
fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as
ornamental or medicinal plants. Limnanthemum Gmel.
3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary,
terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers
included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma
entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Voyria Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] Leiphaimos Cham. & Schlechtd.
Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but
then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted.
Seeds with copious albumen. 4
4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. Calyx
4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Filaments
{430}inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the base.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.—Species 1. West Africa. Used
medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] Schultesia Mart.
Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5
5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather
large. 9
6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into
slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of the
corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with a short
and wide tube. Calyx winged.—Species 12. Tropics. Used as ornamental
plants. Exacum L.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small
glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less
elongated tube. 7
7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the
sinuses between the corolla-lobes.—Species 80. South Africa and
tropics. Some are used medicinally. Sebaea R. Br.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the corolla-tube.
Flowers 5-merous. 8
8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not winged.
Small plants with small flowers.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Sebaea R. Br.) Lagenias E. Mey.
Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube,
Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. (Parasia Rafin., including Exochaenium Griseb., under
Sebaea R. Br.) Belmontia E. Mey.
9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the placentas.
Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10
Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12
10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains smooth.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as medicinal
or ornamental plants. Erythraea L. C. Rich.
Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or
netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11
11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. Pollen-grains
tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered
panicles with large bracts.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Ixanthus Griseb.
Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. Anthers
included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered
cymes.—Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are used in
medicine. Tachiadenus Griseb.
12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; tube
very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.—Species 35.
{431}Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Sweertia L.
Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion of the
stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13
13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely
contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different
heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains
smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.—Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally. Canscora Lam.
Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14
14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between the
corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short
tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small,
decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Canscora Lam.) Schinziella Gilg
Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15
15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a short
tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched
branches. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species 2. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Chlora L.
Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16
16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube,
usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling
at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.—Species 3.
Southern Central Africa. Pycnosphaera Gilg
Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17
17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains smooth.
Herbs. 18
Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21
18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx 8-12-ribbed.
Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes
or corymbs.—Species 8. Central Africa. Neurotheca Salisb.
Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers
small. 19
19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below the
middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.—Species 10. Central
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Faroa Welw.
Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf
herbs. 20
20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long tube
and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Cicendia Adans.
Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla with a
rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or notched.—Species
{432}1. North-west Africa. Microcala Link & Hoffmsg.
21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle of the
corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains smooth.
Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles.
Herbs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
(Hippion Spreng.) Enicostemma Blume
Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and
twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22
22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. Herbs.
(See 10.) Erythraea L. C. Rich.
Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather
short. 23
23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla
present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. Orphium E. Mey.
Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and
corolla absent.—Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa,
and Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Plocandra E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) Chironia L.
FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE
Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, or 2, rarely (Pleiocarpa) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided with a wing or a tuft of hairs.—Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)
1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged
at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the
right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
ECHITIDOIDEAE.] 2
Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers without
tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged into tails, but then
fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping
to the left. Seeds usually without a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
{433}PLUMIEROIDEAE.] 22
2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe PARSONSIEAE.] 3
Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the corolla-tube.
[Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7
3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short tube
without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments twisted
around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining shrubs.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dewevrella De Wild.
Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4
4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10
confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.—Species 1. Northern
West Africa. Malouetia A. DC.
Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5
5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10—20 glands. Corolla glabrous at the
throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. Seeds with
a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining shrubs.—Species
3. West Africa. Isonema R. Br.
Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with
scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs
or trees. 6
6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the
base.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Wrightia R. Br.) Pleioceras Baill.
Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft
of hairs.—Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. Wrightia R. Br.
7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx without
glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually funnel-shaped;
segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8
Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9
8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc 5-lobed or
replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex.—Species
15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. Pachypodium Lindl.
Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered cymes.—Species
13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an arrow-poison.
(Idaneum O. Ktze.) Adenium Roem. & Schult.
9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10
Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings lower
down in the tube. 13
10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, 15-crenate corona.
Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to the left. Calyx without
glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs. Erect
{434}shrubs. Flowers small.—Species 1. East Africa. Stephanostema K. Schum.
Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the base. Corolla-segments
nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary almost superior
or half-inferior. 11
11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx without
glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted on the
lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-parted.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. Flowers
small.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. Oncinotis Benth.
Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with
usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12
12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not tailed segments,
white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. Mericarps at
first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an apical tuft of
hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, narrow, densely
veined. Flowers large.—Species 1 (N. Oleander L.). North Africa.
A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used as an
ornamental plant. Nerium L.
Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed segments.
Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. Seeds with a
basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually opposite,
with axillary glands.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. (Including Roupellia Baill. and Zygonerion Baill.) Strophanthus P. DC.
13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with scales
in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at the
base. Twining shrubs. 14
Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, usually
large and without scales in the tube. 18
14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, the
segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened
above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head
conical. Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in
terminal cymes.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. Beaumontia Wall.
Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case corolla-segments
long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, or with closely
set nerves and with axillary glands. 15
15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with 10 longitudinal
ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. Ovules 4 in
each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary glands.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. Pycnobotrya Benth.
Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules numerous
{435}in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary glands. 16
16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, feathery mucro
at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 longitudinal ridges
inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic head spindle-shaped, with
2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 5. West
Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species yields rubber. Motandra A. DC.
Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an
apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the
insertion of the stamens. 17
17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes as long as or
shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, crowned by a
2-cleft point.—Species 5. Central Africa. Zygodia Benth.
Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in few-flowered
cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, usually
narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft of
hairs.—Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields
rubber. (Including Codonura K. Schum., Guerkea K. Schum., and
Perinerion Baill.) Baissea A. DC.
18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. Stipules
usually present. 19
Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees.
Stipules absent. 20
19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled—Species 1. West
Africa. (Under Alafia Thouars). Holalafia Stapf
Ovaries 2, free.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including Ectinocladus Benth.) Alafia Thouars
20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments.
Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Ochronerium Baill.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free. 21
21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white or
yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid.
Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal awn.—Species
3. Central Africa. One of them (F. elastica Stapf, Ireh-tree)
yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under Kickxia Blume) Funtumia Stapf
Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, usually
red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head oblong.
Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 30.
Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and
rubber. Mascarenhasia A. DC.
22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe ARDUINEAE.] 23
Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part only,
{436}styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33
23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24
Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29
24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, much widened
above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens inserted
somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, spinous,
2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect shrubs.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and medicinal
plant. Allamanda L.
Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit
a berry. 25
25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate albumen. Erect
shrubs or trees.—Species 5. West Africa. Used medicinally. (Iboga
Schum.) Tabernanthe Baill.
Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and
with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining
shrubs, more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26
26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, usually
hairy. Calyx without glands.—Species 35. Central Africa. Some
species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including Sclerodictyon Pierre) Carpodinus R. Br.
Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style
short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27
27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or bent back
in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. Pericarp
woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). (Under Landolphia Beauv.) Vahadenia Stapf
Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28
28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16;
placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.—Species 25. Central
Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including Aphanostylis Pierre
and Cylindropsis Pierre). (Plate 129.) Clitandra Benth.
Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren
shoots and then apparently lateral.—Species 45. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from
which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including Ancylobothrys
Pierre and Vahea Lam.) Landolphia Beauv.
29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules numerous,
in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted in the
upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading berries.
{437}Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. Flowers in
terminal false umbels.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.) Picralima Pierre
Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30
30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens
inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.—Species
1. Madagascar. Craspidosperma Boj.
Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31
31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear.
Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic
head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Cyclocotyla Stapf
Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head
crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few
axillary glands or without glands. 32
32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences
axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 4. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental
plants. (Toxicophloea Harv.) Acocanthera Don
Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal
or pseudo-axillary.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge
plants. (Arduina Mill., Carandas Adans.) Carissa L.
33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34
Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42
34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe
CERBERINAE.] 35
Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Leaves
opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38
35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves
opposite or whorled.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. Ochrosia Juss.
Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Calyx-segments
pointed. Leaves alternate. 36
36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a
carpel.—Species 1 (Th. neriifolia Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds yield oil. Thevetia L.
Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4
in a carpel. 37
37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp
{438}not fibrous.—Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison. Tanghinia Thouars
Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, deciduous. Corolla-tube
constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. Pericarp fibrous.—Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields oil, poison,
and medicaments. Cerbera L.
38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the calyx obscure
or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves remotely-nerved,
usually whorled.—Species 4. Madagascar. (Gynopogon Forst.) Alyxia R. Br.
Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or
without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39
39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the base.
Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at the base.
Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with numerous
axillary glands, usually whorled.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. Rauwolfia L.
Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly perceptible
axillary glands or without glands. 40
40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in a 2-cleft
point. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous albumen.
Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. Central Africa. Hunteria Roxb.
Calyx without basal glands. 41
41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. Carpels 2.
Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, exalbuminous;
embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. Leaves
opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa.
One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish. Diplorrhynchus Welw.
Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels 2-5.
Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous albumen;
embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in axillary,
rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.—Species 13. Central
Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison. Pleiocarpa Benth.
42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually indehiscent.
[Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43
Calyx without basal glands, rarely (Holarrhena) the inner sepals with glands,
the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe ALSTONIINAE.] 52
43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. Anthers
more or less sagittate. 44
Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed
at the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to
{439}the left. 48
44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted above
the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc usually
distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 15. Tropical
and South-east Africa. (Orchipeda Blume, Piptolaena Harv., under
Tabernaemontana L.) Voacanga Thouars
Sepals free or nearly so. 45
45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle
of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc adnate
to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, in two rows.
Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers
small.—Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. Schizozygia Baill.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves
stipulate. 46
46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers
obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers
large, white.—Species 6. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Callichilia Stapf
Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens.
Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47
47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near its base.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.—Species 8. West
Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Gabunia K. Schum.
Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or erect
shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.—Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, rubber,
edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; some
are poisonous. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Conopharyngia Don
48. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards in the
bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49
Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc
none. 50
49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming an
involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Calocrater K. Schum.
Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an involucre.
Erect or twining shrubs.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Crioceras Pierre
50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps 3-winged,
not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands and
stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.) Pterotaberna Stapf
{440}Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51
51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands and
stipules present.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other
naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.) Ervatamia Stapf
Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules absent.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Carpodinus R. Br. or Picralima
Pierre) Polyadoa Stapf
52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. Ovules in
two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53
Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54
53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament inflexed;
connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of hairs.
Corolla blue.—Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the other
naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Used
as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” Vinca L.
Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very
short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head
glabrous. Corolla white or pink.—Species 3; two natives of Madagascar,
the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used
as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under Vinca L.) Lochnera Reichb.
54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with long,
curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. East
Africa. Carvalhoa K. Schum.
Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short
tails or without tails. 55
55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens
inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species
3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve
also as ornamental plants. (Plumeria Willd.) Plumeria L.
Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56
56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules
in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. Twining
shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 5. Madagascar. Some are
poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. Plectaneia Thouars
Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion of the
stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a continuous
ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57
57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in the upper
part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a membranous
APOCYNACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 129.
J. Fleischmann del.
Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 130.
J. Fleischmann del.
Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (a corona-lobe, b pollen-carrier). C Corolla-segment and corona-lobes. D Fruit. E Seed.
margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in
terminal, many-flowered panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. Stephanostegia Baill.
Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the throat. 58
58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow. Stamens
inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with an apical
tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, herbaceous,
exstipulate.—Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber or
medicaments. Holarrhena R.Br.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 59
59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with short,
pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, stipulate,
without axillary glands. (See 46.) Gabunia K. Schum,.
Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Anthers not tailed. 60
60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers acuminate.
Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar
and Comoro Islands. Ellertonia Wight
Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs.
Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 61
61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat; lobes auricled
at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure side-nerves.
Flowers in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields
timber and an aromatic oil. Gonioma E. Mey.
Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous side-nerves.
Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.—Species 1.
Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like
resin, and medicaments. Alstonia R. Br.
FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE
Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free, superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on a ventral placenta, very rarely (Emicocarpus) with 1-2 ovules. Styles 2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the pollen is{442} attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a short radicle.—Genera 118, species 1100. (Including PERIPLOCACEAE). (Plate 130.)
1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each. Pollen-carriers
spoon- or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave blade
holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its base. Filaments
usually free. [Subfamily PERIPLOCOIDEAE, tribe PERIPLOCEAE.] 2
Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses. Pollen-carriers
not spoon- or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central body and
two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the pollen-masses
are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting.
[Subfamily CYNANCHOIDEAE.] 29
2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base. 3
Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes
decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens. 16
3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads. 4
Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base. 9
4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. 5
Corona distinctly developed. 6
5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers ovate-oblong.
Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes or
panicles.—Species 2. East Africa. (Including Macropelma Schum.
and Sacleuxia Baill.) Gymnolaema Benth.
Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers
linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa. Baseonema Schlecht. & Rendle
6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly to the
base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous, usually
with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves cordate,
connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences axillary.—Species
2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. Chlorocodon Hook. fil.
Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with
glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect. 7
7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the base
or cleft at the top.—Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber,
poison, or medicaments. (Including Parquetina Baill. and Socotora
Balf. fil.) Periploca L.
Anthers glabrous. 8
8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or on
axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to the
base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.—Species 1. Equatorial East
{443}Africa. (Pleurostelma Schlecht., under Tacazzea Decne.) Schlechterella K. Schum.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground
part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly to
the base, but then inflorescences terminal.—Species 30. Central and
South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Raphionacme Harv.,
including Gonocrypta Baill., Kompitsia Cost. et Gall., and Mafekingia
Baill.) Raphiacme Harv.
9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark purple.
Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a large
toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. (Including Perithrix Pierre). Batesanthus N. E. Brown
Corona distinctly developed. 10
10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. 11
Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. 13
11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like appendage
at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently spreading
reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 7. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including Baroniella Cost. et Gall.) Camptocarpus Decne.
Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with a small
appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or spoon-shaped.
Leaves lanceolate. 12
12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous, trigonous
appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered axillary
cymes.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Tanulepis Balf. fil.
Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head
conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Madagascar. Symphytonema Schlecht.
13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.) Periploca L.
Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear. 14
14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally two-cleft
at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary panicles.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Harpanema Decne.
Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3
filiform branches. 15
15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no lobules within
them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade. Corolla greenish.
Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves oblong-obovate.—Species 1.
South-east Africa. (Under Raphionacme Harv,.) Chlorocyathus Oliv.
Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them. Pollen-carriers
with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or
panicles.—Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species
are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including
{444}Leptopaetia Harv.) (Plate 130.) Tacazzea Decne.
16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments. Corona-lobes
awl-shaped. 17
Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. 18
17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped, with scales at the
throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective. Ovary superior.
Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or lanceolate.—Species 2.
South Africa. Ectadium E. Mey.
Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or
violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage.
Ovary half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves
oblong to ovate.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also
cultivated in Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments,
and serve as ornamental plants. Cryptostegia R. Br.
18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5 obcordate scales.
Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like point.—Species 1.
Central Africa. Omphalogonus Baill.
Corona simple. 19
19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals
acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long,
awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered
panicles.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Socotranthus O.
Ktze.) Cochlanthus Balf. fil.
Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft. 20
20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base. 21
Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base. 23
21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes thread-shaped.
Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or alternate,
linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). (Under Tacazzea Decne.) Aechmolepis Decne.
Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical. 22
22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow segments.
Corona-lobes thread- or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves in
clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Mitolepis Balf. fil.
Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs;
underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.) Raphiacme Harv.
23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short corolla-tube
opposite the segments. Stem twining.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under Pentopetia Decne.) Pentopetiopsis Cost. & Gall.
Corona-lobes long and narrow. 24
24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes. 25
Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell- or wheel-shaped. 26
25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous
{445}shrubs. Leaves whorled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Ischnolepis Jum. & Perr.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining
shrubs.—Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species
yields rubber. (Under Tacazzea Decne.) Pentopetia Decne.
26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments.
Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in terminal and axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake
Ngami. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) Stomatostemma N. E. Brown
Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses. 27
27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and narrow segments.
Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an orbicular
blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) Curroria Planch.
Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or
oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered
cymes or panicles. 28
28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments united
at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem
twining. Inflorescences lax.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
One species yields a dye. (Including Acustelma Baill.). Cryptolepis R. Br.
Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud.
Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade.
Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.—Species 10. Central and
South Africa. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.) Ectadiopsis Benth.
29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers, pendulous
from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.] 30
Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached to
the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely (Tylophora)
an almost pendulous position. 75
30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.] 31
Corona distinctly developed. 34
31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without glands.
Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments short.
Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin. Twining
shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually
many-flowered cymes or umbels.—Species 10. South Africa. Microloma R. Br.
Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or wanting;
in the latter case filaments none and flowers small. 32
32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers or
wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or tubercled
within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps thick or rather
{446}thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in usually few-flowered
cymes.—Species 10. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including Haemax
E. Mey. and Microstephanus N. E. Brown). Astephanus R. Br.
Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval. 33
33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small
shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.—Species 1.
Northern East Africa. Podostelma K. Schum.
Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or
rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged,
umbel-like cymes.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under Tylophora R. Br.) Tylophoropsis N. E. Brown
34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube, but
sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.] 35
Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube. 43
35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate scales.
Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate or widely
campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation. Twining herbs or
undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or racemes.—Species 2.
Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as ornamental plants,
and in medicine. Oxystelma R. Br.
Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 36
36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle. 37
Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or
wanting. 38
37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within, with
distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the alternating
2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic head with
5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting.
Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.—Species 2. Madagascar. Vohemaria Buchen.
Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost campanulate;
segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation. Corona
of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or slightly
concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs. Leaves
lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Nile-lands
and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under Cynanchum L.) Solenostemma Hayne
38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered
cymes. 39
Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands
at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs. 41
39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside.
Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.—Species
1. Naturalized in the island of Madeira. Araujia Brot.
{447}Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs. 40
40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining undershrubs.—Species
2. West Africa. Prosopostelma Baill.
Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps
thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.—Species
7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Glossonema Decne.
41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear divisions. Stigmatic
head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.
Northern East Africa. (Under Glossonema Decne.) Conomitra Fenzl
Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong. 42
42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the anther-appendages.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Parapodium E. Mey.) Rhombonema Schlecht.
Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the anther-appendages.—Species
2. South Africa. Parapodium E. Mey.
43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up. Corolla with
contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CYNANCHINAE.] 44
Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate
aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining
or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE]. 60
44. Corona double. 45
Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or
within the lobes. 51
45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles. Twining
or procumbent shrubs. 46
Leaves well developed. 49
46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate aestivation. Outer
corona cupular, entire or lobed. 47
Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small,
white or yellow. 48
47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely lobed.
Stigmatic head 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar. Platykeleba N. E. Brown
Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic
head entire.—Species 1. Madagascar. Decanemopsis Cost. & Gall.
48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above. Corolla
yellow. Mericarps very long.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mauritius.
Used medicinally. Decanema Decne.
Outer corona short, ring- or cup-shaped, entire or shortly lobed.—Species
8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky juice of some
species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield resin. (Including
Sarcocyphula Harv.) Sarcostemma R. Br.
49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate, with
{448}glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly. Twining shrubs.
Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.—Species
5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (Pergularia L.) Daemia R. Br.
Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers
in few-flowered umbels or fascicles. 50
50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top
and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species
1. East Africa. Diplostigma K. Schum.
Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head without a
distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. Tropics.
Used medicinally. Pentatropis Wight & Arn.
51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens. 52
Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens. 54
52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose. Mericarps
linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in terminal
panicles.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Nanostelma Baill.
Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining
or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs. 53
53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers. Stigmatic
head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves
small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Pleurostelma Baill.
Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining or
procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.) Sarcostemma R. Br.
54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head conical.
Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining shrubs.
Flowers in axillary umbels.—Species 3. Central Africa. (Under
Cynanchum L.) Perianthostelma Baill.
Corona not corolla-like. 55
55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or undershrubs. 56
Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire. 58
56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head
pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs.
Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Cynanchum L.) Flanagania Schlecht.
Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a
boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers
in umbels or racemes. Stem twining. 57
57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical appendage.
Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 5.
South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. Pentarrhinum E. Mey.
Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed. Flowers
{449}in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.) Pentatropis Wight & Arn.
58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong,
with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under
Cynanchum L. or Vincetoxicum Moench). Schizostephanus Hochst.
Staminal column short or wanting. 59
59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla campanulate or
urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses. Corona entire or 5-lobed.
Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped. Erect herbs.
Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Pycnoneurum Decne.
Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel- or raceme-like inflorescences.—Species
40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or medicaments.
(Including Cynoctonum E. Mey., Endotropis Endl., and Vincetoxicum
Moench) Cynanchum L.
60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped. Erect
plants. 61
Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled. 66
61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic
head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal
glands. Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves
narrow. Inflorescences umbel-like.—Species 10. Central and South
Africa. (Under Asclepias L.) Stathmostelma K. Schum.
Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate. 62
62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the apex.
Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with
many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps
inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.—Species 2.
Central and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre,
vegetable silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. Calotropis R. Br.
Corona-lobes not spurred. 63
63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from the
cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base.
Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences
umbel-like.—Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species
naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the
bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several
serve as ornamental plants. Asclepias L.
Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with
scale- or tooth-like appendages at the base. 64
64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small teeth. Sepals
pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually flat.—Species 110.
Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. (Including Krebsia Harv. and Pachycarpus E. Mey., under
{450}Asclepias L.) Gomphocarpus L.
Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base. Sepals
without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences. 65
65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by their basal
appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves ovate.—Species
3. South and Central Africa. Woodia Schlecht.
Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head
elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments
with recurved tips. Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Schizoglossum E. Mey.) Stenostelma Schlecht.
66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row 3-lobed or
3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in the bud.
Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or corymbs.
Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs. 67
Corona simple. 68
67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in three spines.
Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed.—Species
1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay). (Lobostephanus N. E.
Brown). Emicocarpus K. Schum. & Schlecht.
Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform
or linear-hastate.—Species 5. South Africa. Eustegia R. Br.
68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes, spatulate.
Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals with many glands
at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical. Erect herbs with a
tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in umbels.—Species 6.
Central Africa. Margaretta Oliv.
Corona-lobes not petal-like. 69
69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy, and
then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single keel on
the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth. Stigmatic
head low. Erect plants. 70
Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2
appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs. 71
70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils. Flowers
in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands. Corolla
campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly within.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. Kanahia R. Br.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers
in umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.—Species 45. Central
and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in
medicine. (Including Glossostelma Schlecht.) Xysmalobium R. Br.
71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands at the
{451}base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or umbonate.
Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes.
(See 34.) Oxystelma R. Br.
Corolla deeply divided. 72
72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak 2-lobed
at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow. Sepals
awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes.
Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Oncinema Arn.) Glossostephanus E. Mey.
Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals
with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely procumbent. 73
73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with a
transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate,
with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves linear.—Species
5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including Periglossum
Decne.) Cordylogyne E. Mey.
Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate. 74
74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base. Corolla
white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective fringed.
Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base, but without
keels. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. Fanninia Harv.
Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually with
2 keels on the inner face.—Species 120. South and Central Africa
(Including Aspidoglossum E. Mey., Lagarinthus E. Mey., and Mackenia
Harv.) Schizoglossum E. Mey.
75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each pollen-carrier), very
small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale, rather soft. Anthers
with a more or less fringed appendage at the top. Corona, at least the
inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or
terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.] 76
Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier).
Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe TYLOPHOREAE.] 78
76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow, urceolate,
with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields rubber. Secamonopsis Jum.
Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla rotate. 77
77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate
to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes
5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Poisonous. Menabea Baill.
Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.—Species 45.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including
{452}Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.) Secamone R. Br.
78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage at the apex.
Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe MARSDENIINAE.] 79
Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any
appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation.
[Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.] 93
79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs. 80
Corona present. 81
80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within; segments
overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical. Mericarps
short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches erect or procumbent,
downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony.) Rhyssolobium E. Mey.
Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments overlapping
to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers ciliate-laciniate.
Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps long, smooth.
Branches twining, glabrous.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Trichosandra Decne.
81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting of 5 scales.
Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs. Leaves
ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.—Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa. Yields fibre. Gymnema R. Br.
Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. 82
82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous. 83
Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with appendages
on the inner face. 85
83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and consisting
of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like
cymes.—Species 1. Southern East Africa. Swynnertonia S. Moore
Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens. 84
84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona
ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Oncostemma K. Schum.
Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation.
Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers in
globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.—Species 2.
West Africa. Anisopus N. E. Brown
85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large
inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very
small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary
glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves
narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle- or corymb-like cymes.—Species
10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. Fockea Endl.
{453}Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged. 86
86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate,
with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps thick.
Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.—Species 3.
Tropical and South Africa. (Prageluria N. E. Brown, under Pergularia
L.) Telosma Coville
Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes
with a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back. 87
87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate, without
glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base. Stigmatic
head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous
rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.—Species 1. Southeast
Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible. Macropetalum Burch.
Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or
herbs without a tuberous rootstock. 88
88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla
rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick, villous.
Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in cymes.—Species
1. Madagascar. Pervillaea Decne.
Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging. 89
89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually
tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate.
Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a
central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.—Species 25. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Tylophora R. Br.
Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps
usually thick. 90
90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced into
a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary
glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves
leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 3. West Africa.
(Under Secamone R. Br. or Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.) Rhynchostigma Benth.
Filaments united up to the anthers. 91
91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head beaked.
Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate,
with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical,
herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under
Marsdenia R. Br.) Traunia K. Schum.
Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube. 92
92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped; tube
widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves
leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.—Species 5. Madagascar. They
are used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable
{454}silk. Stephanotis Thouars
Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves herbaceous. Flowers small or
of moderate size.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield rubber or serve as vegetables. (Including Dregea E. Mey.
and Pterygocarpus Hochst.) Marsdenia R. Br.
93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles or rows of
tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or wanting.
Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with solitary
glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip. Stigmatic
head flat or ending in a small boss. 94
Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (Ceropegia) fleshy, but then leafy or
obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at least
when young. 106
94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into several-ranked
areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or campanulate,
cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the base.—Species
7. East Africa. Echidnopsis Hook. fil.
Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny
or bristly. 95
95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with 6;
in this case with 3-parted spines. 96
Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles. Spines
or other appendages of the tubercles simple. 98
96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla tube- or
funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided into 10
filiform segments terminating in knobs.—Species 2. South Africa and
southern West Africa. (Tavaresia Welw.) Decabelone Decne.
Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer- or cup-shaped. Outer corona
of 5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct. 97
97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers large.
Corolla slightly lobed.—Species 10. South and Central Africa. Hoodia Sweet
Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla
lobed to about halfway.—Species 12. South Africa and southern
Central Africa. Trichocaulon N. E. Brown
98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.—Species 5. South
Africa. Used as vegetables. Pectinaria Haw.
Corolla-segments free at the tip. 99
99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes. 100
Corona double or triple. 101
100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy, inside
red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal crest:—Species
1. South Africa to Damaraland. (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). Huerniopsis N. E. Brown
Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond the
middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the base.—Species
{455}10. South Africa. Piaranthus R. Br.
101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of the corolla-tube.
Corolla campanulate, hairy.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Diplocyathus N. E. Brown
Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of the
corolla, or wanting. 102
102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third (outermost) ring-shaped.
Corolla rotate.—Species 20. South Africa to Lake Ngami.
Some are used as ornamental plants. Duvalia Haw.
Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring- or cup-shaped and more or
less deeply divided. 103
103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more or
less distinctly lobed or cleft.—Species 30. South and Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Huernia R. Br.) Huernia R. Br.
Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes. 104
104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case (as
usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines or
teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs, more
rarely in clusters.—Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Podanthes Decne.) Stapelia L.
Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case outer
corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to the
base. 105
105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset with
short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla
purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs.
Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown
spines.—Species 2. Northern East Africa. Edithcolea N. E. Brown
Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size.
Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.—Species 30. Some of them
are used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous.
(Including Apteranthes Mik. and Boucerosia Wight et Arn.) Caralluma R. Br.
106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel- or salver-shaped; tube long and
narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at the tip,
at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very rarely
small. Herbs or undershrubs. 107
Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide;
lobes rarely cohering at the tip. 109
107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with a
small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes.
Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Barrowia
Decne.) Orthanthera Wight
Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes
cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple,
{456}but then anthers without an apical appendage. 108
108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small appendage
at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds. Twining
plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers long-stalked,
in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.—Species 8. South
and East Africa. Riocreuxia Decne.
Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without an
apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in
fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or
panicles, then short-stalked.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa
and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve
as ornamental plants. Ceropegia L.
109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses, sometimes
with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column.
Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy.
Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers
small.—Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield
fibre. Leptadenia R. Br.
Corona inserted on the stamens. 110
110. Corona simple. 111
Corona double or triple. 114
111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base. Corolla
almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect herbs.
Leaves broad. Flowers very small.—Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal). (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) Aulostephanus Schlecht.
Corona of 5 free lobes. 112
112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses minute,
orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining plants.
(See 89.) Tylophora R. Br.
Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs. 113
113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted
aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Sphaerocodon Benth.
Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves linear.—Species
10. South Africa. Sisyranthus E. Mey.
114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect, the innermost
the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining
plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Neoschumannia Schlecht.
Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely
twining, but then flowers in fascicles. 115
115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer. 116
Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer. 118
116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla campanulate,
{457}blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation. Flowers solitary,
small. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Amboland). Craterostemma K. Schum.
Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled. 117
117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched. Flowers
small.—Species 2. South Africa. (Under Anisotome Fenzl or Brachystelma
R. Br.) Decaceras Harv.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem simple.—Species
5. South and East Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br. or
Tenaris E. Mey.) Lasiostelma Benth.
118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft. 119
Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses
disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate. 123
119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers solitary
or fascicled.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R.
Br., Dichaelia Harv., or Lasiostelma Benth.) Brachystelmaria Schlecht.
Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy. 120
120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually in
racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers
usually with a short appendage at the apex.—Species 5. Central and
South Africa. Tenaris E. Mey.
Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary
or in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage. 121
121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow, with
ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) Tapeinostelma Schlecht.
Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. 122
122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear. Inner
corona-lobes subulate.—Species 2. South Africa. (Lophostephus
Harv.) Anisotome Fenzl
Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.—Species 2.
South Africa. Emplectanthus N. E. Brown
123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.) Dichaelia Harv.
Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the tip.—Species
35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.
(Including Micraster Harv.) Brachystelma R. Br.
ORDER TUBIFLORAE
SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE
FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE
Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, exstipulate, rarely (Ipomoea) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestiva{458}tion. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely (Humbertia) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.—Genera 34, species 450. (Plate 131.)
1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. Leaves
reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. Corolla
imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary completely
or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, without
cotyledons.—Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, several
are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.] Cuscuta L.
Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely (Cressa)
imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or slightly curved,
with 2 cotyledons. 2
2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit 1-seeded,
ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Nephrophyllum A. Rich.) Hygrocharis Hochst.
Calyx distinctly developed. 3
3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the lobes
of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary.
Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.] 4
Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (Rapona) united below, but then ovules 2,
style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining. 5
4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly free.
Leaves kidney-shaped.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also
naturalized in the Island of Madeira. Dichondra Forst.
Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently united
below.—Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia. Falkia L. f.
5. Styles 2, free or united below. 6
Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single stigma. 16
6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Twining
shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.] 7
Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. Ovules 4.
[Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.] 10
7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with plicate
aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc large,
cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.
Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.—Species 1. Madagascar. Rapona Baill.
Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled,
{459}with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the base. 8
8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla
deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style
2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons). Dipteropeltis Hallier
Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely
or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas
capitate or peltate. 9
9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit much
enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. Ovary
incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.—Species 2. West Africa. Neuropeltis Wall.
Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the fruit.
Stigmas capitate.—Species 2. East Africa. Porana Burm.
10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply cleft.
Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves. 11
Flowers hermaphrodite. 12
11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much larger than
the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.—Species 4. Northern East
Africa. Hildebrandtia Vatke
Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base.
Seeds 2. Branches stiff.—Species 2. Northern East Africa. Cladostigma Radlk.
12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves small.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa. Evolvulus L.
Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs. 13
13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals subequal.
Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit 1-seeded.
Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers in
terminal spikes.—Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used
medicinally. Cressa L.
Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded in
bud. 14
14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous,
broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more
or less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs.
Leaves small.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Breweria R. Br.) Seddera Hochst.
Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy
at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves
large or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or
terminal panicles. 15
15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat smaller,
not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit 4-seeded.—Species
{460}10. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.) Bonamia Thouars
Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the outer,
enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell- or pitcher-shaped. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
12. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.) Prevostea Choisy
16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than the
inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla
small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary
1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate.—Species
2. Madagascar. Cardiochlamys Oliv.
Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in
terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more. 17
17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much exserted.
Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber. Humbertia Lam.
Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 18
18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below
upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included.
Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.] 19
Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal
midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves. 26
19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition. 20
Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Merremia) 4-celled. 22
20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after flowering.
Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit one-seeded,
indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.
East Africa (Somaliland). Hyalocystis Hallier
Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved. 21
21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves
ovate-cordate. Bracts small.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Shutereia Choisy). Hewittia Wight & Arn.
Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs.
Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.—Species 5.
North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks
or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Convolvulus
L.) Calystegia R. Br.
22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without well-defined
midpetaline areas.—Species 70. Some of them yield an
essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal
plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including Rhodorrhiza Webb et Berth.) Convolvulus L.
Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose. 23
23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla with
well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or reddish.
Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs or
{461}under-shrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
vegetables. (Plate 131.) Jacquemontia Choisy
Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow. 24
24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and decurrent
on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, entire,
hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc obscure.
Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Under Ipomoea L.) Aniseia Choisy
Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like. 25
25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without dark
lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.—Species
6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Merremia Dennst. or
Ipomoea L.) Operculina Manso
Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas
usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a substitute
for coffee. (Under Convolvulus L. or Ipomoea L.) Merremia Dennst.
26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty rind,
indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. Disc
cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.] 27
Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing
by 4-6 valves, rarely (Ipomoea) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.] 29
27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas 1-2,
globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 2. Naturalized in
the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. Argyreia Lour.
Fruit dry. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or
elliptical. 28
28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds glabrous.—Species
10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. (Including
Legendrea Webb, under Ipomoea L.) Rivea Choisy
Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by the adnate
sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 4. Tropics. (Under
Argyreia Lour., Rivea Choisy, or Ipomoea L.) Stictocardia Hallier
29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly lobed.
Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed.
Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes. 30
Filaments without a scale at the base. 31
30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. Seed-coat
granular. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 1. East Africa. Lepistemonopsis Dammer
Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat
smooth. Flowers small.—Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to
{462}cattle. Lepistemon Blume
31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red or violet.
Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.—Species 20. Central
and South-east Africa. Astrochlaena Hallier
Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs. 32
32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. Sepals
cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, salver-shaped,
white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. Seeds
glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.—Species 2.
Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the
young seeds are edible. (Under Ipomoea L.) Calonyction Choisy
Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit. 33
33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled.
Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually somewhat irregular.
Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds glabrous or downy.
Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately dissected. Flowers
in cymes.—Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and in South Africa.
Ornamental plants. (Under Ipomoea L.) Quamoclit Tourn.
Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. Ovary
1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and salver-shaped.
Corolla regular.—Species 220. Some of them (especially the sweet
potato, I. Batatas Lam.) yield edible tubers from which also starch and
brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, and medicaments,
others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing sand-dunes, or as ornamental
plants. (Including Batatas Choisy and Pharbitis Choisy). Ipomoea L.
SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE
FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.
Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from the
pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous plants.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.] Hydrolea L.
Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below.
Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery.
Spinous plants.—Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe
PHACELIEAE.] Codon L.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 131.
J. Fleischmann del.
Jacquemontia capitata Don
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit (without the calyx). D Seed.
BORRAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 132.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cordia senegalensis Juss.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit cut lengthwise.
FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE
Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (Coldenia) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (Wellstedia) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 37, species 370. (ASPERIFOLIACEAE.) (Plate 132.)
1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like
and entire. 2
Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted
ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily BORRAGINOIDEAE.] 9
2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled
stone. Trees or shrubs.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Plate 132.) [Subfamily CORDIOIDEAE.] Cordia L.
Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a
drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets,
rarely a capsule. 3
3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily
HELIOTROPIOIDEAE.] 4
Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5
4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more
or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. Used medicinally. Tournefortia L.
Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs.—Species 60. Some of them are used as
vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Messerschmiedia
DC.) Heliotropium L.
5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Wellstedia Balf. fil.
Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily
EHRETIOIDEAE.] 6
6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7
Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8
7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). Poskea Vatke
Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.—Species
{464}1. West Africa. Rhabdia Mart.
8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.—Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. Ehretia L.
Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers
solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. Coldenia L.
9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle
by the ventral face.—Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe
HARPAGONELLEAE.] Rochelia Reichb.
Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10
10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique
limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in
length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11
Flowers regular. 14
11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube
of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12
Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the
corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13
12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves
clothed with white bristles.—Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. Echiochilon Desf.
Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla
almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.—Species 3.
Central Africa. (Under Lobostemon Lehm.) Leurocline S. Moore
13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually
with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.—Species 50.
South Africa. Lobostemon Lehm.
Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.—Species
45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized
in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal,
or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” Echium L.
14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase). 15
Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle
(gynobase). 26
15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat
concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16
Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a
prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22
16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants.
Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Cerinthe L.
{465}Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17
17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with
bracts at the base or without bracts.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. “Forget-me-not.” Myosotis L.
Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18
18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19
Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20
19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped
appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.—Species 1. Island of
Socotra. Cystistemon Balf. fil.
Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back.
Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.—Species 4.
North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including
Podonosma Guerke) Onosma L.
20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet.
Style 2-4-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. Arnebia Forsk.
Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21
21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments
as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs
or undershrubs.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). Sericostoma Stocks
Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2,
more or less distinct.—Species 15. South, North, and East Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” Lithospermum L.
22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a
2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa. Nonnea Medik.
Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23
23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments
appendaged on the back.—Species 2. North Africa. They are
used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.” Borrago L.
Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24
24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small
scales in the lower part of the tube.—Species 2. North Africa. They
yield a dye and medicaments. Alkanna Tausch.
Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25
25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.—Species
2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as
medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” Symphytum L.
Corolla with short scales at the throat.—Species 15. North Africa to
{466}Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as
ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including Stomotechium
Lehm.) Anchusa L.
26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of
attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27
Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment.
[Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31
27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral
surface. 28
Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral
surface. Prostrate herbs. 29
28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.—Species 7. North
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Echinospermum
Swartz) Lappula Moench
Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Megastoma Coss. et Durieu) Eritrichium Schrad.
29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the
back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. Asperugo L.
Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin.
Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30
30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting
margin.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Bothriospermum Bunge
Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.—Species
1. Egypt. Gastrocotyle Bunge
31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at
the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32
Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface. 34
32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the
corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.—Species 2.
North Africa. Solenanthus Ledeb.
Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the
corolla-tube. 33
33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla
white or blue, with a very short tube.—Species 1. Naturalized in
North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine. Omphalodes Moench
Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.—Species 20. Some
of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” Cynoglossum L.
34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without
distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long,
usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves
opposite.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.
{467}Some are used medicinally. (Borraginoides Boerh., Pollichia Medik.) Trichodesma R. Br.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside.
Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35
35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube,
white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube.
Nutlets 1-3.—Species 1. South Africa. Tysonia Bolus
Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube. 36
36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long.
Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). Rindera Pall.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or
violet.—Species 3. Egypt. Paracaryum Boiss.
SUBORDER VERBENINEAE
FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (Tectona) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (Duranta) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.—Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)
1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal,
inverted. 2
Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally
or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15
2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes
rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear.
Low shrubs. [Subfamily STILBOIDEAE.]. 3
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily VERBENOIDEAE.] 7
3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4
Corolla regular or nearly so. 5
4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves
parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.—Species 1. South Africa. Xeroplana Briq.
Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves
divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.—Species
{468}1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Eurylobium Hochst.
5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the
apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Euthystachys A. DC.
Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6
6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.—Species 1. South Africa. Campylostachys Kunth
Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.—Species 5.
South Africa. Stilbe Berg
7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit
fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8
Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves,
or 2. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. 9
8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex
2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.—Species 2. Islands of Madagascar
and Socotra. Coelocarpus Balf. fil.
Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex
4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. Naturalized in various
regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits. Duranta L.
9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled
mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10
Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled,
or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs. 14
10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed
and 5-toothed. 11
Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12
11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla
2-lipped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. Ubochea Baill.
Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.—Species 6, one of them
only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Valerianodes Medik.) Stachytarpheta Vahl
12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Bouchea Cham.
Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13
13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.—Species
17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them
(L. citriodora Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute
for tea. (Including Zapania Scop.) Lippia L.
Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.—Species 10, 7 natives of Central
and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some
{469}of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Lantana L.
14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the
enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.—Species 1. East and South
Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] Priva Adans.
Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or
scarcely enlarged calyx.—Species 4, two of them natives of North and
East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in
various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants
and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.] Verbena L.
5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta,
straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally
4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves,
one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.—Species 2. Shores of tropical and
South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material,
and medicaments. [Subfamily AVICENNIOIDEAE.] Avicennia L.
Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing
by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps. 16
16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided
into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading
horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Subfamily CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE.] Varangevillea Baill.
Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps. 17
17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4.
Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed,
5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily
CHLOANTHOIDEAE, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18
Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled
or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or
trees. [Subfamily VITICOIDEAE.] 19
18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included.
Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or
unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.—Species
2. Madagascar. Acharitea Benth.
Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted.
Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely
2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils
of the leaves.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Nesogenes A. DC.
19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided. 20
Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length. 21
20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens
inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones.
Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.—Species 1. Island of
{470}Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] Callicarpa L.
Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens
inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled
stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal
panicle.—Species 1 (T. grandis L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe
TECTONEAE.] Tectona L.f.
21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22
Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or
stigma 2-cleft. 23
22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Holmskioldia Retz) Cyclocheilon Oliv.
Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly
transformed into spines.—Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under
Clerodendron L.) Kalaharia Baill.
23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla
5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24
Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25
24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire
or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a
curved tube and an oblique limb.—Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Clerodendron L. or
Cyclonema Hochst.) Holmskioldia Retz
Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.—Species 130.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. (Including Cyclonema Hochst. and Siphonantha
L.) (Plate 133.) Clerodendron L.
25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or
medicaments. Premna L.
Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26
26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves
undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar. Adelosa Baill.
Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves
usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 100. Some of them
yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. Vitex L.
FAMILY 206. LABIATAE
Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted
VERBENACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 133.
J. Fleischmann del.
Clerodendron formicarum Guerke
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Leaves with swellings inhabited by ants.
LABIATAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 134.
J. Fleischmann del.
Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed.
or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Cleonia) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (Prasium) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.—Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)
1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed,
rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily
AJUGOIDEAE.] 2
Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary
deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5
2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the
lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped,
11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous
within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves
linear.—Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an
aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental
plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] Rosmarinus L.
Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4.
Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at
the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3
3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet,
2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with
a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.—Species 20.
Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally. Tinnea Peyr. & Kotschy
Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the
back, wingless. 4
4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.—Species 35.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. “Germander.” Teucrium L.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” Ajuga L.
5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp.
Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip
entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending.
Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.—Species
1. North Africa. [Subfamily PRASIOIDEAE.] Prasium L.
Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6
6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less
depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on
its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla
2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually
ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers.
{472}Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.—Species
10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily SCUTELLARIOIDEAE.] Scutellaria L.
Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not
prolonged into a stalk. 7
7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved.
Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves
confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal
point of attachment.—Species 15. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation
of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily
LAVANDULOIDEAE.] Lavandula L.
Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets
with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8
8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or
lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla
distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire.
[Subfamily OCIMOIDEAE, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9
Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a
3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily STACHYOIDEAE] 34
9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding
the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe
MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10
Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-,
or boat-shaped. 20
10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers
sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with
decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, spicately arranged.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). Hyperaspis Briq.
Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments. 11
11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within
the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under
Ocimum L.) Endostemon N. E. Brown
Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed.
Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12
12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like. 13
Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally
{473}5-toothed. 16
13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged.
Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14
Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15
14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth
in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided.
Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa. Erythrochlamys Guerke
Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc
one-sided.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Orthosiphon Benth.
15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.—Species
9. Central and South Africa. (Under Ocimum L. or
Orthosiphon Benth.) Hemizygia Briq.
Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones
usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.—Species 75. Tropical
and South Africa. Several species (especially O. Basilicum L., sweet
basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a
substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including Becium
Lindl.) Ocimum L.
16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens
united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally
5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately
arranged. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 7. South Africa. Syncolostemon E. Mey.
Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False
whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads.
Flowers small. 17
17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the
time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse
ribs at the base.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa. Acrocephalus Benth.
False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more
rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18
18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an
entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.—Species 2. Central
Africa. Platostoma Beauv.
Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19
19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False
whorls many-flowered.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. Geniosporum Wall.
Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Basilicum Moench, including Iboza N. E. Brown). Moschosma Reichb.
20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate,
{474}narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.—Species 6, two of them
only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally;
the seeds of one species yield oil. (Maesosphaerum P. Br.) [Subtribe
HYPTIDINAE.] Hyptis Jacq.
Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the
upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21
21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like.
Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.—Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. Hoslundia Vahl
Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22
22. Filaments free. 23
Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind. 27
23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.—Species 50.
Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Icomum Hua). Aeolanthus Mart.
Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24
24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base,
constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs
or undershrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under
Plectranthus L’Hér.) Burnatastrum Briq.
Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25
25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink;
upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered,
arranged in racemes. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Alvesia Welw.
Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26
26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc
almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in
spikes. Herbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. Pycnostachys Hook.
Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped.
Disc one-sided.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or
for keeping off insects. (Including Germanea Lam. and Symphostemon
Welw.) (Plate 134.) Plectranthus L’Hér.
27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28
Staminal tube closed. 31
28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined.
Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost
equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy.
False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.—Species 1.
East Africa. Capitanya Schweinf.
Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the
{475}corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes. 29
29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc
one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.) Solenostemon Schum. & Thonn.
Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30
30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex
notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled.
False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) Plectranthus L’Hér.
Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex
two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary
racemes.—Species 2. Central Africa. Englerastrum Briq.
31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate
lower teeth, little changed in fruit.—Species 110. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Coleus Lour.
Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32
32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting;
lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence
dense, paniculate.—Species 1. West Africa. Anisochilus Wall.
Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate
at the base. 33
33. Inflorescence lax, panicle- or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting
calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.—Species 3.
West Africa. Neomuellera Briq.
Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.—Species
1. West Africa. Leocus A. Chev.
34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective.
Stamens usually 2. 35
Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37
35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small
connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx
13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False
whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion.
(Mahya Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] Sphacele Benth.
Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36
36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective.
Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments
and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] Meriandra Benth.
Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long
connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided.
{476}Corolla 2-lipped.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments,
medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental
plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] Salvia L.
37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent
at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally
5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38
Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40
38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily
confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip
somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 3. East Africa. Elsholtzia Willd.
Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost
equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39
39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes
4. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa. Pogostemon Desf.
Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes
5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately
arranged spikes.—Species 3. Madagascar. Tetradenia Benth.
40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and
ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved,
subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41
Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present. 42
41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla
white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.—Species 1.
Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. Cedronella Moench
Anther-halves spreading.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Nepeta L.
42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two
unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves
spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed.
Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped;
tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43
Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the
corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or
less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually
projecting beyond the calyx. 45
43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the
corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens
larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
{477}6. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Acrotome Benth.
Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44
44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of
flowers axillary. Herbs.—Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde
Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” Marrubium L.
Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always
abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.—Species 20. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Leucophae Webb et
Berth.) Sideritis L.
45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped
upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under
the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46
Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular.
Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59
46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper
lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the
mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white;
tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments
with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent.
Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate
bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47
Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but
the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe
LAMIINAE.] 48
47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb
blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided.
Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow,
awned.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Cleonia L.
Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within;
midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex
2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.—Species
2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also
naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (Prunella L.) Brunella L.
48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior.
Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white,
yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs. 49
Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then
the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51
49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with
8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. Leonotis Pers.
{478}Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50
50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs
inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided.
False whorls 6- or more-flowered, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Phlomis L.
Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla
white or red.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including
Lasiocorys Benth.) Leucas R. Br.
51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided. 52
Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55
52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla
red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). (Under Tinnaea Peyr. et Kotschy). Renschia Vatke
Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or
subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53
53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla
white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly
widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.—Species
1. North Africa (Tunisia). Moluccella L.
Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54
54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.—Species
2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. Leonurus L.
Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves
finally spreading.—Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some
species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” Lamium L.
55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous
within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous
or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc
equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.—Species 15. Tropics. Achyrospermum Wall.
Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56
56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both
halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided.
Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave,
entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Herbs.—Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. Anisomeles R. Br.
Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or
less hairy. 57
57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed,
lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of
{479}hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally
spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or
undershrubs.—Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt. Otostegia Benth.
Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed
upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58
58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or
red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy.
Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. North,
East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. Ballota L.
Calyx tube- or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.—Species 80. Some of them
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for
cattle. (Including Betonica L.) Stachys L.
59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or
less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe
MELISSINAE.] 60
Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63
60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary
half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft.
Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted,
glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 3. North Africa. Ziziphora L.
Stamens 4. 61
61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla
white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft
into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False
whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental
and medicinal plant. “Balm.” Melissa L.
Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62
62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla
red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal,
awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls
4-6-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under
Satureia L.) Saccocalyx Coss.
Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.—Species 45.
Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or
as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Calamintha Moench,
Clinopodium L., and Micromeria Benth.) Satureia L.
63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white,
2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal
length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards
towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls
6- or more-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used
as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments.
[Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] Hyssopus L.
Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards
{480}from the base. 64
64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens
4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.] 65
Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about
equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe
MENTHINAE.] 69
65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66
Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68
66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed,
almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs.
Bracts suborbicular.—Species 1 (M. hortensis Moench). Cultivated
and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for
the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine.
“Marjoram.” (Under Origanum L.) Majorana Moench
Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67
67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink;
tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and
spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Thymus L.) Coridothymus Reichb. fil.
Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with
a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.—Species
20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments,
medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants.
“Thyme.” Thymus L.
68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted,
with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.—Species
5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an
essential oil. Origanum L.
Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves.
Shrubs.—Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. Bystropogon L’Hér.
69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed,
glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed.
False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. Lycopus L.
Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70
70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process
on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary,
many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.—Species 1.
North-West Africa. Used medicinally. Preslia Opiz
Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process
on the back. Bracteoles small.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its
neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially M.
piperita L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges,
and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes;
several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.” Mentha L.
{481}
SUBORDER SOLANINEAE
FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE
Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 16, species 220. (Including ATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)
1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or
yellow, tube- or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with
entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds
with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] Schwenkia L.
Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2
2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or
lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3
Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation. 4
3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate
segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla
blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.—Species 1. Naturalized
in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (Pentagonia
Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] Nicandra Adams
Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous
excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.—Species
5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants,
and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”
(Including Brugmansia Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] Datura L.
4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla
with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes
or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5
Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6
5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers
in cymes. Trees or shrubs.—Species 2. Naturalized in several islands.
{482}Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.] Cestrum L.
Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in
cymose, raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield tobacco (especially from N. tabacum L. and rustica L.),
lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental
plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] Nicotiana L.
6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla
widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with
red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 8. North and Central Africa.
They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”
[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] Hyoscyamus L.
Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla
tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7
7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft.
Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and
used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.] Mandragora Juss.
Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well
developed. Leaves alternate. 8
8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters.
Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9
Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12
9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or
shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed.
Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used medicinally. Triguera Cav.
Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10
10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or
below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.—Species 25.
Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants
or in medicine. Lycium L.
Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11
11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs.
Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate
135.) Discopodium Hochst.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate
in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments
long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1 (A. Belladonna L.,
dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and
medicaments. Atropa L.
SOLANACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 135.
J. Fleischmann del.
Discopodium penninervium Hochst.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 136.
J. Fleischmann del.
Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Ovary cut across.
12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely
campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers
usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species
150; three of them (S. tuberosum L., potato, S. Melongena L.,
egg-plant, and S. Lycopericum L., tomato) only cultivated. Several
species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol
are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a
means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as
vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous.
(Including Lycopersicum Mill. and Normania Lowe). Solanum L.
Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or
lobed. 13
13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated
in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.—Species
6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk.
(Physaloides Moench). Withania Pauq.
Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary. 14
14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the
fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit
slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. Cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as
condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.” Capsicum L.
Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit. 15
15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided,
covered with dense hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Melissea Hook.
Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet.
Herbs.—Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa,
the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.” Physalis L.
FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (Bowkeria) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (Dintera) exalbuminous.—Genera 107, species 1150. (Including SELAGINEAE.) (Plate 136.)
1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or
both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily RHINANTHOIDEAE.] 2
Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobes
{484}in the bud. 45
2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip.
Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs.
Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [Tribe
RHINANTHEAE.] 3
Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes,
or subequally 4-5-lobed. 8
3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds
numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.” Euphrasia L.
Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins. 4
4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow.
Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
“Lousewort.” Pedicularis L.
Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 5
5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds
ribbed.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Under Bartsia L.) Odontites Pers.
Ovules many, horizontal. 6
6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad.
Corolla blue or red.—Species 8. Central and North-west Africa.
(Bartsia L.) Bartschia L.
Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red. 7
7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.—Species 2. North and South Africa,
Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (Trixago Stev., under Bartsia L.) Bellardia All.
Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.—Species 3. North Africa. (Eufragia
Griseb., under Bartsia L.) Parentucellia Viv.
8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one
only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (Strigina)
2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth
about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.] 9
Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube
very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth
much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.] 36
9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens. 10
Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens,
but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren. 17
10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb
narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs.
Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 5.
South Africa. Hyobanche Thunb.
{485}Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves. 11
11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly
curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or
ovate. Leaves undivided. 12
Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal. 14
12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower
part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.—Species
1. Southern East Africa. Eylesia S. Moore
Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved. 13
13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the
corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.—Species 3. West Africa. (Under
Buchnera L.) Stellularia Benth.
Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.—Species 60. Tropical and South
Africa. (Buchnera L.) Buechnera L.
14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular.
Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 15
Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved. 16
15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.—Species 3. East
Africa. Cycniopsis Engl.
Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds. Striga Lour.
16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.—Species
12. Central and South Africa. Cycnium E. Mey.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely
globose and not beaked.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Rhamphicarpa Benth.
17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the
other barren (without pollen) or almost so. 18
Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile. 27
18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish. 19
Leaves well developed, green. 20
19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Tetraspidium Bak.
Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.—Species 30.
Southern and tropical Africa. (Aulaya Harv.) Harveya Hook.
20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform.
Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa. Strigina Engl.
Fertile stamens 4. 21
21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube
long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided. 22
Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; in
{486}this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs. 23
22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper
stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like
sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). Ghikaea Schweinf. & Volk.
Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a
fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like
appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. East Africa. Pseudosopubia Engl.
23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet;
tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem
erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa. Hiernia S. Moore
Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed
barren cell. 24
24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of
the shorter awn- or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding
the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing
undershrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. Buttonia Mac Ken
Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes
unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs. 25
25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a
broad limb. Stem erect.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Sopubia Hamilt.
Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow
limb. 26
26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided,
broad, coarsely toothed.—Species 1. West Africa. Thunbergianthus Engl.
Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Baumia Engl. & Gilg
27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx. 28
Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx. 30
28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal
halves. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Xylocalyx Balf.
Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs. 29
29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic
plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Including Gerardianella Klotzsch). Micrargeria Benth.
Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed,
then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like
leaves.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Alectra
{487}Thunb. and Velvitsia Hiern). Melasma Berg
30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower. 31
Anther-halves equal. 33
31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other.
Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers
without bracteoles.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal. Gerardiina Engl.
Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody,
at least at the base. 32
32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules
2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Leucosalpa Scott Elliot
Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.—Species 3. South
Africa and island of Socotra. (Bopusia Presl). Graderia Benth.
33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous. 34
Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody. 35
34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue.
Capsule 4-valved.—Species 1. South Africa. Charadrophila Marloth
Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.—Species
1. Madagascar. Seymeria Pursh
35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Raphispermum Benth.) Rhaphispermum Benth.
Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy
shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Radamaea Benth.
36. (8.) Stamens 2. 37
Stamens 4-8. 38
37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included;
anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.—Species 3. Canary and
Cape Verde Islands and Socotra. Campylanthus Roth
Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.—Species 30. Some of
them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. “Speedwell.” Veronica L.
38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length. 39
Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal. 41
39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted,
white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute
for tea. Capraria L.
Anther-halves separate. 40
40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule
{488}septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite
or whorled, subsessile, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics.
Used medicinally. Scoparia L.
Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments.
Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves
alternate, stalked, broad.—Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands,
Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. Sibthorpia L.
41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped
limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.—Species
1. Sahara. Lafuentea Lag.
Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate. 42
42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or
violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species
1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant. Erinus L.
Corolla with a funnel- or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above.
Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 43
43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal
racemes.—Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized
in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as
ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including Callianassa Webb et
Berth.) Digitalis L.
Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves
broad. Undershrubs. 44
44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments
glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species
1. South Africa. Glumicalyx Hiern
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. Camptoloma Benth.
45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent
at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal,
many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily PSEUDOSOLANEAE.] 46
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or
alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and
seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily ANTIRRHINOIDEAE.] 50
46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4.
Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves
undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.] 47
Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell- or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4
or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.] 49
47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.—Species 10.
Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Doratanthera Benth. and Gerardiopsis Engl.) Anticharis Endl.
{489}Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 48
48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 5.
South and Central Africa. Peliostomum E. Mey.
Fruit blunt. Shrubs.—Species 25. Central and South Africa. Aptosimum Burch.
49. Stamens 4.—Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. Celsia L.
Stamens 5.—Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two
of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene
Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental
plants. “Mullein.” Verbascum L.
50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit
indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in
spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire,
toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.] 51
Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous. 56
51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4.
Flowers in spikes. 52
Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2
segments. 53
52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.—Species 30. South
and Central Africa. Hebenstreitia L.
Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.—Species 10. South
Africa. Dischisma Choisy
53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded.
Shrubs. Flowers in spikes. 54
Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal. 55
54. Sterile stamens present.—Species 1. South Africa. Gosela Choisy
Sterile stamens absent.—Species 3. South Africa. Agathelpis Choisy
55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
5. South Africa. Microdon Choisy
Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit
2-seeded.—Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Including Walafrida E. Mey.) Selago L.
56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very
short tube. Stamens 2.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands.
An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.] Calceolaria L.
Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular. 57
57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule. 58
Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx
5-lobed or 3-parted. 71
58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs.
[Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.] 59
{490}Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.] 62
59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base
of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4.
South Africa. Hemimeris Thunb.
Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes
sterile. 60
60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla
scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile,
glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary,
axillary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla
with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal. 61
61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all
fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.—Species 2. Naturalized
in Madagascar. Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl.
Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one
only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.—Species 45. South
Africa. Diascia Link & Otto.
62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs. 63
Throat of the corolla open. 67
63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate. 64
Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base. 66
64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or
valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or
racemes.—Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized
in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve
as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.” Linaria Juss.
Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary. 65
65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds
oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under
Linaria Juss.) Cymbalaria Baumg.
Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by
lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 17. North
Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized
in South Africa. (Under Linaria L.) Elatinoides Wettst.
66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the
species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used
as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.” Antirrhinum L.
Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present.
Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers
{491}small, axillary.—Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands. Schweinfurthia A. Braun
67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves
confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad.
Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.—Species 1. South Africa. Colpias E. Mey.
Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite. 68
68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa. (Under Linaria
Juss.) Chaenorrhinum (DC.) Lange
Anther-halves confluent at the apex. 69
69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in
racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Simbuleta Forsk.) Anarrhinum Desf.
Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves. 70
70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose,
4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.—Species 7. Tropical and South
Africa. Diclis Benth.
Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed,
2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.—Species
50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. Nemesia Vent.
71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally
solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees.
Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry.
[Tribe CHELONEAE.] 72
Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens
2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 81
72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube
and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly
developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.—Species
20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some
are used medicinally. Scrophularia L.
Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely
fertile. 73
73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent
at the apex. Fruit a capsule. 74
Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5. 76
74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white.
Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the
leaf-axils.—Species 1. South Africa. Ixianthes Benth.
Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens
4. 75
75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip.
{492}Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath.
Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
South Africa. Yields timber. Anastrabe E. Mey.
Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip.
Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves nearly always whorled.—Species 6. South Africa. Bowkeria Harv.
76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic
shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Dermatobotrys Bolus
Fertile stamens 4. 77
77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous. 78
Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate. 79
78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Seychelles. Ornamental plant. Russelia Jacq.
Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.—Species 5. Tropical and South
Africa. The fruits are edible. Halleria L.
79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved
capsule.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. Phygelius E. Mey.
Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a
berry. 80
80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.—Species 2.
South Africa. Teedia Rudolphi
Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.—Species 2. South Africa. Freylinia Pangelli
81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently
1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.] 82
Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely
confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.] 91
82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. 83
Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4. 84
83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.—Species 30. South Africa. Zaluzianskia Schmidt
Anthers 4, equal.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. Polycarena Benth.
84. Corolla-tube very short. 85
Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long. 86
85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical.
(See 61.) Diascia Link & Otto
Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves
opposite.—Species 2. South Africa. (Under Sutera Roth) Sphenandra Benth.
86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores or
{493}transverse slits. 87
Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise,
septicidal. 88
87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (Lophospermum Don) Maurandia Ort.
Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.) Anarrhinum Desf.
88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.—Species
1. Egypt and Nubia. (Jamesbrittenia O. Ktze.) Sutera Roth.
Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed. 89
89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.—Species 20. South Africa. Phyllopodium Benth.
Bracts free from the pedicels. 90
90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or
without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in
compound, rarely in simple racemes.—Species 35. South Africa to
Angola. (Nemia Berg). Manulea L.
Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers
solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120.
South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as
ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Lyperia Benth.,
under Sutera Roth). (Plate 136.) Chaenostoma Benth.
91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2. 92
Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3. 97
92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary. 93
Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 95
93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part
of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted.
Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland) Dintera Stapf
Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or
sub-equally 5-lobed. 94
94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of
the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. Bryodes Benth.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Egypt. Peplidium Del.
95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bonnaya Link
et Otto) Ilysanthes Rafin.
Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or
nearly so. 96
96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla
with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Hydrotriche Zucc.
{494}Leaves entire.—Species 10. Central Africa. Dopatrium Hamilt.
97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves
parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves
broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.
West Africa. Hydranthelium H. B. & Kunth
Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla. 98
98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla. 99
Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 102
99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile
stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Island of Réunion. Allocalyx Cordem.
Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth-
or bristle-like appendage at the base. 100
100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments
subequal.—Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Vandellia L.) Lindernia All.
Calyx winged or with very prominent angles. 101
101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base.
Stem usually leafless.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. Craterostigma Hochst.
Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem
leafy.—Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. Torenia L.
102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped. 103
Anther-halves contiguous or confluent. 105
103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
8. Northern East Africa and Egypt. Lindenbergia Lehm.
Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved. 104
104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water- or marsh-plants.—Species
6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Ambulia Lam., Stemodiacra P. Browne) Limnophila R. Br.
Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent
land-plants.—Species 1. Central Africa. Stemodia L.
105. Sepals united high up. 106
Sepals united at the base only. 107
106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top.
Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Two of
them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in
the Azores. Used as ornamental plants. Mimulus L.
Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary
septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.—Species
5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt. Limosella L.
107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.—Species 10. Tropics,
South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Moniera P. Browne, including Herpestis Gaertn. and Bramia
{495}Lam.) Bacopa Aubl.
Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped. 108
108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior
exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in
racemes, rather large.—Species 1. Central Africa. Artanema Don
Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage.
Flowers solitary, very small.—Species 4. East Africa. Stemodiopsis Engl.
FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Colea) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.—Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)
1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe
TECOMEAE.] 2
Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary
cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (Colea) completely 2-celled.
Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.] 14
2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed.
Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves
fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters. 3
Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (Stenolobium) unifoliolate. 4
3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a
long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves
undivided.—Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Catophraetes G. Don
Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa. Rhigozum Burch.
4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or
divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 5
Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube. 6
5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets
entire.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds,
and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.” Spathodea Beauv.
Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining
shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
{496}Used as ornamental plants. (Under Tecoma Juss.) Tecomaria Fenzl
6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees.
Flowers panicled. 7
Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. 8
7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in
2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.—Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber and medicaments. Newbouldia Seem.
Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two
rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Dolichandrone Fenzl
8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves
usually divergent. 9
Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate. 11
9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly
2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two
rows. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Perichlaena Baill.
Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla
not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees. 10
10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc
saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous,
crowded at the end of the branches.—Species 2. Madagascar. Kigelianthe Baill.
Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped.
Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.—Species
2. Central Africa. (Ferdinandia Seem., under Heterophragma
DC.) Fernandia Baill.
11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed.
Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in
two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 1. Naturalized
in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under Tecoma Juss.) Stenolobium D. Don
Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like. 12
12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular,
truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition.
Trees.—Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments. Stereospermum Cham.
Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell. 13
13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side.
Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some species yield timber. (Under Dolichandrone Fenzl) Markhamia Seem.
Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed.
Climbing shrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (Under
Pandorea Endl. or Tecoma Juss.) Podranea Sprague
BIGNONIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 137.
J. Fleischmann del.
Kigelia aethiopica Decne.
A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Ovary cut across. F Fruit.
PEDALIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 138.
J. Fleischmann del.
Sesamum angolense Welw.
A Flowering plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Stigma. E Cross-section of ovary.
14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting irregularly.
Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. Anther-halves
parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. Leaves
pinnate.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber or medicaments. (Kigelkeia Rafin.) (Plate 137.) Kigelia DC.
Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 15
15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. 16
Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers
panicled. 18
16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in clusters,
axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, unequally
2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species
2. Madagascar. Paracolea Baill.
Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes becoming
spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped,
5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell- or bell-funnel-shaped. 17
17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in panicles.
Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Phylloctenium Baill.
Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. Flowers
in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, pendulous.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Tabebuia Gomez). Zaa Baill.
18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing sometimes
1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly irregular.
Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate at the
base. Fruit succulent.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as ornamental
plants. (Arthrophyllum Boj.) Phyllarthron DC.
Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled. 19
19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly regular.
Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled nearly
to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 3. Madagascar. Siphocolea Baill.
Calyx bell-shaped. 20
20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, red.
Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. Inflorescences
terminal.—Species 1. Madagascar. Rhodocolea Baill.
Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-funnel-shaped.
Fruit dry.—Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some species have edible fruits. Colea Boj.
{498}
FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE
Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (Linariopsis) 1-celled with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)
1. Flowers in terminal, raceme- or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small trees.
Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule. 2
Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with glands at the
base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (Pretreothamnus) shrubs, but then
ovules 3 in each ovary-cell. 4
2. Inflorescences umbel- or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels
none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither spurred nor
curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc slightly
one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. Fruit
beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large,
broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.—Species 6. Madagascar.
(Under Harpagophytum DC.) Uncarina (Baill.) Stapf
Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels presente.
Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. Ovary-cell,
nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced by
spines. 3
3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. Disc
one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.—Species 6. Central
Africa. Sesamothamnus Welw.
Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted,
with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened.
Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). Sigmatosiphon Engl.
4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very
unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight.
Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy.
Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. Linariopsis Welw.
Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. 5
5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or
horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary. 6
Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely divided
{499}into two chambers. 10
6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 7
Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long slits.
Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs. 9
7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by
short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous
at the base.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. Pterodiscus Hook.
Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent
herbs. 8
8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.—Species 1. East
Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine. Pedalium Royen
Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or tubercles
on the flanks. Seeds winged.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under
Pedalium Royen). Pedaliophytum Engl.
9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply saccate
at the base.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Holubia Oliv.
Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or slightly
saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved spines.—Species
3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple
plant.” (Uncaria Burch.) Harpagophytum DC.
10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one ascending,
the other descending. Fruit a nut. 11
Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, descending or
horizontal. Fruit a capsule. 12
11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with 2 spines
in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.
Tropical and South Africa. Pretrea J. Gay
Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa
(Somaliland). Pretreothamnus Engl.
12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an unequal
number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit with 2-8
spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell dehiscent. Erect
herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in cymes.—Species
3. Central Africa to Namaland. Rogeria J. Gay
Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary. 13
13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, or yellow.—Species
5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Ceratotheca Endl.
Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.—Species 20.
Central and South Africa; one species (S. indicum L.) also cultivated in
Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are used
as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some species
yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 138.) Sesamum L.
{500}
FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE
Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, 8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen. (Under PEDALINEAE.)
Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An
ornamental and medicinal plant. Martynia L.
FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE
Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided embryo.—Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)
Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla almost
equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.—Species 6. North
and Central Africa. (Under Phelipaea E. Mey.) (Plate 139.) Cistanche Hoffm. & Link
Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed
segments or sepals.—Species 25. North and East Africa;
two species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables
or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds.
“Broomrape.” (Including Phelipaea E. Mey.) Orobanche (Tournef.) G. Beck
FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and South Africa. (CRYTANDREAE.) (Plate 140.)
OROBANCHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 139.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.
A Stem. B Inflorescence. C Flower laid open. D Anther. E Stigma. F Ovary cut lengthwise. G Ovary cut across.
GESNERACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 140.
J. Fleischmann del.
Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke
A Whole plant. B Flower laid open. C Anther (from front and back). D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit.
1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes indistinct. 2
Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (Saintpaulia)
equal-sided. 3
2. Fruit twisted.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.) Streptocarpus Lindl.
Fruit not twisted.—Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (Roettlera
Vahl, including Trachystigma C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.] Didymocarpus Wall.
3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla
blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate.
Leaves few.—Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.] Epithema Blume
Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise. 4
4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.—Species 2. West Africa.
(Including Carolofritschia Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.] Acanthonema Hook. fil.
Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.] 5
5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary completely
1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. Leaves
alternate.—Species 1. East Africa. Linnaeopsis Engl.
Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or subglobose.
Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed.
Stem erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.—Species 4.
East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Saintpaulia Wendl.
FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE
Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)
Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land- or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves tubular
with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered racemes, with
2 bracteoles each.—Species 3. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. Genlisea St. Hil.
Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, ovoid or
globose.—Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal,
or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.) Utricularia L.
{502}
FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 3, species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under SELAGINEAE.)
1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of the
upper lip similar to those of the lower.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.
Cockburnia Balf.
Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the
upper lip much shorter than those of the lower. 2
2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the upper lip.—Species
2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under
Globularia L.) Lytanthus Wettst.
Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used medicinally. Globularia L.
SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE
FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (Afromendoncia) 1-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle usually with a hook-like outgrowth.—Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate 142.)
1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an outgrowth.
Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4,
with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx
minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in
clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not dotted
with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily MENDONCIOIDEAE.] 2
Fruit a 2-celled, 2- or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle-
or hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length.
Ovary 2-celled. 4
2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
6. Tropics. (Including Liraya Pierre, under Mendoncia
Vell.) Afromendoncia Gilg
Ovary 2-celled, at least when young. 3
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 141.
J. Fleischmann del.
Utricularia livida E. Mey.
A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Pistil and calyx cut lengthwise.
ACANTHACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 142.
J. Fleischmann del.
Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau
A Plant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off). B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Fruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).
3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous
below. Fruit globose.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Gilletiella De Wild. & Dur.
Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.—Species
2. Madagascar. Monachochlamys Bak.
4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules
2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at
the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with
contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles.
Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [Subfamily
THUNBERGIOIDEAE.] 5
Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth;
in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6
5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla
slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.) Pseudocalyx Radlk.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.—Species 100. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Hexacentris Nees). Thunbergia L. f.
6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6
or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous.
Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted.
Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted
aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not
dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily NELSONIOIDEAE.] 7
Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (Synnema)
thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted
aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or
subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged
into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily
ACANTHOIDEAE.] 9
7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous,
in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.—Species 1. Central
Africa. (Ebermaiera Nees, Zenkerina Engl.) Staurogyne Wall.
Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in
each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8
8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate
bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very
short.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Tubiflora Gmel.) Elytraria Vahl
Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or
wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
{504}1. Tropics. Nelsonia R. Br.
9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually
hairy. 10
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous. 40
10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11
Corolla nearly regular. 17
11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a
stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial
East Africa (Uganda). Eranthemum L.
Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in
each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe
HYGROPHILEAE.] 12
12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary.
Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa. Some
of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Eremomastax Lindau) Paulowilhelmia Hochst.
Corolla 2-lipped. 13
13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous.
Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.—Species
20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. Brillantaisia Beauv.
Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting. 14
14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules
numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in
axillary cymes. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Cardanthera
Ham.) Synnema Benth.
Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4,
approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15
15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite.
Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each
cell of the ovary.—Species 4. East Africa. Mellera S. Moore
Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16
16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite.
Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used for
making salt. (Under Hygrophila R. Br.) Asteracantha Nees
Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.—Species 20. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Nomaphila
Blume) Hygrophila R. Br.
17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a
short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4,
{505}united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.] 18
Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.] 22
18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers
in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles
smaller.—Species 8. Central Africa. Disperma C. B. Clarke
Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19
19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the
two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.—Species
18. Tropics. (Under Petalidium Nees). Pseudobarleria T. Anders.
Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20
20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like.
Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Aetheilema R. Br.,
Micranthus Wendl., Phaylopsis Willd.) Phaulopsis Willd.
Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21
21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false
umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar. Zygoruellia Baill.
Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below.
Flowers solitary or in cymes.—Species 5. West and South Africa. Petalidium Nees
22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded. 23
Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30
23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length. 24
Fertile stamens 4. 25
24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate
or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a
short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles.
Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.—Species 5. Central Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. Lankesteria Lindl.
Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma
entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually
4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles
much shorter than the calyx.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Under Calophanes Don). Chaetacanthus Nees
25. Filaments free from the base. 26
Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two
ridges. 27
26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small.
Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.—Species
2. Northern East Africa. Satanocrater Schweinf.
Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large,
membranous.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Including Stylarthropus
{506}Baill.) Whitfieldia Hook.
27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common
fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded.
Flowers solitary or in spikes.—Species 4. Madagascar. Strobilanthes Blume
Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28
28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. (Calophanes Don, including
Phillipsia Rolfe). Dyschoriste Nees
Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29
29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern East Africa. Strobilanthopsis S. Moore
Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.—Species 8. Tropics.
(Under Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) Acanthopale C. B. Clarke
30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31
Fertile stamens 4. 32
31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly
2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together
in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Ruttya
Harv.) Forsythiopsis Bak.
Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Ruelliola Baill.
32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary
half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell.
Flowers in spikes or heads.—Species 3. West Africa. (Physacanthus
Benth.) Haselhoffia Lindau
Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges.
Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33
33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34
Staminal ridges separate. 35
34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.—Species 1.
Island of St. Thomas. (Under Paulowilhelmia Hochst.) Heteradelphia Lindau
Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.—Species
5. Central Africa. Hemigraphis Nees
35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the
base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short
and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including
Epiclastopelma Lindau) Mimulopsis Schweinf.
Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (Ruelliopsis)
all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36
36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped,
toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves
crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Camarotea Elliot
{507}Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37
37. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually
very unequal. Bracteoles very small.—Species 9. Central Africa.
(Dischistocalyx T. Anders.) Distichocalyx T. Anders.
Flowers solitary or in neither spike- nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38
38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size,
entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments
subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube.
Anthers included.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Endosiphon T. Anders.
Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39
39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments
unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles
small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 3. East and
South Africa. Ruelliopsis C. B. Clarke
Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.—Species 30. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Dipteracanthus Nees). Ruellia L.
40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly
regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior
stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (Crabbea) 3-4.
Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41
Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48
41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens
2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal,
sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or
heads.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Somalia Oliv.) Barleria L.
Calyx 2- or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. 42
42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with
short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled.
Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike- or head-like.—Species
12. Tropics. (Including Leucobarleria Lindau). Neuracanthus Nees
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those
of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc
ring-shaped. 43
43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles.
Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Periblema DC.) Boutonia DC.
Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles,
or in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped. 44
44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowers
{508}in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla
white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in
each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar. Warpuria Stapf
Bracteoles minute or absent. 45
45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all
2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.—Species 2. South
Africa. Glossochilus Nees
Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very
unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers
partly 1-celled. 46
46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted
nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style
glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong,
4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 10. South and Central
Africa. Crabbea Harv.
Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted
lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed.
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47
47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers
of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same
level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed.
Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.—Species
1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Lindauea Rendle
Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior
stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa. (Including Volkensiophyton Lindau). Lepidagathis Willd.
48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit.
Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49
Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55
49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves
usually prickly. 50
Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53
50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short.
Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). Crossandrella C. B. Clarke
Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles
small and narrow or wanting. 51
51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular
pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular.
Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables or
{509}in medicine; others are noxious weeds. Blepharis Juss.
Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular
pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely
contracted at the base. 52
52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous.
Spikes stalked.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Acanthus L.
Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly,
usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.—Species 7.
South Africa. Acanthopsis Harv.
53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior,
2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long.
Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the
calyx.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Crossandra Salisb.
Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than
the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes
toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles
shorter than the calyx. 54
54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted
at the base.—Species 8. Tropics. (Including Butayea De Wild, and
Pleuroblepharis Baill., under Sclerochiton Harv.) Pseudoblepharis Baill.
Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted
at the base.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Sclerochiton Harv.
55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in
each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56
Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64
56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [Tribe
PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57
Fertile stamens 4. 59
57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical,
not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Ruspolia Lindau
Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58
58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth.
Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.—Species 1. Natal. Used as an
ornamental plant. (Under Asystasia Blume). Mackaya Harv.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.—Species
12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under
Eranthemum L.) Pseuderanthemum Radlk.
59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in
spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar. Stenandriopsis S. Moore
Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [Tribe
{510}ASYSTASIEAE.] 60
60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes
unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species
4. West Africa. (Scytanthus T. Anders.) Thomandersia Baill.
Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes
subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61
61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower
than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Filetia Miq.
Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same
level. 62
62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2.
East Africa. (Under Asystasia Blume) Parasystasia Baill.
Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63
63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the
base. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa. Asystasiella Lindau
Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or
medicinal plants. Asystasia Blume
64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none.
Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] Andrographis Nees
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE,
ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65
65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66
Fertile stamens 2. 70
66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves
ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67
Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68
67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla.
Bracteoles small.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Styasasia S. Moore,
under Asystasia Blume) Isochoriste Miq.
Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Bracteoles large.—Species 2. Madagascar. Forcipella Baill.
68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal.
Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Synchoriste Baill.
Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69
69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.—Species
{511}1. Madagascar. Podorungia Baill.
Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.
Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.—Species 1. Madagascar. Chlamydacanthus Lindau
70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and
bracteoles small. 71
Staminodes none, rarely (Duvernoya) solitary. 73
71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights,
pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped.
Shrubs. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. Graptophyllum Nees
Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72
72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes
or panicles.—Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Ruttya Harv.
Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary
or in cymes. Shrubs.—Species 4. Island of Socotra. Ballochia Balf. fil.
73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74
Anthers 2-celled. 80
74. Stigma entire. 75
Stigma 2-lobed. 76
75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or
fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly
shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. Lasiocladus Boj.
Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and
narrow.—Species 9. Tropics. Brachystephanus Nees
76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part
of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Oreacanthus Benth.
Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77
77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 2. Central Africa. Monothecium Hochst.
Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles
exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short
stalk or not contracted. 78
78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Madagascar. Amphiestes S. Moore
Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or -parted. 79
79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Periestes Baill.
Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa.
{512}Some are used in medicine. Hypoëstes R. Br.
80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81
Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101
81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur- or
tail-like appendage. 82
Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but
neither spurred nor tailed. 92
82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments
very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the
corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red.
Bracts and bracteoles small.—Species 2. Island of Socotra. Trichocalyx Balf. fil.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83
83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts narrow. 84
Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85
84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under
Siphonoglossa Oerst.) Aulojusticia Lindau
Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves elliptical to orbicular.—Species 3. South and East
Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Siphonoglossa Oerst.
85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains
with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced
by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at
maturity.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary
Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
dye-plants. (Including Adhatoda Nees, Dianthera L., Gendarussa Nees,
Monechma Hochst., and Rhytiglossa Nees). (Plate 142.) Justicia L.
Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86
86. Calyx-segments 4. 87
Calyx-segments 5. 88
87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches.
Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Corymbostachys Lindau
Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk.
Herbs.—Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Anisostachya Nees
88. Flowers in panicles. 89
Flowers in spikes. 90
89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very
narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted
into a short stalk.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
{513}(Under Justicia L.) Salviacanthus Lindau
Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad.
Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long
stalk.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Justicia L.) Rhaphidospora Nees
90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.—Species
4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under Macrorungia C. B.
Clarke) Symplectochilus Lindau
Stem herbaceous. 91
91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition
of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small.
Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles
large.—Species 9. Tropics. Rungia Nees
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the
fruit not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) Nicoteba Lindau
92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell- or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened
above. 93
Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95
93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat
shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows
of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in
spikes or panicles.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Adhatoda Nees or Justicia L.) Duvernoya E. Mey.
Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly
unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb.
Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs. 94
94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle.
Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Melittacanthus S. Moore
Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.—Species
40. Tropical and South Africa. Isoglossa Oerst.
95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at
slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96
Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed.
Disc cup-shaped. 98
96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped.
Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Populina Baill.
Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped.
{514}Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97
97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free,
3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition
of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. Central
Africa. Anisotes Nees
Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in
the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at
maturity.—Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (Macrorungia
C. B. Clarke). Himantochilus T. Anders.
98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit
oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers
in panicles.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. Rhinacanthus Nees
Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99
99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at
slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and
several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Chlamydocardia Lindau
Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2
flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100
100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition
not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Peristrophe Nees
Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating
from the valves at maturity.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
(Diapedium Koenig). Dicliptera Juss.
101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled
in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers
in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles
very small.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Ancalanthus Balf.
fil.) Angkalanthus Balf. fil.
Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102
102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2.
Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting. 103
Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104
103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit
subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Under Ecbolium Kurz) Schwabea Endl.
Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Dicliptera Juss.) Megalochlamys Lindau
104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowers
{515}in spikes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. Ecbolium Kurz
Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105
105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Anisacanthus Nees
Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. Schaueria Nees
SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE
FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.
1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in
pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit
with a 1-2-celled stone.—Species 2. South Africa. Oftia Adans.
Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by
side. 2
2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma
capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. West Africa. Zombiana Baill.
Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled
stone.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Myoporum Banks & Sol.
ORDER PLANTAGINALES
FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.—Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.){516}
Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary
or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla.
Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Species 1. Azores. Litorella L.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2- or more-flowered spikes
or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent,
2- or more-seeded.—Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle
and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.”
(Plate 143.) Plantago L.
ORDER RUBIALES
FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE
Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Argostema) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary inferior, rarely (Gaertnera) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.—Genera 150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)
1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily COFFEOIDEAE.] 2
Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily CINCHONOIDEAE.] 81
2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the
embryo superior. 3
Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior. 30
3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or
trees. 4
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 18
4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with copious
albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. [Tribe
ALBERTEAE.] 5
Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 16
5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the
segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much
exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles. 6
Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged after
flowering. 7
6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the
throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers
bearded at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Nematostylis Hook. fil.
Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
Style-apex entire.—Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (Ernestimeyera
O. Ktze.) Alberta E. Mey.
PLANTAGINACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 143.
J. Fleischmann del.
Plantago palmata Hook. fil.
A Plant in flower. B Flower with a bracteole (without the anthers). C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.
RUBIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 144.
J. Fleischmann del.
Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off). C Anther. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit.
7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous,
two-cleft at the apex.—Species 6. Central Africa. Psilanthus Hook. fil.
Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the
fruit. 8
8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers
exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9
Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10
9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex
2-cleft.—Species 1. East Africa. Lamprothamnus Hiern
Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex
entire.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Exechostylus K. Schum.
10. Style hairy. 11
Style glabrous. 12
11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds
ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.—Species 10.
Tropics. Polysphaeria Hook. fil.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen
of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.—Species 13. Tropics. Cremaspora Benth.
12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla
salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees.
Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.—Species 1. Island
of St. Thomas. Belonophora Hook. fil.
Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13
13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy
below. 14
Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers
more or less exserted. 15
14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped.
Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.—Species
1. West Africa (Togoland). Kerstingia K. Schum.
Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted.—Species 4. West Africa. Aulacocalyx Hook. fil.
15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow.
Species 2. East Africa. Heinsenia K. Schum.
Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.—Species
3. East and South-east Africa. Rhabdostigma Hook. fil.
16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating
into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copious
{518}albumen.—Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal. Cephalanthus L.
Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a
drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe
GUETTARDEAE.] 17
17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled.
Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.—Species 1. East
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental
plant and in medicine. Guettarda Blume
Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted.
Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.—Species 5. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Guettarda Blume). Antirrhoea Comm.
18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled.
Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.] 19
Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled.
Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (Pachystigma) herbs,
but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22
19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without
bracteoles. Stipules undivided.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Calanda K. Schum.
Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20
20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped,
with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc
tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Paragophyton K. Schum.
Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long
hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent. 21
21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely.
Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers
included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. West
Africa (Togo). Baumannia K. Schum.
Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. (Including Holocarpa Bak.) Pentanisia Harv.
22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers
included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. Timonius Rumph.
Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen.
[Tribe VANGUERIEAE.] 23
23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Fadogia Schweinf.) Pachystigma Hochst.
{519}Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24
24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an
involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly
toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25
Inflorescences without an involucre. 26
25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads.
Trees.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Scyphochlamys Balf. fil.
Style simple, with a capitate stigma.—Species 10. Mascarene Islands
and Madagascar. They yield timber. Pyrostria Comm.
26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile.
Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.—Species 6. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay. Ancylanthus Desf.
Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27
27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28
Ovary 3-6-celled. 29
28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat.
Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers
in clusters.—Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some
species yield dye-stuffs. Craterispermum Benth.
Stigma capitate, entire.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (Canthium
Lam.) Plectronia L.
29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply
divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a
broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.—Species
10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. Cuviera DC.
Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.—Species 70.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in
medicine. Vangueria Juss.
30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near
their base. 31
Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate
aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54
31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees.
Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38
32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the
ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous
at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with
ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.—Species 20. Tropics. Rutidea DC.
Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition. 33
33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthers
{520}included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers
terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.—Species
1. Madagascar. Pleurocoffea Baill.
Corolla with a straight tube. 34
34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35
Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple.
Ovary 2-celled. 36
35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.—Species 5. Mascarene
Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine. Myonima Comm.
Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.—Species
50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira.
Several species (especially C. arabica L. and C. liberica L.) yield coffee,
oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including Solenixora Baill.) Coffea L.
36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5.
Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united.
Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Buseria Dur.) Leiochilus Hook. fil.
Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in
usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37
37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate
into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental
or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) Pavetta L.
Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate into
a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.—Species
60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in
medicine. Ixora L.
38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath.
Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with
small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near
the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and
medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] Morinda L.
Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but
then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less
lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39
39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style
2-cleft or 2-parted, with head- or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent;
seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40
Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united
at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the
ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46
40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41
{521}Corolla wheel- or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43
41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens
4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.—Species 1. North Africa.
Yields a dye-stuff. Sherardia Dill.
Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42
42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens
4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.—Species
7. North Africa. Used medicinally. Crucianella L.
Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached
near the middle of the partition.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They (especially A. odorata L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison,
condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. Asperula L.
43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary
cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.—Species
2. North Africa. Callipeltis Stev.
Flowers without an involucral bract. 44
44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers
axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers,
4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.—Species
2. North Africa and northern East Africa. Vaillantia L.
Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. 45
45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.—Species 10. Some of them yield
dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” Rubia L.
Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.—Species 60. Some of them yield
dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including Aspera Moench) Galium Tourn.
46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets.
Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal
heads.—Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in
medicine. (Richardia Bartl.) Richardsonia L.
Ovary 2-celled. 47
47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or
three together in the axils of the leaves. 48
Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49
48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly
funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.—Species 2. South Africa
and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. Hydrophylax L. f.
Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped,
5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Gomphocalyx Bak.
49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50
Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51
50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear
or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.—Species 6.
{522}North Africa and northern Central Africa. Gaillonia A. Rich.
Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
12. Tropical and South Africa. Diodia Gronov.
51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. Used medicinally. Mitracarpus Zucc.
Fruit opening lengthwise. 52
52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes
4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb
of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Spermacoce Dill.) Hypodematium A. Rich.
Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base. 53
53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the
partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.
(Spermacoceoides O. Ktze.) Spermacoce Dill.
Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.—Species 45.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Tardavel
Adans., including Octodon Thonn., under Spermacoce Dill.) Borreria G. W. Mey.
54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube;
filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds
with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [Tribe
ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55
Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61
55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous.
Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.—Species 3. South Africa. Carpacoce Sond.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56
56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes
3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental
plant. Serissa Comm.
Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57
57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence
apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary,
dioecious.—Species 6. South Africa. (Ambraria Cruse). Nenax Gaertn.
Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58
58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruit
a drupe.—Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental
plants. Nertera Banks & Sol.
Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into
mericarps. 59
59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this
case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.—Species
{523}35. Southern and tropical Africa. Anthospermum L.
Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs
with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules
and monoecious flowers. 60
60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.—Species
2. South Africa. Galopina Thunb.
Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers
polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. Phyllis L.
61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves
fetid when rubbed. 62
Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp. 64
62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral
cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a
fragile rind.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Lecontea A. Rich. and Siphomeris Boj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.] Paederia L.
Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in
terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted.
Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63
63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved.
Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in
terminal, head-like fascicles.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under
Anthospermum L.) Crocyllis E. Mey.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like.
Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules
slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa. Otiophora Zucc.
64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65
Fruit succulent, berry- or drupe-like. 66
65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Seychelles. Neoschimpera Hemsl.
Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers
in cymes.—Species 1. Comoro Islands. Cremocarpus Boiv.
66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a
bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral
cymes. 67
Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhaling
a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and
style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68
67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and
spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted.
Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.—Species 3. North-west
{524}Africa. Used medicinally. Putoria Pers.
Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather
short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely
exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves
linear.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Plocama Ait.
68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the
corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal
panicles or heads.—Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are
used in medicine. Gaertnera Lam.
Ovary inferior. 69
69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs
or small trees. 70
Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences,
hermaphrodite. 74
70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71
Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73
71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base,
glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in
heads surrounded by an involucre.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon) Peripeplus Pierre
Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or
in glomerules. 72
72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,—Species
2. Madagascar. Hymenocnemis Hook. fil.
Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit
with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.—Species 3. Madagascar. Saldinia A. Rich.
73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many
thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb
of the corolla.—Species 15. Tropics. Lasianthus Jack.
Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens
inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. Psathura Comm.
74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and
style-branches 2-4. 75
Inflorescences without an involucre. 77
75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed.
Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Megalopus K. Schum.
Corolla with a straight tube. 76
76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.—Species 18. Central Africa. (Under
Uragoga L.) Cephaëlis Swartz
Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked,
{525}heart- or kidney-shaped.—Species 13. Tropics. Geophila Don.
77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches
2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.—Species 20. Tropics.
(Under Psychotria L.) Chasalia Blume
Corolla-tube straight. 78
78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7.
Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted.
Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar. Triainolepis Hook. fil.
Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes
2, rarely 3-5. 79
79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped,
hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.—Species
12. Central Africa. Trichostachys Benth. & Hook.
Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80
80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the
throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Psychotria L.). Grumilea Gaertn.
Seeds with a uniform albumen.—Species 200. Tropical and South Africa.
(Myrstiphyllum P. Br., including Uragoga L. partly). Psychotria L.
81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or
trees. 82
Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124
82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled.
Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83
Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88
83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84
Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking
up into two mericarps. 85
84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.—Species
10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. Breonia A. Rich.
Inflorescences without involucral bracts.—Species 3. Tropics. They
yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments. Sarcocephalus Afzel.
85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating
into two nutlets. (See 16.) Cephalanthus L.
Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86
86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected
in heads. Stem erect.—Species 1. Madagascar. Paracephaëlis Baill.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87
87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.—Species 2. Madagascar.
They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments. Nauclea L.
Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.—Species 2.
{526}Tropics. (Ourouparia Aubl.) Uncaria Schreb.
88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube
glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers
in panicles.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and
are used in medicine. Crossopteryx Fenzl
Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [Tribe
GARDENIEAE.] 89
89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2- or more-celled. Anthers
included or slightly exserted. 90
Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93
90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes
much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and
entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91
Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous,
axillary. 92
91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal
cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped,
glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit
globose.—Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Macrosphyra Hook. fil.
Stipules not glume-like.—Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. (Including Genipa L. partly.) Gardenia Ellis
92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens
inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary
or in pairs.—Species 4. Mascarene Islands. Fernelia Comm.
Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in
panicles.—Species 5. West Africa. Pouchetia A. Rich.
93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94
Ovary 4-5-celled. 122
94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95
Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102
95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them. 96
Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99
96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in
terminal corymbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Chomelia
L., Webera Schreb., including Coptosperma Hook, fil.) Tarenna Gaertn.
Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97
97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas
ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine. Santalina Baill.
Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98
98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply
{527}lobed.—Species 3. East and South Africa. Empogona Hook. fil.
Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.—Species
60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bunburya Meissn.,
Diplocrater Benth. & Hook., Diplospora DC., and Kraussia Harv.) Tricalysia A. Rich.
99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped. 100
Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences
lateral. 101
100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.—Species
1. East Africa. Enterospermum Hiern
Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.—Species 1. East
Africa. Zygoon Hiern
101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves.
Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an
aril; albumen uniform.—Species 3. Central Africa. Feretia Del.
Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla
wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.—Species 1.
East Africa. Galiniera Del.
102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103
Style more or less deeply cleft. 113
103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted
aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite.
104
Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105
104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy
within the base, glabrous at the throat.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Sherbournia Don) Amaralia Welw.
Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.—Species 25. Central
and South-east Africa. Leptactinia Hook. fil.
105. Flowers unisexual. 106
Flowers hermaphrodite. 108
106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens
inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Byrsophyllum Hook. fil.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx
lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107
107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base
of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem
climbing.—Species 2. West Africa. Atractogyne Pierre
Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted
at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect;
branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Epitaberna K. Schum.
108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109
{528}Inflorescences lateral. 111
109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose
corymbs. (See 96.) Tarenna Gaertn.
Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110
110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments
awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters,
yellowish-red.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. Burchellia R. Br.
Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.—Species 85. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for
soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Genipa L. partly, Mitriostigma Hochst., and Stylocoryne Cav.) Randia Houst.
111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) Randia Houst.
Seed-coat fibrous. 112
112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the
tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.—Species
2. Madagascar. (Including Tamatavia Hook. fil.) Chapeliera A. Rich
Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the
throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 35.
Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental
plants. Oxyanthus DC.
113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114
Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in
each ovary-cell. 119
114. Placentas thick. 115
Placentas thin. 117
115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens
inserted in the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Madagascar. Flagenium Baill.
Flowers with an epicalyx. 116
116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.—Species 3. Madagascar. Canephora Juss.
Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers
exserted. (See 98.) Tricalysia A. Rich.
117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped,
hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.—Species 1. West
Africa. Probletostemon K. Schum.
Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118
118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.—Species
4. Madagascar. Hypobathrum Blume
Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.—Species
{529}1. Madagascar. Paragenipa Baill.
119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat
pitted. Stipules united at the base.—Species 25. Tropics. Bertiera Aubl.
Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120
120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered
halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.—Species
2. West Africa. Dictyandra Welw.
Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered
halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121
121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) Leptactinia Hook. fil.
Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.—Species 7. Central Africa. Heinsia DC.
122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under Randia
Houst.) Morelia A. Rich.
Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123
123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed
with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.—Species 1. Southern
West Africa (Angola). Chalazocarpus Hiern
Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed.
Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Tetrastigma
K. Schum.) Schumanniophyton Harms
124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous,
small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125
Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (Oldenlandia) an achene or nut
with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Pentacarpaea)
5-celled. Flowers small. 133
125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees.
Inflorescences without an involucre. 126
Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128
126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining
shrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Justenia Hiern
Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127
127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers
solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. West Africa. Pauridiantha Hook. fil.
Corolla wheel- or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled.
Flowers in panicles or heads.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species
yield dyes. Urophyllum Wall.
128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the
segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged and
{530}brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Tropics. Some are used
as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Spallanzania DC.) Mussaenda L.
Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129
129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped
involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. 130
Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre. 131
130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some
or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5.
Fruit globose. Erect herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Temnopteryx Hook. fil.
Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong.
Shrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa. Stipularia Beauv.
131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided;
segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.—Species
1. West Africa. Pentaloncha Hook. fil.
Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it.
Shrubs. 132
132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells
and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the
base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). Ecpoma K. Schum.
Corolla tube- or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.—Species
35. Tropics. Sabicea Aubl.
133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs.
Stipules entire or toothed. 134
Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.] 143
134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135
Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137
135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla
tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending.
Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Payera Baill.
Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla
long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style
simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136
136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.—Species 4.
Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Mamboga
Blanco, Stephegyne Korth., under Nauclea L.) Mitragyne Korth.
Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head- or club-shaped.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. Adina Salisb.
137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or less
{531}distinctly stalked. 138
Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole
length or almost so. 141
138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged.
Fruit globose. Shrubs.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous. Danais Comm.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread- or club-shaped
appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139
139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla
urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used medicinally. Pseudocinchona A. Chev.
Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes
appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140
140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.—Species 3. West
Africa. Corynanthe Welw.
Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn- or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.—Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Corynanthe Welw.) Pausinystalia Pierre
141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes
erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules
glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.—Species 8. Tropics. Hymenodictyon Wall.
Fruit septicidal. 142
142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate,
leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.—Species 4. Madagascar. Schismatoclada Bak.
Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla
pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the
middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas
thick.—Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments
(especially quinine). Cinchona L.
143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above
the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube.
Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). Pentacarpaea Hiern
Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144
144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous. 145
Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147
145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably
enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Carphalea Juss.) Dirichletia Klotzsch
{532}Calyx-segments equal. 146
146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments.
Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar. Carphalea Juss.
Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small
teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves
ovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Placopoda Balf.
147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged. 148
Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151
148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a
persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
10. Central Africa. Virecta Afzel.
Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149
149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.
Undershrubs.—Species 12. Tropics. Otomeria Benth.
Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. 150
150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or
bristle-like segments.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. (Neurocarpaea R. Br.) Pentas Benth.
Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) Mussaenda L.
151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging
above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla
rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a
lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike- or
umbel-like cymes.—Species 2. Central Africa. Argostema Wall.
Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152
152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white,
funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas
spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.—Species 1. East
Africa. Dolichometra K. Schum.
Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often
collected in false racemes or panicles. 153
153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted
in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches
spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and
loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.—Species
1. Central Africa. Hekistocarpa Hook. fil.
Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154
CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 145.
J. Fleischmann del.
Viburnum rugosum Pers.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Cross-section of fruit.
VALERIANACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 146.
J. Fleischmann del.
Valeriana capensis Vahl
A Aboveground part of the plant. B Flower. C Anther. D Flower cut lengthwise (without the anthers). E Stigma. F Fruit. G Seed cut lengthwise.
154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included.
Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules
entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species 1. Tropical
and South-east Africa. (Under Oldenlandia Plum.) Pentodon Hochst.
Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs
or style simple. 155
155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla rotate.
Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in
terminal fascicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). Mitratheca K. Schum.
Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.—Species 120. Some of
them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including Hedyotis L.
and Pentanopsis Rendle). Oldenlandia Plum.
FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior. Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen.—Genera 4, species 15. North and East Africa. (Plate 145.)
1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short, 3-parted.
Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular,
at least the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs
or trees. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.—Species 4. North Africa.
They yield timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so
especially the guelder-rose (V. Opulus L.) and the laurustinus (V. tinus
L.); the latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.] Viburnum L.
Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones
or a several-seeded berry. 2
2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted. Anthers
turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles or
corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.—Species 4.
North and East Africa; one species (S. nigra L.) only naturalized. The
latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; another
species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.] Sambucus L.
Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned
inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves
entire, toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.] 3
3. Ovary 2-3-celled.—Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.” Lonicera L.
Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Azores. An ornamental plant. Leycesteria Wall.
{534}
FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.)
1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery
pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 5. North Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. Centranthus DC.
Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. 2
2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped;
tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed.
Branches of the inflorescence thickened.—Species 4. North-west
Africa. Fedia Moench
Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped. 3
3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing afterwards
into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled. Corolla-tube usually
gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves divided.—Species
5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental
plants. (Plate 146.) Valeriana L.
Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity.
Annual herbs.—Species 20. North and South Africa and northern
East Africa. Some species, especially V. olitoria Poll., are used as
salad. “Cornsalad.” Valerianella Haller
FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5, united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.)
1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the
scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes 4.
Stigma entire.—Species 15. (Plate 147.) Cephalaria Schrad.
Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows. 2
2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. Calyx-teeth
5. Stigma entire.—Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under
Scabiosa L.) Pycnocomon Hoffmsg. & Link
Involucral bracts free. 3
DIPSACACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 147.
J. Fleischmann del.
Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad.
A Flowering blanch. B Flower with epicalyx and bract. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.
CUCURBITACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 148.
J. Fleischmann del.
Momordica Charantia L.
A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Anther. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Staminode. G Cross-section of ovary. H Fruit. I Seed. (H from Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, plate 2455.)
3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4. Stem
prickly or bristly.—Species 5. North and East Africa. Several species
are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.” Dipsacus L.
Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous or
hairy, rarely bristly. 4
4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx with 8
longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.—Species 2.
North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments.
(Under Scabiosa L.) Succisa Coult.
Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by
hairs. 5
5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal
furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.—Species
18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Scabiosa L.
Calyx-teeth 8-24. 6
6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a
narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Scabiosa L.) Knautia Coult.
Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a saucer-shaped
limb.—Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under
Scabiosa L.) Pterocephalus Vaill.
ORDER CAMPANULATAE
SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE
FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE
Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5, four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a straight embryo, without albumen.—Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.)
1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.] 2
Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs. 5
2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal column
very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species
1. East Africa. (Under Gerrardanthus Harv.) Cyclantheropsis Harms
{536}Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted. 3
3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules numerous,
horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female flowers solitary.—Species
30. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible
fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Cephalandra Schrad.) Coccinia Wight & Arn.
Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous.
Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles. 4
4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large, fleshy.
Shrubs. Flowers whitish.—Species 1 (S. edule Swartz). Cultivated
and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of St. Thomas,
and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and fruits are
edible and contain starch. Sechium P. Browne
Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind.
Herbs. Flowers greenish.—Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated
in the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments. Sicyos L.
5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more or less
cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary incompletely
3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3; stigmas 2-lobed.
Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs. Tendrils
2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female solitary.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Including
Atheranthera Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.] Gerrardanthus Harv.
Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens
5, free and all fertile. 6
6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at the base
or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.] 7
Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U- or S-shaped. [Tribe CUCURBITEAE.] 19
7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male
without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate.
Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very
large. Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 2. Tropics.
They yield edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including Ampelosicyos
Thouars). [Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.] Telfairia Hook.
Anther-cells 2, rarely (Melothria) 4, but then flowers small, white or yellow,
the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves simple. 8
8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe MELOTHRIINAE.] 9
Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe
ANGURIINAE.] 10
9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers
sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together,
female solitary.—Species 3. Central Africa. Oreosyce Hook. fil.
Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached
{537}by the base.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield
vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Mukia Arn., Pilogyne Schrad., and Zehneria Endl.) Melothria L.
10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 11
Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 12
11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Flowers
monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. Dendrosicyos Balf. fil.
Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.—Species 30. Central
and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the
Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments,
or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.) Momordica L.
12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers small,
yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 3.—Species
2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including Cladosicyos Hook., under Zehneria Endl.) Cucumeropsis Naud.
Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base. 13
13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male in panicles, the
female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2, 2-cleft.—Species
1. Madagascar. Trochomeriopsis Cogn.
Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious. 14
14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a lengthened
or broadened connective. 15
Male flowers in racemes. 16
15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the
female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green.
Fruit opening by a lid.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Corallocarpus Welw.
Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or strap-shaped.—Species
30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, C. sativus L.,
and the melon, C. Melo L.) yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments,
or serve as ornamental plants. Cucumis L.
16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base. Calyx-segments
awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, female
without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each
cell.—Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (Ctenolepis Hook.) Blastania Kotschy & Peyr.
Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base. 17
17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a rudimentary
pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments
narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules
numerous. Leaves lobed.—Species 1. South Africa. Pisosperma Sond. & Harv.
{538}Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 18
18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective not
prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit bottle-shaped.
Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.—Species 3. South
Africa to Ngamiland. Toxanthera Hook.
Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged
at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong,
without a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.—Species
15. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. (Including Coniandra Schrad. and Rhynchocarpa
Schrad.) Kedrostis Medik.
19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at the
base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers
cohering. Petals undivided.—Species 1. West Africa and Canary
Islands. (Including Trianosperma Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.] Cayaponia Manso.
Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal,
rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous. 20
20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem climbing.
Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in
racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.] 21
Petals not slit. 22
21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube. Male flowers
with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves 3-7-lobed.
Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized
in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as a vegetable
or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.” Trichosanthes L.
Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound.
Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar. Delognaea Cogn.
22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous. Flowers
large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Leaves
entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.] 23
Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.] 26
23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without staminodes.
Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Tendrils simple.—Species 4. Tropics. (Raphidiocystis Hook.) Rhaphidiocystis Hook.
Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 24
24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed.
Tendrils 2- or more-cleft.—Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes
naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve
{539}as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.” Cucurbita L.
Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils
simple or 2-cleft. 25
25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to
oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.) Coccinia Wight & Arn.
Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose. Fruit
rather large.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Including Staphylosyce
Hook.) Physedra Hook.
26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder- or funnel-shaped. 27
Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top- or bell-shaped. 32
27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large,
white or yellow. 28
Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 29
28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong. Leaf-stalk
without glands at the apex.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. (Peponia Naud.) Peponium Naud.
Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary globose.—Species
9. Tropics. Used medicinally. Adenopus Benth.
29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering. Rudimentary
pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Seeds
flattened. Root tuberous.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including
Heterosicyos Welw.) Trochomeria Hook.
Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or
wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. 30
30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas 2-lobed.
Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided; stalk
with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 1 (L. vulgaris
Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized in
extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for making
bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and medicinal
plant. Lagenaria Ser.
Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple. 31
31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. West Africa. Cogniauxia Baill.
Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a broad
connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped.
Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without
glands.—Species 4. Central Africa. (Euryandra Hook.) Eureiandra Hook.
32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and
without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves
undivided. 33
{540}Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers monoecious. 34
33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a
scale at the base.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Eulenburgia Pax
Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.—Species 3.
West Africa. They yield oily seeds. Dimorphochlamys Hook.
34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the male
in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and without
staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a stipule-like
leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit small.—Species
1. West Africa. (Under Bryonia L.) Dactyliandra Hook. fil.
Anthers free, at least when fully developed. 35
35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 36
Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx. 39
36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or green,
the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with 5 staminodes.
Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large. Leafless,
nearly erect, spiny shrubs.—Species 1. German South-west Africa
and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments. Acanthosicyos Welw.
Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and
stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 37
37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow, monoecious, the
male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade, without a rudimentary
pistil, the female solitary or in pairs, without staminodes. Fruits small.
Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils simple.—Species 3. Central Africa.
(Raphanocarpus Hook.) Rhaphanocarpus Hook.
Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3. 38
38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.—Species 1. East
Africa. (Raphanistrocarpus Baill.) Rhaphanistrocarpus Baill.
Ovules numerous. (See 11.) Momordica L.
39. Male flowers in racemes. 40
Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. 43
40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male flowers
without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular. Tendrils
simple.—Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. Bryonia L.
Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous. 41
41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two glands
at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.—Species 1. Tropical and
South Africa. Sphaerosicyos Hook.
Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands. 42
42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.—Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North Africa.
{541}They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have edible,
others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed for making
sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily. Luffa L.
Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without
a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when ripe.—Species
1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant. “Squirting
cucumber.” Ecballium A. Rich.
43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few. Stem climbing.
Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small, yellowish-green, monoecious.
Fruit small, globular.—Species 1. Tropics. Used as an
ornamental and medicinal plant. Bryonopsis Arn.
Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous. 44
44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex. Tendrils
simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.) Cucumis L.
Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils 2-3-cleft.
Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large, monoecious. 45
45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers solitary.—Species 1
(B. hispida Cogn.). Cultivated in various regions. The fruits are
eaten and used in medicine. Benincasa Savi.
Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.—Species 4. They yield edible
fruits (chiefly from C. vulgaris Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds,
and medicaments; some are poisonous. (Colocynthis L.) Citrullus Neck.
SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE
FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE
Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lightfootia) superior, 2-10-celled, rarely (Merciera) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Canarina) a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 26, species 400. (Including LOBELIACEAE and SPHENOCLEACEAE.) (Plate 149.)
1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in racemes
or panicles. [Subfamily LOBELIOIDEAE.] 2
Anthers free, rarely (Jasione) cohering at the base, but then flowers regular
and in heads. 7
2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in many-flowered
terminal and lateral racemes.—Species 2. Madagascar. Dialypetalum Benth.
Petals united below. 3
3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one side. Stamens
free from the corolla or nearly so. 4
{542}Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit. 6
4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Lobelia L.) Grammatotheca Presl
Fruit roundish. 5
5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the apex.
Odd sepal in front.—Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro
Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Dobrowskya
Presl and Parastranthus Don, under Lobelia L.) Monopsis Salisb.
Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.—Species 120.
Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are poisonous
or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Isolobus A.
DC. and Metzleria Presl) Lobelia L.
6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle. Corolla
white.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A poisonous
and medicinal plant. Isotoma Lindl.
Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla blue or
white.—Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including
Enchysia Presl) Laurentia Neck.
7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally
and septicidally.—Species 30. South and Central Africa. Several
species have edible tubers. [Subfamily CYPHIOIDEAE.] Cyphia Berg
Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily CAMPANULOIDEAE.] 8
8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting hairs.
Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the partition.
Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish or yellowish.—Species
1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.] Sphenoclea Gaertn.
Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for collecting
the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.] 9
9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with them. 10
Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or fewer. 11
10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or red. Filaments
broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many transverse
slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers
large, in panicles.—Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental plants. Musschia Dumort.
Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened.
Fruit opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small
herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.—Species
4. South Africa. Microcodon A. DC.
11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening
by an apical lid. 12
Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so. 13
12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell. Flowers
blue, in raceme- or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves linear.
{543}Herbs or undershrubs. Siphocodon Turcz.
Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in
heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Rhigiophyllum Hochst.
13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads surrounded by
an involucre.—Species 4. North Africa. Jasione L.
Anthers free. 14
14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Corolla
tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-4-seeded.
Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. South Africa. Merciera A. DC.
Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled. 15
15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly always
6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments broadened
at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.—Species 3. East
Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and
serve as ornamental plants. Canarina L.
Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous. 16
16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by lateral slits,
more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled. 17
Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores. 18
17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.—Species
1. South Africa. (Leptocodon Sond.) Treichelia Vatke
Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary oblong.—Species
15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Roëlla L.
18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, slits, or
pores. 19
Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad. 22
19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits. 20
Fruit broad, opening by valves. 21
20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped or
narrowly bell-shaped.—Species 20. South Africa. Prismatocarpus L’Hér.
Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped
or broadly bell-shaped.—Species 4. North Africa. They
serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s looking-glass.” Specularia Heist.
21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the
corolla. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Used
as an ornamental plant; the root is edible. Trachelium L.
Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly
projecting beyond the corolla.—Species 25. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal
{544}or ornamental plants. Campanula L.
22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow. 23
Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small. 24
23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.—Species 50. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Plate 149.) Lightfootia L’Hér.
Petals obviously united below, or broad.—Species 80. Some of them
serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cervicina Del.) Wahlenbergia Schrad.
24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.—Species 6. Central and
South-west Africa. Cephalostigma A. DC.
Petals obviously united below. 25
25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the corolla.
Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem woody.
Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under Wahlenbergia Schrad.) Heterochaenia A. DC.
Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding the
corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem
herbaceous.—Species 1. Morocco. (Under Trachelium L.) Feeria Buser
FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate, surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.
Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for
carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables,
and medicaments. Scaevola L.
FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE
Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile (male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit, or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate, rarely free, opening inwards by
CAMPANULACEAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 149.
J. Fleischmann del.
Lightfootia subulata L’Hér.
A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.
COMPOSITAE.
FLOW. PL. AFR.
Pl. 150.
J. Fleischmann del.
Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.
A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise and pappus-bristle. D Anther from front and back.
{545} two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary, with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous. Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.—Genera 327, species 4200. (Including AMBROSIACEAE.) (Plate 150.)
1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe
CICHORIEAE.] 2
Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice
not milky. 31
2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.—Species
3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in
medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] Scolymus L.
Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like
plants. 3
3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are
sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles
or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4
Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate
bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending
in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united
into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10
4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae.
Receptacle without scales. 5
Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers
yellow. 7
5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal,
solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.—Species 3. North
Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as
vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including Geropogon L.) Tragopogon L.
Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6
6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads
terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.—Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria) Tourneuxia Coss.
Fruits straight at the top.—Species 7. North and Central Africa; one
species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms,
and medicaments. (Including Podospermum DC.) Scorzonera L.
7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several
rows.—Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized
in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine.
(Including Seriola L.) Hypochoeris L.
{546}Receptacle without scales. 8
8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles
in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Urospermum Scop.
Involucral bracts in several rows. 9
9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.—Species
20. North Africa. (Including Asterothrix Coss.,
Fidelia Schultz, Kalbfussia Schultz, Microderis DC., Millina Cass., and
Thrincia Roth). Leontodon L.
Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.—Species
20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables.
(Including Deckera Schultz, Helminthia Juss., Spitzelia Schultz, Viraea
Vahl, and Vigineixia Pomel). Picris L.
10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [Subtribe
CREPIDINAE.] 11
Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged
into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe
CICHORINAE.] 24
11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12
Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13
12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt). (Lagoseris M. Bieb.) Pterotheca Cass.
Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits
oblong.—Species 10. North Africa. Andryala L.
13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14
Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18
14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15
Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17
15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus.
Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Egypt). Heteroderis Boiss.
Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16
16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.—Species
1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine. Chondrilla L.
Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.—Species 8.
Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” Taraxacum Hall.
17. Fruits compressed.—Species 40, one of them (L. sativa L.) only cultivated.
They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous.
“Lettuce.” (Including Cicerbita Wallr.) Lactuca L.
Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.—Species 35.
(Including Anisorhamphus DC. and Barkhousia Moench). Crepis L.
18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19
{547}Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top. 20
19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape.
Flowers yellow.—Species 2. East Africa. Dianthoseris Schultz
Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) Crepis L.
20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts
in many rows, with scarious margins. 21
Fruits all alike. 22
21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including Heterachaena
Fres., Microrhynchus Less., Rhabdotheca Cass., and Zollikoferia
DC.) Launaea Cass.
Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less
deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.—Species 5.
North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Picridium
Desf.) Reichardia Roth
22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers
red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 2.
Canary Islands and Socotra. Prenanthes L.
Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23
23. Fruits compressed.—Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables
or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” Sonchus L.
Fruits terete or angular.—Species 7. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” Hieracium L.
24. (10.) Pappus present. 25
Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow. 29
25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed
or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Catananche L.
Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles
in the centre. 26
26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal,
solitary; flowers yellow. 27
Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28
27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.—Species 3. North Africa. Hyoseris L.
Fruits terete, not winged.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Leontodon
L.) Hedypnois Schreb.
28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed.
Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.—Species
12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. Tolpis Bivona
Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits
5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.—Species 6. North and
{548}Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them
only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle,
medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.” Cichorium L.
29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits
linear, the outer spreading.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as
salad. Rhagadiolus Juss.
Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30
30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short
prickles.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Koelpinia Pall.
Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked,
glabrous.—Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (Lampsana Juss.) Lapsana L.
31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point
of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs.
Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32
Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a
ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67
32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33
Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly
tailed. 41
33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads
solitary. 34
Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35
34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and
usually prickly. Leaves prickly.—Species 12. North Africa. One
of the species yields gum and is used in medicine. Atractylis L.
Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.—Species
85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Including Arctotheca Wendl., Cryptostemma R. Br.,
Damatris Cass., Haplocarpha Less., Landtia Less., Microstephium Less.,
and Venidium Less.) Arctotis L.
35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits
enclosing the fruits. 36
Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or
less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38
36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner.
Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves
entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.—Species 5. South Africa. Didelta L’Hér.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37
37. Pappus formed of scales.—Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some
are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (Crocodiloides Adans.,
{549}including Stephanocoma Less. and Stobaea Thunb.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.—Species
15. South Africa. Cullumia R. Br.
38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed
with long hairs. 39
Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. 40
39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales.
Herbs.—Species 7. South and Central Africa. Berkheyopsis O. Hoffm.
Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Hirpicium Cass.
40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus
formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.—Species
4. South Africa. Gorteria L.
Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually
two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.—Species 35.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Meridiana Hill). Gazania Gaertn.
41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected
in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves
pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42
Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads
not in clusters. 43
42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline,
prickly.—Species 1. North Africa. Gundelia L.
Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.—Species
3. South and Central Africa. Platycarpha Less.
43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres
of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers
tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.—Species 20.
Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.”
(Sphaerocephalus L.) Echinops L.
Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44
44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment.
[Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45
Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51
45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of
leaves. Leaves prickly. 46
Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (Centaurea) surrounded
by some unarmed leaves. 48
46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed.
Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.—Species
1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used
medicinally. (Carbenia Adans.) Cnicus Gaertn.
{550}Pappus simple or wanting. 47
47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.—Species
13. North Africa and northern East Africa. Carduncellus Juss.
Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.—Species 15. North
Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized
in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, C. tinctorius L.)
yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including Kentrophyllum Neck.) Carthamus L.
48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and
bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers
white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt). Zoegea L.
Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49
49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and
bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers
red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into
narrow segments.—Species 1. North Africa. Crupina Cass.
Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus. 50
50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an
appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or
double.—Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species
naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments
or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Aegialophila Boiss. &
Heldr., Amberboa DC., Leuzea DC., Melanoloma Cass., Microlonchus
Cass., Phaeopappus Boiss., Rhaponticum Lam., and Volutarella Cass.) Centaurea L.
Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes
with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.—Species 4.
North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.” Serratula L.
51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined
at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52
Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56
52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre
leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly. 53
Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54
53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads
large.—Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. Carlina L.
Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) Atractylis L.
54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular
corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner
involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.—Species
{551}2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Xeranthemum L.
Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts
prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55
55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Broteroa Willd.) Cardopatium Juss.
56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly. 57
Filaments free. 58
57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter.
Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 3. North Africa. (Lupsia Neck.) Galactites Neck.
Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species
2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in
South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. Silybum Gaertn.
58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59
Filaments glabrous. 62
59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.—Species 9. North Africa. Onopordon L.
Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60
60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.—Species
6. North Africa; one species (C. Scolymus L., artichoke) only
cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Including
Cynaropsis O. Ktze.) Cynara L.
Receptacle not fleshy. 61
61. Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some
are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Cnicus L., including Chamaepeuce
DC., Notobasis Cass., and Picnomon DC.) Cirsium Scop.
Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species 20. North and East Africa. Carduus L.
62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of
scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers
not tailed. 63
Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64
63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.) Didelta L’Hér.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See
37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves
undivided, unarmed. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields
oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (Lappa Juss.) Arctium L.
Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65
65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red.
Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. Staehelina L.
{552}Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66
66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.—Species 1.
North Africa. Jurinea Cass.
Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) Cirsium Scop.
67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned,
or ciliate appendages. 68
Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate
at the base. 200
68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped. 69
Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular. 71
69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles.
Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa. Pegolettia Cass.
Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus
of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe
MUTISINAE.] 70
70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cloiselia S. Moore
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.—Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Including Perdicium L.) Gerbera Gronov.
71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE,
subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72
Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely
flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78
72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long
silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large;
all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.—Species
1. North Africa. Warionia Benth. & Coss.
Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73
73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle
with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male
flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.—Species
2. East Africa. Achyrothalamus O. Hoffm.
Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74
74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite,
but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus
of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species
10. Central Africa. Erythrocephalum Benth.
Receptacle without scales. 75
75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal
flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales.
Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa. (Phyllactinia
Benth.) Pasaccardoa O. Ktze.
{553}Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76
76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several
rows of bristles.—Species 13. Central Africa. Pleiotaxis Steetz
Involucral bracts pointed. 77
77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers with
a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs
with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.—Species
3. South Africa. Oldenburgia Less.
Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with
neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 35. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including
Brachyachaenium Bak. and Hochstetteria DC.) Dicoma Cass.
78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards
the margin. 79
Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114
79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80
Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal
female or neuter. 85
80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81
Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82
81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected
in compound heads.—Species 3. East Africa. Polycline Oliv.
Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time
of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.—Species 3. North
Africa. Anvillea DC.
82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). Eenia Hiern & Moore
Pappus of bristles. 83
83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral
bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Lachnospermum Willd.
Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like
plants. 84
84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.—Species 15. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. Helipterum DC.
Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.—Species 300.
Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”).
(Elichrysum Gaertn., including Aphelexis Don). Helichrysum Gaertn.
85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86
Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102
86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the
marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers
hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [Tribe
{554}INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal
rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip. 97
87. Pappus absent. 88
Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89
88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad.
(See 81.) Anvillea DC.
Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.—Species 2.
Central Africa. Astephania Oliv.
89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.—Species 12. Sphacophyllum Boj.
Pappus of scales or bristles. 90
90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.—Species 3. North Africa. Rhanterium Desf.
Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles. 91
91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Kalahari). Philyrophyllum O. Hoffm.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (Anisopappus) of scales
intermingled with some bristles. 92
92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.—Species
1. German South-west Africa. Ondetia Benth.
Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93
93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply
5-cleft. Heads in cymes.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Geigeria Griesselich
Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite
flowers 5-toothed. 94
94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the
limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an
outer involucre of mucronate leaves.—Species 1. North Africa. Pallenis Cass.
Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the
limb. 95
95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal.
Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. Anisopappus Hook. & Arn.
Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96
96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal
scales. Herbs.—Species 5. South Africa. Callilepis DC.
Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.—Species
13. North and Central Africa. O. pygmaeum O. Hoffm.
is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (Asteriscus
Moench) Odontospermum Neck.
97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98
{555}Pappus present. 99
98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly
glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa. Arrowsmithia DC.
Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.—Species
2. South Africa. Used medicinally. Osmitopsis Cass.
99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small
crown. 100
Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. 101
100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.—Species
8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Osmites L.
Involucral bracts in many rows.—Species 20. South Africa. Relhania L’Hér.
101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.—Species
2. South Africa. Rosenia Thunb.
Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes
intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. South,
North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. Leyssera L.
102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal
flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe FILAGININAE.] 103
Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal
flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage.
Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110
103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104
Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus. 106
104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla
of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.—Species
2. North Africa. Micropus L.
Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105
105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.—Species
7. North Africa. (Including Evacidium Pomel) Evax Gaertn.
Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules
or in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 10. South and North Africa.
(Including Trichogyne Less.) Ifloga Cass.
106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones
of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.—Species
1. North Africa. Gymnarrhena Desf.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107
107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108
Stem woody, at least at the base. 109
108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.—Species
{556}1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (Monenteles Labill.) Pterocaulon Ell.
Stem not winged.—Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape
Verde Islands. (Including Logfia Boiss. and Xerotium Bluff & Fing.) Filago L.
109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. Cylindrocline Cass.
Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female
flowers few.—Species 7. Central Africa. Blepharispermum Wight
110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite
flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. Achyrocline Less.
Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111
111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs. 112
Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113
112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated
from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.—Species
1. South Africa. Petalactella N. E. Brown
Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles
thickened or penicillate at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa. Petalacte Don
113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.—Species 3. Tropical
and South-east Africa. (Including Rhynea DC.) Cassinia R. Br.
Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) Helichrysum Gaertn.
114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe
TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115
Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (Anaphalis)
subdioecious, but then herbs. 117
115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the
female in two rows. Pappus none.—Species 3. South and Central
Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. Tarchonanthus L.
Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116
116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.—Species 3. Madagascar. Synchodendron Boj.
Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. Brachylaena R. Br.
117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118
Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134
118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119
Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125
119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Macowania Oliv.
Pappus wanting. 120
120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed.
{557}Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) Arrowsmithia DC.
Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits
turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121
121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs
or undershrubs. 122
Marginal fruits all alike. 123
122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena,
and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used
as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute
for saffron. Calendula L.
Fruits straight. Heads small.—Species 3. South Africa. (Including
Xenisma DC.) Oligocarpus Less.
123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts
in one row.—Species 35. South and Central Africa. Tripteris Less.
Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124
124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled.
Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South
Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants. Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits
thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.—Species 60. South
and Central Africa. (Including Gibbaria Cass.) Osteospermum L.
125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male,
the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or
cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Anaphalis DC.
Heads all alike. 126
126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner
petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127
Female flowers in several rows. 128
127. Heads large, solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental
plant. Phaenocoma Don
Heads small, in dense cymes.—Species 7. South Africa. Anaxeton Cass.
128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129
Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131
129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Monarrhenus Cass.
Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130
130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (Placus Lour.) Blumea DC.
Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.—Species
{558}15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including Tecmarsis DC.) Pluchea Cass.
131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a
pappus. 132
Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133
132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the
female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.—Species 6.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including Demidium DC.) Amphidoxa DC.
Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal.
Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.—Species
2. South and Central Africa. Denekia Thunb.
133. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
(Including Litogyne Harv.) Epaltes Cass.
Heads collected in compound heads.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. Sphaeranthus L.
134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within,
hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division. 135
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges,
hairy only in their upper part. 149
135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female. 138
136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex.
Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar. Apodocephala Bak.
Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137
137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
Geigeria Griesselich). Thysanurus O. Hoffm.
Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads
stalked. Shrubs.—Species 5. Madagascar. Centauropsis Boj.
138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle
pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus
of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Namaland). Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.
Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE,
subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139
139. Pappus wanting. 140
Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141
140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) Epaltes Cass.
Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) Sphaeranthus L.
141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus. 142
Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143
142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female
flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) Denekia Thunb.
Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers
{559}4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.—Species 1. East Africa. Delamerea S. Moore
143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads
collected in heads of the third order.—Species 1. East Africa. Triplocephalum O. Hoffm.
Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144
144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles,
red-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa. Porphyrostemma Grant
Pappus of bristles. 145
145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads
in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland). (Under Pluchea Cass.) Pechuel-Loeschea O. Hoffm.
Female flowers in several rows. 146
146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together.
Undershrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa. Nicolasia S. Moore
Fruits terete or angular. 147
147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.) Monarrhenus Cass.
Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148
148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) Blumea DC.
Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See
130.) Pluchea Cass.
149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded;
marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female
(marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular
one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal
rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166
150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 3. West
Africa. Mollera O. Hoffm.
Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151
151. Pappus of scales. 152
Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153
152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged
in panicles. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Anisochaeta DC.
Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.—Species 4. Central
and South-west Africa. Calostephane Benth.
153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154
Pappus of scales and bristles. 161
154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.—Species
7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Printzia Cass.
Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155
155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Cypselodontia DC.
{560}Ray-flowers fertile. 156
156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter. 157
Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter
ones. 159
157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Iphiona Cass.
Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158
158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Anisothrix O. Hoffm.
Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Minurothamnus DC.
159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs.
Involucre of few bracts.—Species 2. Egypt. (Under Iphiona Cass.) Varthemia DC.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160
160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers,
solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Homochaete Benth.
Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.—Species 30. Some of
them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Bojeria
DC., Pentatrichia Klatt, Schizogyne Cass., and Vicoa Cass.) Inula L.
161. Pappus-scales united below. 162
Pappus-scales free. 163
162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in
corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 2. Canary Islands. Allagopappus Cass.
Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads
solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.—Species 30. Some of
them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Francoeuria
Cass.) Pulicaria Gaertn.
163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without
ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) Pegolettia Cass.
Pappus-scales very narrow. 164
164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 3. North
Africa. (Under Grantia Boiss.) Perralderia Coss.
Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165
165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary
Islands. Viraea Webb
Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Jasonia Cass.
166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 167
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting.
[Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176
167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like
plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168
{561}Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172
168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered
with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery
bristles united at the base. Shrubs.—Species 8. South Africa. Disparago Gaertn.
Heads many-flowered. 169
169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.—Species 2. South Africa. Anaglypha DC.
Pappus present. 170
170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.—Species 13. South
Africa. Nestlera Spreng.
Pappus of bristles. 171
171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa. Amphiglossa DC.
Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.—Species 1. South
Africa. Bryomorphe Harv.
172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs
or undershrubs. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173
173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles
or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs.
(See 101.) Leyssera L.
Pappus consisting of bristles. 174
174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
15. Southern and tropical Africa. Athrixia Ker
Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two
rows. Shrubs. 175
175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.—Species
3. South Africa. Heterolepis Cass.
Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles
thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.—Species 3. Central and
South Africa. Antithrixia DC.
176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177
Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers
hermaphrodite. 184
177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.—Species
1. East Africa. Chiliocephalum Benth.
Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178
178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) Amphidoxa DC.
Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179
179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer
only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
East Africa. Artemisiopsis S. Moore
{562}Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180
180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.—Species
2. South and North Africa. Lasiopogon Cass.
Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181
181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads
solitary.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Chevreulia Cass.
Fruits without a beak. 182
182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles.
Undershrubs. (See 110.) Achyrocline Less.
Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183
183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary
or in long-stalked glomerules.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Phagnalon Cass.
Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.—Species 50. “Cudweed.” Gnaphalium L.
184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185
Heads 2- or more-flowered. 188
185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery
bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) Disparago Gaertn.
Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186
186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.—Species 2. South
Africa. Perotriche Cass.
Pappus formed of bristles. 187
187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like
shrubs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. Stoebe L.
Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral
bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.—Species
12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally. Stenocline DC.
188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189
Pappus formed of bristles. 190
189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Syncephalum DC.
Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Astephanocarpa Bak.
190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191
Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192
191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Pterothrix DC.
Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like
plants. (See 84.) Helipterum DC.
192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193
Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197
193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small,
in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.—Species 1. South Africa. Eriosphaera Less.
{563}Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194
194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards
on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195
Habit not heath-like. 196
195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded by
a ring- or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.—Species 7. South
Africa. Some are used medicinally. Elytropappus Cass.
Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts
coloured above.—Species 25. South Africa. Metalasia R. Br.
196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads
2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) Stenocline DC.
Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) Helichrysum Gaertn.
197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198
Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs. 199
198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle
glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cullumiopsis Drake
Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle
bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear.
(See 83.) Lachnospermum Willd.
199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts
yellow.—Species 1. South Africa. Pachyrhynchus DC.
Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.—Species 8. South
Africa. Leontonyx Cass.
200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma
and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201
Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238
201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal
flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting,
rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 202
Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (Adelostigma)
distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers
thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207
202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs
or undershrubs. 203
Outer fruits all alike. 204
203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) Calendula L.
Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) Oligocarpus Less.
204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral
bracts in one row. (See 123.) Tripteris Less.
Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205
205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in two
{564}or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) Osteospermum L.
Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs.
Heads solitary. 206
206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves
pinnately divided.—Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Garuleum Cass.
207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208
Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213
208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the
outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a
thread-shaped corolla. 209
Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite),
the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular
corolla or without a corolla. 211
209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits
hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked
bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Eriocephalus L.) Lasiocoma Bolus
Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting. 210
210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed.
Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. Parthenium L.
Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the
female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes
or umbels, or solitary.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally. Eriocephalus L.
211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla
4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft.
Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite.
Heads in leafy panicles.—Species 2. Island of St. Helena. Petrobium R. Br.
Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla,
the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and
without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base.
Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs.
[Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212
212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads
2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.—Species
4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized
in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxious
{565}to pasturing cattle. Xanthium L.
Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly
so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.—Species
2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa.
Used medicinally. Ambrosia L.
213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes
produced into two small points, or wanting. 214
Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223
214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or
wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla
of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages.
Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species
8. South Africa. (Heteractis DC.) Gymnostephium Less.
Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215
215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216
Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220
216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed,
yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.—Species
40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Brocchia Vis. and Cenia Juss.) Cotula L.
Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts
rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217
217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the
hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches
of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened,
without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads
solitary.—Species 4. South Africa. Steirodiscus Less.
Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218
218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the
central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs.
Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of
Tristan da Cunha. Lagenophora Cass.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers
white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the
hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219
219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or
undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits
wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately
divided. (See 206.) Garuleum Cass.
Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla
of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.—Species
50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serve
{566}as ornamental plants. (Including Argyranthemum Webb, Ismelia Cass.,
Leucanthemum DC., Monoptera Schultz, Myconia Neck., Pinardia Cass.,
Plagius L’Hér., Preauxia Schultz, Prolongoa Boiss., Pyrethrum Gaertn.,
and Tanacetum L.) Chrysanthemum L.
220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female
2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows.
Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221
Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed. 222
221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, without
a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. Soliva Ruiz & Pav.
Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) Cotula L.
222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal
ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. South Africa.
Used medicinally. Hippia L.
Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without
strong ribs.—Species 20. Some of them (especially A. Absinthium
L., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs,
or for preparing liquors and vinegar. Artemisia L.
223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224
Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles. 233
224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225
Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226
225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Homochroma DC.
Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. Mairia Nees
226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much
shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227
Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or
more rows. 228
227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male)
flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.—Species 3. South
Africa. Gymnodiscus Less.
Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.—Species 45. Southern and tropical
Africa. Cineraria L.
228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads
solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire
or shortly toothed. 229
Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped,
rarely (Psiadia) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads in
{567}corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230
229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male)
flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed,
glabrous. (See 216.) Cotula L.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete,
hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa. Adelostigma Steetz
230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread- or shortly strap-shaped.
Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads
in corymbs.—Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. Psiadia Jacq.
Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped.
Fruits compressed. 231
231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles
usually in one row.—Species 65. South and Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Asterosperma Less.,
Detris Adans., and Diplopappus DC., under Aster L.) Felicia Cass.
Stem herbaceous. 232
232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in
several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short
triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species
13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally. Erigeron L.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows,
with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage.
Pappus-bristles in two rows.—Species 10. South and
North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Linosyris Cass.) Aster L.
233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) Aster L.
Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much
smaller ones. 234
234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male),
the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly
strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads in racemes or corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as
an ornamental plant. Petasites Gaertn.
Heads all alike. 235
235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long
strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads solitary.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.” Tussilago L.
Female marginal flowers in one row. 236
236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs.
Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species
3. South Africa. Ruckeria DC.
{568}Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237
237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free.
Undershrubs.—Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Othonnopsis Jaub. et Spach) Hertia Less.
Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less
united.—Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Doria Less.) Othonna L.
238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical,
covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with
hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below
the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped. 239
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of
stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the
point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that
point. 262
239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240
Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (Vernonia) subdioecious
by incomplete development of one sex. 242
240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches
blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.—Species 17. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt. Laggera Schultz.
Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow.
Receptacle pitted. 241
241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary.
(See 138.). Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.
242. Flowers yellow. 243
Flowers white, red, or blue. 244
243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.—Species 7. Central Africa.
(Including Autunesia O. Hoffm. and Newtonia O. Hoffm., under Vernonia
Schreb.) Gongrothamnus Steetz
244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 245
Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the
pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long
and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247
245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches
rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dewildemania O. Hoffm.
Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage.
Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales
{569}united into a toothed cup. 246
246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular.
Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.
Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves
lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Gossweilera S. Moore
247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in
several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed.
Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.—Species 5.
Tropics. Used medicinally. Elephantopus L.
Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248
248. Pappus wanting. 249
Pappus present. 251
249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an
indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.) Apodocephala Bak.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250
250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.—Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt. Ethulia L.
Fruits rounded at the top.—Species 10. Central Africa. Gutenbergia Schultz
251. Pappus ear- or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252
Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253
252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
East Africa. Hoehnelia Schweinf.
Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.—Species 1. Tropics. Sparganophorus Vaill.
253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them. 254
Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small
scales outside them. 257
254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white.
Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 1.
West Africa (Congo). Msuata O. Hoffm.
Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255
255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle
pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.—Species
3. Central Africa. Ageratina O. Hoffm.
Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256
256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits
cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with
parallel veins.—Species 10. South Africa. Corymbium L.
Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits
3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.—Species
{570}4. Central Africa. Herderia Cass.
257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258
Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales. 260
258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered,
in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Volkensia O. Hoffm.
Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259
259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits
blunt, 8-10-ribbed.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Centratherum Cass.
Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.—Species
30. Central and South Africa. (Including Bothriocline Oliv.
and Stephanolepis S. Moore) Erlangea Schultz
260. Leaves unarmed.—Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of
the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including Bechium DC.,
Cyanopis Blume, and Decaneurum DC.) (Plate 150.) Vernonia Schreb.
Leaves prickly. 261
261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.—Species
2. South Africa. Hoplophyllum DC.
Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits
many-ribbed.—Species 2. West Africa. Aedesia O. Hoffm.
262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical,
usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting
and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part
subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite,
red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous
marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in
the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or
without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on
the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely
style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of
stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers
yellow or partly female. 266
263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without
prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Heads in panicles.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used
medicinally. Adenostemma Forst.
Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of
scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264
264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant. Ageratum L.
{571}Pappus of numerous bristles. 265
265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Willugbaeya Neck.) Mikania Willd.
Involucral bracts 6 or more.—Species 6. Four species indigenous to
North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and
the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Eupatorium L.
266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower
part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper
part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal
hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins
or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a
crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both
directions by shorter ones. 301
267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very
shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla
overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276
268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal
flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe GRANGEINAE.] 269
Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread- or
strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272
269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits
compressed.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield condiments and medicaments. Dichrocephala DC.
Pappus present. 270
270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Microtrichia DC.
Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271
271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.—Species 1. Central Africa
and Egypt. Ceruana Forsk.
Receptacle without scales between the flowers.—Species 3. Tropics to
Egypt. Used medicinally. Grangea Adans.
272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads
in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species are used as vegetables or salad. Microglossa DC.
Fruits compressed. 273
273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or
undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.—Species
6. South and North Africa. (Leptothamnus DC.) Nolletia Cass.
{572}Female flowers in two or more rows. 274
274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style,
or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.—Species 80. Some of them
yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (Marsea Adans.,
including Webbia Schultz). Conyza Less.
Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral
bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275
275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.—Species 35. Southern and
tropical Africa. Nidorella Cass.
Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) Erigeron L.
276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting.
Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277
Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289
277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes
sterile. 278
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row
of female or neuter marginal flowers. 286
278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of
much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279
Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280
279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles.
Leaves radical.—Species 1. West Africa. Psednotrichia Hiern
Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves
alternate.—Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including
Crassocephalum Moench, under Senecio L.) Gynura Cass.
280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy
corymbs. 281
Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282
281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.—Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony). Pentheriella O. Hoffm. & Muschler
Fruits compressed.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Chrysocoma L.
282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes
scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283
Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284
283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa. (Adenogonum Welw.) Engleria O. Hoffm.
Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
lanceolate. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa. Fresenia DC.
284. Stem woody, shrubby.—Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland. Pteronia L.
Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285
285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Chrysocoma L.) Heteromma Benth.
{573}Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) Aster L.
286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of
the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows
of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.—Species 2. South
Africa. Alciope DC.
Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the
style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or
campanulate. 287
287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous,
unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid
dots.—Species 1. Madagascar. Glycideras Cass.
Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288
288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in
one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.—Species 3.
Madagascar. Rochonia DC.
Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs.
Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Goldenrod.” Solidago L.
289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290
Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.
[Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292
290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches
linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous.
Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Tropics. Chrysanthellum Rich.
Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or
lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291
291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.—Species 2. Central Africa. Brachycome Cass.
Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Daisy.” Bellis L.
292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer without
a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. Charieis Cass.
Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293
293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the
outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary,
terminating the branches. Herbs.—Species 12. South Africa. Amellus L.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles. 294
294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers
white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.—Species 1.
North Africa. Bellium L.
Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295
295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.) Mairia Nees
{574}Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296
296. Fruits compressed. 297
Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300
297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.—Species
4. Island of St. Helena. Commidendron DC.
Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs,
or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298
298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then
much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge,
usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped
corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter
bristles. (See 231.) Felicia Cass.
Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299
299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in
several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes
with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually
short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See
232.) Erigeron L.
Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows.
Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually
oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) Aster L.
300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1
row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles
in one row. Downy undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Henricia Cass.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers
in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in
2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Melanodendron DC.
301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not
feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle
without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302
Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales
sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316
302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.] 303
Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [Subtribe
SENECIONINAE.] 306
303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile.
Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner
disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous
interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately
dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.) Ruckeria DC.
Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile.
{575}Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304
304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers
with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several
rows of caducous bristles.—Species 40. South and Central Africa.
Some species yield a resin. Euryops Cass.
Stem herbaceous throughout. 305
305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong
midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.—Species
3. Central and South Africa. Oligothrix DC.
Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case
pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes
without a strong midnerve.—Species 2. East Africa. Werneria H. B. & Kunth
306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307
Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311
307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders.
Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads
solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.) Phagnalon Cass.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 308
308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed.
Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Erechthites Raf.
Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309
309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer
fruits without a pappus.—Species 1. South Africa. Stilpnogyne DC.
Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310
310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.
Involucral bracts leaf-like.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Eriothrix Cass.
Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Faujasia Cass.
311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or
several together, on long stalks.—Species 7. North Africa. Doronicum L.
Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312
312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve,
1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches with
a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species 8. South
Africa. Lopholaena DC.
Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313
313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches
rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See
{576}286.) Alciope DC.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (Senecio) indistinctly arranged in
3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs. 314
314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct
crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.) Gynura Cass.
Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy
appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315
315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate,
ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs.
(See 227.) Cineraria L.
Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.—Species 500. Some
of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Including Brachyrhynchos Less., Cacalia L. partly,
Emilia Cass., Kleinia DC., Lachanodes DC., Mesogramma DC., Notonia
DC., and Pladaroxylon Hook. fil.) Senecio L.
316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the
edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown- or ear-shaped or wanting.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal
crown of hairs. 317
Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather
large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers
ending in a hairy appendage. 356
317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts
in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one
row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged.
Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe
ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318
318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319
Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [Subtribe
CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331
319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs.
Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5)
branches of the much-branched cyme.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. Cladanthus Cass.
Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only,
or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles. 320
320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent.
Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire.
{577}Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Diotis Desf.
Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without
any appendages. 321
321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or
violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating
the branches.—Species 3. South Africa. Lasiospermum Lag.
Fruits not woolly. 322
322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323
Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325
323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately
divided.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. Anacyclus L.
Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324
324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.—Species 7. North
Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. Achillea L.
Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Fradinia Pomel, under Cladanthus
Cass.) Mecomischus Benth. & Hook.
325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present. 326
Leaves alternate. 327
326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting
of scales sometimes united into a small crown.—Species 4. South
Africa. Oedera L.
Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.—Species
4. South Africa. Eumorphia DC.
327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328
Stem woody, at least at the base. 329
328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped.
Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa.
Lonas Adans.
Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped
or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages.
Heads stalked, terminating the branches.—Species 30. North and
Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used
as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Cass.,
Ormenis Cass., Perideraea Webb, and Rhetinolepis Cass.) Anthemis L.
329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Canary Islands.
(Including Hymenolepis Schultz and Lugoa DC.) Gonospermum Less.
Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers. 330
330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usually
{578}compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs.
Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species 6. Central and North-west Africa.
Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Santolina L.
Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled.
Heads in usually dense corymbs.—Species 55. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Including Bembycodium Kunze and Oligodora DC.) Athanasia L.
331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 343
332. Flowers 4-merous. 333
Flowers 5-merous. 336
333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits 4-angled,
glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads rather
small.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under Tanacetum L.) Schistostephium Less.
Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. 334
334. Pappus ring- or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants
(camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Vis., Chlamydophora Ehrenb.,
Courrantia Schultz, and Otospermum Willk.) Matricaria L.
Pappus wanting. 335
335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See
216.) Cotula L.
Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits
compressed, glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa. Peyrousea DC.
336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not
corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.) Artemisia L.
Heads solitary or in corymbs. 337
337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves pinnately
divided. (See 334.) Matricaria L.
Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter. 338
338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
Stem woody, shrubby. 339
339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting. 340
Leaves alternate. 341
340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15
ribs. Leaves usually forked.—Species 2. South Africa. Gymnopentzia Benth.
Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral bracts
in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs
at the base.—Species 1. South Africa. Asaemia Harv.
341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.—Species 20.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. Pentzia Thunb.
{579}Leaves entire. 342
342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.—Species
3. South Africa. Stilpnophytum Less.
Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all fertile.—Species
3. South Africa. (Including Adenosolen DC. and Brachymeris
DC.) Marasmodes DC.
343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla
or without a corolla. 344
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 350
344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs. 345
Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla. 349
345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and membranous,
the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal flowers
in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers with a
large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves opposite.
Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 2. South
Africa. Otochlamys DC.
Involucral bracts equal or nearly so. 346
346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner 4-angled,
glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.) Schistostephium Less.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal. 347
347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.) Cotula L.
Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Leaves undivided. 348
348. Female flowers in one row.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Abrotanella Cass.
Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.—Species 1. Tropics.
(Myriogyne Less.) Centipeda Lour.
349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like)
panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers in one
row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.) Artemisia L.
Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much
shorter. 351
Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length. 352
351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. Hermaphrodite
flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of scales.—Species
1. South Africa. Lepidostephium Oliv.
Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 353
Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire,
toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate,
{580}entire. 354
353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. Fruits
compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long
stalks thickened above. (See 216.). Cotula L.
Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits
usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.) Matricaria L.
354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, glandular-warted.
Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear segments.—Species
7. South Africa. (Including Adenachaena DC. and Iocaste E. Mey.) Phymaspermum Less.
Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous. 355
355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre campanulate.
Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa. Thaminophyllum Harv.
Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre hemispherical.
Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. Undershrubs.—Species 3.
South Africa. Lidbeckia Berg
356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. 357
Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers. 383
357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. Fruits
10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, scarious
at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, strap-shaped
corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or pinnately
divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.—Species 65. South Africa
and Abyssinia. (Including Sphenogyne R. Br.) Ursinia Gaertn.
Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute
scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely
scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.] 358
358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral bracts
subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on long
stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and
the neighbouring islands. Tridax L.
Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united
into a crown, or wanting. 359
359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, fringed
scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in one
row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows,
embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.—Species 1.
Naturalized in East Africa. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav.
Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, or
{581}crown-shaped, or wanting. 360
360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a strap-shaped
corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads
on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental
plants. Zinnia L.
Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or wanting. 361
361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the receptacle
between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female or neuter
marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. [Subtribe
COREOPSIDINAE.] 362
Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.] 368
362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute
reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided. 363
Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner
fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting. 364
363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar
and the Mascarene Islands. Cosmos Cav.
Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds.
(Including Kerneria Moench) Bidens L.
364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous
at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves
opposite. 365
Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows. 366
365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer fruits
winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. Naturalized
in Central Africa. Synedrella Gaertn.
Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads
solitary.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Calyptrocarpus Less.
366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous.
Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. Herbs.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in cymes,
stalked.—Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields oil
from the seeds (ramtil-oil). Guizotia Cass.
Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base. 367
367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus a
minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in
panicles.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Microlecane Schultz
Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or ring-shaped,
or wanting.—Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. Coreopsis L.
368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns or
wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs. 369
{582}Inner fruits slightly or not compressed. 370
369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the disc.
Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used medicinally.
(Ximenesia Cass.) Verbesina L.
Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter
than the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments. Spilanthes L.
370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus wanting.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. 371
Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits. 372
371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.—Species 5.
Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used medicinally. Siegesbeckia L.
Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.—Species 1. Central Africa. Enydra Lour.
372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped or
wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the
marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or
conical. Herbs.—Species 2. Central Africa. Sclerocarpus Jacq.
Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits. 373
373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus wanting.
Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. They yield
dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments. Eclipta L.
Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled. 374
374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. 375
Pappus present. 376
375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of three.—Species
1. Madagascar. Micractis DC.
Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.—Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa. Wedelia Jacq.
376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat. Receptacle-scales
slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Temnolepis Bak.
Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or undershrubs 377
377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales. 378
Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without free
{583}bristles. 379
378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large.
Ray-flowers neuter.—Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized.
Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers,
dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared. Helianthus L.
Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle
convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.—Species 17.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Lipotriche R. Br.) Melanthera Rohr
379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs. Receptacle
convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers
arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves
alternate, linear. (See 246.) Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 380
380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves opposite.—Species
40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. Aspilia Thouars
Marginal flowers female. 381
381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus
of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the lower,
opposite.—Species 4. Central Africa. Blainvillea Cass.
Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus cup-shaped,
with or without awns. Heads stalked. 382
382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.—Species 6.
Madagascar. Epallage DC.
Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.) Wedelia Jacq.
383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow, thread-shaped,
2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows, imbricate,
with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one row of
bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in glomerules.
(See 183.) Phagnalon Cass.
Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped, rarely
a tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.] 384
384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla. Involucral
bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Welwitschiella O. Hoffm.
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.
Heads solitary or in glomerules. 385
385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers arrow-shaped,
the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Naturalized
in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. Gaillardia Foug.
{584}Receptacle glabrous, rarely (Tagetes) ciliate at the edges of the pits. 386
386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite,
entire. Heads solitary.—Species 9. Central Africa. (Including
Hypericophyllum Steetz). Jaumea Pers.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 387
387. Involucral bracts free. 388
Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the
base or with blunt halves. 390
388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal
flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the
base. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or
all radical. Heads solitary. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers
solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.
Heads in glomerules. 389
389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Naturalized
in Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments. Flaveria Juss.
Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species 1.
South Africa. Phaeocephalus S. Moore
390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.—Species 15.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Gamolepis Less.
Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs. 391
391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite, pinnately
divided.—Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also
yielding dyes and medicaments. Tagetes L.
Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves
alternate, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa. Cadiseus E. Mey.
{585}
showing the number of Genera and Species and the Geographical Distribution of each Family.
====================++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++============= || Whole || Africa || Africa || North || Central || Malagasy || South || Earth || (in all) ||(indigenous) || Africa || Africa || Islands || Africa ====================++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+====== Cycadaceae || 9 | 85 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 15 Ginkgoaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Taxaceae || 11 | 100 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Pinaceae || 26 | 260 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 25 || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Gnetaceae || 3 | 45 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || | --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Gymnospermae || 50 | 500 || 14 | 65 || 13 | 65 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 3 | 3 || 4 | 20 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Typhaceae || 1 | 9 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 Pandanaceae || 3 | 240 || 1 | 65 || 1 | 65 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 50 || | Sparganiaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | Potamogetonaceae || 9 | 100 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 20 || 6 | 20 || 4 | 5 Naiadaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 Aponogetonaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 9 Scheuchzeriaceae || 5 | 15 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 3 Alismataceae || 12 | 75 || 9 | 15 || 9 | 15 || 4 | 5 || 8 | 10 || 4 | 4 || | Butomaceae || 4 | 7 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | Hydrocharitaceae || 15 | 65 || 10 | 40 || 10 | 40 || 4 | 4 || 9 | 35 || 8 | 10 || 1 | 1 Triuridaceae || 2 | 25 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | Gramineae || 373 | 3700 || 205 | 1600 || 199 | 1600 || 108 | 380 || 130 | 850 || 66 | 200 || 80 | 460 Cyperaceae || 77 | 3000 || 40 | 880 || 40 | 880 || 9 | 90 || 25 | 490 || 26 | 270 || 28 | 350 Palmae || 169 | 1200 || 36 | 100 || 33 | 100 || 3 | 4 || 13 | 40 || 24 | 60 || 2 | 2 Cyclanthaceae || 6 | 45 || | || | || | || | || | || | Araceae || 115 | 1100 || 33 | 150 || 28 | 140 || 6 | 10 || 21 | 120 || 6 | 6 || 3 | 10 Lemnaceae || 3 | 25 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 10 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 Flagellariaceae || 3 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Restionaceae || 23 | 250 || 12 | 230 || 12 | 230 || | || 1 | 1 || | || 12 | 230 Centrolepidaceae || 7 | 40 || | || | || | || | || | || | Mayacaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1|| | || | Xyridaceae || 2 | 55 || 1 | 40 || 1 | 40 || | || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 8 Eriocaulaceae || 9 | 570 || 4 | 80 || 4 | 80 || | || 4 | 60 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 10 Thurniaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Rapateaceae || 7 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Bromeliaceae || 57 | 920 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Commelinaceae || 29 | 320 || 12 | 160 || 12 | 160 || 1 | 5 || 12 | 140 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 20 Pontederiaceae || 6 | 20 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || 3 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | Cyanastraceae || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || | || 1 | 5 || | || | Philydraceae || 3 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Juncaceae || 8 | 280 || 3 | 55 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 30 || 2 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 30 Stemonaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | Liliaceae || 228 | 2600 || 79 | 1450 || 75 | 1450 || 27 | 130 || 37 | 600 || 22 | 65 || 52 | 880 Haemodoraceae || 9 | 30 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || | || | || 4 | 6 Amaryllidaceae || 83 | 950 || 33 | 310 || 29 | 300 || 6 | 20 || 16 | 110 || 5 | 15 || 19 | 190 Velloziaceae || 2 | 70 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 9 Taccaceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 || | Dioscoreaceae || 10 | 240 || 2 | 45 || 2 | 45 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 15 Iridaceae || 60 | 1100 || 39 | 600 || 37 | 600 || 5 | 30 || 13 | 120 || 6 | 10 || 32 | 500 Musaceae || 6 | 85 || 4 | 25 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 4 Zingiberaceae || 41 | 900 || 11 | 120 || 7 | 110 || | || 4 | 110 || 4 | 6 || 1 | 3 Cannaceae || 1 | 40 || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | Marantaceae || 27 | 290 || 12 | 60 || 11 | 55 || | || 11 | 55 || 2 | 2 || | Burmanniaceae || 18 | 60 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 4 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 Orchidaceae || 500 | 7400 || 97 | 1600 || 97 | 1600 || 14 | 50 || 55 | 900 || 56 | 370 || 37 | 430 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Monocotyledonae || 1944 |26000 || 681 | 7800 || 650 | 7750 || 206 | 800 || 381 | 3850 || 261 | 1200 || 298 | 3200 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Casuarinaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | Saururaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Piperaceae || 9 | 1100 || 3 | 80 || 3 | 80 || | || 3 | 40 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 7 Chloranthaceae || 4 | 35 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lacistemaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Salicaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Garryaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Myricaceae || 1 | 55 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 13 Balanopsidaceae || 2 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Leitneriaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Juglandaceae || 6 | 40 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Batidaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Julianiaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Betulaceae || 6 | 90 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Fagaceae || 5 | 370 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || | || | || | Ulmaceae || 15 | 120 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 10 || 3 | 7 Moraceae || 70 | 1000 || 26 | 260 || 19 | 250 || 1 | 5 || 15 | 200 || 9 | 65 || 1 | 12 Urticaceae || 43 | 580 || 20 | 150 || 19 | 150 || 4 | 13 || 17 | 75 || 11 | 55 || 9 | 20 Proteaceae || 55 | 1000 || 13 | 400 || 13 | 400 || | || 3 | 50 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 360 Myzodendraceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | Santalaceae || 26 | 250 || 6 | 140 || 6 | 140 || 2 | 5 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 3 || 5 | 90 Opiliaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 Grubbiaceae || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || 1 | 4 Olacaceae || 27 | 160 || 11 | 70 || 11 | 70 || | || 9 | 55 || 4 | 13 || 1 | 1 Octoknemataceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 || | || | Loranthaceae || 26 | 900 || 4 | 300 || 4 | 300 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 240 || 3 | 45 || 2 | 40 Balanophoraceae || 14 | 50 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 2 | 3 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 3 Aristolochiaceae || 6 | 200 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 Rafflesiaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Hydnoraceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 8 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 Polygonaceae || 34 | 800 || 9 | 120 || 8 | 120 || 5 | 50 || 5 | 45 || 2 | 20 || 4 | 45 Chenopodiaceae || 76 | 450 || 26 | 120 || 25 | 120 || 24 | 75 || 12 | 40 || 3 | 6 || 9 | 40 Amarantaceae || 56 | 500 || 32 | 200 || 32 | 200 || 8 | 17 || 28 | 140 || 12 | 35 || 18 | 50 Nyctaginaceae || 20 | 170 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 6 Cynocrambaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Phytolaccaceae || 22 | 120 || 5 | 15 || 4 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 4 | 8 || 3 | 4 || 2 | 8 Aizoaceae || 24 | 600 || 20 | 480 || 20 | 480 || 6 | 10 || 14 | 45 || 6 | 12 || 20 | 440 Portulacaceae || 18 | 210 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 2 | 13 || 2 | 5 || 5 | 20 Basellaceae || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Caryophyllaceae || 79 | 1500 || 45 | 280 || 45 | 280 || 37 | 200 || 22 | 60 || 7 | 8 || 15 | 40 Nymphaeaceae || 8 | 60 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 Ceratophyllaceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Trochodendraceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cercidiphyllaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ranunculaceae || 32 | 1200 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 70 || 5 | 30 || 2 | 13 || 4 | 23 Lardizabalaceae || 7 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Berberidaceae || 9 | 150 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || | Menispermaceae || 63 | 360 || 27 | 100 || 27 | 100 || 1 | 1 || 20 | 75 || 10 | 25 || 6 | 15 Magnoliaceae || 13 | 110 || | || | || | || | || | || | Calycanthaceae || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lactoridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Anonaceae || 76 | 900 || 27 | 240 || 26 | 230 || | || 25 | 200 || 11 | 30 || 5 | 8 Myristicaceae || 16 | 250 || 9 | 25 || 7 | 20 || | || 5 | 15 || 2 | 5 || | Gomortegaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Monimiaceae || 30 | 250 || 6 | 30 || 6 | 30 || | || 3 | 6 || 4 | 25 || 1 | 1 Lauraceae || 48 | 1100 || 15 | 75 || 12 | 70 || 4 | 5 || 6 | 30 || 7 | 35 || 3 | 10 Hernandiaceae || 4 | 25 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 7 || | || 3 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | Papaveraceae || 31 | 400 || 11 | 50 || 9 | 50 || 7 | 40 || 4 | 7 || | || 4 | 10 Capparidaceae || 43 | 450 || 20 | 260 || 20 | 260 || 7 | 15 || 19 | 200 || 7 | 35 || 8 | 40 Cruciferae || 232 | 1900 || 88 | 420 || 87 | 410 || 75 | 270 || 28 | 85 || 4 | 8 || 21 | 110 Tovariaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Resedaceae || 6 | 55 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 30 || 5 | 10 || | || 1 | 5 Moringaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | Sarraceniaceae || 3 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Nepenthaceae || 1 | 60 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | Droseraceae || 4 | 85 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 10 Podostemonaceae || 30 | 130 || 9 | 25 || 9 | 25 || | || 8 | 20 || 3 | 6 || 2 | 2 Hydrostachyaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 4 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 Crassulaceae || 18 | 550 || 10 | 400 || 10 | 400 || 5 | 110 || 6 | 60 || 5 | 50 || 6 | 200 Cephalotaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Saxifragaceae || 78 | 650 || 11 | 25 || 10 | 25 || 3 | 10 || 4 | 7 || 6 | 7 || 3 | 4 Pittosporaceae || 9 | 110 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 Brunelliaceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cunoniaceae || 21 | 130 || 3 | 17 || 3 | 17 || | || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 Myrothamnaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Bruniaceae || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || | || | || | || 12 | 55 Hamamelidaceae || 20 | 50 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 2 || 2 | 15 || 1 | 2 Eucommiaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Platanaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Crossosomataceae || 1 | 3 || | || | || | || | || | || | Rosaceae || 102 | 1700 || 32 | 230 || 30 | 220 || 18 | 65 || 13 | 85 || 5 | 20 || 12 | 65 Connaraceae || 20 | 180 || 12 | 140 || 12 | 140 || | || 12 | 130 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 Leguminosae || 522 |11500 || 261 | 3300 || 253 | 3300 || 54 | 550 || 182 | 1650 || 82 | 440 || 88 | 1000 Pandaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Geraniaceae || 11 | 500 || 6 | 350 || 6 | 350 || 3 | 50 || 6 | 25 || 2 | 2 || 5 | 280 Oxalidaceae || 7 | 300 || 3 | 160 || 2 | 160 || 1 | 4 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 25 || 1 | 120 Tropaeolaceae || 1 | 50 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Linaceae || 13 | 130 || 7 | 60 || 6 | 60 || 2 | 20 || 6 | 30 || 2 | 8 || 1 | 5 Humiriaceae || 3 | 20 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Erythroxylaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 40 || | || 2 | 5 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 4 Zygophyllaceae || 28 | 170 || 12 | 90 || 12 | 90 || 9 | 35 || 6 | 18 || 2 | 3 || 7 | 50 Cneoraceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Rutaceae || 125 | 950 || 33 | 320 || 30 | 310 || 1 | 8 || 17 | 80 || 7 | 35 || 17 | 210 Simarubaceae || 32 | 150 || 16 | 40 || 16 | 40 || | || 13 | 35 || 4 | 5 || 1 | 1 Burseraceae || 18 | 350 || 7 | 160 || 7 | 160 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 20 Meliaceae || 49 | 800 || 23 | 150 || 23 | 150 || | || 18 | 100 || 8 | 45 || 5 | 15 Malpighiaceae || 65 | 700 || 16 | 80 || 16 | 80 || | || 10 | 45 || 10 | 30 || 4 | 13 Trigoniceae || 3 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | Vochysiaceae || 5 | 100 || | || | || | || | || | || | Tremandraceae || 3 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | Polygalaceae || 11 | 700 || 6 | 240 || 6 | 240 || 1 | 10 || 5 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 4 | 140 Dichapetalaceae || 3 | 100 || 2 | 75 || 2 | 75 || | || 2 | 65 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 Euphorbiaceae || 278 | 4500 || 122 | 1200 || 117 | 1150 || 5 | 70 || 95 | 600 || 47 | 360 || 31 | 220 Callitrichaceae || 1 | 25 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 Buxaceae || 7 | 30 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 Empetraceae || 3 | 4 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || | || 1 | 1 Coriariaceae || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Limnanthaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Anacardiaceae || 69 | 480 || 29 | 250 || 26 | 240 || 2 | 6 || 16 | 130 || 12 | 30 || 9 | 95 Cyrillaceae || 3 | 6 || | || | || | || | || | || | Pentaphylacaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Corynocarpaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Aquifoliaceae || 4 | 280 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Celastraceae || 51 | 500 || 15 | 160 || 15 | 160 || 2 | 4 || 5 | 50 || 9 | 35 || 11 | 90 Hippocrateaceae || 3 | 200 || 3 | 110 || 3 | 110 || | || 3 | 100 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 5 Salvadoraceae || 3 | 9 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 Stackhousiaceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Staphyleaceae || 6 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Icacinaceae || 48 | 200 || 19 | 90 || 19 | 90 || | || 15 | 65 || 10 | 20 || 3 | 5 Aceraceae || 2 | 110 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | Hippocastanaceae || 3 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Sapindaceae || 128 | 1100 || 51 | 200 || 47 | 200 || | || 29 | 120 || 23 | 60 || 8 | 15 Sabiaceae || 3 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | Melianthaceae || 3 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 30 | || | 1 || 18 | || | 3 || 10 | Balsaminaceae || 2 | 350 || 1 | 100 || 1 | 100 || | || 1 | 85 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 2 Rhamnaceae || 52 | 500 || 18 | 140 || 18 | 140 || 3 | 15 || 14 | 25 || 9 | 20 || 8 | 90 Vitaceae || 12 | 500 || 5 | 200 || 5 | 200 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 160 || 3 | 30 || 2 | 18 Elaeocarpaceae || 8 | 130 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 15 || | Chlaenaceae || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || | || | || 7 | 25 || | Gonystilaceae || 1 | 7 || | || | || | || | || | || | Tiliaceae || 45 | 350 || 18 | 260 || 18 | 260 || 2 | 4 || 17 | 180 || 8 | 70 || 4 | 20 Malvaceae || 50 | 900 || 21 | 300 || 21 | 300 || 7 | 40 || 16 | 140 || 13 | 85 || 13 | 85 Bombacaceae || 22 | 140 || 3 | 13 || 3 | 13 || | || 3 | 9 || 1 | 4 || | Sterculiaceae || 57 | 820 || 28 | 470 || 26 | 470 || 1 | 1 || 19 | 190 || 14 | 120 || 6 | 190 Scytopetalaceae || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || | || 5 | 40 || | || | Dilleniaceae || 14 | 320 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 18 || 3 | 8 || | Eucryphiaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ochnaceae || 22 | 250 || 7 | 150 || 7 | 150 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 35 || 3 | 8 Caryocaraceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Marcgraviaceae || 5 | 50 || | || | || | || | || | || | Quiinaceae || 2 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Theaceae || 20 | 200 || 6 | 12 || 5 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 8 || | Guttiferae || 50 | 850 || 16 | 180 || 16 | 180 || 1 | 25 || 12 | 85 || 11 | 80 || 2 | 6 Dipterocarpaceae || 19 | 340 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 1 || | Elatinaceae || 2 | 35 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 5 Frankeniaceae || 5 | 60 || 2 | 10 || 2 | 10 || 1 | 9 || 2 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 Tamaricaceae || 4 | 90 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 Fouquieriaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cistaceae || 7 | 140 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 1 | 1 || | || | Bixaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Cochlospermaceae || 3 | 20 || 2 | 7 || 2 | 7 || | || 1 | 5 || 1 | 2 || | Koeberliniaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Winteranaceae || 4 | 8 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | Violaceae || 17 | 450 || 4 | 100 || 4 | 100 || 1 | 15 || 4 | 55 || 3 | 30 || 3 | 8 Flacourtiaceae || 84 | 650 || 46 | 250 || 46 | 250 || | || 39 | 150 || 18 | 95 || 11 | 25 Stachyuraceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Turneraceae || 7 | 100 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || | || 3 | 12 || 5 | 6 || 2 | 2 Malesherbiaceae || 1 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | Passifloraceae || 13 | 380 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 70 || | || 6 | 45 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 12 Achariaceae || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || | || | || | || 3 | 3 Caricaceae || 3 | 30 || 2 | 3 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Loasaceae || 13 | 230 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || 1 | 1 Datiscaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Begoniaceae || 5 | 450 || 1 | 110 || 1 | 110 || | || 1 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 7 Ancistrocladaceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Cactaceae || 23 | 1500 || 5 | 13 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 Geissolomataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || 1 | 2 Penaeaceae || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || | || | || | || 5 | 35 Oliniaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 4 Thymelaeaceae || 41 | 450 || 17 | 250 || 16 | 250 || 2 | 15 || 8 | 95 || 4 | 17 || 10 | 130 Elaeagnaceae || 3 | 30 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Lythraceae || 25 | 500 || 12 | 90 || 11 | 90 || 4 | 15 || 7 | 65 || 7 | 17 || 6 | 25 Sonneratiaceae || 4 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Punicaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Lecythidaceae || 19 | 250 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 3 | 8 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 Rhizophoraceae || 18 | 60 || 10 | 45 || 10 | 45 || | || 8 | 30 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 5 Nyssaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | Alangiaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Combretaceae || 17 | 450 || 12 | 330 || 12 | 330 || | || 10 | 280 || 6 | 40 || 4 | 25 Myrtaceae || 76 | 2900 || 10 | 85 || 7 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 || 4 | 10 Melastomataceae || 169 | 2800 || 33 | 280 || 33 | 280 || | || 24 | 160 || 14 | 110 || 3 | 9 Oenotheraceae || 39 | 500 || 10 | 40 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 12 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 12 || 4 | 12 Halorrhagaceae || 7 | 150 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 3 Hippuridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cynomoriaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Araliaceae || 55 | 660 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 25 || 7 | 45 || 1 | 10 Umbelliferae || 270 | 2500 || 92 | 410 || 92 | 410 || 71 | 210 || 29 | 80 || 8 | 20 || 30 | 120 Cornaceae || 10 | 100 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Archichlamydeae || 4512 |67500 || 1703 |16700 || 1632 |16600 || 454 | 2300 || 1054 | 7800 || 577 | 2950 || 573 | 5000 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Clethraceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Pirolaceae || 10 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lennoaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ericaceae || 77 | 1550 || 17 | 720 || 17 | 720 || 5 | 12 || 7 | 40 || 6 | 45 || 12 | 630 Epacridaceae || 23 | 340 || | || | || | || | || | || | Diapensiaceae || 6 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Theophrastaceae || 4 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | Myrsinaceae || 32 | 1000 || 10 | 130 || 10 | 130 || 3 | 3 || 5 | 35 || 7 | 95 || 4 | 8 Primulaceae || 22 | 560 || 11 | 45 || 10 | 45 || 9 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 2 | 6 || 3 | 8 Plumbaginaceae || 10 | 280 || 7 | 90 || 7 | 90 || 5 | 60 || 4 | 18 || 1 | 3 || 3 | 15 Sapotaceae || 51 | 650 || 19 | 150 || 16 | 140 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 110 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 15 Hoplestigmataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Ebenaceae || 7 | 350 || 6 | 150 || 6 | 150 || | || 5 | 80 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 Symplocaceae || 1 | 300 || | || | || | || | || | || | Styracaceae || 7 | 110 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |
Abortive (abortivus). Imperfectly developed.
Accrescent (accrescens). Increasing in size with age.
Accumbent (accumbens). Placed along the edge, especially of the cotyledons.
Achene (achaenium). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thin pericarp.
Acuminate (acuminatus). Narrowed at the top and drawn out into a point.
Acute (acutus). Sharply pointed, but not drawn out.
Adelphous (adelphus). United in bundles, e.g., diadelphous = united in two bundles.
Adherent (adhaerens). Slightly united to an organ of another kind, usually to a part of another whorl.
Adnate (adnatus). Closely united with an organ of another kind, usually with a part of another whorl. Adnate anthers have their halves attached through their whole length to the filament.
Aërial (aëreus). Growing above the surface of the earth or water.
Aestivation (aestivatio). Praefloration, i.e., the arrangement of the perianth-leaves in the bud.
Albumen (albumen). The nutritive tissue (endosperm or perisperm) in which the embryo is more or less immersed.
Alternate (alternus). Placed between two parts; or inserted one on each node.
Androgynous (androgynus). Containing both male and female flowers.
Androphore (androphorum). An elongation of the receptacle below the stamens.
Annual (annuus). Terminating its whole cycle of life within one year.
Annular (annularis). Ring-shaped.
Anterior (anticus). Placed in front; or turned away from the axis upon which the organ is inserted.
Anther (anthera). The thickened upper part of the stamen, which encloses the pollen. It usually consists of two halves (cells) containing two pollen-sacs each and opening by a common slit or pore.
Appressed (appressus). Pressed close.
Areole (areola). A space marked out on a surface.
Aril (arillus). An expansion of the funicle or the adjoining part of the testa, more or less enveloping the seed.
Ascending (ascendens). Directed upwards. An ascending stem is more or less prostrate at the base, then erect; an ascending ovule is attached somewhat above the base.
Asymmetrical (asymmetricus). Which cannot be divided into two or more similar parts.
Auricle (auriculus). An earlet, i.e., a small roundish lateral appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
Awn (arista). A strong bristle-like appendage.
Axil (axilla). The upper angle between a leaf and the stem from which it springs.
Axile (axilis). Placed in the axis.
Axillary (axillaris). Placed in the axil of a leaf.
Axis (axis). The line round which an organ is developed; or the part of the plant on which other parts are attached, especially the stem.
Baccate (baccatus). Berry-like.
Barbed (glochidiatus). Beset with hairs or spines directed backwards.
Basifixed (basifixus). Attached by the bottom.{592}
Berry (bacca). A succulent indehiscent fruit with a thin and soft (membranous, parchment-like, or cartilaginous) endocarp.
Biennial (biennis). Fruiting the second year and then perishing.
Blade (lamina). The upper expanded part of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
Bract (bractea). A modified leaf, usually reduced in size, intermediate between the foliage leaves and the flowers, especially those in the axil of which a flower or branch of inflorescence arises.
Bracteole (bracteola). A bract arising immediately below a flower or on the pedicel.
Bulb (bulbus). A usually underground part of the stem of certain plants, which is surrounded by numerous fleshy scales.
Caducous (caducus). Falling off very early.
Calyx (calyx). The outer floral envelope, usually smaller and firmer than the inner and of green colour.
Campanulate (campanulatus). Bell-shaped.
Capitate (capitatus). Head-like.
Capsule (capsula). A dry dehiscent fruit, especially if formed of several carpels.
Carpel (carpellum). A modified leaf bearing the female reproductive organs (ovules).
Caruncle (caruncula). An outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds.
Catkin (amentum). A deciduous spike with a thin rachis and inconspicuous unisexual flowers.
Cauline (caulinus). Arising along the stem.
Cell (cellula). One of the sack-like bodies of which the tissue of the plants is composed.
Cell (loculus). One of the cavities into which the ovary, the fruit, and the anthers are usually divided. The number of anther-cells refers to the time after their dehiscence, 2-celled anthers being 4-celled when young.
Centrifugal (centrifugus). Developing from the centre outwards or from the apex towards the base.
Centripetal (centripetus). Developing from without towards the centre or from the base towards the apex.
Circinnate (circinnatus). Coiled from the apex downwards.
Circumsciss (circumscissus). Split circularly around.
Claw (unguis). The narrow base of perianth-leaves, especially petals.
Cleft (fissus,-fidus). Divided half-way down.
Coherent (cohaerens). Slightly united to an organ of the same kind.
Collateral (collateralis). Placed side by side.
Compound Leaf (folium compositum). A leaf formed of leaflets jointed with the rachis and usually falling off separately.
Conduplicate (conduplicatus). Doubled along the midrib.
Cone (conus). A spike-like inflorescence flower or fruit with large bracts or scales usually becoming woody at maturity.
Confluent (confluens). Blended into one.
Connate (connatus). United with an organ of the same kind by confluence of the margins or by elongation of the common base.
Connective (connectivum). The part of the stamen which connects the anther-halves.
Connivent (connivens). Converging.
Contorted (contortus). Imbricate in bud, all segments overlapping on the same side (to the right or the left from the spectator).
Convolute (convolutus). Rolled up from one margin.
Cordate (cordatus). Heart-shaped, i.e., with two rounded basal lobes.
Corm (cormus). The thickened base of certain stems, enveloped by some large scales and usually underground.
Corolla (corolla). The inner floral envelope, usually larger than the outer, of soft texture, and bright coloured.
Corona (corona). A crown formed by scale-or thread-like appendages of the perianth or the stamens.{593}
Corymb (corymbus). A more or less flat-topped, raceme-like or compound inflorescence.
Cottony (tomentosus). Covered with short matted hairs.
Cotyledon (cotyledo). Seed-leaf, i.e., one of the first leaves of the embryo, which differ from the following.
Crenate (crenatus). With rounded teeth at the margin.
Crustaceous (crustaceus). Crusty, i.e., thin and brittle.
Cyme (cyma). An inflorescence of the centrifugal (cymose) type, especially when loose and equally-branched.
Cymose (cymosus). Consisting of a main axis, which ends in a flower, and several stronger lateral axes.
Cystolith (cystolithus). Cell-stone, i.e., a hard outgrowth of the cell-wall, appearing as a point or short line on the surface of the leaves of certain plants.
Deciduous (deciduus). Falling off after flowering or at the end of the season.
Decumbent (decumbens). Reclining.
Decurrent (decurrens). Prolonged below the insertion.
Dehiscent (dehiscens). Opening spontaneously when ripe to discharge the contents (seeds or pollen).
Dentate (dentatus). Toothed, i.e., provided with small incisions and projections on the margin.
Descending (descendens). Tending downwards; or attached somewhat below the apex.
Dichotomous (dichotomus). Repeatedly divided in pairs, each branch dividing into two subequal branches.
Didymous (didymus). Bi-globose, i.e., divided into two roundish lobes.
Didynamous (didynamus). In two pairs of unequal length.
Digitate (digitatus). Palmately compound.
Dioecious (dioicus). Unisexual and the male and female flowers on different plants.
Disc (discus). A usually ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped expansion of the receptacle.
Dissected (dissectus). Divided to the base, but not jointed with the rachis.
Dissepiment (septum). A partition of the interior of the ovary, usually formed by the margins of the carpels. A partition not having that origin is called a false or spurious dissepiment.
Divaricate (divaricatus). Diverging at an angle approaching 180°.
Dorsal (dorsalis). Situated on the back, especially on the midrib of a folded leaf or leaf-like organ; or turned away from the axis to which the organ in question is attached.
Dorsifixed (dorsifixus). Attached by the back.
Drupe (drupa). Stone-fruit, i.e., a fruit with a hard (bony, woody, or crusty) endocarp called the stone, a succulent, more or less fleshy mesocarp, and a thin (membranous or leathery) epicarp.
Elliptical (ellipticus). About twice as long as broad and narrowed towards both ends.
Emarginate (emarginatus). With a small, usually apical notch.
Embryo (embryo). The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.
Endocarp (endocarpium). The innermost layer of the pericarp.
Entire (integerrimus). Without toothing or division.
Epicalyx (epicalyx). A whorl of bracts closely surrounding a flower and resembling an outer calyx.
Epicarp (epicarpium). The outermost layer of the pericarp.
Epigynous (epigynus). Inserted at the upper edge of a concave receptacle which is united with the ovary.
Epiphyte (epiphyticus). Growing upon other plants without deriving nourishment from them.
Ex- (ex-). Without. Exalbuminous = without albumen. Exstipulate = without stipules.
Exocarp (exocarpium). The outermost layer of the pericarp.
Exserted (exsertus). Projecting beyond the tube of the perianth or corolla.
Extrorse (extrorsus). Turned outwards.{594}
Falcate (falcatus). Sickle-shaped.
Fascicle (fasciculus). A cluster, especially a short and dense cymose inflorescence of distinctly stalked or conspicuous flowers.
Female Flower (flos foemineus). A flower containing fertile (ovule-bearing) carpels, but no fertile (pollen-producing) stamens.
Fertile (fertilis). Capable of producing progeny, especially bearing pollen or ovules which develop into seeds.
Filament (filamentum). The lower narrow part (the stalk) of the stamen.
Filiform (filiformis). Thread-shaped, i.e., cylindrical and very slender.
Flexuous (flexuosus). Bent alternately in opposite directions.
Foliaceous (foliaceus). Leaf-like, i.e., having the shape and texture of a foliage-leaf.
Foliole (foliolum). Leaflet, i.e., one of the leaf-like parts of a compound leaf, which are jointed to the rachis.
Follicle (folliculus). A one-celled fruit opening lengthwise (at the ventral suture).
Forked (furcatus). Divided into two subequal branches.
Free (liber). Not united, not even at the base.
Funicle (funiculus). The stalk of the ovule.
Gamo- (gamo-). With the parts more or less united, e.g., gamopetalous = with the petals united below into a ring, cup, or tube.
Glabrous (glaber). Without hairs.
Gland (glans). A thick, usually roundish outgrowth, generally secreting a liquid.
Glandular (glandulosus). Bearing a gland or glands.
Glomerule (glomerulis). A short and dense cymose inflorescence of subsessile inconspicuous flowers.
Glume (gluma). A chaffy bract, especially in the inflorescence of grasses.
Gynophore (gynophorum). An elongation of the receptacle below the carpels.
Hastate (hastatus). Halbard-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes turned outwards.
Head (capitulum). A centripetal inflorescence with a short and usually thick axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.
Hermaphrodite (hermaphroditus). Bisexual, i.e., containing both kinds of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) in complete development.
Hilum (hilus). The point where the ovule or the seed is attached to the funicle or the placenta.
Hirsute (hirsutus). Densely covered with erect, rather short and stiff hairs.
Hispid (hispidus). Beset with long stiff hairs.
Hyaline (hyalinus). Membranous and translucid.
Hypogynous (hypogynus). Inserted at the base of the ovary or below it, upon a small and flat or an elevated receptacle.
Imbricate (imbricatus). Overlapping at the edges, as the tiles of a roof, especially in the bud.
Imparipinnate (imparipinnatus). Unequally pinnate, i.e., pinnate with a terminal leaflet.
Included (inclusus). Concealed within the tube of the perianth or corolla.
Incumbent (incumbens). Placed upon the back, especially of the cotyledons.
Indehiscent (indehiscens). Remaining closed at maturity.
Induplicate (induplicatus). Doubled along the midrib, with the margins turned inwards.
Inferior Ovary (ovarium inferum). An ovary adnate to a concave receptacle or to the tube of the perianth or calyx.
Inflorescence (inflorescentia). The flowering part of a branch and the arrangement of the flowers upon it. The flower-clusters constituting together a compound inflorescence are termed partial inflorescences.
Introrse (introrsus). Turned inwards.
Inverted Ovule (ovulum anatropum). An ovule with the micropyle next to the hilum.
Involucel (involucellum). The involucre of a partial inflorescence.{595}
Involucre (involucrum). A group of bracts surrounding an inflorescence.
Involute (involutus). Rolled inward from the margins towards the midrib.
Irregular Flower (flos irregularis). A flower with unequally shaped or disposed perianth-leaves.
Jointed (articulatus). Divided into portions which subsequently separate; or separating at the point of attachment.
Laciniate (laciniatus). Lacerated, i.e., slit into narrow and irregular segments.
Lanceolate (lanceolatus). About 3-6 times as long as broad and ending in an angle or point.
Legume (legumen). A one-celled fruit opening by two valves.
Ligulate (ligulatus). Strap-shaped, i.e., produced on one side into a long and narrow limb.
Ligule (ligula). A strap-shaped body, especially the scale-like appendage on the inner side of certain leaves, usually between the sheath and the blade.
Limb (limbus). The upper, more or less expanded part of a perianth.
Linear (linearis). Very narrow (many times as long as broad) with almost parallel edges.
Lip (labium). A part of a perianth formed of several united segments or of one large segment which is separated from the rest.
Lobe (lobus). Division of a leaf or a perianth, especially when short.
Lobed (lobatus). Shortly divided, the incisions not reaching to the middle.
Loculicidal (loculicidus). Opening along the median line of the outer wall of the ovary-or fruit-cells (along the dorsal suture of the carpels).
Lyrate (lyratus). Lyre-shaped, i.e., pinnately divided with a large and rounded terminal lobe and small lateral ones.
Male Flower (flos masculus). A flower containing fertile (pollen-producing) stamens, but no fertile carpels.
Median (medianus). Placed in the middle-line of a bilateral organ.
Mericarp (mericarpium). Partial fruit, i.e., one of the parts into which a schizocarp separates.
Merous (merus). With the parts of the flower consisting of a certain number of divisions or leaves, e.g., dimerous = with the parts in twos.
Mesocarp (mesocarpium). The intermediate layer of the pericarp.
Micropyle (micropyle). The aperture in the coats of the ovule.
Monoecious (monoicus). Unisexual and the flowers of both sexes on the same plant.
Mucronate (mucronatus). Ending in a short bristle-like point (mucro).
Muticous (muticus). Without awns or spines.
Naked (nudus). Not enveloped by a perianth or by carpels.
Nerve (nervus). A vascular bundle in a leaf or leaf-like organ, usually appearing as a dark or translucent line or a ridge projecting on the under surface.
Net-veined (reticulatim venosus). With the lateral nerves irregularly connected by a network of small veins.
Neuter (neuter). Without perfect sexual organs.
Node (nodus). The usually knot-like part of the stem, where a leaf or a whorl of leaves are inserted.
Nut (nux). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thick and hard rind.
Ob- (ob-). Reversedly. Thus obcordate or obovate = cordate or ovate, the upper part the broader.
Oblong (oblongus). About 3-6 times as long as broad and rounded at the top.
Obtuse (obtusus). Blunt, i.e., narrowed, but not pointed at the apex.
Open Aestivation (aestivatio aperta). A form of aestivation in which the margins of the perianth-leaves do not touch one another.
Opposite (oppositus). Set against in pairs at the same level; or placed one before another.
Oval (ovalis). About twice as long as broad and rounded at the top.{596}
Ovary (ovarium). The lower part of the pistil, which encloses the ovules.
Ovate (ovatus). Shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg, i.e., oval and narrowed towards the top.
Ovoid (ovoideus). Egg-shaped.
Ovule (ovulum). The grain-like body which contains the female reproductive cells and developes into the seed after fertilization.
Palmate (palmatus). With the divisions or branches springing from one point.
Panicle (panicula). A repeatedly branched inflorescence of more or less pyramidal or ovoid form.
Papilla (papilla). A soft superficial protuberance.
Parallelnerved (parallelinervius). With the principal nerves nearly parallel and connected almost at right angles by equally subparallel side-nerves.
Parasite (planta parasitica). A plant growing upon an other plant and feeding from it.
Parietal (parietalis). Attached to the wall of the ovary, usually at the sutures of the carpels.
Paripinnate (paripinnatus). Equally or abruptly pinnate, i.e., pinnate without a terminal leaflet.
Parted (partitus). Divided nearly to the base.
Pedate (pedatus). With the larger branches or divisions springing from the lowest lateral ones.
Pedicel (pedicellus). The stalk of a flower.
Peduncle (pedunculus). The stalk of an inflorescence.
Peltate (peltalus). Shield-shaped, i.e., roundish and attached by the middle of the under surface.
Penicillate (penicillatus). Shaped like a tuft of hairs or a painter’s brush.
Penninerved (penninervius). With pinnate nervation.
Perennial (perennis). Not perishing after maturity, the underground part of the stem at least remaining alive.
Perianth (perianthium). Floral envelope, i.e., the aggregate of the modified leaves surrounding the stamens and carpels and forming part of the flower.
Pericarp (pericarpium). The wall of the fruit enclosing the seeds.
Perigynous (perigynus). Inserted upon the margin of a more or less concave receptacle which is free from the ovary, at some distance from and usually higher than the ovary.
Persistent (persistens). Remaining on the plant at the time of maturity.
Petal (petalum). One of the inner perianth-leaves, usually differing from the outer in the larger size, the softer texture, and the bright colour.
Petaloid (petaloideus). Petal-or corolla-like.
Petiole (petiolus). The foot-stalk of a leaf.
Phyllode (phyllodium). A broadened, leaf-like branch.
Pinna (pinna). One of the lateral branches or divisions of a pinnate organ.
Pinnate (pinnatus). With the divisions, leaflets, or branches arranged along each side of the midrib or rachis. Unequally pinnate leaves have a terminal leaflet, equally (abruptly) pinnate ones have none.
Pistil (pistillum). The aggregate of the carpels of a flower.
Placenta (placenta). The part of the ovary or fruit which bears the ovules or seeds.
Plicate (plicatus). Folded along the ribs.
Plumule (plumula). The upper part of the embryo (above the cotyledons).
Pollen (pollen). The fertilizing cells produced in the anthers.
Polygamous (polygamus). Partly hermaphrodite and partly unisexual.
Posterior (posticus). Directed towards the axis upon which the organ in question is inserted.
Praefloration (praeflovatio). The arrangement of the perianth-leaves in the bud.
Praefoliation (praefoliatio). The mode in which a foliage-leaf is disposed before its expansion.
Procumbent (procumbens). Spreading along the ground.{597}
Quincuncial (quincuncialis). Imbricate in bud, so that one perianth-leaf is overlapped on one side only, the others on either or neither side.
Raceme (racemus). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an elongated axis and distinctly stalked flowers.
Racemose (racemosus, botryosus). Consisting of a main axis not ending in a number of weaker lateral axes.
Rachis (rhachis). The main axis of an inflorescence or of a compound leaf.
Radiating (radians). Spreading all round; or bearing larger flowers or larger perianth-leaves at the circumference than in the centre.
Radical (radicalis). Arising from the base of the stem, apparently from the root.
Radicle (radicula). The lower part of the embryo (below the cotyledons).
Raphe (raphe). A cord of tissue forming a prolongation of the funicle along the coats of the ovule.
Receptacle (receptaculum). The extremity of the flower-stalk bearing the floral envelopes and the sexual organs; or the enlarged end of a branch upon which the flowers are seated.
Reduplicate (reduplicatus). Doubled along the midrib with the margins turned outwards.
Reflexed (reflexus). Bent back.
Regular (regularis). With all parts of the same kind, especially all perianth leaves, equal in shape and arrangement.
Reniform (reniformis). Kidney-shaped.
Revolute (revolutus). Rolled backwards from the margins.
Rib (costa). A strong, more or less projecting nerve.
Root-stock (rhizoma). The root-like, underground or prostrate lowest part of the stem of certain plants.
Rotate (rotatus). Wheel-shaped, i.e., with a very short tube and a spreading limb.
Rudimentary (rudimentarius). Very imperfectly developed.
Ruminate (ruminatus). Marked with irregular fissures.
Runcinate (runcinatus). Pinnately cleft with pointed recurved lobes.
Saccate (saccatus). Provided with a pouch-shaped appendage.
Sagittate (sagittatus). Arrow-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes directed downwards.
Salver-shaped (hypocraterimorphus). With a long and narrow tube and a spreading limb.
Saprophyte (saprophytum). A plant living upon decaying organic matter.
Scale (squama). A reduced leaf usually destitute of green colour, or a similar outgrowth of the skin of a plant.
Scape (scapus). A leafless stalk of an inflorescence rising from the ground.
Scarious (scariosus). Dry and membranous.
Schizocarp (schizocarpium, fructus in coccos secedens). A fruit separating into several usually nut-like mericarps.
Scorpioid (scorpioideus). One-sided and coiled at the top.
Segment (segmentum). A division of a deeply divided leaf, or a division of the perianth, especially when the latter is deeply divided.
Sepal (sepalum). An outer perianth-leaf, usually small, green, and of a firm texture.
Sepaloid (sepaloideus). Sepal-or calyx-like.
Septate (septatus). Chambered, i.e., divided into cells by dissepiments.
Septicidal (septicidus). Opening at the dissepiments or placentas.
Septifragal (septifragus). Opening so that the valves of the fruit break away from the dissepiments.
Serrate (serratus). Cut at the margin into sharp teeth direct towards the apex.
Sessile (sessilis). Without a stalk.
Sheath (vagina). The dilated base of certain leaves.
Simple (simplex). Without branches; or without segments jointed to the rachis.
Smooth (laevis). With an even surface (without protuberances).{598}
Spadix (spadix). A spike with a thick axis and inconspicuous flowers, usually enveloped by a spathe.
Spathe (spatha). A large bract more or less enveloping a flower or inflorescence.
Spatulate (spathulatus). More or less rounded above and tapering towards the base.
Spike (spica). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an elongated axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.
Spikelet (spicula). A spike-like partial inflorescence.
Stamen (stamen). A modified leaf bearing the male reproductive cells (the pollen).
Staminode (staminodium). A barren stamen (without anthers or with incompletely developed anthers).
Sterile (sterilis). Barren, i.e., without well developed ovules or pollen.
Stigma (stigma). The uppermost, papillose part of the pistil, which receives the pollen.
Stipel (stipella). A stipule at the base of a leaflet of a compound leaf.
Stipule (stipula). A leaf-or scale-like appendage of the leaf-base.
Striate (striatus). Marked with longitudinal lines.
Strophiole (strophiolus). Caruncle, i.e., an outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds.
Style (stylus). The narrowed part of the pistil, intermediate between the ovary and the stigma.
Sub- (sub-). Under; or almost, somewhat; e.g., subsessile = almost sessile.
Subtend (subtendere). Extend under; especially: bear in its axil.
Subulate (subulatus). Awl-shaped, i.e., very narrow and pointed.
Suffruticose (suffruticosus). Woody at the base, herbaceous above.
Superior Ovary (ovarium superum). An ovary free from the receptacle and the perianth.
Suture (sutura). Line of union, especially of the margins of carpels.
Symmetrical (symmetricus). Divisible by one or several planes into two or more similar parts.
Sympetalous (sympetalus, gamopetalus). With the petals more or less united.
Terete (teres). Cylindrical and circular in transverse section.
Ternate (ternatus). In threes; especially with 3 leaflets or divisions.
Testa (testa). The outer coat of the seed.
Throat (faux). The mouth of the perianth-tube.
Tomentose (tomentosus). Cottony, i.e., covered with short, soft, matted hairs.
Toothed (dentatus). Provided with short marginal incisions, especially when they are sharp and turned outwards.
Triquetrous (triqueter). Three-edged (with 3 salient angles).
Truncate (truncatus). Terminating abruptly as though cut off at the end.
Tube (tubus). A hollow, more or less elongated body, especially the lower undivided and more or less narrowed part of the perianth, or a concave receptacle bearing the perianth at the margin.
Tuber (tuber). A short and thick, more or less fleshy underground part of a stem, not surrounded by scales, or a similar root.
Tubercle (tuberculum). A wart-like swelling on the surface of an organ.
Umbel (umbella). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with a very short axis and stalked flowers arising apparently all from the same point.
Umbonate (umbonatus). Bearing a boss in the centre of the surface.
Unarmed (inermis). Without spines or bristles.
Undershrub (suffrutex). A plant woody in the lower part of the above-ground stem, herbaceous towards the top.
Unifoliolate (unfoliolatus). With a single leaflet, which is jointed to the leaf-stalk.
Unisexual (unisexualis). Having only the organs of one sex completely developed; or containing the flowers of one sex only.
Urceolate (urceolatus). Urn-or pitcher-shaped, i.e., with an inflated tube contracted at the mouth.
Utricle (utriculus). A bladder-shaped indehiscent or irregularly bursting fruit.{599}
Valvate (valvatus). With the margins meeting in the bud without overlapping.
Vascular Bundles (fasciae vasculares). Fibre-like bundles of vessels (confluent cells).
Vein (vena). A faint nerve.
Ventral (ventralis). Placed at or directed towards the inner side of the carpel.
Ventricose (ventricosus). Swelling on one side.
Vernation (vernatio). Praefoliation, i.e., the disposition of a leaf in the bud.
Versatile (versatilis). Attached by a point and turning freely on its support.
Winged (alatus). With a much projecting, thin and flat appendage.
Whorl (verticillus). A group of similar organs arranged in a circle round an axis.
Whorled (verticillatus). Arranged in whorls of 3 or more parts.
Adans. | Adanson |
Afz. | Afzelius |
Ait. | Aiton |
All. | Allioni |
Anders. | Anderson |
Andrz. | Andrzeiowski |
Ant. | Antoine |
Arn. | Arnott |
Aubl. | Aublet |
Baill. | Baillon |
Bak. | Baker |
Balf. | Balfour |
Barckh. | Barckhausen |
Bartl. | Bartling |
Battand. | Battandier |
Baumg. | Baumgarten |
Beauv. | Palisot de Beauvois |
Becc. | Beccari |
Benn. | Bennett |
Benth. | Bentham |
Berg. | Berger |
Bernh. | Bernhardi |
Berth. | Berthelot |
Bertol. | Bertoloni |
Bisch. | Bischoff |
Bocq. | Bocquillon |
Boeck. | Boeckeler |
Boiss. | Boissier |
Boiv. | Boivin |
Boj. | Bojer |
Bonpl. | Bonpland |
Br. | Brown, Browne |
Briq. | Briquet |
Brongn. | Brongniart |
Brot. | Brotero |
Bur. | Bureau |
Burch. | Burchell |
Burm. | Burmann |
Cambess. | Cambessèdes |
Cass. | Cassini |
Cav. | Cavanilles |
Celak. | Celakovsky |
Cerv. | Cervantes |
Cham. | Chamisso |
Chev. | Chevalier |
Chiov. | Chiovenda |
Cogn. | Cogniaux |
Colebr. | Colebrook |
Comm. | Commerson |
Cord. | Cordemoy |
Coss. | Cosson |
Cost. | Costantin |
Coult. | Coulter |
Cuss. | Cusson |
Cyr. | Cyrillo |
Dalech. | Dalechamps |
Dalz. | Dalzell |
Decne. | Decaisne |
DC. | De Candolle |
Del. | Delile |
Dennst. | Dennstedt |
De Not. | De Notaris |
Desf. | Desfontaines |
Desv. | Desvaux |
De Wild. | De Wildeman |
Didr. | Didrichsen |
Dill. | Dillen |
Dumort. | Dumortier |
Dun. | Dunal |
Dur. | Durand |
Durazz. | Durazzini |
Duv. | Duval |
Eckl. | Ecklon |
Ehrenb. | Ehrenberg |
Ehrh. | Ehrhart |
Endl. | Endlicher |
Engelm. | Engelmann |
Engl. | Engler |
f. (or fil.) | filius (son) |
Fisch. | Fischer |
Forsk. | Forskal |
Forst. | Forster |
Foug. | Fougeraux |
Franch. | Franchet |
Frapp. | Frappier |
Fres. | Fresenius |
Gaertn. | Gaertner |
Gall. | Gallaud |
Gaud. | Gaudin |
Gaudich. | Gaudichaud |
Gled. | Gleditsch |
Gmel. | Gmelin |
Godr. | Godron |
Grah. | Graham |
Gren. | Grenier |
Griff. | Griffith |
Griseb. | Grisebach |
Gronov. | Gronovius |
Guill. | Guillemin |
Hack. | Hackel |
Hamilt. | Hamilton |
Harv. | Harvey |
Haw. | Haworth |
H. B. & K. | Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth |
Heist. | Heister |
Heldr. | Heldreich |
Hemsl. | Hemsley |
Herb. | Herbert |
Hildebr. | Hildebrand |
Hochst. | Hochstetter |
Hoffm. | Hoffmann |
Hoffmsg. | Hoffmannsegg |
Hook. | Hooker |
Horan. | Horaninow |
Houst. | Houstoun |
Humb. | Humboldt |
Jacks. | Jackson |
Jacq. | Jacquin |
Jaub. | Jaubert |
Jum. | Jumelle |
Juss. | Jussieu |
Kam. | Kamienski |
Kit. | Kitaibel |
Koel. | Koeler |
Koen. | Koenig |
Koern. | Koernicke |
Korth. | Korthals |
Kraenzl. | Kraenzlin |
Ktze. | Kuntze |
Labill. | Labillardière |
Lag. | Lagasca |
Lam. | Lamarck |
Ledeb. | Ledebour |
{601}Lehm. | Lehmann |
Leschen. | Leschenault |
Less. | Lessing |
L’Hér. | L’Héritier |
Licht. | Lichtenstein |
Lindb. | Lindberg |
Lindl. | Lindley |
L. | Linné |
Loefl. | Loefling |
Lopr. | Lopriore |
Loud. | Loudon |
Lour. | Loureiro |
Marcgr. | Marcgraf |
M. Bieb. | Marschall von Bieberstein |
Marsh. | Marshal |
Mart. | Martius |
Mast. | Masters |
Med. | Medikus |
Meissn. | Meissner |
Mey. | Meyer |
Mich. | Micheli |
Michx. | Michaux |
Mill. | Miller |
Miq. | Miquel |
Moehr. | Moehring |
Moq. | Moquin-Tandon |
Moris. | Morison |
Muell. | Mueller |
Muell. Arg. | Mueller Argovensis |
Naud. | Naudin |
Neck. | Necker |
Nied. | Niedenzu |
Nor. | Noronha |
Nutt. | Nuttall |
Oerst. | Oersted |
Oliv. | Oliver |
Op. | Opiz |
P. Beauv. | Palisot de Beauvois |
Pall. | Pallas |
Parl. | Parlatore |
Pauq. | Pauquy |
Pav. | Pavon |
Perr. | Perrotet |
Pers. | Persoon |
Peyr. | Peyritsch |
Pfitz. | Pfitzer |
Pilg. | Pilger |
Planch. | Planchon |
Plum. | Plumier |
Poepp. | Poeppig |
Pourr. | Pourret |
Radlk. | Radlkofer |
Raf. | Rafinesque |
Ram. | Ramond |
Reichb. | Reichenbach |
Rich. | Richard |
Ridl. | Ridley |
Roehl. | Roehling |
Roem. | Roemer |
Rohrb. | Rohrbach |
Rottb. | Rottboell |
Roxb. | Roxburgh |
Ruhl. | Ruhland |
Rumph. | Rumphius |
Rupr. | Ruprecht |
Salisb. | Salisbury |
Schimp. | Schimper |
Schlecht. | Schlechter |
Schlechtd. | Schlechtendal |
Schleid. | Schleiden |
Schrad. | Schrader |
Schreb. | Schreber |
Schult. | Schultes |
Schum. | Schumann |
Schweinf. | Schweinfurt |
Scop. | Scopoli |
Seem. | Seemann |
Soland. | Solander |
Sond. | Sonder |
Sonn. | Sonnerat |
Sparm. | Sparmann |
Spenn. | Spenner |
Spreng. | Sprengel |
Steinh. | Steinheil |
Steud. | Steudel |
Stev. | Steven |
St. Hil. | St. Hilaire |
Taub. | Taubert |
Targ. Tozz. | Targioni-Tozzetti |
Tausch. | Tauscher |
Ten. | Tenore |
Thonn. | Thonning |
Thou. | Du Petit-Thouars |
Thunb. | Thunberg |
Thwait. | Thwaites |
Torr. | Torrey |
Tourn. | Tournefort |
Trin. | Trinius |
Tul. | Tulasne |
Turcz. | Turczaninow |
Urb. | Urban |
Vaill. | Vaillant |
Vand. | Vandelli |
Van Tiegh. | Van Tieghem |
Vell. | Velley |
Vent. | Ventenat |
Vill. | Villars |
Vis. | Visiani |
Vog. | Vogel |
Volk. | Volkens |
Wahlenb. | Wahlenberg |
Waldst. | Waldstein |
Wall. | Wallich |
Walt. | Walter |
Warb. | Warburg |
Warm. | Warming |
Wedd. | Weddell |
Welw. | Welwitsch |
Wendl. | Wendland |
Wettst. | Wettstein |
Wikst. | Wikstroem |
Willd. | Willdenow |
Willk. | Willkomm |
Winckl. | Winckler |
Wuert. | Wuertemberg |
Zeyh. | Zeyher |
Zucc. | Zuccarini |
African ammoniacum—Ferula.
African mahogany—Khaya.
African sandal-wood—Osyris.
African teak—Oldfieldia.
African tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Akee—Blighia.
Alder—Alnus.
Alkanet—Anchusa.
Allseed—Radiola.
Allspice—Pimenta.
Almond—Prunus.
Ambatch—Aeschynomene.
Anise—Pimpinella.
Apple—Pirus.
Apricot—Prunus.
Arnatto—Bixa.
Arrow-root—Maranta, Tacca.
Artichoke—Cynara.
Ash—Fraxinus.
Avens—Geum.
Avocado-pear—Persea.
Balata—Mimusops.
Balm—Melissa.
Balsam—Impatiens.
Bamboo—Bambusa (and allies), Raphia.
Banana—Musa.
Baobab—Adansonia.
Barley—Hordeum.
Basil—Ocimum.
Bead-tree—Melia.
Bean—Phaseolus, Vicia.
Beef-wood—Casuarina, Mimusops.
Bent-grass—Agrostis.
Betel-palm—Areca.
Bindweed—Convolvulus.
Bird’s-foot—Ornithopus.
Bitter cress—Cardamine.
Black mustard—Brassica.
Bladderwort—Utricularia.
Blood-plum—Haematostaphis.
Borage—Borrago.
Bottle-gourd—Lagenaria.
Box—Buxus.
Bowstring-hemp—Sansevieria.
Bramble—Rubus.
Breadfruit—Artocarpus.
Broomrape—Orobanche.
Buckthorn—Rhamnus.
Buckwheat—Fagopyrum.
Bugle—Ajuga.
Bugloss—Echium.
Burdock—Arctium.
Bur-reed—Sparganium.
Cabbage—Brassica.
Calabar-bean—Physostigma.
Calla—Zantedeschia.
Calumba-root—Iatrorrhiza.
Camellia—Thea.
Camomile—Anthemis, Matricaria.
Camphor—Blumea, Cinnamomum.
Cam-wood—Baphia.
Canary-seed—Phalaris.
Candlenut—Aleurites.
Candytuft—Iberis.
Cane—Calamus (and allies).
Caper—Capparis.
Caraway—Carum.
Cardamom—Elettaria.
Carob—Ceratonia.
Carrot—Daucus.
Cashew—Anacardium.
Cassava—Manihot.
Castor-oil—Ricinus.
Cayenne-pepper—Capsicum.
Ceara-rubber—Manihot.
Cedar—Cedrus.
Celandine—Chelidonium.
Celery—Apium.
Cherry—Prunus.
Chervil—Anthriscus.
Chestnut—Castanea.
Chick-pea—Cicer.
Chicory—Cichorium.
Chillies—Capsicum.
Chinese grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria
{603}Clover—Trifolium.
Cloves—Jambosa.
Cock’s foot—Dactylis.
Cocoa-plum—Chrysobalanus.
Coconut—Cocos.
Colt’s foot—Tussilago.
Columbine—Aquilegia.
Comfrey—Symphytum.
Copal—Copaifera, Cynometra, Trachylobium.
Coracan—Eleusine.
Cork—Quercus.
Corn-cockle—Agrostemma.
Corn-salad—Valerianella.
Cotton—Gossypium.
Cotton-grass—Eriophorum.
Coutch-grass—Agropyrum.
Crab’s eye—Abrus.
Cranes’s bill—Geranium.
Crawberry—Empetrum.
Cucumber—Cucumis.
Cudweed—Gnaphalium.
Custard-apple—Anona.
Cypress—Cupressus.
Daisy—Bellis.
Dandelion—Taraxacum.
Darnel—Lolium.
Date-palm—Phoenix.
Date-plum—Diospyros.
Dattock—Detarium.
Day-lily—Hemerocallis
Dead-nettle—Lamium.
Dika—Irvingia.
Dill—Anethum.
Dinde—Colocasia.
Dock—Rumex.
Dodder—Cuscuta.
Dog’s tail—Cynosurus.
Dog’s tooth—Cynodon.
Double coconut—Lodoicea.
Dragons blood—Dracaena.
Duchn—Pennisetum.
Duckweed—Lemna.
Dum-palm—Hyphaene.
Dwale—Atropa.
Dwarf-palm—Chamaerops.
Ebony—Dalbergia, Diospyros, Euclea.
Egg-plant—Solanum.
Elder—Sambucus.
Elemi—Canarium.
Elm—Ulmus.
Esparto-grass—Ampelodesmos, Lygeum, Stipa.
Evening-primrose—Oenothera.
Everlasting—Helichrysum.
Eyebright—Euphrasia.
False bamboo—Raphia.
Feathergrass—Stipa.
Fennel—Foeniculum.
Fescue—Festuca.
Fig—Ficus.
Fir—Abies.
Flame-tree—Poinciana.
Flax—Linum.
Flowering rush—Butomus.
Fool’s parsley—Aethusa.
Forget-me-not—Myosotis, Omphalodes.
Foxglove—Digitalis.
Foxtail—Alopecurus.
Frankincense—Boswellia.
Frogbit—Hydrocharis.
Fumitory—Fumaria.
Fundi—Paspalum.
Furze—Ulex.
Gambodge—Garcinia.
Garden-cress—Lepidium.
Garlic—Allium.
Germander—Teucrium.
Ginger—Zingiber.
Globe-thistle—Echinops.
Goldenrod—Solidago.
Gooseberry—Ribes.
Goosefoot—Chenopodium.
Grains of Paradise—Aframomum.
Grape-vine—Vitis.
Grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria.
Grasses—Gramineae.
Grasswrack—Zostera.
Gromwell—Lithospermum.
Groundnut—Arachis.
Guava—Psidium.
Guelder-rose—Viburnum.
Guinea-corn—Andropogon.
Guinea-pepper—Xylopia.
Gum-lac—Aleurites, Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Guttapercha—Palaquium, Payena.
Hare’s tail—Lagurus.
Hawkweed—Hieracium.
Hawthorn—Mespilus.
Hazel—Corylus.
Heartseed—Cardiospermum.
Heath—Erica.
Hemlock—Conium.
Hemp—Cannabis.
{604}Henbane—Hyoscyamus.
Henna—Lawsonia.
Holly—Ilex.
Holygrass—Hierochloe.
Honeysuckle—Lonicera.
Hop—Humulus.
Horehound—Marrubium.
Horseradish-tree—Moringa.
Hound’s tongue—Cynoglossum.
Houseleek—Sempervivum.
Indian corn—Zea.
Indian cress—Tropaeolum.
Indian plum—Flacourtia.
Indian shot—Canna.
Indigo—Indigofera.
Ireh—Funtumia.
Iron-wood—Acacia, Argania, Casuarina, Sideroxylon, Stadmannia.
Ivy—Hedera.
Jerusalem-artichoke—Helianthus.
Jessamine—Jasminum.
Job’s tears—Coix.
Jujube—Zizyphus.
Jute—Corchorus.
Kino—Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus.
Ladanum—Cistus.
Lady’s mantle—Alchimilla.
Lagos-rubber—Funtumia.
Larkspur—Delphinium.
Lattice-leaf—Aponogeton.
Laurustinus—Viburnum.
Lavender—Lavandula.
Leek—Allium.
Lemongrass—Andropogon.
Lentil—Lens.
Lettuce—Lactuca.
Ling—Calluna.
Liquorice—Glycyrrhiza.
Logwood—Haematoxylon.
Longan—Euphoria.
Loquat—Eriobotrya.
Lousewort—Pedicularis.
Lucern—Medicago.
Lymegrass—Elymus.
Mace—Myristica.
Madder—Rubia.
Mahogany—Khaya.
Maize—Zea.
Mallow—Malva.
Mandioc—Manihot.
Mandrake—Mandragora.
Mango—Mangifera.
Mangrove—Rhizophora.
Manila-hemp—Musa.
Manna—Alhagi, Astragalus, Cassia.
Maple—Acer.
Maram—Ammophila.
Marigold—Calendula.
Marjoram—Majorana.
Mastic—Pistacia.
Matgrass—Nardus.
Medlar—Mespilus.
Melon—Cucumis.
Mignonette—Reseda.
Milkwort—Polygala.
Millet—Panicum.
Mint—Mentha.
Mistletoe—Viscum.
Mousetail—Myosurus.
Mulberry—Morus.
Mullein—Verbascum.
Mustard—Brassica, Sinapis.
Myrrh—Commiphora.
Nettle—Urtica.
Nettle-tree—Celtis.
New Zealand flax—Phormium.
New Zealand spinach—Tetragonia.
Nitgrass—Gastridium.
Nitrebush—Nitraria.
Nutmeg—Myristica.
Oak—Quercus.
Oat—Avena.
Oil-palm—Elaeis.
Oleander—Nerium.
Oleaster—Elaeagnus.
Olive—Olea.
Onion—Allium.
Opium—Papaver.
Orange—Citrus.
Orris-root—Iris.
Ovala—Pentaclethra.
Palmiet—Prionium.
Palmyra-palm—Borassus.
Panama-rubber—Castilloa.
Pansy—Viola.
Papaw-tree—Carica.
Paper-mulberry—Broussonetia.
Para-rubber—Hevea.
Parsley—Petroselinum.
Parsnip—Pastinaca.
Passion-flower—Passiflora.
Pea—Pisum.
Peach—Prunus.
Pear—Pirus.
{605}Pearlwort—Sagina.
Pellitory—Parietaria.
Pennycress—Thlaspi.
Pepper—Capsicum, Piper.
Periwinkle—Vinca.
Persian lilac—Melia.
Persian manna—Alhagi.
Piassava—Borassus, Dictyosperma, Raphia.
Pigeon-pea—Cajanus.
Pimpernel—Anagallis.
Pine-apple—Ananas.
Pink—Dianthus.
Pistachio-nut—Pistacia.
Pitcher-plant—Nepenthes.
Plane—Platanus.
Plantain—Musa, Plantago.
Plum—Prunus.
Poke—Phytolacca.
Pomegranate—Punica.
Pondweed—Potamogeton.
Poplar—Populus.
Poppy—Papaver.
Potato—Ipomoea, Solanum.
Prickly pear—Opuntia.
Primrose—Primula.
Privet—Ligustrum.
Pumpkin—Cucurbita.
Purslane—Portulaca.
Quaking-grass—Briza.
Quince—Cydonia.
Quinine—Cinchona.
Quitch-grass—Agropyrum.
Radish—Rhaphanus.
Rambutan—Nephelium.
Ramie—Boehmeria.
Ramtil-oil—Guizotia.
Rapeseed—Brassica.
Rattan-palm—Calamus.
Ray-grass—Lolium.
Reed—Arundo, Phragmites.
Reedmace—Typha.
Rice—Oryza.
Rock-cress—Arabis.
Rock-rose—Cistus, Helianthemum.
Rose of Jericho—Anastatica, Odontospermum.
Rose-wood—Calophyllum, Pterocarpus, Thespesia.
Rosemary—Rosmarinus.
Rubber—Various Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, Ficus, Manihot.
Rue—Ruta.
Rush—Juncus.
Rye—Secale.
Safflower—Carthamus.
Saffron—Crocus.
Safu—Pachylobus.
Sage—Salvia.
Sago—Cycas.
Sainfoin—Onobrychis.
Salep—Orchis (and allies).
Salsify—Tragopogon.
Saltwort—Salsola.
Samphire—Crithmum.
Sandal-wood—Pterocarpus, Osyris.
Sandarac—Callitris.
Sandbox-tree—Hura.
Sandwort—Arenaria.
Sapodilla-plum—Achras.
Sassy-tree—Erythrophloeum.
Savory—Satureia.
Sawwort—Serratula.
Screw-pine—Pandanus.
Scull-cap—Scutellaria.
Sedges—Cyperaceae.
Senegal-ebony—Dalbergia.
Senna-leaves—Cassia.
Shea-butter—Butyrospermum.
Shellac—Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Shepherd’s purse—Capsella.
Silver-fir—Abies.
Silver-tree—Leucadendron.
Snake-gourd—Trichosanthes.
Snapdragon—Antirrhinum.
Sneeze-wood—Pteroxylon.
Soapberry—Sapindus.
Soapwort—Saponaria.
Sorghum—Andropogon.
Soursop—Anona.
Sow-thistle—Sonchus.
Soy-bean—Glycine.
Spanish broom—Spartium.
Speedwell—Veronica.
Spinach—Spinacia, Tetragonia.
Spindle-tree—Evonymus.
Spurge—Euphorbia.
Spurry—Spergula.
Squill—Scilla.
Squirting cucumber—Ecballium.
Stitchwort—Stellaria.
Stock—Matthiola.
Stork’s bill—Erodium.
Strawberry—Fragaria.
Strawberry-tree—Arbutus.
Sugar-cane—Saccharum.
Sumac—Rhus.
{606}Sundew—Drosera.
Sunflower—Helianthus.
Sweet basil—Ocimum.
Sweet flag—Acorus.
Sweet potato—Ipomoea.
Tallow-tree—Pentadesma.
Tapioca—Manihot.
Taro—Colocasia.
Tea—Thea.
Teak—Oldfieldia, Tectona.
Teasel—Dipsacus.
Tef—Eragrostis.
Teosinte—Euchlaena.
Thorn-apple—Datura.
Thrift—Armeria.
Thimothy-grass—Phleum.
Toad-flax—Linaria.
Tobacco—Nicotiana.
Tomato—Solanum.
Tragacanth—Astragalus.
Traveller’s tree—Ravenala.
Tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Turmeric—Curcuma.
Turnip—Brassica.
Turnsole—Chrozophora.
Turpentine—Abies, Pinus, Pistacia.
Vegetable silk—Various Asclepiadaceae, Strophantus.
Venus’ looking-glass—Specularia.
Verek—Acacia.
Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum.
Vervain—Verbena.
Vetch—Vicia.
Vetiver-root—Andropogon.
Violet—Viola.
Wallflower—Cheiranthus.
Walnut—Juglans.
Water-chestnut—Trapa.
Water-cress—Nasturtium.
Water-lily—Nymphaea.
Water-melon—Citrullus.
Water-plantain—Alisma.
Water-tree—Tetracera.
Wheat—Triticum.
White mustard—Sinapis.
Willow—Salix.
Willow-herb—Epilobium.
Winter-cherry—Physalis.
Winter-cress—Barbarea.
Woad—Isatis.
Woodruff—Asperula.
Woodrush—Luzula.
Wormwood—Artemisia.
Yams—Dioscorea.
Yew—Taxus.
Ylang-Ylang—Cananga.
Zachun-oil—Balanites.
{607}
Page | VII., | after line 21, insert: R. MUSCHLER, A manual flora of Egypt (Berlin, 1912). |
“ | VIII., | after line 13, insert: E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore des districts des Bangala et de l’Ubangi (Bruxelles, 1910). |
“ | 10, | No. 110, for “83. Monimiaceae,” read: Leaves opposite, Xymalos, 83. Monimiaceae. Leaves alternate, Plagiostyles, 122. Euphorbiaceae. |
“ | 19, | No. 202, for “Prrteaceae,” read: Proteaceae. |
“ | 20, | No. 213, omit lines 1 and 2. |
“ | 35, | No. 388, omit lines 1 and 2. |
“ | 79, | line 3, read: Genus 1, species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, and Seychelles. |
“ | 82, | No. 21, line 3, add: (Including Heteranthoecia Stapf). |
“ | 84, | No. 41, after line 4, insert: Outer glumes convex, without spines. Flowering glume awned. Stigmas feathery.—Species 2. East Africa. Dignathia Stapf |
“ | 85, | No. 46, line 2, add: Rytilix Raf. |
“ | 89, | No. 84, line 2, add: (Including Lepturella Stapf). |
“ | 92, | No. 111, after line 3, insert: Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets many-flowered. Fruit elliptical. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar. Sclerodactylon Stapf |
“ | 100, | No. 176, line 2, add: Weingaertneria Bernh. |
“ | 102, | No. 195, line 5, add: Trichoneura Anders. |
“ | 104, | No. 212, after line 3, insert: Spikelets in head-like panicles. Flowering glumes 5-nerved.—Species 1. East Africa. Drake-Brockmania Stapf |
“ | 105, | No. 222, line 1, add: Axis of the spikelet jointed between and below the flowering glumes. |
“ | 105, | No. 222, after line 1, insert: Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved, much exceeding the outer glumes. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the flowering glumes only. Spikelets in 1-3 spike-like racemes.—Species 1. East Africa. (Including Negria Chiov.) Lintonia Stapf |
“ | 117, | No. 25, line 3, read: (Hydrosme Schott). (Plate 12). Amorphophallus Blume |
“ | 118, | No. 32, line 4, add: Rudimentary flowers club-shaped. Appendage of the spadix long. |
“ | 118, | No. 32, after line 3, insert: Ovules 2. Leaves several, dissected. Rudimentary flowers awl-shaped. Appendage of the spadix short.—Species 1. Egypt. Helicophyllum Schott |
“ | 123, | No. 6, last line, insert: (Including Baoutia A. Chev.) |
“ | 128, | No. 32, after line 3, insert: Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers in spikes, with bracts. Ovary deeply lobed.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Neodregea C. H. Wright |
“ | 129, | No. 35, lines 2 and 3, omit: “(Including Neodregea Wright).” |
“ | 136, | No. 13, line 4, for “Perianth-tube long,” read: Perianth-tube short or moderately long, not longer than the segments. |
“ | 136, | No. 13, line 7, omit “(Including Choananthus Rendle).” |
“ | 136, | No. 13, after line 7, add: Filaments longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube much longer than the segments. Leaves ovate.—Species 2. Equatorial Africa (Ruwenzori). Choananthus Rendle |
“ | 146, | No. 4, line 3, insert: (Including Siphonochilus Wood & Franks). |
“ | 151, | No. 11, line 4, after “Penthea Lindl.” add: and Orthopenthea Rolfe. |
“ | 151, | No. 15, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east Africa. |
“ | 155, | No. 52, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east Africa. |
“ | 158, | No. 78, line 4, after “including” insert: Lemurorchis Kraenzl. |
“ | 159, | No. 89, omit lines 3 and 4. |
“ | 171. | No. 8, line 2, after “Including” insert: Diastella Knight. {608} |
“ | 176, | No. 3, line 6, after “Islands” insert: (Balaniella Van Tiegh.). |
“ | 177. | No. 1, line 4, for “Species 1; Southern West Africa,” read: Species 2; Southern Central Africa. |
“ | 179, | No. 5, line 5, add: Wings of the fruiting perianth equal. |
“ | 179, | No. 5, at end add: Branches continuous. Disc lobed. Wings of the fruiting perianth unequal.—Species 1. Egypt. Seidlitzia Bunge |
“ | 181, | No. 18, at end add: Bracteoles united more than half-way up. Stigmas 2. Stem and leaves clothed with stellate hairs.—Species 1. Egypt. Eurotia Adans. |
“ | 184, | No. 17, line 3, add: (Including Centemopsis Schinz and Nelsia Schinz). |
“ | 184, | No. 18, line 3, add: Stigma entire. |
“ | 184, | No. 18, after line 3, add: Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Perianth woolly at base. Undershrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Lopriorea Schinz |
“ | 185, | No. 20, line 2, add: Leaves opposite. |
“ | 185, | No. 20, after line 2, add: Spurious staminodes none. Leaves alternate. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2-3 fertile and 2-4 spinous sterile flowers. Ovary glabrous.—Species 2. East Africa. Neocentema Schinz |
“ | 188, | No. 4, line 7, for “Species 15,” read: Species 25. |
“ | 189, | No. 15, line 4, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.—In the same line omit “Cape Colony.” |
“ | 191, | No. 3, Portulacaria may be divided into two genera: Portulacaria Jacq. (Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary turgid. Fruit with 3 wings, dry. Species 1.) and Ceraria Pearson & Stephens (Flowers polygamous. Ovary compressed. Fruit with 1 wing, finally berry-like. Species 3). |
“ | 193, | No. 9, line 4, for “sepals obtuse” read: style very short. |
“ | 201, | No. 11, line 6, add: including Bricchettia Pax. |
“ | 203, | No. 31, line 4, add: (Including Junodia Pax). |
“ | 208, | No. 3, omit Chloropatane Engl., which belongs to Erythrococca Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). |
“ | 233, | No. 7, line 4, add: including Geaya Cost. & Poisson. |
“ | 236, | No. 3, line 6, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3. |
“ | 238, | No. 11, line 5, add: Nebelia Neck. |
“ | 244, | No. 6, line 3, add: (Including Santaloides Schellenb.). |
“ | 244, | No. 7, line 2, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4. |
“ | 244, | No. 7, line 3, add: (Under Byrsocarpus Schum. & Thonn.) |
“ | 244, | No. 7, after line 3, insert: Stem twining. Inflorescence fasciculate. Calyx herbaceous. Anther-halves approximate. Seeds with thick cotyledons.—Species 2. West Africa. Roureopsis Planch. |
“ | 244, | No. 9, line 3, add: (Under Manotes Soland.). |
“ | 246, | No. 18, line 4, read: Species 4. West Africa. |
“ | 249, | No. 38, after line 3, insert: Receptacle saucer-shaped, thick. Calyx-lobes 2-3. Petals none. Stamens 16.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Mildbraediodendron Harms |
“ | 249, | No. 38, line 4, add: Calyx-lobes 4-5. Stamens very numerous. |
“ | 251, | No. 54, line 1, for “Species 10,” read: Species 25. |
“ | 251, | No. 54, line 3, add: (Under Dialium L.) |
“ | 252, | No. 61, line 2, read: Species 4. Central Africa. |
“ | 252, | No. 61, line 3, add: including Eriander Winkl. |
“ | 253, | No. 74, line 1, add: (Under Cynometra L.) |
“ | 253, | No. 75, line 2, add: (Under Cynometra L.) |
“ | 255, | No. 89, last line, read: Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and aromatic resin. (Under Daniella Benn.) Paradaniellia Rolfe |
“ | 256, | No. 95, line 4, after “pendulous,” insert: oblong. Flowers in few-flowered racemes. |
“ | 256, | No. 95, after line 4, add: Petals subequal. Seeds roundish. Flowers subsessile, paniculate.—Species 3. West Africa. (Under Berlinia Soland.) Isoberlinia Craib & Stapf |
“ | 256, | No. 100, line 3, read: Species 8. Central Africa. |
“ | 256, | No. 100. line 4, read: (Including Cyanothyrsus Harms) Daniellia Benn. {609} |
“ | 256, | No. 101, line 4, read: Species 6. Central Africa. |
“ | 258, | No. 117, line 5, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4. |
“ | 259, | No. 125, line 3, for “Species 2,” read: Species 5. |
“ | 263, | No. 160, line 5, add: some are poisonous for cattle. |
“ | 265, | No. 175, line 1, add: Ovules few. Leaves distinctly stalked, stipulate. |
“ | 265, | No. 175, after line 3, insert: Keel and style straight. Bracteoles present. Ovules many. Fruit elongate. Leaves sessile or nearly so, exstipulate.—Species 10. South Africa. (Under Lotononis L.) Pearsonia Duemmer |
“ | 272, | No. 239, line 5, add: other species yield dyes. |
“ | 273, | No. 242, line 4, after “Balf. f.” add: and Saldania Sim. |
“ | 278, | No. 283, line 3, insert: One species has edible fruits and tubers. |
“ | 287, | No. 359, line 1, add: Standard broad. |
“ | 287, | No. 359, after line 2, add: Fruit winged. Standard narrow, boat-shaped. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped. Branches of the panicle nodose.—Species 17. Central Africa. (Under Derris Lour.) Leptoderris Dunn |
“ | 288, | No. 368, line 1, add: Leaflets without stipels. |
“ | 288, | No. 368, after line 1, insert: Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets with stipples. Fruit flat, indehiscent.—Species 4. Central Africa. Ostryoderris Dunn |
“ | 288, | No. 374, after line 3, insert: Leaves alternate, not dotted. Fruit compressed.—Species 15. Central Africa. Craibia Harms & Dunn |
“ | 297, | No. 21, omit lines 1-3, as Eriander Winkl. belongs to Oxystigma Harms (Leguminosae). |
“ | 299, | No. 32, add: Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp hard. Leaves with a single leaflet.—Species 1. West Africa. Aeglopsis Swingle |
“ | 300, | No. 6, line 3, add: Filaments thread-like. Ovules laterally affixed. Leaflets few. |
“ | 300, | No. 6, after line 4, insert: Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with imbricate aestivation. Filaments broadened below, with a short scale. Style long. Ovules pendulous. Leaflets many, oblong.—Species 1. West Africa. Simarubopsis Engl. |
“ | 300, | No. 8, line 3, add: (Under Mannia Hook. fil.). |
“ | 301, | No. 15, Irvingia may be divided into two genera: Irvingia Hook. fil. (inflorescence axillary, seeds exalbuminous) and Irvingella Van Tiegh. (inflorescence terminal, seeds albuminous). |
“ | 302, | No. 4, line 3, add: Stamens inserted outside the cushion-shaped disc. |
“ | 302, | No. 4, line 9, add: Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc. |
“ | 302, | No. 2, line 4, add: (Including Katafa Cost. & Poisson). |
“ | 303, | No. 4, omit lines 1-4, as Pynaertia De Wild. belongs to Anopyxis Pierre (Rhizophoraceae). |
“ | 304, | No. 13, last line, omit “Bingeria A. Chev.” |
“ | 305, | No. 20, for “Tourraea” read: Turraea. |
“ | 305, | No. 25, line 3, add: (Including Bingeria A. Chev.) |
“ | 309, | family 121, lines 7 and 13, for “species 75,” read: species 120.—Line 7, add: one species has edible fruits. |
“ | 309, | family 122, line 6, omit “(Including Daphniphyllaceae).” |
“ | 310, | No. 8, line 5, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20. |
“ | 311 and 312, for | No. 14-23 substitute the following: |
14. | Calyx splitting into 5 equal segments. Disc indistinct or wanting. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 15 | |
Calyx splitting into 2-4 more or less unequal segments. Shrubs or trees. 16 | ||
15. | Styles two-cleft. Rudimentary pistil absent in the male flowers. Plants with stellate hairs.—Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.” (Tournesolia Scop.) Chrozophora Neck. | |
Styles many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil present in the male flowers. Herbaceous plants with simple hairs.—Species 10. Tropics. Several species yield fibre. Caperonia St. Hil. | ||
16. | Petals of the male flowers united below. 17 | |
Petals of the male flowers free. 18{610} | ||
17. | Styles two-cleft. Leaves palminerved. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre. Manniophyton Muell. Arg. | |
Styles 3-8-cleft. Leaves penninerved.—Species 12. West Africa. (Under Crotonogyne Muell. Arg.) Neomanniophyton Pax & Hoffm. | ||
18. | Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with scales. 19 | |
Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with hairs or glabrous. 20 | ||
19. | Stamens 7-15. Receptacle of the male flowers with 5 glands, glabrous within them. Male inflorescence spicate.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. Crotonogyne Muell. Arg. | |
Stamens 20-30. Receptacle of the male flowers with 10 glands, also glandular within them. Male inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Cyrtogonone Prain | ||
20. | Fruit a drupe. Disc of the female flowers obscure or reduced to small glands. Stamens 8-20. Anthers attached by the base. Trees with stellate, rarely with simple hairs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (candle-nuts). Aleurites Forst. | |
Fruit a capsule. Disc of the female flowers ring- or cup-shaped. Anthers attached by the tip or the back, sometimes near the base. Flowers in racemes, rarely in panicles, but then leaves penninerved. Glabrous or simple-haired shrubs or trees. 21 | ||
21. | Receptacle of the male flowers glandular on the whole surface, but without separate glands. Stamens 20-30. Anther-halves pendulous from the connective. Flowers in axillary racemes.—Species 1. Islands of Fernando-Po and St. Thomas. (Under Agrostistachys Dalz.) Pseudagrostistachys Pax & Hoffm. | |
Receptacle of the male flowers with separate glands. Anther-halves attached by the back. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 22 | ||
22. | Stamens 20-30.—Species 3. West Africa. (Including Fournaea Pierre) Grossera Pax | |
Stamens 8-12. Flowers in racemes. 23 | ||
23. | Petals of the female flowers shorter than the calyx. Sepals of the female flowers free. Flowers dioecious.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Tannodia Baill.) Holstia Pax | |
Petals of the female flowers exceeding the calyx. Sepals of the female flowers united at the base.—Species 2. East Africa. Tannodia Baill. | ||
“ | 313, | No. 30, line 7, add: (Including Pseudotragia Pax). |
“ | 313, | No. 31, line 5, for “Species 20,” read: Species 12. |
“ | 315, | No. 48, omit lines 1-3, as Pseudotragia Pax belongs to Plukenetia L. |
“ | 316, | No. 55, line 3, after “medicine” add: (Including Discoclaoxylon Pax & Hoffm.) |
“ | 316, | No. 56, line 7, add: (Including Chloropatane Engl.). |
“ | 316, | No. 57, after line 6, insert: Disc of the female flowers formed of 6-8 scales. Styles recurved, undivided. Stamens 7. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa. Discoglypremna Prain |
“ | 316, | No. 61, line 3, add: Bracts not forming an involucre. Petals membranous. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. (Under Mildbraedia Pax). |
“ | 316, | No. 61, after line 3, insert: Flowers dioecious. Bracts forming an involucre. Petals leathery. Plants clothed with simple hairs.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Chlamydojatropha Pax & Hoffm. |
“ | 317, | No. 66, at end, add: Stamens numerous. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.—Species 1. West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Under Daphniphyllum Blume) Plagiostyles Pierre |
Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Plukenetia L.) Hamilcoa Prain | ||
“ | 317, | No. 70, line 5, read: (Excoecariopsis Pax, under Excoecaria L.) Spirostachys Sond. |
“ | 318, | No. 72, line 7, add: (Under Sapium P. Browne or Sebastiania Spreng.) {611} |
“ | 318, | No. 74, line 3, for “Species 3,” read: Species 6. |
“ | 318, | No. 74, line 4, for “yields rubber,” read: and three other species yield rubber. |
“ | 318, | No. 74, after line 7, insert: Flowers in panicles, which on the male plants are composed of fascicles, dioecious. Sepals 4-5, united half-way up in the male flowers. Disc present. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Klaineanthus Pierre |
“ | 318, | No. 75, line 5, add: (Including Neochevaliera Beille). |
“ | 318, | No. 76, line 3, add: (Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE). |
“ | 319, | omit No. 81, as Junodia Pax belongs to Anisocycla Baill. (Menispermaceae). |
“ | 319, | omit No. 82, as the African Daphniphyllum belongs to Plagiostyles Pierre. |
“ | 319, | omit No. 85, as Bricchettia Pax belongs to Cocculus L. (Menispermaceae). |
“ | 319, | No. 87, line 1, add: or nearly so. |
“ | 320, | No. 89, line 4, for “Megabaria Pierre,” read: (Including Megabaria Pierre) Spondianthus Engl. |
“ | 320, | omit No. 92, as Neochevaliera Beille belongs to Chaetocarpus Thwait. |
“ | 321, | No. 99, line 2, omit “Mosambic.” |
“ | 321, | No. 104, omit lines 3-5. |
“ | 322, | No. 107, line 2, for “Species 4.” read: Species 12. |
“ | 322, | No. 107, line 3, add: (Including Staphysora Pierre). |
“ | 322, | No. 109, line 2, add: (Under Thecacoris Juss.) |
“ | 322, | No. 109, after line 3, insert: Disc divided into 5 glands. Styles 4, short, entire. Flowers monoecious. Trees. Stipules lanceolate.—Species 1. West Africa. Apodiscus Hutchinson |
“ | 322, | for No. 111, substitute the following:— |
111. Bracts of the male flowers in 3 series, the intermediate in the shape of a cup. Disc of the female flowers adnate to the perianth.—Species 2. West Africa. (Under Megabaria Pierre). Protomegabaria Hutchinson | ||
Bracts of the male flowers solitary. Disc of the female flowers free from the perianth. 111, b. | ||
111, b. Fruit entire, 1-celled. (See 107). Maesobotrya Benth. | ||
Fruit lobed, 3-celled. (See 94). Thecacoris Juss. | ||
“ | 322, | No. 113, line 3, add: (Under Drypetes Vahl). |
“ | 322, | No. 114, line 4, add: (Under Drypetes Vahl). |
“ | 323, | No. 123, line 5, for “Species 2.” read: Species 5. |
“ | 324, | No. 2, line 2, add: (Under Notobuxus Oliv.). |
“ | 326, | No. 5, omit line 5. |
“ | 327, | No. 12, line 6, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30. |
“ | 328, | omit No. 20, as Spondianthus belongs to Euphorbiaceae. |
“ | 329, | No. 27, line 7, for “Species 30,” read: Species 50. |
“ | 341, | No. 51, line 2, after “capsular,” add: septicidal. |
“ | 341, | No. 51, after line 5, insert: Disc annular, with 10 teeth on the inside. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. West Africa Anoumabia A. Chevs |
“ | 344, | No. 6, line 4, add: including Tzellemtinia Chiov. |
“ | 346, | line 9, for “200,” read: 250. |
“ | 346, | No. 3, line 2, after “Inflorescences,” add: nearly always. |
“ | 346, | No. 3, line 5, omit “mostly.” |
“ | 346, | No. 4, line 6, for “150,” read: 200. |
“ | 349, | No. 3, line 1, omit “Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.” |
“ | 349, | No. 3, line 2, add: (Under Christiania DC.). |
“ | 349, | No. 9, line 6, add: (Under Duboscia Bocq.). |
“ | 349, | No. 10, line 4, add: under Desplatzia Bocq. |
“ | 355, | No. 11, line 4, add: (Tribe HUAEAE). |
“ | 384, | No. 5, for “Ammania” read: Ammannia. |
“ | 386, | at top, for “LECTYHIDACEAE” read: LECYTHIDACEAE. |
“ | 388, | No. 9, line 1, add: (Including Pynaertia De Wild.). |
“ | 399, | No. 9, last line, add: (Raimannia Rose). |
“ | 403, | No. 12, after line 4, insert: Secondary ribs thick, rounded, unarmed. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face, somewhat compressed from front to back.—Species{612} |
1. Northern East Africa (Eritrea) Stephanorossia Chiov. | ||
“ | 406, | No. 37, after line 5, insert: Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs thread-shaped. Fruit with a broad commissure. Oil-channels 4-5 in each furrow.—Species 2. Central Africa. Afrosison Wolff |
“ | 409, | No. 53, line 2, after “furrows,” insert: and sometimes under the ribs. |
“ | 409, | No. 53, after line 2, insert: Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary under each dorsal rib, 3 under each marginal rib. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Petals straight or nearly so.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Under |
Peucedanum L.) Erythroselinum Chiov. | ||
“ | 413, | No. 92, after line 2, insert: Mericarps with 5 broad and thick ribs. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none at the commissure. Calyx-teeth mucronate. Undershrubs.—Species 1. South-west Africa (Nama-land) Marlothiella Wolff |
“ | 413, | No. 92, line 4, add: Oil-channels in the furrows and at the commissure. |
“ | 414, | No. 93, at end, add: Petals yellow or brown, notched. Herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. Volkensiella Wolff |
“ | 418, | No. 5, line 8, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20. |
“ | 421, | No. 3, after line 3, insert: Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 8. Calyx falling off very early, excepting the persistent base of the tube.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. Dumoria A. Chev. |
“ | 421, | No. 3, line 4, add: Calyx persisting or falling off as a whole. |
“ | 421, | No. 3, line 7, omit “Dumoria A. Chev.” |
“ | 434, | No. 15, after line 4, insert: Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc wanting. Ovules numerous. Leaves with axillary glands.—Species 1. West Africa. Farquharia Stapf |
“ | 444, | No. 22, line 6, insert: rarely shrubs. |
“ | 449, | No. 59, last line, add: including Folotsia Cost. & Bois and Voharanga Cost. & Bois. |
“ | 454, | No. 99, after line 1, insert: Corona simple, of 10 lobes. Calyx without glands. Corolla deeply divided, with spatulate segments.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. Spathulopetalum Chiov. |
“ | 463, | No. 5, line 2, after “Shrubs,” read: Species 2. Socotra and German South-west Africa. (Subfamily WELLSTEDIOIDEAE.) |
“ | 472, | No. 8, line 6, for “4-cleft,” read: 4-5-cleft. |
“ | 472, | No. 9, after line 3, insert: Lower lip of the corolla deeply 3-cleft, the median lobe slightly concave, the lateral ones narrow. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower 4-toothed.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Thorncroftia N. E. Brown |
“ | 473, | No. 15, line 2, insert: Including Bouetia A. Chev. |
“ | 473, | No. 19, line 4, read: Species 2. Tropics. |
“ | 473, | No. 19, line 5, omit “including Iboza N. E. Brown.” |
“ | 480, | No. 64, after line 5, insert: Corolla subequally 5-cleft; tube exserted. Stamens 4, about equal in length. Flowers very small, indistinctly dioecious.—Species 12. Central and South-east Africa. (Under Moschosma Reichb.) Iboza N. E. Brown |
“ | 482, | No. 10, line 2, for “Species 25” read: Species 40. |
“ | 510, | No. 66, after line 2, insert: Corolla-tube funnel-shaped. Flowers in lateral spikes. Bracts narrow; bracteoles broad. Leaves elliptical.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Leiophaca Lindau |
“ | 554, | No. 93, line 2, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30. |
“ | 556, | No. 108, line 4, after “winged” add: Inner involucral bracts short, scale-like. |
“ | 556, | No. 108, at end, add: Stem not winged. Inner involucral bracts long, bristle-like. Receptacle at first flat.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Lifago Schweinf. & Muschl. |
“ | 562, | No. 186, after line 2, insert: Pappus wanting. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. South-east Africa. Humea Sm. |
“ | 570, | No. 258, line 2, for “Species 1,” read: Species 4. |
Plate 12, for Hydrosme grata Schott, read: Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N. E. Brown. | ||
“ | 138, | last line, for “plant” read: branch. |
Synonyms are printed in Italics.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
Abelmoschus, 352.
Aberia, 372.
Abies, 70.
Abildgaardia, 109.
Abrotanella, 579.
Abrus, 270.
Abutilon, 352.
Acacia, 247.
Acaena, 241.
Acalypha, 313.
Acampe, 158.
ACANTHACEAE, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 502, pl. 142.
Acanthonema, 501.
Acanthopale, 506.
Acanthophoenix, 113.
Acanthopsis, 509.
Acanthosicyos, 540.
Acanthotreculia, 167.
Acanthus, 509.
Acanthyllis, 270.
Acer, 335.
ACERACEAE, 31, 34, 335.
Aceras, 152.
Aceras, 152.
Achantia, 355.
Acharia, 376.
ACHARIACEAE 54, 376.
Acharitea, 469.
Achillea, 577.
Achneria, 105.
Achras, 423.
Achyranthes, 184, pl. 41.
Achyrocline, 556, 562.
Achyropsis, 184.
Achyrospermum, 478.
Achyrothalamus, 552.
Acidanthera, 142.
Acioa, 243.
Acmadenia, 297.
Acmena, 392.
Acocanthera, 437.
Aconitum, 199.
Acorus, 115.
Acrachne, 93.
Acridocarpus, 307, pl. 77.
Acritochaete, 82.
Acriulus, 106.
Acrocephalus, 473.
Acrocoelium, 335.
Acrolophia, 156.
Acrosanthes, 190.
Acrosepalum, 350.
Acrospira, 131.
Acrostemon, 416.
Acrostylia, 151.
Acrotome, 476.
Actephila, 320.
Actinoschoenus, 108.
Acuan, 245.
Acustelma, 445.
Adansonia, 353.
Adelodypsis, 113.
Adelosa, 470.
Adelostigma, 567.
Adenachaena, 580.
Adenandra, 297.
Adenanthera, 246.
Adenia, 376, pl. 106.
Adenium, 433.
Adenocarpus, 266.
Adenochlaena, 313.
Adenocline, 315.
Adenodolichos, 278.
Adenogonum, 572.
Adenogramma, 188.
Adenoplea, 427.
Adenoplusia, 428.
Adenopus, 539.
Adenosolen, 579.
Adenostemma, 570.
Adhatoda, 512, 513.
Adicea, 169.
Adina, 530.
Adinandra, 360.
Adolia, 344.
Adonis, 198.
Aechmolepis, 444.
Aedesia, 570.
Aegialophila, 550.
Aegilops, 90.
Aegle, 299.
Aeglopsis, 609.
Aeluropus, 104.
Aeolanthus, 474.
Aeonia, 159.
Aeonium, 232.
Aerangis, 158.
Aeranthus, 158.
Aerua, 184.
Aeschynomene, 269, 270, 284, 286.
Aetheilema, 505.
Aethionema, 225, 228.
Aethusa, 410.
Aframomum, 147, pl. 24.
Afrardisia, 418.
Afrocalathea, 149.
Afrodaphne, 210.
Afromendoncia, 502.
Afrorhaphidophora, 115.
Afrormosia, 259.
Afrosison, 611.
Afrostyrax, 425.
Afrothismia, 150.
Afzelia, 255.
Afzelia, 255.
Afzeliella, 394.
Agapanthus, 130.
Agathelpis, 489.
Agathophora, 180.
Agathophyllum, 209.
Agathosma, 296. pl. 73.
Agauria, 416.
Agave, 138.
{614}Agelaea, 244.
Ageratina, 569.
Ageratum, 570.
Agialid, 293.
Agrimonia, 241.
Agropyrum, 90.
Agrostemma, 196.
Agrostis, 97.
Agrostis, 97.
Agrostistachys, 312, 610.
Agrostophyllum, 156.
Agyneia, 323.
Aichryson, 232.
Aira, 98.
Aira, 98, 100.
Airopsis, 98.
Aitonia, 305.
AITONIEAE, 302.
AIZOACEAE, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 48, 49, 63, 68, 188, pl. 43.
Aizoon, 190.
Ajuga, 471.
Alafia, 435.
ALANGIACEAE, 43, 65, 67, 389.
Alangium, 389.
Albersia, 183.
Alberta, 516.
Albizzia, 248.
Albuca, 126.
Alcea, 352.
Alchimilla, 241.
Alchornea, 314.
Alchornea, 314, 315.
Alciope, 573, 575.
Aldrovanda, 230.
Alectra, 486.
Alepidea, 403.
Aleurites, 312, 610.
Alhagi, 274.
Alisma, 76.
Alisma, 76.
ALISMATACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 6.
ALISMATACEAE, 77.
Alkanna, 465.
Allagopappus, 560.
Allamanda, 436.
Allanblackia, 361, pl. 99.
Allexis, 367.
Alliaria, 223.
Allium, 125.
Allocalyx, 494.
Allophyllus, 336.
Alluaudia, 335.
Alnus, 163.
Alocasia, 116.
Alocasiophyllum, 117.
Aloë 133.
Alonsoa, 490.
Alopecurus, 84, 86.
Alpinia, 147.
ALSINACEAE, 192.
Alsine, 195.
Alsodeia, 367.
Alsodeiidium, 334.
Alsodeiopsis, 334.
Alstonia, 441.
Alternanthera, 183.
Althaea, 352.
Althenia, 74.
Altheria, 356.
Alvesia, 474.
Alysicarpus, 273.
Alyssum, 218, 219.
Alyssum, 219.
Alyxia, 438.
Amanoa, 320.
Amaralia, 527.
AMARANTACEAE, 9, 11, 50, 182, pl. 41.
Amarantus, 183.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 4, 6, 135, pl. 19.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 139.
Amaryllis, 137.
Amberboa, 550.
Amblogyna, 183.
Amblygonocarpus, 246.
Ambora, 209.
Ambraria, 522.
Ambrosia, 565.
AMBROSIACEAE, 545.
Ambrosinia, 118.
Ambulia, 494.
Amelanchier, 239.
Amellus, 573.
Amerimnon, 273.
Ammannia, 384, 611.
Ammi, 412.
Ammiopsis, 404.
Ammocharis, 138.
Ammochloa, 101.
Ammochloa, 101.
Ammodaucus, 405.
Ammophila, 96.
Ammosperma, 223.
Amomum, 147.
Amorphophallus, 117, 607, pl. 12.
Ampalis, 166.
AMPELIDEAE, 346.
Ampelocissus, 346.
Ampelodesma, 100.
Ampelosicyos, 536.
Amphiblemma, 397.
Amphidoxa, 558, 561.
Amphiestes, 511.
Amphiglossa, 561.
Amphimas, 258.
Amphithalea, 263.
Amphoranthus, 187.
Amphorchis, 152.
Amphorocalyx, 394.
AMYGDALACEAE, 239.
Amygdalus, 242.
Anabasis, 180.
Anacampseros, 191.
Anacamptis, 152.
ANACARDIACEAE, 8, 19, 20, 27, 28, 325, pl. 81.
Anacardium, 326.
Anacolosa, 174.
Anacyclus, 577.
Anagallis, 419.
Anaglypha, 561.
Anagyris, 258.
Ananas, 122.
Ananassa, 122.
Anaphalis, 557.
Anaphrenium, 327.
Anarrhinum, 491, 493.
Anarthrosyne, 280.
Anastatica, 218.
Anastrabe, 492.
Anatherum, 87.
Anaxeton, 557.
Ancalanthus, 514.
Anchomanes, 118.
Anchusa, 466.
Ancistrocarpus, 350.
Ancistrochilus, 157.
ANCISTROCLADACEAE, 65, 378.
Ancistrocladus, 378.
Ancistrophyllum, 112.
Ancistrophyllum, 112.
Ancistrorhynchus, 158.
Ancylanthus, 519.
Ancylobothrys, 436.
Andira, 289.
Andrachne, 320.
Andradia, 251.
Androcymbium, 129.
Andrographis, 510.
Andropogon, 87.
Androsace, 420.
Androsaemum, 361.
{615}Androsiphonia, 370.
Androstachys, 321.
Andryala, 546.
Aneilema, 123, pl. 16.
Anemone, 198, pl. 46.
Anethum, 409.
Aneulophus, 292.
Angelonia, 490.
Angkalanthus, 514.
Angolaea, 231.
Angrecopsis, 159.
Angrecum, 158.
Angrecum, 158, 159.
Angylocalyx, 259.
Anisacanthus, 515.
Anisanthus, 141.
Aniseia, 461.
Aniserica, 416.
Anisochaeta, 559.
Anisochilus, 475.
Anisocycla, 203.
Anisomeles, 478.
Anisopappus, 554.
Anisophyllea, 387.
Anisopoda, 413.
Anisopus, 452.
Anisorhamphus, 546.
Anisostachya, 512.
Anisostigma, 190.
Anisotes, 514.
Anisothrix, 560.
Anisotome, 457.
Anisotome, 457.
Annesorhiza, 409, pl. 119.
Anogeissus, 390.
Anoiganthus, 137.
Anomalanthus, 416.
Anona, 204, pl. 48.
Anona, 206.
ANONACEAE, 24, 26, 40, 41, 42, 54, 64, 203, pl. 48.
Anonidium, 206.
Anonychium, 246.
Anopyxis, 388.
Anoumabia, 611.
Ansellia, 156.
Anthaenantia, 81.
Anthagathis, 243.
Anthemis, 577.
Anthephora, 84.
Anthericopsis, 122.
Anthericum, 132.
Antherotoma, 394.
Anthistiria, 87.
Anthocleista, 428.
Antholyza, 141.
Anthospermum, 522.
Anthospermum, 523.
Anthostema, 310.
Anthoxanthum, 94.
Anthoxanthum, 94.
Anthriscus, 405.
Anthriscus, 412.
Anthyllis, 260.
Antiaris, 167.
Anticharis, 488.
Antidesma, 321.
Antinoria, 98.
Antirrhinum, 490.
Antirrhoea, 518.
Antithrixia, 561.
Antizoma, 200.
Antoschmidtia, 100.
Antrocaryon, 328.
Anubias, 116.
Anvillea, 553, 554.
Apalatoa, 255.
Apaloxylon, 255.
Apera, 97.
Aphanes, 241.
Aphania, 340.
Aphanocalyx, 252.
Aphanostylis, 436.
Aphelexis, 553.
Aphloia, 373.
Aphyllanthes, 130.
APIACEAE, 401.
Apicra, 133.
Apium, 413.
Apium, 413.
Apluda, 85.
APOCYNACEAE, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 432, pl. 129.
Apodanthes, 177.
Apodiscus, 611.
Apodocephala, 558, 569.
Apodolirion, 137.
Apodytes, 334, pl. 84.
Apodytes, 334.
Apollonias, 210.
Aponogeton, 75, pl. 5.
APONOGETONACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 5.
Aporrhiza, 339.
Apostellis, 155.
Aprevalia, 250.
Aptandra, 174.
Apteranthes, 455.
Aptosimum, 489.
AQUIFOLIACEAE, 59, 61, 329.
Aquilegia, 199.
Arabis, 217, 223.
Arabis, 218.
ARACEAE, 3, 114, pl. 12.
Arachis, 267.
ARALIACEAE, 43, 46, 67, 400, pl. 118.
Araliopsis, 298.
Araujia, 446.
Arbutus, 415.
Arceuthobium, 175.
Arceuthos, 71.
Arctium, 551.
Arctopus, 403.
Arctotheca, 548.
Arctotis, 548.
Ardisia, 418.
Ardisiandra, 420, pl. 122.
Arduina, 437.
Areca, 114.
Arenaria, 195.
Arenaria, 195.
Argania, 423.
Argemone, 213.
Argomuellera, 315.
Argostema, 532.
Argyranthemum, 565.
Argyreia, 461.
Argyreia, 461.
Argyrella, 394.
Argyrolobium, 264, 266.
Argyrostachys, 184.
Arisaema, 118.
Arisarum, 118.
Aristea, 143.
Aristea, 143.
Aristida, 95.
Aristogeitonia, 321.
Aristolochia, 176, pl. 38.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 17, 176, pl. 38.
Armeniaca, 242.
Armeria, 421.
Arnebia, 465.
Arnottia, 153.
AROIDEAE, 114.
Aroides, 117.
Arrhenatherum, 99.
Arrowsmithia, 555, 556.
Artabotrys, 204, 205.
Artanema, 495.
Artemisia, 566, 578, 597.
Artemisiopsis, 561.
Arthraerua, 184.
Arthratherum, 95.
Arthraxon, 86, 87.
{616}Arthrocarpum, 273.
Arthrochortus, 90.
Arthrocnemum, 181.
Arthrolobium, 262.
Arthrophyllum, 497.
Arthrosolen, 381.
Arthrostylis, 108.
Artocarpus, 167.
Arum, 118.
Arundinaria, 88.
Arundinella, 98.
Arundo, 101.
Asaemia, 578.
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 64, 66, 441, pl. 130.
Asclepias, 449.
Asclepias, 449.
Ascolepis, 108.
Askidiosperma, 120.
Aspalathus, 264.
Asparagus, 129.
Aspera, 521.
ASPERIFOLIACEAE, 463.
Asperugo, 466.
Asperula, 521.
Asphodeline, 132.
Asphodelus, 132.
Aspidoglossum, 451.
Aspilia, 583.
Assonia, 357.
Astelia, 134.
Astephania, 554.
Astephanocarpa, 562.
Astephanus, 446.
Aster, 567, 572, 574.
Aster, 567.
Asteracantha, 504.
Asteranthe, 206.
Asteranthopsis, 206.
Asteriscus, 554.
Asterochaete, 107.
Asterolinum, 419.
Asterolinum, 419.
Asteropeia, 360.
Asterosperma, 567.
Asterothrix, 546.
Astiria, 357.
Astragalus, 270, 285, 288.
Astrocarpus, 229.
Astrochlaena, 462.
Astropanax, 400.
Astydamia, 409.
Asystasia, 510.
Asystasia, 509, 510.
Asystasiella, 510.
Ataenidia, 149.
Ataxia, 94.
Athamanta, 411.
Athamantha, 406.
Athanasia, 578.
Atheranthera, 536.
Athrixia, 561.
Atractocarpa, 88.
Atractogyne, 527.
Atractylis, 550.
Atraphaxis, 178.
Atriplex, 181.
Atropa, 482.
ATROPACEAE, 481.
Atropis, 105.
Atroxima, 308.
Atylosia, 283.
Aubyra, 292.
Aucoumea, 302.
Audouinia, 236.
Augea, 294.
Aulacocalyx, 517.
Aulax, 170.
Aulaya, 485.
Aulojusticia, 512.
Aulostephanus, 456.
Aulotandra, 147.
AURANTIACEAE, 295.
Aurelia, 136.
Australina, 168.
Autunesia, 568.
Auxopus, 154.
Avellinia, 103.
Avena, 97, 99, 105.
Avenastrum, 97.
Averrhoa, 290.
Avicennia, 469.
Aviceps, 151.
Axonopus, 82.
Azadirachta, 304.
Azima, 332.
Azorella, 402.
Babiana, 142.
Baccaurea, 322.
Baccaureopsis, 322.
Bachmannia, 214.
Bacopa, 494.
Badula, 418.
Baeometra, 129.
Baikiaea, 256.
Baillonella, 421.
Baissea, 435.
Bakerisideroxylon, 422.
Balaniella, 607.
Balanites, 293, pl. 72.
Balanophora, 176.
BALANOPHORACEAE, 7, 16, 176.
Balansaea, 406.
Ballochia, 511.
Ballota, 479.
Balsamea, 301.
BALSAMINACEAE, 35, 343, pl. 87.
Balsamocitrus, 299.
Balsamodendron, 301.
Bambusa, 89.
Bandeiraea, 248.
Banisterioides, 307.
Baoutia, 607.
Baphia, 257.
Baphiopsis, 249.
Barbacenia, 139, pl. 20.
Barbarea, 223.
Barberetta, 135.
Barbeuia, 188.
Barbeya, 163.
Barbeyastrum, 394.
Barkhousia, 546.
Barlaea, 152.
Barleria, 507.
Barlia, 152.
Baronia, 328.
Baroniella, 443.
Barosma, 296.
Barringtonia, 387, pl. 111.
Barrowia, 455.
Barteria, 370.
Bartholina, 153.
Bartschia, 484.
Bartsia, 484.
Basananthe, 376.
Basella, 191.
BASELLACEAE, 50, 191.
Baseonema, 442.
Basilicum, 473.
Bassia, 182.
Bassia, 423.
Batatas, 462.
Batesanthus, 443.
Bathiaea, 256.
Baudouinia, 251.
Bauhinia, 248, pl. 67.
Bauhinia, 248.
Baukea, 280.
Baumannia, 518.
Baumia, 486.
Beatsonia, 364.
Beaumontia, 434.
Bechium, 570.
Becium, 473.
{617}Beckera, 82.
Begonia, 378, pl. 107.
BEGONIACEAE, 17, 49, 377, pl. 107.
Behnia, 130.
Beilschmiedia, 210.
Belamcanda, 144.
Bellardia, 484.
Bellevalia, 128.
Bellis, 573.
Bellium, 573.
Belmontia, 430.
Belonophora, 517.
Bembicia, 371.
Bembycodium, 578.
Bencomia, 241.
Benincasa, 541.
Berardia, 237, 238.
BERBERIDACEAE, 21, 22, 23, 199.
Berberis, 199.
Berchemia, 344.
Berenice, 234.
Bergia, 363, pl. 100.
Berkheya, 548, 551, 568.
Berkheyopsis, 549.
Berlinia, 255, 256.
Berlinia, 608.
Bernieria, 210.
Bersama, 342, pl. 86.
Bertiera, 529.
Berula, 412.
Berzelia, 237.
Berzelia, 237.
Beta, 181.
Betonica, 479.
BETULACEAE, 7, 17, 162.
Biarum, 118.
Biasolettia, 406.
Bicornella, 153.
Bidens, 581.
Bifaria, 175.
Bifora, 406.
BIGNONIACEAE, 53, 57, 58, 59, 495, pl. 137.
Bingeria, 304, 609.
Biophytum, 291, pl. 69.
Biscutella, 226.
Biserrula, 285.
Bismarkia, 111.
Bivinia, 371.
Bivonaea, 228.
Bixa, 365.
BIXACEAE, 25, 365.
BIXACEAE, 366, 367.
Blackwellia, 371.
Blaeria, 417.
Blainvillea, 537.
Blastania, 537.
Blatti, 385.
BLATTIACEAE, 385.
Bleekrodia, 164.
Blepharis, 508.
Blepharispermum, 556.
Blighia, 339.
Blighia, 338.
Blitum, 182.
Blumea, 557, 559.
Blyxa, 78.
Bobartia, 144.
Bocagea, 205.
Boeckeleria, 108.
Boehmeria, 170.
Boerhavia, 187.
Boissiera, 100.
Bojeria, 560.
Bolbophyllum, 160.
Bolbophyllum, 160.
Bolboxalis, 291.
Bolusanthus, 259.
Bolusia, 262.
BOMBACACEAE, 35, 38, 39, 63, 353, pl. 93.
Bombax, 353, pl. 93.
Bonamia, 459.
Bonatea, 152.
Bonaveria, 260.
Bonjeania, 262.
Bonnaya, 493.
Bonniera, 158.
Boottia, 78.
Bopusia, 487.
BORAGINEAE, 463.
Borassus, 111.
Borbonia, 264.
BORRAGINACEAE, 54, 55, 60, 64, 463, pl. 132.
Borraginoides, 466.
Borrago, 465.
Borreria, 522.
Boscia, 214.
Bosia, 183.
Bosqueia, 167.
Bosqueiopsis, 167.
Boswellia, 302.
Bothriocline, 570.
Bothriospermum, 466.
Botor, 272.
Botryceras, 327.
Boucerosia, 455.
Bouchea, 468.
Bouetia, 612.
Bougainvillea, 187.
Boussingaultia, 191.
Boutonia, 507.
Bowiea, 126.
Bowkeria, 492.
Bowlesia, 402.
Brabeium, 170.
Brachyachaenium, 553.
Brachycarpaea, 220.
Brachycome, 573.
Brachycorythis, 153.
Brachycorythis, 153.
Brachyelytrum, 96.
Brachylaena, 556.
Brachymeris, 579.
Brachypodium, 105.
Brachyrhynchos, 576.
Brachysiphon, 380.
Brachystegia, 254.
Brachystelma, 457.
Brachystelma, 456, 457.
Brachystelmaria, 457.
Brachystephanus, 511.
Brackenridgea, 359.
Bracteolaria, 257.
Bradburya, 276.
Bramia, 494.
Brandzeia, 249.
Brasenia, 197.
Brassica, 221, 224.
Brassica, 221, 224.
Brayera, 241.
Brazzeia, 358.
Brehmia, 429.
Bremontiera, 273.
Breonia, 525.
Breweria, 459, 460.
Brexia, 234, pl. 60.
Breynia, 324.
Bricchettia, 319, 608, 611.
Bridelia, 319.
Bridelia, 319.
Brignolia, 411.
Brillantaisia, 504.
Briza, 104.
Brizopyrum, 104.
Brocchia, 565.
Brochoneura, 208.
Brochoneura, 208.
BROMELIACEAE, 6, 122.
Bromus, 99, 104.
Broteroa, 551.
Broussonetia, 165.
Brownleea, 151.
Brucea, 300.
Brugmansia, 481.
{618}Bruguiera, 388.
Brunella, 477.
Brunia, 237.
Brunia, 237.
BRUNIACEAE, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 236, pl. 63.
Brunnichia, 178.
Brunsvigia, 137.
Bryodes, 493.
Bryomorphe, 561.
Bryonia, 540.
Bryonia, 540.
Bryonopsis, 541.
Bryophyllum, 233.
Bubania, 420.
Bubon, 409.
Bucculina, 153.
Buchenroedera, 265.
Buchholzia, 214.
Buchnera, 485.
Buchnerodendron, 368.
Buddleia, 428.
Buddleia, 427.
Buechnera, 485.
Buettnera, 356.
BUETTNERIACEAE, 354.
Buffonia, 195.
Buforrestia, 123.
Bulbine, 132.
Bulbinella, 132.
Bulbophyllum, 160.
Bulbostylis, 109.
Bulliarda, 232.
Bunburya, 527.
Bunias, 218.
Bunium, 412.
Bunium, 406, 412.
Buphane, 136.
Bupleurum, 405, 411.
Burasaia, 203.
Burchellia, 528.
Burkea, 249.
Burmannia, 149.
BURMANNIACEAE, 5, 149.
Burnatastrum, 474.
Burnatia, 76.
BURSERACEAE, 32, 301, pl. 75.
Buseria, 520.
Bussea, 250.
Butayea, 509.
BUTOMACEAE, 5, 77.
Butomopsis, 77.
Butomus, 77.
Buttonia, 486.
Butyrospermum, 423.
BUXACEAE, 13, 324.
Buxus, 324.
Byrsanthus, 371.
Byrsocarpus, 244.
Byrsocarpus, 608.
Byrsophyllum, 527.
Bystropogon, 480.
Cacalia, 576.
Cacara, 277.
Cachrys, 407.
Cacoucia, 390.
CACTACEAE, 45, 66, 378.
Cadaba, 214.
Cadalvena, 146.
Cadia, 249, 258.
Cadia, 258.
Cadiscus, 584.
Caesalpinia, 251.
CAESALPINIACEAE, 245.
Caesia, 131.
Cailliea, 246.
Cajanus, 280, 283.
Cakile, 224.
Caladium, 116.
Caladium, 116.
Calamagrostis, 96.
Calamintha, 479.
Calamus, 111.
Calamus, 112.
Calanda, 518.
Calanthe, 157.
Calantica, 371, 372.
Calathea, 149.
Calceolaria, 489.
Calceolaria, 367.
Caldesia, 76.
Calendula, 557, 563.
Calepina, 225.
Calesiam, 329.
Calicorema, 184.
Callianassa, 488.
Calliandra, 248.
Callicarpa, 469.
Callichilia, 439.
Calligonum, 178.
Callilepis, 554.
Callipeltis, 521.
CALLITRICHACEAE, 8, 324.
Callitriche, 324.
Callitris, 71, pl. 2.
Callopsis, 117.
Calluna, 417.
Calocrater, 439.
Calodendron, 296.
Calodryum, 305.
Caloncoba, 369.
Calonyction, 462.
Calophanes, 505, 506.
Calophyllum, 362.
Calopyxis, 390.
Calostephane, 559.
Calotropis, 449.
Calpocalyx, 246.
Calpurnia, 258.
Calvaria, 423.
Calvoa, 397.
Calycopteris, 390.
Calycotome, 267.
Calyptrocarpus, 581.
Calyptrochilus, 158.
Calyptrotheca, 215.
Calysaccion, 362.
Calystegia, 460.
Camarotea, 506.
Camelina, 219.
Camellia, 360.
Camilleugenia, 152.
Camoensia, 258.
Campanula, 543.
CAMPANULACEAE, 48, 59, 65, 67, 68, 541, pl. 149.
Camphorosma, 182.
Campnosperma, 326.
Camptocarpus, 443.
Camptolepis, 340.
Camptoloma, 488.
Camptostylus, 368.
Campulosus, 91.
Campylanthus, 487.
Campylochiton, 390.
Campylogyne, 390.
Campylostachys, 468.
Campylostemon, 332.
Cananga, 205.
Canarina, 543.
Canarium, 302.
Canarium, 302.
Canavalia, 276.
CANELLACEAE, 366.
Canephora, 528.
Canna, 147.
Cannabis, 166.
CANNACEAE, 5, 147.
Cannomois, 120.
Canscora, 431.
Canscora, 431.
Cantharospermum, 283.
Canthium, 519.
Cantuffa, 250.
Caopia, 361.
Caperonia, 311, 609.
Capitanya, 474.
{619}Capnophyllum, 408.
CAPPARIDACEAE, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 213, pl. 54.
CAPPARIDACEAE, 229.
Capparis, 215.
Capraria, 487.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 65, 66, 67, 533, pl. 145.
Capsella, 220, 228.
Capsicum, 483.
Carallia, 388.
Caralluma, 455.
Carandas, 437.
Carapa, 304, 306.
Carapa, 303.
Carbenia, 549.
Cardamine, 223.
Cardanthera, 504.
Cardiochlamys, 460.
Cardiogyne, 165.
Cardiospermum, 336.
Cardopatium, 551.
Carduncellus, 550.
Carduus, 551.
Carex, 107.
Carica, 377.
CARICACEAE, 54, 63, 377.
Carissa, 437.
Carlina, 550.
Carolofritschia, 501.
Caroxylon, 179.
Carpacoce, 522.
Carpha, 107, 109.
Carphalea, 532.
Carphalea, 531.
Carpodinus, 436.
Carpodinus, 440.
Carpodiptera, 348.
Carpolobia, 308.
Carpolobia, 308.
Carpolyza, 136.
Carponema, 220.
Carregnoa, 135.
Carrichtera, 225.
Carruthia, 305.
Carthamus, 550.
Carum, 412.
Carum, 412, 413, 414.
Carvalhoa, 440.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 50, 52, 191, pl. 45.
Caryophyllus, 392.
Casearia, 372.
Cassia, 252.
Cassine, 331.
Cassine, 331.
Cassinia, 556.
Cassinopsis, 334.
Cassipourea, 388.
Cassytha, 209.
Castalia, 197.
Castanea, 163.
Castilloa, 167.
Casuarina, 161.
CASUARINACEAE, 7, 160.
Catabrosa, 102.
Catananche, 547.
Catapodium, 105.
Catha, 330.
Cathastrum, 331.
Catophractes, 495.
Caucalis, 404.
Caucalis, 404, 406.
Caucanthus, 307.
Caulinia, 75.
Cayaponia, 538.
Caylusea, 229.
Cebatha, 201.
Cedrela, 303.
CEDRELEAE, 302.
Cedrelopsis, 302.
Cedronella, 476.
Cedrus, 71.
Ceiba, 353.
CELASTRACEAE, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 329, pl. 82.
CELASTRACEAE, 332.
Celastrus, 330.
Celosia, 186.
Celsia, 489.
Celtis, 164.
Cenchrus, 81.
Cenia, 565.
Centaurea, 550.
Centauropsis, 558.
Centella, 402.
Centema, 184, 185.
Centemopsis, 608.
Centipeda, 579.
Centotheca, 104.
Centranthus, 534.
Centratherum, 570.
Centroplacus, 320.
Centrosema, 276, 280.
Centunculus, 419.
Cephaëlis, 524.
Cephalandra, 536.
Cephalanthera, 154.
Cephalanthus, 517, 525.
Cephalaria, 534, pl. 147.
Cephalocroton, 314.
Cephalocrotonopsis, 314.
Cephalonema, 350.
Cephalosphaera, 208.
Cephalostachyum, 88.
Cephalostigma, 544.
Ceraria, 608.
Cerastium, 194.
Cerastium, 195.
Cerasus, 242.
Ceratandra, 150.
Ceratiosicyos, 376.
Ceratocaryum, 120.
Ceratocephalus, 198.
Ceratocnemon, 224.
Ceratonia, 254.
Ceratophorus, 318.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 10, 197.
Ceratophyllum, 197.
Ceratosepalum, 350.
Ceratostigma, 420.
Ceratotheca, 499.
Cerbera, 438.
Cercestis, 117.
Cercestis, 117.
Cercopetalum, 214.
Cereus, 378.
Cerinthe, 464.
Ceriops, 388.
Cerolepis, 368.
Ceropegia, 456.
Ceruana, 571.
Cervicina, 544.
Cestichis, 156.
Cestrum, 481.
Chadsia, 287.
Chaenorrhinum, 491.
Chaenostoma, 493, pl. 136.
Chaerophyllum, 406.
Chaerophyllum, 406.
Chaetacanthus, 505.
Chaetacme, 164.
Chaetobromus, 99.
Chaetocarpus, 318.
Chaetosciadium, 406.
Chailletia, 309.
CHAILLETIACEAE, 309.
Chalazocarpus, 529.
Chamaealoe, 133.
Chamaelea, 295.
Chamaemeles, 239.
Chamaemelum, 577, 578.
Chamaenerium, 398.
Chamaepeuce, 551.
{620}Chamaerops, 110.
Chamira, 220.
Chapeliera, 528.
Charadrophila, 487.
Charia, 305.
Charieis, 573.
Chasalia, 525.
Chasmanthera, 202.
Chasmanthera, 202.
Cheiranthus, 217.
Cheirolaena, 357.
Cheirostylis, 155.
Chelidonium, 212.
Chenolea, 182.
Chenolea, 182.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 7, 9, 15, 179, pl. 40.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 187, 191.
Chenopodina, 179.
Chenopodium, 182.
Chevreulia, 562.
Chilianthus, 427.
Chiliocephalum, 561.
Chilocalyx, 215.
Chionothrix, 184.
Chironia, 432, pl. 128.
CHLAENACEAE, 32, 33, 38, 39, 347, pl. 90.
Chlamydacanthus, 511.
Chlamydocardia, 514.
Chlamydocarya, 333.
Chlamydojatropha, 610.
Chlamydophora, 578.
Chlora, 431.
Chloridion, 81.
Chloris, 92, pl. 8.
Chlorocodon, 442.
Chlorocyathus, 443.
Chloromyrtus, 392.
Chloropatane, 208, 608, 610.
Chlorophora, 165.
Chlorophytum, 132.
Chlorophytum, 131.
Chloryllis, 278.
Choananthus, 607.
Chomelia, 526.
Chondrilla, 546.
Choristylis, 235.
Choritaenia, 408.
Chortolirion, 133.
Christiania, 348.
Christiania, 611.
Chrozophora, 311, 609.
Chrysalidocarpus, 114.
Chrysanthellum, 573.
Chrysanthemum, 566, 578, 579.
Chrysithrix, 107.
Chrysobalanus, 243.
Chrysocoma, 572.
Chrysocoma, 572.
Chrysophyllum, 422.
Chrysopia, 362.
Chrysopogon, 87.
Chrysurus, 95.
Chymococca, 382.
Chytranthus, 337, 338.
Cicca, 323.
Cicendia, 431.
Cicer, 261.
Cicerbita, 546.
Cichorium, 548.
Cienfuegosia, 353.
Cinchona, 531.
Cincinnobotrys, 397.
Cineraria, 566, 576.
Cinnamomum, 210.
Cinnamosma, 366.
Cipadessa, 304.
Circaea, 398.
Circinus, 260.
Cirrhopetalum, 160.
Cirsium, 551, 552.
Cissampelos, 200.
Cissampelos, 200.
Cissus, 346, pl. 89.
Cissus, 346.
CISTACEAE, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 365, pl. 102.
Cistanche, 500, pl. 139.
Cistanthera, 350.
Cistus, 365, pl. 102.
Citrullus, 541.
Citrus, 299.
Cladanthus, 576.
Cladanthus, 577.
Cladium, 108.
Cladosicyos, 537.
Cladostemon, 214.
Cladostigma, 459.
Claoxylon, 316.
Clathrospermum, 205.
Clausena, 299.
Cleanthe, 143.
Cleidion, 316.
Cleistachne, 86.
Cleistanthus, 319.
Cleistochlamys, 206.
Cleistopholis, 206.
Clematis, 198.
Cleome, 215.
Cleome, 215.
Cleomodendron, 215.
Cleonia, 477.
Clerodendron, 470, pl. 133.
Clerodendron, 470.
Clethra, 415.
CLETHRACEAE, 40, 414.
Cliffortia, 241.
Clinogyne, 149, pl. 25.
Clinogyne, 149.
Clinopodium, 479.
Clitandra, 436, pl. 129.
Clitoria, 276, 281, 285.
Clitoria, 276.
Clivia, 136.
Cloiselia, 552.
CLUSIACEAE, 360.
Cluytia, 317.
Cluytiandra, 323.
Clypeola, 218.
Cnemidostachys, 318.
CNEORACEAE, 30, 295.
Cneorum, 295.
Cnestis, 244.
Cnicus, 549.
Cnicus, 551.
Cnidium, 409.
Coccinia, 536, 539.
Coccobryon, 161.
Coccosperma, 416.
Cocculus, 201, pl. 47.
Cocculus, 201.
Cochlanthus, 444.
Cochlearia, 227.
COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 25, 38, 366.
Cochlospermum, 366.
Cockburnia, 502.
Cocos, 112.
Codon, 462.
Codonostigma, 416.
Codonura, 435.
Coelachne, 101.
Coelachyrum, 92.
Coelanthum, 189.
Coelidium, 263.
Coelocarpus, 468.
Coelocaryon, 207.
Coffea, 520.
Cogniauxia, 539.
Cohnia, 134.
Coilostigma, 416.
Coinochlamys, 428.
Coix, 83.
Cola, 354.
COLCHICACEAE, 125.
Colchicum, 125.
{621}Coldenia, 464.
Colea, 497.
Coleonema, 297.
Coleotrype, 123.
Coleus, 475.
Colobachne, 84.
Colobanthus, 195.
Colocasia, 116.
Colocynthis, 541.
Colpias, 491.
Colpodium, 97.
Colpoon, 172.
Colubrina, 345.
Colutea, 287.
Coluteastrum, 285.
Colvillea, 250.
COMBRETACEAE, 16, 44, 389, pl. 113.
COMBRETACEAE, 211.
Combretum, 390, pl. 113.
Combretum, 390.
Cometes, 192.
Cometia, 321.
Commelina, 122.
COMMELINACEAE, 4, 122, pl. 16.
Commidendron, 574.
Commiphora, 301.
COMPOSITAE, 7, 9, 15, 64, 544, pl. 150.
Conchopetalum, 341.
Coniandra, 538.
CONIFERAE, 70.
Conium, 407.
CONNARACEAE, 20, 42, 52, 64, 243, pl. 66.
Connarus, 243, pl. 66.
Conocarpus, 390.
Conomitra, 447.
Conopharyngia, 439.
Conopodium, 406.
Conopodium, 407.
Conosapium, 318.
Conringia, 223.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 457, pl. 131.
Convolvulus, 460.
Convolvulus, 460, 461.
Conyza, 572.
Copaiba, 252.
Copaifera, 252.
Coptosperma, 526.
Corallocarpus, 537.
Corbularia, 136.
Corchorus, 350.
Cordeauxia, 254.
Cordia, 463, pl. 132.
Cordyla, 249.
Cordyline, 134.
Cordylocarpus, 221.
Cordylogyne, 451.
Corema, 325.
Coreopsis, 581.
Coriandrum, 406.
Coriaria, 325.
CORIARIACEAE, 41, 325.
Coridothymus, 480.
Coris, 419.
CORNACEAE, 46, 47, 414.
CORNACEAE, 389.
Cornicina, 260.
Cornulaca, 180.
Cornus, 414.
Coronilla, 260.
Coronopus, 226.
Corrigiola, 193.
Corycium, 150.
Corydalis, 212.
Corylus, 162.
Corymbis, 155.
Corymbium, 569.
Corymborchis, 155.
Corymbostachys, 512.
Corynanthe, 531.
Corynanthe, 531.
Corynephorus, 100.
Cosmos, 581.
Cossignia, 341.
Cossonia, 222, 224.
Costularia, 108.
Costus, 146.
Cotoneaster, 239.
Cottsia, 306.
Cotula, 565, 566, 567, 578, 579, 580.
Cotyledon, 233.
Cotylodiscus, 340.
Cotylonychia, 355.
Coula, 174.
Courbonia, 214.
Courrantia, 578.
Courtoisia, 109.
Crabbea, 508.
Cracca, 272.
Craibia, 609.
Crambe, 225.
Cranzia, 298.
Craspedorhachis, 91.
Craspidosperma, 437.
Crassocephalum, 572.
Crassula, 232.
CRASSULACEAE, 41, 42, 64, 232, pl. 59.
Crassuvia, 233.
Crataegus, 240.
Crataeva, 215.
Craterispermum, 519.
Craterosiphon, 382.
Craterostemma, 457.
Craterostigma, 494.
Cremaspora, 517.
Cremocarpus, 523.
Crepis, 546, 547.
Cressa, 459.
Crinum, 138, pl. 19.
Crioceras, 439.
Crithmum, 410.
Crocodiloides, 548.
Crocosmia, 142.
Crocus, 140.
Crocyllis, 523.
Crossandra, 509.
Crossandrella, 508.
Crossonephelis, 337.
Crossopteryx, 526.
Crossostemma, 375.
Crossotropis, 102.
Crotalaria, 263.
Croton, 310.
Crotonogyne, 311, 610.
Crotonogyne, 610.
Crotonogynopsis, 314.
Crucianella, 521.
CRUCIFERAE, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 216, pl. 53.
Crudia, 255.
Crupina, 550.
Crypsis, 83.
Cryptadenia, 382.
Cryptocarya, 210.
Cryptogyne, 422.
Cryptolepis, 445.
Cryptolepis, 445.
Cryptopus, 159.
Cryptosepalum, 252, 255.
Cryptostegia, 444.
Cryptostemma, 548.
Cryptostephanus, 135.
Cryptotaenia, 412.
Ctenium, 91.
Ctenolepis, 537.
Ctenomeria, 313.
Ctenophrynium, 148.
Ctenopsis, 93.
Ctenorchis, 159.
Cubeba, 161.
{622}Cucubalus, 196.
Cucumeropsis, 537.
Cucumis, 537, 541.
Cucurbita, 538.
CUCURBITACEAE, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 67, 535, pl. 148.
Culcasia, 117.
Cullumia, 549.
Cullumiopsis, 563.
Cuminum, 404.
Cunonia, 235.
CUNONIACEAE, 33, 39, 235, pl. 62.
Cupania, 339, 340.
Cuphea, 384.
Cuphocarpus, 401.
Cupressus, 71.
CUPULIFERAE, 162, 163.
Curculigo, 139.
Curcuma, 146.
Curroria, 445.
Curtisia, 414.
Cuscuta, 458.
Cussonia, 400, pl. 118.
Cutandia, 102.
Cuviera, 519.
Cyamopsis, 281, 284.
CYANASTRACEAE, 6, 124.
Cyanastrum, 124.
Cyanella, 139.
Cyanopis, 570.
Cyanothyrsus, 256, 608.
Cyanotis, 123.
Cyatanthus, 167.
Cyathogyne, 322.
Cyathula, 185.
CYCADACEAE, 1, 69, pl. 1.
Cycas, 69.
Cyclamen, 419.
Cyclantheropsis, 535.
Cyclocampe, 108.
Cyclocarpa, 269.
Cyclocheilon, 470.
Cyclocotyla, 437.
Cyclonema, 470.
Cyclopia, 257.
Cycloptychis, 220.
Cyclostemon, 322.
Cycniopsis, 485.
Cycnium, 485.
Cydonia, 239.
Cylicodiscus, 247.
Cylicomorpha, 377.
Cylindrocline, 556.
Cylindrolepis, 109.
Cylindropsis, 436.
Cylista, 279, 282.
Cymbalaria, 490.
Cymbidium, 159.
Cymbopogon, 87.
Cymbosepalum, 253.
Cymodocea, 74.
Cymodocea, 74.
Cynanchum, 449.
Cynanchum, 446, 448, 449.
Cynara, 551.
Cynaropsis, 551.
CYNOCRAMBACEAE, 15, 187.
Cynocrambe, 187.
Cynoctonum, 449.
Cynodon, 91.
Cynoglossum, 466.
Cynometra, 254.
Cynometra, 253, 608.
CYNOMORIACEAE, 15, 400.
Cynomorium, 400.
Cynorchis, 152.
Cynosorchis, 152.
Cynosurus, 102.
CYPERACEAE, 2, 106, pl. 9.
Cyperus, 109.
Cyperus, 109.
Cyphia, 542.
Cyphocarpa, 185.
Cyphocarpa, 185.
Cyphochlaena, 85.
Cypholepis, 92.
Cypselodontia, 559.
CYRTANDREAE, 500.
Cyrtanthus, 138.
Cyrtogonone, 610.
Cyrtopera, 157.
Cyrtopodium, 157.
Cyrtosperma, 115.
Cyrtoxiphus, 247.
Cysticapnos, 212.
Cystistemon, 465.
CYTINACEAE, 177.
Cytinus, 177.
Cytisus, 266.
Daboecia, 416.
Dactyliandra, 540.
Dactylis, 104.
Dactyloctenium, 93.
Dactylopetalum, 388.
Daemia, 448.
Daïs, 382.
Dalbergia, 273, 286.
Dalechampia, 313.
Dalhousiea, 257.
Damapana, 269.
Damasonium, 76.
Damatris, 548.
Danais, 531.
Daniellia, 255, 608.
Daniellia, 256, 608.
Danthonia, 99, 105.
Danthonia, 99.
Daphne, 383.
Daphniphyllum, 319, 610.
Dasylepis, 368.
Dasylepis, 368.
Dasysphaera, 186.
Dasystachys, 131.
Datura, 481.
Daubenya, 126.
Daucus, 405.
Daucus, 404, 405.
Debesia, 131.
Debregeasia, 170.
Decabelone, 454.
Decaceras, 457.
Decalepis, 108.
Decanema, 447.
Decanemopsis, 447.
Decaneurum, 570.
Deckenia, 113.
Deckera, 546.
Deeringia, 186.
Deguelia, 286.
Deidamia, 375.
Deinbollia, 340, 341, pl. 85.
Deinbollia, 340.
Dekindtia, 426.
Delamerea, 558.
Delognaea, 538.
Delphinium, 199.
Delpydora, 422.
Demeusea, 136.
Demidium, 558.
Dendrocalamus, 88.
Dendrosicyos, 537.
Denekia, 558.
Dermatobotrys, 492.
Deroemeria, 153.
Derris, 286, 287, 288.
Derris, 609.
Desbordesia, 301.
Deschampsia, 100.
Descurainia, 217.
Desmanthus, 245.
Desmazeria, 104.
Desmochaeta, 185.
Desmodium, 271, 273, 276, 280, 281.
{623}Desmodium, 261.
Desmonema, 201, 202.
Desmophyllum, 295.
Desmostachya, 93.
Desmostachys, 334.
Desplatzia, 349.
Desplatzia, 611.
Detarium, 252.
Detris, 567.
Deverra, 413.
Dewevrea, 288.
Dewevrella, 433.
Dewildemania, 568.
Dewindtia, 252.
Deyeuxia, 96.
Dialiopsis, 342.
Dialium, 251.
Dialium, 608.
Dialypetalum, 541.
Dianella, 131.
Dianthella, 195.
Dianthera, 215, 512.
Dianthoseris, 547.
Dianthus, 196.
Diapedium, 514.
Diaphycarpus, 412.
Diascia, 490, 492.
Diaspis, 307.
Diastella, 607.
Diberara, 238.
Dicellandra, 395.
Diceratella, 216.
Dichaelia, 457.
Dichaelia, 457.
Dichaetanthera, 394.
DICHAPETALACEAE, 31, 33, 47, 55, 56, 61, 67, 309, pl. 79.
Dichapetalum, 309, pl. 79.
Dicheranthus, 192.
Dichilus, 264.
Dichondra, 458.
Dichostemma, 310.
Dichroanthus, 217.
Dichrocephala, 571.
Dichrostachys, 246.
Dicliptera, 514.
Dicliptera, 514.
Diclis, 491.
Dicoma, 553.
Dicoryphe, 238.
Dicraea, 231.
Dicraea, 231.
Dicraeanthus, 231.
Dicraeopetalum, 258.
Dicranolepis, 382.
Dicranotaenia, 158.
Dictyandra, 529.
Dictyochloa, 101.
Dictyosperma, 114.
Didelotia, 254.
Didelotia, 254.
Didelta, 548, 551.
Didesmus, 224.
Didierea, 335.
DIDIEREACEAE, 335.
Didymocarpus, 501.
Didymodoxa, 168.
Dierama, 142.
Dietes, 144.
Digera, 183.
Digitalis, 488.
Digitaria, 82.
Dignathia, 607.
Dilatris, 135.
Dillenia, 358.
DILLENIACEAE, 41, 42, 358, pl. 96.
Dilobeia, 170.
Dimorphochlamys, 540.
Dimorphotheca, 557, 561, 564, 576, 584.
Dinacria, 232.
Dineba, 93.
Dinebra, 93.
Dinklagea, 244.
Dinophora, 393.
Dintera, 493.
Dioclea, 268.
Diodia, 522.
Dioncophyllum, 371.
Dionychia, 394.
Dioscorea, 140, pl. 21.
DIOSCOREACEAE, 6, 140, pl. 21.
Dioscoreophyllum, 200.
Diosma, 297.
Diospyros, 425.
Diotis, 576.
Dipcadi, 127.
Diphaca, 273.
Diphasia, 298.
Dipidax, 129.
Diplachne, 103.
Diplachne, 93, 102.
Diplacrum, 106.
Diplanthemum, 349.
Diplanthera, 74.
Diplochonium, 189.
Diplocrater, 527.
Diplocyathus, 455.
Diplolophium, 411.
Diplopappus, 567.
Diplorrhynchus, 438.
Diplospora, 527.
Diplostigma, 448.
Diplotaxis, 221, 223.
DIPSACACEAE, 65, 534, pl. 147.
Dipsacus, 535.
Dipteracanthus, 507.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 33, 363.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 378.
Dipteropeltis, 459.
Dipterygium, 215.
Dirachma, 289.
Dirichletia, 531.
Disa, 151.
Disa, 151.
Dischisma, 489.
Dischistocalyx, 506, 507.
Discocapnos, 212.
Discoclaoxylon, 610.
Discoglypremna, 610.
Discopodium, 482, pl. 135.
Disparago, 561, 562.
Disperis, 150.
Disperma, 505.
Dissomeria, 368.
Dissotis, 394, pl. 115.
Distemonanthus, 251.
Distichocalyx, 507.
Dittelasma, 337.
Dobera, 332.
Dobrowskya, 542.
Dodonaea, 341.
Dolichandrone, 496.
Dolichandrone, 496.
Dolicholus, 272.
Dolichometra, 532.
Dolichos, 277, 278.
Dolichos, 278.
Dombeya, 357, pl. 94.
Donaldsonia, 375.
Donax, 101, 149.
Dopatrium, 493.
Doratanthera, 488.
Doratoxylon, 342.
Doria, 568.
Doronicum, 575.
Dorstenia, 165, pl. 31.
Doryalis, 372.
Doryanthes, 138.
Dorycnium, 262.
Dorycnopsis, 260.
Dovea, 120.
{624}Dovyalis, 372.
Draba, 219, 227.
Dracaena, 134, pl. 18.
Dracunculus, 118.
Drake-Brockmania, 607.
Dregea, 454.
Drepanocarpus, 286.
Drimia, 128.
Drimiopsis, 126.
Droguetia, 168.
Droogmansia, 261.
Drosera, 230, pl. 56.
DROSERACEAE, 22, 25, 230, pl. 56.
Drosophyllum, 230.
Drusa, 402.
Drymaria, 194.
Drypetes, 322.
Drypetes, 611.
Duboscia, 349.
Duboscia, 611.
Ducrosia, 409.
Dumasia, 279.
Dumoria, 421, 612.
Duparquetia, 251, 257.
Duranta, 468.
Duvalia, 455.
Duvernoia, 513.
Dyerophyton, 420, pl. 123.
Dypsidium, 114.
Dypsis, 113.
Dyschoriste, 506.
EBENACEAE, 57, 61, 62, 424, pl. 125.
Ebenus, 284.
Ebermaiera, 503.
Ecastaphyllum, 273.
Ecballium, 541.
Ecbolium, 515.
Ecbolium, 514.
Echeveria, 233.
Echidnopsis, 454.
Echinaria, 100.
Echinodorus, 76.
Echinolaena, 82.
Echinophora, 405.
Echinops, 549.
Echinopsilon, 182.
Echinopteris, 306.
Echinospermum, 466.
Echinothamnus, 376.
Echinus, 315.
Echiochilon, 464.
Echium, 464.
Ecklonia, 108.
Eclipta, 582.
Ecpoma, 530.
Ectadiopsis, 445.
Ectadium, 444.
Ectinocladus, 435.
Edithcolea, 455.
Edwardia, 354.
Eenia, 553.
Egassea, 358.
Ehretia, 464.
Ehrharta, 94.
Eichhornia, 124.
Ekebergia, 305.
ELAEAGNACEAE, 10, 383.
Elaeagnus, 383.
Elaeis, 112.
ELAEOCARPACEAE, 33, 37, 347.
Elaeocarpus, 347.
Elaeodendron, 331, pl. 82.
Elaeodendron, 331.
Elaeophorbia, 310.
Elaeoselinum, 404.
Elaeoselinum, 404.
ELATINACEAE, 63, 393, pl. 100.
Elatine, 363.
Elatinoides, 490.
Elatostema, 169.
Elegia, 120.
Eleocharis, 109.
Elephantopus, 569.
Elephantorrhiza, 247.
Elettaria, 147.
Eleusine, 93.
Eleusine, 93.
Eliaea, 361.
Elichrysum, 553.
Elionurus, 87.
Ellertonia, 441.
Elsholtzia, 476.
Elymus, 91.
Elynanthus, 107.
Elytraria, 503.
Elytropappus, 563.
Elytrophorus, 101.
Embelia, 418.
Emex, 178.
Emicocarpus, 450.
Emilia, 576.
Emiliomarcelia, 328.
Eminia, 278.
EMPETRACEAE, 12, 26, 325.
Empetrum, 325.
Emplectanthus, 457.
Empleuridium, 296.
Empleurum, 296.
Empogona, 526.
Enalus, 78.
Enantia, 204.
Enarthrocarpus, 222.
Encephalartos, 69, pl. 1.
Enchysia, 542.
Endacanthus, 333.
Endodesmia, 362.
Endonema, 380.
Endonema, 380.
Endosiphon, 507.
Endostemon, 472.
Endotropis, 449.
Endymion, 127.
Englerastrum, 475.
Engleria, 572.
Englerodaphne, 382.
Englerodendron, 255.
Enicostemma, 432.
Enneapogon, 96.
Entada, 247.
Entandrophragma, 303.
Enteropogon, 92.
Enterospermum, 527.
Entoplocamia, 93.
Enydra, 582.
Epallage, 583.
Epaltes, 558.
Ephedra, 72.
Ephippiandra, 209.
Epiclastopelma, 506.
Epilobium, 398.
Epilobium, 398.
Epimedium, 199.
Epinetrum, 200, 202.
Epipactis, 154.
Epiphora, 156.
Epipogon, 155.
Epischoenus, 107.
Epitaberna, 527.
Epithema, 501.
Eragrostis, 103.
Eragrostis, 92, 93.
Eranthemum, 504.
Eranthemum, 509.
Erblichia, 374.
Erechthites, 575.
Eremia, 416.
Eremiopsis, 416.
Eremobium, 217.
Eremochlaena, 348.
Eremolaena, 348.
Eremomastax, 504.
Eremopyrum, 90.
Eremospatha, 112.
{625}Eremothamnus, 558, 568.
Eriander, 297, 608, 609.
Eriandrostachys, 340.
Erianthus, 86.
Eribroma, 354.
Erica, 417.
Erica, 417.
ERICACEAE, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 415, pl. 120.
ERICACEAE, 415.
Ericinella, 417.
Erigeron, 567, 572, 574.
Erinacea, 267.
Erinus, 488.
Eriobotrya, 240.
ERIOCAULACEAE, 3, 121 pl. 15.
Eriocaulon, 121.
Eriocephalus, 564.
Eriocephalus, 564.
Eriochloa, 81.
Eriocoelum, 339.
Eriodendron, 353.
Erioglossum, 337.
Eriophorum, 109.
Eriosema, 272, 274, 279, 282.
Eriospermum, 131.
Eriosphaera, 562.
Eriospora, 106.
Eriospora, 106.
Eriothrix, 575.
Eritrichium, 466.
Erlangea, 570.
Ernestimeyera, 516.
Erodium, 290.
Erophaca, 270.
Erophila, 219.
Eruca, 224, 225.
Erucaria, 222.
Erucaria, 221.
Erucastrum, 221.
Ervatamia, 440.
Ervum, 269.
Eryngium, 403.
Erysimum, 217.
Erythraea, 430, 432.
Erythrina, 281.
Erythrocephalum, 552.
Erythrochlamys, 473.
Erythrococca, 316.
Erythrophloeum, 249.
Erythrophysa, 341.
Erythropyxis, 358.
Erythroselinum, 612.
Erythrospermum, 368.
Erythrostictus, 129.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 19, 21, 29, 34, 292, pl. 71.
Erythroxylon, 293, pl. 71.
Ethanium, 147.
Ethulia, 569.
Euadenia, 214.
Eucalyptus, 391.
Euchaetis, 297.
Euchlaena, 83.
Euchlora, 264.
Euclaste, 87.
Euclea, 425.
Euclidium, 219.
Eucomis, 126.
Eudianthe, 196.
Eufragia, 484.
Eugenia, 392, pl. 114.
Eugenia, 392.
Eulalia, 86.
Eulenburgia, 540.
Eulophia, 157.
Eulophia, 156, 159, 160.
Eulophidium, 160.
Eulophiella, 157.
Eulophiopsis, 159.
Eumorphia, 577.
Eupatorium, 571.
Euphorbia, 310.
Euphorbia, 310.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 27, 34, 55, 61, 309, pl. 80.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 324.
Euphoria, 339.
Euphoria, 338.
Euphrasia, 484.
Eureiandra, 539.
Eurotia, 608.
Euryandra, 539.
Eurylobium, 467.
Euryops, 575.
Eurypetalum, 253.
Eustegia, 450.
Euthystachys, 468.
Euxolus, 183.
Evacidium, 555.
Evax, 555.
Evodia, 296.
Evolvulus, 459.
Evonymus, 330.
Exacum, 430.
Excoecaria, 318.
Excoecaria, 611.
Excoecariopsis, 317, 610.
Exechostylus, 517.
Exocarpus, 172.
Exochaenium, 430.
Exomis, 181.
Eylesia, 485.
Faba, 269.
FABACEAE, 245.
Fabricia, 273.
Fadogia, 518.
FAGACEAE, 17, 163.
Fagara, 296.
Fagelia, 283.
Fagonia, 294.
Fagopyrum, 178.
Faguetia, 327.
Falcaria, 412.
Falkia, 458.
Fanninia, 451.
Faroa, 431.
Farquharia, 612.
Farsetia, 217, 219.
Farsetia, 217, 219.
Faujasia, 575.
Faurea, 171.
Fedia, 534.
Feeria, 544.
Fegimanra, 326.
Felicia, 567, 574.
Ferdinandia, 496.
Feretia, 527.
Fernandia, 496.
Fernelia, 526.
Ferraria, 144.
Ferula, 408.
Ferula, 409.
Ferulago, 409.
Festuca, 93, 96, 105.
Festuca, 105.
Fibigia, 219.
Ficalhoa, 416.
Ficaria, 198.
Ficinia, 109.
Ficinia, 109.
FICOIDEAE, 188.
Ficus, 167.
Fidelia, 546.
Filago, 556.
Filetia, 510.
Filicium, 336.
Filipendula, 241.
Fillaea, 249.
Fillaeopsis, 247.
Fimbristylis, 109.
Fingerhuthia, 94, 101.
Fintelmannia, 106.
Firmiana, 354.
{626}Flabellaria, 307.
Flacourtia, 373, pl. 104.
FLACOURTIACEAE, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 45, 367, pl. 104.
FLACOURTIACEAE, 424.
Flagellaria, 119.
FLAGELLARIACEAE, 4, 119.
Flagenium, 528.
Flanagania, 448.
Flaveria, 584.
Flemingia, 274, 275.
Fleurya, 169, pl. 32.
Floscopa, 123.
Flueggea, 323.
Fockea, 452.
Foeniculum, 410.
Foetidia, 386.
Folotsia, 612.
Forcipella, 510.
Forficaria, 151.
Forgesia, 235.
Forrestia, 123.
Forskohlea, 168.
Forsythiopsis, 506.
Fourcroya, 138.
Fournaea, 610.
Fradinia, 577.
Fragaria, 242.
Franchetella, 411.
Franchetia, 238.
Francoeuria, 560.
Frankenia, 364.
Frankenia, 364.
FRANKENIACEAE, 25, 363 .
Fraxinus, 426.
Freesia, 141.
Fresenia, 572.
Freylinia, 492.
Fritillaria, 129.
Fropiera, 391.
Fuchsia, 398.
Fugosia, 353.
Fuirena, 110.
Fuirena, 109.
Fumana, 365.
Fumaria, 212.
FUMARIACEAE, 212.
Funtumia, 435.
Furcraea, 138.
Gabunia, 439, 441.
Gaertnera, 524.
Gaertnera 308.
Gagea, 125, 129.
Gagnebina, 246.
Gaillardia, 583.
Gaillonia, 521.
Galactia, 279.
Galactites, 551.
Galaxia, 140.
Galedupa, 287.
Galega, 268, 284.
Galenia, 190.
Galeola, 154.
Galera, 155.
Galilea, 109.
Galiniera, 527.
Galinsoga, 580.
Galium, 521.
Galopina, 523.
Galphimia, 306.
Galpinia, 384.
Galtonia, 128.
Gamolepis, 584.
Gamopoda, 203.
Garcinia, 362.
Gardenia, 526.
Garuleum, 564, 565.
Gasteria, 133.
Gastonia, 401.
Gastridium, 96.
Gastridium, 97.
Gastrocotyle, 466.
Gastrodia, 154.
Gaudinia, 90, 99.
Gazania, 549.
Geaya, 608.
Geigeria, 554.
Geigeria, 558.
Geissaspis, 269.
Geissoloma, 379.
GEISSOLOMATACEAE, 14, 379.
Geissorhiza, 142.
Gelonium, 318.
Gendarussa, 512.
Geniosporum, 473.
Geniostoma, 428.
Genipa, 526, 528.
Genista, 266.
Genlisea, 501.
Gennaria, 153.
GENTIANACEAE, 53, 54, 58, 59, 429, pl. 128.
Gentilia, 319.
Genyorchis, 160.
Geocaryum, 406.
Geopanax, 401.
Geophila, 524.
Geosiris, 143.
GERANIACEAE, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 289, pl. 68.
GERANIACEAE, 290, 291, 343.
Geranium, 290.
Gerardianella, 486.
Gerardiina, 487.
Gerardiopsis, 488.
Gerbera, 552.
Germanea, 474.
Geropogon, 545.
Gerrardanthus, 536.
Gerrardanthus, 535.
Gerrardina, 371.
GESNERACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 140.
Gesnouinia, 168.
Gethyllis, 137.
Geum, 242.
Ghikaea, 486.
Gibbaria, 557.
Giesekia, 188.
Gigalobium, 247.
Giganthemum, 258.
Gigasiphon, 248.
Gilgia, 311.
Gilletiella, 503.
Girardinia, 169.
Githago, 196.
Givotia, 317.
Gladiolus, 141.
Glaucium, 213.
Gleditschia, 250.
Glia, 413.
Glinus, 189.
Glischrocolla, 380.
Globularia, 502.
Globularia, 502.
GLOBULARIACEAE, 50, 502.
Gloriosa, 130.
Glossocalyx, 208, pl. 50.
Glossochilus, 508.
Glossolepis, 337.
Glossonema, 447.
Glossonema, 447.
Glossopholis, 201.
Glossostelma, 450.
Glossostephanus, 451.
Glumicalyx, 488.
Gluta, 326.
Glyceria, 105.
Glyceria, 105.
Glycideras, 573.
Glycine, 275, 279, 280, 284.
{627}Glycosmis, 298.
Glycyrrhiza, 268.
Glyphaea, 350.
Gnaphalium, 562.
GNETACEAE, 1, 71.
Gnetum, 72.
Gnidia, 381, 382.
Gomphia, 359.
Gomphocalyx, 521.
Gomphocarpus, 449.
Gomphostigma, 427.
Gomphrena, 183.
Gonatopus, 115.
Gongrothamnus, 568.
Goniolimon, 421.
Gonioma, 441.
Gonocrypta, 443.
Gonospermum, 577.
GOODENIACEAE, 66, 544.
Goodyera, 155.
Gorteria, 549.
Gosela, 489.
Gossweilera, 569.
Gossypium, 353.
Gouania, 345.
Graderia, 487.
GRAMINEAE, 2, 79, pl. 8.
Grammangis, 160.
Grammanthes, 233.
Grammatophyllum, 159.
Grammatotheca, 542.
GRANATEAE, 386.
Grandidiera, 369.
Grangea, 571.
Grangeria, 242.
Grantia, 560.
Graptophyllum, 511.
Gravesia, 397.
Greenovia, 232.
Grevea, 234.
Grevellina, 305.
Grewia, 349, pl. 91.
Grewiella, 349.
Grewiopsis, 349.
Greyia, 342.
Grielum, 239.
Griffonia, 248.
Griffonia, 243.
Grisebachia, 416.
Grisollea, 334.
Grossera, 312, 610.
Grossularia, 234.
GROSSULARIACEAE, 233.
Groutia, 173.
Grubbia, 173.
GRUBBIACEAE, 16, 173.
Grumilea, 525.
Guaduella, 89.
Guaduella, 89.
Guarea, 304, 306.
Guazuma, 355.
Guerkea, 435.
Guettarda, 518.
Guettarda, 518.
Guidonia, 372.
Guiera, 390.
Guilandina, 251.
Guizotia, 581.
Gundelia, 549.
Gunnera, 399.
Gussonia, 159.
Gutenbergia, 569.
Guthriea, 376.
GUTTIFERAE, 9, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 360, pl. 99.
Guya, 373.
Guyonia, 394.
Guyonia, 394.
Gymnadenia, 153.
Gymnarrhena, 555.
Gymnema, 452.
Gymnocarpos, 193.
Gymnochilus, 155.
Gymnodiscus, 566.
Gymnolaema, 442.
Gymnopentzia, 578.
Gymnopogon, 92.
Gymnosiphon, 149.
Gymnosporia, 330.
Gymnostephium, 565.
Gymnothrix, 81.
Gynandropsis, 215.
Gynopogon, 438.
Gynura, 572, 576.
Gypsophila, 195.
Gyrocarpus, 211.
Habenaria, 152.
Habenaria, 151, 152, 153.
Hackelochloa, 85.
Haemanthus, 136.
Haematostaphis, 329.
Haematoxylon, 251, 254.
Haemax, 446.
HAEMODORACEAE, 4, 5, 134.
HAEMODORACEAE, 124.
Hagenia, 241.
Halimium, 365.
Halimus, 189.
Hallackia, 153.
Halleria, 492.
Hallia, 271.
Halocnemum, 181.
Halodule, 74.
Halogeton, 180.
Halogeton, 180.
Halopegia, 149.
Halopeplis, 180.
Halophila, 77.
Halopyrum, 103.
HALORRHAGACEAE, 16, 17, 43, 46, 399, pl. 117.
HALORRHAGIDACEAE, 324.
Haloxylon, 179.
HAMAMELIDACEAE, 12, 27, 46, 238, pl. 64.
HAMAMELIDACEAE, 173, 236.
Hamilcoa, 610.
Hammatolobium, 262.
Hannoa, 300.
Haplocarpha, 548.
Haplocoelum, 337.
Haplodypsis, 114.
Haplophloga, 114.
Haplophyllum, 295.
Hardwickia, 252.
Hariota, 379.
Harmsia, 357.
Haronga, 361.
Harpachne, 102.
Harpagophytum, 499.
Harpagophytum, 498.
Harpanema, 443.
Harpechloa, 92.
Harpephyllum, 329.
Harpullia, 341.
Harrisonia, 299.
Hartogia, 331.
Harungana, 361.
Harveya, 485.
Haselhoffia, 506.
Hasskarlia, 316.
Haworthia, 133.
Haworthia, 133.
Haya, 193.
Haynaldia, 90.
Hebenstreitia, 489.
Heberdenia, 418.
Heckeldora, 304.
Heckeria, 161.
Hedera, 400.
Hedychium, 140.
Hedyotis, 533.
Hedypnois, 547.
{628}Hedysarum, 285.
Heeria, 327.
Heinekenia, 260.
Heinsenia, 517.
Heinsia, 529.
Heisteria, 174.
Hekistocarpa, 532.
Heleocharis, 109.
Heleochloa, 95.
Helianthemum, 365.
Helianthemum, 365.
Helianthus, 583.
Helichrysum, 553, 556, 563.
Heliconia, 145.
Helicophyllum, 607.
Helictonema, 332.
Helinus, 345.
Heliophila, 220, pl. 53.
Heliotropium, 463.
Helipterum, 553, 562.
Helleborine, 154.
Helminthia, 546.
Helminthocarpum, 260.
Helophytum, 232.
Helosciadium, 413.
Hemandradenia, 244.
Hemarthria, 85.
Hemerocallis, 134.
Hemicarex, 107.
Hemicarpha, 108.
Hemichlaena, 109.
Hemicrambe, 221.
Hemigraphis, 506.
Hemimeris, 490.
Hemiperis, 152.
Hemizygia, 473.
Hemprichia, 301.
Henonia, 186.
Henophyton, 222.
Henricia, 574.
Heptacyclum, 201.
Heptapleurum, 400.
Heracleum, 408.
Heracleum, 408.
Herderia, 569.
Heritiera, 354.
Hermannia, 356.
Hermas, 402.
Hermbstaedtia, 186.
Herminiera, 269.
Herminium, 153.
Hermodactylus, 144.
Hernandia, 211.
HERNANDIACEAE, 15, 43, 211.
Herniaria, 193.
Herpestis, 494.
Herschelia, 151.
Hertia, 568.
Herya, 331.
Hesperantha, 143.
Hessea, 136.
Hetaeria, 155.
Heterachaena, 547.
Heteractis, 565.
Heteradelphia, 506.
Heteranthera, 123.
Heteranthoecia, 607.
Heterochaenia, 544.
Heterochloa, 87.
Heteroderis, 546.
Heterolepis, 561.
Heteromma, 572.
Heteromorpha, 411.
Heterophragma, 496.
Heteropogon, 87.
Heteropteris, 307.
Heteropyxis, 391.
Heterosicyos, 539.
Heurnia, 455.
Heurniopsis, 454.
Hevea, 314.
Hewittia, 460.
Hexaglottis, 144.
Hexalobus, 205.
Hexastemon, 416.
Heywoodia, 319.
Hibbertia, 358.
Hibiscus, 352.
Hieracium, 547.
Hiernia, 486.
Hierochloë 94, 99.
Hildebrandtia, 459.
Hilleria, 187.
Himantochilus, 514.
Himantoglossum, 152.
Hinterhubera, 219.
Hippeastrum, 136, 138.
Hippia, 566.
Hippion, 432.
Hippobromus, 341.
Hippobromus, 342.
Hippocratea, 332.
HIPPOCRATEACEAE, 30, 36, 332, pl. 83.
Hippocrepis, 260.
Hippomarathrum, 407.
Hiptage, 308.
Hirpicium, 549.
Hirschfeldia, 221.
Hirtella, 243.
Hitzeria, 301.
Hochstetteria, 553.
Hoehnelia, 569.
Hoffmannseggia, 250.
Hohenackeria, 411.
Holalafia, 435.
Holarrhena, 441.
Holcus, 99.
Holmskioldia, 470.
Holmskioldia, 470.
Holocarpa, 518.
Holosteum, 194.
Holothrix, 153.
Holstia, 312, 610.
Holubia, 499.
Homalium, 371.
Homalocenchrus, 80.
Homeria, 144.
Homochaete, 560.
Homochroma, 566.
Homocnemia, 200.
Homopogon, 87.
Honckenya, 350.
Hoodia, 454.
Hoplestigma, 424.
HOPLESTIGMATACEAE, 54, 424.
Hoplophyllum, 570.
Hordeum, 91.
Hornea, 341.
Hornungia, 219.
Hoslundia, 474.
Hounea, 370.
Hua, 355.
Huernia, 455.
Huerniopsis, 454.
Hufelandia, 210.
Hugonia, 292, pl. 70.
Humbertia, 460.
Humblotia, 323.
Humea, 612.
Humiria, 292.
HUMIRIACEAE, 29, 292.
Humulus, 166.
Hunnemannia, 212.
Hunteria, 438.
Hura, 317.
Hussonia, 222.
Hutchinsia, 219, 220, 228.
Huttonaea, 153.
Hyacinthus, 128.
Hyaenanche, 321.
Hyalocalyx, 374.
Hyalocystis, 460.
Hybanthus, 367.
Hybophrynium, 148.
Hydnora, 177.
{629}HYDNORACEAE, 16, 177.
Hydrangea, 234.
Hydranthelium, 494.
Hydrilla, 77.
HYDROCARYACEAE, 397.
Hydrocharis, 78.
HYDROCHARITACEAE, 5, 6, 77, pl. 7.
Hydrocotyle, 402.
Hydrocotyle, 402.
Hydrolea, 462.
Hydropeltis, 197.
Hydrophylax, 521.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 59, 462.
Hydrosme, 117, 607.
HYDROSTACHYACEAE, 7, 231, pl. 58.
Hydrostachys, 232, pl. 58.
Hydrotriche, 493.
Hygrocharis, 458.
Hygrophila, 504.
Hygrophila, 504.
Hylodendron, 254.
Hymenaea, 256.
Hymenocallis, 136.
Hymenocardia, 322.
Hymenocarpos, 260.
Hymenocnemis, 524.
Hymenodictyon, 531.
Hymenolepis, 577.
Hymenostegia, 253.
Hyobanche, 484.
Hyophorbe, 113.
Hyoscyamus, 482.
Hyoseris, 547.
Hypaelyptum, 108.
Hypecoum, 212.
Hyperaspis, 472.
HYPERICINEAE, 360.
Hypericophyllum, 584.
Hypericum, 361, 363.
Hyperstelis, 189.
Hyphaene, 111.
Hypobathrum, 528.
Hypocalyptus, 267, 274.
Hypochoeris, 545.
Hypodaphnis, 210.
Hypodematium, 522.
Hypodiscus, 120.
Hypoestes, 511.
Hypolaena, 120.
Hypolytrum, 108.
HYPOXIDEAE, 135.
Hypoxis, 139.
Hyptis, 474.
Hyssopus, 479.
Ianthe, 139.
Iatrorrhiza, 200.
Iberis, 226.
Iboga, 436.
Iboza, 612.
Icacina, 334.
ICACINACEAE, 11, 21, 51, 333, pl. 84.
Icacorea, 418.
Icomum, 474.
Idaneum, 433.
Ifloga, 555.
Ignatia, 429.
Ilex, 329.
ILICINEAE, 329.
ILLECEBRACEAE, 192.
Illecebrum, 193.
Illigera, 211.
Ilysanthes, 493.
Imbricaria, 421.
Imhofia, 137.
Impatiens, 343, pl. 87.
Imperata, 86.
Imperatoria, 409.
Indigofera, 270, 272, 273, 275, 278, 280, 282, 285, 288.
Indigofera, 262.
Indokingia, 401.
Intsia, 255.
Intsia, 255.
Inula, 560.
Iocaste, 580.
Iodes, 333.
Ionidium, 367.
Ionopsidium, 228.
Iphigenia, 128.
Iphiona, 560.
Iphiona, 560.
Ipomoea, 462.
Ipomoea, 461, 462.
Iresine, 183.
IRIDACEAE, 5, 140, pl. 22.
Iris, 145.
Irvingella, 609.
Irvingia, 301, pl. 74.
Irvingia, 301.
Isachne, 82, 98.
Isatis, 222, 226.
Ischaemum, 86.
Ischnolepis, 444.
Ischnurus, 89.
Iseilema, 87.
Ismelia, 565.
Isnardia, 398.
Isoberlinia, 608.
Isochoriste, 510.
Isoglossa, 513.
Isolepis, 110.
Isolobus, 542.
Isolona, 204.
Isonema, 433.
Isothylax, 231.
Isotoma, 542.
Ixanthus, 430.
Ixia, 142.
Ixianthes, 491.
Ixora, 520.
Jacaratia, 377.
Jacquemontia, 461, pl. 131.
Jaeggia, 376.
Jagera, 340.
Jambosa, 392.
Jamesbrittenia, 493.
Jardinea, 85.
Jasione, 543.
JASMINEAE, 425.
Jasminum, 426.
Jasonia, 560.
Jatropha, 316.
Jatrorrhiza, 200.
Jaumea, 584.
Jaundea, 244.
Jollydora, 243.
JUGLANDACEAE, 15, 43, 162.
Juglans, 162.
JUNCACEAE, 3, 124, pl. 17.
JUNCAGINACEAE, 75.
Juncago, 75.
Juncellus, 109.
Juncus, 124.
Juniperus, 71.
Junodia, 319, 608, 611.
Jurinea, 552.
Jussieua, 398, pl. 116.
Justenia, 529.
Justicia, 512, pl. 142.
Justicia, 512, 513.
Kaempfera, 146.
Kalaharia, 470.
Kalanchoë 233, pl. 59.
Kalanchoe, 233.
Kalbfussia, 546.
Kalidium, 180.
Kaliphora, 414.
Kanahia, 450.
Karlea, 343.
Katafa, 609.
Kedrostis, 538.
{630}Keitia, 144.
Kelleronia, 294.
Kentrophyllum, 550.
Kentrosphaera, 186.
Keramanthus, 376.
Keraudrenia, 355.
Kernera, 227.
Kerneria, 581.
Kerstingia, 517.
Kerstingiella, 279.
Khaya, 303.
Kibera, 224.
Kickxia, 435.
Kigelia, 497, pl. 137.
Kigelianthe, 496.
Kigelkeia, 497.
Kiggelaria, 369.
Kirkia, 300.
Kissenia, 377.
Kitchingia, 233.
Klaineanthus, 611.
Klainedoxa, 301.
Klattia, 143.
Kleinhofia, 356.
Kleinia, 576.
Knautia, 535.
Kniphofia, 133.
Knowltonia, 198.
Kochia, 182.
Kochia, 182.
Koeleria, 97, 103, 104.
Koelpinia, 548.
Kolobopetalum, 201, 202.
Kompitsia, 443.
Koniga, 219.
Korthalsella, 175.
Kosteletzkya, 352.
Kotschya, 269.
Kralikia, 90.
Kralikiella, 90.
Kraussia, 527.
Krebsia, 449.
Kremeria, 224.
Krubera, 408.
Kundmannia, 411.
Kyllinga, 109, pl. 9.
LABIATAE, 60, 63, 470, pl. 134.
Lablab, 278.
Labourdonnesia, 421.
Labramia, 421.
Laccodiscus, 340.
Laccosperma, 112.
Lachanodes, 576.
Lachenalia, 127.
Lachnaea, 382, pl. 109.
Lachnocapsa, 218.
Lachnospermum, 553, 563.
Lachnostylis, 320.
Lactuca, 546.
Lafuentea, 488.
Lagarinthus, 451.
Lagarosiphon, 78.
Lagenaria, 539.
Lagenias, 430.
Lagenocarpus, 416.
Lagenophora, 565.
Laggera, 568.
Lagoecia, 403.
Lagoseris, 546.
Lagunaea, 352.
Laguncularia, 389.
Lagurus, 96.
Lamarckia, 95.
Lamellisepalum, 343.
Lamium, 478.
Lamprocaulos, 120.
Lamprothamnus, 517.
Lampsana, 548.
Lanaria, 139.
Landolphia, 436.
Landolphia, 436.
Landtia, 548.
Lankesteria, 505.
Lannea, 329, pl. 81.
Lanneoma, 329.
Lantana, 468.
Lapeyrousia, 141, pl. 22.
Lapiedra, 137.
Laportea, 169.
Lappa, 551.
Lappula, 466.
Lapsana, 548.
Lasianthera, 335.
Lasianthus, 524.
Lasiochloa, 104.
Lasiochloa, 103.
Lasiocladus, 511.
Lasiocoma, 564.
Lasiocorys, 478.
Lasiodiscus, 345.
Lasiopogon, 562.
Lasiosiphon, 381.
Lasiospermum, 577.
Lasiostelma, 457.
Lasiostelma, 457.
Latania, 111.
Lathriogyne, 263.
Lathyrus, 259, 261, 269, 271, 273, 285.
Latipes, 84.
Launaea, 547.
LAURACEAE, 10, 15, 209, pl. 51.
LAURACEAE, 211.
Laurembergia, 399, pl. 117.
Laurentia, 542.
Lauridia, 331.
Laurophyllus, 327.
Laurus, 209.
Lautembergia, 314.
Lavalleopsis, 174.
Lavandula, 472.
Lavatera, 352.
Lavigeria, 334.
Lawsonia, 385.
Lebeckia, 264, 265.
Lecaniodiscus, 338.
Lecanthus, 169.
Lecontea, 523.
LECYTHIDACEAE, 18, 48, 49, 68, 386, pl. 111.
Ledermanniella, 231.
Leea, 346.
Leersia, 80.
Lefeburia, 409.
Legendrea, 461.
LEGUMINOSAE, 11, 18, 19 20, 21, 23, 52, 245, pl. 67.
Leidesia, 315.
Leiocarpodicraea, 231.
Leiochilus, 520.
Leioclusia, 363.
Leiophaca, 612.
Leioptyx, 303.
Leiothylax, 231.
Leiphaimos, 429.
Lemna, 119.
Lemna, 119.
LEMNACEAE, 2, 119.
Lemurorchis, 159, 607.
Lens, 269, 285.
LENTIBULARIACEAE, 52, 501, pl. 141.
Leocus, 475.
Leonotis, 477.
Leontice, 199.
Leontodon, 546.
Leontodon, 547.
Leontonyx, 563.
Leonurus, 478.
Lepervenchea, 158.
Lepidagathis, 508.
Lepidium, 226.
Lepidobotrys, 292.
Lepidopironia, 92.
Lepidostephium, 579.
{631}Lepidoturus, 314.
Lepigonum, 194.
Lepironia, 107.
Lepistemon, 461.
Lepistemonopsis, 461.
Leptactinia, 527, 529.
Leptadenia, 456.
Leptaleum, 217.
Leptaspis, 80.
Leptaulus, 335.
Lepterica, 416.
Leptocarpus, 120.
Leptocarydium, 93.
Leptochlaena, 347, pl. 90.
Leptochloa, 92, 93.
Leptochloa, 93.
Leptocodon, 543.
Leptoderris, 286, 609.
Leptodesmia, 272, 278.
Leptolaena, 347.
Leptonemea, 324.
Leptonychia, 356.
Leptopaetia, 443.
Leptothamnus, 571.
Lepturella, 607.
Lepturus, 90.
Lerchia, 179.
Lereschia, 412.
Lessertia, 285, 287.
Lestibudesia, 186.
Leucadendron, 171.
Leucadendron, 171.
Leucaena, 245.
Leucanthemum, 566.
Leucas, 478.
Leucobarleria, 507.
Leucoium, 137.
Leucomphalus, 257.
Leucophae, 477.
Leucophrys, 82.
Leucosalpa, 487.
Leucosidea, 240.
Leucospermum, 171, pl. 33.
Leucosphaera, 185.
Leurocline, 464.
Leuzea, 550.
Leycesteria, 533.
Leyssera, 555, 561.
Libanotis, 410.
Lichtensteinia, 411.
Lichtensteinia, 413.
Lidbeckia, 580.
Liebrechtsia, 278.
Lifago, 612.
Lightfootia, 544, pl. 149.
Ligusticum, 409.
Ligustrum, 426.
LILIACEAE, 4, 125, pl. 18.
Lilium, 129.
Limacia, 201.
Limaciopsis, 203.
Limeum, 188.
Limnanthemum, 429.
Limnophila, 494.
Limnophyton, 76, pl. 6.
Limodorum, 154.
Limonia, 298.
Limoniastrum, 420.
Limonium, 421.
Limosella, 494.
LINACEAE, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 291, pl. 70.
LINACEAE, 292.
Linaria, 490.
Linaria, 490, 491.
Linariopsis, 498.
Linconia, 237.
Lindackeria, 369.
Lindauea, 508.
Lindenbergia, 494.
Lindernia, 494.
Lingelsheimia, 323.
Linnaeopsis, 501.
Linociera, 426.
Linosyris, 567.
Lintonia, 607.
Linum, 291.
Linum, 291.
Liparia, 263, 271.
Liparis, 156.
Liparis, 156.
Lipocarpha, 108.
Lipotriche, 583.
Lippia, 468.
Liraya, 502.
Lissochilus, 157.
Listia, 265.
Listrostachys, 159, pl. 26.
Litanthus, 127.
Litchi, 338.
Lithospermum, 465.
Litogyne, 558.
Litorella, 516.
Litsea, 210.
Littonia, 130.
Lloydia, 129.
LOASACEAE, 46, 48, 377.
Lobelia, 542.
Lobelia, 542.
LOBELIACEAE, 541.
Lobostemon, 464.
Lobostemon, 464.
Lobostephanus, 450.
Lobularia, 219.
Lochia, 193.
Lochnera, 440.
Loddigesia, 267, 274.
Lodoicea, 111.
Loeflingia, 194.
Loesenera, 253.
Loewia, 374.
LOGANIACEAE, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 427, pl. 127.
Logfia, 556.
Lolium, 90.
Lomatophyllum, 133.
Lonas, 577.
Lonchocarpus, 280, 287.
Lonchophora, 216.
Lonchostoma, 237.
Lonicera, 533.
Lophacme, 102.
Lophiocarpus, 76, 188.
Lophira, 359.
Lopholaena, 575.
Lophospermum, 493.
Lophostephus, 457.
Lophostylis, 308.
Lophotocarpus, 76.
Lopriorea, 608.
LORANTHACEAE, 15, 16, 43, 64, 175, pl. 34.
Loranthus, 175, pl. 34.
Lortia, 310.
Lotea, 260.
Lotononis, 264, 265.
Lotononis, 609.
Lotus, 260.
Lotus, 260.
Lovoa, 303.
Loxostylis, 327.
Lubinia, 419.
Ludia, 373.
Ludovicia, 262.
Ludwigia, 398.
Luffa, 541.
Lugoa, 577.
Lumnitzera, 389.
Lupinus, 266.
Lupsia, 551.
Luteola, 229.
Luzula, 124.
Lyallia, 193.
Lychnis, 196.
Lychnodiscus, 339.
Lycium, 482.
Lycopersicum, 483.
Lycopus, 480.
{632}Lygeum, 79, 98.
Lyperia 493.
Lysimachia 419.
Lytanthus 502.
LYTHRACEAE 11, 14, 22, 36, 37, 39, 383, pl. 110.
LYTHRACEAE 380, 385, 386.
Lythrum 384.
Maba 424, pl. 125.
Macaranga 312, 316.
Macarisia 388.
Machadoa 375.
Mackaya 509.
Mackenia 451.
Maclura 165.
Macnabia 417.
Macowania 556.
Macphersonia 340.
Macrocalyx 352.
Macrochaetium 107.
Macrochloa 95.
Macrolobium 253, 255, 256.
Macrolotus 264.
Macropelma 442.
Macropetalum 453.
Macroplectrum 158.
Macroplectrum 159.
Macropodandra 324.
Macrorhamnus 344.
Macrorungia 513, 514.
Macrosphyra 526.
Macrostylis 297.
Maerua 214.
Maesa 418, pl. 121.
Maesobotrya 322, 611.
Maesobotrya 322.
Maesopsis 343, 344.
Maesosphaerum 474.
Mafekingia 443.
Magnistipula 243.
Magydaris 407.
Mahernia 356.
Mahya 475.
Maillardia 165.
Mairia 566, 573.
Majidea 341.
Majorana 480.
Makokoa 381.
Malabaila 408.
Malacantha 422.
Malache 351.
Malachra 351.
Malcolmia 217.
Malcolmia 217.
Mallotus 315.
Malope 351.
Malouetia 433.
MALPIGHIACEAE 27, 28, 29, 306, pl. 77.
Maltebrunia 80.
Malus 240.
Malva 351.
MALVACEAE 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 40, 60, 62, 63, 350, pl. 92.
MALVACEAE 353.
Malvastrum 351.
Mamboga 530.
Mammea 362.
Mandragora 482.
Mangifera 326.
Mangifera 326.
Manihot 318.
Manisuris 85.
Mannia 300.
Mannia 609.
Manniella 155.
Manniophyton 311, 609.
Manotes 244.
Manotes 608.
Manulea 493.
Mapania 107.
Mappa 312.
Maprounea 317.
Maranta 148.
MARANTACEAE 5, 148, pl. 25.
Marantochloa 149.
Marasmodes 579.
Marcellia 185.
Marcellia 185, 186.
Maresia 217.
Mareya 313.
Margaretta 450.
Margotia 404.
Marica 144.
Marignia 302.
Mariscus 109.
Markhamia 496.
Marlea 389.
Marlothia 345.
Marlothiella 612.
Marquesia 371.
Marrubium 477.
Marsdenia 454.
Marsdenia 453.
Marsea 572.
Martretia 318.
Martynia 500.
MARTYNIACEAE 53, 500.
Mascarenhasia 435.
Maschalocephalus 121.
Massonia 126.
Mathurina 373.
Matricaria 578, 580.
Matthiola 216.
Mattia 467.
Mauloutchia 207.
Maurandia 493.
Maurocenia 331.
Maximilianea 366.
Mayaca 120.
MAYACACEAE 4, 120.
Mayepea 426.
Mechowia 184.
Mecomischus 577.
Medemia 111.
Medicago 283.
Medinilla 396.
Medusagyne 360.
Megabaria 320.
Megalochlamys 514.
Megalopus 524.
Megastoma 466.
Meibomia 271.
Meiocarpidium 206.
Melandryum 196.
Melanocenchris 92.
Melanodendron 574.
Melanodiscus 337.
Melanoloma 550.
Melanophylla 414.
Melanoselinum 404.
Melanosinapis 221.
Melanosticta 250.
Melanthera 583.
Melanthesiopsis 324.
Melasma 486.
Melasphaerula 142.
Melastoma 394.
MELASTOMATACEAE 37, 44, 48, 392, pl. 115.
MELASTOMATACEAE 380.
Melhania 357.
Melia 305.
Melia 304.
MELIACEAE 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54, 61, 302, pl. 76.
MELIANTHACEAE 26, 35,
37, 342, pl. 86.
Melianthus 342.
Melica 97, 103.
Melicocca 342.
Melicope 296.
Melilotus 283.
{633}Melinis 82.
Melissa, 479.
Melissea, 483.
Melittacanthus, 513.
Mellera, 504.
Melocanna, 88.
Melochia, 356.
Melolobium, 264.
Melothria, 537.
Memecylon, 393.
Menabea, 451.
Mendoncia, 502.
Meniocus, 218.
MENISPERMACEAE, 14, 19, 41, 50, 199, pl. 47.
Menodora, 425.
Mentha, 480.
Merciera, 543.
Mercurialis, 315.
Merendera, 125.
Meriandra, 475.
Meridiana, 549.
Meringurus, 90.
Merremia, 461.
Merremia, 461.
Mesanthemum, 121, pl. 15.
MESEMBRIACEAE, 188.
Mesembrianthemum., 190.
Mesogramma, 576.
Mesogyne, 165.
Mespilodaphne, 210.
Mespilus, 240.
Messerchmiedia, 463.
Metalasia, 563.
Methyscophyllum, 330.
Metrosideros, 391.
Metroxylon, 111.
Metzleria, 542.
Meum, 409.
Mezierea, 378.
Mezoneurum, 251.
Mibora, 94.
Micractis, 582.
Micranthus, 141.
Micranthus, 505.
Micrargeria, 486.
Micraster, 457.
Microbambus, 89.
Microcala, 431.
Microcalamus, 88.
Microcharis, 271.
Microchloa, 91.
Micrococca, 315.
Microcodon, 542.
Microderis, 546.
Microdesmis, 317.
Microdon, 489.
Microdracoides, 106.
Microglossa, 571.
Microlecane, 581.
Microloma, 445.
Microlonchus, 550.
Micromeria, 479.
Micronychia, 327.
Micropus, 555.
Microrhynchus, 547.
Microsteira, 307.
Microstephanus, 446.
Microstephium, 548.
Microstylis, 156.
Microtea, 188.
Microtrichia, 571.
Miersiophyton, 202.
Mikania, 571.
Mildbraedia, 317.
Mildbraedia, 610.
Mildbraediodendron, 608.
Milium, 95.
Milla, 125.
Millettia, 287, 288, 289.
Millina, 546.
Mimetes, 171.
Mimosa, 245.
MIMOSACEAE, 245.
Mimulopsis, 506.
Mimulus, 494.
Mimusops, 421, pl. 124.
Minuartia, 195.
Minurothamnus, 560.
Mirabilis, 187.
Mitolepis, 444.
Mitracarpus, 522.
Mitragyne, 530.
Mitratheca, 533.
Mitriostigma, 528.
Mniothamnea, 237.
Mocquerysia, 370.
Modecca, 376.
Modiola, 352.
Moehringia, 195.
Moenchia, 195.
Moghania, 274.
Mohlana, 187.
Molinaea, 340.
Molinera, 98.
Molinia, 103.
Mollera, 559.
Mollinedia, 209.
Mollugo, 189.
Moluccella, 478.
Momordica, 537, 540, pl. 148.
Monachochlamys, 503.
Monachyron, 82.
Monadenia, 151.
Monadenium, 310.
Monadenium, 310.
Monanthes, 232.
Monanthotaxis, 205.
Monarrhenus, 557, 559.
Monechma, 512.
Monelytrum, 84.
Monenteles, 555.
Monerma, 89.
Monetia, 332.
Moniera, 494.
Monimia, 209.
MONIMIACEAE, 10, 14, 208, pl. 50.
Monixus, 158.
Monizia, 404.
Monochilus, 155.
Monochoria, 124.
Monodora, 203.
Monodora, 204.
Monopetalanthus, 252.
Monoporus, 418.
Monopsis, 542.
Monoptera, 566.
Monotes, 363.
Monothecium, 511.
Monotris, 153.
Monsonia, 290, pl. 68.
Monsonia, 290.
Montbretia, 142.
Montia, 191.
Montinia, 234.
MORACEAE, 7, 8, 10, 15, 164, pl. 31.
Moraea, 144.
Morelia, 529.
Morettia, 217.
Moricandia, 221, 222, 223.
Morinda, 520.
Moringa, 229.
MORINGACAE, 23, 229.
Morphixia, 142.
Morus, 166.
Moschosma, 473.
Moschosma, 612.
Mostuea, 428.
Mostuea, 428.
Motandra, 435.
Msuata, 569.
Mucizonia, 233.
Mucuna, 268.
Mukia, 537.
Mundia, 309.
Mundtia, 309.
{634}Mundulea 261.
Muraltia, 308.
Muricaria, 224.
Murraya, 299.
Musa, 145.
MUSACEAE, 6, 145, pl. 23.
Musanga, 166.
Muscari, 127.
Mussaenda, 530, 532.
Musschia, 542.
Myagrum, 225.
Myaris, 299.
Myconia, 566.
Myonima, 520.
MYOPORACEAE, 56, 57, 60, 515.
Myoporum, 515.
Myosotis, 465.
Myosurandra, 236.
Myosurus, 198.
Myrianthemum, 396.
Myrianthus, 166.
Myrica, 162, pl. 29.
MYRICACEAE, 7, 8, 162, pl. 29.
Myricaria, 364.
Myriogyne, 579.
Myriophyllum, 399.
Myristica, 207.
Myristica, 208.
MYRISTICACEAE, 10, 206, pl. 49.
Myrosma, 148.
MYROTHAMNACEAE, 8, 236.
Myrothamnus, 236.
MYRSINACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 417, pl. 121.
Myrsine, 418.
Myrsine, 418.
Myrsiphyllum, 129.
Myrstiphyllum, 525.
MYRTACEAE, 36, 37, 46, 48, 49, 68, 391, pl. 114.
MYRTACEAE, 386.
Myrtus, 392.
Mystacidium, 159.
Mystacidium, 159.
Mystropetalon, 176.
Mystroxylon, 331.
Nageia, 70.
NAIADACEAE, 2, 3, 75.
NAIADACEAE, 73, 75.
Naias, 75.
Nanolirion, 131.
Nanostelma, 448.
Napoleona, 386.
Narcissus, 136.
Nardurus, 93.
Nardus, 89.
Naregamia, 304.
Nasturtiopsis, 224.
Nasturtium, 223, 227.
Nastus, 89.
Natalia, 342.
Nathusia, 426.
Nauclea, 525.
Nauclea, 530.
Navaea, 352.
Nazia, 84.
Nebelia, 608.
Necepsia, 314.
Nectaropetalum, 292.
Nectaropetalum, 300.
Negria, 607.
Nelanaregam, 304.
Nelsia, 608.
Nelsonia, 503.
Nematostylis, 516.
Nemesia, 491.
Nemia, 493.
Nenax, 522.
Neobaronia, 270.
Neobenthamia, 156.
Neobolusia, 153.
Neoboutonia, 314.
Neocentema, 608.
Neochevaliera, 320, 611.
Neodregea, 607.
Neodypsis, 114.
Neogoetzea, 319.
Neojatropha, 316.
Neoluederitzia, 294.
Neomanmophyton, 610.
Neomuellera, 475.
Neophloga, 114.
Neopycnocoma, 315.
Neorautanenia, 279.
Neoschimpera, 523.
Neoschumannia, 456.
Neotinea, 152.
NEPENTHACEAE, 13, 229.
Nepenthes, 230.
Nepeta, 476.
Nephelium, 338.
Nephelium, 338, 339.
Nephrophyllum, 458.
Nephrosperma, 113.
Nephthytis, 117.
Neptunia, 246.
Nerine, 137.
Nerium, 434.
Nerophila, 394.
Nertera, 522.
Nervilia, 155.
Nesaea, 385, pl. 110.
Nesiota, 345.
Neslia, 218.
Nesodaphne, 210.
Nesogenes, 469.
Nesogordonia, 360.
Nestlera, 561.
Neumannia, 373.
Neuracanthus, 507.
Neurada, 239.
Neurocarpaea, 532.
Neuropeltis, 459.
Neurotheca, 431.
Newbouldia, 496.
Newtonia, 246.
Newtonia, 568.
Neyraudia, 101.
Nicandra, 481.
Nicodemia, 428.
Nicolaia, 147.
Nicolasia, 559.
Nicoteba, 513.
Nicotiana, 482.
Nidorella, 572.
Niebuhria, 214.
Niedenzua, 313.
Nigella, 199.
Nirarathamnus, 411.
Nitraria, 293.
Nivenia, 143.
Nivenia, 171.
Noaea, 180.
Nolletia, 571.
Noltia, 344.
Nomaphila, 504.
Nonnea, 465.
Nopalea, 379.
Normania, 483.
Noronhia, 426.
Northea, 421.
Notelaea, 426.
Nothosaerua, 184.
Nothoscordum, 125.
Nothospondias, 329.
Notobasis, 551.
Notobuxus, 324.
Notobuxus, 611.
Notoceras, 216.
Notonia, 576.
Notosceptrum, 132.
Nucularia, 180.
Nuphar, 197.
{635}Nuxia, 427, pl. 127.
NYCTAGINACEAE, 9, 10, 50, 186, pl. 42.
Nymania, 305.
Nymphaea, 197.
Nymphaea, 197.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 14, 38, 39, 40, 49, 197.
Oberonia, 156.
Obetia, 169.
Obione, 181.
Ochna, 359, pl. 97.
OCHNACEAE, 22, 24, 28, 40, 359, pl. 97.
Ochocoa, 207.
Ochradenus, 229.
Ochrocarpus, 362.
Ochronerium, 435.
Ochrosia, 437.
Ochthocosmus, 292.
Ochthodium, 226.
Ocimum, 473.
Ocimum, 472, 473.
Ocotea, 210, pl. 51.
Ocotea, 210.
Octodon, 522.
Octoknema, 175.
OCTOKNEMATACEAE, 16, 175.
Octolepis, 381.
Octolobus, 354.
Odina, 329.
Odontelytrum, 81.
Odontites, 484.
Odontospermum, 554.
Odyendea, 300.
Oedera, 577.
Oenanthe, 410.
Oenothera, 399.
Oenothera, 398, 399.
OENOTHERACEAE, 18, 45, 46, 48, 397, pl. 116.
Oeonia, 159.
Oftia, 515.
OLACACEAE, 11, 21, 22, 29, 44, 47, 52, 66, 173, pl. 37.
OLACACEAE, 173, 175, 333, 357.
Olax, 174, pl. 37.
Oldenburgia, 553.
Oldenlandia, 533.
Oldenlandia, 533.
Oldfieldia, 321.
Olea, 427.
OLEACEAE, 8, 13, 30, 55, 56, 58, 425, pl. 126.
Oligocarpus, 557, 563.
Oligodora, 578.
Oligogynium, 117.
Oligomeris, 229, pl. 55.
Oligostemon, 251.
Oligothrix, 575.
Olinia, 380.
OLINIACEAE, 47, 380.
Olyra, 80.
Ommatodium, 150.
Omphalea, 317.
Omphalocarpum, 423.
Omphalodes, 466.
Omphalogonus, 444.
Omphalopappus, 569, 583.
Onagra, 399.
ONAGRACEAE, 397.
Oncinema, 451.
Oncinotis, 434.
Oncoba, 369.
Oncoba, 369.
Oncocalamus, 112.
Oncostemma, 452.
Oncostemon, 418.
Ondetia, 554.
Ongokea, 174.
Onobrychis, 285.
Ononis, 259, 266, 268, 271, 281.
Onopordon, 551.
Onosma, 465.
Operculina, 461.
Ophiobotrys, 372.
Ophiocaulon, 376.
Ophiurus, 85.
Ophrys, 152.
Opilia, 173, pl. 36.
OPILIACEAE, 20, 173, pl. 36.
Oplismenus, 82.
Opuntia, 379.
Opuntia, 379.
ORCHIDACEAE, 5, 150, pl. 26.
Orchipeda, 439.
Orchis, 152.
Orchis, 152.
Oreacanthus, 511.
Oreobambus, 89.
Oreobliton, 182.
Oreodaphne, 210.
Oreograstis, 109.
Oreosyce, 536.
Orestia, 156.
Orfilea, 314.
Oricia, 298.
Origanum, 480.
Origanum, 480.
Orlaya, 404.
Ormenis, 577.
Ormocarpum, 273, 281, 286.
Ormosia, 257.
Ornithogalum, 127.
Ornithoglossum, 128.
Ornithopus, 262.
OROBANCHACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 139.
Orobanche, 500.
Orobus, 259.
Oropetium, 89.
Orothamnus, 171.
Orphium, 432.
Ortegia, 194.
Orthanthera, 455.
Orthochilus, 157.
Orthogoneuron, 396.
Orthogynium, 201.
Orthopenthea, 607.
Orthosiphon, 473.
Orthosiphon, 473.
Orygia, 189.
Oryza, 80.
Oryzopsis, 95.
Osbeckia, 395.
Osbeckia, 394.
Osmites, 555.
Osmitopsis, 555.
Osteospermum, 557, 563.
Osterdamia, 84.
Ostryocarpus, 288.
Ostryoderris, 609.
Osyridicarpus, 172.
Osyris, 172, pl. 35.
Othonna, 568.
Othonnopsis, 568.
Otiophora, 523.
Otocarpus, 224.
Otochlamys, 579.
Otomeria, 532.
Otoptera, 277.
Otospermum, 578.
Otostegia, 479.
Ottelia, 78, pl. 7.
Oubangia, 358.
Oudneya, 222.
Ouratea, 359.
Ouret, 184.
Ourouparia, 525.
Ouvirandra, 75.
OXALIDACEAE, 29, 34, 39, 60, 62, 63, 290, pl. 69.
Oxalis, 291.
{636}Oxalis, 291.
Oxyanthus, 528.
Oxygonum, 178, pl. 39.
Oxygyne, 150.
Oxymitra, 204, 206.
Oxystelma, 446, 451.
Oxystigma, 252.
Oxytenanthera, 88.
Pachira, 353.
Pachites, 151.
Pachycarpus, 449.
Pachylobus, 302, pl. 75.
Pachylobus, 302.
Pachypodanthium, 206.
Pachypodium, 433.
Pachyrhynchus, 563.
Pachyrrhizus, 277.
Pachystela, 422.
Pachystigma, 518.
Pachystoma, 157.
Pachytrophe, 166.
Pacourea, 436.
Paederia, 523.
Paeonia, 198.
Paepalanthus, 121.
Paepalanthus, 121.
Paivaeusa, 321.
Palaquium, 423.
Palisota, 122.
Palissya, 315.
Paliurus, 344.
Pallenis, 554.
PALMAE, 3, 4, 110, pl. 10. 11.
Palmstruckia, 220.
Panax, 401.
Pancovia, 337.
Pancratium, 136.
Panda, 289.
PANDACEAE, 27, 289.
PANDANACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 3.
Pandanus, 73, pl. 3.
Pandiaka, 184.
Pandorea, 496.
Panicum, 82.
Panicum, 82.
Papaver, 213.
PAPAVERACEAE, 19, 21, 24, 211, pl. 52.
Papaya, 377.
PAPAYACEAE, 377.
PAPILIONACEAE, 245.
Pappea, 338.
Pappea, 408.
Pappophorum, 96, 100.
Paracaryum, 467.
Paracephaëlis, 525.
Paracolea, 497.
Paradaniella, 608.
Paradenocline, 315.
Paragenipa, 528.
Paragophyton, 518.
Paranomus, 171.
Parapodium, 447.
Parapodium, 447.
Parasia, 430.
Parastranthus, 542.
Parasystasia, 510.
Parentucellia, 484.
Parietaria, 168.
Parinari, 243.
Parinarium, 243, pl. 65.
Paritium, 352.
Parkia, 245.
Parkia, 247.
Parkinsonia, 249.
Parochetus, 262, 275.
Parolinia, 216.
Paronychia, 193.
PARONYCHIEAE, 192.
Paropsia, 370.
Paropsia, 370.
Paropsiopsis, 370.
Parquetina, 442.
Parthenium, 564.
Pasaccardoa, 552.
Paschanthus, 376.
Paspalum, 82.
Passerina, 383.
Passiflora, 375.
PASSIFLORACEAE, 12, 23, 26, 374, pl. 106.
PASSIFLORACEAE, 376, 377.
Pastinaca, 408.
Pastorea, 228.
Pattara, 418.
Paullinia, 336.
Paulowilhelmia, 504.
Paulowilhelmia, 506.
Pauridia, 135.
Pauridiantha, 529.
Pausynistalia, 531.
Pavetta, 520, pl. 144.
Pavonia, 351, pl. 92.
Paxia, 244.
Paxiodendron, 208.
Payena, 423.
Payera, 530.
Pearsonia, 609.
Pechuel-Loeschea, 559.
Pectinaria, 454.
Pectinaria, 159.
PEDALIACEAE, 51, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 498, pl. 138.
PEDALIACEAE, 500.
Pedaliophytum, 499.
Pedalium, 499.
Pedalium, 499.
Peddiea, 381.
Pedicellaria, 215.
Pedicularis, 484.
Pedilanthus, 310.
Pedrosia, 260.
Peganum, 294.
Peglera, 300.
Pegolettia, 552, 560.
Peireskia, 378.
Pelargonium, 290.
Pelea, 296.
Peliostomum, 489.
Pelletiera, 419.
Peltophorum, 250.
Peltophorum, 250.
Pemphis, 385.
Penaea, 380.
PENAEACEAE, 14, 379, pl. 108.
PENAEACEAE, 379.
Penianthus, 201, 202.
Penicillaria, 81.
Pennisetum, 81.
Pentabrachium, 320.
Pentacarpaea, 531.
Pentaclethra, 245.
Pentadesma, 362.
Pentadiplandra, 349.
Pentagonia, 481.
Pentaloncha, 530.
Pentameris, 99.
Pentanisia, 518.
Pentanopsis, 533.
Pentapera, 417.
Pentarrhinum, 448.
Pentas, 532.
Pentaschistis, 99.
Pentasticha, 109.
Pentatrichia, 560.
Pentatropis, 448.
Penthea, 151.
Pentheriella, 572.
Pentodon, 533.
Pentopetia, 445.
Pentopetia, 444.
Pentopetiopsis, 444.
Pentzia, 578.
Peperomia, 161.
{637}Peplidium, 493.
Peplis, 384.
Peponia, 539.
Peponium, 539.
Perdicium, 552.
Pergularia, 448, 453.
Perianthostelma, 448.
Periblema, 507.
Perichasma, 200.
Perichlaena, 496.
Perideraea, 577.
Periestes, 511.
Periglossum, 451.
Perinerion, 435.
Peripeplus, 524.
Periploca, 442, 443.
PERIPLOCACEAE, 442.
Peristrophe, 514.
Peristylus, 151.
Perithrix, 443.
Perotis, 84.
Perotriche, 562.
Perralderia, 560.
Perriera, 300.
Persea, 211.
Persea, 211.
Persica, 242.
Pervillaea, 453.
Petalacte, 556.
Petalactella, 556.
Petalidium, 505.
Petalidium, 505.
Petalodiscus, 320.
Petalonema, 396.
Petasites, 567.
Petersia, 387.
Petrobium, 564.
Petrophyes, 232.
Petroselinum, 413.
Petroselinum, 414.
Peucedanum, 409.
Peucedanum, 408, 409, 612.
Peyrousea, 578.
Phaca, 270.
Phaenocoma, 557.
Phaenohoffmannia, 265, 274.
Phaeocephalus, 584.
Phaeomeria, 147.
Phaeoneuron, 396.
Phaeopappus, 550.
Phaeoptilon, 187.
Phagnalon, 562, 575, 583.
Phaius, 157.
Phalangium, 132.
Phalaris, 94.
Pharbitis, 462.
Pharnaceum, 189.
Phaseolus, 277.
Phaulopsis, 505.
Phaylopsis, 505.
Phelipaea, 500.
Phellolophium, 410.
Phenax, 169
Phialodiscus, 338.
Philippia, 417, pl. 120.
Phillipsia, 506.
Phillyrea, 426.
Philoxerus, 183.
Philyrophyllum, 554.
Phleum, 95.
Phloga, 114.
Phlogella, 114.
Phlomis, 478.
Phoberos, 371.
Phoebe, 211.
Phoenicophorium, 113.
Phoenix, 110.
Phormium, 134.
Phornothamnus, 396.
Photinia, 240.
Phragmites, 101.
Phrynium, 149.
Phrynium, 148.
Phycagrostis, 74.
Phygelius, 492.
Phylica, 345.
Phyllactinia, 552.
Phyllanthus, 323, pl. 80.
Phyllarthron, 497.
Phyllis, 523.
Phyllobotryum, 370.
Phylloclinium, 370.
Phyllocomos, 120.
Phyllocosmus, 292.
Phylloctenium, 497.
Phyllodes, 148.
Phyllopodium, 493.
Phyllorhachis, 80.
Phyllosma, 297.
Phylloxylon, 270.
Phymaspermum, 580.
Physacanthus, 506.
Physalis, 483.
Physaloides, 483.
Physanthyllis, 260.
Physedra, 539.
Physena, 372.
Physocaulis, 406.
Physospermum , 407.
Physostigma, 277.
Physotrichia, 410.
Phytolacca, 188.
PHYTOLACCACEAE, 9, 12, 14, 187.
Piaranthus, 454.
Picconia, 426.
Picnomon, 551.
Picralima, 437.
Picralima, 440.
Picridium, 547.
Picris, 546.
Pierreodendron, 300.
Pierrina, 358.
Pilea, 169.
Pilogyne, 537.
Pilostyles, 177.
Pimenta, 392.
Pimpinella, 412.
PINACEAE, 1, 10, pl. 2.
Pinardia, 566.
Pinus, 71.
Piper, 161, pl. 27.
Piper, 161.
PIPERACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 27.br />
Piptadenia, 247.
Piptatherum, 95.
Piptolaena, 439.
Piptostigma, 204.
Pipturus, 170.
Pircunia, 188.
Piriqueta, 374.
Pirus, 240.
Pisonia, 186, pl. 42.
Pisosperma, 537.
Pistacia, 326.
Pistaciopsis, 337.
Pistia, 115.
Pistorinia, 233.
Pisum, 261, 269.
Pithecolobium, 248.
PITTOSPORACEAE, 24, 53, 235, pl. 61.
Pittosporum, 235, pl. 61.
Pituranthos, 413.
Placodiscus, 338.
Placopoda, 532.
Placus, 557.
Pladaroxylon, 576.
Plagioscyphus, 337.
Plagiosiphon, 253, 256.
Plagiostyles, 321, 610.
Plagius, 566.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 515, pl. 143.
Plantago, 516, pl. 143.
PLATANACEAE, 41, 64, 238.
{638}Platanthera, 153.
Platanthera, 151, 153.
Platanus, 238.
Platostoma, 473.
Platycalyx, 416.
Platycapnos, 212.
Platycarpha, 549.
Platycelephium, 259.
Platycoryne, 152.
Platykeleba, 447.
Platylepis, 155.
Platylophus, 235.
Platymitium, 332.
Platysepalum, 288.
Platytinospora, 201.
Plecospermum, 165.
Plectaneia, 440.
Plectranthus, 474, 475, pl. 134.
Plectranthus, 474, 475.
Plectronia, 519.
Pleiocarpa, 438.
Pleioceras, 433.
Pleiomeris, 418.
Pleiospora, 265.
Pleiostemon, 323.
Pleiotaxis, 553.
Pleuroblepharis, 509.
Pleurocoffea, 520.
Pleuropterantha, 183.
Pleurostelma, 448.
Pleurostelma, 442.
Pleurostylia, 331.
Plinthus, 189.
Plocama, 524.
Plocandra, 432.
Pluchea, 557, 559.
Pluchea, 559.
Plukenetia, 313.
Plukenetia, 610.
PLUMBAGINACEAE, 50, 420, pl. 123.
Plumbago, 420.
Plumeria, 440.
Plumiera, 440.
Poa, 105.
Poa, 105.
Poagrostis, 97.
Podalyria, 257.
Podandria, 152.
Podanthes, 455.
Podocarpus, 70.
Podococcus, 113.
Podogynium, 253.
Podonosma, 465.
Podorungia, 510.
Podospermum, 545.
Podostelma, 446.
Podostemon, 231.
Podostemon, 231.
PODOSTEMONACEAE, 10, 13, 230, pl. 57.
PODOSTEMONACEAE, 232.
Podranea, 496.
Poecilostachys, 94, 104.
Poga, 387.
Poggea, 369.
Poggeophyton, 316.
Pogonarthria, 93.
Pogonia, 155.
Pogonostigma, 272.
Pogostemon, 476.
Poinciana, 250.
Poivrea, 390.
Polanisia, 215, pl. 54.
Polemannia, 410.
Polia, 194.
Pollia, 122.
Pollichia, 193.
Pollichia, 466.
Pollinia, 86.
Polpoda, 188.
Polyadoa, 440.
Polyalthia, 206.
Polycardia, 330.
Polycarena, 492.
Polycarpaea, 194, pl. 45.
Polycarpia, 194.
Polycarpon, 194.
Polycephalium, 333.
Polyceratocarpus, 204.
Polycline, 553.
Polycnemum, 182.
Polygala, 309.
POLYGALACEAE, 19, 28, 51, 55, 59, 308, pl. 78.
POLYGONACEAE, 8, 177, pl. 39.
Polygonum, 179.
Polygonum, 178.
Polypogon, 87.
Polyscias, 401.
Polyspatha, 122.
Polysphaeria, 517.
Polystachya, 156.
Polystachya, 160.
Polystemonanthus, 256.
Polyxena, 127.
POMACEAE, 239.
Pongamia, 287.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 4, 123.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 124.
Popowia, 205.
Populina, 513.
Populus, 161.
Porana, 459.
Porphyranthus, 289.
Porphyrostemma, 559.
Portulaca, 190.
PORTULACACEAE, 18, 22, 35, 44, 52, 65, 190, pl. 44.
PORTULACACEAE, 191.
Portulacaria, 191.
Posidonia, 74.
Poskea, 463.
Potameia, 210.
Potamogeton, 74, pl. 4.
POTAMOGETONACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 4.
Potamophila, 80.
Potentilla, 242.
Poterium, 241.
Poterium, 241.
Pothos, 115.
Pouchetia, 526.
Poupartia, 329.
Pouzolzia, 170.
Prageluria, 453.
Prasium, 471.
Preauxia, 566.
Premna, 470.
Prenanthes, 547.
Preslia, 480.
Pretrea, 499.
Pretreothamnus, 499.
Preussiella, 396.
Prevostea, 460.
Priestleya, 263, 271.
Primula, 420.
PRIMULACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 419, pl. 122.
Pringlea, 220.
Printzia, 559.
Prionachne, 92, 98.
Prionanthium, 92.
Prionium, 124, pl. 17.
Priotropis, 263.
Prismatocarpus, 543.
Priva, 469.
Probletostemon, 528.
Prockiopsis, 368.
Procris, 169.
Prolongea, 566.
Prosopis, 246.
Prosopostelma, 447.
Protarum, 116.
Protea, 171.
{639}PROTEACEAE, 9, 10, 19, 50, 51, 170, pl. 33.
Protium, 302.
Protomegabaria, 611.
Protorhus, 328.
Prunella, 477.
Prunus, 242.
Psamma, 96.
Psammotropha, 189.
Psathura, 524.
Psednotrichia, 572.
Pseudagrostistachys, 610.
Pseudarthria, 280.
Pseuderanthemum, 509.
Pseudobaeckea, 237.
Pseudobarleria, 505.
Pseudoblepharis, 509.
Pseudobromus, 96.
Pseudocadia, 258.
Pseudocalyx, 503.
Pseudocedrela, 303.
Pseudocinchona, 531.
Pseudogaltonia, 128.
Pseudohydrosme, 118.
Pseudolachnostylis, 323.
Pseudoprosopis, 247.
Pseudopteris, 339.
Pseudosopubia, 486.
Pseudospondias, 328.
Pseudotragia, 315, 610.
Psiadia, 567.
Psidium, 392.
Psilanthus, 517.
Psilostachys, 184.
Psilotrichum, 184.
Psiloxylon, 391.
Psilurus, 90.
Psophocarpus, 272, 276.
Psoralea, 262, 263, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 288.
Psorospermum, 361.
Psychine, 227.
Psychotria, 525.
Psychotria, 525.
PTAEROXYLEAE, 302.
Ptaeroxylon, 302.
Pteleopsis, 390.
Ptelidium, 331.
Pteranthus, 192.
Pterocarpus, 273, 286, 289.
Pterocaulon, 555.
Pterocelastrus, 330.
Pterocephalus, 535.
Pterodiscus, 499.
Pteroglossaspis, 157.
Pterolobium, 250.
Pteronia, 572.
Pteropetalum, 214.
Pterorhachis, 304.
Pterota, 296.
Pterotaberna, 439.
Pterotheca, 546.
Pterothrix, 562.
Pterygocarpus, 454.
Pterygodium, 150.
Pterygota, 354.
Ptilotrichum, 219.
Ptychopetalum, 174.
Ptychotis, 414.
Ptychotis, 413.
Puelia, 88.
Pueraria, 276.
Pulicaria, 560.
Punica, 386.
PUNICACEAE, 49, 386.
Pupalia, 185.
Pusactha, 247.
Putoria, 523.
Putterlickia, 330.
Pycnanthus, 208, pl. 49.
Pycnobotrya, 434.
Pycnocoma, 313.
Pycnocomon, 534.
Pycnocycla, 405.
Pycnoneurum, 449.
Pycnosphaera, 431.
Pycnostachys, 474.
Pycnostylis, 202.
Pycreus, 109.
Pygeum, 242.
Pynaertia, 303, 609, 611.
Pyramidocarpus, 368.
Pyrenacantha, 333.
Pyrethrum, 566.
Pyrostria, 519.
Pyrus, 239, 240.
Quamoclit, 462.
Quartinia, 384.
Quassia, 300.
Quassia, 300.
Quercus, 163.
Queria, 194.
Quisqualis, 390.
Quivisia, 305.
Quivisianthe, 305.
Radamaea, 487.
Radinocion, 158.
Radiola, 291.
Radlkofera, 337.
Raffenaldia, 222.
RAFFLESIACEAE, 16, 17, 44, 177.
Rafnia, 264.
Raimannia, 611.
Rameya, 202.
Randia, 528.
Randia, 529.
Randonia, 229.
RANUNCULACEAEA, 14, 23, 40, 41, 42, 197, pl. 46.
Ranunculus, 198.
Rapanea, 418.
RAPATEACEAE, 4, 121.
Raphanistrocarpus, 540.
Raphanocarpus, 540.
Raphanopsis, 178.
Raphanus, 222.
Raphia, 111, pl. 10. 11.
Raphiacme, 443, 444.
Raphidiocystis, 538.
Raphidophora, 115.
Raphionacme, 443.
Raphispermum, 487.
Rapistrella, 224.
Rapistrum, 224.
Rapistrum, 221.
Rapona, 458.
Raspalia, 237, pl. 63.
Ratonia, 340.
Rautanenia, 76.
Rauwolfia, 438.
Ravenala, 145.
Ravenea, 114.
Ravensara, 209.
Rawsonia, 368.
Reaumuria, 364.
Reboudia, 221.
Reichardia, 547.
Reinwardtia, 291.
Relhania, 555.
Remirea, 108.
Remusatia, 116.
Renealmia, 147.
Renschia, 478.
Requienia, 272.
Reseda, 229.
RESEDACEAE, 11, 25, 41, 42, 228, pl. 55.
Restio, 120, pl. 13.
RESTIONACEAE, 3, 119, pl. 13.
Retama, 266.
Retzia, 428.
Reutera, 412.
Rhabdia, 463.
Rhabdostigma, 517.
Rhabdotheca, 547.
{640}Rhadamanthus, 128.
Rhagadiolus, 548.
RHAMNACEAE, 12, 17, 18, 27, 45, 343, pl. 88.
RHAMNACEAE, 380.
Rhamnus, 344.
Rhamphicarpa, 485.
Rhanterium, 554.
Rhaphanistrocarpus, 540.
Rhaphanocarpus, 540.
Rhaphanus, 222, 224.
Rhaphidanthe, 424.
Rhaphidiocystis, 538.
Rhaphidorhynchus, 158.
Rhaphidospora, 513.
Rhaphiostyles, 334.
Rhaphispermum, 487.
Rhaponticum, 550.
Rhaptonema, 203.
Rhaptopetalum, 358, pl. 95.
RHAPTOPETALACEAE, 357.
Rheedia, 362.
Rhektophyllum, 117.
Rhetinolepis, 577.
Rhigiocarya, 202.
Rhigiophyllum, 543.
Rhigozum, 495.
Rhinacanthus, 514.
Rhinopteryx, 306.
Rhipsalis, 379.
Rhizophora, 388.
RHIZOPHORACEAE, 32, 33 44, 45, 47, 387, pl. 112.
Rhodochlaena, 348.
Rhodoclada, 360.
Rhodocodon, 127.
Rhodocolea, 497.
Rhodolaena, 348.
Rhodorrhiza, 460.
Rhodosepala, 394.
Rhoeo, 123.
Rhoicissus, 346.
Rhoiocarpus, 172.
Rhombonema, 447.
Rhopalocarpus, 372.
Rhopalopilia, 173.
Rhus, 327.
Rhyacophila, 384.
Rhynchelytrum, 82.
Rhynchocalyx, 385.
Rhynchocarpa, 538.
Rhynchosia, 272, 279, 282.
Rhynchosia, 278.
Rhynchospora, 108.
Rhynchostigma, 453.
Rhynchotropis, 262, 272.
Rhynea, 556.
Rhyssolobium, 452.
Rhytachne, 85.
Rhyticarpus, 414.
Rhytidachne, 85.
Rhytiglossa, 512.
Ribes, 234.
Richardia, 117, 521.
Richardsonia, 521.
Ricinodendron, 317.
Ricinus, 313.
Ricotia, 226, 227.
Ridolfia, 413.
Rindera, 467.
Rinorea, 367, pl. 103.
Riocreuxia, 456.
Ritchiea, 215.
Rivea, 461.
Rivea, 461.
Rivina, 187.
Robbairea, 194.
Robinia, 268, 287.
Rochea, 233.
Rochelia, 464.
Rochonia, 573.
Roëlla, 543.
Roemeria, 213.
Roeperocharis, 151.
Roettlera, 501.
Rogeria, 499.
Romulea, 141.
Ropalandria, 200.
Ropalocarpus, 372.
Roridula, 359.
Roripa, 223.
Rosa, 240.
ROSACEAE, 9, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 239, pl. 65.
Roscheria, 113.
Rosenia, 555.
Rosmarinus, 471.
Rotala, 384.
Rotantha, 385.
Rothia, 274.
Rottboellia, 85.
Rottboellia, 85.
Roubieva, 182.
Roupellia, 434.
Rourea, 244.
Rourea, 244.
Roureopsis, 608.
Roussea, 234.
Rousseauxia, 397.
Royena, 424.
Rubia, 521.
RUBIACEAE, 17, 54, 65, 66, 67, 516, pl. 144.
Rubus, 242.
Ruckeria, 567, 574.
Ruelingia, 356.
Ruellia, 507.
Ruelliola, 506.
Ruelliopsis, 507.
Ruizia, 357.
Rumex, 178.
Rungia, 513.
Ruppia, 74.
Ruscus, 130.
Ruspolia, 509.
Russelia, 492.
Ruta, 295.
RUTACEAE, 11, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 295. pl. 73.
RUTACEAE, 299.
Ruthea, 413.
Rutidea, 519.
Ruttya, 511.
Ruttya, 500.
Rynchospora, 108.
Rytidocarpus, 224.
Rytilix, 607.
Sabicea, 530.
Sabina, 71.
Saccharum, 86.
Saccidium, 153.
Sacciolepis, 82.
Saccocalyx, 479.
Saccoglottis, 292.
Saccolabium, 158.
Saccolabium, 158.
Sacleuxia, 442.
Sageretia, 344.
Sagina, 195.
Sagittaria, 76.
Sagus, 111.
Saintpaulia, 501.
Sakersia, 395.
Salacia, 332, pl. 83.
Salaxis, 416.
Saldania, 609.
Saldinia, 524.
SALICACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 28.
Salicornia, 181.
Salix, 161, pl. 28.
Salsola, 179.
SALSOLACEAE, 179.
Salvadora, 332.
{641}SALVADORACEAE, 18, 30, 50, 332.
Salvia, 476.
Salviacanthus, 512.
Samadera, 300.
Samara, 418.
Sambucus, 533.
Samolus, 419.
SAMYDACEAE, 367.
Sandersonia, 130.
Sanguisorba, 241.
Sanicula, 403.
Sanseverinia, 134.
Sansevieria, 134.
SANTALACEAE, 8, 16, 172, pl. 35.
SANTALACEAE, 173.
Santalina, 526.
Santaloides, 608.
Santiria, 302.
Santiriopsis, 302.
Santulina, 578.
SAPINDACEAE, 9, 12, 13, 18, 26, 28, 31, 32, 40, 335, pl. 85.
SAPINDACEAE, 335, 342.
Sapindus, 337, 340.
Sapindus, 338, 339, 340.
Sapium, 318.
Sapium, 610.
Saponaria, 196.
Saponaria, 196.
Sapota, 423.
SAPOTACEAE, 54, 60, 421, pl. 124.
Sarcocapnos, 212.
Sarcocaulon, 290.
Sarcocephalus, 525.
Sarcochlaena, 347.
Sarcocolla, 380, pl. 108.
Sarcocolla, 380.
Sarcocyphula, 447.
Sarcolaena, 347.
Sarcophrynium, 148.
Sarcophyte, 176.
Sarcopoterium, 241.
Sarcostemma, 447, 448.
Sarothamnus, 266.
Satanocrater, 505.
Satureia, 479.
Satureia, 479.
Satyridium, 151.
Satyrium, 151.
Sauromatum, 118.
Sauvagesia, 359.
Savia, 319, 320.
Savignya, 227.
Saviniona, 352.
Saxifraga, 233.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 16, 36, 39, 44, 45, 49, 62, 68, 233, pl. 60.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 235, 236.
Scabiosa, 535.
Scabiosa, 534, 535.
Scaevola, 544.
Scaligeria, 407.
Scandix, 405.
Scaphopetalum, 356.
Schanginia, 179.
Schaueria, 515.
Schefflera, 400.
Schefflerodendron, 288.
Schepperia, 214.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 3, 75.
Schimpera, 225.
Schinus, 328.
Schinziella, 431.
Schismatoclada, 531.
Schismus, 104.
Schistostephium, 578, 579.
Schizobasis, 126.
Schizochilus, 153.
Schizochlaena, 348.
Schizodium, 151.
Schizoglossum, 451.
Schizoglossum, 450.
Schizogyne, 560.
Schizolaena, 348.
Schizostachyum, 88.
Schizostephanus, 449.
Schizostylis, 143.
Schizozygia, 439.
Schlechterella, 442.
Schlechteria, 218, 225.
Schlechterina, 375.
Schmidelia, 336.
Schmidtia, 100.
Schoberia, 179.
Schoenefeldia, 91.
Schoenlandia, 124.
Schoenodendron, 106.
Schoenoplectus, 110.
Schoenoxiphium, 107.
Schoenus, 107.
Schoenus, 108.
Schotia, 254, 256.
Schouwia, 227.
Schranckia, 245.
Schrebera, 426, pl. 126.
Schrebera, 331.
Schubea, 311.
Schultesia, 430.
Schumanniophyton, 529.
Schwabea, 514.
Schwarzkopffia, 153.
Schweinfurthia, 490.
Schwenkia, 481.
Sciadopanax, 401.
Sciadophyllum, 400.
Sciaphila, 79.
Scilla, 127.
Scirpus, 110.
Scirpus, 108.
SCITAMINEAE, 145, 146, 147, 148.
Scleranthus, 192.
Scleria, 106.
Scleria, 106.
Sclerocarpus, 582.
Sclerocarya, 329.
Sclerocephalus, 193.
Sclerochiton, 509.
Sclerochiton, 509.
Sclerochloa, 105.
Sclerodactylon, 607.
Sclerodictyon, 436.
Sclerolaena, 348.
Scleropoa, 105.
Sclerosciadium, 408.
Sclerosperma, 113.
Scolopia, 371.
Scolymus, 545.
Scoparia, 488.
Scopularia, 153.
Scorodophloeus, 253.
Scorpiurus, 260.
Scorzonera, 545.
Scottellia, 368.
Scrophularia, 491.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 483, pl. 136.
Scutellaria, 472.
Scutia, 344.
Scyphocephalium, 207.
Scyphochlamys, 519.
Scyphogyne, 416.
Scyphosyce, 167.
Scytanthus, 510.
SCYTOPETALACEAE, 33, 38, 62, 63, 68, 357, pl. 95.
Scytopetalum, 358.
Scytophyllum, 330.
Sebaea, 430.
Sebaea, 430.
Sebastiania, 318.
{642}Sebastiania, 610.
Secale, 91.
Secamone, 451.
Secamone, 453.
Secamonopsis, 451.
Sechium, 536.
Securidaca, 308, pl. 78.
Securidaca, 260.
Securigera, 260.
Securinega, 323.
Securinega, 323.
Seddera, 459.
Sedum, 232.
Seemannaralia, 400.
Seetzenia, 294.
Seidelia, 315.
Seidlitzia, 608.
SELAGINEAE, 483, 502.
Selago, 489.
Selinopsis, 412.
Selinum, 409.
Semele, 130.
Semonvillea, 188.
Sempervivum, 232.
Senebiera, 226.
Senecio, 576.
Senecio, 572.
Senra, 352.
Serapias, 152.
Sericocoma, 184, 185.
Sericocoma, 184, 185, 186.
Sericocomopsis, 185.
Sericocomopsis, 185.
Sericorema, 186.
Sericostachys, 185.
Sericostoma, 465.
Seriola, 545.
Serissa, 522.
Serjania, 336.
Serpicula, 399.
Serratula, 550.
Serruria, 171.
Sersalisia, 422, 423.
Sesamothamnus, 498.
Sesamum, 499, pl. 138.
Sesbania, 267, 270.
Seseli, 410, 411.
Seseli, 414.
Sesuvium, 189.
Setaria, 81.
Sevada, 179.
Seychellaria, 79.
Seymeria, 487.
Sherardia, 521.
Sherbournia, 527.
Shutereia, 460.
Shuteria, 279.
Sibangea, 322.
Sibthorpia, 488.
Sicyos, 536.
Sida, 351.
Sideritis, 477.
Sideroxylon, 423.
Sideroxylon, 422.
Siegesbeckia, 582.
Sigmatosiphon, 498.
SILENACEAE, 192.
Silene, 196.
Silybum, 551.
SIMARUBACEAE, 28, 29, 40, 41, 42, 299, pl. 74.
SIMARUBACEAE, 295.
Simarubopsis, 609.
Simbuleta, 491.
Simethis, 132.
Simochilus, 416.
Sinapidendron, 224.
Sinapis, 221, 224.
Siphocodon, 542.
Siphocolea, 497.
Siphomeris, 523.
Siphonantha, 470.
Siphonia, 314.
Siphonochilus, 607.
Siphonoglossa, 512.
Siphonoglossa, 512.
Sison, 413.
Sisymbrium, 224.
Sisymbrium, 217, 218, 223.
Sisyndite, 294.
Sisyranthus, 456.
Sisyrinchium, 144.
Sium, 412.
Sloetiopsis, 164.
Smeathmannia, 370.
Smelophyllum, 339.
SMILACEAE, 125.
Smilax, 131.
Smithia, 269, 284, 286.
Smodingium, 328.
Smyrnium, 407.
Socotora, 442.
Socotranthus, 444.
SOLANACEAE, 57, 58, 59, 62, 481, pl. 135.
Solanum, 483.
Solenanthus, 466.
Solenixora, 520.
Solenostemma, 446.
Solenostemon, 475.
Solidago, 573.
Soliva, 566.
Somalia, 507.
Sonchus, 547.
Sonneratia, 385.
SONNERATIACEAE, 39, 385.
Sophora, 258, 259.
Sopubia, 486.
Sorbus, 240.
Sorghum, 87.
Sorindeia, 327.
Sorocephalus, 171.
Soulamea, 300.
Soyauxia, 369.
Spallanzania, 530.
Sparaxis, 142.
SPARGANIACEAE, 2, 73.
Sparganium, 73.
Sparganophorus, 569.
Sparmannia, 350.
Spartina, 81.
Spartium, 266.
Spartocytisus, 266.
Spatalla, 171.
Spatallopsis, 171.
Spathionema, 261.
Spathodea, 495.
Spathulopetalum, 612.
Specularia, 543.
Speirostyla, 349.
Spergula, 194.
Spergularia, 194.
Spermacoce, 522.
Spermacoce, 522.
Spermacoceoides, 522.
Sphacele, 475.
Sphacophyllum, 554.
Sphaeralcea, 352.
Sphaeranthus, 558.
Sphaerocephalus, 549.
Sphaerocodon, 456.
Sphaerocoma, 193.
Sphaeroma, 352.
Sphaerosepalum, 366.
Sphaerosicyos, 540.
Sphaerostylis, 312.
Sphaerothylax, 231.
Sphedamnocarpus, 307.
Sphedamnocarpus, 307.
Sphenandra, 492.
Sphenocentrum, 202.
Sphenoclea, 542.
SPHENOCLEACEAE, 541.
Sphenogyne, 580.
Sphenopus, 102.
Sphenostylis, 278.
Spilanthes, 582.
Spinacia, 181.
{643}Spiraeea, 241.
Spiranthes, 155.
Spirodela, 119.
Spiropetalum, 244.
Spirospermum, 201.
Spirostachys, 610.
Spitzelia, 546.
Spondianthus, 328, 611.
Spondias, 328.
Spondias, 328, 329.
Spondiopsis, 328.
Sponia, 164.
Sporobolus, 95.
Staavia, 237.
Staberoha, 120.
Stachyanthus, 333.
Stachyothyrus, 250.
Stachys, 479.
Stachytarpheta, 468.
Stadmannia, 338.
Staehelina, 551.
Stangeria, 69.
Stapelia, 455.
Stapfiola, 93.
Staphylosyce, 539.
Staphysora, 322, 611.
Stathmostelma, 449.
Statice, 421.
Staudtia, 207.
Staurogyne, 503.
Stearodendron, 361.
Steirodiscus, 565.
Stellaria, 194.
Stellularia, 485.
Stemodia, 494.
Stemodiacra, 494.
Stemodiopsis, 495.
Stemonocoleus, 252.
Stenadenium, 310.
Stenandriopsis, 509.
Stenanthera, 204.
Stenocline, 562, 563.
Stenoglottis, 153.
Stenolirion, 138.
Stenolobium, 496.
Stenonia, 319.
Stenophragma, 218.
Stenosemis, 409.
Stenostelma, 450.
Stenotaphrum, 80.
Stephania, 200.
Stephanocoma, 548.
Stephanodaphne, 381.
Stephanolepis, 570.
Stephanorossia, 611.
Stephanostegia, 441.
Stephanostema, 433.
Stephanotis, 453.
Stephegyne, 530.
Sterculia, 354.
Sterculia, 354.
STERCULIACEAE, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 51, 61, 62, 63, 354, pl. 94.
STERCULIACEAE, 353.
Stereochlaena, 81.
Stereospermum, 496.
Sternbergia, 137.
Stevensonia, 113.
Stiburus, 103.
Stichorchis, 156.
Stictocardia, 461.
Stilbe, 468.
Stillingia, 318.
Stilpnogyne, 575.
Stilpnophytum, 579.
Stipa, 95.
Stipularia, 530.
Stironeurum, 423.
Stizolobium, 268.
Stobaea, 548.
Stoebe, 562.
Stolidia, 174.
Stomatostemma, 445.
Stomotechium, 466.
Streblocarpus, 214.
Strelitzia, 145, pl. 23.
Strephonema, 389.
Streptanthera, 142.
Streptocarpus, 501, pl. 140.
Streptogyne, 92, 101.
Streptopetalum, 374.
Striga, 485.
Strigina, 485.
Strobilanthes, 506.
Strobilanthopsis, 506.
Strombosia, 174.
Strombosiopsis, 174.
Strongylodon, 280, 281.
Strophanthus, 434.
Strumaria, 136.
Struthiola, 381.
Strychnopsis, 203.
Strychnos, 429.
Stuhlmannia, 253.
Stupa, 95.
Styasasia, 510.
Stylapterus, 380.
Stylarthropus, 505.
Stylidium, 389.
Stylochiton, 115.
Stylocoryne, 528.
Stylosanthes, 268.
STYRACACEAE, 22, 425.
Suaeda, 179.
Subularia, 228.
Succisa, 535.
Succowia, 226.
Suffrenia, 384.
Suregada, 318.
Suriana, 299.
Sutera, 493.
Sutera, 492, 493.
Sutherlandia, 287.
Swartzia, 249.
Sweertia, 430.
Swietenia, 393.
Swynnertonia, 452.
Sylitra, 271, 275.
Symmeria, 178.
Symphonia, 362.
Symphostemon, 474.
Symphyochlamys, 353.
Symphytonema, 443.
Symphytosiphon, 304.
Symphytum, 465.
Sympieza, 416.
Symplectochilus, 513.
Synadenium, 310.
Synaptolepis, 381.
Syncephalum, 562.
Synchodendron, 556.
Synchoriste, 510.
Synclisia, 202.
Syncolostemon, 473.
Syndesmanthus 416.
Synedrella, 581.
Syngonanthus, 121.
Synnema, 504.
Synnotia, 142.
Synsepalum, 423.
Syntherisma, 82.
Syntriandrium, 200.
Syringodea, 140.
Syrrheonema, 202.
Syzygium, 392.
Tabebuia, 497.
Tabernaemontana, 437, 439, 440.
Tabernanthe, 436.
Tacazzea, 443, pl. 130.
Tacazzea, 442, 444, 445.
Tacca, 139.
TACCACEAE, 6, 139.
Tachiadenus, 430.
Taenosapium, 318.
{644}Tagetes, 584.
Talinella, 190.
Talinum, 191, pl. 44.
Talisiopsis, 342.
TAMARICACEAE, 22, 25, 364, pl. 101.
Tamarindus, 256.
Tamarix, 364, pl. 101.
Tamatavia, 528.
Tambourissa, 209.
Tamnus, 140.
Tamus, 140.
Tanacetum, 566, 578.
Tanghinia, 437.
Tannodia, 312, 610.
Tannodia, 610.
Tanulepis, 443.
Tapeinanthus, 135.
Tapeinostelma, 457.
Tapura, 309.
Taraxacum, 546.
Tarchonanthus, 556.
Tardavel, 522.
Tarenna, 526, 528.
Tavaresia, 454.
Taverniera, 271, 281.
TAXACEAE, 1, 70.
Taxus, 70.
Teclea, 297.
Tecmarsis, 557.
Tecoma, 495, 496.
Tecomaria, 495.
Tectona, 470.
Teedia, 492.
Teesdalia, 228.
Telanthera, 183.
Telephium, 194.
Telfairia, 536.
Teline, 266.
Telosma, 453.
Temnolepis, 582.
Temnopteryx, 530.
Tenagocharis, 77.
Tenaris, 457.
Tenaris, 457.
Tephrosia, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282, 284, 287.
Tephrothamnus, 264.
Teramnus, 267.
TEREBINTHACEAE, 301, 325.
Terminalia, 391.
TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 347, 360.
Tessmannia, 256.
Testudinaria, 140.
Tetracarpidium, 312.
Tetracera, 358, pl. 96.
Tetrachaete, 84.
Tetrachne, 93.
Tetrachne, 93.
Tetraclinis, 71.
Tetraclis, 424.
Tetradenia, 476.
Tetradiclis, 293.
Tetragonia, 190.
Tetragonolobus, 260.
Tetranthera, 210.
Tetraphyllaster, 395.
Tetrapleura, 246.
Tetrapogon, 92.
Tetraria, 107.
Tetraria, 108.
Tetraspidium, 485.
Tetrastemma, 205.
Tetrastigma, 529.
Tetrataxis, 385.
Tetratelia, 215.
Teucrium, 471.
Thalassia, 78.
Thalia, 148.
Thalictrum, 198.
Thaminophyllum, 580.
Thamnea, 236.
Thamnochortus, 120.
Thamnochortus, 120.
Thamnosma, 295.
Thamnus, 416.
Thapsia, 404.
Thapsia, 404.
Thaumatococcus, 148.
Thea, 360.
THEACEAE, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 63, 360, pl. 98.
Thecacoris, 320, 322, 611.
Thecacoris, 611.
Thelepogon, 86.
THELIGONACEAE, 187.
Theligonum, 187.
Themeda, 87.
Theobroma, 356.
Theodora, 254.
Thesidium, 172.
Thesium, 172.
Thespesia, 353.
Thespesocarpus, 425.
Thevetia, 437.
Thiegemella, 421.
Thiegemopanax, 401.
Thismia, 150.
Thlaspi, 228.
Thomandersia, 510.
Thomassetia, 360.
Thonnera, 205.
Thonningia, 176.
Thoracosperma, 416.
Thoracostachyum, 107.
Thorncroftia, 612.
Thrincia, 546.
Thuarea, 80.
Thunbergia, 503.
Thunbergia, 503.
Thunbergianthus, 486.
Thylachium, 213.
Thymelaea, 383.
THYMELAEACEAE, 10, 12, 19, 29, 51, 380, pl. 109.
Thymus, 480.
Thymus, 480.
Thyrsodium, 327.
Thysanolaena, 83.
Thysanurus, 558.
Tieghemella, 421.
TILIACEAE, 13, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 348, pl. 91.
TILIACEAE, 347.
Tiliacora, 201, 202, 203.
Tillaea, 232.
Timonius, 518.
Tina, 340.
Tinea, 152.
Tinguarra, 406.
Tinnaea, 478.
Tinnea, 471.
Tinopsis, 339.
Tinospora, 201.
Tinospora, 201.
Tisonia, 373.
Tissa, 194.
Tittmannia, 236.
Todaroa, 410.
Toddalia, 298.
Toddalia, 297, 298.
Toddaliopsis, 298.
Tolpis, 547.
Tordylium, 408.
Torenia, 494.
Torilis, 404.
Tornabenea, 404.
Torulinium, 109.
Tounatea, 249.
Tournefortia, 463.
Tournesolia, 311, 609.
Tourneuxia, 545.
Toxanthera, 538.
Toxicodendron, 321.
{645}Toxicophloea, 437.
Toxocarpus, 451, 453.
Trachelium, 543.
Trachelium, 544.
Trachydium, 407.
Trachylobium, 256.
Trachyphrynium, 149.
Trachyphrynium, 148.
Trachypogon, 87.
Trachyspermum, 413.
Trachystigma, 501.
Traganum, 179, pl. 40.
Tragia, 313.
Tragiopsis, 413.
Tragopogon, 545.
Tragus, 84.
Trapa, 397.
Traunia, 453.
Treculia, 168.
Treichelia, 543.
Trema, 164, pl. 30.
Trematosperma, 333.
Triachyrium, 95.
Triadenia, 361.
Triainolepis, 525.
Trianoptiles, 108.
Trianosperma, 538.
Trianthema, 189, pl. 43.
Triaspis, 307.
Tribulus, 294.
Tricalysia, 527, 528.
Trichilia, 305, pl. 76.
Trichocalyx, 512.
Trichocaulon, 454.
Trichocladus, 238, pl. 64.
Trichodesma, 466.
Trichodypsis, 113.
Trichogyne, 555.
Tricholaena, 82.
Trichonema, 141.
Trichoneura, 607.
Trichoon, 101.
Trichopteryx, 98.
Trichosandra, 452.
Trichosanthes, 538.
Trichoscypha, 328.
Trichostachys, 525.
Trichostephanus, 372.
Triclisia, 202, 203.
Tricomariopsis, 307.
Tridax, 580.
Tridesmostemon, 423.
Tridianisia, 334.
Trifolium, 261, 275, 281.
Triglochin, 75.
Trigonella, 283.
Trigonocapnos, 212, pl. 52.
Triguera, 482.
Trimeria, 371.
Trimorphopetalum, 343.
Triodia, 102.
Triphasia, 298.
Triphlebia, 103.
Triplachne, 97.
Triplocephalum, 559.
Triplochiton, 355.
TRIPLOCHITONACEAE, 354.
Tripodandra, 203.
Tripogon, 92.
Tripteris 557, 563.
Triraphis, 100.
Trisetaria, 96.
Trisetum, 100.
Tristachya, 98.
Tristellateia, 308.
Tristemma, 395.
Tristicha, 231, pl. 57.
Triticum, 90.
Tritonia, 142.
Tritonixia, 142.
Triumfetta, 349.
TRIURIDACEAE, 4, 78.
Trixago, 484.
Trochetia, 357.
Trochomeria, 539.
Trochomeriopsis, 537.
TROPAEOLACEAE, 28, 291.
Tropaeolum, 291.
Trymatococcus, 165.
Tryphia, 153.
Tryphostemma, 376.
Tsimatimia, 362.
Tuberaria, 365.
Tubiflora, 503.
Tulbaghia, 130.
Tulipa, 129.
Tumboa, 72.
Tunica, 195.
Turgenia, 404.
Turnera, 374.
Turnera, 374.
TURNERACEAE, 25, 373, pl. 105.
Turraea, 305, 609.
Turraeanthus, 305.
Turritis, 218, 223.
Tussilago, 567.
Tylophora, 453, 456.
Tylophora, 446.
Tylophoropsis, 446.
Tylostemon, 210.
Tylostemon, 210.
Typha, 72.
TYPHACEAE, 3, 72.
TYPHACEAE, 73.
Typhonodorum, 116.
Tysonia, 467.
Tzellemtinia, 611.
Uapaca, 321.
Ubochea, 468.
Uebelinia, 196.
Ulex, 265.
ULMACEAE, 10, 163, pl. 30.
ULMACEAE, 164.
Ulmaria, 241.
Ulmus, 163.
UMBELLIFERAE, 17, 43, 46, 401, pl. 119.
Umbilicus, 233.
Umtiza, 253.
Uncaria, 525.
Uncaria, 499.
Uncarina, 498.
Uncinia, 107.
Unona, 206.
Unona, 206.
Uragoga, 524, 525.
Uraria, 285.
Urelytrum, 85.
Urena, 351.
Urera, 169.
Urginea, 126.
Urobotrya, 173.
Urochlaena, 101.
Urophyllum, 529.
Urospermum, 546.
Urotheca, 397.
Ursinia, 580.
Urtica, 168.
URTICACEAE, 7, 8, 15, 168, pl. 32.
URTICACEAE, 163, 164, 187.
Urticastrum, 169.
Usteria, 428.
Utricularia, 501, pl. 141.
Uvaria, 206.
Uvaria, 206.
Uvariastrum, 206.
Uvariopsis, 205.
Vaccaria, 196.
VACCINIACEAE, 415.
Vaccinium, 415.
Vachellia, 247.
Vahadenia, 436.
{646}Vahea, 436.
Vahlia, 233.
Vaillantia, 521.
Valeriana, 534, pl. 146.
VALERIANACEAE, 65, 66, 534, pl. 146.
Valerianella, 534.
Valerianodes, 468.
Vallisneria, 78.
Vallota, 138.
Vandellia, 494.
Vangueria, 519.
Vanilla, 154.
Varangevillea, 469.
Varthemia, 560.
Vateria, 363.
Vatica, 363.
Vausagesia, 359.
Velezia, 196.
Vella, 225.
Vellozia, 139.
VELLOZIACEAE, 6, 139, pl. 20.
Veltheimia, 127.
Velvitsia, 486.
Venana, 234.
Venindium, 548.
Ventenata, 99.
Ventilago, 345, pl. 88.
Veprecella, 397.
Vepris, 298.
Verbascum, 489.
Verbena, 469.
VERBENACEAE, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 467, pl. 133.
Verbesina, 582.
Verdickia, 131.
Vernonia, 570, pl. 150.
Vernonia, 568.
Veronica, 487.
Verschaffeltia, 113.
Viborgia, 265.
Vibernum, 533, pl. 145.
Vicia, 269, 270.
Vicoa, 560.
Vieusseuxia, 144.
Vigineixia, 546.
Vigna, 278.
Vigna, 278.
Vignopsis, 277.
Vilfa, 95.
Villarsia, 429.
Vinca, 440.
Vinca, 440.
Vincetoxicum, 449.
Viola, 367.
VIOLACEAE, 24, 366, pl. 103.
Viraea, 560.
Viraea, 546.
Virecta, 532.
Virgilia, 258.
Virola, 207.
Viscum, 175.
Vismia, 361.
Visnea, 360, pl. 98.
VITACEAE, 30, 60, 345, pl. 89.
Vitex, 470.
Vitis, 346.
Vitis, 346.
Voacanga, 439.
Voandzeia, 277.
Vogelia, 218, 420.
Voharanga, 612.
Vohemaria, 446.
Volkensia, 570.
Volkensiella, 612.
Volkensiophyton, 508.
Volutarella, 550.
Vonitra, 114.
Vossia, 85.
Vouacapoua, 289.
Vouapa, 253.
Voyria, 429.
Vulpia, 93.
Wachendorfia, 135.
Wahlenbergia, 544.
Wahlenbergia, 544.
Walafrida, 489.
Walleria, 139.
Wallinia, 188.
Walpersia, 263.
Waltheria, 356.
Wangenheima, 93.
Warburgia, 366.
Warionia, 552.
Warneckea, 393.
Warpuria, 508.
Watsonia, 141.
Webbia, 572.
Webera, 526.
Wedelia, 582, 583.
Weihea, 388, pl. 112.
Weingaertneria, 607.
Weinmannia, 235, pl. 62.
Wellstedia, 463.
Welwitschia, 72.
Welwitschiella, 583.
Welwitschiina, 202.
Werneria, 575.
Whiteheadia, 127.
Whitefieldia 505.
Wiborgia, 265.
Widdringtonia, 71.
Wielandia, 319.
Wiesnera, 76.
Wikstroemia, 383.
Willdenowia, 120.
Willkommia, 91.
Willugbaeya, 571.
Winklerella, 231.
WINTERANCEAE, 23, 54, 366.
Wisneria, 76.
Wissadula, 352.
Withania, 483.
Witsenia, 143.
Wolffia, 119.
Wolffiella, 119.
Woodfordia, 385.
Woodia, 450.
Wormia, 358.
Wormskioldia, 374, pl. 105.
Wormskioldia, 374.
Wrightia, 433.
Wrightia, 433.
Wulfhorstia, 303.
Wurmbea, 128.
Xanthium, 564.
Xanthocercis, 270.
Xanthochymus, 362.
Xanthosoma, 116.
XANTHOXYLEAE, 295.
Xanthoxylum, 296.
Xenisma, 557.
Xeranthemum, 550.
Xerochlamys, 347.
Xerocladia, 246.
Xeropetalum, 357.
Xerophyta, 139.
Xeroplana, 467.
Xerotium, 556.
Ximenesia, 582.
Ximenia, 174.
Xylia, 247.
Xylocalyx, 486.
Xylocarpus, 303, 305.
Xylochlaena, 348.
Xyloolaena, 348.
Xylopia, 204.
Xylopia, 204.
Xylopicrum, 204.
Xylopleurum, 398.
Xylotheca, 369.
{647}Xymalos, 208.
XYRIDACEAE, 4, 121, pl. 14.
Xyris, 121, pl. 14.
Xysmalobium, 450.
Yaundea, 244.
Yucca, 134.
Zaa, 497.
Zaluzianskia, 492.
Zamioculcas, 115.
Zanha, 342.
Zannichellia, 74.
Zantedeschia, 117.
ZANTHOXYLEAE, 295.
Zanthoxylum, 296.
Zapania, 468.
Zea, 83.
Zehneria, 537.
Zenkerella, 253.
Zenkerina, 503.
Zeuxine, 155.
Zilla, 227.
Zimmermannia, 323.
Zingiber, 147.
ZINGIBERACEAE, 5, 146, pl. 24.
Zinnia, 581.
Ziziphora, 479.
Zizyphus, 344.
Zoegea, 550.
Zollikoferia, 547.
Zombiana, 515.
Zornia, 266.
Zostera, 73.
ZOSTERACEAE, 73.
Zoysia, 84.
Zozimia, 408.
Zyganthera, 118.
Zygia, 248.
Zygodia, 435.
Zygonerion, 434.
Zygoon, 527.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 12, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 293, pl. 72.
Zygophyllum, 295.
Zygoruellia, 505.
BRISTOL: BURLEIGH LTD., AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber: |
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Petals tranversely folded=> Petals transversely folded {pg 205} (Plumeria Willd.) Plumeria=> (Plumeria Willd.) Plumiera {pg 440} (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). Huerniopsis=> (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). Heurniopsis {pg 454} tranverse crest at the base=> transverse crest at the base {pg 454} (Huernia R. Br.) Huernia=> (Huernia R. Br.) Heurnia {pg 455} FAMILY 215. GOBULARIACEAE=> FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE {pg 502} Madeira amd Canary Islands.=> Madeira and Canary Islands. {pg 523} conspicuous tranverse veins=> conspicuous transverse veins {pg 524} latter has posionous=> latter has poisonous {pg 533} Outer fruits tranversely=> Outer fruits transversely {pg 547} solitary or in facsicles=> solitary or in fascicles {pg 569} expecially one with=> especially one with {pg 591} Lettuce—Lattuca=> Lettuce—Lactuca {pg 604} Rosmary—Rosmarinus=> Rosemary—Rosmarinus {pg 605} Diparago, 561, 562.=> Disparago, 561, 562. {pg 623} Ochiosia, 437.=> Ochrosia, 437. {pg 635} Orhthodium, 226.=> Ochthodium, 226. {pg 635} Trypyhostemma, 376.=> Tryphostemma, 376. {pg} |