The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mr. Belloc still objects to Mr. Wells's "Outline of history"
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Mr. Belloc still objects to Mr. Wells's "Outline of history"

Author: Hilaire Belloc

Release date: December 5, 2023 [eBook #72334]

Language: English

Original publication: San Francisco: Ecclesiastical Supply Association, 1927

Credits: Aaron Adrignola, Tim Lindell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. BELLOC STILL OBJECTS TO MR. WELLS'S "OUTLINE OF HISTORY" ***





Transcriber’s Note: Italics are enclosed in _underscores_. Additional
notes will be found near the end of this ebook.




MR. BELLOC STILL OBJECTS




                               MR. BELLOC
                             STILL OBJECTS
                  TO MR. WELLS’S “OUTLINE OF HISTORY”

                                   BY
                             HILAIRE BELLOC

          [Illustration: ECCLESIASTICAL * SUPPLY * ASSOCIATION
                               E * S * A
                       PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS]

             328–330 STOCKTON ST.      SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

                                  1927




                  Made and Printed in Great Britain at
     _The Mayflower Press_, _Plymouth_. William Brendon & Son, Ltd.




CONTENTS


                                                        PAGE
       INTRODUCTION                                      vii

    I. MR. WELLS’S GENERAL GRIEVANCES                      1

   II. MR. WELLS AS BIOLOGIST                             12

  III. MR. WELLS’S IGNORANCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH       22

   IV. MY ERRORS                                          28

    V. MR. WELLS SHIRKS                                   36

   VI. THE GREAT ROSY DAWN                                40




INTRODUCTION


Mr. H. G. Wells brought out some time ago an _Outline of History_, the
object of which was to deny the Christian religion.

I examined this production for the benefit of my co-religionists in the
columns of certain Catholic papers. I did full justice to Mr. Wells’s
talents as a writer, but I exposed his ill acquaintance with modern
work on Biology, with early Christian writing and tradition, with
Christian doctrine itself: and, in general, his incompetence.

Stung by this exposure, Mr. Wells has just brought out against me a
small pamphlet, under the title of _Mr. Belloc Objects to the “Outline
of History.”_ It is an excited, popular, crude attack, full of personal
insult and brawling, and ample proof that he is hit. But it is
singularly weak in argument, confused in reply, and, as I shall show
in a moment, shirks nine-tenths of the very damaging criticism which I
directed against his book.

That book denies a creative God. There is no God, the Father
Almighty, Creator of Heaven and Earth. The Incarnation is a myth; the
Resurrection a falsehood; the Eucharist a mummery.

Probably Mr. Wells is thus infuriated, not only at being exposed, but
also because he cannot understand how such an assault upon religious
truth should possibly provoke resentment; yet I think I can explain the
thing to him by a parable.

Supposing (it is mere hypothesis) that a man were to attack the Royal
Family, and His Majesty in particular, jeering at the functions which
monarchy performs for the State and holding up the King of England to
contempt.

Mr. Wells would be the first to admit that a man so misbehaving
himself would receive very hard knocks indeed. He would be called
severely to account on all sides. It would be said that his spite arose
from some personal grievance against the Great; that he thus relieved
his soreness at feeling himself socially neglected, and so on. He might
justify himself as a martyr in the cause of political duty, but he
would be a fool if he did not look out for squalls.

Now the great and fundamental truths of the Christian religion are
still sacred to quite a number of Mr. Wells’s fellow-citizens,
including myself. Our attachment to them is at least as strong as
the loyalty of the average Englishman to the Royal Family; and if he
attacks them by way of _History_--making out that _History_ disproves
the Christian religion--then it is not, as he seems to imagine, an
outrage; but, on the contrary, a natural and inevitable consequence
that he should be taken to task, and his competence for writing history
severely examined.

I propose to reply in this pamphlet, not because I have any intention
of being drawn into a slanging match with a writer who is my superior
in this form of art, but because no challenge to Truth must be allowed
to pass unheeded. So far from imitating Mr. Wells, I shall take care
when I publish--as I do in a few weeks--my whole book, entitled _A
Companion to Mr. Wells’s “Outline of History,”_ to go carefully over
my text and to cut out anything which could be construed into mere
personal attack; though I shall preserve, of course, and even add
to, the due and often severe criticism which Mr. Wells deserves for
pretending to teach others on the basis of his own most insufficient
instruction.

I should, no doubt, greatly increase the circulation of this little
pamphlet of mine were I to season it with those offensive references
to personal habits and appearance which are now fashionable between
contemporaries. But I do not aim at any large circulation, beyond that
reasonable amount which will secure my being heard by the people whose
attention is worth having.

Invective such as Mr. Wells substitutes for argument is wholly
irrelevant. When you are discussing the competence of a man to write
history, it is utterly meaningless to throw about the jeers of the
gutter on his dress, accent or any other private detail concerning him.
If you discover a man pretending to write about Roman antiquity and yet
wholly blind to the effect of Latin literature, you rightly point out
his ignorance. But it is not to the purpose to accuse him of having a
round face or a thin voice. Indeed, were invective my object (which it
most certainly is not), I should rather have answered in verse as being
the more incisive and enduring form.

If it be a test of literary victory over an opponent to make him foam
at the mouth, then I have won hands down; but I do not regard Mr. Wells
as my opponent, nor am I seeking any victory. I am simply taking a book
which proposes to destroy the Faith of Christian men by the recital of
pretended history, and showing that the history is bad. While praising
many qualities in the book, I point out with chapter and verse that the
history is uninformed. That is my point and my only point.

Now that I have made it, I hope, quite clear that I am neither
interested in Mr. Wells’s personalities nor intend to go one better
upon them, but to deal strictly with things capable of argument and
intelligent examination, let us cut the cackle and come to the horses.

       *       *       *       *       *

Mr. Wells’s pamphlet against me, to which I am here replying, is a
web of six elements. These are not put in any regular order, and the
author himself would probably not be capable of analysing them; but
a competent critic has no difficulty in separating them one from the
other.

They are:--

_First_: A number of shrill grievances on general grounds. For
instance, that though I have praised him highly I have not praised him
highly enough; that where I had to blame him I have used adjectives
upon his work such as “confused,” “ignorant,” which were not warranted;
that in general he is an ill-used fellow, and is moved to complain most
bitterly.

_Secondly_: He violently (and this is the main gist of all his
pamphlet) assaults me for pointing out that his statement of Darwinian
Natural Selection as the chief agent of evolution is antiquated
stuff, exploded, and proves him quite unacquainted with modern work.
Here he jeers at me as putting on a pose of special learning, and
_challenges me to quote any modern authorities substantiating my
criticism_. He calls my argument fantastic, a thing made up out of my
own head, without any authority from competent biologists. He denies
the existence of any such group of modern men of science opposed to
Darwinian Natural Selection. It is an amazing thing that his ignorance
should reach such a level as that, but it does. And it is there I am
going to hammer him.

_Thirdly_: There runs all through the little pamphlet, and still more
through the book itself, a startling ignorance upon the Catholic
Church, and in particular the idea that the Church is opposed to
scientific work, even such elementary science as Mr. Wells attempts to
expound.

_Fourthly_: He complains that I have in certain specific points misread
his meaning, misstated his conclusions or affirmations, and made errors
myself in attempting to correct his. He brings, it is true, no more
than three specific allegations; three out of a total of I know not
how many score, in a body of work which catches him up and exposes him
over and over again. Nevertheless, such as they are, being specific
allegations, however few, they must in justice be met; and I will here
meet them.

_Fifthly_: (and most significant): There is the embarrassed silence of
Mr. Wells’s pamphlet: his inability to meet nine-tenths of the points I
have brought against him, and his discreet shirking all mention of them.

_Sixthly_: The book ends with Mr. Wells’s usual glorious vision of a
glorious Millennium contrasted with the sad blindness of Catholics in
general, and myself in particular, to this approaching Seventh Monarchy.

I will deal with these six matters which build up Mr. Wells’s pamphlet,
taking them in the order I have given.




I

MR. WELLS’S GENERAL GRIEVANCES


I cannot pretend in so short a pamphlet as this to deal with all the
separate lamentations with which Mr. Wells has filled the air. But I
can state the principal of them, and try to make him understand how
wrong-headed he is in his objections.

Of these general points, the first and, perhaps, most important is
that he was refused a right of reply. On page v of his pamphlet he
distinctly insinuates that I was afraid of hearing his reply, and had
it suppressed. For he says that the Editor of the paper in which my
articles appeared would not give him his opportunity, and that he so
refused “after various consultations with Mr. Belloc.”

As to the space which was offered, and the exceptional facilities
which, I understand, were granted to this angry man, the Editor must,
of course, speak for himself, and has, I believe, done so. But as to
the part which I took, it can be stated very simply. I was told by
the Editor (who had asked to see me on the matter) that Mr. Wells
desired to reply in the same columns in which he had been criticised.
I was asked what my attitude was in the matter, and I affirmed in the
strongest fashion (to which the Editor will bear witness) my belief
that the fullest right of reply should always be given to anyone
criticised on matters of fact or judgment. The interview did not last
ten minutes, but, to give a record of my attitude, I wrote a strong and
clear letter to the same effect. So far as I am concerned I asked for
nothing better than a reply, and I believe the Editor offered it.

Of two things, one, either Mr. Wells knew my attitude, in which case
his insinuation is inexcusable, or he did not, in which case it was
only rash; but at any rate he is, in this first grievance of his, quite
wrong. I particularly wanted him to have every opportunity for reply.
Nothing could suit me better.

Next he complains that I have not given him sufficient praise, or, at
any rate, not praised him as continuously, highly and enthusiastically
as I ought to have done. He complains that I only give him “slow” and
“formal compliments” (page 2) and “patronising praise” (page 5).

He is wounded because I accuse him of violent antagonism to the
Catholic Church (page 1) (an accusation which he denies very earnestly).

He indignantly repudiates any bias against the gentry in history--which
social class I ask him to revere.

Lastly, he accuses me of using such terms about many passages in the
History as “ignorant,” “childish,” “confused.”

I am afraid it is necessary before touching on these grievances to
explain to Mr. Wells what criticism is, for it is clear that he has
never considered the nature of that literary function.

When you criticise the writing of a man who deals with definite facts
and the conclusions to be drawn from them, it is your business to
praise what is praiseworthy in his effort, and to condemn what is
insufficient, false or bad.

You do not praise (if you are a serious critic) simply as a sort of sop
or counterbalance to blame; you praise because you find things worthy
of praise--and you blame where you find things worthy of blame.

There was nothing oily or patronising, nor even adventitious and
artificial in the praise which I saw fit to offer. It was not vague,
it was very definite, and, I think, just. Moreover, it was very strong
praise, of which any writer might be proud at the hands of a colleague.
I praised Mr. Wells’s lucidity and economy of manner, his sense of
proportion, and, above all, his most remarkable talent for presenting
a vivid picture to the reader. In this my words were, “None of our
contemporaries possesses it” (the gift of lucid and vivid description)
“in anything like the same degree.” In other words, I said that he
possessed a talent of the most important literary kind, which any
writer would envy, and that he possessed it in a degree which made him
superior to any contemporary.

I also said that he was conspicuously sincere, that he wrote very
clearly, with an “excellent economy in the use of words,” and was
unreserved in my hearty appreciation of his accuracy in details of
reference, such as dates, spelling of names, etc.

I went on to say how strongly he felt the importance of history to
mankind, though it is true that I qualified this by saying that by
mankind he meant the only sort of mankind he knew. I said of his
honesty of purpose, “that it was a quality apparent in every line of
the work.”

Really, if that sort of thing is “oiliness,” Mr. Wells must be
very difficult to please! It may be “slow”; it is not a torrent of
undiscriminating adulation; it is mixed with justified blame. But it is
such a catalogue of remarkable literary powers as I would not make for
another writer.

I did much more than this. I specifically praised whole portions of the
book as being quite excellent, notably his handling of the story of
language, and the précis on many sections of history. I have no space
here to give a list of the passages in which I compliment him; but
they are numerous, as any one of my readers will see when my book (_A
Companion to Mr. Wells’s “Outline”_) shall appear.

But he is not satisfied; and I am afraid the truth must be that these
recent large, popular circulations of his have gone to his head, and
now make him think himself much more talented than he is.

Next he has a grievance which I have no doubt is quite sincere in his
own mind, but which any impartial observer, I think, would smile at. I
have said that he acts with violent antagonism to the Catholic Church,
and I have called that his motive. That it is his motive Mr. Wells
“earnestly denies.”

Well, the whole book is written quite clearly round the object of
convincing the reader, by so-called evidence, rather than reasoned
argument, that there is no design in nature, and therefore no
all-powerful creative God as the Author of nature; therefore, again, no
revelation of such a God to men, therefore, naturally, no question of
the Incarnation in Jesus Christ. The Atonement is man-made nonsense:
The Fall of Man never happened, the Resurrection is a foolish story,
and the Eucharist a make-believe.

Now what Body is it which maintains in their entirety the doctrines
thus attacked? Can anyone deny that it is the Catholic Church? Many of
them have been held by other Bodies schismatical or heretical to it,
and therefore the doctrines are often alluded to as those not of the
Catholic Church, but of a vague entity, impossible to define, called
“Christianity.” Nevertheless, we all know that the denial to-day of
those doctrines does not provoke determined resistance in any large
organised Body outside the Catholic Church.

Apart from this, there are expressions of contempt which quite clearly
show the rabidness of the author’s reaction against the Creed. There
is no doubt at all that the Church makes him “see red”--as she does so
many others.

He says he is not conscious of any such motive in attacking all the
prime dogmas of the Christian Faith.

Well, I will give him a parallel. Suppose a foreigner were to write
an Outline of Nineteenth Century History, and to say in it that
Islanders were always rascals, that the love of sport and games was
degrading--and particularly vicious that of football and cricket--that
the English language was an offensive vehicle of thought and had
produced nothing worthy; that sea-power was a myth, and that Nelson in
particular was a bungler at handling ships; that the administration
of India was a failure and a crime; and that the creation of large
Overseas Colonies from the Mother Country was a fatuous experiment.

Should we not say that the gentleman had some bias against England?

Were he to tell us that he was not conscious of such a motive, we
should answer, “Very well, then, you aren’t--since you say so. But the
motive is certainly there, and your case is the most extraordinary case
of the subconscious ever presented to a bewildered onlooker.”

Next, Mr. Wells objects most emphatically that I have done him the
grievous wrong of calling him a patriot.

I am quite willing to withdraw the words, to admit my blunder, and to
apologise to Mr. Wells for having made it. Every man is the judge of
his own thoughts, and if he assures me that he hates his country, or is
even indifferent to its fate, I will readily accept the statement. I
will substitute in my book for the word “patriot” the word “national,”
my only point being that Mr. Wells is highly local in his outlook. I
was careful to say that the patriotic (or national) motive was, in my
opinion, an advantage to the historian; but that its great danger was
limitation, and that in the particular case of Mr. Wells the limitation
was so narrow as to be disastrous to a general view of Europe: making
him unable to understand anything that was not of his own particular
suburban world.

He is wounded because I pointed out his odd reaction against the idea
of a gentleman, and his dislike of the gentry, and says that I bid him
“revere” them. I never asked him to do anything so silly as to revere
the gentry. I am sure I do not revere them myself. What I did say was
that it weakened an historian and pretty well put him out of court when
he wrote, not with balanced judgment, but negatively, out of hatred;
and that piece of criticism I must maintain.

As for his attitude towards the type called “a gentleman” in history,
and in contemporary life, it would be easy to give examples out of
other books from the same pen. But I am rigidly confining myself to
_this_ book--the _Outline of History_--and I submit that right through
this work you see this strong dislike appearing. It appears in his
treatment of the type, Roman, French or English, ancient, mediæval
or modern. To take one instance out of a hundred, his sneer at the
late Lord Salisbury in the pamphlet against me is characteristic. He
suggests that this great man and considerable scientist was incompetent
to discuss a simple question in biology, and had to be coached for the
purpose, and badly coached. All our generation is a witness to the
great talent of Lord Salisbury and to the range of his learning, and
since he was no man’s enemy, and certainly never can have done any
harm, direct or indirect, to Mr. Wells, I can only suggest that the
word “Lord” was sufficient to throw Mr. Wells off his balance.

Now for the condemnatory words to which he objects,--presumably
on account of their force--words which I have, indeed, used in
connection with his work, and shall certainly use again: such words
as “ignorance,” “blunders,” “childish,” “unscientific,” etc. I see
I must again explain to Mr. Wells an obvious principle in criticism
which he fails to grasp. A word is not out of place in criticism unless
it is either irrelevant or false in statement or in degree. The mere
strength of a word does not put it out of court. On the contrary, if
the strength of the word is exactly consonant to the degree of error
noted the criticism is more just than if a milder word had been used.
To say that a man who poisons his mother in order to obtain her fortune
is “reprehensible” is bad criticism. To call him an “inhuman criminal”
is sound criticism.

_Irrelevant_ condemnatory words are very properly objected to by their
victims. But _relevant_ condemnatory words are not only admissible, but
just and even necessary.

I must not fill the whole of this little reply of mine with a mass of
quotation illustrating the justice of the words I have used, but I can
give a few examples which are conclusive, and which the reader has only
to hear to be convinced.

As to “ignorance.” This is a word exactly applicable to point after
point in the _Outline_ which I have thoroughly exposed. For instance,
it is ignorance not to appreciate the overwhelming effect of Latin
literature upon all our civilisation. It is not mere omission which
has left out this capital factor from Mr. Wells’s strange idea of Rome;
it is, and could only be, an insufficient knowledge of what that factor
was. If a schoolboy, writing an outline of the Battle of Waterloo,
leave out all mention of Blücher, that is not a mere omission, it is
ignorance.

There is an example of ignorance on a very wide general point. Next let
me give an example of a highly particular point. It is really startling
in its effect.

Mr. Wells nourishes the idea that the technical name for the
Incarnation is the Immaculate Conception!

It is perfectly legitimate to say that the man of average education is
not bound to be familiar with technical terms in a special department,
such as that of religious terminology; but when he sets out to discuss
that particular department, he must at least have the alphabet of it.
Had he never mentioned the Immaculate Conception at all, the accusation
would not lie: as he has foolishly blundered into mentioning it, the
accusation does lie. A Frenchman who has never been to England cannot
be called ignorant because he is unfamiliar with the streets of London.
But what of a Frenchman who writes a guide to London and mixes up
Victoria Station with Buckingham Palace?

But by far the most striking example of ignorance in his work, an
example upon so astonishing a scale that one could hardly believe it
even of popular “scientific” stuff, is to be found in Mr. Wells’s
complete ignorance of the modern destructive criticism of Darwinian
Natural Selection. He not only (as we shall see in a moment) has never
heard of this European, English and American work--he actually denies
its existence and imagines I have made it up!

Again, I have used the word “childish” of his attitude on more than one
occasion.

Is the word “childish” too strong? I will give examples. In his fury
against me he suggests that I cannot “count beyond zero,” and he
admits, with a sneer, that I perhaps understand the meaning of the word
“strata.”

He tries to make capital of my giving the name of the very eminent
anthropologist, E. Boule, without putting “Monsieur” before it, and
says that I “elevate Monsieur Boule to the eminence of ‘Boule.’” That
is childish. All the world cites eminent men by their unsupported
name. It is a sign of honour. For instance, that great authority, Sir
Arthur Keith (whom Mr. Wells sets up to have read and _followed_), says
“Boule.” Didn’t Mr. Wells know that?

He says that he uses the term “Roman” Catholic because it is the
only one he knows with which to distinguish between the many kinds
of Catholics. Whereas (and everybody knows it, including Mr. Wells
in his more sober moments) the term is only used either because it
is the legal and traditional word of English Protestantism, or, much
more legitimately, to distinguish between us of the world-wide Roman
Communion and those sincere men (many of whom I am proud to count my
friends) who emphasise Catholic doctrine in the English Church and
call themselves “Anglo-Catholics.” This wild protest, that there are
any number of other Catholics--Scotto-Catholics, Americano-Catholics,
Morisco-Catholics, Indo-Catholics, Mongolo-Catholics--is frankly
ridiculous, and ridiculous after a fashion which it is legitimate to
call “childish”: the mere explosion of a man in a passion.

Yet another example. Finding me to have overlooked a tiny misprint
(“ai” for “ia”) in the printing of a proper name, he writes a whole
page about it.

The proper adjective for absurdities of that kind is the adjective
“childish.” I could give any number of other examples, but I think
these are quite enough.

In point of fact, I only use the word “childish” rarely--I do not
know how often in my whole book, but at a guess I should say not more
than three times. But each time I am sure that it is well deserved.
However, if he prefer a more dignified adjective, such as “immature” or
“unstable” or “puerile,” or any other, I am quite willing to meet him,
so long as he allows me to say that he only too often in his violence
does write things which make him ridiculous from their lack of poise.

And what of the adjective “confused” or (for I am afraid I allowed
myself that licence) “muddle-headed”? Well, I can give examples of
that innumerable. For instance, he cannot conceive that I should call
him unscientific, seeing that he was one of Huxley’s students. What
on earth has that got to do with my accusation? If a man should call
me a very poor Latin scholar (which I am--but then I do not write
popular manuals on Latin poetry), would it be any reply to tell him
that I had been as a boy at a school of which Cardinal Newman was the
head, or as a young man that I had been at Balliol; or that among my
intimate acquaintances whom I listen to fascinated upon classical
themes were some of the greatest scholars of my time? Whether Mr. Wells
is a scientific man or not must be decided, not by his having attended
classes under Huxley, but by the use he has made of his reading; and it
is easy to prove that that use has been deplorable.

Mr. Wells is unscientific because he does not survey the whole of
evidence upon a point, and weigh it, and especially because he is
perpetually putting forward hypothesis as fact--which may be called the
very criterion of an unscientific temper; because he introduces mere
fiction as an illustration of supposed fact (e.g. the nonsense about
human sacrifice at Stonehenge) and the material for a magazine shocker
as though it were history.

It is quite unscientific to tell people that a point highly debated and
not yet concluded ranks as ascertained scientific fact.

It is quite unscientific, in talking of early Christian doctrine,
to leave out tradition; still more is it unscientific to work on it
without any knowledge of the sub-Apostolic period. It is unscientific
in the highest degree to leave out an elementary mathematical argument
as though it were mere juggling with figures, and to play to the
gallery by saying that your critic has got some wonderful system of
figures or other which nobody can follow.

The words “science” and “scientific” do not imply a smattering of
biology or geology; still less do they imply mere popular materialism.
They imply real knowledge, finally accepted after full enquiry upon
complete evidence; and that is why there is nothing less scientific in
the world than this so-called popular “science,” which is perpetually
putting forward exploded guesses of the last century as ascertained
facts.

As for muddle-headedness, what can be more muddle-headed than mixing up
the general theory of evolution with the particular (and now moribund)
materialist theory of Natural Selection? And yet that is what Mr. Wells
is perpetually doing!

It is true that a great many other people do it too, but that is no
excuse. The whole of his argument on pages 18, 19 and 20 is precisely
of that kind. It would be incredible to me that any man could get
confused between two such completely separate ideas had I not most
wearisome and repeated experience of it--and here is Mr. Wells
repeating it again!

The general theory of transformism (which itself is now subjected to a
very heavy and increasing modern attack) may be compared to saying that
a man travelled from London to Birmingham. But the theory of Natural
Selection may be compared to saying that he travelled by motor-car and
not by railway.

Now suppose a man on trial for his life for a murder which had taken
place not on the railway, but by the roadside between the two towns.
The whole issue turns upon whether the prisoner had travelled by
motor-car or by railway. What should we say of Counsel for the Defence
who confused these two issues and thought that the prosecution was
concerned merely with the man’s going from one town to the other, and
not with the road he travelled? I do not know whether the judge would
stop him or no, but I know that Counsel for the Crown would walk round
him. He would say, “The issue is not whether the man went from London
to Birmingham; we grant that. The point is whether he went by motor-car
or by railway.” The only issue in the controversy, which Mr. Wells has
both misunderstood and rashly engaged in, is upon the _agency_ of
Evolution, not upon Evolution itself. Yet he has confused the two!

Another example of bad muddle-headedness is his mixing up the
Catholic use of relics and the Catholic use of sacred images with the
unwarranted illustration of the unknown prehistoric past, and the
unwarranted basing of a detailed conclusion upon the insufficient
evidence of a few bones.

I say in my criticism of Mr. Wells, and I say quite rightly, that to
put forward a picture of an imaginary being called “Eoanthropus,”
giving him a particular weapon and gait and gesture, and an expression
(which, as I have said, made him very like one of my acquaintance),
was utterly unwarranted upon the exceedingly doubtful evidence of
the fragments called “The Piltdown skull.” Sacred images in Catholic
use are not--and surely everybody ought to know that--attempts at
reconstruction, still less are they fakes to try and get people to
believe that, for instance, an Archangel has goose wings and curly
hair. They are symbols; are powerful and useful aids to devotion, not
reconstructions.

Nor are relics in any way parallel to fossil evidences. We venerate a
relic of St. Agnes (such as I am glad to say I have in my house), both
because it is a striking memorial of that very holy witness to the
Faith, who gave up her life for it, and because (what I will not debate
here) we believe that the sanctity of the person can upon occasion give
virtue and power to such things. But we do not say, “In case you do
not believe St. Agnes ever existed, here is a fragment of her bone.”
To mix up two things so entirely different is muddle-headedness turned
glorious.

I could add not only further examples justifying the terms I have used,
but a great many other terms equally justified. I must leave it to the
ampler space of my book, _The Companion_ to his work, which Mr. Wells
will have the pleasure of seeing before him in a very few weeks.




II

MR. WELLS AS BIOLOGIST


I come now to what is the pith of Mr. Wells’s whole pamphlet. It is
evidently the matter upon which he is most pained; it is also the
matter on which he has most woefully exposed his lack of modern reading.

Through page after page--thirteen whole pages--he slangs and bangs
away at me--because I have exposed his ignorance of modern work upon
Darwinism.

There are in this furious attack two quite distinct points: first, his
accusation that I pose as being a man having special learning, with
European reputation in such affairs (very silly nonsense!); secondly,
his treatment of the arguments which I have put before my readers
against the old and exploded theory of Darwinian Natural Selection,
upon which theory, remember, all these popular materialists still
desperately rely in their denial of a Creative God and of Design in the
universe.

As to the first point: there can be no question of my having put on
airs of special knowledge in any of these affairs. Not only have I
not pretended to any special knowledge on geology or pre-history, or
biology: I have not even pretended to special knowledge on matters
where I have a good deal of reading in modern and mediæval history.
When I took up the atheist challenge presented by Mr. Wells’s book,
I did so as a man of quite ordinary education, because it was amply
evident on a first summary reading of it that the writer was not a
man of even average education. I pretend to no more than that working
acquaintance with contemporary thought which is common to thousands
of my kind, and I think it the more shame to Mr. Wells that with no
expert training I can make hay of his pretensions. Any man of average
education, reading and travel could have done the same.

Suppose somebody were to write a little popular manual on chemistry
with the object of showing that there is no God, and were to say of the
Atom that it had existed from all eternity, because it had no lesser
parts, but was eternally simple and indivisible. The man of ordinary
education would at once reply: “Have you never heard of the Electron?”
He would be justified in putting it much more strongly, and in saying,
“Is it conceivable that you are so hopelessly out of date that you have
never heard of the Electron and of the modern theory of the Atom?”

This does not mean that the person asking this most legitimate and
astonished question would be posing as an expert in chemistry; it would
simply mean that in ordinary conversation with his fellows he was
abreast of his time. Any of us whatsoever, even if he read no more than
newspaper articles, would have a right to say, “My good fellow, you are
out of court with your absurd old-fashioned simple Atom.”

Now suppose the person whom he had thus most justly criticised were to
lose his temper and say, “You are making up all this about electrons
out of your own head! You do not quote a single modern authority by
name in favour of this new-fangled theory of yours about electrons! The
reason you do not quote any name or authority is that you can’t! There
are no such names!” Would he not have delivered himself into the hands
of his opponent?

That is precisely what Mr. Wells has done. He has shown himself utterly
ignorant of all modern work in his own department, and he must not cry
out too loud at the consequences of his rashness.

Why on earth Mr. Wells challenged me to give names opposed to the old
Darwinian position I cannot conceive. It was a tactical blunder, so
enormous that I can make nothing of it, save on the supposition that
he, being a sincere man, does honestly believe no modern destructive
criticism of Natural Selection--let alone of Transformism--to be in
existence.

So much for my pose of great learning. I pose to about as much learning
in the matter as anyone among thousands of my own sort who by current
reading keep abreast of the mere elements of modern thought.

Now let us turn to the main point.

So there has been no destructive criticism of the old Darwinian
hypothesis? So there are no names to be quoted against the particular
distinctively Darwinian invention of Natural Selection? Indeed!

Let us see.

There is a certain Professor Bateson, who has left on record the
following judgment:--

    “We” (biologists in general) “have come to the conviction that the
    principle of Natural Selection cannot have been the chief factor in
    determining species....”

And who is this Professor Bateson, Mr. Wells will ask (perhaps with
some contempt)?

Well, he was the President of the British Association when it met in
Melbourne in 1914, and the sentence I have just quoted dates from that
year.

Now let us turn to something totally different. I give it, not in
German, which I cannot read, but in what I believe to be an adequate
translation:--

    “Natural Selection never explains at all the specifications of the
    animal and vegetable forms that are actually found....”

And who is the unknown fellow I have got hold of here? Driesch: and
his conclusion is much older than that which we have from Professor
Bateson. Here, again, from the same insignificant little fellow, we
have this--thirty whole years ago:--

    “For men of clear intellect Darwinism has long been dead....”

“Oh!” I can hear Mr. Wells saying, “but who is this Driesch?” Well, he
stands among the greatest of the German biologists to all educated
men. But Mr. Wells has never heard of him.

There is yet another German who put it more strongly still, for he
actually gave a title to his book which is, being interpreted, _The
Death-bed of Darwinism_. And who was he? He was only a person called
Dennert.

Here Mr. Wells will, I am sure, protest and say, “Oh, this Dennert you
tell me about is surely extreme.” I am rather inclined to agree. But
that is not the point. He wanted modern authorities, and I am giving
him a few. Mr. Wells had never heard of Dennert.

Let us turn to Dwight:--

    “We have now the remarkable spectacle that just when many
    scientific men are all agreed that there is _no part_ (my italics)
    of the Darwinian system that is of any great influence, and that
    as a whole the theory is not only unproved, but impossible, the
    ignorant, half-educated masses have acquired the idea that it is to
    be accepted as a fundamental fact....”

Who is this fellow Dwight? cries Mr. Wells. Whoever heard of him? I do
not know whether Mr. Wells has ever heard of him, but he wrote in the
year 1918. And he happened to hold the position of Professor of Anatomy
at Harvard University.

At it again! In the year 1919 there was published by a certain
Professor Morgan (who, very rightly, is a great admirer of Darwin as
the founder of popular modern interest in evolution):--

    “Selection does _not_ (my italics) bring about transgressive
    variation in a general population.”

Indeed, Professor Morgan’s whole book, and one might say his whole
work, is a moderate but sufficient destruction of the old orthodox
Darwinian stuff. Mr. Wells is now becoming restive. “Who’s this chap
Morgan? I haven’t heard of him. He’s a nobody?” Well, I am no student.
I am only a general reader--but I should imagine that Professor Morgan
was somebody, for he is the Professor of Experimental Zoology in the
University of Columbia.

Shall I go on among these authorities whom Mr. Wells assures us don’t
exist? We have Le Dantec, with his whole crushing book of 1909. Le
Dantec is only a Frenchman, it is true, but, after all, he was at the
time the newly-appointed Professor of General Biology at the University
of Paris giving his lectures at the Sorbonne.

I might go right back to Nägeli, of whom certainly Mr. Wells has heard,
for his work dates from some years before 1893--the date when Mr. Wells
seems to have stopped making notes in class. But perhaps Mr. Wells
would like the actual words of that authority--which again I quote
(from a translation, because I cannot read German):--

    “Animals and plants would have developed much as they did even had
    no struggle for existence taken place....”

Would Mr. Wells like to hear Korchinsky? It will be news for him:--

    “Selection is in no way favourable to the origin of new forms.”

And again, from the same authority:--

    “The struggle for existence, and the selection that goes with it,
    restricts the appearance of new forms, and is in no way favourable
    to the production of these forms. It is an inimical factor in
    evolution.”

Korchinsky may sound in Mr. Wells’s ears an outlandish name, but I do
assure him the authority is not to be denied.

Or would he like Cope, as long ago as 1894? He at least, I believe (I
am only quoting from the books of others), was pretty definite upon the
impossibility of the rudimentary forms having survival values. Or,
shall we have Delage--yet another Continental name, and a Professor in
these subjects?--

    “On the question of knowing whether Natural Selection can engender
    new specific forms, it seems clear to-day that it cannot.”

That is straightforward; that is not of yesterday; that is as old as
1903.

Do let me fire one more shot at Mr. Wells--it is such fun!

I take hotch-potch from a page printed a whole nineteen years ago, this
further set of names out of a much larger number there given:--

    “Von Baer, Hartmann, Packard, Jeckel, Haberlandt, Goette, von
    Sachs, Kassowitz, Eimer.”

I quote not my own list (for I am quite incompetent here), but the
words of a first-class authority who draws up this list, including many
other names, and ends:--

    “Perhaps these names mean little to the general reader” (Mr.
    Wells being here the general reader). “Let me translate them
    into the Professors of Zoology, of Botany, of Paleontology, and
    of Pathology, in the Universities of Berlin, Paris, Vienna,
    Strasbourg, Tubingen, Amsterdam, etc. etc.”

“And who writes thus?” Asks Mr. Wells (getting a little nervous)--why,
only one of the principal and most serious critics in Biology of
nineteen years ago, and with a chair in Stanford University.

I should have no difficulty in adding to the list. I have quoted here
more or less haphazard and hastily from my very general and superficial
reading. But surely when a man tells you that you have no authorities
behind you, and that you are making things up out of your own head,
even such a list as this must sound pretty startling to him. Mr. Wells
had no idea of its existence. If he had he would not have questioned it.

I have no quarrel with ignorance of this kind, as such. There is no
particular reason why any general writer, myself or Mr. Wells, or
Jones or Brown or Robinson, should have even this amount of knowledge
on a special department of modern science. But then, if he hasn’t, he
shouldn’t write about it; still less should he say that the authorities
alluded to don’t exist--that their names cannot be quoted, because
there are none, and that the arguments advanced by me were made up by
an ignorant man who had no expert work from which to quote.

Now that last sentence leads me to yet another thrust of the battering
ram which I am bringing against poor Mr. Wells. He says that the
arguments I have advanced against Natural Selection are of my own
imagining.

So the arguments I have put forward (only a few main arguments out
of many) were made up out of my own head, and have no support from
authority? I have no acquaintance with the names or general conclusions
of any experts in these affairs? It would be, indeed, astonishing if I
had acted thus, seeing that nothing was easier than for me to write to
any friend engaged in biological study and get the amplest information.
I did not do so, because there was no necessity to do so. That liberal
education--which Mr. Wells derides--was sufficient.

Really, Mr. Wells here flatters me too much! He does not know that the
arguments were not mine but the main arguments which have been set
forward by a host of competent authorities, and which have proved so
damaging that even the remaining defenders of Darwinism have had to
modify their position.

Thus my first argument is the well-known one of accident being quite
unable to explain the co-ordination of variations necessary to
adaptation.

The point is this, that not only one accidental advantageous variation
which might give an animal a better chance of survival has to be
considered, but the general adaptation of _all_ the organism to new
conditions; not only that, but the marvellous adaptation of thousands
upon thousands of special relations within complex organisms such as
are the higher animals. Left to chance, such co-ordination would be
impossible. The chance of a vast number of favourable variations all
arriving together _by accident_ approximates to zero. It is a mere
matter of arithmetic.

That argument in Mr. Wells’s judgment is “burlesque,” “beautifully
absurd,” and so forth. But the judgment is not passed on him by me (who
make no pretence to anything but the most general reading on these
affairs). It is passed by such an authority, for instance, as Wolff. It
is clear that Mr. Wells has never heard of Wolff; yet it is, I believe,
now nearly eighteen years since Wolff brought out this argument,
and for all I know many another clear-headed man had preceded him;
certainly a great many have followed.

I do not pretend to have read Wolff; I have not. But I have read the
significant quotations from him, and even if I had not done so I
should, as a man of general education, have known at least what his
position was. Shall I quote a single (translated) sentence? (Mr. Wells
with his wide command of languages may look it up in the original,
called, I believe, _Beitrage zur Kritik der Darwinischen Lehre_):--

    “One could possibly imagine a gradual development of the adaptation
    between one muscle-cell and one nerve-ending, through selection
    among an infinity of chance-made variations; but that such shall
    take place coincidently in time and character in hundreds or
    thousands of cases in one organism is inconceivable.”

My second argument is equally a commonplace with educated men, and in
saying that I am the author of it Mr. Wells is again flattering me a
great deal too much, and again betraying his own astonishing lack of
acquaintance with the subject he professes to teach.

I pointed out, as hundreds have pointed out before me, that Darwinism
obviously breaks down from the fact that it demands each step in
evolution to be an advance in survival value over the last. There again
it is a plain matter of arithmetic that the chance of this happening
accidentally is impossible. Mr. Wells is so confused in mind that he
quotes as a bad example what I said about the reptile and the bird.
He seems to think that the argument is upset by the fact that there
are intermediate forms and that in these intermediate forms the fore
legs lose their function before they become wings. If one could prove
such a transformation--which one cannot, it is mere hypothesis--it
would have nothing to do with Natural Selection; it would be simply an
example of transformism. What I say (and what is obviously true in a
myriad instances) is that between the foot of the land animal and the
flapper of the whale, between the powerfully defensive and aggressive
great ape and the weak, more intelligent man, there must be stages (if
the transition ever took place) where the organism was at a positive
disadvantage, and that consideration blows Darwinian Natural Selection
to pieces.

When Korchinsky calls selection through the struggle for existence a
factor inimical to evolution, he is saying exactly that; and, I repeat,
hosts of men great and small, of high authority like these Professors
or of no authority like myself, have been repeating that obvious bit of
common sense for something like a lifetime, though it would seem that
for some extraordinary reason Mr. Wells has never heard of it.

He makes the same sort of mistake about my third argument, which
was that rare variations would, under the action of pure chance,
necessarily be soon reabsorbed in the mass, and disappear. He thinks I
invented this argument in 1926.

Great Heavens! It is perhaps the most widely known of all Nägeli’s
famous seven objections to Natural Selection which were formulated
before Mr. Wells left off reading on these subjects. He ought to have
been acquainted with them even in the elementary class work of his
youth, however little he might later read of more modern work.

Has Mr. Wells never heard that this was the very argument which
compelled the first serious modification of the Darwinian theory,
and began its breakdown? I suppose not--Any more than he has heard
that what he foolishly calls “_my_” first argument seriously
shook Weissmann’s position--that most formidable of the Darwinian
remnant--and that as long ago as 1896 Weissmann did, if I am not
mistaken, in the preface to his book virtually admit that it could not
be got over.

And so on. I could write a whole book upon that rather dreary and
negative subject, the abysmal lack of acquaintance Mr. Wells shows
with the thought of his time. I could expose him here in the matter of
Couenot, or of Vialleton’s book, as I exposed him in the _Manchester
Guardian_, or print in detail quotations from Carazzi, which I leave
for another occasion.

But I think I have said enough to expose Mr. Wells’s pretence of
reading in modern biology.

The bubble is pricked and has burst.




III

MR. WELLS’S IGNORANCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH


The Third mark of Mr. Wells’s outburst against me I have called his
amazing ignorance upon the Catholic Church. That ignorance is, of
course, still more apparent in his book. But I am concerned here only
with the way in which it appears in his pamphlet. He inherits the old
prejudice--flourishing strongly in the best No-Popery days--that for
some unexplained reason a Catholic is opposed to that most interesting
intellectual activity, the pursuit of physical knowledge. He envisages
the Catholic Church as teaching an inchoate heap of unconnected
doctrines, each of them highly concrete, each of them flagrantly
impossible, and the chief of them an historical statement that in a
particular place and at a particular time, to wit, in the neighbourhood
of Baghdad 5930 years ago, there took place the Fall of Man. He has no
conception that we object to a book like his and to methods such as he
uses because we use the human reason, and are all brought up to know
that the human reason is absolute in its own sphere.

Exactly the same habit of clear thinking which makes us know the
limitations of reason and makes us accept a mystery, gives us our
admiration for that divine gift of reason in man and our contempt for
people who, like Mr. Wells, have never been trained to use it, and
flounder the moment they try to think hard.

For instance, nowhere is Mr. Wells’s intellectual weakness more
apparent than in his inability to understand what is meant by a _fixed
type_, or general form. He meets it with the dear old fallacy which
has been known for more than two thousand years under the name of
Sorites--I may inform Mr. Wells that this is not the name of a disease
of the body but of the intelligence. It consists in always asking,
“where do you draw the line?” and on that pretence trying to avoid
definition.

A fixed type does not mean that there is no difference between one
individual or another, nor exact identity of form between one time and
another. It means that there is a general idea which can be recognised
and on which one can predicate: as, that cats mew and dogs bark, that
ducks swim and hens don’t.

Mr. Wells has innumerable readers, and among them let me suppose a
reader who has stolen a horse. He is asked in Court what he has to
say in his own defence. Taught by Mr. Wells, I suppose he would say:
“M’lud, my defence is that there is no such thing as a horse. You
cannot draw the line between Eohippus, Hippus Alogos vel Hodiernus,
and that glorious thing with wings and a halo which the horse will no
doubt become here on earth if we give it time.” I am afraid he would
not be allowed to get on very far with his defence. The judge and jury
would still ignorantly go on believing that there _was_ such a thing as
a horse, an animal which behaved in a certain way and is very easy to
recognise, and the humble pupil of Mr. Wells would go to gaol.

So also there is such a thing as man, though Mr. Wells seems to
doubt it. Man has a particular nature, and that nature is subject to
questions which it is of enormous importance to him to decide. His
individuality, his soul, is, for instance, either immortal or mortal.
It is of first-rate importance to decide on that--infinitely more
important than it is to decide on exactly how and by what stages his
body came to be; just as it is infinitely more important for a man
to decide between right and wrong action in manhood than to make a
selection of his photographs as a baby.

We Catholics are interested in this Animal Man, because we think
(making clear use of our reason) that it is more important for man
to know what happens to man and what man really is than for man to
know any other subject. We believe that he has been created by an
omnipotent God, to whom he is responsible for good or evil action
committed by his own free will--for in man’s free will we also believe;
we believe his soul to be immortal, and to be tested for eternal
beatitude or eternal loss thereof.

Anyone is free to say “These doctrines are particular, you admit
yourself that you hold them on Faith and not on positive evidence. I
for my part do not accept them.” There is no lack of reason in making
that negative statement.

But a mind that can imagine that there is no such thing as man and
indeed no such thing as a thing; a mind (to put it in the old language)
which is nominalist in that degree, is in great peril of ceasing to be
a mind at all.

The particular point on which Mr. Wells comes his worst cropper in
connection with the Catholic Church is a blunder to which he devotes a
whole chapter of his pamphlet, and over ten pages of print furiously
reviling me.

He has got hold of the idea that the discovery of Neanderthal skulls
and skeletons destroys Catholic theology. He imagines that we wake up
in the middle of the night in an agony of imperilled faith because a
long time ago there was a being which was as human as we are apparently
in his brain capacity, in his power to make instruments, to light
fires, and in his reverent burial of the dead, but who probably,
perhaps certainly, bent a little at the knee, carried his head forward,
was sloping in the chin. He thinks that unless a private individual
like myself, with hardly any more reading on anthropology than Mr.
Wells himself, can give a definite theological definition on whether
the owners of these skeletons were true men or not, all the theological
statements about man as we know him are worthless.

I can understand many a blunder about the Catholic position on the part
of people living in a world where they do not meet Catholics and who
know next to nothing of the past of Europe or of the way in which our
civilisation is a product of the Catholic Faith. I often come across
even well-educated men who have surprisingly little knowledge of the
Church; but what I cannot understand is that a man thus ignorant should
also be ignorant of the ordinary rules of thought.

A man’s Faith may possibly be shaken by some philosophical
argument--though my own experience is that when it is shaken, still
more when it is lost, the cause at work is not intellectual but always
moral--the Faith is lost through wrong doing. But that the Faith could
conceivably be lost through not being able to define at what exact
moment true man appeared, is to me quite inconceivable. I confess I
cannot understand the mental processes of a writer who puts a test of
that kind.

We are arguing as to whether Wordsworth is a good poet or no. One man
says he is, quoting from his best; another man says he isn’t, quoting
from his worst. There barges in a third party who says cheerfully, “The
whole discussion is futile. There was no such person as Wordsworth as a
writer at all. And to prove that, here is a record of what he was like
and what he did at the age of six, and another when he was inarticulate
upon his death-bed. Where do you draw the line?”

We are discussing whether an individual is responsible for a particular
action; for instance, writing a confused book. One man says, “It was
not his fault; it was due to bad training.” The other says, “It was his
fault, for any rational being ought to write more clearly than that.” A
third party barges in, and says, “The whole discussion is futile, for
there was no such writer. I can prove it by a photograph of him as a
baby, in which it is quite clear that he couldn’t write books at all.”

But Mr. Wells’s manifold lack of acquaintance with his most serious
opponent is seen in plenty of other lights.

For instance, there is his idea that scale destroys the Faith. “Only
let me convince you,” he pathetically urges, “that the material
universe existed long before man, and that the scheme of redemption
only applies to the comparatively brief human period in geology. Only
let me convince you, and you will see how foolish all this Christian
talk is.” But we have all of us known all about that, not only since
first the Church began, but since first man began to trouble himself
about divine things at all. Is not the sky at night sufficient evidence
of scale? Is not the brevity of human life? Is not the magnitude of the
world upon which we live--of even a part of which no man could have
comprehensive knowledge in a thousand years?

There is I think in all of this an honest desire upon Mr. Wells’s
part--I may say a burning missionary zeal--to convert us to Atheism,
something on the same level as that of those from whom he derives.
They were convinced, you will remember, not so long ago, that to
turn the inhabitants of Wugga-Mugga into honest folk like themselves
attending chapel, meeting at tea-fights, and even keeping one or two
servants, all that was wanted was a translation of the Old Testament in
Wugga-Mugganese--which translation they then did order in prodigious
quantities and export to Wugga-Mugga by the ton, to the huge profit of
a great number of salaried officials in the W.M. Bible Society, and to
honest rum-drinking sea captains as well; but to no appreciable effect
upon Wugga-Muggaland, its monarch, aristocracy and common folk.

So I fear it will be with this effort at conversion of the Catholic
to Atheism by an exceedingly insufficient rehash of text-books thirty
years old. Mr. Wells sometimes pleads that all this doesn’t matter,
because the Catholic Church no longer counts. Well, that plea itself is
a very good example of ignorance. If he had a general acquaintance with
Europe he would know, not only that the Catholic Church counts, but
that it is beginning to count more and more. That is no proof of its
right to the claim it advances of a divine authority; but it is proof
that there is a great social phenomenon present to the eye of every
educated and travelled man to-day--the resurrection of the Catholic
Nations, the new attitude of the academic youth on the Continent, and
particularly in Paris; the new wave in literature; the breakdown of
the nineteenth-century materialism in philosophy--which is not present
in the experience of Mr. Wells.

He tells us rather pathetically that he must know all about the
Catholic Church, because he now winters on the Riviera. I answer that
the experience is insufficient. If every rich Englishman who wintered
on the Riviera acquired thereby a general grasp on the modern spirit
of Europe, we should have among them a public to be envied; but from
what I have seen of those who thus escape the English winter, the
Monte Carlo Express and the Cosmopolitan hotels do not make for common
culture, let alone for an understanding of divine things.

I have no space to enlarge on the point. Mr. Wells knows as much about
the Catholic Church as he does of the classical spirit, of great verse,
of the architecture inherited from the ancients, or indeed of any
other noble tradition. Yet it should be a commonplace with anyone who
attempts to write upon European history that some general knowledge of
what the Faith may be is a first essential in his affair.

That knowledge is rare and fragmentary in many considerable
anti-Catholic historians; in Mr. Wells it is absent.




IV

MY ERRORS


I owe it to Mr. Wells that any error or misstatement I may have
committed in the great bulk of work which I did showing up the paucity
of his knowledge and the confusion of his mind, should be corrected.

I now, therefore, deal with the specific, particular points, in which
he says that I have misrepresented him or misunderstood him; and these
I will take in their order, as they appear in his somewhat hysterical
protest.

Of these alleged misstatements Mr. Wells manages to scrape up exactly
six, out of I know not how many in the detailed and destructive
criticism which I directed against his work.

But even six alleged misstatements (out of perhaps some hundreds of
critical remarks) should in justice be dealt with, and I will deal with
them here.

I will take his complaints in their order as they appear in his angry
little pamphlet.

(1) I recommend him occasionally to a translation of foreign work,
though he is, as a fact, better equipped than I am in the reading of
Italian, Spanish, German, and Portuguese; while French comes to him
much the same as his native tongue.

I accept his statement unreservedly, and beg leave to tell him that in
German, Italian, Spanish, and even Portuguese, I am no use at all; and
that I am altogether his inferior in French. For I have perpetually
to consult better scholars than myself on the meaning of French words
which I come across; I write the language painfully, and, on the few
occasions when I have to speak it in public, I spend a vast amount of
effort and am a burden to my friends before I can get my paper ready
for delivery.

But it is only fair to myself to give him the reasons for my deplorable
blunder. I honestly took it for granted that he was ignorant of
Continental languages. I had no idea of his quite remarkable linguistic
achievements, which are excelled only by two men out of my wide circle
of acquaintance. And the reason that I fell into this error was that
his _Outline of History_ betrayed no acquaintance with general European
culture. My own acquaintance with that culture is no more than the
general familiarity with it possessed by all men of average education,
and average experience in travel, and average meeting with their
fellows. Why Mr. Wells should have concealed far greater advantages
I do not know; but, at any rate, he has certainly done so most
successfully. No one reading his _Outline of History_ could imagine for
a moment that he had an urbane and comprehensive view of Christendom
based on the reading of French, German, Italian, Spanish--and
Portuguese.

However, I was wrong, and I duly apologise.

(2) He accuses me of having put into his mouth the words “climbing up
the family tree,” as applied to the embryo; which words, as a fact,
he never used. Here, again, I am to blame--not, indeed, for having
said that Mr. Wells used words which he never used, but for not
having written with that clarity which the occasion demanded. I had
no intention of saying that Mr. Wells had used this particular phrase
himself. I quoted it between inverted commas, not because I ascribed it
to himself, but because it was a sort of current slang phrase familiar
enough when Mr. Wells and I were young and were both being taught the
nonsense which he still so loyally defends.

The idea was that the embryo reproduced in various stages of its
development the various stages of its ancestry in the evolutionary
process. The proper scientific term for this conception or theory
is “Recapitulation.” To this theory of Recapitulation Mr. Wells
amply commits himself in his book. He brings it out specifically in
connection with man. How his allusions to Recapitulation look in
the light of modern scientific work we shall see in a moment. The
particular point here is that he did not use the particular phrase
“climbing up the family tree.” He did not, and I never intended to say
that he did. I readily apologise for any misconception that may have
arisen on that head. But I confess I cannot for the life of me see how
the matter can be of the least importance!

Supposing Mr. Wells were to write a criticism of my book, _Europe and
the Faith_, and were to say, “Mr. Belloc is for ever referring the main
institutions of Europe to the Roman Empire,” and then were to add, out
of his wide acquaintance with French literature, that fine expression
from Verlaine, “O Rome! O Mère!”

I don’t think I should rush into print and protest that I had been
abominably maligned. I should say that I was not the author of the
expression (if anybody bothered to ask me), but that it put my opinion
more tersely than I could have put it myself.

However, if Mr. Wells cannot bear the misunderstanding, he will be
relieved to know that in my book I have got rid of it by the simple
process of adding the words “as it was called in Mr. Wells’s youth and
mine” before the offending phrase (and a very good epigrammatic one it
is) “climbing up the family tree.”

(3) Mr. Wells complains that I accuse him of not having read Vialleton,
and brings forward, in triumphant proof of my own ignorance of that
great scientist, the fact that I passed an error in proof, allowing
“V_ai_lleton” to stand for “V_ia_lleton.”

Here it is I that must defend myself.

I bought Vialleton’s great book (which is a destructive criticism of
Darwinism of a 17-inch calibre) the week in which it came out, and have
consulted it ever since. If Mr. Wells is reduced for ammunition to the
picking out of one misprint in some hundred thousand words of matter,
he must be in a terrible way.

But on the attached point, that I accuse him of never having read
Vialleton, and that (as Mr. Wells himself roundly affirms) Vialleton
does not knock Recapitulation sideways, I can only repeat that I have
made no error at all; but that, on the contrary, it is clear Mr. Wells
has never read the book, and probably never heard of it until he saw
the name quoted in my criticism. Had he really read Vialleton he could
not have had the face to pretend that this great authority did not
oppose the old-fashioned views Mr. Wells was putting forward.

Mr. Wells is foolish enough--and ignorant enough--to say that this
leading European authority, one of the greatest living authorities on
his subject, “_may_ have seen fit in _one_ of his works” (my italics)
to set right some “French student” (why French?) who had imagined that
the embryo reproduced in detail all its ancestral life.

I might as well say that Darwin “may” in some one of his works have
seen fit to set right some English student who imagined all animals to
have been created out of mud in a week.

Why! the whole of that great book is nothing but one continuous
bombardment of everything--let alone Recapitulation--which Mr. Wells
was taught in his youth.

He will hear all about it in my book, and I am sure that he will wish,
when he reads what modern science really says, that he had never talked
about things of which he knows so little.

(4) He complains that I have abused him for stating as dogma (with
large diagrams) Croll’s astronomical theory of glaciation as
propounded--thirty-three years ago!--by Sir Robert Ball. But I did
right to expose anything so monstrous. Not that astronomical factors
may not, or rather must not, have been at work; but that the particular
theory which he puts forward for his innocent readers as admitted
scientific fact, has been dead and done for since 1894. Surely one has
a right in 1926 to point out that the popular teacher laying down in
that year as fact an hypothesis which was exploded over thirty years
ago should be exposed.

(5) He says that I have attacked him for not accepting the theory that
times of high glaciation were also times of high sea-level, and vice
versa. He says that he has followed in this authorities later than the
authorities of twenty years ago which I quoted.

He is perfectly right. I owe him an apology for this, and when my
book comes out the passage shall be wholly modified in consonance with
recent work. I over-emphasised the certitude of Boule and others;
I admit that the point is in doubt and ought not to be treated as
certain. Mr. Wells was obviously wrong in treating it as certain
upon his side, for the whole debate still remains doubtful (as, for
instance, in the latest work of all, Professor Coleman), but that does
not excuse me for having been too positive on my own side.

(6) The last accusation Mr. Wells brings against me is that I
misrepresent him in similar fashion upon two points, the Neanderthal
quality of the Tasmanians (now extinct) and the use of the bow by
Paleolithic Man.

As both these accusations turn on the same point (to wit, whether I was
justified in reading confused writing as I did), they are essentially
one accusation, and I will treat them as such.

In the matter of the bow being used by late Paleolithic Man the
position is this.

Mr. Wells gives a long description of later Paleolithic Man (pages
51–56). In the course of this description he tells us (on page 54)
that later Paleolithic Man disappeared and that a new culture took his
place, possessing (what Paleolithic Man had not) domesticated animals,
a knowledge of husbandry, bows and arrows, and the rest of it.

This, of course, is the orthodox doctrine of the famous Gap between
Paleolithic Man and Neolithic Man on which our generation were all
brought up. It is true that there are now guesses at the discovery of a
link between them; still the gap is very marked.

He ends up with a summary of the whole affair on page 55, carried over
to page 56, where the section ends.

Now, _in the middle_ of this description of later Paleolithic Man (who,
remember, had no bows and arrows), he has a set of paragraphs (on page
53) describing the well-known fact that these men executed drawings
on rock surfaces. On the same page is given a specimen of these
drawings, and above it, by way of title, the caption, “Mural Painting
by Paleolithic Man.” This mural painting is nothing else but bows and
arrows! It is a picture of four men hunting with large bows, three of
them actually shooting arrows, and the unfortunate animals stuck full
of arrows so that there may be no doubt.

Yet in the course of this very same description he says that it is
“doubtful if they knew of the bow!” And that phrase comes on page 55,
two whole pages _after_ the description of Mural drawings and pictures
of bows and arrows.

The division about later Paleolithic Man--who, he has told us, was
supplanted by Neolithic Man--comes to an end and a new division begins.

In this new division Mr. Wells suddenly starts to describe a type of
Paleolithic Man upon whom the guess has been made that he came at the
very end of the process and had a more advanced culture, including bows
and arrows.

What is any man to make of such a confusion?

First, Paleolithic Man as an artist, illustrated by a picture of him
shooting away like the devil. _Then_, the casual remark that he was too
degraded to shoot at all. _Then_ the end of Paleolithic Man and his
replacement by Neolithic Man. _Then_ Paleolithic Man reappearing, pages
after, with bows and arrows all complete?

It looks uncommonly as though Mr. Wells had written his first section,
putting an end to Paleolithic Man and introducing Neolithic Man, before
he had been told of the supposed later Paleolithic men who had bows and
arrows: that he put in these latest Paleolithic men as an afterthought.

But that is only an inference from reading his confused order, and if
he tells me that what he had _meant_ to say was that there were two
kinds of late Paleolithic men, one of whom had bows and arrows and
the others had not, of course I accept what he says. Only, he should
have written it plainly, and he should not have illustrated the part
describing the men who had no bow and arrows with a large picture in
which bows and arrows are the main thing.

The other case of the Tasmanian is a similar example of confused
writing. Let the reader judge.

We have on page 43 and what follows a description of Neanderthal Man.

It is, as is usual with Mr. Wells, a mass of vague guess work, on
very little evidence, put forward as certain facts. We have also the
judgment of the author that those who regard Neanderthal Man as no
ancestor of ours, but a side-line of development, have his approval;
though he admits that the other view is held. This on page 49.

Then Mr. Wells steps sideways again. “No doubt” our own breed, “which
includes the Tasmanians, was a very similar and parallel creature.”
There is, of course, no ground for that “no doubt,” but that is by the
way. He next goes on to say that some imaginary ancestor of ours and
of the Tasmanians (whom he generously admits to be men), is not so
far from us as to have allowed contemporary types to have eliminated,
not indeed Neanderthal but the Neanderthaloid types. Then, on page
52, there is a smart return to the original position that Neanderthal
Man was not an early type of our own breed, and that true men did not
intermix with him.

Mr. Wells may protest against my calling all this sort of thing a
rigmarole, but I think that is the right word for it. It is certainly
not history, and, above all, it is not clear.

The confused impression left upon the reader’s mind by the confused
writing is that Neanderthal Man was not true man, and yet that true
man must have passed through a Neanderthal stage, having been both
Neanderthal and not Neanderthal: as it were, so to speak, and somehow.

However, a critic’s misreading, though caused by the confusion of the
author’s style and the lack of orderly arrangement in his mind, is none
the less a misreading, and Mr. Wells may rest assured that when my book
appears it shall be corrected. My perplexed guess at what Mr. Wells
really meant shall be replaced by his own statement of what he meant,
and I will, in these two cases of the Bow and the Tasmanian, emphasise
the muddlement of his method while apologising for the error into which
it led me as to his intention.

With this I conclude my review of Mr. Wells’s specific grievances of
misstatement.

They are, as I have pointed out, only six in number. Out of a prolonged
examination--covering nearly a hundred thousand words--he could find no
others.

Of these six, only one (the fifth, that on the connection of sea level
with glaciation) is a definite error of over-emphasis upon my part.

The first, my ignorance of his remarkable proficiency in modern
language (including Portuguese), is more than natural, because he had
made no use of such knowledge: nevertheless, I shall correct it in my
book.

The second is wholly insignificant, and turns merely upon Mr. Wells’s
misunderstanding of my use of inverted commas in a particular case.

In the third, about Vialleton, he is simply wrong, and, what is worse,
pretends acquaintance with a book of which he clearly knows nothing.

So is he wrong about the fourth. Mr. Wells’s definite affirmation for
popular consumption of a theory exploded more than thirty years ago was
disgraceful.

On the sixth point, misreading due to Mr. Wells’s own confused order, I
have promised him the small necessary redress, which he will receive.

Now, let me ask my reader, in conclusion, is it not remarkable that a
man setting out to inform a large audience that God, and our Lord’s
Divinity, and our own immortal destiny are all nonsense, doing so by a
pretended “science” and favouring me as an insufficient critic of his
book, can only find in some scores of my exposures of him six points,
half of which tell heavily against himself, while two of the remainder
are due to his own confusion and only one--my over-emphasis on glacial
sea level--has any substance in it?




V

MR. WELLS SHIRKS


The most violent _positive_ part of Mr. Wells’s attack upon me is, as
I have said, his challenge upon the matter of Natural Selection, his
jeer that my arguments are wholly my own, ridiculous and unsupported;
and his amazing assertion, which he makes, quite naïvely and sincerely,
that there has been nobody in modern criticism opposing the Darwinian
theory. I think I have sufficiently exposed Mr. Wells in these
particulars.

But quite as important as this huge positive error on his part is the
_negative_ factor in his pamphlet which I here emphasise for the reader.

In my articles, which are about to appear in book form, I took his
_Outline of History_ section by section, examined, turned over,
analysed, and exposed failure after failure in historical judgment and
information.

One challenge after another--I know not how many in all, but certainly
dozens on dozens--was put down by me clearly and, I hope, methodically
throughout a series of articles originally twenty-eight in number, and
of such volume that they still will form when rearranged a book not
less than 70,000 or 80,000 words.

Of all this great mass of destructive criticism which leaves his
_Outline_ limp and deflated, Mr. Wells knows nothing. He leaves it
unanswered, and he leaves it unanswered because he cannot answer it.
All he can do is to fill a pamphlet with loud personal abuse.

I do not think it difficult to discover his motive or the calculation
upon which he worked. He said to himself: “I have a vast reading public
which will buy pretty well anything I write, and very few of whom have
seen or will see Belloc’s work. For to begin with he has no such huge
popular sales as mine; and on the top of that his work is only written
for his co-religionists, who are an insignificant body. Also it only
appeared in a few of _their_ Catholic papers, which nobody reads.

“Therefore, if I write a pamphlet against Belloc holding him up to
ridicule in every possible fashion, slanging him with the violence so
dear to the populace, making him out to be a grotesque fellow--and yet
shirking nine-tenths of his criticism--I am in no danger of exposure.
The pamphlet attacking Belloc will be very widely read, people will
believe anything I say in it about his articles, because they will not
have read these articles and because, in their simplicity, they think
me a great scientist.”

This calculation is partially justified.

I suppose that for ten men who may read Mr. Wells’s pamphlet against
me, there will not perhaps be more than one who will read this, my
reply.

But I would like to point out to Mr. Wells that success of this kind
is short-lived. No one can read what I have said in the second section
of this pamphlet, no one can read that list of authorities of whom Mr.
Wells has not even heard, and whom he loudly proclaimed not even to
exist, without discovering that the author of the _Outline of History_
was incompetent for his task. Very few people, I think, faced with
chapter and verse of that sort, can refrain from passing on the good
news.

If you take the history of opinion upon matters of positive fact, you
will generally discover that the discovery of the truth affects at
first but a small circle, and that a popular error may cover a whole
society. But it is the truth that wins in the long run, because the
truth is not soluble: it is hard and resistant. The number of people
who continue to believe that there has been no modern destructive
criticism of Darwinism by the greatest of modern biologists,
anthropologists, and scientific men, bearing the highest names in our
civilisation, will necessarily be progressively lessened as time goes
on. The half educated of any period are always cocksure of things which
the real science of that period has long ago abandoned; but their
situation is not a stable nor a permanent one. Sooner or later they
learn. So undoubtedly will it be with Darwinian Natural Selection.

Mr. Wells’s incompetence in that one department of his history has been
exposed. I have exposed it. But note that he was here on his own chosen
ground. He boasted special instruction in these affairs of physical
science, and particularly in biology; he contrasted his education with
my own, which had been so deplorably limited to the Humanities, and in
his attack upon me he was fighting wholly upon a position chosen by
himself.

What then would it have been had he attempted to meet the rest of my
criticism, filling up as it does much the greater part of my book?

How will he meet my objection that the man who tries to talk about
the Roman Empire, and our civilisation which is its product, without
any mention or conception of Latin literature and its effect, is
incompetent?

How would he deal with the simple and obvious but conclusive fact that
physical discovery was not the cause of religious disruption, as may
be proved by the simple fact that it came after and not before that
disruption?

How will he handle my pointing out that he knows nothing of the history
of the early Church and has no conception of what the Christian
traditions and sub-Apostolic writings were?

What will he make of my showing him to be ignorant of Catholic
philosophy and Catholic definition, and yet absurdly confident in his
attack on what he supposes them to be?

Anyone can see how he deals with my criticism of him in all these
things. He is silent. He does not rebut it, because he cannot rebut
it. If he could have done so even in the briefest and most elementary
fashion, there would have been at least a few sentences to that effect
in his pamphlet. There were none except one vague phrase on the
contemporary doctrine of the Incarnation.

In plain English Mr. Wells shirks. He shirks the great mass of my
attack. He submits in silence to the bombardment--because he has no
power to reply.

Yet surely these proved absurdities on recorded history, and not his
backwardness in biological science, are the main thing he has to meet.

It is principally through recorded human history and not through guess
work upon the unknown past, that he should rely, in order to upset the
Christian Faith of his readers.

The history of our race becomes a definable and concrete thing only
after the establishment of record, and if he fail there manifestly--as
he has failed--he fails altogether.

Mr. Wells must, I think, have heard the famous dictum of the late
Master of Balliol upon his _Outline_--a judgment which has already been
quoted by more than one critic, and which I am afraid he will hear
repeated pretty often before he has done with it. That very learned
historian remarked: “Wells’s _Outline_ was excellent until it came to
Man”; and upon the whole it is about the truest epigram that could have
been written. Save perhaps this. Mr. Wells’s _Outline_ is excellent
until he begins to deal with living things--somewhere about page ten.




VI

THE GREAT ROSY DAWN


The last factor in Mr. Wells’s pamphlet is one that we must always
expect from your Bible Christian who has lost his God. He becomes a
materialist troubled with Pantheism, and very eager to get away from
the Puritan disease of his youth--yet a vision remains. He comes
forward as the “Seventh Monarchy man,” which is, indeed, the natural
term of your Bible Christian--even after he has lost his God.

“I see knowledge,” says Mr. Wells at the end of his diatribe,
“increasing and human power increasing, I see ever-increasing
possibilities before life, and I see no limit set to it at all.
Existence impresses me as perpetual dawn. Our lives as I apprehend
them, swim in expectation.”

We have had this before over and over again, not only from the
enthusiasts of the seventeenth century, but from the enthusiasts of the
early heresies. There was a glorious time coming. Reality--that is the
Faith--is a delusion. Now that you know it to be a delusion you are
naturally down in the mouth. But cheer up, I have a consolation for
you. All will yet be well; nay, much better. All is going forward. My
donkey will soon grow wings.

I need not waste my reader’s time on that sort of thing. It is sheer
stupid enthusiasm, indulged in to fill the void left by the loss of
reason: by a man losing himself in a fog of cheap print and becoming
fantastically unaware of things as they are.

When, in that connection Mr. Wells tells me that we of the Faith are
backward people, who “because it is necessary for their comfort believe
in Heaven and Hell” (a comfortable place Hell!) I answer that he
appreciates the Faith as a man born blind might appreciate colour. When
he tells me that this Catholic sort (to which I belong) are besotted to
stand by accepted morals, beget children honestly, love one wife and
live decently, I answer him that he is becoming disgusting. When he
says that we believe in immortality “because we should be sorry to grow
old and die,” I answer that he is talking nonsense on such a scale that
it is difficult to deal with it.

When he goes on to say that we think we live on a “flat World” it
becomes worse still, and one can’t deal with it; it is no longer
nonsense, it is raving.

When he tells us that the Catholic has about him “a curious defensive
note,” I am afraid he must be thinking of the Church Congress. There
was certainly no “curious defensive note” in my demolition of his own
ignorance, vanity and lack of balance.

When he tells us that I, as a Christian, “must be puzzled not a little
by that vast parade of evolution through the immeasurable ages,” he
clearly has not the least grasp of the very simple principle that
eternity is outside time, and that relative values are not to be
obtained by mere measurement in days or inches. When he says that “my”
phantasy of a Creator....

Really, my dear Mr. Wells, I must here interrupt. Why “_my_” phantasy?
Not that he uses the word “phantasy,” but he implies that I invented
God (another enormous compliment to me). Does he not know that the
human race as a whole, or at any rate the leading part of it, including
his own immediate honourable ancestry, pay some reverence to Almighty
God, and humbly admits His creative power and Sustained Omnipotence?
But I must resume.

... that my phantasy of a Creator has worked within disproportionate
margins both of space and time; when he tells me if I reach beatitude
I shall feel like a fish out of water; when he speaks like this, I
recognise the unmistakable touch of the Bible Christian who has lost
his God.

Mr. Wells has never met anybody, I suppose, of sufficient breadth of
culture to instruct him in these things. He does not know that the
truths of the Faith cannot be visualised; he does not know that the
Faith is a philosophy; he does not know that our limitations are no
disproof of an infinite Creator.

He boasts that his education was a modern one, and taught him things
that were unknown a hundred years ago. So was mine. I also was taught
that the Earth was a globe, that geological time was prolonged, and the
rest of it, but I was also taught how to think, and I was also taught a
little--not very much--history.

For instance, I was taught enough to know that the doctrine of
immortality did not arise in the Middle Ages, as Mr. Wells thinks it
did, nor even the doctrine of eternal beatitude. But I was taught
enough to regard these great mysteries with reverence and not to talk
about them as preposterous. In other words, I was taught not to measure
the infinite things of God, nor even the great things of Christendom,
by the standards of the Yellow Press.

When Mr. Wells concludes this passage by saying, “I strut to no such
personal beatitude,” and then goes on to say, “the life to which I
belong uses me and will pass on beyond me, and I am content,” he does
two unintelligent things. First of all, he mixes up the real with
the imaginary (for whether he will attain beatitude or its opposite
has nothing whatever to do with his opinions upon the subject), and
next he falls into the very common error of confused intellects--the
personification of abstract ideas. “The life to which we belong uses
us” is a meaningless phrase. God may use us or we may use ourselves, or
some other third Will, not God’s or our own, may use us: but “the life
to which we belong” does not use us. Talking like that is harmless when
it is mere metaphor, it is asinine when it sets up to be definition.

He accuses the Christian of being anthropomorphic: it is just the other
way. It is we who are perpetually compelled to drag back inferior
minds to a confession of their own apparently ineradicable tendency
to talk in terms of their own petty experience; to imagine that the
whole world has “progressed” because they have daily hot baths and
bad cooking, while in their childhood they had only occasional hot
baths, but better cooking; that more people voting is “progressive” as
compared with people not voting at all; that a lot of rich people going
from England to the Riviera every year is “progressive” compared with
staying at home in the hideous surroundings of poor old England.

This leads Mr. Wells, as it always does all his kind, to prophecy.
We are all of us approaching what I may call The Great Rosy Dawn: a
goldmine: a terrestrial Paradise.

This sort of exaltation is the inevitable first phase of Bible-mania in
decay. But it is a very short phase. It is the shoddy remnant of the
Christian hope, and when it is gone there will return on us, not the
simple paganism of a sad world, but sheer darkness: and strange things
in the dark.




  A COMPANION
  TO MR. WELLS’S
  “OUTLINE OF HISTORY”

  BY
  HILAIRE BELLOC


  CONTENTS

  CHAPTER

     I.  INTRODUCTION

    II.  MR. WELLS AND THE CREATION OF THE WORLD

   III.  MR. WELLS AND THE FALL OF MAN

    IV.  MR. WELLS AND GOD

     V.  WHENCE CAME RELIGION TO MAN?

    VI.  WE COME TO REAL HISTORY

   VII.  MR. WELLS ON PRIESTHOOD

  VIII.  BUDDHISM AS A STICK WITH WHICH TO BEAT THE CHRISTIANS

    IX.  MR. WELLS AND THE INCARNATION

     X.  THE ORIGINS OF THE CHURCH

    XI.  ISLAM

   XII.  THE CHRISTIAN DARK AGES

  XIII.  THE MIDDLE AGES

   XIV.  THE REFORMATION

    XV.  THE FRUIT OF DISRUPTION

   XVI.  MR. WELLS’S STRANGE OBSESSION THAT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH HAS
           BEEN KILLED STONE DEAD BY MR. DARWIN

         SUMMARY




Transcriber’s Notes


Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.





*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. BELLOC STILL OBJECTS TO MR. WELLS'S "OUTLINE OF HISTORY" ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.