The Project Gutenberg eBook of 棋經 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: 棋經 Author: Ni Zhang Release date: February 1, 2005 [eBook #7407] Most recently updated: December 30, 2020 Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Ni-Yen Wu *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 棋經 *** Produced by Ni-Yen Wu 棋經 張擬 〈序〉 《傳》曰:「飽食終日,無所用心,不有博弈者乎。」桓譚《新論》曰:「世 有圍棋之戲,或言是兵法之類。上者,遠其疏,張罝以會,圍困而成,得道 妊荂C中者,則務相絕遮,要以爭便利,故勝負狐疑,須計數以定。下者,則 守邊隅、趨作罫,以自生於小地。」春秋而下,代有其人。則弈棋之道,從來 |矣。今取勝敗之要,分為十三篇,有與兵法合者,亦附于中云爾。張靖序。 〈論局篇〉第一 夫萬物之數,從一而起。局之路,三百六十有一。一者,生數之主,據其極 而運四方也。三百六十,以象周天之數。分而為四,以象四時。隅各九十路, 以象其日。外周七二路,以象其候。枯棋三百六十,白黑相半,以法陰陽。局 局u道,謂之枰。線道之間,謂之罫。局方而靜,棋圓而動。自古及今,弈者無 同局。《傳》曰:「日日新。」故宜用意深而存慮精,以求其勝負之由,則至 其所未至矣。 〈得算篇〉第二 棋者,以正合其勢,以權製其敵。故計定於內,而勢成於外。戰未合而算勝者 ,得算多也。算不勝者,得算少也。戰已合而不知勝負者,無算也。兵法曰: 「多算勝,少算不勝,而況於無算乎?由此觀之,勝負見矣。」 〈權輿篇〉第三 權輿者,弈棋布置,務守綱格。先於四隅分定勢子,然後拆二斜飛,下勢子一 央C立二可以拆三,立三可以拆四,與勢子相望可以拆五。近不必比,遠不必乖 。此皆古人之論,後學之規,舍此改作,未之或知。《詩》曰:「靡不有初 ,鮮克有終。」 〈合戰篇〉第四 博弈之道,貴乎謹嚴。高者在腹,下者在邊,中者佔角,此棋家之常然。法曰 :寧輸數子,勿失一先。有先而後,有後而先。擊左則視右,攻後則瞻前。兩 生勿斷,皆活勿連。闊不可太疏,密不可太促。與其戀子以求生,不若棄子而 取勢;與其無事而強行,不若因之而自補。彼眾我寡,先謀其生;我眾彼寡, 務張其勢。善勝者不爭,善陣者不戰,善戰者不敗,善敗者不亂。夫棋始以正 合,終以奇勝。必也,四顧其地,牢不可破,方可出人不意,掩人不備。凡 敵無事而自補者,有侵襲之意也;棄小而不就者,有圖大之心也;隨手而下者 ,無謀之人也;不思而應者,取敗之道也。《詩》云:「惴惴小心,如臨於谷 。」 〈虛實篇〉第五 夫弈棋,緒多則勢分,勢分則難救。投棋勿逼,逼則使彼實而我虛。虛則易攻 ,實則難破。臨時變通,宜勿執一。《傳》曰:「見可而進,知難而退。」 〈自知篇〉第六 夫智者見於未萌,愚者暗於成事。故知己之害而圖彼之利者,勝。知可以戰不 可以戰者,勝。識眾寡之用者,勝。以虞待不虞者,勝。以逸待勞者,勝。不 戰而屈人者,勝。《老子》曰:「自知者明。」 〈審局篇〉第七 夫弈棋布勢,務相接連。自始至終,著著求先。臨局離爭,雌雄未決,毫厘不 可以差焉。局勢已羸,專精求生。局勢已弱,銳意侵綽。沿邊而走,雖得其 生者,敗。弱而不伏者,愈屈;躁而求勝者,多敗。兩勢相違,先蹙其外; 勢孤援寡,則勿走。機危陣潰,則勿下。是故,棋有不走之走,不下之下。誤 人者多方,成功者一路而已。能審局者多勝。《易》曰:「窮則變,變則通 ,通則久。」 〈度情篇〉第八 人生而靜,其情難見;感物而動,然後可辨。推之於棋,勝敗可得而先驗。持 咻虓G者多得,輕易而貪者多喪;不爭而自保者多勝,務殺而不顧者多敗。因敗 而思者,其勢進;戰勝而驕者,其勢退。求己弊不求人之弊者,益;攻其敵而 不知敵之攻己者,損。目凝一局者,其思周;心役他事者,其慮散。行遠而 羲怞N,機淺而詐者凶。能畏敵者強,謂人莫己若者亡。意旁通者高,心執一者 卑。語默有常,使敵難量。動靜無度,招人所惡。《詩》云:「他人之心, 予時度之。」 〈斜正篇〉第九 或曰:「棋以變詐為務,劫殺為名,豈非詭道耶?」予曰:「不然。」《易》 云:「師出以律,否藏,凶。」兵本不尚詐,謀言詭行者,乃戰國縱橫之說。 棋雖小道,實與兵合。故棋之品甚繁,而弈之者不一。得品之下者,舉無思慮 ,動則變詐。或用手以影其勢,或發言以泄其機。得品之上者,則異於是。皆 沉思而遠慮,因形而用權。神游局內,意在子先。圖勝於無朕,滅行於未然。 豈假言辭喋喋,手勢翩翩者哉?《傳》曰:「正而不譎。」其是之謂歟? 〈洞微篇〉第十 凡棋有益之而損者,有損之而益者。有侵而利者,有侵而害者。有宜左投者, 有宜右投者。有先著者,有後著者。有緊避者,有慢行者。粘子勿前,棄子思 後。有始近而終遠者,有始少而終多者。欲強外先攻內,欲實東先擊西。路虛 而無眼,則先覷。無害於他棋,則做劫。饒路則宜疏,受路則勿戰。擇地而侵 ,無礙而進。此皆棋家之幽微也,不可不知也。《易》曰:「非天下之至精, 其孰能與於此!」 〈名數篇〉第十一 夫弈棋者,凡下一子,皆有定名。棋之形勢、死生、存亡,因名而可見。有沖 ,有斡,有綽,有約,有飛,有關,有劄,有粘,有頂,有尖,有覷,有門, 有打,有斷,有行,有捺,有立,有點,有聚,有蹺,有夾,有拶,有避,有 刺,有勒,有撲,有徵,有劫,有持,有殺,有松,有槃。圍棋之名,三十有 二,圍棋之人,意在可周。臨局變化,遠近縱橫,吾不得而知也。用倖取勝 ,難逃此名。《傳》曰:「必也,正名乎棋!」 〈品格篇〉第十二 夫圍棋之品有九。一曰入神,二曰坐照,三曰具體,四曰通幽,五曰用智,六 曰小巧,七曰鬥力,八曰若愚,九曰守拙。九品之外不可勝計,未能入格,今 不複云。《傳》曰:「生而知之者,上也;學而知之者,次也;困而學之,又 其次也。」 〈雜說篇〉第十三 夫棋邊不如角,角不如腹。約輕於捺,捺輕於避。夾有虛實,打有情偽。逢綽 多約,遇拶多粘。大眼可贏小眼,斜行不如正行。兩關對直則先覷,前途有礙 則勿徵。施行未成,不可先動。角盤曲四,局終乃亡。直四扳六,皆是活棋 ;花聚透點,多無生路。十字不可先紐;勢子在心,勿打角圖。弈不欲數,數 則怠,怠則不精;弈不欲疏,疏則忘,忘則多失。勝不言,敗不語。振廉讓之 楫怴A君子也;起忿怒之色者,小人也。高者無亢,卑者無怯。氣和而韻舒者 ,喜其將勝也。心動而色變者,憂其將敗也。赧莫赧於易,恥莫恥於盜。妙莫 妙於用松,昏莫昏於複劫。 凡棋直行三則改,方聚四則非。勝而路多,名曰贏局;敗而無路,名曰輸籌。 皆籌為溢,停路為[艸巾]。打籌不得過三,淘子不限其數。劫有金井、轆轤, 有無休之勢,有交遞之圖。弈棋者不可不知也。凡棋有敵手,有半先,有先兩 ,有桃花五,有北斗七。夫棋者有無之相生,遠近之相成,強弱之相形,利害 妞蛚氶A不可不察也。是以安而不泰,存而不驕。安而泰則危,存而驕則亡。 《易》曰:「君子安而不忘危,存而不忘亡。」 〈跋〉 自宋以弈顯名天下者,昔年待詔老劉宗。今日劉仲甫、楊中隱,以至王琬、 ]侁、郭範、李百祥輩。人人皆能誦此十三篇,體其常而生其變也。古人謂猶盤 中走圓,橫斜曲直,繫於臨時,不可盡知,而必可知者,是圓不能出於盤也。 棋經,盤也;弈者,圓也。士君子無所用心,則可觀焉。 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 棋經 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.