The Project Gutenberg eBook of Family names from the Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and Scotch This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Family names from the Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and Scotch Considered in relation to their etymology, with brief remarks on the history and languages of the peoples to whom we are indebted for their origin Author: Thomas G. Gentry Release date: November 13, 2025 [eBook #77230] Language: English Original publication: Philadelphia: Burk & McFetridge, 1892 Credits: Brian Coe and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was created from images of public domain material made available by the University of Toronto Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMILY NAMES FROM THE IRISH, ANGLO-SAXON, ANGLO-NORMAN AND SCOTCH *** FAMILY NAMES FROM THE IRISH, ANGLO-SAXON, ANGLO-NORMAN AND SCOTCH CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THEIR ETYMOLOGY, WITH BRIEF REMARKS ON THE HISTORY AND LANGUAGES OF THE PEOPLES TO WHOM WE ARE INDEBTED FOR THEIR ORIGIN. BY THOMAS G. GENTRY, AUTHOR OF “LIFE-HISTORIES OF BIRDS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA,” “THE HOUSE SPARROW,” “NESTS AND EGGS OF BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES,” ETC. PHILADELPHIA: BURK & McFETRIDGE. 1892. COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY THOMAS G. GENTRY PREFACE. In all ages and localities of the world names, implying some one or more characteristics of person, feature, faith, place or event, were conferred by people, especially by those of defective education and rude, unpolished manners. The nations of antiquity appear to have set the example, for the Hebrews had their “Adam,” which meant “red earth,” their “Elizabeth,” “the oath of God,” and the Greeks their “Theophilus,” “the friend of God.” Scriptural names, and those of a purely classical character, have been studied with less difficulty. Every Hebrew name has been fully discussed and examined by the best scholars, and the Greek have received the same amount of careful consideration. Not so with the Latin. While much of value and interest have been gleaned through patient study and investigation, yet there is a great deal that must forever remain doubtful and inexplicable. Ripe German philologists have given full attention to the numerous race of German appellations, the Scandinavian class having been most ably treated in a series of articles to the _Norsk Maandeskrifts_ from the pen of Prof. Munch, of Christiania. Turner, Kemble, Thierry, and others, have studied, but not comparatively, Anglo-Saxon names, and thrown considerable light upon the subject. Keltic names have presented far greater difficulties. The changes through which the name passes must be considered, and not merely the sound when translated into English. Books of travels, histories, and popular tales, are here indispensable aids to the dictionary, especially when writers have been good enough to give with anything like tolerable accuracy the genuine word rather than their Anglicised construction. While surnames and local names have often been discussed, and that very poorly in the large majority of cases, the Christian name has generally been considered too fortuitous to merit notice. Camden did indeed review the current ones of his day, giving many correct explanations, but Verstegen, who followed him up, was more speculative, and, consequently, less correct. Since his day, no English author seems to have given any reliable information to the subject. It is true that a few lists of names and meanings have appeared in magazines and popular works, but they have generally been copies of Verstegen, with puerile and incorrect additions. One paper, which was published a long time ago in Chamber’s Journal, was the only truly valuable paper on English names _en masse_ that has appeared since he wrote. But little attention has been paid to the history of names. Why one should be popular and another forgotten, why one should flourish throughout an entire country, another in one section alone, and another around some petty district, has not, it would seem, been of sufficient importance to invite examination. History has answered some of these questions, genealogy others, and the patient tracing of patron saints, their relics, and their legends, many others. In this department of investigation, philology owes a lasting debt of gratitude to Charlotte M. Yonge, a well-known English authoress, who has had the time, the patience, the ability, for so herculean a task. A careful perusal of her work, while it shows a few defects, the results of preconceived notions and false reasoning, brings to the light of knowledge much that is valuable and important. The writer’s interest in the subject began with his study of the Irish language more than two decades ago. That interest has never wavered, but has gathered strength and force with the advancing years. A desire that his fellows should know something of the etymology and meanings of names, for few people have any other idea than that names, family names especially, are the results of chance, has led to the publication of this work. In its preparation he has drawn his facts from primitive sources. Few names, and these originally Christian in character, have been taken at second hand, but in most instances even these have been modified in derivation and meaning to adapt them to his conceptions of what the genius of the languages, from which they were drawn, would require. Bourke’s _Self-Instruction in Irish_, O’Reilly’s _Irish-English Dictionary_, Foley’s _English-Irish Dictionary_, and _The Irish Echo_, a monthly paper published in Boston, and devoted to Irish history and genealogies, are the sources from which have been obtained the facts for the Irish names. March’s _Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language_, March’s _Anglo-Saxon Reader_, and Bosworth’s _Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary_ have been invaluable so far as the Anglo-Saxon are concerned, and for the Anglo-Norman and Scotch considerable information has been gleaned from the writings of Chaucer, edited by Wright, from Percy’s _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, and from scores of other sources. It is not pretended that the list of names herein given is anything like complete. Hundreds of others could have been included, but they would only have augmented the size of the book beyond the author’s intention. He has endeavored to select names presumably familiar to English-speaking people, and to give their probable derivation and significance. The keen eye of the critic may detect some faults, for a work of this kind cannot necessarily be free from errors, either of judgment or wisdom, but it is to be hoped that the value of the work, as a vehicle of truth and information, may not materially be affected by reason of them. THOMAS G. GENTRY. PHILADELPHIA, June 1, 1892. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE 3 FROM THE IRISH 7 HISTORY—THE CELTS 9 LESSONS IN IRISH 13 NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 18 FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON 51 HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES 53 LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON 57 NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 65 FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN 171 HISTORY—NORMAN CONQUEST 173 ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE 175 NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 180 FROM THE SCOTCH 189 HISTORY—THE SCOT 191 SCOTCH—AS IT NOW EXISTS 195 NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION 197 ADDENDA ET CORRIGIENDA 208 FROM THE IRISH. HISTORY—THE CELTS. Careful study and research have enabled philologists to establish a system of linguistic classification. They have given us such families as the Chinese, the Polynesian, the Scythian, the Semitic, and others; and above them all the great Indo-European Family, which comprehends ten members—three Asiatic and seven European. Seven of these ten families have long been recognized, namely: Iranian, or Ancient and Modern Persian; Indian, or Sanskrit, used in Hindostan; Hellenic—Ancient and Modern Greek; Italic, that is, the Latin and its descendants—Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provençal, Rheto-Romanic, and Wallachian; Slavonic, preëminently the Russian; Celtic, or Keltic, made up of the Cymric and the Gaelic; Teutonic, subdivided into Gothic, Scandinavian, High German, and Low German. Into the Low German the English falls. Recent scholars have added to these seven the Lithuanian, Armenian, and Albanian, making ten in all. So unlike are these languages now, that it was not suspected until this century that they were once the same speech spoken by a people dwelling together long enough to build up a respectable vocabulary and a common language. The home of this mother-tribe is involved in obscurity. Conjecture, at one time, placed it upon the high table-land of Eastern Persia. Recent surmise, principally German, locates it in Germany, in Scandinavia, in Russia just north of the Caucasus mountains. When, and in what order, the migrations took place is also conjectural. That great migrations did occur, and that each migrating horde carried along with it the parent speech, is no longer questioned. Strong authorities make it credible that the Celtic tribes were the first to abandon the old homestead and seek their fortunes in new and strange lands. Of this people, the Celts, when first they appear upon the historical horizon, some prefatory remarks are needed. They occupied the Spanish Peninsula, Gaul when conquered by Cæsar, and Britain, when visited by him in 55 and 54 B. C. In Britain, they were divided into many tribes, and were seldom known to unite in a common cause. They lived in houses hollowed out of the hills, built with low stone walls, thatched with reeds and straw, and lighted only by the door. Their dress consisted of the tunic and short trousers. Fruits, milk, flesh, and grain bruised and baked, constituted their food. They manufactured earthenware, war chariots, arrows, the sword, the spear, the battle-axe, and the shield, burned or buried their dead, tattooed their bodies, and were largely controlled by their priests. The latter—the _druids_—monopolized the learning, took to themselves supreme authority, settled all disputes, civil and criminal, and were exempt from taxation and all public duties. No determined resistance was offered by the Celts to Roman occupancy of Britain, for, under Agricola, the Romans had by 84 A. D., conquered as far north as the Firth of Forth, which they joined to the river Clyde by the wall of Antoninus. Subsequently, they built as additional protection against the Picts, the noted wall of Severus, sometimes called Hadrian’s wall, which united the Solway and the Tyne. No attempt of a thorough conquest of the island was made by the Romans, but with their headquarters at Eboracum, now York, they held it by a chain of fortified posts, whose site is now mainly indicated by towns with names terminating in _chester_, _cester_ or _caster_—modifications of the Latin _castra_, a camp. These posts the Romans connected by broad and straight military roads over which their legions could readily march. Roman aggrandizement was of primary importance. Taxes were levied on arable land, on pasture land, and on fruits, and duties were exacted at the ports. Agriculture was fostered, and large quantities of grain exported to Rome. But the imperial city whose empire was so wide, and whose armies were mostly composed of conscripts from subjugated people, and led by generals of their own blood, was threatened by invading hordes, and was compelled to withdraw her legions for home defense. By 420 the soldiers had all been withdrawn, and the Celts were themselves once more. But their freedom and rejoicing were of short continuance. A more formidable invasion than that of the Roman followed, and by the middle of the fifth century they were the slaves of the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Upon the withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain, the unsubdued Picts and Scots of the north attacked the Celts of the south, who had been subjects of Roman oppression. Whether the assailed Britons detached the Gothic tribes from an alliance with the Picts and Scots, and turned them against their former allies; whether, without having been in league with them, the strangers came from their home beyond the North Sea to help beat back the Picts and Scots; or whether, tempted by the fertile soil, they came on their own account, we may never know; but one thing is certain, that they came, and that they came never to go away. Their coming is of weighty significance, for they became the basis of the English nation, and their speech the parent of the English language. The unconquered Celts of the west and north spoke their own tongue—the Celtic—while that of the conquered portion was overwhelmingly the language of the conquerors, and was called the Anglo-Saxon. It was not, however, entirely pure, for some few Celtic words had unavoidably entered it. The names for the rivers, lakes, hills and mountains, given by the Celts, clung pertinaciously to these objects, and are found with the English of the present day. Throughout the whole of England there is hardly a river-name that is not Celtic. _Avon_, Celtic for _water_, occurs as the name of fourteen English rivers upon our maps. _Esk_, of like meaning, designates more than twenty, and has also entered into the names of towns, as in _Ax_minster, _Ex_eter, _Ox_ford, and _Ux_bridge. _Cam_, _Humber_, _Ouse_, _Thames_, and _Wye_, and many other river-names, are Celtic. _Pen_, or _Ben_, Celtic for _mountain_, is seen in the name for the range called _Pen_nine, in that of the hills called _Pen_tland, and in _Ben_-Nevis and _Ben_-Lomond. _Dun_, a hill-fortress, is found in _Dum_barton, _Dun_dee, _Dun_keld. Hundreds of other Celtic words can be observed on almost any map of England, and, indeed, on the maps of Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The names of the rivers Rhine, Rhone, Garonne, and Seine are Celtic. Italy is Celtic for “beautiful region,” and German for “rough man.” Besides the numerous geographical names of Europe that are traceable to this language, such common names as _camel_, _clock_, _comma_, _fodder_, _gun_, _snake_, and _whiskey_, owe to it their origin, not to mention scores of well-known family names of every-day occurrence. The remains of the Celtic language are still to be found in the Welsh, the Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, the Erse or Irish, and the Manx of the Isle of Man. LESSONS IN IRISH. IRISH LETTERS—THEIR SOUNDS. There are seventeen letters in the Irish Alphabet, of which five are vowels, the remaining twelve being consonants. Their correspondents in English are _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _i_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _s_, _t_, and _u_. The designation of the letters by their Irish names, _Ailm_, _Beith_, etc., which is only a convenient contrivance for distinguishing them from those of other languages, has been purposely omitted, partly because they are, at present, seldom or never called by their appellations, and partly because there is often danger in mistaking the names for the sounds of the letters. Regarding the pronunciation of Irish letters, and of the Gaelic language generally, the fullest and most open enunciation is required. The vowels must be sounded as in Italian or French; the consonants, as in German or Spanish. This open, full sounding of the letters enables foreigners to learn to speak Irish more correctly and more readily than English-speaking people; for, of all spoken languages, the pronunciation of the English is the most opposite to that of Irish. SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. The letters _b_, _f_, _m_, _n_, _p_, and _r_, except when aspirated, are sounded like their English analogues. _C_ is never at all pronounced like _s_ or _ch_ soft, but always hard like _k_; _d_, like _dh_; _g_ hard, as in _get_; and _l_, generally, like the first _l_ in William. More variable, however, is _s_. Before or after the vowels _e_ or _i_, it is most generally sounded like _sh_, there being but a single exception to the rule, and this occurs in the word _is_—the third person singular present indicative of the assertive form of the verb _to be_, which is pronounced _is_, and not _ish_. Before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, it takes simply the sound of _s_ in _soon_, the demonstrative pronoun _so_, this, being in Connaught, where it is pronounced _sho_, the only exception. SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. _A_ long, as in _wâll_, has the broad sound as in English; _a_ short, that of a in _băt_. There is a third sound, very common in the South and West of Ireland, corresponding to the sound of _a_ in _whät_. _E_ long is sounded as in _whêre_, _e_ short, as in _whĕn_; _i_ long, as _ee_ in _pîque_, _i_ short, as in _pĭck_; _o_ long, as in _tōld_, _o_ short as in _gŏt_; _u_ long, as in _rūle_, _u_ short, as in _fûll_. Vowels are divided into _broad_ and _slender_. The _broad_ are _a_, _o_, _u_; the _slender_ are _e_, _i_. UNION OF VOWELS, AND THEIR SOUNDS. Two vowels coming together constitute a _diphthong_; three, a _triphthong_. In Irish there are _thirteen_ diphthongs and _five_ triphthongs. Of the former, _six_ are always long, or naturally so, and the remainder naturally short, but becoming long when accented. The long diphthongs, as they are invariably long, require no accent. The _seven_ short need the presence of this character to show that their sound is, in the case so designated, to be pronounced long. The long diphthongs are:—_ae_, _ao_, _eo_, _eu_, _ia_, and _ua_. SOUNDS OF THE SIX LONG DIPHTHONGS. _Ae_ is sounded like _ae_ in the Latin word _Musæ_; _ao_, usually like _ee_ in _queer_, except in Munster where it has the sound of the first _e_ in _there_; _eo_, like _eo_ in the proper noun _Keon_; _eu_, long, like _ai_ in _wail_; _ia_, like _ee_ in _teem_; _ua_, like _ooe_ in _wooer_. SOUNDS OF THE SEVEN SHORT DIPHTHONGS. _Ai_, accented, is equivalent to the sound of _awi_ in the English word _sawing_, being nothing more than the combined sounds _â_ and _ĭ_; _ai_, not accented, has the sound of _ai_ in the French _taille_, cut, and is hard to be learned by an English-speaking student; _ea_, accented, is sounded like _ea_ in _swear_, unaccented, like the same letters in _heart_; _ei_, accented, like _ei_ in _deign_, unaccented, like _e_ in _den_; _io_, accented, like _ee_ in _green_, unaccented, like _i_ in _grin_; _iu_, accented, like _iew_ in _review_, unaccented, like _oo_ in _blood_; _oi_, accented, like _oi_ in _boil_, unaccented, like _u_ in _shut_; _ui_, like _ui_ in _fruit_, unaccented, like _ui_ in _quiet_. TRIPHTHONGS, AND THEIR SOUNDS. All the triphthongs—_aoi_, _eoi_, _iai_, _iui_, _uai_—are pronounced long, and differ but little in their sounds from those of the long diphthongs from which they are formed. They differ mainly in two particulars—first, in a slight prolongation of the diphthongal sound; secondly, in imparting to the immediately succeeding consonant, on account of its nearness to the slender vowel _i_, a liquid, slender sound, which it would not otherwise receive. _Aoi_ is sounded like _uee_ in _Queen_; _iai_, like the diphthong _ia_ (_ee_), except that the final _i_ gives to the consonant that follows a slender or liquid sound; _iui_, like _eeyu_, sounds that cannot be represented in English, as heard in the Irish word _ciuin_, pronounced _keeyuin_, in one syllable. ASPIRATED CONSONANTS. We come now to consider the twelve Irish consonants. Of these consonants—_l_, _n_, _r_—never alter their primitive or radical sounds. The remaining nine do change their radical sounds to those of cognate nature. This change, arising from a rough breathing after the vowel sound, is properly called _aspiration_, as it merely modifies, rather than destroys, as is sometimes erroneously supposed, the sound of the consonant. The notation for the aspirate is indicated by an accent (´) or _h_. _Ṕ_ (asp.) is equivalent to _ph_ or _f_. _B́_, before or after _e_ or _i_, to _v_; but before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, to _w_. _Ḿ_, before or after _e_ or _i_, to _v_; before or after _a_, _o_, _u_, to _w_, with a slightly nasal sound. _F́_ is usually silent; in some words, however, it has the sound of _h_. _Ć_, like _ch_ in _och_, or the Greek letter _chee_. Before _a_, _o_, or _u_ it has the former sound, which is that of the German _ch_; but before _e_ or _i_, it invariably takes the latter sound. _Ǵ_, in the beginning of a word, if before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_, has the guttural sound _gh_; but before _e_ or _i_, it is sounded like _y_. At the end, or in the middle of words, it has no other power than that of prolonging the sound of the preceding vowel. _D́_ has a thick, guttural sound, very analogous to _g_. In the beginning of a word, before _e_ or _i_, it has exactly the sound of _y_; but in the middle, or at the end, it has the force of _g_, that is, it merely lengthens the sound of the preceding vowel or diphthong. _T́_ loses its power as a consonant, and has the force of _h_. _Ś_ has the sound of _k_; _s_, final, is never aspirated. DERIVATIVE NOUNS. Derivative Nouns in Irish are _personal_ or _abstract_. Personal Nouns end in _ōir_, _aire_, _ai_, _aid́_, and are produced from primitive nouns, or past participles. The terminations _ōir_, _aire_, are supposed to be broken forms of the word _fear_, pronounced _fär_, a man. If so, then _fear_ must be considered as the root of the Latin ending _or_, and of the English suffix _er_. Abstract Nouns terminate in _as_ or _eas_, masculine; in _aćt_, feminine; or in the genitive case singular feminine of adjectives. Diminutives are formed from nouns and adjectives, and end in _an_, masculine; in _în_, masculine or feminine; in _ōg_, feminine. Many words that are not diminutives end in _an_. Other words terminating in _an_, from _tan_, time, or from _tain_, possessions, are of this class. _Iat́_, a region, a territory, is, in its fragmentary form _ia_, the termination of almost all the Latin names of places that have that ending. From the active signification of the ending _ać_, and from the meaning of the term _neać_, an individual, an agent, of which _ać_ is apparently a mere fragment, adjectives with this suffix become personal nouns, and as such are expressive of office, action, or individuality. SOUNDS OF CERTAIN TERMINATIONS. In Connaught, final _ead́_ is pronounced like _oo_ in English; in Munster, like _a_. As the final syllable of the imperfect tense of verbs, it is pronounced incorrectly in Munster, and in some districts in the southern parts of Connaught, like guttural _agh_. Generally, _ad́_ final, in words of two or more syllables, is pronounced like _ead́_; in Munster, like unaccented _a_; and, in Connaught and Ulster, like English _oo_. But in words of one syllable and their compounds, however, the Munster pronunciation is not only adopted in the South, but also in the West and North of Ireland. In Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary, the diphthongs _ea_, _io_, and sometimes _iu_, are incorrectly pronounced like _ow_ on coming before _l_, _m_, and _n_. In the words _bean_, a woman, _bard_, a poet, and _bord_, a table, the initial consonant _b_, when not preceded by the possessive pronouns singular, is not aspirated. Put, however, these pronouns, excepting the feminine, before the same words, and _b_ immediately assumes the aspirate sound; that is, it is pronounced like _v_, if _e_ or _i_ follow, and like _w_, if _a_, _o_, or _u_ follow. NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. A. _Adaire._ _A_ for _an_, the; _dair_, oak. The oak; hence, strong, powerful, robust. _Adare_, from the same. _Aincy._ _Ain_, a circle; _neać_, corrupted into _ey_, an individual, an agent. _Aitken._ _Ait_, pleasure, fancifulness; _ceann_, head. Mental delight. _Alncy._ _Aluin_, beautiful; _neać_, an individual. A pleasing person. _Arran._ _Ara_, kidney; _an_ for _tan_, land, riches, possessions in land or stock. Land of the kidney. _Ardry._ _Ard_, chief; _riǵ_ (_ree_), king. Head king or ruler. _Awrdry_, of like derivation. B. _Baine._ _Baine_, milk, from the adjective _bân_, white. Milk. Bain, contracted from the original name. _Baile._ _Bâile_, a town, a village. _Bailey._ _Bâile_, a town; _lać_, a broken form of _lućt_, folk, people. Resident of a town. _Baird._ _Bârd_, genitive _baird_, a poet. Offspring of a Celtic minstrel. _Ball._ _Bâll_, a member; one of a community, society, or association. Baull has the same root. _Ballantyne._ _Bâile_, a town; _an_, of the; _tan_ or _tain_, land, region. The town of the region. _Bannigan._ _Baine_, milk; _gan_, offspring, descendant. One nourished from infancy upon milk. _Bannon._ _Bân_, white; _on_ for _an_, a termination indicative of personality. A pale-faced person. _Barmore._ _Bârr_, top, summit, swelling tide, head; _muir_, the sea, genitive _mâra_, of the sea. Swelling tide of the sea. _Barney._ _Bârr_, head; _neać_, an individual. A leader. Perhaps, the equivalent of _bairneać_, a limpet, because found on tops (_bârr_) of rocks when the tide has ebbed. _Barr._ _Bârr_, top, summit, head. _Barret._ _Bârr_, head; _aid́_, a suffix expressive of a personal noun. Manager; superintendent; leader. _Barry._ _Bârr_, top; _aid́_, indicative of personality; originally, _barraid́_. One at the summit; a man of eminence. _Baugh._ Possibly a corruption of _beać_, pronounced _bäch_, a bee. _Beahney._ _Beat́a_, life; _neać_, an agent. A living being. _Benaugh._ _Biad́_, food; _neać_, an individual. One who provides food; a victualler. _Benner._ _Benn_, a mountain; _er_, a contraction for _fear_, a man. A mountaineer. _Binney._ _Binn_, harmonious; _neać_, an individual. An agreeable person. _Bourke._ Irish for Burke. _Bowan._ Possibly from _buan_, lasting, enduring. _Bower._ _Bod́ar_, pronounced _bower_, deaf. _Brattan._ _Brat_, a cloak; _an_, expressing personality. A cloak-wearer; a clergyman. _Breen._ _Braon_, pronounced _breen_, a drop. _Brennan._ _Breun_, fetid; _an_, expressive of personality. An offensive person. _Britain._ _Brith_, painted, speckled; _tain_, country. The country of the painted inhabitants. _Britt._ _Brith_, painted. A painted person. _Brock._ _Broc_, a badger. _Brodie._ _Brōd́_, pride, pleasure; _aid́_, implying personality. An arrogant person; a voluptuary. _Brogan._ _Bro_, a hand-mill; _gan_, offspring. Offspring of a hand-mill. C. _Cabell._ _Cab_, the mouth; _aille_, the genitive of _aill_, a cliff. The mouth of the cliff. _Cahal._ In Irish _Cat́al_, from _cat́_, pronounced _cah_, battle; _al_, support. Help in battle. _Caham._ _Cat́_, battle; _am_, time. Hour of battle. _Cahey._ _Cat́_, battle; _ać_ for _neać_, a person; possibly, _cat́ać_, in the original. A warrior. _Cahill._ _Cat́_, battle; _aill_, a cliff. A battle-cliff. _Callan._ _Caillin_, a girl; or, perhaps, from _calla_, a hooded cloak; _an_, a personal suffix. The wearer of a hooded cloak; a nun. Sometimes written Callen. _Camm._ _Cam_, crooked, bent, curved. _Cameron._ _Cuimir_, a valley; _on_ for _an_, small. A small valley. _Camsuile._ _Cam_, bending; _suile_, genitive of _suil_, eye. Bending of eye. _Cangan._ _Cean_, pronounced _cahn_, fondness; _gan_, offspring. Child of fondness. _Cann._ _Cean_, fondness, affection, esteem, regard. _Cannon._ _Cean_, affection; _on_ for _an_, personal suffix. An affectionate person. _Cannavan._ _Cean_, affection; _a b́ean_, of his woman. Fondness of his woman. _Caird._ _Cara_, a friend, genitive _carad_, plural _cairde_, friends. Carde, only another form of the word. _Carey._ _Car_, dear; _aid́_, a personal suffix. One that is dear, or beloved. _Carlin._ _Car_, dear; _lin_, a marsh; a swamp. A highly valuable bog. _Carlyle._ _Car_, dear; _lile_, lily. Beloved lily. _Carmack._ _Car_, dear; _mac_, son. Dear son. _Carmichael._ _Car_, dear; Michael, a Hebrew word signifying “who is like God.” Dear Michael. In Irish, Michael is written _Mićeal_, the genitive of which is _Mićil_. _Carney._ _Carn_, a heap of stones; _neać_, personal suffix; originally written, doubtless, _Car-neać_. A quarryman. _Carrell._ _Car_, dear; _aill_, a cliff. Beloved cliff. Carruill, the primitive form of the name. _Carrick._ _Car_, dear; _riǵ_, a king. A dear king. Possibly, from _carraic_, a rock. _Carson._ _Car_, dear; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, a son. A beloved son. _Carthy._ _Car_, dear; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, a country; _ać_ for _neać_, an individual; originally _Cartać_. A beloved countryman. Carty, corruption of the original. _Ceiort._ _Ceirt_, a question. _Claney._ _Clê_, left-handed; _neać_, individual. Left-handed individual. _Cloonan._ _Cluan_, a retreat; _an_, a person. One who lives in a retreat; a hermit; an anchorite. Clunen, of like derivation. _Cloonas._ _Cluan_, a retreat, a cloister; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, a son. A monk; one who lives in a monastery. _Clough._ _Cloć_, a stone. Cluff, Anglicised form of the name. _Clune._ _Cluan_, a retreat. A sequestered spot. _Coile._ _Coill_, wood. Coyle, a modified form of the name. _Colahan._ _Col_, kindred; _leat́an_, wide. Large kindred; wide circle of relations. _Colgan._ _Col_, kin; _gan_, a descendant. Near relative. _Colman._ _Colman_, a pigeon. _Conley._ _Conn_, of heroes; _lać_, people. Nation of heroes. _Connell._ _Conn_, of heroes; _aill_, a cliff. A rampart of brave men; a cliff of heroes. _Connaught._ _Connaćt_, in the original, from _conn_, of heroes; _aćt_ a termination, like _tas_ in Latin, or _tion_ in French or English. Having the quality of heroes. _Connor._ _Conn_, of heroes; _cub́ar_, fond of. Fond of heroes. _Corbin._ _Cor_, a knot, a union; _binn_, harmonious. A happy union; a joyous wedlock. _Corbitt._ _Cor_, a knot; _bit́_, life. Wedlock. _Corley._ _Cor_, a knot; _lać_, people. United people. _Connell._ _Conn_, of heroes; _aill_, a cliff, a wall. A close, compact body of heroes. _Cornell._ _Corn_, horny; _uille_, an elbow. An elbow inflexible as horn. _Cornwall._ _Corn_, a goblet, a drinking-cup, a tumbler, so called because in ancient times drinking-cups were commonly made of horn (_corn_); _aill_, a cliff. The horny cliff. _Cowel._ _Coćal_, a hood, a cowel, a vestment. Or, perhaps, from _cuać_, hollow; _fal_, a cover. A hood, or hollow cover. _Cowgill_. _Coḿ_, together; _giolla_, a servant. Co-laborer. _Craig._ _Cre_, creed; _ać_, an individual. A churchman; the possessor of a creed. _Cravin._ _Craob́_, a branch; _in_, denoting small. A branchlet; a twig. _Cree._ _Cre_, creed, earth, the symbol of faith. _Creegan._ _Cre_, creed; _gan_, offspring. An inheritor of a creed. _Creagh._ _Cre_, creed, earth; _ać_, an agent. Teacher of a creed; cultivator of the earth. _Creen._ _Crion_, pronounced _creen_, withered, palsied. _Creenan._ _Crion_, withered; _an_, personal suffix. A palsied person. _Cromwell._ _Crom_, crooked; _aill_, a cliff. A crooked cliff. _Cronin._ _Coroin_, a crown; _in_, implying diminutiveness. A coronet; a small crown. _Crowley._ _Crod́a_, pronounced _crowya_, brave; _lać_, people. Magnanimous people. _Crupp._ _Crup_, a wrinkle, a contraction. _Currie._ _Curam_, care (applied in Irish to all over whom one has charge); _lać_, an agent. A supervisor; a superintendent; a manager. Curry, the commoner form of the name. D. _Daley._ _Dall_, blind; _eać_, individual. Blind person. _Dall._ _Dâll_, blind, sightless. _Dana._ _Dana_, strong, powerful, mighty; bold, daring. _Darr._ _Daor_, pronounced _deer_, dear, condemned. _Darra._ _Daor_, dear; _a_, contraction of _neać_, an individual. A person of wealth. _Darragh._ Same derivation as Darra. In certain parts of Ireland, _ać_ is pronounced _agh_, or _ach_. Darrach is an apt illustration of the latter sound. _Dearr._ _Daor_, dear. Perhaps in Darr, Darrach, etc., the _e_, in the course of time, has been dropped for the sake of brevity, or to satisfy the whims of the possessors of those names. _Deaver._ Originally _Duib́ir_, from _dub́_, black; _ir_, man. A dark-complexioned man. _Deegan._ _De_, of God; _gan_, an offspring. Son of God. Degan has the same signification. _Deor._ _Daor_, dear. _Dermod._ Originally _Diarmoid_, from _Dia_, God; _armoid_, of arms. God of arms. _Dermott._ See Dermod for derivation. So intimately related are the dentals _t_ and _d_, that it is not at all unreasonable that they should be interchangeable. _Derr._ _Dair_, an oak. _Devlin._ _Dub́_, black; _linn_, a marsh, a swamp. _Dill._ _Dill_, fond, affectionate. _Dinnan._ _Dion_, protection; _an_, implying a person. A protegé. _Donahugh._ _Dona_, unhappy, bad, evil; _Hugh_, the Dutch for spirit. An evil spirit; an unhappy disposition. _Donegan._ _Dona_, unhappy; _gan_, offspring. An unhappy child. _Donnell._ _Doḿnać_, Sunday, _aille_, of beauty. The Sunday of beauty. Perhaps, Irish for Daniel. _Dooner._ _Dun_, a fort, a stronghold; _er_ for _fear_, a man. The defender of a fort. _Dooley._ _Duil_, expectation; _eać_, an individual. A sanguine person. _Dornan._ _Dorn_, a clenched fist; _an_, denoting personality. A pugilist. _Duff._ _Dub́_, pronounced _dubh_ or _duv_, black. _Duffy._ _Dub́_, black; _eać_, an individual. A black person. _Dunbarton._ _Dun_, a stronghold; _barton_, a corruption of _Britain_. A stronghold of the Britain. _Dunaghan._ _Dun_, a stronghold; _a_ for _an_, of the; _gean_, affection. A stronghold of the affection. _Duncan._ _Dun_, a fort; _cean_, a head. The head of a fort; a chieftain. _Dungan._ Contraction of _Dungannon_, which, in Irish, is _Dungeanain_. From _dun_, a stronghold; _gein_, affection; _ain_, a land. A stronghold of the land of affection. _Dunkin._ _Dun_, stronghold; _cinn_, genitive of _ceann_, head. The stronghold of the head. _Dundore._ _Dun_, stronghold, _de_, of; _oir_, gold. Stronghold of gold. _Dunmore._ _Dun_, the fort; _an_, of the; _oir_, gold; originally, _Dun-an-oir_. The fort of the gold. _Dunmoulin._ _Dun_, the fort; _muillin_, a mill. The fort of the mill. _Dunn._ _Dun_, a fort, a stronghold, a castle, a hill, a mound. _Dunpatrick._ _Dun_, stronghold; _Padruic_, Patrick. The stronghold of Patrick. E. _Eagen._ See Egan. _Gen_ is probably a corruption of _gan_. _Eagin_. See Egan. _Ginn_ is the equivalent of _gan_. _Egan._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh; _gan_, offspring. Descendant of Hugh. _Aod́gan_, the original form. Eoghan, a corrupted phase of the word. _Eill._ _Eile_, _aile_, _oile_, another. _Eire._ _Eire_, Ireland. Eyre, a slightly altered form of the name. _Eirey._ _Eire_, Ireland; _ać_, an individual. An Irishman; a native of Ireland. _Ennis._ _Inis_, an island. _Erionnach._ Originally, _Eireannac_, equivalent to _Eire_, Ireland; _an_ of; _nać_, an individual. Native of Ireland; an Irishman. _Ey._ _Ad́_, pronounced _ey_, luck, fortune, chance. F. _Fadden._ Corruption of _Padruic_, Patrick. Patrician; nobleman. _Fagan._ _Fat́_, cause, reason; _gan_, offspring. Result; effect; consequence. _Fahan._ _Fat́_, a plain, a field; _an_, indicative of a person. A farmer; a cultivator of the earth. _Fahy._ _Fat́_, reason; _ać_, an individual. A reasoner; a logician. _Farnell._ _Fearn_, a shield; _aille_, beautiful. A beautiful shield. _Farnan._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _an_, person. One who carries a helmet; a warrior. Sometimes written Farnon. _Farne._ _Fearn_, a shield, genitive _fearne_. Belonging to a shield. _Farney._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _eać_, an individual. A knight; a warrior. _Fearn._ _Fearn_, a shield, a helmet. _Farr._ _Fear_, pronounced _far_, a man. _Feenan._ _Fion_, pronounced _feen_, wine; _an_, a person. Wine-merchant. _Feeney._ _Fion_, wine; _eać_, an agent. Wine-dealer. _Fei._ _Feit́_, pronounced _fāh_, a sinew. _Feighan._ _Feit́_, a sinew; _an_, expressive of diminutiveness. A small sinew. _Fenton._ _Fiontan_, perhaps, in the original, a vineyard; from _fion_, wine; _tan_, a land. _Fergus._ Originally, _Feargus_; from _fear_, a man; _gus_, a suffix denoting towards. One tending towards manhood; a youth. _Fernley._ _Fearn_, a helmet; _lać_, people. A warlike people. Fernly, a slightly abbreviated form of the same. _Filmore._ _File_, a poet; _Muire_, Mary. A poet devoted to Mary; one that writes or sings of Mary. _Finbar._ _Fionn_, pronounced _fin_, fair, white; _barr_, summit, head. A white summit. _Finnley._ _Fionn_, fair; _lać_, people. Fair people. _Finne._ _Fionn_, fair, white. _Flinn._ _Fionn_, white; _linn_, a marsh, a swamp. In allusion, doubtless, to a summer array of white flowers. Flynn, the same word, in slightly altered garb. _Fow._ _Foǵ_, reward, booty, spoil. _Fowne._ _Fionn_, fair. In Tipperary, Waterford, and Kilkenny, _fionn_ is pronounced _fown_ and not _fin_ as is the case generally in Ireland. _Fulmer._ _Feolmar_, jealous, envious of another’s fame, reputation, or glory. G. _Gahn._ _Gean_, pronounced _gahn_, affection, esteem. _Gall._ _Gall_, a foreigner, an Englishman, a stranger. _Galligan._ _Gall_, genitive _gaill_, stranger; _gan_, offspring. Descendant of the stranger. _Gallagher._ _Geall_, promise; _geallać_, genitive _geallaiǵ_, promise; _er_, person. A person of promise. _Gallen._ _Geallan_, a linnet. _Galloway._ Doubtless, same as Galway. In the original _Gailliḿ_, the town of the strangers. _Garrett._ _Gearroid́_, from _gearr_, short; _aod́_, compounded of _aoi_, a being, and _De_, of God. An humble servant of God. _Garrity._ _Gearroid́_, Garrett; _eać_, an agent. A representative of Garrett. _Garvin._ _Garb́_, pronounced _garv_, rough, rude; _in_, indicative of personality. A rough, rude, or unlettered person. _Gaw._ _Gab́_, pronounced _gaw_, to conceive. _Gear._ _Gearr_, short, not tall. _Gee._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh. _Geir._ _Gair_, gladness, merriment, rejoicing. _Geogh._ _Ge_, a goose; _ać_, an agent. One that acts like a goose; a silly person. Geough, Gough, of kindred origin. _Geugan._ _Geug_, a branch; _an_, a diminutive. A branchlet. Geugen, doubtless, earliest change from the ancient form. _Gilchrist._ _Giolla_, a servant, one devoted to another; _Criosd_, Christ. A servant of Christ; one devoted to Christianity. _Gill._ _Giolla_, a servant, one devoted to another’s interests; a menial. _Gilmartin._ _Giolla_, a servant; _martin_, Martin. _Gilmore._ Originally, _giolla—Muire_; _giolla_, a servant; _Muire_, Mary. One devoted to Mary. _Ginn._ _Ginn_, an offspring, a descendant. _Ginnelly._ _Ginn_, offspring; _aille_, of a cliff, the genitive of _aill_. The fruit of a cliff. _Glass._ _Glas_, green. _Glassy._ _Glas_, green; _eać_ an individual. An inexperienced person. _Gleason._ _Gle_, pure; _gleas_, purity; _on_, implying a person. A chaste person. _Glennessy._ _Glinn_, clear; _eas_, denoting quality, equivalent to _ness_; _y_ for _neać_, an individual. A clear-sighted person. _Glenny._ _Glean_, a valley; _eać_, an individual. A dweller in a valley. _Glinn._ _Glinn_, the bright heavens. Home of the Blessed. Glynn, of like significance. _Gorman._ _Gorm_, blue; _an_, expressive of person. A blue-eyed person. _Grane._ _Graine_, grain. _Greany._ _Grian_, pronounced _green_, sun; _neać_, an agent. Sun-god. _Grogan._ _Gruag_, hairy; _an_, denoting a person. A hairy person. Grugan, derivable from the same roots. _Guill._ _Giolla_, a servant, a menial. _Guinan._ _Guin_, wound, hurt, sting, from _ga_, an arrow, and _an_, a circle, an opening; _an_, a personal suffix. A sufferer; a wounded man. _Guinn._ _Guin_, an opening, a wound. _Guiness._ Irish for Æneas, a corruption of _Mac Anǵuis_, which latter being the genitive of _Aonǵus_, pronounced _eny-as_, the equivalent of Angus. _Guire._ Contraction of Maguire, which is traceable to _maǵ_, plain; _uire_, a contraction of _Muire_, Mary. Plain of Mary. _Gunn._ _Guin_, a wound, by dropping _i_, and doubling its final consonant, becomes the word under consideration. _Gwin._ Anglicised form of Guin. Gwinn, Gwynn, and Gynn are referable to the same word. H. _Hallahan._ _At́_, a ford; _leat́an_, wide. In Irish, pure and simple, the vowels are never aspirated, but in certain parts of Ireland, as before stated, the English habit prevails, as is attested to by the word under notice. _Heany._ Anglo-Saxon _hean_, humble; _neać_, an individual. An humble person. _Hinch._ _Leat́-inse_, from _leat́_, pronounced _leh_, half, and _inse_, pronounced _insh_, island, the final consonant of the first half of the word being carried over to the remaining portion: hence, Le Hinch, or the half-island. _Hugh._ _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, is its Irish equivalent: in the Dutch, its parental language, it signifies mind, spirit. I. _Innis._ _Inis_, an island. Innis is only another phase of the same word. _Ireland._ _Eire_, west, and _land_. West-land. J. _Jarlath._ _Jarflait́_, from _iar_, inferior; _flait́_, a prince, a chief, one in rank next to a chieftain or prince. A feudatory prince. _Jarley._ _Iar_, inferior; _lać_, people. Perhaps, derivable from _jarla_, an earl. _Jennings._ Corruption of _Mac Eonin_, which is compounded of _mac_, son; _Eonin_, young Owen, or John. Son of John. K. _Kahn._ _Cean_, pronounced _kahn_, fondness, regard. Kahne, referable to the same root. _Kame._ _Ceim_, pronounced _kame_, step, grade, dignity. _Kane._ _Cain_, reproach, chaste, undefiled. _Kean._ _Ciuin_, pronounced _keeyuin_, calm, gentle. _Kearney._ _Carn_, pronounced _karn_, a heap of stones; _cać_, an agent. So also Karney. _Keefe._ _Caoiḿ_, pronounced _kueev_, gentle. _Keegan._ _Kee_, contraction of _Mac Aoid́_, son of Hugh; _gan_, offspring. Descendant of the son of Hugh. _Keenys._ _Ciuin_, gentle; _eas_, a termination expressive of quality. Gentleness. _Kelley._ _Cailleać_, a woman in a hood. The _calla_ was generally worn by the old, and hence the term _cailleac_ came to signify an old woman, a hag. _Kenallay._ _Cineal_, pronounced _knawl_, a race, clan; _ać_, an individual. A clansman; one who belongs to a clan. _Kennard._ _Ceann_, pronounced _ken_, head; _ard_, top, summit. Top of the head. _Kenna._ _Ceanna_, genitive of _ceann_, belonging to the head. _Kent._ _Ceantir_, compounded of _ceann_, head; _tir_, country. Head of the country. _Kehoe._ _Ceo_, pronounced _keogh_, darkness. Keogh, similarly derived. _Keohne._ _Ceo_, darkness; _ain_, a circle, genitive _aine_, of a circle. Darkness of the circle. _Keonen._ _Mac Eonin_, from _Mac_, son, and _Eonin_, young Owen. Son of young Owen. _Kevin._ _Caoiḿǵein_, from _caoiḿ_, gentle, and _gein_, an offspring. A gentle child. _Kiernan._ _Ciaran_, from _ciar_, black; _an_, expressing personality, and indicative of a noun derived from an adjective. A black person. _Kilgore._ _Cill_, church; _gâir_ rejoicing, merriment. _Kilbritain._ _Cill_, church; _Brith_, painted; _tain_, country. The church of the country of the painted inhabitants. _Kineal._ _Cin_, of the head, source; _al_, offspring. Clan; class; race; progeny. _Kincaid._ _Cionn_, affection, regard; _cead_, first. First love; earliest affection. _Kinkora._ _Cionn_, love; _cora_, genitive of _coir_, justice. Love of justice. _Kinnear._ _Cionn_, affection; _fear_, a man. An affectionate man. _Kinney._ _Cionn_, pronounced _kin_, esteem, regard; _neać_, an individual. A person of esteem. Kinnie, of like derivation. _Kirin._ _Ciaran_, from _ciar_, black; _an_, implying person. A black person. _Kirwin._ _Ciard́ub́an_, a swarthy, black-haired person. _Krean._ _Crion_, pronounced _kreen_, withered, palsied. _Kueney._ _Ciuin_, gentle, mild; _neać_, an individual. A mild person. _Kynett._ _Cionn_, pronounced in certain parts _kynn_, affection; _aid́_, sign of a personal noun. An affectionate person. L. _Langdon._ _Loing_, of ships; _dion_, a harbor. A harbor of ships. _Leahy._ _Leat́an_, pronounced _leahan_, wide; _an_, denoting personality. A large person. _Lillagan._ _Lile_, genitive of _lil_, lily; _gan_, offspring. Descendant of a lily. _Limerick._ _Luimneać_, from _luime_, or _loime_, bareness; _neać_, for _na eać_, of the horses. Bareness of the horses. The original possessor of this name was, doubtless, a native of the town of the same name, which was built on a peninsula made bare by the many horses sent thither to graze. _Linn._ _Linn_, a marsh, a swamp. _Linnehan._ _Linn_, a marsh; _leat́an_, wide. A broad marsh. Linahan and Linehan are from the same roots. _Linch._ _Leat́-inse_, _leat́_, half; _inse_, island. Half-island. Lynch has like derivation. _Linton._ _Linn_, a marsh; _ton_, from _tun_, Anglo-Saxon for town. A town built on a marsh. _Loch._ _Loć_, pronounced _loch_, _lokh_, _logh_, a lake. _Long._ _Long_, a ship. Not to be mistaken for the Anglo-Saxon _long_, or _lang_, having length. The typical Longs were of Celtic origin. _Loughlin._ _Loć_, lake; _linn_, a marsh. A lake within a marsh. _Loughry._ _Loć_, lake; _riǵ_, pronounced _reegh_, or _reey_, king. The lake of the king. Lowry, an abbreviation of the name. _Lunn._ _Luan_, the moon. M. _McAdam._ _Mac_, son; Hebrew word _Adam_, a red, or dark-brown man. _McAdoo._ _Mac_, son; _Ad́aḿ_, pronounced either _Adk-oo_ or _Awoo_, Adam. Son of Adam. _MacAlister._ _Mac_, son; _Alister_, Alexander. Son of Alexander. MacAllister, of the same parentage. _Mac Aller._ _Mac_, son; _alla_, a cliff; _er_, a man. Son of a cliff-dweller. _McAlonan._ _Mac_, son; _aluin_, beautiful; _an_, sign of personal noun. Son of a beautiful person. _McAlvin._ _Mac_, son; _Alvin_, corruption of _Alban_, genitive case of Alba, Scotland. Son of Scotland. _McAnally._ _Mac_, son; _anail_, genitive of _anal_, breath; _ać_, an individual. Son of the breath of a person. McNally, only an abbreviated form of the same. _McAndrew._ _Mac_, son; _Andrew_, a Greek word meaning strong, manly. Son of the strong. MacAndrias is the Irish form, from which are obtainable Anderson and Andrews. _McArdle._ _Mac_, son; _ard_, high; _le_, contraction of _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a cliff. Son of a high cliff. _McAran._ _Mac_, son; _arain_, genitive of _aran_, bread. Son of bread. _McArty._ _Mac_, son; _art_, pronounced _awrt_, a place; _eać_, an individual. Son of a man of the place. _McAteer._ _Mac_, son; _an_, of the; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, country. Son of the country; a countryman. _McAva._ _Mac_, son; _Eb́a_, pronounced _Awa_, which is corrupted into _Ava_. Son of Eve. _McAuley._ _Mac_, son; _caille_, genitive of _caille_, fame; _eać_, an individual. Son of a famous person. _McBeth._ _Mac_, son; _beith_, genitive of _beth_, a house. Son of the house. Macbeth is another form of the same name. _McBreen._ _Mac_, son; _braone_, pronounced _breen_, genitive of _braon_, a drop. Son of a drop. _McBrian._ _Mac_, son; _Brian_, corruption of _Britain_. Son of the country of the Brith, or painted people. _McBronn._ _Mac_, son; _bronn_, genitive of _bruinn_, a womb. Son of a womb. _McBryde._ _Mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _bryd_; Irish genitive _bryde_, of bride. Son of a bride. _McBurney._ _Mac_, son; _bur_, an inner chamber; _neać_, an individual. Son of the inner chamber of a person. _MacCabe._ _Mac_, son; _cabe_, genitive of _cab_, a mouth. Son of a mouth. _MacCalla._ _Mac_, son; _alla_, a cliff, the final _c_ of _mac_ being carried over to _alla_. Son of a cliff. _McCallan._ _Mac_, son; _calla_, a hood, genitive same; _an_, indicative of personality. Son of the wearer of a hood; son of a nun. _McCambridge._ _Mac_, son; _cam_, treacherous; Scottish _brig_, a bridge. Son of the keeper of a treacherous bridge. _McCammon._ _Mac_, son; _camm_ or _cam_, deceitful; _on_ for _an_, denoting a person. Son of a deceitful person. _McCamy._ _Mac_, son; _cam_, deceitful; _eać_, an individual. Son of a deceitful person. _McCardle._ _Mac_, son; _ard_, high; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a cliff. Son of a high cliff. _McCarne._ _Mac_, son; _carn_, a heap of stones; _neać_, an individual. Son of a heap of stones. _McCarroll._ _Mac_, son; _carruill_, from _car_, dear, beloved; _uille_, genitive of _uill_ or _aill_, a cliff. Son of the beloved cliff. _McCaughan._ _Mac_, son; _caiǵ_, genitive of _cat́_, a warrior; _an_, a diminutive. Son of a short warrior. _McCaull._ _Mac_, son; _caille_, genitive of _caill_, fame. Son of fame. McCaulley, from the same. _McCaw._ _Mac_, son; _cat́_, pronounced _cah_, corrupted, doubtless, into _caw_, battle. Son of battle. _McCeever._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _fear_, a man. Son of a gentle man. _MacClean._ _Mac_, son; _lean_, pronounced _lane_, a marsh. Son of a marsh. MacClaon and MacClane, of similar origin. _McCleary._ _Mac_, son; _cleireać_, pronounced _clêary_, a superannuated clergyman. Son of a superannuated clergyman. _McCleil._ _Mac_, son; _lile_, genitive _lil_, a lily. Son of a lily. _McClow._ _Mac_, son; _cloiće_, pronounced _clokh_, genitive of _cloć_, a stone. Son of a stone. _McClune._ _Mac_, son; _cluain_, genitive of _cluan_, a retreat. Son of a retreat. McCloon, corruption of same. _McColey._ _Mac_, son; _col_, kindred; _eać_, an individual. Son of a relative. _McConkle._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes; _caille_, genitive of _caill_, fame. Son of heroes of fame. _McConn._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes. Son of heroes. _McConnolly._ _Mac_, son; _conn_, of heroes; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a cliff. Son of the heroes of a cliff. _McCool._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, pronounced _kool_, the genitive of _cul_, the hinder part. Son of the hinder part. _McCorkle._ _Mac_, son; _Corcaiǵ_, Cork; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a hill. Son of a hill of Cork. _McCosh._ _Mac_, son; _coise_, pronounced _coshe_, genitive of _cos_, a foot. Son of a foot. _McCotis._ _Mac_, son; _cotis_, genitive case of the Latin _cos_, a grindstone. Son of a grindstone. _McCrea._ _Mac_, son; _cre_, pronounced _cra_, of creed. Son of a creed. From the same roots is derived McCray. _McCreary._ _Mac_, son; _cre_, of earth; _riǵe_, of king. Son of the King of the earth. _McCritt._ _Mac_, son; _cruite_, genitive of _cruit_, a hump. Son of a hump. _McCrossin._ _Mac_, son; _croise_, genitive of _cros_, a cross; _in_, diminutive. Son of a small cross. _McCrum._ _Mac_, son; _croime_, crookedness, a noun derived from the adjective _crom_. Son of waywardness. _McCrunn._ _Mac_, son; Scotch _croon_, a groan. Son of a groan. _McCrystal._ _Mac_, son; _criostail_, genitive of _criostal_, a crystal. Son of a crystal. _McCully._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, genitive of _cul_, the hinder part; _eać_, an individual. Son of a person’s hinder part. _McCullough._ _Mac_, son; _cuile_, genitive of _cul_, the hinder part; _loiće_, genitive of _loć_, a lake. Son of the lake of the hinder part. _McCummisky._ _Mac_, son; _cuimin_, of valley; _uisge_, genitive of _uisge_, water. Son of the valley of water. _McCurdy._ _Mac_, son; _coire_, pronounced _kŭrh_, genitive of _coir_, crime, sin; _d_, of; _eać_, individual. Son of the original sin of man; son of Adam’s fall. _McDavit._ _Mac_, son; _Daib́id́_, pronounced occasionally _Daivit_, but more commonly _Dâvee_, of David. Son of David. McDevitt, from same. _McDermott._ _Mac_, son; _Diarmuid_, from _Dia_, God, _armuid_, of arms. Son of the God of arms. _McDiarmuid._ _Mac_, son; _Diarmuid_, God of arms. Son of the God of arms. _McDill._ _Mac_, son; _dille_, genitive of _dill_, fondness. Son of fondness. _Mac Donnell._ _Mac Doḿnaill_, in the original, from _mac_, son; _Doḿnaill_, genitive of _Doḿnall_, Donnell. Son of Donnell; Son of the Sunday of Beauty; Son of the Resurrection; Son of God. See Donnell. _McDonough._ _Mac_, son; _donaiǵ_, genitive of _donać_, an unhappy person. Son of an unhappy person. _Mac Dowell._ _Mac_, son; _doḿan_, the world, genitive _doḿain_, of the world; _aille_, of beauty. Son of the World of Beauty; Son of Heaven. _Mac Egan._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́gan_, pronounced _Eeygan_, of Egan, the Irish equivalent of Hugh. The son of Hugh. _McElway._ _Mac_, son; _Elway_, a corruption of _Gailliḿ_, Galway. Son of Galway, the town of the strangers. _McEnnery._ _Mac_, son; _Henri_, genitive of _Henri_, Henry. Son of Henry. _McFadden._ _Mac_, son; _Fadden_ is the same as _Padden_, which is a corruption of _Padruic_, Patrick, a Latin word for patrician. Son of Patrick. Fitzpatrick, so common in the Celtic, has the same signification. _McFarlan._ _Mac_, son; _fara_, genitive of _fear_, a man; _lain_, of a castle, the nominative singular being _lan_. Son of the man of the castle. _McFaul._ _Mac_, son; _fâile_, genitive of _fâil_, fate. Son of fate. _Mcfee._ _Mac_, son; _faoi_, genitive of _faoi_, faith. Son of faith. _MacFeeley._ _Mac_, son; _fialaiǵ_, genitive of _fialać_, a generous person. Son of a generous person. _McFetridge._ _Mac_, son; _Fetter-rice_, from Anglo-Saxon _fetor_, a chain for the feet, and _rice_, dominion. Son of a dominion in chains, or that is in bondage. _Mac Gahan._ _Mac_, son; _geain_, genitive of _gean_, affection. Son of affection. McGahn, McGhan, are equivalents. _McGail._ _Mac_, son; _gaille_, genitive of _gail_, steam. Son of steam. _McGarry._ _Mac_, son; _gearraiǵ_, genitive of _gearrać_, a short person. Son of a short person. McGarey, McGary, McGeary, are of similar origin. _McGarvey._ _Mac_, son; _garb́eaiǵ_, pronounced _garvey_, genitive of _garb́eać_, a rough person. Son of a rough person. _McGaver._ _Mac_, son; _gab́air_, of a goat. Son of a goat. _McGee._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́_, pronounced _eey_, Hugh. Son of Hugh. _McGill._ _Mac_, son; _giolla_, genitive of _giolla_, a servant. Son of a servant. _McGlinn._ _Mac_, son; _glinne_, genitive of _glinn_, the bright heavens. Son of the bright heavens. Sometimes spelt McGlynn. _McGloon._ _Mac_, son; _gluin_, pronounced _gloon_, genitive of _glun_, the knee. Son of the knee. McGlone, McGlune, from the same. _McGlory._ _Mac_, son; _gloireaiǵ_, pronounced _gloireay_, genitive of _gloireać_, a glorified person, or saint. Son of a glorified person. _McGowan._ _Mac_, son; _gob́an_, pronounced _gowan_, genitive of _gob́a_, a smith. Son of a smith. _McGrane._ _Mac_, son; _grain_, genitive of _grân_, a grain. Son of a grain. McGran, McGrann, equivalents. _MacGrath._ _Mac_, son; _graid́e_, genitive of _grad́_, love. Son of love. _MacGraw._ _Mac_, son; _graid́e_, pronounced _grath_ or _graw_, love. Son of love. _McGrenery._ _Mac_, son; _greine_, genitive of _grian_, sun; _riǵ_, pronounced _ry_ or _ree_, king. Son of the sun-king. _McGuinn._ _Mac_, son; _guine_, genitive of _guin_, a wound, an opening, a circle. Son of an opening. _McGuinness._ Corruption of MacAnguis, the son of Anguis, Irish for Æneas. _McGuire._ _Mac_, son; _Maǵ-Muire_, from _maǵ_, plain, _Muire_, of Mary. Son of the plain of Mary. _McGurk._ _Mac_, son; _gurke_, German for cucumber. Son of a cucumber. _McHallahan._ _Mac_, son; _T́alla_, genitive, of hall; _leat́an_, wide. Son of a wide hall. _MacHugh._ _Mac_, son; _Aod́_, Hugh. Son of Hugh. From this name have sprung M’Coy, M’Gee, M’Kay, M’Coy, and Magee. _Ua Aoid́_, descendant of Hugh, has given us Hughson and Hughes. _MacHulay._ _Mac_, son; _Aoid́_, of Hugh; _lać_, people. Son of Hugh’s people. _McInnis._ _Mac_, son; _inis_, an island. Son of an island. _McInteer._ _Mac_, son; _in_ for _an_, of the; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, country. Son of the country. McIntyre, the usual spelling, is from the same roots. _McKaig._ _Mac_, son; _coige_, genitive of _coig_, war. Son of war. _McKane._ _Mac_, son; _caine_, genitive of _cain_, the undefiled. Son of the undefiled. _McKeefy._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿeaiǵ_, genitive of _caoiḿeać_, a gentle person. Son of a gentle person. _McKeene._ _Mac_, son; _ciuine_, of silence. Son of silence. _MacKeever._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _er_ for _fear_, a man. Son of a gentle man. _MacKiernan._ _Mac_, son; _ciarain_, genitive of _ciaran_, a dusky person. Son of a dusky person. _McKieman._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle; _an_, implying person. Son of a gentle person. _McKim._ _Mac_, son; _caoiḿ_, gentle. Perhaps, a contraction of McKieman. _McKinney._ _Mac_, son; _Kinney_, from _cionn_, pronounced _kin_, affection, esteem; _eać_, an individual. Son of Kinney. _McKnight._ _Mac_, son; _cnioćta_, genitive of _cnioćt_, a knight. Son of a knight. _MacKeon._ _Mac_, son; _Eoin_, genitive of _Eon_, Owen or Eugene. Son of Owen or Eugene. MacKoun, Keon, Coyne, Owens, and Owenson, are all from the same roots. _McLain._ _Mac_, son; _leune_, pronounced _laine_, genitive of _leun_, misfortune, misery. Son of misfortune. _McLuth._ _Mac_, son; _luait́_, genitive of _luat́_, swiftness. Son of swiftness. _McMain._ _Mac_, son; _miain_, genitive of _mian_, desire. Son of desire. _McMam._ _Mac_, son; _maim_, genitive of _mam_, a mother. Son of a mother. _McMillin._ _Mac_, son; _muillin_, of a mill. Son of a mill. McMullin, from the same. _McMinn._ _Mac_, son; _min_, genitive of _min_, pronounced _mĭn_, meal. Son of meal. _McMurrich._ _Mac_, son; _murraiǵ_, genitive of _murrać_, a man of the sea. Son of a seafaring man. _McNarr._ _Mac_, son; _nairr_, Irish genitive of the German _narr_, a fool. Son of a fool. _McNamara._ _Mac_, son; _na_, of the; _mara_, genitive of _muir_, the sea. Son of the sea. _McNamee._ _Mac_, son; _anaim_, genitive of _anam_, a soul; _ee_ for _eać_, an individual. Son of a person of soul; a generous person. _McPadruic._ _Mac_, son; _Padruic_, Patrick. Son of Patrick. Fitzpatrick has the same significance, _fitz_ being the Scotch for son. _McPayne._ _Mac_, son; _payne_, from old English _payne_, pain. Son of pain. _McPhail._ _Mac_, son; _fâile_, genitive of _fâil_, fate. Son of fate. _McQuade._ _Mac_, son; Dutch _kwade_, genitive _kwaide_, evil. Son of evil. _MacQueen._ _Mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _quean_, a woman, allied to Irish _gein_, an offspring. Son of the Queen. _McQuigan._ _Mac_, son; _caoi_, pronounced _kwee_, wailing; _gan_, offspring. Son of lamentation. _McQuillan._ _Mac_, son; _cuilleain_, genitive of _cuillean_, a cur. Son of a cur. Quillen, Quillan and Quilkin, of like derivation. _McRae._ _Mac_, son; _rae_, pronounced like _ray_, genitive of _rae_, the moon. Son of the moon; one influenced by the moon; a lunatic. _McShain._ _Mac_, son; _Seaǵâin_, pronounced _Shawn_, genitive of _Seaǵan_, John. Son of John. McShane, McShawn, McShaughn, of like significance. _McShimon._ _Mac_, son; _Shimoin_, Simon. Son of Simon. Fitzsimon, a kindred form. _McSorley._ _Mac_, son; _Soḿairle_, of Sorley, or Charles. Son of Charles. _McSwain._ _Mac_, son; Scotch _swayn_, genitive _swayne_, a lover. Son of a lover. _McSweegan._ _Mac_, son; _saoi_, pronounced _swee_, a sage, a philosopher; _gan_, offspring. Son of the descendant of a philosopher. _McTague._ _Mac_, son; _Tad́g_, pronounced _Taig_, genitive _Taid́g_, of Thaig. Son of Thaig. _McTamanney._ _Mac_, son; _tam_, still, sluggish, placid; _neac_, an individual; originally, doubtless, _tamnać_, genitive _tamnaiǵ_. Son of a quiet person. Tamany, Tamney, slightly modified forms of the same. _McTaney._ _Mac_, son; _Taney_, from _teann_, pronounced _tāne_, stiff, straight, independent, stubborn, hopeful, strong, reliant; _ey_ for _eać_, an individual. Son of Taney; son of an independent person. _McTask._ _Mac_, son; _taisg_, genitive of _tasg_, task, labor. Son of labor. _McTeer._ _Mac_, son; _tir_, pronounced _teer_, country. Son of the country. Corruption of McIntire. _McThomas._ _Mac_, son; _Tomais_, genitive of _Tomas_, Thomas. Son of Thomas. Thompson, from the same, is an analogous, but inverted, form. _McTighe._ _Mac_, son; _tiǵe_, pronounced _tighe_, genitive of _teać_, a house. Son of a house. _McTurk._ _Mac_, son; _tuirc_, genitive of _torc_, a boar, a hog. Son of a boar. _McVan._ _Mac-a-b́ean_, from _mac_, son; _a_, of his; _b́ean_, pronounced _van_, woman. Son of his woman. _Mackin._ _Mac_, son; _cionn_, of fondness. Son of fondness. _Macoun._ _Mac Eoin_, from _mac_, son; _Eoin_, of Owen. Son of Owen. Mackuen, of similar origin. _Magagal._ _Maǵ-a-geall_, from _maǵ_, plain; _a_, of the; _gall_, stranger. The plain of the stranger. _Magher._ _Maǵ_, pronounced _mâgh_, a plain, genitive _maiǵ_, of plain; _er_, a man. A man of the plain. _Maguire._ _Maǵ_, a plain; _uire_, contraction of _Muire_, of Mary. The plain of Mary. _Main._ _Mein_, mind. _Malone._ _Maǵ_, plain; _luain_, genitive of _luan_, pronounced _loon_, the moon. The plain, or face of the moon. _Maloney._ _Maǵ_, plain; _luain_, of the moon; _neać_, individual. The man in the face of the moon. _Martin._ _Martan_, from _mart_, an ox; _an_, denoting diminutiveness. A young ox. _Marvin._ _Marb́_, pronounced _marv_, dead; _in_, implying personality. A dead person. _Maury._ _Mâiri_, of the Mauri; _riǵ_, king. The king of the Mauri. _Moyall._ _Maǵ_, pronounced, occasionally, _moy_, a plain, a level country; _aille_, of the cliff. The plain of the cliff. Sometimes written Moyal. _Meehan._ _Mian_, pronounced _mee-an_, desire, the _h_ being ornamental rather than useful. _Meenan._ _Mion_, pronounced _meen_, small; _an_, suffix expressive of littleness. A small person. _Menough._ _Maon_, pronounced _meen_, wealth; _eać_, an individual. A person of wealth. _Milnamow._ _Muillin-na-maǵ_, from _muillin_, a mill; _na_, of the; _maǵ_, pronounced _mow_, plain. The mill of the plain. _Mishney._ _Misneac_, pronounced _mish-neay_, or _mishneach_, courage. _Miskey._ _Meisge_, pronounced _misge_, or _miske_, drunkenness. _Moll._ _Mol_, active verb imperative, signifying “praise thou,” _Molloy._ _Mol-ad́_, pronounced _moloo_, “let him praise.” _Morgan._ _Muir_, the sea, genitive _mara_, of the sea; _gan_, offspring. A descendant of the sea; a mariner. _Mowbray._ _Maǵ_, pronounced _mow_, a plain, a level country; _braiǵ_, pronounced _bragh_, or _bray_, genitive of _brać_, malt. The level country of the malt. _Mowrey._ _Maǵ_, plain; _riǵ_, of king. The plain of the king. Mowry, the same. _Moy._ _Maǵ_, sometimes pronounced _moy_, a level country. _Moyer._ _Maǵ_, the level country; _er_ for _fear_, a man. A man of the level country. _Muir._ _Muir_, the sea. Other forms, Muire, Muhr, Moor, Moore, Murr. _Muirhead._ _Muir_, the sea; Anglo-Saxon _head_. Head of the sea. _Muirney._ _Muir_, the sea; _neać_, an individual. One that follows the sea; a mariner. Murney, from the same roots. _Mulcahey._ Originally _Mulcat́aiǵ_, genitive of _Mulcat́eać_, from _mul_, mound, _cat́aiǵ_, of warrior. Mound of a warrior. Mulcahy, another form of spelling. _Mulcrone._ _Mul_, axle; _cruine_, pronounced _croon_, of the world. The axle of the world. _Muldoon._ _Mul_, a mound, a knoll; _dun_, stronghold, castle. The mound on which the castle stands. _Mullin._ _Muillin_, a mill. Mullen betrays like origin. _Mullock._ _Muillin_, a mill; _loiće_, genitive of _loć_, lake. The mill of the lake. _Murdock._ _Muir_, the sea; Gothic _dok_, an inlet, a gulf. Sea-harbor. _Murlin._ _Muir_, the sea; _linn_, a marsh. A marsh by the sea. _Murray._ _Murrać_, Murragh, from _muir_, the sea, and _ać_, an individual. A navigator; a sailor. _Murtagh._ _Muir_, the sea; _teać_, sometimes incorrectly pronounced _teagh_, a house. A house by the sea; a light-house. Murtagh, Murtaugh, indicate their kinship. N. _Neachtan._ _Neać_, a man; _tain_, of the country. A man of the country; a countryman; a farmer. Naughten, corrupted form of the name. _Nee._ _Ni_, or _niǵ_, pronounced _nee_, _neegh_, _neey_, a daughter. _Neeley._ _Niall_, Neill, genitive _Neill_, of Neill; _y_ for _neać_, an individual. Child of Neill. Sometimes written Neely. _Neilan._ _Neill_, of Neill; _an_, denoting personality. One of the family of Neill. Neelan and Neelen are the same. Neelans, the son of Neelan, the final _s_ being a contraction of _sun_, Anglo-Saxon of son. _Neill._ _Niall_, from _ni_, a daughter; _aille_, genitive of _aill_, a cliff. Daughter of the cliff. Neill, Neille, Niell, Nille, Neal, Neel, Newill, Nihill, a few of the many forms of the name. _Neilson._ _Neill_, of Neill; Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. The son of Neill. Nelson, of like derivation and import. _Nesbit._ _Nees_, son of Nee; _bit́_, life. Life of Nees; life of the son of Nee; life of the son of a daughter. Sometimes written Nesbitt. _Ney._ _Neać_, pronounced _neay_, a man. More probably from _niǵ_, a daughter. _Nicoll._ _Neać_, occasionally pronounced _neach_, a man; _aille_, genitive of _all_, a cliff. The man of the cliff. Nicol is similarly derived. _Noell._ _Neul_, pronounced _na-il_, a cloud. Noel, Nowel, Newell, cognate forms. _Nolan._ _Noell_, from _neul_, a cloud, and _an_, implying person. Son of Noell; son of the cloud. Nolen, a less common form of the name. _Noon._ _Noin_, pronounced like _oi_ in _toil_, noon. Noone, Nune, are forms of the same. _Noonan._ _Noinean_, a daisy, from _noin_, day, noon. Like the Saxon term daisy—day’s eye—derived from day. O. _O’Beirne._ _O_, for _ua_, a grandson, a descendant; _beirne_, genitive of _beirn_, a child. Grandson of a child. _O’Brien._ _O_, descendant; _Brien_, corruption of _Britain_. Grandson of a Briton. O’Bryan, of similar signification. _O’Connell._ _Ua Connaill_, from _ua_, grandson; _Connaill_ from _conn_, of heroes, and _aille_, of a cliff. Descendant of Connell; grandson of heroes of the cliff. _O’Connor._ _O_, descendant; _Connor_, from _conn_, of heroes, _cub́ar_, fond of. Grandson of Connor; descendant of those fond of heroes. O’Conner, slightly modified form. _O’Daley._ _O_, grandson; _dalaiǵ_, genitive of _dalać_, a blind fellow. Descendant of a blind man. _O’Dare._ _O_, descendant; _dara_, genitive of _dair_, the oak. Grandson of Dare. _O’Dea._ _O_, descendant; _Dea_, of God. Descendant of God. O’Day, an obscure form of the name. _O’Donovan._ _O’Don-a-b́ean_, from _o_, grandson; _dona_, unfortunate; _a_, of; _b́ean_, woman. Descendant of an unfortunate woman. O’Donovan, of like significance. _O’Donnell._ _Ua Doḿnaill_, from _ua_, descendant; _Doḿnaill_, of Donnell. Grandson of Donnell; a descendant of Christ. O’Donal, an abbreviated form of the name. See McDonnell. _O’Farra._ _O_, descendant; _fara_, genitive of _fear_, a man. Grandson of man. _O’Farrell._ _O_, grandson; _fara_, of man; _aille_, of cliff. A descendant of the man of the cliff. _O’Gara._ _O_, descendant; _gara_, genitive of _gearr_, a noun derived from an adjective of the same name, meaning shortness. Grandson of a short person. _O’Gorman._ _O_, grandson; _Gorman_, a blue-eyed person. Descendant of a blue-eyed person. _O’Grady._ _O_, descendant; _graid́e_, genitive of _grad́_, affection; _y_ for _eać_, an individual. Grandson of Grady; descendant of an affectionate person. _O’Hara._ _O_, grandson; _hara_, Irish genitive of the Anglo-Saxon noun _hara_, a hare. Descendant of a hare. _O’Kee._ _O_, descendant; _Kee_, corruption of _Mac Aoid́_, pronounced _Mac Eey_, son of Hugh. Grandson of the son of Hugh. _O’Keef._ _O_, offspring; _caoiḿ_, gentle. Descendant of the gentle. O’Keef, O’Keeffe, analogous words. _O’Kelley._ _O_, descendant; _Kelley_, from _caillaiǵ_, genitive of _cailleać_, an old woman, a hag. Grandson of an old woman. _O’Leary._ _O_, grandson; Anglo-Saxon _lǽr_, learning; Irish _y_ for _eać_, an individual. Descendant of an educated person. _O’Lone._ _O_, descendant; _luain_, genitive of _luan_, a warrior. Grandson of a warrior. _O’Lochlin._ _O_, grandson; _loiće_, genitive of _loć_, pronounced _loch_, a lake; _linn_, a swamp. Descendant of Lochlin. O’Loughlin, O’Laughlin, cognate terms. _O’Malachlyn._ _O’McLochlin_, from _o_, descendant; _McLochlin_, son of Lochlin. Descendant of McLochlin. _O’Mara._ _O_, descendant; _mara_, genitive of _muir_, the sea. Offspring of the sea. O’Meara, most generally in use. _O’Millin._ _O_, offspring; _muillin_, of the mill. Descendant of the mill. O’Mullen, O’Mullane, derivable from the same roots. _O’Neill._ _Ua Neill_, from _ua_, grandson; _Neill_, genitive of _Niall_, Neill. Descendant of Neill. O’Neil, O’Neal, quite commonly occur, and are similarly derived. _Oram._ _Or_, gold; _am_, time. Time is gold; precious opportunity. _Ord._ _Ord_, order, arrangement. _O’Regan._ _O_, descendant; _Regan_, from _riǵ_, a king; _an_ for _tan_, place, region. Descendant of Regan. _O’Reilly._ _Ua Raǵallać_, from _ua_, grandson, _riaǵail_, a rule; _ać_, an individual. Descendant of a ruler; grandson of a king. _O’Rourk._ _Ua Ruarcać_, from _ua_, descendant; _rad́arc_, pronounced in Connaught _rooarc_, sight, and _ać_, an individual. Grandson of Rourk; descendant of a man of judgment. O’Rourke, O’Rorke, kindred names. _Orr._ _Or_, gold, wealth, riches. In a secondary sense, precious, valuable. _O’Shaughnessy._ _O_, descendant; _Seaǵan_, pronounced _Shaughn_, or _Shawn_, genitive _Seaǵain_, John; _nees_, _ni_, daughter, and Anglo-Saxon _s_ for _sun_, son; _y_ for _eać_, an individual. Grandson of a person belonging to the son of the daughter of John. O’Shannessy, of like derivation. _O’Shanter._ _O_, descendant; _Seaǵain_, John’s; _ter_, from _tir_, country. A descendant of John’s country. _Ossian._ _Osna_, a sigh; _n_ for _an_, denoting a personal noun. One who sighs; a mourner. _O’Sullivan._ _O_, descendant; _suile_, pronounced _soo-il_, genitive of _suil_, the eye; _i_ for _a_, his; _b́ean_, woman. _O’Toole._ _O_, descendant; genitive _tuile_, pronounced _too-il_, of flood. Descendant of a flood. _Owen._ _Eon_, perhaps from _uan_, pronounced _oo-an_, a lamb. From _Mac Eoin_, son of Owen, have arisen MacKeon, Keon, Coyne, Owens, and Owenson. _Owenson._ _Owen_, and _sun_, the Anglo-Saxon of son. Son of Owen. Owens is the same name curtailed of the last two letters. _O’Weir._ _O_, descendant; Anglo-Saxon _wér_, a man, Irish genitive _weir_. Descendant of man. P. _Padden_, corruption of _Padruic_, Irish for Patrick. A patrician; a nobleman. Paddin is another spelling of the name. _Pearson._ _Pearsan_, genitive of _pearsa_. A person. _Pollard._ _Poll_, a hole, a pit; _ard_, high, chief, supreme. A high hole; a deep pit. Q. _Quillin._ _Cuillean_, a cur. Quillen, a slightly changed, and Quill, a largely abbreviated form of the same word. _Quin._ _Caoin_, pronounced _kween_, weeping, wailing. Quinn, of like derivation. _Quinlivan._ _Caoin_, weeping; _luib́_, pronounced _liv_, genitive _luib́e_, grass, weed; _an_ for _tan_, garden. A garden of weeping grass. _Quinney._ _Caoin_, weeping; _ney_ from _neać_, an individual. A mourner. R. _Rainear._ _Rainn_, genitive of _rann_, song, poem, stanza; _ear_ for _fear_, a man. A singer; a minstrel; a poet. Rainier, a name farthest removed from the primitive form, but the one that is most generally used. _Rainey._ _Rainn_, genitive of _rann_, song, poem; _eać_, an individual. A writer of songs; a poet. Raney, Reaney, cognate names. _Redfearn._ Anglo-Saxon _read_, red; Irish _fearn_, pronounced _fārn_, alder-tree. The red alder-tree. _Regan._ _Riǵ_, king; _an_ for _tan_, possessions, country. A kingdom. Reagan, Ragan, and, perhaps, Rogan, of like import. _Reilly._ _Raǵallać_, from _riaǵail_, a rule; _ać_, an agent. A ruler; a king. Reilley, Reily, Rielly, Riley, cognate forms. _Richardson._ _Mac Risdeard_, son of Richard. Richards, Dicson, Dixon, have the same signification, Richard, in Old German, meaning rich-hearted, powerful. _Rock._ _Roć_, pronounced _rokh_, rock, a large stone. _Rourk._ _Ruarcać_, from _rad́arc_, pronounced _rooarc_, sight, and _ać_, an individual. An observant person; a man of judgment. Rourke, Rorke, Rork, Riark, referable to the same roots. _Rox._ _Rocks_, from _roć_, a rock, and Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. Son of Rock. _Ruan._ _Run_, pronounced _roon_, secret, dear, beloved. Ruane, Ruene, analogous words. _Runey._ _Run_, secret, beloved; _ney_ for _neać_, an individual, an agent. One that is beloved. Rooney, Roney, common spellings of the name. _Ryan._ _Riǵin_, pronounced _ry-an_, slow. S. _Searle._ _Soḿairle_, pronounced _Sowarley_, Sorley, or Charles. Shorley is from the same root, only the initial consonant has its characteristic force before the slender vowel _e_. _Sewell._ _Suil_, pronounced _soo-ill_, the eye. Sewall, a slightly modified form of the name. _Shane._ _Sean_, pronounced _shane_, old. Shan, Shean, Sheain, Sheahan, Sheehan, of similar derivation. _Shannon._ _Sean_, old; _aḿan_, pronounced _awan_, river. An ancient river. _Shaughney._ _Seaǵain_, pronounced _Shawn_, genitive of _Seaǵan_, John; _neać_, an individual, an agent. The helpmeet of John. _Sheely._ _Sile_, pronounced _Shee-le_, Celia. _Shinn._ _Sinn_, pronounced _shinn_, we, us. _Sinn_, the same, only the _s_ has not taken its accustomed sound of _sh_ before the slender vowel _i_. _Sinnott._ _Sinn_, we, us; _aid́_, or _aoid́_, a person. One who uses the pronoun _we_; an editor; a reviewer; a governor. Sinett, Synott, Shenett, Sennett, equivalent names. _Smiggins._ _Smiggin_, from _smigin_, the chin; _s_, contraction of _sun_, Anglo-Saxon for son. Son of Smiggin; son of the chin. _Stephenson._ _Mac Steṕain_, from _mac_, son, and _Steṕain_, genitive of _Steṕan_, Stephen. Son of Stephen. Fitzstephen has the same signification. _Sullivan._ _Sul-a-b́ean_, from _sul_, the eye; _a_, of; _b́ean_, woman. The eye of woman. _Sully._ _Sul_, the eye; genitive _suile_, pronounced _soo-il-le_, belonging to the eye. _Sweegan._ _Saoi_, pronounced _swee_, a philosopher, a man of letters; _gan_, descendant. The offspring of a philosopher. _Sweeney._ _Saoi_, a gentleman, a hero; _neać_, an individual, an agent. A valet; an aid-de-camp. T. _Taine._ _Teine_, pronounced _tain_, fire. Toyne, greatly modified form of the original. _Tammaney._ _Tam_, still, sluggish, placid; _neać_, an individual, an agent. A cool, calm, deliberate person. _Taney._ _Teine_, fire; _neać_, an agent, an individual. An ardent, zealous man. _Tenney._ _Teann_, pronounced _tane_, straight, independent, stubborn, hopeful, strong, reliant; _eać_ for _neać_, an individual. A strong, hopeful, reliant person. Tenny, Teeney, Teeny, of similar import. _Terrell._ _Tir_, pronounced _teer_, a country; _ell_ for _aill_, a cliff. The cliff-country. Tirrill, Tyrell, familiar forms of the same name. _Terry._ _Tir_, country; _riǵ_, the king. The king’s country. _Thoreau._ _Torad́_, pronounced _thoroo_, produce, fruit, fruitfulness. _Tierney._ _Tir_, country; _neać_, an individual. A countryman; a farmer. _Tighe._ _Tiǵe_, pronounced _tighe_, genitive of _teać_, a house. Belonging to a house. _Toole._ _Tuile_, pronounced _too-il-e_, a flood. Tool, Tull, Tully, cognate names. _Torrey._ _Torać_, pronounced _torach_, thunder. _Trall._ _Traill_, pronounced _trawll_, a slave, a bastard. _Trombar._ _Trom_, heavy; _barr_, top, summit. Top-heavy. Trumbar, similarly derived. V. _Van Barr._ _Van_, Dutch for son, doubtless from Irish _bean_, woman; _barr_, summit, top. Son of Barr; son of a man of eminence. _Vannaman._ _Van-na-mann_, from _van_, son; _na_, of the; _mann_, man. Son of the man. Names commencing with _van_ are considered by writers of philology as Dutch, but in many such terms the student readily perceives an Irish origin. _Van_, without doubt, is nothing but _bean_, the Irish for woman, with its initial consonant aspirated. W. _Williamson._ _Mac Uilleam_, from _mac_, son; _Uilleam_, genitive of _Uilliam_, William. Son of William. Fitzwilliam, Williams and MacWilliam are forms of the word, the last being the Irish name assumed by the Bourkes of Connaught on the death of their chief, William De Bourg, third earl of Ulster. Y. _Yarnall._ _Eireann_, genitive of _Eire_, Ireland; _aill_, a cliff. A cliff of Ireland. _Yarrick._ _Eire_, Ireland; _eać_ for _neać_, an individual. An Irishman. _Yarrow._ _Iar_, western; _ać_, fragmentary form of _neać_, pronounced _ach_, or _agh_, an individual. A western man; a native of Ireland. FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON. HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES. Every Englishman—and we apply the term in a comprehensive sense—who would clearly understand the force of his mother-tongue, should study Anglo-Saxon, as it is the direct and copious source of his own beloved language. Out of the many thousand words in use in English, more than five-eighths are of Anglo-Saxon origin. These, not only in number, but in their peculiar character and significance, as well as in their influence on grammatical forms, give to our language, it is universally admitted, its chief vigor. In short, they constitute its bone and sinew. Volumes may be written in words of Anglo-Saxon parentage alone, but it would be impossible to express the simplest thought in language of Latin derivation. Words expressive of the dearest relations, the strongest and most powerful feelings of nature, the language of every-day life, as of duty, business, pleasure, etc., find in the Anglo-Saxon their deepest, sincerest, and most energetic portrayals. Every speaker or writer, if he would convince the understanding and reach the heart, must shun Latinized expressions, and use the Anglo-Saxon, for the one awakens vivid, soul-stirring thoughts, and the other thoughts that are cool and unimpassioned. With this view of Anglo-Saxon’s importance to every Englishman, a brief account of the origin of the present inhabitants of England will show that we owe to the Gothic tribes—the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles—our physical vigor, yea, our very existence, as well as our highly expressive language. Like all the Teutonic tribes, the Saxons were of Oriental origin. They derived, most probably, their appellation from the Sacæ, who doubtless gave the name of Sakasina to a part of Armenia. In Ptolemy’s time, A. D. 90, they were as far westward as the Elbe, and, consequently, were among the first of the Teutonic tribes that visited Europe. Their location, between the Elbe and the Eyder in the south of Denmark, strengthens the belief that they were the vanguard of Germanic emigration. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, which were the only tribes that successively made settlements in Britain, are therefore deemed of sufficient interest to claim especial attention. The first to obtain possession were the Jutes. Two brothers, Hengist and Horsa, from Jutland, in Denmark, arrived in three small ships at Ebbs-fleet, in the Isle of Thanet, in 449. This island was assigned to them by the Britons for their assistance against the Picts and Scots. Subsequently, they became possessors of Kent, the Isle of Wight, and part of Hampshire. Forty-two years later, 491, the Saxons entered Britain. Their first kingdom was established by Ella, under the name of South-Saxons, including what is now known as Sussex, together with a part of Surrey. In 494 another powerful colony, under Cerdic, arrived. Being west of the other, it took the name West-Saxons. They occupied Hants, Berks, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and part of Cornwall. A third Saxon kingdom, in 527, was planted in Essex, Middlesex and the south of Hertfordshire, under the name of East-Saxons (East-Seaxe). The Angles (Engle), from Anglen, the country between Flensburg and the Schley in the southeast of Sleswick in Denmark, settled about 527 in East Anglia, and exercised control over what now embraces Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and part of Bedfordshire. Ida, in 547, began to establish himself in Bernicia, comprehending Northumberland and the south of Scotland, between the Tweed and Firth of Forth. About 559 Ella conquered Deira, a tract of country between the Humber and the Tweed, embracing the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire. Mercia, bounded by the Thames, Humber and Severn, and comprehending the counties of Chester, Derby, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Northampton, Nottingham, Rutland, the north of Beds, Bucks, Hertford, Warwick, Oxon, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Stafford and Salop, was formed by Crida, about 586, into an independent state. From the foregoing remarks it appears that one Jute, three Saxon, and four Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were established in Britain by the year 586, and that the Angles and Saxons were the leading spirits in the expeditions. They, therefore, when settled in this country, were collectively called Anglo-Saxons. From the Angles (Engle), who were the most numerous and predominant, the land was named Engla land, the Engle’s or Angle’s land—an appellation which was afterwards contracted into England. Anglo-Saxon, that is, Angle-, Engle-, or English-Saxon, is the language of the Platt, Low, Flat, or North part of Germany, introduced into England by the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons, and modified, spoken, and written by Englishmen. The less daring and enterprising of these peoples who remained in their continental home bore the name of Old-Saxons, and their language Old-Saxon, but their brethren who settled in Britain were fitly designated Anglo-Saxons, and their language, perfected in England, was denominated Anglo-Saxon. To King Alfred, and the many writings of Alfric, we are indebted for the finest specimens of Anglo-Saxon spoken and written in England in their days. Persons who are desirous of tracing the origin of Anglo-Saxon, or of comparing it with kindred dialects, must first go to the Old-Saxon, the Low-German spoken by those who remained in the old home of the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons. No written specimen of the language spoken by these Old-Saxons is extant, but there is, in a collateral dialect, a very fine poem, written in the ninth century, which is entitled _Heliand_, Healer or Saviour. While some of the Low-German race migrated to England, others passed to the lower Rhine and settled there. This poem being written in the dialect of these Rhenish Old-Saxons, and the latter being akin to the Anglo-Saxon, there can be no question as to its vast importance in the study of the language which is the foundation of our own. Recourse may then be had to other works in Low-German. High-German, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish may then be consulted, and carried back to their Oriental source. None of the German or Scandinavian dialects have writings antedating those of the Anglo-Saxons, except the Germanic in the Moeso-Gothic Gospels of Ulphilas, published in 370, and some Icelandic. A zealous attempt, tracing the origin of the English, Germanic, and Scandinavian languages and nations, with a sketch of their early literature, and short chronological specimens of Anglo-Saxon, Friesic, Flemish, Dutch, German, from the Moeso-Goths to the present time, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, and tracing the progress of these languages and their connection with the modern English, was made by Rev. Joseph Bosworth, in 1848. All interested in such knowledge will find themselves abundantly repaid by an examination of this learned scholar’s investigations, as shown in the work to which reference has just been made. LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON. ANGLO-SAXON LETTERS—THEIR NAMES. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet has twenty-four letters, namely, _a_, _æ_, _b_, _d_, _dh_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _s_, _t_, _th_, _u_, _w_ (_vv_), _x_ and _y_. All but three, _dh_, _th_, _w_, are Roman characters, the variations from the common form being cacographic fancies. No difficulty is experienced by German-speaking students in calling the letters by their proper appellations as their resemblance to the German names, excepting in three instances, is very intimate and striking. _Ah_, _ă_, _bay_, _cay_, _day_, _edh_, _ay_, _ef_, _gay_, _hah_, _ee_, _el_, _em_, _en_, _o_, _pay_, _er_, _es_, _tay_, _thorn_, _oo_, _wên_, _ex_, _ypsilon_, express very accurately their syllabic representation. An accent is found in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, but in none so regularly used as to become an objective feature of Anglo-Saxon text. It is found oftenest over a long vowel; sometimes over a vowel of peculiar sound, not long; seldom, except over syllables requiring a stress of voice. There are times, it seems, when nothing but stress is indicated. English editors represent it mostly by an acute accent, but the Germans generally print Anglo-Saxon with a circumflex over all single long sounds in the root of words, and an acute over the diphthongs; as _brôder_, _freónd_. In this book, an acute accent is used over all long vowels and diphthongs. SOUNDS OF VOWELS. _A_ short or unaccented is sounded like _a_ in _man_. It is often found in the final syllables of inflections, and generally appears in the radix before a doubled consonant, or two different consonants. The radical short _a_ can only stand before a single consonant, and _st_, _sc_, when this single consonant and these double letters are followed in the inflections by _a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns; _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_ in adjectives; and _a_, _o_, _u_, and _ia_ in verbs. Specially important are the remarks contained in the last paragraph in the declension of words, for, monosyllables, ending in a single consonant, in _st_, or _sc_, reject the _e_ from the short _æ_, and leave the short _a_ alone, whenever, in declining, the consonant or consonants happen to be followed by _a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns, and _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_ in adjectives. It must be remembered, then, that a short _a_ cannot stand in a word. 1. When it ends in a single consonant, that is, when no inflection of _a_, _o_, _u_ in nouns follow, as in _stæf_. 2. When in nouns a single consonant is followed by _e_, as in _wæter_. 3. When the word has any other double consonants than _st_, _sc_, even though followed by _a_, _o_, _u_, as in _cræft_. 4. In contracted words, when _æ_ is not in the last syllable, as in _æcer_. When the _á_ is accented it is then _long_, and words containing this long or accented _á_ are now represented by English terms with the vowel sounded like _o_ in _no_ and in _bone_. Hám _home_, bán, _bone_, án, _one_, stán, _stone_, have either the same or an analogous meaning in English and Anglo-Saxon. Sometimes the accented or long _á_ is represented in English by _oa_, as ác, _an oak_, gád, _a goad_, lám, _lome_. Occasionally, _á_ becomes _oe_ in English, as dá, _a doe_, fá, _a foe_, rá, _a roe_, but the _ae_ in these words has the sound of _o_ in _no_. The same may be said of _oa_ in _boar_. Hence, it appears that the Anglo-Saxon _á_ is represented by the modern English _o_, _oa_, and _oe_, which have the sound of _o_ in _no_, or _bone_. The long _á_ is often changed into _æ_, as _lár_, lore, _lǽran_, to teach. _-A_, added to words, denotes _a person_, _an agent_, _an actor_, hence,—All names ending in _a_ are masculine, and make the genitive in _an_, as from _cum_, come (thou), _cuma_, a person who comes, or a guest, is derived. Some words, denoting inanimate things, terminate in _a_, and these words, having the same declension as those which signify _persons_ or _actors_, are also masculine. _A-_ is an inseparable prefix, denoting negation, determination or opposition, as _from_, _out_, _away_. _A-_ does not always appear to alter the signification, but generally, however, it adds some little force or intensity to the original meaning of the word to which it is joined. Anglo-Saxon words, containing the short or unaccented vowel _e_, are often represented by modern English words of the same meaning, having the sound of _e_ in _fed_, as _nett_, _bedd_, _webb_. Before a double consonant, two different consonants, or one or two consonants when followed by a long or final vowel, the short _e_ is most generally used. Words containing the long or accented _é_ are very frequently represented by English terms of the same meaning, and have the sound of _e_ in _meet_. Long _é_ is used, as in _thé_, at the end of words, and before the consonants _l_, _m_, _n_, _r_, _s_, _t_, _d_, _dh_, _c_, _g_ and _f_. _-E_, in the ending of nouns, denotes a person, as _hyrde_, a shepherd, from _hyrdan_, to guard. It is also used to form nouns denoting inanimate objects, as _cyle_, cold, but these are mostly derived from verbs, and hence are masculine; but, when they come from adjectives, they are feminine. Final _e_ is the termination of derivative adjectives, and is also the usual letter by which adjectives ending in a consonant become adverbs. Unaccented _i_ has the sound of _i_ in _fin_, as is evidenced by the following Anglo-Saxon words which have the same meaning in English as in Saxon:—_tin_, _dim_, _scip_, _wit_, _ribb_, _milc_, etc. _I_ long has the sound of _i_ in _fine_, as in the cognate words, _tíne_, _wín_, _díc_, _hwíl_. The verbal termination _ian_, or with a consonant before the _i_—_cian_, _gian_, _nian_, _sian_—is the most simple and universal. It is joined to various parts of speech, but especially to nouns and pronouns. These verbs almost always make the perfect tense in _ode_, and the perfect participle in _od_. Verbs thus formed from adjectives are generally neuter, but they become active by prefixing _ge_, as _lytl_, little, _lytlian_, to become little, _gelytlian_, to diminish. _I_ and _ie_ are often used for _g_, _ge_, _y_, and _e_. Short _o_, in Anglo-Saxon, has probably the sound of _o_ in _for_, as _corn_, _horn_, _loc_. _O_, accented, was sounded in Saxon as _oo_ in _cook_, as proved by the cognate words _cóc_, _bóc_, _gód_, _cól_, _fót_, etc. Final _o_ is chiefly used to form the names of qualities from adjectives, as _menigeo_, the many, multitude. Nouns ending in _o_ are feminine and indeclinable, but they often end in _u_, and in that case have a regular feminine declension. A few nouns in final _o_ are neuter, and make the genitive in _ewes_, as _ealo_, ale, genitive _ealewes_. The unaccented _u_ in Anglo-Saxon had most probably the sound of _u_ in _fun_, as testified to by _butt_, _dun_, _munc_, _up_, etc., which have the same meaning in English as in Saxon. Long _ú_ had the sound of _ou_, or _ow_, in _about_, _foul_, _house_, _town_, as _fúl_, _hú_, _mús_, _nú_, _úre_, Saxon words which have the same signification, as their English representatives most plainly show. _Eo_ are sometimes used for _u_, as _sweord_, _swurd_, and _y_ for _ú_, as _swytol_, _swútol_. In later times, _u_ was employed for _f_ and _v_, as _luue_, _lufe_, _Dauid_, _David_. Some few names ending in _u_ are masculine or neuter, but they are mostly feminine, and form the names of qualities from adjectives. Short _u_ or accented Anglo-Saxon _y_ had the _y_ sounded as in _mystery_, _duty_, as _tynder_, _hyp_, _syn_, _mynster_, which are represented by modern English words of like signification. The long or accented _y_ had the sound of _y_ in _type_, _sky_, as will be evident from the following cognate words: _lýs_, _fýr_, _hýd_, _brýd_, and _lýf_. Unaccented _i_ is often used for _y_, and long _i_ for _y_; as _lístan_, _litel_, _minster_ for _lystan_, _lytel_, _mynster_, and _fír_, _bríd_, _líf_, for _fýr_, _brýd_, _lýf_. SOUNDS OF CONSONANTS. The consonants have their common English sounds: _c_, like _k_, always; _ch_, like _kh_, in _work-house_; _cw_, like _qu_; _dh_, like English _th_ in a similar word, as _ódher_, other, _dódh_, doth; _g_, like _g_ in _go_, always; _h_, very distinct; _hw_, like _wh_ in New England; _i_ (= _j_), before a vowel, like _y_; _s_, like _s_ in _so_; _t_, like _t_ in _to_; _th_, like _th_ in _thin_; _w_, like _w_; _wl_, _wr_, and final _w_ nearly close the lips; _x_, like _ks_. ACCENT—ITS USE. The primary accent is on the first syllable of every word: as, _bródʹ-her_, brother; _unʹ-cúdh_, uncouth. Proper prefixes in verbs and participles take no primary accent; such are _á_, _an_, _and_, _æt_, _be_, _bi_, _ed_, _far_, _ful_, _ge_, _geord_, _in_, _mis_, _ódh_, _of_, _ofer_, _on_, _or_, _tó_, _thurh_, _un_, _under_, _widh_, _widher_, _ymb_, _ymbe_: _an-ginʹ-nan_, begin; _on-geánʹ_, again. The syllable after the prefix assumes the accent. Derivatives from nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, retain their accent. Such are all verbs in _and-_, _ed-_, _or-_, found in Anglo-Saxon poetry, and many adverbs in _un-_, etc. Compounds, formed of adverbs and verbs, retain their accent. Such are these with _æfter_, _bí_, _bíg_, _efen_, _eft_, _fore_, _ford_, _from_, _fram_, _hider_, _mid_, _midher_, _gegn_, _geán_, _gén_, _tó_, _up_, _út_, _wel_. The inseparable prefixes _á-_, _be-_ (_bi-_), _for-_, _ge-_, are unaccented; as, _á-lýsʹ-ing_, redemption. A secondary accent may fall in the tone syllable of the lighter part of a compound or on a suffix; as, _ó-fer-cumʹ-an_, overcome. EUPHONIC CHANGES. _Gemination_ is the doubling of a letter. When final, or next to a consonant, it is simplified, _mm_ changing to _mb_, _nn_ to _nd_, _ss_ to _st_, _ii_ to _ig_, _un_ to _up_: as, _timbr_ for _timmr_, timber; _spindl_ for _spinnl_, spindle; _lufast_ for _lufass_, lovest; _lufige_ for _lufie_, love; _bearupes_ for _bearuues_, grove. Double _g_ is written _cg_, and double _f_, _bb_. _Umlaut_ is the assimilation of a vowel by the vowel of the succeeding syllable: _a-umlaut_ changes _i_ to _e_ (_eo_), _u_ to _o_; _i-umlaut_, _a_ to _e_, _u_ to _y_, _ea_ to _y_, _eo_ to _y_, _á_ to _ǽ_, _ó_ to _é_, _ú_ to _ý_, _eá_ to _y_, _eó_ to _ý_; _u-umlaut_, _a_ to _ea_ (_o_), _i_ to _eo_. The _i_ which produces _i-umlaut_ is often changed to _e_ or dropped: as, _man_, plural _men_, from _meni_; _fót_, plural _fét_, feet, from _féti_. _Breaking_ is the change of one vowel to two by a consonant. _G_, _c_, and _ac_ may break a following _a_ to _ea_, _o_ to _eo_, _i_ to _ie_, _á_ to _eá_, _ó_ to _eó_; _l_, _r_ and _h_ may break a preceding _a_ to _ea_, _i_ to _eo_ (_io_), _ie_: as, _geaf_, gave; _sceó_, shoe; _sealm_, psalm; _hleator_, laughter; _meolc_, milk. _Shifting_ is the weakening of a letter not produced by other letters: _a_ to _æ_, _ǽ_ to _é_, _eá_ and _eó_ to _é_, etc.; _dæg_, from _dag_, day. NOUNS—THEIR DECLENSION. There are two classes of declensions of Anglo-Saxon nouns:—_Strong_, those which have sprung from vowel stems, and _weak_, that which has sprung from stems in _an_. Of the four declensions, the first, second and third are distinguished by the genitive singular ending in _es_, _e_, and _a_, respectively, and the fourth by its termination in _an_. _Strong nouns_ have all masculines of the first or third declension; all feminines of the second or third, and all neuters of the first. _Abstract nouns_ have their gender controlled by the terminations. In derivatives, the feminine gender prevails, while compound nouns follow the gender of the last part. Names of males, of the moon, and of many weeds, flowers, winds, are _masculine_. Nouns representing names of females, of the sun, and of many trees, rivers, and soft and low musical instruments, are _feminine_. _Neuter_ nouns are names of wife, child, as well as diminutives, many general names, and words made an object of thought. _Epicene nouns_ have one grammatical gender, but are used for both sexes. Names of mammalia, except a few little timid ones, are masculine. Large and fierce birds are masculine; others, especially singing-birds, are feminine; large fishes are masculine, small, feminine; insects are feminine. While in English there are but three cases, in Anglo-Saxon there are six. The nominative and vocative are always alike; the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in all plurals, and in the singular of all neuters and strong masculines. The genitive plural ends always in _á_ or _ená_, and the dative and instrumental always in _um_ (_on_). Names of women in _u_ or a consonant are strong, those in _e_ or _a_ are weak; while those of men in _u_, _e_ or _a_ consonant are strong, and those in _a_ are weak. ADJECTIVES.—THEIR DEGREES. Adjectives, in Anglo-Saxon, have one set of strong and one set of weak endings for each gender. The latter are used when the adjective is preceded by the definite article or some word analogous thereto. Hence, there are two declensions: the _definite_ and the _indefinite_. Degrees of quantity or quality in adjectives are shown by comparison. They are regularly compared by suffixing to the theme of the primitive _ir_, _er_ or _or_ for the theme of the comparative, and _ist_, _est_ or _ost_ for that of the superlative. VERBS.—THEIR ATTRIBUTES. Verbs have two voices. The _active_ represents the subject as acting, the _passive_ as affected by the action. The _active_ has inflective endings for many forms, the _passive_ only for a participle. Other passive forms help this participle with the auxiliary verbs _eom_ (_am_), _beón_, _wesan_, _weordhan_. There is, however, a middle voice, which represents the subject as affected by its own action; but, as this is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by adding pronouns, no paradigms are necessary. There are six moods. The _indicative_ states or asks about a fact; the _subjunctive_ a possibility; the _imperative_ commands or entreats; the _infinitives_ (and _gerunds_) are substantives, and the _participles_ adjectives. Certain forms of possibility are expressed by auxiliary modal verbs with the infinitive, and these are conveniently called a _potential_ mode. Five tenses, _present_, _imperfect_, _future_, _perfect_ and _pluperfect_, are found in the language. The present and imperfect have tense stems; the future is expressed by the present, or by the aid of _seal_ (shall) or _wille_ (will); the perfect by help of the present of _habban_ (have) or, with some intransitives, _beón_ (be), _wesan_ or _weordhan_ (be); the pluperfect by the aid of the imperfect of _habban_, _beón_, _wesan_, or _weordhan_. Verbs are classified for conjugation by the stems of the imperfect tense. _Strong verbs_ express tense by varying the root vowel; _weak verbs_ by composition. Strong verbs in the imperfect indicative singular first person have the root vowel _unchanged_, or changed by accent, which is called _progression_, or by _contraction_ with old reduplication. There are six conjugations. No change is manifest in the root vowel in the first conjugation; the second, third and fourth are varied by accent or progression; the fifth by contraction, and the sixth by composition. Since all the names derivable from verbs, with which we have to deal in the present work, are concerned with the present infinitive, present indicative of the first person, and perfect participle, it is unnecessary to enter into any elaboration of the verbal inflections. What is needful to be said will appear in its proper place in the derivations. NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. A. _Abbott._ _Abbud_, an abbot, chief governor, father, or superior of an abbey, convent, or monastery. _Adkin._ _Eard_, earth; _cyn_, kin, kind. Earth-relative. Akin, contraction of the name. _Albert._ _Eal_, all; _beorht_, bright. All bright; illustrious. _Alder._ _Aldor_, life. _Alice._ _Ætheling_, corrupted into Adeline, thence into Alice. A princess. _Alison._ _Alice_, a princess; _sun_, a son. Son of Alice; son of a princess. _All._ _Eal_, all, every, whole. _Allingham._ _Alling-hám_, from _All_; _ing_, descendant; _hám_, home. Home of Alling; home of the offspring of All. _Apgar._ _Abgar_, Irish _ab_, a father; _gár_, a spear, a dart. Defender of the father. _Appleton._ _Æppel-tún_, from _æppel_, an apple; _tún_, town. An apple garden; an orchard. _Askin._ _Æscwine_, from _æsc_, an ash-tree, ash, ash-spear, a ship, a man; _wine_, a friend. Boats were made of ash, hence a small ship, a skiff. Among the northern nations it was supposed that the first man was made out of ash: hence the word came to signify a man, the chief of men, a leader. Æsc, the name of Hengist’s son, was a leader. _Ashton._ _Æsc_, Æsc; _tún_, town. The town of Æsc. _Asquith._ _Æsc_, Æsc; _cýth_, home. The home of Æsc; the home of the ash. B. _Bancroft._ _Bán_, pronounced _bawn_, bone; _croft_, a level tract of country, an enclosed field. A graveyard. _Bald._ _Báld_, bold, courageous, honorable. _Baldwin._ _Báld_, pronounced _bawld_, bold; _win_, a contest, battle. Bold in battle. Baldewin, Boldwin, less ancient forms of the name. _Banham._ _Bán_, bone; _hám_, home. The bone-home; the grave. _Barton._ _Bere_, corn; _tún_, town. A corn-farm; a corn-village; a grange. _Beal._ _Beal_, evil. Beale, identical in derivation. _Beda._ _Beada_, counsellor, persuader, exhorter. _Bedell._ _Bædel_, a beadle. A messenger belonging to a court, or public body; a petty officer in a church. _Beck._ _Béc_, or _bóc_, a book. Beck, Bock, Bok, analogous names. _Beckingham._ _Beck_, Beck; _ing_, a son; _hám_, home. The home of the son of Beck. _Bishop._ _Bisceop_, a bishop, a high-priest, a prelate. _Blake._ _Blæc_, black. Black, of like parentage. _Boardman._ _Bórd_, a shield; _man_, a man. A warrior; a knight. _Brice._ _Brice_, fragment, rupture, violation, use, service. Bryce, only another spelling of the same. _Brock._ _Bróc_, a brook, a rivulet. Brook, Brooke, from the same root. _Brooks._ _Brook_, Brook; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Brook. _Bronson._ _Brown_, from _brún_, brown, and _sun_, son. Son of Brown. _Bront._ _Bront_, raging, streaming. Brunt, doubtless, from the same source. Some, perhaps, would consider it a corruption of _burnt_, made brown. _Browning._ _Brown_, Brown; _ing_, a descendant. Descendant of Brown. _Burn._ _Byrne_, burning, a coat of mail, a corselet. _Burr._ _Búr_, a chamber, a bower. Perhaps, from _beorg_, or _beorh_, a hill. _Burwick._ _Búr_, a chamber; _wic_, a dwelling, village, camp. The guest-chamber. C. _Caster._ _Ceaster_ (Latin _castra_, a camp), a city. Chester, from the same derivation. _Caton._ Anglo-Saxon for Cato, the Greek for downwards. _Chapman._ _Cépman_, a merchant, a trader. Ceapman, in Chaucer’s day. _Chichester._ Originally, _Cicester_, the equivalent of _cyren-ceaster_, or _cyrn-ceaster_; from _cyren_, new wine; _ceaster_, a city, fort, castle, town. Castle of new wine. _Clark._ _Clerc_, Latin _clericus_, a clerk. Clarke, similarly derived. _Cliffe._ _Clif_, a crag, an overhanging rock. Cliff, another form of the name. _Clifford._ _Cliffe_, Cliffe; _ford_, a stream, a current. Cliffe’s ford. _Codman._ _Codd_, scrip, satchel, small bag; _man_, a man. A cashier; a banker. _Coke._ _Cóc_, a cook. Cook, Cooke, analogous forms. _Compton._ _Comp_ for _comb_, a valley; _tún_, town. A valley-town. _Cope._ _Cop_, a cap, hood, or cloak. _Copp._ _Copp_, the head, top, apex, a cup. _Coulter._ _Colter_, a colter, a knife, a dagger. Colter, the commoner form of the name. _Cox._ _Cokes_, from _cóc_, cook; _sun_, son. The son of Coke, or Cooke. Coxe, of kindred significance. _Cumberland._ _Combra_, of valleys; _land_, land, ground, earth, field, region, country. A region of valleys. _Cunningham._ _Cunning_, experience; _hám_, home. A home of art and letters. _Cunnington._ _Cunning_, experience; _tún_, town. A cunning town; an enterprising town. _Cuthbert._ _Cúth_, known, certain, familiar, domestic; _beorht_, brightness, a glistening, light, sight, glance. Known brightness; familiar glance. D. _Dade._ _Dǽd_, deed, exploit, achievement. _Dadaker._ _Deád_, dead; _æcer_, acre. An acre set apart for the dead. Dedaker, of analogous derivation. _Dager._ _Dagor_, day. _Dalton._ _Dál_, a dale, a small valley; _tún_, a town. A valley-town. _Dalrymple._ _Dál_, a vale; _hrympelle_, a wrinkle, a ripple, a fold. An undulating vale. _Davies._ _Davie_, diminutive for David; _sun_, son. Son of Davie. Davis, abbreviation of the same. _Dodd._ _Deád_, dead. _Dunham._ _Dunholm_, from _dún_, mountain; _holm_, an island. A mountainous island. _Durham._ _Deór_, beast; _hám_, home, dwelling. A park; a dwelling for wild animals. Dereham, an earlier form of the name. _Dyer._ _Dýre_, dear, costly, precious. E. _Earl._ _Earl_, noble, earl, man. Earle, of similar significance. _Edgar._ _Eard_, earth; _gár_, dart, spear. Earth-dart; defender of the earth. _Edmund._ _Eard_, earth; _mund_, hand. Earth-hand; tiller of the soil. _Edmunds._ _Edmund_, Edmund; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Edmund. Edmundson, Edmondson, lengthened forms of the same name. _Edson._ _Eard_, earth; _sun_, son. Son of earth. Edison, the same word, but of more euphonious pronunciation. _Edward._ _Eard_, earth; _weard_, guardian, watchman. An earth-protector. _Edwards._ _Edward_, Edward; _sun_, son. Son of Edward. _Egbert._ _Ecg_, edge; _beorht_, glance. Side-glance. _Eldrick._ _Eal_, all; _rice_, rich, powerful. All-powerful. Eldridge, doubtless, from the same roots. _Elmer._ _Ethelmer_, from _éthel_, a home; _mǽre_, illustrious. An illustrious home. _Ely._ _Élig_, from _él_, eel; _ig_, an island. Eel-island. _Emery._ _Earm_, arm; _rice_, powerful. Mighty in battle. Emmery, Emory, cognate forms. _Emerson._ _Emery_, Emery; _sun_, son. Son of Emmery. _Engle._ _Engel_, an angel. Ingle, a slightly modified phase of the name. _Englebert._ _Engel_, an angel; _beorht_, brightness. An angel of brightness. _Erwin._ _Eard_, earth; _wine_, friend. Earth-friend. Ervin, Ervine, names of similar import. _Eton._ _Eten_, a giant. Eaton, the accepted spelling. F. _Fager._ _Fæger_, beauty, fair, beautiful. _Farnham._ _Fearn_, a fern; _hám_, habitation. Habitation of the fern. _Farr._ _Farr_, a wild boar. _Farrington._ _Farringdún_, from _fearn_, a fern; _g_, for the sake of euphony; _dún_, a hill. A hill of fern. _Fell._ _Fell_, gall, anger, death, a skin, cruel, severe. _Field._ _Feald_, a field, a fold. _Fielding._ _Field_, Field; _ing_, descendant. Descendant of Field. _Finch._ _Finc_, a small bird. Fink, Finck, Fenke, kindred forms. _Firman._ _Fir_, the living, chief of living beings, man; _man_, man. The living man. _Fisk._ _Fisc_, a fish. Fiske, the more common name. _Fleming._ _Fleming_, a runaway, a banished man. Flemming, another spelling. _Fletcher._ _Flett_, house, chamber, bed, hall, palace; _cher_ for _er_, a personal suffix. A companion; a bed-fellow; a prince. _Fogg._ _Fog_, agreement, compact. _Foote._ _Fót_, a foot. _Forsyth._ _Forthsíth_, death. Forsythe, another spelling of the name. _Fotheringham._ _Fother_, a load, a burden; _ing_, son; _hám_, dwelling. The home of the son of burden. _Foulk._ _Folc_, folk, people. Foulke, an equivalent. _Frederick._ _Freá_, a lord; _rice_, rich, powerful. A mighty lord. _Frick._ Possibly a corruption of _Frig_, pronounced _Freeg_, the goddess of love, the Saxon Venus, and wife of Odin. G. _Galt._ Irish _gaill_, genitive of _gall_, stranger; _tún_, town. Town of the stranger. Gault, of similar derivation. _Galvin._ Irish _gaill_, of the stranger; _vin_ for _wine_, friend. Friend of the Gall, the stranger. _Gate._ _Geát_, a gate. _Gates._ _Gate_, Gate; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Gate. _Giddings._ _Gidding_, from _gidd_, song, divination; _ing_, descendant; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a descendant of song. _Gilbert._ Irish _giolla_, a servant; _beorht_, bright. A witty servant. _Gilling._ _Gill_, Gill; _ing_, son. Son of Gill; son of a servant. _Gillingham._ _Gilling_, Gilling; _hám_, home. The home of Gilling; the home of the son of Gill. _Gipson._ _Gilp_, glory; _sun_, son. The son of glory. Gibson, of like derivation. _Gladwin._ _Glæd_, pleased; _wine_, a friend. A happy friend. _Glenning._ _Glen_, a valley; _ing_, descendant. Son of Glenn; son of a valley. _Godfrey._ _Gód_, good; _freá_, lord. A beneficent master. _Goodacre._ _Gód_, God; _æcer_, acre. God’s acre. _Goodwin._ _Gód_, good; _wine_, a friend, a benefactor. Godwin, of similar signification. _Gould._ _Gold_, a precious metal. _Graff._ _Græf_, a grave. A ditch; a moat; a fosse. Groff, of like derivation. _Graham._ _Grǽg_, gray; _hám_, home. A weather-beaten home. Gramm, most probably a corruption of the same. _Grave._ _Græf_, a grave. _Graves._ _Grave_, Grave; _sun_, son. Son of Grave. Greaves, Greves, Grieves, modifications of the name. _Gregg._ _Grǽg_, gray. Grigg, corruption of the name. _Gregson._ _Grǽg_, gray; _sun_, son. Son of Gregg. Grayson, the same in another form. _Grindler._ _Grindel_, a clog; _er_ for Irish _fear_, a man. The wearer of a wooden shoe. _Grindrod._ _Grund_, ground; _rod_, a rod. Divining-rod. _Grund._ _Grund_, ground. _Grunder._ _Grund_, ground; _er_ for _fear_, man. A farmer. _Guilford._ _Gild_, tribute; _ford_, a stream. Stream-tribute; ferry-toll. _Gummery._ _Guma_, man; _ríce_, kingdom. Kingdom of man. _Guthrie._ _Gúth_, fight, war; _ríce_, kingdom. Kingdom of sin. H. _Haeseler._ _Hæsel_, a hat; _er_, a personal suffix. A hatter. _Hamill._ _Hám_, home; _il_, a hedgehog. Home of the hedgehog. _Hamilton._ _Hamill_, Hamill; _tún_, farm. Farm of Hamill. _Hamlet._ _Hám_, home; _let_, implying diminutiveness. An humble home. _Hammond._ _Hám_, house; _mund_, hand. A house-hand; a servant. _Hampshire._ _Hâm_, or _hamp_, home; _scíre_, shire, district, county, stewardship, charge, business. Home-district. Hampsher, corruption of the name. _Hampton._ _Hám_, or _hamp_, home; _tún_, town. Home-town. _Hampstead._ _Hám-stede_, from _hám_, home, and _stede_, place. Homestead. _Hamric._ _Hám_, home; _rice_, rule, kingdom. Home-rule. Hamrick, from the same roots. _Hancock._ _Hean_, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised; _cóc_, a cook. A needy cook. _Hard._ _Heard_, hard, stubborn, unsubmissive. _Harding._ _Hard_, Hard; _ing_, son. Descendant of Hard. _Harold._ _Hár_, hoar, gray with age; _eald_, old. A veteran chief. _Harper._ _Hearpere_, a harper. _Hart._ _Heort_, a hart, a stag. _Hartford._ _Heort_, a hart; _ford_, a ford, a stream, a current. The hart’s ford, or the place of its crossing the stream. _Hatfield._ _Heat-feld_, from _heat_, heat; _feld_, a field, a plain. An open, sun-scorched plain. _Hebel._ _Hebel_, thread of the shuttle. _Heber._ _Heber_, a goat. _Hebener._ _Heben_, heaven; _er_, indicative of a personal suffix. An inhabitant of heaven. _Helmbold._ _Helm_, helmet, cover, protector; _báld_, bold, stout. A stout protector. _Herbert._ _Here_, a host; _beorht_, bright, shining. An illustrious host. _Hild._ _Hild_, battle. _Hildebrand._ _Hild_, battle: _brand_, a brand, a torch. A battle-torch. _Hildeburn._ _Hild_, battle; _bryne_, a burning, scorching, heat, fire. Battle-heat. _Hoar._ _Hár_, hoar, white, or gray with age. _Holdcraft._ _Hold_, kind, devoted, faithful, friendly; _cræft_, craft, contrivance, skill, employment, strength, power, talent, ability, excellence, virtue. Faithful employment; friendly power. _Holme._ _Holm_, a sea, a billow. _Holmes._ _Holme_, Holme: _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Holme _Holt._ _Holt_, a grove, a forest. _Hope._ _Hopa_, hope. _Hopkin._ _Hopa_, hope; _cyn_, kind, kin. A relative of Hope. _Hopkinson._ _Hopkin_, Hopkin; _sun_, son. Son of Hopkin. Hopkins, an abbreviation of the name. _Humphrey._ _Hám_, home; _freá_, lord, protector. Defender of home. _Humphreys._ _Humphrey_, Humphrey; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Humphrey. Humphries, Humphriss, Humphrys, kindred names. _Huntting._ _Hunt_, Hunt; _ing_, a descendant. Son of Hunt. _Hurlock._ _Hár_, hoary; _loc_, lock of hair. A hoary lock of hair. Harlock, a less common name, but one more closely related to the parent words. _Husband._ _Hús_, house; _bond_, bound, tied. House-bound; house-tied: hence, one that is bound to the house. _Hustin._ _Hústing_, a place of council. _Huston._ _Hús_, house; _tún_, a farm. House-farm; kitchen-garden. _Huxley._ _Huxlic_, from _hucs_, _hucx_, or _husc_, irony, slight, contempt, reproach, and _lic_, like. Ironical-like; disgraceful; contemptuous; vile. I. _Idell._ _Ídel_, idle, vain, empty, useless. _Inskip._ _In_, an inn, a dwelling; _scipe_, denoting form, condition, state, office, dignity. An innkeeper; a landlord. Inskeep, a kindred name. _Irwin._ _Eard_, earth; _wine_, friend. Earth-friend. Irvin, Irvine, from the same roots. _Irving._ _Irvin_, Irvin; _ing_, a descendant. Son of Irvin. _Isdell._ _I’s_, ice; _dǽl_, a dale, a small valley. Ice-dale. _Isenberg._ _I’sen_, iron; _beorg_, mountain. Iron-mountain. _Isenberry._ _I’sen_, iron; _berry_, corruption of _beorg_, or _beorh_, mountain. Iron-mountain. _Isham._ _I’s_, ice; _hám_, house, dwelling. Ice-house. J. _Jackson._ _Jack_, nickname for John; _sun_, son. Son of Jack. Jacques, French for James, is the most probable derivation of Jack. _Jameson._ _Jame_, James; _sun_, son. Son of James. _Jamieson._ _Jamie_, James; _sun_, son. Son of Jamie; son of James. Jamison, Jemison, Jimison, kindred terms, founded upon nicknames common to James in parts of Scotland and Ireland. _Jenkin._ _Jen_, abbreviation for Jennie, Jane, John; _cyn_, kin, kind. Related to Jennie, Jane, John. _Jenkinson._ _Jenkin_, Jenkin; _sun_, son. Son of Jenkin. Jenkins, abbreviated form of same. _Jenks._ _Jen_, Jennie; _k_ for _cyn_, kin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a relative of Jennie. _Johnson._ _John_, Hebrew word signifying “gracious gift of God;” Anglo-Saxon _sun_, son. Son of John. _Jonson._ _Jon_, contraction of _John_, John; _sun_, son. Son of John. _Jones._ _Jon_, John; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of John. K. _Keith._ _Cíth_, pronounced _keeth_, a germ, sprig, blade. _Kemp._ _Cempa_, a young soldier, a warrior, champion, novice. _Kendall._ _Cyn_, kin, kindred, race, tribe, nation, kind; _dǽl_, dale, valley. Valley-kindred. Kindell, derivable from the same roots. _Kenworthy._ _Cyn_, kindred; _weorthe_, worthy, honorable. Worthy kindred. _Kenyon._ _Cyn_, nation, people; _yeong_, young. Young nation. _Kertell._ _Kertl_, a woman’s garment, a vest, mantle, kirtle. _Keyser._ _Káser_, an emperor. Keiser, of similar origin. _Kim._ _Cim_, feet, or bases of a pillar. _Kimball._ _Cimbal_, cymbal. Kemble, Kimble, Kimple, analogous names. _Kissel._ _Cystel_, a chestnut. _Kisterbock._ _Cist_, choice; _bóc_, a volume, a book. A choice volume. _Kitt._ _Kitte_, a vessel, a bottle. _Kitson._ _Kitt_, Kitt; _sun_, son. Son of Kitt. Kitts, abbreviation of the same. L. _Lambeth._ _Lamb-hýth_, from _lamb_, lamb, and _hýth_, measure, gain, profit. Lamb’s measure. _Lambert._ _Lamb_, Lamb; _beorht_, brightness. The Lamb of Glory. _Lancaster._ _Land_, ground, earth, field; _ceaster_, a camp, a castle, city, fort. An earth-fort. _Landreth._ _Land_, field; _ríthe_, a well, a fountain, a river. A field-well; a spring. _Lever._ _Leófra_, _lever_, comparatives of _leóf_, _leef_, dear, agreeable. More agreeable; more pleasing. _Levering._ _Lever_, Lever; _ing_, offspring. Son of Lever. _Lea._ _Liga_, a flame. _Lester._ _Lædheceaster_, from _lædhe_, hateful, unpleasant, loathsome, and _ceaster_, a city. A loathsome city. Leister, of like derivation. _Limbert._ _Lim_, limb, member; _beorht_, brightness. Limb-brightness. _Liming._ _Lim-ing_, from _lim_, limb; _ing_, implying action, originating from. Limning; painting. _Lind._ _Lind_, linden, or lime-tree; also, what was made of lime-wood—shield, buckler, banner. _Linden._ _Linden_, made of lime-tree. _Lindsey._ _Lindes-íg_, from _lindes_, genitive of _lind_, lime-tree, and _íg_, an island. The island of the lime-tree. Lindsay, another form of spelling. _Lipp._ _Lippe_, lip. _Lipkiss._ _Lippe_, lip; _cyss_, kiss. Lip-kiss. _Lippincott._ _Lippe_, lip, genitive _lippan_, of lip; _coth_, disease, malady. Lip disease. _Lipson._ _Lippe_, Lipp; _sun_, son. Son of Lipp. _Lipton._ _Lipp_, Lipp; _tún_, home. Home of Lipp. _Litchfield._ _Liced-feld_, from _licced_, licked, lapped, and _feld_, a field, a plain. A licked plain; a pasture-field. _Lonsdale._ _Londes-dǽl_, from _londes_, genitive of _lond_, land; _dǽl_, dale, valley. Land’s-dale. _Loth._ _Loth_, a band. _Lothrop._ _Loth_, band; _thorpe_, a village. _Lyster._ _Lyster_, a favorer. Lister, of like origin. _Lytle._ _Lytle_, little, small, slender. M. _Manchester._ _Manig-ceaster_, from _manig_, many, much; _ceaster_, city, fort, castle, town. Many castles. _Manning._ _Mann_, Mann; _ing_, offspring. Son of Mann. _Marx._ _Marcs_, from _marc_, a mark; _s_ for _sun_, a son. Son of Marc. _Mase._ _Mase_, a whirlpool, a gulf. _Maslin._ _Mæslen_, or _maslin_, brass. _Max._ _Max_, noose, mesh, net, snare. _Maxfield._ _Max_, Max; _feld_, a field. Max’s field. _Maxwell._ _Max_, Max; _wæl_, a well. Max’s well. _Meadowcroft._ _Mǽdewe_, a meadow; _croft_, a small enclosed field. A meadow-field. _Mearns._ _Mearn_, mourned; _s_ for _sun_, son. A mourned son. _Mear._ _Mere_, lake, pool, sea. _Mears._ _Mear_, Mear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Mear. _Medlar._ _Méd_, meed, merit, reward, recompense; _lǽr_, doctrine. Reward of doctrine. _Medway._ _Mǽd_, meed, meadow, trunk of a tree; _wǽg_, a wave. Meadow-wave; a river. _Meredith._ _Mere_, lake, sea; _diht_, ordering, direction, predicting, foretelling. Sea-predicting. _Merscher._ _Mersc-ware_, from _mersc_, marsh, fen, and _ware_, used only as a termination, denoting inhabitants, dwellers. Marshmen; fenmen. _Merton._ _Meretún_, from _mere_, lake, sea; _tún_, town. Sea-port; lake-port. _Metsinger._ _Metssunge_, from _mettsung_, messing, food, meat; _ere_, indicating a person. A victualler; a provider. Messinger, another form of the name. _Michener._ Perhaps _Micg-ærn_, from _micg-an_, to water; _ærn_, a place, a secret place, a closet, a habitation, a house. An urinary; a drain. _Midding._ _Midding_, a dunghill. _Middlesex._ _Middel_, middle; _Sexe_, Saxons. The Middle Saxons. _Middleton._ _Middel_, middle; _tún_, town. The middle town. _Mitchell._ _Mycg_, a midge, a gnat; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A dwarf; a pigmy. _Monteith._ _Mon_, man; _téth_, teeth. Human teeth. _Montgomery._ _Munt-guman-ríc_, from _munt_, mountain; _guman_, of man, genitive of _guma_; _ríc_, pronounced _ree_, a postfix denoting dominion, power. Mountain of man’s power; acme of human greatness. _Muckle._ _Mucxle_, a muscle, a shell-fish. _Mumford._ _Mund-ford_, from _mund_, a contraction of _munden_, remembered, and _ford_, ford. A remembered ford. _Munce._ _Munc_, a monk. Munch, Munk, of similar derivation. _Murberry._ _Murberie_, possibly from _múr_, a wall, from the resemblance of the fruit in roughness to a wall, and _berie_, a berry. _Mur_ itself signifies a mulberry. _Murdock._ _Mere_, a sea; _docce_, a dock. A naval dock. N. _Nabes._ _Næbb_, a face; _s_ for _sun_, sun. The sun’s face. _Nachtigall._ _Næctegale_, nightingale, from _næcte_, night, and _gale_, a singer. A night-singer. _Nachod._ _Næcud_, naked, uncovered. _Nadely._ _Nædl_, a needle, _líc_, like. Needle-like. _Nægele._ _Nægel_, a nail, a pin, a nail of the hand. Nagel, Nagele, Naglee, other forms of the name. _Nebeker._ _Neb_, face, countenance, mouth, neb, nib, nose; _æcer_, field, land, anything sown, sown corn, an acre. Face-pimples. _Nebel._ _Neb_, face, countenance; _el_, termination denoting a person. Human face. _Nebhut._ _Neb_, face, head, mouth; _húth_, spoil, booty, prey. Blotched countenance. _Nedel._ _Nedl_, a needle. _Needham._ _Neád_, need, necessity, infirmity; _hám_, home, house, dwelling, village, farm. An almshouse; an infirmary. _Neef._ _Nefe_, a niece, a granddaughter. Neff, from the same root. _Nesenger._ _Nesse_, a headland; _ing_, originating from; _er_, a personal suffix. One raised upon a headland. _Ness._ _Nesse_, a cape. Nesz, another form of the name. _Neswanger._ _Nesse_, or _næs_, a rock, support, headland, ness, cape, promontory; _wang_, a plain, field, wong, land; _er_, a personal suffix. Possessor of a rock-plain. _Neswenger._ _Nesse_, rock; _wengere_, a pillow, bolster. Rock-pillow. _Nester._ _Nest_, support, food, wages; _er_, a personal suffix. A supporter; a wage-earner. Nester, a kindred name. _Neth._ _Neth_, wickedness, malice, cunning, hatred, strife, zeal, punishment, slaughter. _Nething._ _Neth_, Neth; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of Neth. _Nette._ _Nett_, a net. _Netterville._ _Nett_, a net; _er_, a personal suffix; French _ville_, a villa, a town. A fishing-place. _Nettinger._ _Nett_, a net; _ing_, expressive of action; _er_, a personal termination. A seiner; a fisherman. _Nettleton._ _Netele_, a nettle; _tún_, a farm. A nettle-farm. _Newbold._ _Newe_, new, late, young; _báld_, bold, courageous, honorable. Lately honorable. _Newcomb._ _Newe_, new; _comb_, a valley. New valley. _Newcomet._ _Newe_, new; _cometa_, a comet. A new comet. _Newell._ _Neowel_, prone, prostrate, depressed, profound, deep. Newhall, perhaps, from the same root. _Nipe._ _Nip_, darkness. _Nippes._ _Nipp_, Nipe; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Nipe. _Norman._ _Nor_, contraction of _north_, north; _man_, a man. North-man. _Northrop._ _Nor_, north; _thorpe_, town. North town. _Norwood._ _Nor_, north; _wud_, wood. Northwood. _Nye._ _Nye_, a nye, a nest. _Nyholm._ _Nye_, a nest; _holm_, the deep sea, an abyss, the ocean, a river island. Nest-water; nest-island. _Nyman._ _Nye_, a nest; _man_, man, or woman. Nest-woman. _Nystrom._ _Nye_, a nest; _streom_, a stream. Nest-stream. O. _Obdyke._ _Ob_, off; _díc_, bank, mound. Off the bank. Opdyke, from the same roots. _Oberdick._ _O’ber_, over, above; _díc_, dyke, ditch, trench, moat. Overflowing ditch. _Oberholt._ _O’ber_, above; _holt_, a forest. Mountain-forest. _Ofar._ _O’fer_, a margin, brink, bank, shore. _Orcutt._ _Or_, free from; _coth_, disease. Free from disease. _Ord._ _O’rd_, beginning, origin, author, edge, sword, battle-array. _Ordmann._ _O’rd_, the front of an army; _mann_, man. A general; a commander. _Orfe._ _Orfe_, cattle. Orf, Orff, of similar derivation. _Orgill._ _Orgel_, pride, arrogance. _Orgs._ _Org_, pride; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of pride. _Orme._ _Or_, free from; _me_, me. Free me from. _Ormerod._ _Or_, free from; _me_, me; _rod_, rod. Free me from the rod. Ormrod, of like import. _Ormond._ _Or_, free from; _mond_, care, protection. Free from care; without protection. _Ormsby._ _Orm_, Orme; _s_, sign of genitive; _bý_, a termination denoting habitation, dwelling. Habitation of Orme. _Ormston._ _Orm_, genitive _Ormes_, Orme; _tún_, house. Home of Orme. _Orth._ _O’rth_, breathing. _Orthwein._ _O’rth_, breathing; _wine_, a man. A living man. _Orton._ _Or_, free from; _tún_, house, farm, village, town. Free from the cares of home, or of the town. _Orwig._ _Or_, free from; _wig_, warfare, battle, strife. Free from warfare. _Osbeck._ _O’s_, a hero; _béc_, a book, a volume, a writing. Hero-book; a novel. _Osborne._ _O’s_, a hero; _beorn_, chief, general, prince, king. Hero-king. Osborn, Osbourn, Osbourne, kindred names. _Osler._ _O’s_, hero; _lǽr_, lore, learning. Hero-lore. _Osmond._ _O’s_, hero; _mond_, hand, defence, protection, security. Hero-protection. _Osmun._ _O’s_, hero; _mund_, a hand. Heroic hand. _Osmus._ _O’s_, hero; _mús_, mouse, flesh, muscle. Heroic muscle. _Osner._ _O’s_, hero; _nere_, refuge, safety, preservation. Heroic preservation. _Oswald._ _O’s_, hero; _wald_, ruler, governor, lord. Heroic ruler. _Ost._ _Ost_, East. Also, a knot, a scale. _Oster._ _Oster_, Easter. _Overholt._ _Ouer_, over; _holt_, a forest. Hill-forest. _Oxenford._ _Oxen_, from _oxan_, genitive of _oxa_, an ox; _ford_, a ford. The ford of the ox. Oxford, abbreviation of same. P. _Palen._ _Pællen_, purple. _Pennington._ _Pening_, a penny; _tún_, dwelling, house. A mint; a bank. _Pepper._ _Peppor_, or _peopor_, pepper. _Peppercorn._ _Peppor_, pepper; _corn_, corn. A peppercorn. _Pile._ _Píl_, a pile, dart, pole, stake. _Pilking._ _Píl_, a pile, dart; _cyng_, a king, ruler, prince. Pile-king; warrior-king. _Pilkington._ _Pilking_, Pilking; _tún_, house. Home of Pilking. _Pitt._ _Pitt_, a well, a hole. _Pitfield._ _Pitt_, a well; _feld_, a field, pasture, plain. A plain full of excavations. _Pitkin._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _cyn_, kindred, posterity, nation. Pitt’s posterity. _Pitts._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Pitt’s son; son of Pitt. _Pitman._ _Pitt_, a pit, a hole, a well; _man_, a man. A man who works in a pit; a pitman. _Pittenger._ _Pitt_, Pitt; _eng_ for _ing_, descendant; _er_, a personal suffix. Descendant of Pitt. _Plag._ _Plæga_, play, sport, pastime, wager. _Plagman._ _Plæga_, play, pastime, wager; _man_, a man. Man of pleasure. Plagemann, a cognate form. _Plumly._ _Plume_, a plum; _líc_, form, shape, substance. Plum-shape. _Porter._ _Port_, port, haven, town, city, gate of a town; _er_, a personal suffix. A gate-keeper. _Portman._ _Port_, a city; _man_, a man. A citizen. _Preston._ _Preost_, a priest, presbyter, clergyman; _tún_, a house. A parsonage. _Prevost._ _Prafost_, prevost, president. _Priestly_. _Preost_, a priest; _líc_, like. Priest-like. _Pund._ _Púnd_, a pound, a fold. _Punger._ _Pung_, a purse; _er_, a personal termination. A purser. _Punt._ _Punt_, a boat. _Pusey._ _Púse_, a purse, a bag. _Poole._ _Púl_, pronounced _pool_, a pool. _Pyle._ _Pyle_, a pillow, a cushion. Pywell, perhaps, from the same root. _Pyne._ _Pín_, a pine. _Pyott._ _Pytt_, a pit, a well. Piatt, a kindred name. Q. _Quain._ _Queán_, a barren cow. _Queen._ _Quén_, a wife. Quen, Quein, of similar derivation. _Quick._ _Cwic_, quick, living, active. _Quicksell._ _Cwic_, active; _sel_, a companion. An active companion. Quicksall, a slightly modified term. R. _Raake._ _Ræce_, a rach, a setting dog. _Rackham._ _Ræce_, Raake; _hám_, house. Home of Raake. _Radcliff._ _Rád_, that on which one rides, a road; _clyf_, a rock, a steep descent. A road-cliff. Radcliffe, another spelling. _Raddington._ _Ræding_, Reading; _tún_, town. Town of Reading. _Raddish._ _Rædic_, from _rǽd_, red, and _isc_, an adjective termination denoting like. Red-like; a radish. Radisch, Radish, of similar origin. _Rader._ _Rád_, traveling, journeying; _er_, a personal suffix. A traveler. _Radeker._ _Rǽd_, red; _æcer_, acre, field, land. A red field. _Radfield._ _Rǽd_, red; _feld_, a plain. A red plain. _Radford._ _Rǽd_, red; _fōrd_, a ford, a stream. A red ford. _Radley._ _Rǽd_, red; _líc_, like. Red-like. _Rae._ _Rá_, a roebuck, a hart. _Raeder._ _Rá-deór_, a roebuck. _Rafferty._ _Ræfter_, a rafter, a perch. Doubtless, a corruption of _ræfter_, produced by removing _t_, and placing it at the end of the word. _Rahill._ _Rá_, a roe, a hart; _hill_, a hill. Roe-hill. _Rahm._ _Ram_, or _ramm_, a ram. Rahme, of like significance. _Rahn._ _Rán_, a whale. _Rahner._ _Rán_, a whale; _er_, a personal suffix. A whaler. _Raith._ _Ræth_, quick. Rath, of like import. _Ramm._ _Ramm_, a ram, a male sheep. _Rammage._ _Ram_, a ram; _mæg_, female. The female of the ram; an ewe. _Ramsey._ _Rammes-íg_, from _rammes_, genitive of _ramin_, ram; _ig_, an island. Isle of Ram. Ramsay, from the same roots. _Ramson._ _Ram_, Ramm; _sun_, son. Son of Ramm. _Ranck._ _Ranc_, proud, haughty, rebellious, rank, fruitful. Rancke, slightly altered form. _Rand._ _Rand_, a border, rim, edge, a shield, a bosc. _Randall._ _Ran_, a deer; _dál_, or _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. Deer-valley. Randell, Randle, of like parentage. _Randolph._ _Ran_, plunder, _dǽlf_, a delving, a digging. Plunder-delving. _Rankin._ _Ran_, a deer; _cyn_, kin, race, tribe, kind. Deer-tribe. _Rankins._ _Rankin_, Rankin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rankin. Ranken, from the same. _Ranks._ _Rank_, Rank, from _rænc_, pride, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rank; son of pride. _Rapp._ _Ráp_, a rope, a cord. _Rapson._ _Ráp_, Rapp; _sun_, son. Son of Rapp. _Rasbold._ _Rǽs_, a rush, an onset, an attack; _báld_, bold, audacious, courageous, honorable. A courageous attack. _Rasch._ _Rǽs_, a rush, an onset, an attack. _Ratcliff._ _Ræt_, a rat; _clyf_, a nest. Rat-nest. _Rathfon._ _Rathe_, swift, nimble, ready; _fon_, a fan. A nimble fan. _Rau._ _Rawe_, head of hair. _Rauch._ _Reác_, smoke, reek, vapor. _Raucher._ _Reác_, smoke; _er_, a personal suffix. A smoker. _Rauchfuss._ _Reác_, smoke; _fús_, ready. Smoke ready. Ready for smoke. _Rawle._ _Rǽw_, a corpse; _el_, denoting a person. Human corpse. Rawley, of like derivation. _Rawlings._ _Rawl_, Rawl; _ingas_, sons of. Sons of Rawl, or Rawle. Rawlins, contraction of the same. _Rea._ _Rea_, a padder, a highwayman, an assailant, a stroller. _Reabey._ _Rea_, a highwayman; _bý_, a habitation. Dwelling of a highwayman. _Reabon._ _Rea_, an assailant; _bon_, fatal. A deadly assailant. _Reach._ _Reác_, smoke, reek, vapor. _Read._ _Read_, red. Reade, Reed, from the same root. _Reading._ _Read_, Read; _ing_, offspring. Son of Read. Redding, of like origin. _Reardon._ _Reardian_, to speak, converse, read. _Reaser._ _Reás_, rushed; _er_, a personal suffix. A hurried person. _Reath._ _Réthe_, savage, fierce, hard, severe, austere. _Reck._ _Rec_, an interpreter, explainer. Recke, another spelling. _Reckefuss._ _Rec_, an interpreter; _fús_, ready. A ready interpreter. _Reckless._ _Recce-leas_, from _recc_, care; _leas_, free from. Free from care; careless; reckless. _Reddick._ _Rædic_, a radish. _Reddington._ _Redding_, Redding; _tún_, house. Home of Redding. _Redmond._ _Rǽd_, ready; _mond_, hand. Ready hand. _Redner._ _Rǽd_, ready; _nere_, a refuge. A ready refuge. _Reece._ _Resce_, a rush. Rees, Reese, more modernized forms of the name. _Reeh._ _Reh_, a deluge. _Reehm._ _Hream_, a shout. _Reel._ _Reol_, a reel. _Reen._ _Rén_, robbery. Perhaps, from _rén_, rain. _Reenan._ _Rínan_, pronounced _reenan_, to rain. _Regelmann._ _Regel_, a rule, a law, a canon; _mann_, man. A ruler; a lawyer. _Rehfuss._ _Reh_, a deluge; _fús_, prompt, quick, ready. A ready deluge. _Rehm._ _Rem_, cream. _Rein._ _Rein_, pure, sincere, chaste. _Reinhart._ _Rein_, sincere, pure, clean, chaste; _heart_, or _heort_, a heart. A pure heart. _Reining._ _Rein_, Rein; _ing_, an offspring, a descendant. Son of Rein. _Reinking._ _Rein_, sincere, honest; _cyng_, a king. An honest king. _Reme._ _Rem_, cream. _Remington._ _Rem_, Reme; _ing_, offspring; _tún_, town, dwelling. House of the son of Reme. _Rench._ _Renc_, pride, arrogance. _Rendell._ _Rene_, a water-course; _dál_, a dale, a valley. A valley stream. _Reneker._ _Reonig_, tired, weary, sad; _er_, a personal termination. A tired person; a mourner. _Renne._ _Rene_, a course, race, life, a water-course. Sometimes written Renn. _Rennick._ _Rénig_, showery, having watery eyes, blear-eyed. _Resch._ _Resce_, a rush. _Ressler._ _Resele_, a riddle. _Retter._ _Rét_, cheerful; _er_, denoting personality. A cheerful person. _Rhawn._ _Hrán_, Anglicised form would be _rhán_, a whale. _Rhea._ _Rǽh_, a doe, a roe. _Rheem._ _Hream_, a shout, clamor, a crying out, wailing, hue and cry. _Rice._ _Rice_, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom, region. _Riceman._ _Rice_, power, greatness; _man_, a man. A man of power; a person of influence. _Richard._ _Rice_, or _riche_, rich, powerful, mighty; _ard_, implying an ensign of office. A mighty ruler. _Richardson._ _Richard_, Richard; _sun_, son. Son of Richard. Richards, contraction for the same. _Richmond._ _Riche_, mighty, powerful; _mond_, a hand. A mighty hand. _Ridd._ _Rídda_, a knight, a rider. _Rider._ _Ríd-ere_, from _rídan_, to ride, sit or rest upon, press; _ere_, implying person. A rider; a knight. Ryder, from the same roots. _Ridge._ _Ricg_, a stack, a back. _Ridings._ _Rid_, Ridd; _ings_, descendants of. Sons of Ridd. _Riegel._ _Rige_, rye; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A rye-man; a cultivator of rye; baker of rye-bread. _Riegg._ _Rige_, rye, by transposing the positions of _g_ and _e_, becomes Rieg, and this differs from the name under consideration only in the absence of the additional _g_. Rigg, of similar import. _Riehl._ _Rihel_, doubtless the original, is from _rih_, hairy, rough, and _el_, denoting personality. A hairy man; a rough person. Riehle, Rile, Riley, of analogous derivation. _Riff._ _Rif_, a womb. Rife, perhaps, from the same root. _Riffert._ _Rifter_, a sickle, a reaper. _Rigby._ _Rig_, Rigg; _bý_, habitation. Dwelling of Rigg. _Rigger._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _er_, implying person. One who is a Rigg. _Riggin._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _in_, an inn, a dwelling. Rigg’s inn. _Riggins._ _Riggin_, Riggin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Riggin. _Riggs._ _Rigg_, Rigg; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Rigg. _Righter._ _Riht-ere_, from _riht_, right, justice, law, true, just; _ere_, denoting a person. A governor; a ruler. _Rightley._ _Riht-líce_, from _riht_, right, just; _líce_, like, ly. Right-like; rightly; justly. _Riling._ _Ril_, Ril, Riehl; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Riehl. Rilling, of similar significance. _Rimby._ _Rím_, a number, reckoning, computation, calendar; _bý_, a habitation. Home of an arithmetician. _Rimer._ _Rím_, number, reckoning, calendar; _er_, a personal suffix. An arithmetician; a reckoner; an astronomer. Rimmer, derivable from the same roots. _Rind._ _Rind_, the rind, bark; _fús_, ready. Prepared bark. _Rindge._ _Hrincg_, or _ringe_, a ring. _Rinear._ _Rín_, course, course of years, life; _ear_, ocean, sea. Life-sea; sea of life. _Rinehart._ _Rín_, race, course: _heort_, the heart. Race-heart; rapid heart-action. _Ringe._ _Ringe_, a ring. Ring, an abbreviated form of the name. _Ringeisen._ _Ringe_, a ring; _isen_, made of iron. An iron ring. _Ringer._ _Ringe_, a ring; _er_, denoting a person. Ring-maker. _Ringgold._ _Ringe_, a ring; _gold_, gold. A gold ring. Ring-gold, of like derivation. _Ringle._ _Ringe_, a ring; _el_, a termination denoting a person. Ring-wearer; betrothed lady. _Ringley._ _Ringe_, a ring; _líce_, like, ley, ly. Ring-like. _Rink._ _Rinc_, a soldier, warrior, hero, a valiant or honorable man, a man. Rinick, doubtless, a corruption of the same. _Rinker._ _Rinc_, a warrior, a valiant man; _ere_, an agent. A warrior. _Rínne_. _Rine_, a race, course, life. _Ripley._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping; _ley_, a song. A harvest-song. _Ripp._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping. _Rippel._ _Ríp_, harvest, reaping; _el_, denoting a person. A reaper; a harvester. _Ripperger._ _Ríp_, harvest; _earg_, weak, evil, wretched, idle; _ere_, a person. An idle harvester. _Rishel._ _Risel_, a handle. Rishell, Rissell, other spellings. _Risdon._ _Rísendan_, a jangling fellow. _Risk._ _Risce_, a rush. _Risley._ _Risel_, doubtless, first changed to _risle_, a handle. _Ristine._ _Ríst_, Rist; _ine_ for _in_, an inn, a dwelling. Rist’s inn. _Ritner._ _Rit_, ears of corn, a heap of fruit, corn, or grain; _nere_, support, protect, refuge. Corn-support. _Ritter._ _Rít_, rides; _ere_, a person. A rider. _Ritterson._ _Ritter_, Ritter; _sun_, son. Son of Ritter. _Roach._ _Reohche_, a roach, a thornback. Roache, Roche, Roatch, Roesch, Roetsck, cognate forms. _Roat._ _Rót_, cheerful, rejoicing, splendid, adorned. _Roats._ _Roat_, Roat; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Roat. Roetz, possibly, from the same. _Rodbard._ _Reod_, red; _beard_, beard. Red beard. Robert is, in Anglo-Saxon, Rod-beard, and doubtless comes from the same roots. _Rodd._ _Reod_, red. _Rodden._ _Reod_, red; _ian_, indicative of a verb. Redden; make red. _Roddy._ _Reod_, red; _ig_, an adjective termination. Ruddy; florid. _Rode._ _Reód_, a reed. _Rodearmel._ _Reod_, red; _earm_, arm; _el_, indicating a person. A red-armed person. _Rodebaugh._ _Reod_, red; _bæc_, back. Red back. Rodenbaugh, of like derivation. _Rodel._ _Reod_, red; _el_, a personal suffix. A person of ruddy complexion. _Rodgers._ _Rodger_, from _reod_, red; _ierre_, anger, indignation, fury; and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rodger; son of red-visaged anger. Rodgerson is an unabbreviated form of the name, and Rogers a slight modification thereof. _Rodig._ _Reod_, red; _ig_, an adjective termination. Ruddy. _Rodiger._ _Rodig_, ruddy; _er_, a person. A ruddy person. _Rodine._ _Rod_, Rode; _inne_, an inn. Rode’s inn. _Rodisch._ _Reod_, red; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting the external quality of a subject. Reddish. _Rodman._ _Reod_, red; _mann_, man. A ruddy man; a red-complexioned person. _Rodner._ _Reod_, red; _nere_, support, protection. A zealous support. Perhaps, from _rǽdanere_, a reader, an interpreter. _Rodney._ _Rǽdne_, law, counsel, control, condition. _Rodrick._ _Roder_, firmament, sky, heavens; _ríce_, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom. Heavenly power. Roderick, a more closely related form. _Roe._ _Rá_, pronounced _rō_, a roe, a doe. _Roebuck._ _Rá_, a roe; _buc_, a buck. A roebuck. _Roeck._ _Roec_, smoke. _Roecker._ _Roec_, smoke; _er_, a person. A smoker. _Roeckle._ _Roec_, smoke; _le_ for _el_, denoting a person. A reeking, steaming person. _Roedel._ _Rá_, a roe; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. The vale of the roe. Roedell, of like significance. _Roeder._ _Rá-deór_, a roebuck. _Roeger._ _Rǽge_, pronounced _ro-ge_, a roe, a doe; _ere_, an agent. A roe-hunter. _Roegler._ _Rǽge_, a roe; _lǽr_, learning. Roe-knowledge. _Roehl._ _Hreol_, a reel. _Roell_, of kindred meaning. _Roehler._ _Hreol_, a reel; _ere_, an agent. A spinster; a dancer. Roeller, from the same roots. _Roehm._ _Rá_, roe; _hm_ for _hám_, home, dwelling, habitation. Home of the roe. _Roellig._ _Hreol_, a reel; _ig_, an adjective ending. Reeling; whirling. _Roeper._ _Reapere_, pronounced _roepere_, a seizer, spoiler, robber. _Roerich._ _Rá_, roe; _ríce_, a region, a country. The region of the roebuck. _Roese._ _Rose_, a rose. _Roeser._ _Rose_, a rose; _ere_, an agent. A rose-grower. _Roessing._ _Roess_, Roese; _ing_, offspring. Son of Roese. _Roessler._ _Rose_, a rose; _lǽr_, lore, learning. Rose-knowledge. _Roff._ _Róf_, famous, renowned, illustrious, brave. _Roffel._ _Róf_, famous, illustrious; _el_, denoting a person. A famous person. Roffle, of kindred signification. _Rogge._ _Rǽge_, pronounced _rōge_, a roe, a doe. _Rohde._ _Ród_, pronounced _rohd_, genitive _rohde_, rood, cross. Belonging to the cross. _Rohe._ _Reoh_, rough, fierce, stormy, cruel. _Rohlfing._ _Hreol_, a reel; _fing_, doubtless, a contraction of _finger_, a finger. The reel-finger. Perhaps the name is derivable from _hreol_, a reel, and _fiong_, hatred. Hatred of the reel. _Rohm._ _Róm_, pronounced _Rohm_, Rome. _Rohman._ _Róman_, pronounced _Rohman_, genitive of _Róm_. Belonging to Rome. _Roland._ _Row_, sweet, quiet; _land_, land, ground, earth, field, region, country. Sweet land; quiet country. Rolan, Rowland, kindred terms. _Rolen._ _Row_, sweet; _leán_, reward, price. Sweet reward. _Rolf._ _Row_, quiet, restful; _lf_ for _líf_, life. A quiet life. Roloff, Rolph, cognate terms. _Rolfing._ _Rolf_, Rolf; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of Rolf. _Romberg._ _Róm_, Rome; _beorg_, a hill fortification, citadel, defence, refuge. Citadel of Rome. _Romberger._ _Róm_, Rome; _beorg-ere_, defender of a citadel. Defender of the citadel of Rome. _Rombold._ _Róm_, Rome; _báld_, bold, courageous. Courageous Rome. _Romel._ _Róm_, Rome; _el_, denoting a person. Citizen of Rome. Rommel, Rommell, of like origin. _Romig._ _Reómig_, tired, weary. _Rommelman._ _Rommel_, Romel; _man_, a servant. The servant of Romel. _Romoser._ _Róm_, Rome; _O’ster_, Easter. Roman Easter. _Ronald._ _Rún_, pronounced _rown_, a letter, magical character, mystery, council, meditation, conversation; _ald_, an age. An age of mystery. _Ronaldson._ _Ronald_, Ronald; _sun_, son. Son of Ronald. _Ronan._ _Rúnan_, pronounced _rownan_, a whisperer, a sorcerer. _Rone._ _Rún_, a letter, a mystery, a council; _e_, indicating person. A man of mysteries; a sage. Roney, Rooney, from the same roots. _Rood._ _Ród_, pronounced _rood_, rood, cross. _Roof._ _Róf_, pronounced _roof_, top, the highest part of a house or chamber. _Roohr._ _Rure_, pronounced _ruher_, a noise. _Rook._ _Róc_, pronounced _rook_, a rook. Rooke, Ruch, Ruck, other spellings. _Rooks._ _Rook_, Rook: _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rook. _Rookstool._ _Rook_, Rook; _stól_, pronounced _stool_, seat, chair, throne. Rook’s chair or throne. _Room._ _Rúm_, pronounced _rowm_, room, space, place, wide, open, spacious, ample, of good cheer or heart, august, fortunate. Roome, of like import. _Roomes._ _Roome_, Room; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Room. _Roop._ _Roop_, _rop_, a distaff. _Root._ _Rúte_, pronounced originally _rowte_, rue, a plant. _Roots._ _Root_, Root; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Root. _Roper._ _Rop_, a distaff; _er_, a person. The woman who twirls the distaff. _Roppel._ _Rop_, a distaff; _el_, a personal ending. A distaff. _Roray._ _Rure_, pronounced _ruhr-e_, a noise, the final _e_ taking the French sound of _a_. _Rorer._ _Rure_, a noise; _ere_, an agent. One who makes a noise; a babbler; a prattler. _Rose._ _Rose_, pronounced _raws_, a rose. Ross, Rosse, Roos, analogous forms. _Rosebery._ _Rose_, a rose; _berige_, a berry. The fruit of the rose. _Roseman._ _Rose_, Rose; _man_, a servant. A servant of Rose. Rosemann, of like derivation. _Rosen._ _Rose_, Rose; _en_, resembling. Resembling Rose; rosy; blooming. _Rosenacker._ _Rosen_, Rosen; _æcer_, acre. Rosen’s acre; ground belonging to Rosen. _Rosenfeld._ _Rosen_, Rosen; _feld_, field, pasture, plain. Rosen’s field; a blooming pasture. Rosenfelt, from the same roots. _Rosensky._ _Rosen_, rosy, flushed; Danish _sky_, a cloud. A crimson cloud. _Rosewarne._ _Rose_, a rose; _wearn_, a hindrance, obstacle, resistance, denial. Rose-obstacle. _Rosewig._ _Rose_, a rose; _wig_, war, warfare, battle. Rose-warfare. _Roskeep._ _Rose_, a rose; _ceáp_, a bargain, sale, business, chattel. Rose-sale. _Rosney._ _Rose_, a rose; _ney_, from the Irish, an individual, an agent. Rose-dealer. _Rost._ _Rǽst_, pronounced _rost_, rest, repose, a place of rest, a bed. _Rowan._ _Rówan_, pronounced _roow-an_, to row, to sail. Rowand, Roan, from the same root. _Rowe._ _Reowe_, an Irish mantle or rug, soldier’s cloak, a frieze cassock, a priest’s garment. Row, of like significance. _Rowson._ _Row_, Rowe; _sun_, son. Son of Rowe. _Rox._ _Rocks_, from _Rock_, Rock; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Rock. Rock is from the Irish _roc_, pronounced _rokh_, a rock. _Roxberry._ _Roxbury_, from _Rox_, Rox, and _byrig_, a town, a city. Town of Rox. _Roxbrough._ _Roxborough_, from _Rox_, Rox, and _burh_, a town, a city. Town of Rox. _Rucher._ _Róc_, a rook; _er_, indicative of a person. One who acts like a rook; a croaker. In the South of Germany _ruch_, a rook, is the form of the word, and this agrees much better with the name under consideration. _Ruckman._ _Ruck_, Ruck; _man_, a servant. Ruck’s servant. _Rucks._ _Ruck_, Ruck; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ruck. _Rudd._ _Rud_, red, ruddy. Later _rud_, became a noun, and signified redness, blush, ruddle, red ochre, and a river-fish. The last-named, from its red eyes, was called the rudd, or red-eye. _Rudden._ _Rud_, red, ruddy; _en_, a termination of adjectives and participles. Make red; ruddy. _Rudduck._ _Rudduc_, robin-red-breast. Ruddick, Ruddach, Ruddock, kindred names. _Ruddiman._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ig_, an adjective ending; _man_, a man. A ruddy man. Rudman, Rudmann, of like significance. _Ruddy._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ig_, implying an adjective. Ruddy. Rudy, of same derivation. _Ruder._ _Rud_, ruddy; _er_, a person. A ruddy person. _Rudge._ _Rud_, red; _íge_, an island. Red island. _Rudhart._ _Rud_, red, ruddy; _heort_, a hart. A ruddy stag. _Rudling._ _Rud_, ruddy; _ling_, denoting state or condition of a person, an image, an example. Healthy condition; picture of health. _Rudloff._ _Rud_, redness, blush; _lóf_, praise. Blush-praise. _Rudolph._ _Rud_, red ochre, red iron-ore; _dǽlf_, pronounced _dolf_, a delving, a digging. Iron-digging. _Ruf._ _Hróf_, or _róf_, a roof, a raised part. Perhaps, from _róf_, famous, renowned, illustrious. Rufe, Ruff, Ruoff, of kindred signification. _Ruffell._ _Hróf_, a roof, a raised part; _el_, denoting a person. A roof-rearer; a ruff-wearer. _Rumbol._ _Rúm_, room, space, place; _bol_, a sleeping-room. _Rumboltz._ _Rúm_, a room; _boltes_, genitive of _bolt_, a house. Room of a dwelling. _Rumel._ _Rúm_, a room; _el_, indicative of a person. A room-mate. Rummel, Rummell, from the same. _Rumford._ _Rúm_, wide, spacious, ample; _ford_, a ford. A spacious ford. _Rumig._ _Rúm_, a room; _ig_, an adjective ending. Roomy; spacious; ample. _Rumsey._ _Rúm_, room, space, place; _rumes_, genitive of space; _íg_, an island. A spacious island. _Runner._ _Rún_, pronounced _roon_, mystery; _ere_, a person. A dealer in mysteries; a sorcerer. _Runser._ _Rún-seó-ere_, from _rún_, a secret; _seó_, I see; _ere_, a person. A foreteller of secrets. _Runyon._ _Rún-ian_, to whisper, to speak mysteriously, from _rún_, a mystery, and _ian_, a verbal ending. _Rusch._ _Risce_, pronounced _reesche_, a rush. Rush, Rusk, from the same. _Rusher._ _Rush_, Rush; _er_, a person. One who is a Rush; son of Rush; one who uses the rush. _Rushman._ _Rush_, Rush; _man_, a servant. A servant of Rush; a rush-collector. _Rushmire._ _Risce_, rush; _mere_, a mere, lake, pool. A rush-pool. _Rushton._ _Rush_, Rush; _tún_, town, house. Home of Rush; habitation of the rush. _Rushworth._ _Rush_, Rush; _weordh_, worth, worthy, honorable. An estimable Rush; value of rushes. _Rust._ _Rust_, rust, rustiness. _Ruth._ _Rúte_, rue, a bitter herb. From the bitter property of the rue, we have _ruth_, expressive of pity, sorrow, tenderness for the misery of another, mercy. Rutt, more closely related to derivation. _Rutnard._ _Ruth_, rue, pity, sorrow; _ard_, an ensign of office, such as a pole, staff, etc. A physician; a clergyman; a consoler. _Rutherford._ _Ruther_, Rutter; _ford_, a ford. Rutter’s ford. _Ruths._ _Ruth_, Ruth; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ruth. _Rutledge._ _Rúte_, rue; _leger_, place for laying or lying, as bed, couch, grave, churchyard. Rue-bed; a bed of rue. _Rutter._ _Rutt_, Rutt, or Ruth; _ere_, a person. A descendant of Rutt. _Ruttley._ _Rutt_, Rutt; _ley_ for _líc_, having the form of. Resembling Rutt. _Ruttman._ _Rutt_, Rutt; _man_, a servant. Rutt’s servant. _Rutty._ _Rúte_, rue; _ig_, an adjective termination. Like rue. Or, _Rutt_, Rutt; _ig_, expressing the quality of. Having the character of Rutt. _Rutz._ _Rutts_, from _Rutt_, Rutt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Rutt. _Ruwell._ _Ruw_, rough, hairy; _el_, denoting a person. A rough, or hairy person. _Ruxton._ _Rucks_, Rucks; _tún_, town, habitation. Home of Rucks. _Ryer._ _Rye_, hairy; _ere_, a person. A hairy person. _Ryerson._ _Ryer_, Ryer; _sun_, son. Son of Ryer. _Ryers._ _Ryer_, Ryer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Ryer. _Ryland._ _Rye_, hairy, rough; _land_, ground, earth, region, country. A rough country. S. _Saake._ _Sæc_, pronounced _sahke_, war, battle. _Saal._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sahal_, a hall. _Saam._ _Sǽme_, pronounced _sā-am_, weak, slow, lazy, bad. _Sabin._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bin_, a crib, a manger, a bin, a hatch. Sea-crib. Sabine, of like import. _Sabins._ _Sabin_, Sabin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sabin. _Sabold._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bóld_, a house. A sea-house; a ship. _Sabot._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bát_, boat. A sea-boat; a ship. _Sacal._ _Sacol_, from _sǽ_, the sea; _cól_, coal. Sea-coal. _Sach._ _Sæc_, pronounced _săc_, a sack, a bag. Sack, of like derivation. _Sachs._ _Sach_, Sach; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sach. Saches, Sachse, Sacks, from the same roots. _Sackwright._ _Sæc_, a sack; _wyrhta_, a workman, artificer, wright, maker. A sack-maker. _Saddington._ _Sæd_, pronounced _sad_, satisfied, sated; _dincg_, broken or fallow ground; _tún_, a farm. A farm of sated, fallow ground. _Sadler._ _Sadel_, a saddle; _ere_, an agent. A saddle-maker. Sadleir, Saddler, cognate terms. _Sæger._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ger_, a year. Sea-year. _Saffer._ _Sæfn_, pronounced _safn_, a dream; _er_, an agent. A dreamer. _Saffin._ _Sæfn_, pronounced _safin_, a dream. _Safford._ _Sæfn_, a dream; _órd_, author. Dream-author. _Sage._ _Sage_, a sage, a wise man. _Sagee._ _Sage_, a sage; _e_, denoting a derivative adjective. Wise; philosophical. _Sagehorn._ _Sage_, a sage; _horn_, a pinnacle, a trumpet. A sage’s trumpet. _Sager._ _Sage_, a sage; _ere_, a person. A man of wisdom. _Sagers._ _Sager_, Sager; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sager. _Saget._ _Sage_, a sage; _æt_, meat, food. The food of a sage. _Sague._ _Sag_, pronounced _săg_, a sack. _Saiger._ _Sag_, a sack; _er_, an agent. A sack-maker. _Sainsbury._ _Sanctes_, genitive of _sanct_, a saint; _bury_, from _beorh_, a place of burial. Saint’s burying-place. _Sale._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sā-el_, a cord, a strap. Saile, from the same root. _Saler._ _Sæl_, a cord; _er_, an agent. A cord-maker. _Sales._ _Sale_, Sale; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sale. _Salfinger_. _Sæl_, a cord; _finger_, a finger. Cord-finger. _Salin._ _Sale_, Sale; _in_, a habitation. Sale’s dwelling. _Saling._ _Sale_, Sale; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Sale. _Salinger._ _Saling_, Saling; _er_, an agent. A servant of Saling. _Salisbury._ _Salis_, Sale’s; _beorh_, a burrow, or barrow. Sale’s barrow. _Saalmann._ _Sæl_, pronounced _sa-al_, a hall; _mann_, a man. Hall-man. _Salt._ _Salt_, salt. _Salter._ _Salt_, salt; _ere_, an agent. A manufacturer of salt. Also, from _saltere_, a psaltery, a dulcimer. _Salters._ _Salter_, Salter; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Salter. _Sanborn._ _Sand_, earth; _born_, born. Earth-born. _Sand._ _Sand_, sand, earth. _Sandberg._ _Sand_, sand; _berg_, a hill. A sand-hill. _Sandberger._ _Sandberg_, a sand-hill; _er_, an agent. A sand-hill dweller. _Sander._ _Sand_, sand, earth; _er_, an agent, or doer. A sand-digger. Saner, a contraction of the same. _Sanders._ _Sander_, Sander; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sander. Saunders, of like derivation. _Sanderson._ _Sander_, Sander; _sun_, son. Son of Sander. Saunderson, similarly derived. _Sandford._ _Sand_, sand; _ford_, a ford. A sandy ford. Sanford, an abbreviation of the name. _Sandgran._ _Sand_, sand; Latin _granum_, a grain. A grain of sand. _Sandgren._ _Sand_, sand; _grene_, green. Green sand. _Sands._ _Sand_, Sand; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sand. _Sandy._ _Sand-ig_, from _sand_, sand, and _ig_, an adjective ending. Sandy. _Sangborne._ _Sang_, song; _born_, born. Song-born. _Sanger._ _Sang_, a song; _ere_, an agent. A singer. _Sangers._ _Sanger_, a singer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sanger; son of a singer. _Sank._ _Sanc_, a song. _Sapp._ _Sæpp_, pronounced _sapp_, sap, juice. _Sappel._ _Sæpp_, sap, juice; _el_, an agent. A sapper. _Sapper._ _Sæpp_, sap; _ere_, an agent. A sapper. _Sappington._ _Sæpp_, sap; _ing_, denoting action; _tún_, town, village. A sapping town. _Sarfert._ _Sár_, wound, sore, pain, grief; _ferht_, fright, fear. Pain-fear. _Saring._ _Sár_, a wound; _ing_, expressive of action. Wound-producing. _Sattler._ _Sætel_, pronounced _sahtel_, a seat; _ere_, an agent. A settler. _Saul._ _Sáwl_, pronounced _sáw-el_, a soul. Saull, of like import. _Saulnier._ _Sául_, a soul; _nere_, refuge, preservation. Soul-refuge. _Saulsberry._ _Sáules_, genitive of _sául_, a soul; _berry_, from _byrig_, a city. Saul’s city; city of the soul. _Saulsburg._ _Saul’s_, genitive of Saul; _burg_, a city. Saul’s city. _Sawyer._ _Sáwere_, pronounced _saw-yere_, a sower. _Sawyers._ _Sawyer_, Sawyer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sawyer. _Sax._ _Sachs_, from _Sach_, Sach, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sach. Saxe, of kindred meaning. _Saxer._ _Sax_, Sax; _ere_, an agent. A servant of Sax. _Saxton._ _Sax_, Sax; _tún_, town, house. Home of Sax. _Saybolt._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bolt_, a house, a dwelling. A sea-house; a ship. _Sayer._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ere_, an agent. A navigator. Sayre, from the same roots. _Sayers._ _Sayer_, Sayer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sayer. Sayres, a cognate form. _Saylor._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _lǽr_, pronounced _lore_, doctrine. Sea-knowledge. _Scank._ _Scanca_, the hollow bone of the leg, the shank. _Scanlan._ _Scand_, shame, modesty, disgrace; _land_, land, earth, region, country. Disgraced region. Scanlin, Scanlon of like significance. _Scannell._ _Scand_, shame, disgrace; _el_, a personal suffix. A person in disgrace. _Scarborough._ _Scear_, an estate, landed property; _burh_, a town, a city. The landed property of a town. _Scattergood._ _Sceat-wer_, a shooter; _gud_, good. A good shooter. _Schaab._ _Sceabb_, or _scæb_, a scab. _Schaaf._ _Sceaf_, pronounced _skaaf_, a sheaf, a bundle of corn. _Schaal._ _Sceale_, pronounced _skaal_, a school. Schall, of like significance. _Schaar._ _Scear_, pronounced _skaar_, a share, a fortune, an estate. _Schaker._ _Sceacere_, pronounced _skaker_, a thief. _Schaler._ _Sceale_, a school; _ere_, an agent. A scholar. Schaller, a kindred name. _Schallinger._ _Sceale_, a school; _ing_, expressive of action; _ere_, an agent. One who is acquiring his schooling; a scholar. _Scham._ _Scame_, pronounced _skam_, shame, disgrace, nakedness. _Schamel._ _Sceamel_, a stool, footstool, bench, form, desk. _Schell._ _Scell_, a shell, a rind, a cavity. _Scobel._ _Scobl_, a shovel. _Scofield._ _Sceawe_, shoe; _feld_, a field, a plain. A shoe-field. _Scollean._ _Scól-lean_, from _scólu_, a school, and _lean_, reward. A school-reward. Scollan, from the same roots. _Scollay._ _Scól-ley_, from _scólu_, a school, and _ley_, a song. A school-song. _Scollin._ _Scól-in_, from _scólu_, a school, and _in_, a habitation. A school-house. _Scollon._ _Scól-lond_, from _scólu_, a school, and _lond_, land. School-land. _Scorr._ _Score_, the shore. _Scotland._ _Scot_, shot, payment; _land_, land. Payment-land. _Scotney._ _Scot_, shot, payment; _ney_, from the Irish, implying an agent. A paymaster. _Scott._ _Scot_, shot, payment. _Scouler._ _Scolere_, a scholar. _Scovel._ _Scofl_, a shovel. _Scudder._ _Sculder_, a shoulder. _Seabert._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _beorht_, bright. Sea-bright. _Seabold._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bóld_, a house. A sea-house; a ship. _Seabourne._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _burne_, a stream. A sea-current. _Seabrook._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _bróc_, a brook. A sea-brook; a rivulet that empties into the sea. _Seagrove._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _græf_, a grove. A sea-grove; a grove near the sea. _Seafert._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _ferdh_, a spirit. A sea-sprite. _Seal._ _Seal_, a willow, a sallow. Seel, an analogous name. Perhaps, from _seal_, a seal. _Sealey._ _Seal_, a willow; _ig_, an adjective termination. Willowy; abounding with willows. Sealy, Seely, Seeley, similarly derived. _Seals._ _Seal_, Seal; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seal. _Seaman._ _Sǽ-mann_, a sea-man. Seeman, Seemann, kindred names. _Seamans._ _Seaman_, Seaman; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seaman. _Seamen._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _men_, plural of _man_. Seamen. _Seamens._ _Seamen_, Seamen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seamen. _Seamon._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _mon_, man. A sea-man. _Seanor._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _nor_, for north. North Sea. _Search._ _Serce_, a shirt. _Searchfield._ _Search_, Search; _feld_, a field, a plain. Search’s field. _Sear._ _Sear_, from _searian_, to sear, to dry up. Dry; withered. _Searing._ _Sear_, Sear; _ing_, offspring. Son of Sear. _Searle._ _Sear-el_, from _sear_, sear, and _el_, denoting a personal noun. A withered person; an aged person. Searl, from the same roots. _Searles._ _Searle_, Searle; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Searle. _Sears._ _Sear_, Sear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sear. _Seary._ _Sear_, dry, withered; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Withered. Seeary, an analogous term. _Seaton._ _Sǽ_, the sea; _tún_, a town. A sea-town; a sea-port. _Sebald._ _Sé_, pronounced _se_, the sea; _báld_, bold, audacious. Sea-daring. _Seckel._ _Sec_, battle; _el_, indicative of a person. A warrior. _Seckinger._ _Sec_, war, battle; _cyng_, a king, ruler, prince; _ere_, an agent. A warrior-king. _Seddinger._ Perhaps, from _Sedling_, an Ethiopian, and _ere_, an agent. A slave-trader. Sedenger, a corruption of the same. _Sedgwick._ _Secg_, warrior, soldier; _wic_, a camp, a station. A military camp. _See._ _Sé_, pronounced _sē_, the sea. _Seebach._ _Sé_, the sea; _bæc_, pronounced _bāc_, back. An ebbing sea. _Seeber._ _Sé_, the sea; _bere_, a bear. A sea-bear. _Seeberger._ _Sé_, the sea; _berg_, a mountain, a hill; _ere_, an agent. One that occupies a sea-mountain; a mermaid. Seeburger, of like significance. _Seebeth._ _Sé_, the sea; Irish _beth_, a house. A sea-house; a bath-house. _Seed._ _Séd_, pronounced _sēd_, seed. _Seeds._ _Seed_, Seed; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seed. _Seefelder._ _Sé_, the sea; _feld_, a field, a plain; _ere_, an agent. A follower of the sea-plain; a seafaring man. _Seegrist._ _Sé_, the sea; _grist_, grist, a grinding. Sea-grist; sea-grinding. Segrest, of like import. _Seehofer._ _Sé_, the sea; _hofer_, a humpback. The sea-humpback. _Seelaus._ _Sé_, the sea; _lus_, German _laus_, a louse. A sea-louse. _Seeler._ _Seal_, a seal; _ere_, an agent. A seal-fisher. _Seehorst._ _Sé_, the sea; _horst_, watching. Sea-watching. _Seelig._ _Sé_, the sea; _lig_, a flame. A sea-flame. Selig, an analogous name. _Seelos._ _Sé_, the sea; _los_, loss, losing, destruction. Sea-loss. _Seery._ _Sé_, the sea; _ríe_, pronounced _rē_, power, dominion. Sea-power. _Sees._ _See_, See; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of See. Seese, Seez, cognate names. _Sefer._ _Sé_, the sea; _fer_, a journey. A sea-journey. _Sefton._ _Seft_, soft, mild, quiet; _tún_, a town, a house. A quiet home. _Segall._ _Sé_, the sea; _gál_, pronounced _gaul_, lightness, folly. Sea-folly. _Segner._ _Segne_, a net; _ere_, an agent. A seiner. _Seher._ _Sé_, the sea, _here_, an army, a host, a legion. A sea-army; a naval expedition. _Sehers._ _Seher_, Seher; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seher. _Selbert._ _Sel_, a dwelling, a palace, a hall; _beorht_, brightness. Hall-brightness. _Selby._ _Sel_, a hall, a palace; _bý_, a habitation. A palatial dwelling. _Selden._ _Seld_, a royal seat, a throne, a palace; _en_, an adjective ending. Palatial. _Selfridge._ _Self_, same, self-same; _ricg_, a back, a ridge, a roof. Self-same ridge. _Seligman._ _Selig_, Selig; _man_, a servant. Selig’s servant. _Sell._ _Sel_, a dwelling, a mansion, a palace, a hall. _Seller._ _Sel_, a palace; _ere_, an agent. A king; a prince. _Sellers._ _Seller_, Seller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Seller. _Sellick._ _Sel_, a companion; _lic_, like. Companion-like. _Sells._ _Sell_, Sell; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sell. _Selman._ _Sell_, Sell; _man_, a servant. Servant of Sell; servant of a palace. _Selner._ _Sel_, a palace; _nere_, refuge, protection. Palace-refuge; protection of the king. _Selover._ _Sé_, the sea; _lóf-ere_, a lover. A sea-lover. _Selser._ _Sells-ere_, from _Sells_, son of Sell, and _ere_, an agent. A servant of Sell’s son. Selser, perhaps, from the same roots. _Semebroth._ _Sæme_, weak; _bróth_, broth. Weak broth. _Semisch._ _Sem_, a seam, a bag; _isc_, like. Like a bag. _Semler._ _Sem_, a bag; _lǽr_, doctrine, knowledge. Bag-knowledge. _Senat._ _Senat_, a senate. Senate, from the same root. _Senatz._ _Senats_, from _Senat_, Senat, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Senat. _Senn._ _Sen_, sin. _Senneff._ _Senn_, Senn; _nefe_, a niece. Niece of Senn. _Senner._ _Senn_, Senn; _ere_, an agent. Senn’s servant. _Setner._ _Setnere_, a seditious person, a revolter. _Settel._ _Setel_, a settle, a seat, a bench, a stool. Settle, of similar derivation. _Setter._ _Settere_, a thief. _Seubel._ _Séw_, the sea; _bel_, a bell. A sea-bell. _Seubert._ _Séw_, the sea; _beorht_, brightness. Sea-glistening. _Sharp._ _Scearp_, sharp. Sharpe, another spelling. _Sharpless._ _Scearp_, sharp; _læs_, less, comparative of _lytel_. Less sharp. Sharples, of similar meaning. _Sharpley._ _Scearp_, sharp; _líc_, like. Sharp-like. _Sharps._ _Sharp_, Sharp; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sharp. _Sharr._ _Scear_, a ploughshare. Also, _scear_, a division. _Sharsig._ _Sceares_, genitive of _scear_, Sharr’s, and _ig_, an island. Sharr’s island. _Sharswood._ _Sharr’s_, Sharrs; _wud_, wood. Sharr’s wood. Sharwood, an abbreviated form of the name. _Shaw._ _Sceawe_, a show. _Sheaff._ _Sceaf_, a sheaf, a bundle of corn. _Shealer._ _Sceale_, a scale, a balance; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. _Shean._ _Sceán_, shone. Sheen, from the same root. _Shear._ _Scear_, sheared. Sheer, of like derivation. _Sheard._ _Sceard_, a sheard, a division, a remnant. _Sheardown._ _Scear_, sheared; _dún_, a mountain, hill, downs. A sheared mountain; a shaven hill. _Shearer._ _Sceare-ere_, from _sceare_, shears, scissors, and _ere_, an agent. One who uses the shears. _Shearf._ _Scearfan_, to carve in pieces; _scearfe_, a fragment. _Shearman._ _Sceare_, sheers; _man_, a man. A shearer; a reaper. _Shears._ _Shear_, Shear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shear. _Shearwood._ _Scear_, sheared; _wud_, a wood. A cleared wood. Sherwood, from the same. _Sheble._ _Sceabb_, a scab; _el_, denoting a person. A shabby fellow. _Sheck._ _Sceac_, slow, sluggish, lazy, benumbed, costive, bound. _Shecklin._ _Sceac-líne_, a line which fastens the bottom of a sail. _Shedaker._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, shadow; _æcer_, a field. A field of shadow; a shaded field. _Shedden._ _Sceáden_, shaded, shadowed, overwhelmed, oppressed. _Sheddy._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, belonging to shade. Shady; shadowy. _Shedinger._ _Sceádan_, to shade, to overwhelm, to oppress; _ing_, expressive of action; _ere_, an agent. A person that overshadows another; an oppressor. _Shedwick._ _Sceáde_, genitive of _sceádo_, a shadow, a shade; _wic_, a habitation, a village, a convent. A habitation of shade; a shaded village. _Sheedy._ _Sceáde_, of shadow; _ig_, an island. An island of shadow; a shaded island. _Sheeler._ _Sceale_, a scale, a balance; _ere_, an agent. A weigher; a balancer. _Sheen._ _Scén_, pronounced _skēne_, sheen. _Sheering._ _Scír_, shire; _ing_, offspring, descendant. Son of the shire. _Sheldon._ _Scel_, a shell; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A shell-hill. _Shell._ _Scell_, a shell. _Shellenberger._ _Scellenâ_, of shells; _berg_, a hill, a mountain; _ere_, an agent. A dweller of a shell-hill. Shelberger, of similar derivation. _Sheller._ _Scell_, a shell; _ere_, an agent. A dealer in shells. _Shelley._ _Scell_, a shell; _ig_, an adjective termination. Shelly. Shelly, from the same roots. _Shelling._ _Scelling_, a shilling. Or, _Shell_, Shell; _ing_, an offspring. A descendant of Shell. _Shellinger._ _Shelling_, Shelling; _ere_, an agent. A servant of Shelling. _Shelmerdine._ _Scel_, a shell; _mere_, a mere, a lake, a sea; _dínne_, stormy. A tempestuous shell-lake. _Shelton._ _Shell_, Shell; _tún_, town, house. Home of Shell. _Sheneman._ _Sheen_, Sheen; _man_, a servant. A servant of Sheen. _Shenton._ _Scén_, beautiful; _tún_, a house, a habitation. A beautiful house. _Shepherd._ _Sceáp-hyrde_, from _sceáp_, sheep, and _hyrde_, a keeper of sheep; a shepherd. Shepard, Shephard, Sheppard, analogous names. _Shepherdson._ _Shepherd_, Shepherd; _sun_, son. Son of Shepherd. Shepperson, of like significance. _Shepler._ _Sceáp_, sheep; _lǽr_, doctrine. Sheep-knowledge. _Shepley._ _Sceáp_, sheep; _ley_, a lay, a song. A sheep-lay. _Sheran._ _Scéran_, to shear, to shave, to cut off, to share, to divide, to grant. _Sherer._ _Sceare_, shears; _ere_, an agent. A shearer. Sherar, from the same roots. _Sherick._ _Scer-icge_, an actress. Sherk, Shirk, possibly, from the same derivation. _Sheridan._ _Scérian_, to divide, to rive, to part. _Sheriff._ _Scír-gerefa_, from _scír_, a shire, and _gerefa_, a steward, a bailiff, a governor. A governor of a shire; a shire-reeve; a sheriff. _Sherlock._ _Scír_, white, bright, glorious; _locc_, a lock, hair. A lock of white hair. Shirelock, of similar meaning. _Sherlow._ _Scír_, a county, province, district; _low_, a grave, a barrow, a small hillock, a tract of country gently rising, a low. A district-low. Shirlow, from the same roots. _Sherman._ _Scír-mann_, from _scír_, a share, shire, county, district; _mann_, a man. A man who superintends; a shireman; an overseer; a governor, a provost. Shearman, Shireman, of kindred derivation. _Shermer._ _Scír_, a district, province; _mere_, a mere, a lake, a pool, the sea. A sea-district; a lake-province. _Sherr._ _Scír_, a district, a province. Shire, of kindred significance. _Sherrard._ _Scír_, superintendence, stewardship; _ard_, an ensign of office. A badge of stewardship. Sherrerd, of like import. _Sherrat._ _Scír_, shire, district, county; _áth_, an oath. An oath required by a shire from one in power. _Sherrell._ _Scír_, a shire, a district; _el_, indicative of a person. A resident of a shire. _Sherrer._ _Scír_, care, charge; _ere_, an agent. A superintendent; an overseer. _Sherrie._ _Sherr_, Sherr; _íg_, an island. Sherr’s island. Sherry, from the same roots. _Sherwin._ _Scír_, a shire; _win_, a friend. A friend of the shire; one devoted to the shire. _Sherwood._ _Scír_, glorious; _wude_, a forest. A glorious forest. Or, from _scír_, a district; _wud_, a wood. A district wood. _Shetzline._ _Scetes_, genitive of _scete_, a sheet, a sail; _líne_, a line. The lower sail line. _Shew._ _Sceawe_, a show. _Shewell._ _Sceawe_, a show; _el_, indicative of a person. A showman. _Shiel._ _Sciell_, a scale, a shell. _Shield._ _Scield_, a shield, a refuge. _Shields._ _Shield_, Shield; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shield. _Shill._ _Scill_, a shilling, a piece of uncoined silver, which, when coined, would make five pennies, each of which was 2½ pence. _Shillady._ _Shill_, Shill; _hlǽfdie_, a mistress, a lady. Shill’s mistress. _Shilling._ _Scilling_, a shilling. Or, from _Shill_, Shill, and _ing_, an offspring. A son of Shill. _Shillingford._ _Shilling_, Shilling; _ford_, a ford. Shilling’s ford. Shillingsford, from the same roots. _Shillingsburg._ _Shillinges_, Shilling’s; _beorg_, a hill. Shilling’s hill. _Shimer._ _Scíma_, a brightness, splendor, glittering; _ere_, an agent. A wit; a humorist; a scholar. _Shinn._ _Scínne_, beauty, splendor. _Shinneberry._ _Shinn_, Shinn; _byrie_, a burial-place. The burial-place of Shinn. _Shipley._ _Scip_, a ship, a boat; _ley_, a lay, a song. A boat song. _Shipman._ _Scip-mann_, a ship-man, a sailor. _Shippen._ _Scyppend_, a former, a creator. _Shipper._ _Scip-ere_, a sailor. _Shipps._ _Scipes_, genitive of _scip_, a ship. Belonging to a ship. _Shirley._ _Scíre_, a shire; _líc_, like. Resembling a shire. _Shoe._ _Scoe_, or _sceó_, a shoe. _Shoell._ _Scoe_, a shoe; _el_, denoting a person. A shoemaker. _Shoemaker._ _Scoe_, a shoe; _mace_, make; _ere_, an agent. A maker of shoes. _Shoneman._ _Scóne_, beautiful; _mann_, a man. A beautiful man. _Shook._ _Sceóc_, shook. _Shoop._ _Scóp_, a farmer, a maker, a poet, a minstrel. _Shore._ _Score_, the shore. _Short._ _Sceort_, short. _Shortell._ _Sceort_, short; _el_, indicative of a person. A short person. _Shorten._ _Sceort-ain_, from _sceort_, short; _ain_, to make. To make short. _Shortley._ _Short_, Short; _líc_, like. Resembling Short. Or, from _sceort-líc_, short, momentary. _Shorts._ _Short_, Short; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Short. Shortts, from the same roots. _Shoser._ _Scós_, shoes; _ere_, an agent. A shoemaker. _Shott._ _Scot_, shot, payment. _Showaker._ _Sceawe_, a show; _æcer_, a field. A show-field. Showeker, from the same roots. _Showalter._ _Sceawe_, a show; _alter_, an altar. A show-altar. _Showell._ _Sceawe_, a show; _el_, indicative of a person. A showman. _Shower._ _Sceawere_, a beholder, spectator, spy, a railer, a scoffer. _Showers._ _Shower_, Shower; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Shower. _Showman._ _Sceawe_, a show; _mann_, a man. A showman. _Shreeve._ _Scréf_, a den, a cave, a layer. Shreve, of like derivation. _Shreeves._ _Shreeve_, Shreeve; _s_ for sun, son. Son of Shreeve. Shrieves, a kindred name. _Shrigley._ _Scric_, a thrush, a throstle; _ley_, a song. Thrush song. _Shriner._ _Scrin_, a shrine, casket, chest; _ere_, an agent. A maker of shrines, caskets. _Shriver._ _Scrifan_, to shrive, to receive confession; _ere_, an agent. One who receives confessions; a shriver. _Shroder._ _Scrúd_, a garment, clothing, shroud; _ere_, an agent. A tailor; a shroud-maker. _Shronk._ _Scruncen_, shrunk, withered. _Schropshire._ _Scrob_, a shrub; _scír_, a shire, county, district. A shrub-shire; a shrubby district. _Shubert._ _Scúa_, a shade, a shadow; _beorht_, bright, lucid, clear. A lucid shadow. _Shuck._ _Scucca_, Satan, the devil. _Shuff._ _Scúfan_, to shove, to thrust, to cast down; _sceáf_, cast down, removed; _sceaf_, that which is cast down, as a sheaf. _Shugard._ _Scúa_, a shade; _geard_, a hedge, enclosure, garden. A shaded garden. Shugardt, Shugart, of like parentage. _Shuler._ _Scúl_, a scowl; _ere_, an agent. One who scowls. _Shull._ _Scúl_, a scowl, a frown. _Shumaker._ _Sceó_, a shoe; _macian_, to make; _ere_, one who. A shoemaker. _Shuman._ _Sceó_, a shoe; _mann_, a man. A shoe-man; a dealer in shoes. _Shumate._ _Sceó_, a shoe; Dutch _maat_, a husband, a wife, a companion. A shoe-companion. _Shumway._ _Sceome_, of shame, genitive of _sceamu_; _wæg_, way. The way of shame. _Shupard._ _Scóp_, a poet, minstrel; _ard_, a badge of office. A minstrel’s staff. Shuperd, slightly altered form of the word. _Shupe._ _Scóp_, a poet, a minstrel. Shupp, an analogous name. _Shur._ _Scúr_, a shower of rain, a storm, tempest, a shower of arrows, battle, fight. Shurr, from the same root. _Shute._ _Scute_, given, expended, transferred, rushed, shot. Shutt, of kindred meaning. _Shuttleworth._ _Scuttel_, a scuttle, platter, charger, moment; _weordh_, worth, price, value. A moment’s value. _Shutts._ _Shutt_, Shutt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Shutt. Shutz, similarly derived. _Shyer._ _Scyan_, to suggest, excite, prompt, persuade; _ere_, an agent. A prompter; a pleader. _Sibbet._ _Sibbian_, to pacify, to compose; past participle _sibbod_, pacified, composed. Sibbitt, from the same root. _Sibbits._ _Sibbit_, Sibbit; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sibbit. _Sibel._ _Sib_, peace, adoption, companionship; _el_, indicative of personality. A companionable person. Sibole of like import. _Siber._ _Sib_, peace, agreement, alliance; _ere_, an agent. An ally; an abettor. _Sibert._ _Síb_, peace; _beorht_, famous, illustrious. A famous peace. _Sibley._ _Sib_, concord, agreement; _ley_, a song. A melody. _Sibson._ _Sib_, peace, adoption; _sun_, son. Son of adoption. Sibbs, an abbreviated form of the same. _Sick._ _Síc_, sick. _Sickel._ _Sicel_, pronounced _sickel_, a sickle. Sickle, Sickel, from the same root. _Sickels._ _Sickel_, Sickel; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sickel. Sickles, a cognate term. _Sicker._ _Síc_, sick; _ere_, an agent. A sick person. _Sickler._ _Sicel_, a sickle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a sickle. _Siddall._ _Síd_, ample, spacious, broad, vast; _dál_, a valley. A broad valley. Siddell, Sidel, Sidle, alike in derivation. _Siddon._ _Síd_, spacious, vast; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A spacious hill. _Siddins._ _Siddin_, Siddon; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Siddon. _Side._ _Síd_, ample, broad, various, diverse. Or, from _síde_, silk. _Sidebotham._ _Síd_, ample, full, vast; _bót_, atonement, indemnity, redress, cure; _hám_, house, dwelling. The home of full atonement. _Sidebottom._ _Síd_, broad; _botm_, bottom. Broad bottom. _Sidenburg._ _Síden_, silken, made of silk; _burg_, a fort, a castle, a house. A house made of silk. _Sides._ _Side_, Side; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Side. _Sidleman._ _Sidle_, Sidle; _man_, a servant. Sidle’s servant. _Sidley._ _Sidle_, Sidle; _líc_, like. Resembling Sidle. _Sidney._ _Síden_, silken, made of silk. _Siebel._ _Sie_, victory, triumph, crown; _bel_, a bell. A peal of triumph. _Siebeling._ _Siebel_, Siebel; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Siebel. _Sieber._ _Sie_, a crown; _bere_, barley. A crown of barley. _Siebert._ _Sie-beorht_, triumphantly, or gloriously bright. _Siebott._ _Sie_, victory; _bót_, atonement. A victorious atonement. _Siebrecht._ _Sie_, crown; _brecht_, conquered. Crown conquered. _Siebrist._ _Sie_, victory; _brist_, bearest. Victory bearest. _Siedenback._ _Síden_, silken; _bæc_, back. A silken back. _Siedler._ _Síde_, silk; _lǽr_, doctrine. Silk-knowledge. _Siefert._ _Sie_, triumph; _fert_, spirit. A spirit of triumph. _Siefken._ _Sielf-cyn_, from _sielf_, a salve, and _cyn_, kind. A kind of herb salve. _Siegel._ _Sigel_, the sun, a jewel. Siegle, from the same root. _Siegler._ _Sigel_, a jewel; _ere_, an agent. A jeweller. _Siegman._ _Sige_, victory; _man_, a man. A victorious man. Siegmann, from the same roots. _Sieler._ _Sie_, the sea; _lǽr_, doctrine. Sea-knowledge. _Siemers._ _Sie_, the sea; _merse_, a marsh, a fen. A sea-marsh. _Siemon._ _Sie_, the sea; _mon_, a man. A seafaring man. _Sier._ _Sieran_, to lie in wait for, to plot, to conspire. _Sifer._ _Sie_, the sea; _fer_, a journey. A sea journey. _Sigmund._ _Sige_, victory; _mund_, a hand. A victorious hand. _Silbert._ _Sigel-beorht_, from _sigel_ or _sigl_, the sun, and beorht, bright. Sun-bright. _Sill._ _Sigl_, a necklace. _Sillady._ _Sill_, Sill; _hlǽfdie_, a mistress. Sill’s mistress. _Siller._ _Sigl_, a necklace, a brooch, an ornament; _ere_, an agent. A jeweller. _Silliman._ _Sill_, Sill; _man_, a servant. Sill’s servant. _Sills._ _Sill_, Sill; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sill. _Silpath._ _Sigl_, the sun; _pæth_, a path. The sun-path; sunny path. _Sillsby._ _Sills_, Sill’s; _bý_, a habitation. Sill’s home. _Silver._ _Silfer_, silver. _Silverberg._ _Silfer_, silver; _beorg_, a hill, a mountain. A mountain of silver. _Silvers._ _Silver_, Silver; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Silver. _Silverstine._ _Silferes_, genitive of _silfer_, silver; _tine_, a tine, a tooth of a harrow. A silver tine. _Silverthorn._ _Silfer_, silver; _thorn_, a thorn. A silver-thorn. Silverthorne, from the same roots. _Simard._ _Sima_, a judge; _ard_, an ensign of office. A judge. _Sime._ _Sima_, a bond, a reconciler, a judge. Syme, a kindred term. _Simes._ _Sime_, Sime; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sime. Simms, Sims, Symes, from the same roots. _Simington._ _Sima_, a reconciler; _ing_, expressive of action; _tún_, house. Home of reconciliation. Simmington, Symington, alike in derivation. _Simkin._ _Sim_, Sime; _cyn_, kin, relation. Sime’s relation. Simpkin, of similar meaning. _Simkins._ _Simkin_, Simkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simkin. Simpkins, from the same roots. _Simkis._ _Sima_, a judge; _cys_, pure. An upright judge. _Simler._ _Sima_, a judge; _lǽr_, doctrine. Judicial knowledge. _Simmer._ _Sima_, a bond; _ere_, an agent. A notary. _Simmers._ _Simmer_, Simmer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmer. _Simmon._ _Sima_, a bond; _mon_, a man. A bondman. _Simmond._ _Sima_, a bond; _mund_, a protection. A bond-protection. _Simmonds._ _Simmond_, Simmond; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmond. Simonds, Symonds, kindred names. _Simmons._ _Simmōn_, Simmon; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmon. Simmins, Symons, doubtless, of like parentage. _Simpson._ _Simp_, Sime; _sun_, son. Son of Sime. Simson, from the same roots. _Sindall._ _Sin_, sin; _dál_, a valley. Valley of sin. _Sine._ _Sín_, sight, vision, appearance. _Siner._ _Sín_, a vision; _ere_, an agent. One who sees visions; a dreamer. _Sines._ _Sine_, Sine; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sine. _Singer._ _Singan_, to sing, to play upon an instrument, to say, to pronounce; _ere_, an agent. A singer; a musician; a soothsayer. _Singerly._ _Singer_, Singer; _líc_, like. Resembling Singer. _Singler._ _Singan_, to sing, to play upon an instrument; _lǽr_, doctrine. Music-knowledge. _Singley._ _Sing_, Sing; _ley_, from _líc_, like. Resembling Sing. _Sings._ _Sing_, Sing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sing. _Sink._ _Sinc_, collection, heap, gain, treasure, riches, silver. _Sinn._ _Sin_, or _synne_, sin. _Sinnamon._ _Sina_, genitive of _sina_, sinews; _mon_, a man. A man of sinews; an athlete. Synnamon, Synamon, of similar derivation. _Sinning._ _Sinn_, Sinn; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Sinn. _Sinns._ _Sinn_, Sinn; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sinn. _Sithen._ _Sidhan_, times, courses. _Sithens._ _Sithen_, Sithen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sithen. _Six._ _Six_, six. _Sixsmith_, _Six_, Six; _smidh_, an artificer, a smith, a workman. Six’s workman. _Sixte._ _Sixte_, sixth. _Skean._ _Sceán_, shone. Skeehan, Skeen, from the same radix. _Skeffington._ _Sceafa_, a shaving instrument; _ing_, expressive of action; _tún_, a house. A place where shaving is done. _Skelly._ _Scell-ig_, from _scell_, a shell, and _ig_, an adjective termination. Shelly. _Skerl._ _Scer_, a ploughshare; _el_, indicative of a person. A plowman. _Skerratt._ _Scer-geát_, from _scer_, a ploughshare; _geát_, an opening, a gap. A gap made by a ploughshare; a furrow. _Skinner._ _Scin_, the skin; _ere_, an agent. One who removes the skin; a skinner. _Skipton._ _Scip_, a ship; _tún_, a town. A ship-town. _Slack._ _Sleac_, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy. _Slade._ _Slǽd_, a slade, plain, open tract of country. _Slagle._ _Slæge_, slaying, slaughter; _el_, indicative of a person. A slayer; a murderer. _Slater._ _Slát_, slit; _ere_, an agent. One who slits, or cuts. _Slauch._ _Slǽc_, slack, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy. _Slaugh._ _Slæge_, slaying, slaughter, striking, beating, dashing together, a knock. _Slaw._ _Sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. _Slawson._ _Slaw_, Slaw; _sun_, son. Son of Slaw. _Slaymaker._ _Slæ_, a weaver’s reed, a slay; _mac-ere_, a maker. A slay-maker. _Slayman._ _Slæ_, a slay; _man_, a man. A man who uses the slay; a weaver. _Slayton._ _Slæ_, a slay; _tún_, a house, a habitation. A house where weaving is done. _Sleeper._ _Slǽp-ere._ A sleeper. _Slick._ _Slicc_, a mallet, a hammer. _Slider._ _Slidor_, a slider. _Slifer._ _Slifer_, slippery. _Sloan._ _Slán_, pronounced _slōn_, sloes. Also, from _slán_, to strike, to fight, to slay, to throw. Sloane, from the same roots. _Sloanaker._ _Slán_, sloes; _æcer_, a field. A field of sloes. Slonaker, a kindred name. _Sloat._ _Slát_, pronounced _slōte_, torn, bitten, broken through. Slote, of the same derivation. _Slocomb._ _Slá_, pronounced _slō_, a sloe; _comb_, a valley. A sloe-valley. _Slocum._ _Slá_, a sloe; _cumb_, or _coom_, a valley. A sloe-valley. _Sloman._ _Slá_, a sloe; _man_, a man. A collector of sloes. _Slough._ _Slog_, a slough, a hollow place. _Slow._ _Sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. _Slowe._ _Sláwe_, slow, idle. Slowey, from the same radix. _Slowman._ _Sláw_, slow, lazy; _man_, a man. A slow man; a lazy man. _Slugg._ _Slóg_, slew, killed. _Smack._ _Smæc_, smack, taste, savor. _Small._ _Smæl_, small, slender, thin, narrow. _Smalley._ _Smale_, a slender person. _Smallman._ _Smæl_, small; _man_, a man. A small man. _Smallwood._ _Smæl_, thin; _wud_, a forest. A thin forest. _Smeal._ _Smea_, little, fine, subtle; _l_ for _el_, indicative of a person. A subtle person. _Smeaton._ _Smeat_, beaten; _tún_, a city. A beaten city. Smeeten, of kindred significance. _Smedley._ _Smédh-líc_, smoothly. _Smick._ _Smíc_, smoke, vapor. _Smiley._ _Smilte_, serene, placid, fair, smooth, calm. _Smith._ _Smidh_, any one who strikes with a hammer, an artificer, a carpenter, a smith, a workman. Smyth, from the same radix. _Smithman._ _Smidh-the_, a smithy, a workshop; _man_, a man. The man of the workshop. _Smithing._ _Smith_, Smith; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Smith. _Smithson._ _Smith_, Smith; _sun_, son. Son of Smith. _Smock._ _Smoc_, a smock, a farm-laborer’s blouse. _Smocker._ _Smoc_, a smock; _ere_, an agent. One who wears a smock. _Smythe._ _Smidh-the_, a smithy, a workshop. _Snader._ _Snæd_, a shaft, a pole, the handle of a scythe; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a snead, or sneed. Sneeder, a cognate term. _Snare._ _Sneáre_, a snare, a loop, a noose. _Sneade._ _Snæd_, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. Sneed, of like derivation. _Sneath._ _Snæd_, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. _Sneden._ _Snǽd-en_, to cut, to cut off, to amputate. Snethen, from the same radix. _Snediker._ _Snǽd_, cut, shorn; _æcer_, a field. A mown field. _Sneer._ _Snear_, active, quick, nimble. _Snelbaker._ _Snel-bæc-ere_, from _snel_, active, cheerful; _bæcere_, a baker. An active, cheerful baker. Snellbaker, from the same roots. _Snell._ _Snel_, or _snell_, quick, active, cheerful, bold, brave. _Snelling._ _Snell_, Snell; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Snell. _Sneyd._ _Snid_, I cut, I amputate, I slay. _Snider._ _Snid-ere_, a cutter, hewer, pruner. Snyder, from the same derivation. _Snodgrass._ _Snod_, a fillet, a cap, a hood; _græs_, grass. A straw fillet; a straw cap. _Snow._ _Snáw_, snow. _Snowdon._ _Snáw-dan_, to snow. _Snowdon._ _Snáw-dún_, from _snáw_, snow; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. A snow mountain. _Soden._ _Soden_, perfect participle of _seódham_, to boil, to agitate, to cook. Boiled; agitated; cooked. _Soder._ _Seod_, a little sack, a bag, scrip; _ere_, an agent. A sack-maker. Soeder, of like significance. _Soding._ _Seod_, a bag, a sack; _ing_, expressive of action. Sack-making. _Sodman._ _Seod_, a bag, a sack; _man_, a man. A sack-maker; a bag-dealer. _Soeffing._ _Seofung_, sighing, sobbing, lamentation. _Somer._ _Sumer_, summer. Sommer, Summer, from the same radix. _Somers._ _Somer_, Somer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Somer. Sommers, Summers, equivalents. _Somerset._ _Somer-setl_, from _sumer_, summer, and _setl_, a seat. A summer seat. Sommerset, a kindred term. _Sorg._ _Sorg_, sorrow, care, anxiety. _Sorig._ _Sorhg_, sorrow. _Souder._ _Sódh_, truth; _ere_, an agent. One who speaks the truth. _Souders._ _Souder_, Souder; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Souder. _South._ _Súdh_, south. _Southcott._ _Súdh_, south; _cóte_, a cottage. A south-cottage. _Southern._ _Súdh-erna_, southern. _Southwark._ _Súdh-geweorc_, from _súdh_, south, and _geweorc_, a fortress, a work. A south-work; a south-fortress. _Southwell._ _Súdh_, south; _wel_, a well. A south-well. _Southwick._ _Súdh_, south; _wic_, a camp. A south-camp. _Southwood._ _Súdh_, south; _wud_, wood. A south-wood. _Southworth._ _Súdh_, south; _weordh_, worth, price, value. South-worth; southern value. _Sower._ _Sawere_, a sower. _Sowerby._ _Sower_, Sower; _bý_, a dwelling, a habitation. Sower’s dwelling. _Sowers._ _Sower_, Sower; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Sower. _Sox._ _Socks_, from _socces_, genitive of _socc_, a sock, a woolen wrapper for the feet. Belonging to a sock. _Spackman._ _Spǽc_, speech; _man_, a man. A speaker; an orator. _Spader._ _Spád_, a spade; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a spade; a digger. _Spadone._ _Spǽdan_, to speed, to prosper, to succeed. _Spaeter._ _Spǽtan_, to spit; _ere_, an agent. A spitter. Spaetter, from the same roots. _Spahn._ _Span_, a span. _Spang._ _Spange_, a little lock, a clasp. _Spangler._ _Spange_, a lock, a clasp; _lǽr_, doctrine. Lock-knowledge. _Spannagel._ _Span_, a span; _nægel_, a nail. A span-nail. _Spare._ _Spær_, spare, frugal, moderate, small. Spare, from the same derivation. _Sparhawk._ _Spear-hafoc_, from _spear_, a spear, lance, dart, and _hafoc_, a hawk. A sparrow-hawk. _Sparmaker._ _Speare_, a spear; _mac-ere_, a maker. A spear-maker. _Sparman._ _Speare_, a spear; _man_, a man. A Spearman. Spearman, from the same. _Sparrow._ _Spearwa_, a sparrow. _Spearshott._ _Speare_, a spear; _scot_, a shot. A spear-shot. _Speakman._ _Speac_, speak; _man_, a man. A speaker. _Spealler._ _Spell_, history, story, speech, opinion, language; _ere_, an agent, An historian; a lawyer; a linguist. _Spear._ _Speare_, a spear. Speer, Speir, from the same root. _Spearing._ _Spear_, Spear; _ing_, an offspring. A descendant of Spear. Spering, a kindred word. _Spears._ _Spear_, Spear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Spear. _Speck._ _Specca_, a blot, a blemish, a spot. _Specketer._ _Specca_, a blot; _etere_, an eater, a consumer. A blot-consumer; a blotter. _Spedden._ _Spéd-an_, to speed, to prosper, to succeed. _Speece._ _Spǽc_, speech. _Speel._ _Spel_, a history, a narrative, a story. _Speers._ _Speer_, Speer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Speer. _Spellman._ _Spell_, history, narration; _man_, a man. A narrator. _Spicer._ _Spic_, bacon; _ere_, an agent. A hog-butcher. Spicker, an analogous term. _Spillard._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to destroy, to kill; _ard_, an ensign of office. A destroyer; an executioner. _Spiller._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to destroy; _ere_, an agent. A destroyer. _Spillin._ _Spill-ing_, a wasting, a consuming, spoiling, destruction. _Spillinger._ _Spill-ing_, consuming, spoiling; _ere_, an agent. A consumer; a spoiler. _Spillman._ _Spill-an_, to spill, to kill; _man_, a man. An executioner; a hangman; a murderer. _Spindler._ _Spindel_, a spindel, a needle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a spindle. _Spooner._ _Spoon_, chips, tinder, touchwood; _ere_, an agent. A fireman. _Spor._ _Spor_, a heel, a spur. _Sporer._ _Spor_, a spur; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a spur; a rider. _Sporl._ _Spor_, a spur; _el_, indicative of a person. A rider. _Sprang._ _Sprang_, sprang, leaped. _Spranger._ _Sprang_, sprang; _ere_, an agent. A springer; a leaper. _Springer._ _Spring_, a spring, a leap; _ere_, an agent. A leaper. _Springfield._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _feld_, a field, a plain. A springy field. _Springman._ _Spring_, a spring, a leap; _man_, a man. A leaper. _Springs._ _Spring_, Spring; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Spring. _Springstead._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _stede_, a place, a station. A spring-place. _Springthorpe._ _Spring_, a spring, a fountain; _thorpe_, a village. A spring-village. _Spurr._ _Spura_, a spur. _Stack._ _Stáca_, a stake, a pile. _Stackel._ _Stáca_, a stake, a pile; _el_, indicative of personality. One tied, or burnt at a stake. _Stacker._ _Stáca_, a stake; _ere_, an agent. One who constructs a fence or a palisade. Staker, a kindred name. _Stackhouse._ _Stáca_, a stake; _hús_, a house, a building. A building with a palisade; a fortress. _Stacpoole._ _Stáca_, a stake; _púl_, a pool, a lake. A staked lake. _Staff._ _Stæf_, a staff, stick, support, a letter, writing. Staffe, from the same root. _Staffner._ _Stæf_, a staff; _nere_, refuge, preservation. Staff-preservation. _Stafford._ _Stæf-ford_, from _stæf_, a stick, a pole; _ford_, a ford. A staff used in wading through a stream. _Stager._ _Stǽger_, a stair, step, degree. _Stagers._ _Stager_, Stager; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stager. _Stagg._ _Stæg_, a rope in the fore-part of a ship. _Stagger._ _Stæg_, a rope in the fore-part of a ship; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of the rope in the fore-part of a ship. _Staggers._ _Stagger_, Stagger; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stagger. _Stainrook._ _Stán_, a rock; _róc_, a rook. A rock-rook; a rook that dwells upon rocks. _Stains._ _Stán-es_, genitive of _Stán_, a stone. From Staines, Middlesex, on the banks of the Thames, England, from a boundary stone placed here to denote the extent of the jurisdiction claimed by the city of London on the river Thames. _Stainsby._ _Stains_, Stains; _bý_, a dwelling. Stains’ habitation. _Stakes._ _Stake_, Stack; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stack. _Staley._ _Stæl_, a stall, a room; _ig_, expression of an adjective. Roomy. _Stall._ _Stæl_, a stall, place, seat, room. _Stallman._ _Stæl_, a stall; _man_, a man. One who keeps a stall. _Stamford._ _Stæng_, a stake, a pole; _ford_, a ford. A pole-ford. _Stanbridge._ _Stán-breig_, from _stán_, a stone, and _bricg_, a bridge. A stone-bridge; a paved way. _Stancliff._ _Stán-cleof_, from _stán_, a stone, and _cleof_, a cliff. A stone-cliff; a rock. _Standbridge._ _Stand_, a stand, a station; _bricg_, a bridge. A toll-bridge. _Standen._ _Stand_, a stand; _en_, significant of a participle. Stood. _Standfield._ _Stand_, a station; _feld_, a field. A station-field. _Standing._ _Standan_, to stand, to continue; _ing_, expressing action. Standing; continuing. _Standish._ _Stand_, a stand; _isc_, a termination of an adjective used substantively. A stand. _Standley._ _Stand_, a stand; _ley_ for _líc_, like. Resembling a stand. _Standring._ _Stand_, a station; _hring_, a ring. A station-ring. Standering, a kindred term. _Stanfield._ _Stán_, a stone; _feld_, a plain. A stone-plain. _Stanford._ _Stán-ford_, from _stán_, a stone, and _ford_, a ford. A stone-ford. _Stang._ _Stæng_, a bar of wood, a pole, a lever, a club. In Derbyshire, England, the word was used to denote a large pole employed in removing new-made hay. _Stanger._ _Stæng_, a pole, a lever; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a lever. _Stanley._ _Stán_, a stone; _líc_, like. Resembling stone. _Stansberry._ _Stánes_, genitive of _stán_, a stone; _berige_, a berry. The berry of a stone; a stone-fruit. Stansbery, from the same roots. _Stansbury._ _Stánes_, genitive of _stán_, a stone; _byríg_, a city. A city of stone; a stone-city. _Stansfield._ _Stánes_, of stones; _feld_, a field. A field of stone; a stone-field. _Stanton._ _Stán_, a stone; _tán_, a town. A stone-town. Stant, possibly, a contraction of the name. Staunton, from the same roots. _Stanwood._ _Stán_, a stone; _wud_, a wood. A stone-wood. _Stanz._ _Stants_, from _Stant_, Stant, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stant. _Stapleford._ _Stapel_, a step, a prop, a trestle; _ford_, a ford. A trestle-ford. _Stapler._ _Stapel_, support; _ere_, an agent. A supporter. _Staples._ _Stapeles_, genitive of _stapel_, a trestle. Belonging to a trestle. _Stapleton._ _Stapel_, a step, an elevated place; _tún_, a mansion. A mansion reached by steps. _Stark._ _Stearc_, stark, strong, severe, hard, austere, sharp. _Starkweather._ _Stearc_, severe; _wedher_, weather. Severe weather. _Starling._ _Stærn_, a starling; _ling_, a termination indicative of image, example. _Starn._ _Stærn_, a starling. Starne, of like significance. _Starr._ _Steorra_, a star. _Starrs._ _Starr_, Starr; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Starr. _Staub._ _Staub_, a worthless vessel, one unable to stand. _Staubes._ _Staubes_, genitive of _staub_, a useless vessel. Belonging to a worthless vessel. _Stead._ _Stæde_, a place, station, stead. _Steadham._ _Stede_, steady, stable, firm; _hám_, a house. A firm house. _Steadman._ _Stede_, steady, stable; _man_, a man. A steady man. Stedman, a kindred term. _Stearn._ _Stearn_, the stern. Stearne, Sterne, of like derivation. _Stearns._ _Stearn_, Stearn; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stearn. _Stebbing._ _Steb_, a boll, a trunk; _ing_, originating from. Offspring of a trunk; a shoot; a branch. _Stebbins._ _Stebbing_, Stebbing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stebbing. _Steed._ _Stéda_, a steed, a stallion. _Steel._ _Stýl_, steel. Steele, from the same radix. _Steeling._ _Steel_, Steel; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Steel. _Steelman._ _Stýl_ steel; _man_, a man. A steel-man; a dealer in steel. _Steelwagon._ _Stýl_, steel; _wǽgen_, a wagon, a car. A steel-wagon; a car for the conveyance of steel. _Steen._ _Sténe_, a stone. _Steenburg._ _Sténe_, a stone; _beorg_, a mountain, a hill. A stone-hill. _Steenson._ _Steen_, Steen; _sun_, son. Son of Steen. _Steere._ _Stýre_, a rule, direction, regulation, government. Steer, from the same root. _Steeringer._ _Steór-an_, to steer; _ing_, implying action; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of the steering; a pilot. _Steers._ _Steer_, Steer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Steer. _Steever._ _Stæf_, a staff, a stick; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a staff; an old man. _Steffen._ _Stefen_, a voice, message, sound, tone, concert, agreement. Steffan, of like meaning. _Steffe._ _Stef_, a staff. _Steffens._ _Steffen_, Steffen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Steffen. _Steffler._ _Stef_, a staff; _lǽr_, doctrine. Staff-knowledge. _Steger._ _Stegher_, a step, a stair. _Stell._ _Stell_, a place, seat, room. Stelle, doubtless, from the same root. _Stellwagen._ _Stell_, a seat; _wǽgen_, a wagon, a car. A carriage. Stelwagon, of kindred signification. _Stem._ _Stemn_, a voice, a command, a set time. Steman, of like derivation. _Stemme._ _Stemne_, a voice, a command. _Stemmler._ _Stemn_, a voice; _lǽr_, doctrine. Voice-knowledge. Stemler, from the same roots. _Stempel._ _Stemn_, a voice, a command; _el_, indicative of a person. A leader; a commander. _Steng._ _Stenge_, a bar, a pole, a lever. _Stengel._ _Stenge_, a lever; _el_, implying a person. A person that uses a lever. Stengle, a slightly varied form. _Stenger._ _Stenge_, a bar, a pole; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a steng. _Stephen._ _Stefen_, a voice, message, sound, tone. Stephan, from the same. _Stephens._ _Stephen_, Stephen; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stephen. Stevens, a kindred term. _Stephenson._ _Stephen_, Stephen; _sun_, son. Son of Stephen. Stevenson, from the same roots. _Sterk._ _Sterc_, stark, rough, rigid. _Sterling._ _Steóran_, to direct; _ling_, a termination denoting the condition of a person. In a condition to direct. Stirling, an equivalent word. _Stern._ _Stern_, severe, hard, austere. _Sterner._ _Stern_, severe; _ere_, an agent. A severe person. _Sternfield._ _Stern_, rough, hard; _feld_, a field. A rough field. _Sterns._ _Stern_, Stern; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stern. _Sterr._ _Ster_, history. _Steward._ _Stiward_, from Icelandic _stia_, work, and Anglo-Saxon _weard_, a guard. One who has the guard of work. Anciently, _stede-weard_, from _stede_, place, station, stead, and _weard_, a guard, guardianship, watch: that is, one who has the guardianship of a place. Stewart, of like kinship. _Sticker._ _Stice_, a puncture, a stab; _ere_, an agent. A butcher. _Stickle._ _Sticca_, a stick; _le_ for _el_, indicative of a person, or expressive of the action of a person. The word originated from the practice of prize-fighters, who placed seconds with staffs, or _sticks_, to interpose occasionally: hence, to interpose. _Stickler._ _Stickle_, to stickle, to interpose; _ere_, an agent. One that interposes; a sidesman to fencers; a pertinacious contender. Formerly, one who stood by to prevent the shedding of blood in a contest between two persons: so called, from the _sticks_, or staves, in his hands, with which he interposed between the combatants. _Stickley._ _Stickler_, a stickler; _líc_, like. Resembling a stickler; stickler-like. _Stickling._ _Stickle_, to stickle; _ing_, denoting an action. The action of a stickler. _Stickney._ _Stician_, to stick, to adhere; Irish _neać_, an agent. One that sticks to another; an adherent. _Stidfole._ _Stide_, firm, fast; _fole_, a foal, a colt. A fast foal. _Stidham._ _Stide_, firm; _hám_, house. An established house. _Stiff._ _Stif_, stiff, hard. _Stiger._ _Stígan_, to ascend, to rise, to climb; _ere_, an agent. A climber. _Stigale._ _Stigel_, a stile. _Stileman._ _Stigel_, a stile; _man_, a man. A man who has charge of a stile. _Stiles._ _Stigale_, Stigale; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stigale. _Still._ _Stille_, still, quiet, fixed, firm. _Stilley._ _Still-íce_, stilly, quietly. _Stilling._ _Still-ian_, to make still, to tranquilize; _ing_, implying action. Tranquilizing. _Stillings._ _Stilling_, Stilling; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stilling. _Stillman._ _Stille_, quiet; _man_, a man. A quiet man. _Stillwagon._ _Stille_, fixed; _wǽgen_, a wagon. A stationary wagon. _Stillwell._ _Stille_, quiet; _wel_, a well. A quiet well; an unused well. Stelwell, a cognate term. _Stilson._ _Stille_, quiet, fixed; _sun_, son. A quiet son; a dead son. _Sting._ _Stineg_, sting, prick, a biting, or stinging. _Stinger._ _Stingan_, to sting, to prick, to stab; _ere_, an agent. He who, or that which, stings, or pricks. _Stock._ _Stoc_, a stock, stem, trunk, block, stick. _Stock_, past participle of _stician_, to stick: hence _stock_, in its multifarious meanings, implies fixedness. _Stocker._ _Stoc_, stock; _ere_, an agent. One who has stock. _Stockham._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _hám_, a farm. A stock-farm; a nursery of trees. _Stockler._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _lǽr_, learning, knowledge. Stock-lore; tree-knowledge. _Stockley._ _Stoc_, stock; _líc_, like. Stock-like; trunk-like; thick; stubbed; stocky. _Stockman._ _Stoc_, stock, stem; _man_, a man. A stock-man; a keeper of stock; a nurseryman. _Stocks._ _Stock_, Stock; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stock. _Stockton._ _Stoc_, stock; _tún_, a farm. A stock-farm. _Stockwell._ _Stock_, a stock, stem, trunk, stick; _well_, a well. A well found in a wooded place. _Stoddard._ _Stod_, a post, a stand, a pillar; _ard_, an ensign of office. A post-sign. Stoddart, doubtless, from the same roots. _Stoffer._ _Stof_, a club; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a club; a warrior. _Stokely._ _Stock_, past participle of _stic-ian_, to stick, to push, to poke, and, hence, to stir; a person who sticks, pushes, or pokes is a _sticker_, or a stoker; _líc_, like. Stoker-like. Stokley, a cognate form. _Stoker._ _Sticker_, one who, or that which, _sticks_, pushes, or stirs, as it were, a fire. In Ireland, such a person was a _stoca_, a servant-boy. _Stokes._ _Stoke_, Stoke; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stoke. _Stone._ _Stán_, a stone. _Stoneham._ _Stán_, stone; _hám_, house. A stone-house. _Stonehill._ _Stán_, a stone; _hill_, or _hyl_, a hill. A stone-hill. _Stoneman._ _Stán_, a stone; _man_, a man. A quarryman. _Stoner._ _Stán_, a stone; _ere_, an agent. A stone-breaker. _Stones._ _Stone_, Stone; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stone. _Stony._ _Stǽn-ig_, or _stǽn-iht_, stony. _Stoop._ _Stoppa_, a pot, a vessel, a cup. _Stoops._ _Stoop_, Stoop; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stoop. Stoopes, a kindred form. _Storck._ _Storc_, a stork. Storch, Stork, from the same radix. _Storm._ _Storm_, or _steorm_, a storm, a tempest. _Storms._ _Storm_, Storm; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Storm. _Stott._ _Stotte_, a hack, jade, a worthless horse. _Stotten._ _Stotte_, a jade; _en_, an adjective termination. Jadish; vicious. _Stotts._ _Stott_, Stott; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Stott. Stotz, of similar derivation. _Stow._ _Stow_, a place, dwelling-place, habitation. _Stowman._ _Stow_, a place; _man_, a man. The man of the place; the proprietor. _Strack._ _Strac_, straight, rigid, violent. _Stracker._ _Strac_, rigid, violent; _ere_, an agent. A stern man; a violent man. _Strader._ _Strade_, imperfect of _stredan_, to spread; _ere_, an agent. One who spreads, or straddles. Or, from _stræde_, a stride; _ere_, one who. One who strides. _Stradinger._ _Strade_, spread; _ing_, implying action; _ere_, an agent. A straddling person. _Stradling._ _Strade_, spread; _ling_, denoting state or condition of a person. Act of one who straddles. _Strand._ _Strand_, a strand, beach, shore. _Strang._ _Strang_, strong, powerful, valiant, severe, rigid. Strong, from the same root. _Stratton._ _Stræte_, what is spread, a couch, a bed; _tún_, a house. A bed-house; an inn. _Straw._ _Streow_, or _strēaw_, straw, hay, a bed. _Strawbridge._ _Streaw_, a bed; _brycg_, a bridge. A bridge that is flat like a bed. _Street._ _Strǽt_, street, way, course, public road, mark. _Streeter._ _Strǽt_, a way, a road; _ere_, an agent. A foot-traveler. _Streeton._ _Strǽt_, a street; _tún_, a town. A city or town of streets. _Streets._ _Street_, Street; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Street. _Strenger._ _Streng_, a string, sinew; _ere_, an agent. A sinewy man. _Stricker._ _Strica_, a stroke; _ere_, an agent. One who makes a strike; a striker. _Strickland._ _Astricen_, a participle from _astrican_, to smite; _land_, a land, a region. A smitten region. Or, from _stric_, plague, sedition, and _land_, land. A plague-land; a land of sedition. _String._ _String_, a string, sinew, chord, cord, rope, line, race. _Stringer._ _String_, a chord, the string of a musical instrument; _ere_, an agent. A musician. _Stringfellow._ _String_, a string; _felaw_, a companion. A string-companion; a band-fellow. _Stringfield._ _String_, a line; _feld_, a field. A fenced field. _Styer._ _Stýre_, ruling, direction, regulation, government, discipline, punishment. _Styers._ _Styer_, Styer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Styer. _Styler._ _Stýl_, steel; _ere_, an agent. Steel-maker. _Styles._ _Stýles_, genitive of _stýl_, steel. Belonging to steel. _Styring._ _Styer_, Styer; _ing_, offspring. Son of Styer. _Sugden_, _Súg_, a sow; _den_, a valley. Sow-valley. _Sugg._ _Súg_, a sow. _Sulger._ _Sulg_, a plough, a ploughshare; _ere_, an agent. One who ploughs; a ploughman. _Sullwin._ _Sul_, a plough; _wine_, a friend, a disciple. A disciple of the plough; a farmer. _Summ_, _Sum_, some, one, some one, any. _Summerfield._ _Sumer_, or _somer_, summer; _feld_, a field. A summer-field; a field of grass and flowers. Sommerfield, of like derivation. _Sumner._ _Sumer_, summer, by the insertion of an _n_ between _m_ and _e_, becomes the name under consideration, and affords a good illustration of one of the many attempts made to disguise the origin of names. _Sundberg._ _Sund_, floating; _beorg_, a mountain. A floating mountain; an iceberg. _Sunderland._ _Sunder_, sunder, separate, different; _land_, land. A separate land; a land that has been sundered, from _sundrían_, to sunder, or separated. _Sutton._ _Súdh_, south; _tún_, town. South-town. _Suwald._ _Súdh_, south; _wald_, wood. South-wood. _Swallow._ _Swalewe_, a swallow. _Swan._ _Swan_, a swan. Swann, from the same radix. _Swank._ _Swânc_, imperfect of _swincan_, to toil, to labor. Labored; toil-worn. _Swanson._ _Swan_, Swan; _sun_, son. Son of Swan. _Swanton._ _Swan_, a swan; _tún_, town, a dwelling. A swan-dwelling. _Swarbrig._ _Swǽr_, heavy; _brig_, a bridge. A heavy bridge. _Swartley._ _Swart_, black; _líc_, like. Resembling black. _Sweat._ _Swet_, sweat, blood, gore. _Sweater._ _Swet_, sweat; _ere_, an agent. One who sweats; a laborer. _Sweatman._ _Swet_, sweat; _man_, a man. A man that sweats; a toiler. _Sweet._ _Swét_, sweet, pleasant. _Sweeten._ _Swéten_, from _swét-an_, to sweeten. Made sweet; sweetened. _Sweeting._ _Sweet_, Sweet; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Sweet. _Sweetland._ _Swét_, pleasant; _land_, a land. A pleasant land. _Sweetman._ _Swét_, pleasant; _man_, a man. An agreeable man. _Sweetwood._ _Swét_, pleasant; _wud_, a wood. A pleasant wood. _Swegan._ _Swég-an_, to sound, make a noise, to howl as the wind. _Sweigard._ _Sweig_, a noise; _ard_, an ensign of office. One whose office is to make a noise, as evidenced by an ensign; a town-crier. Sweigert, Swigert, of like derivation. _Sweiger._ _Sweig_, a noise; _ere_, an agent. A noisy fellow. Or, from _sweig-an_, to make a noise, and _ere_, an agent. _Swenck._ _Swenc_, temptation, condemnation. _Swenson._ _Swein_, a swain, a herdsman, a servant; _sun_, son. Son of a swain; son of a herdsman. _Swift._ _Swift_, swift, nimble. _Swigler._ _Swíga_, silence; _lǽr_, learning, knowledge, doctrine. Silence-doctrine. _Swiler._ _Swil-ian_, to swill, to wash; _ere_, an agent. One who swills; a swiller; a drunkard. _Swilkey._ _Swilce_, moreover, seeing, indeed, further. _Swindell._ _Swin_, a song, a lay; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A song-valley. _Swindells._ _Swindell_, Swindell; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Swindell. _Swinden._ _Swin_, a song; _den_, a valley. A song-valley. _Swineford._ _Swín_, swine, a pig; _ford_, a ford. Swine-ford. _Swinehart._ _Swín_, swine; _heort_, a termination denoting hearty, hearted, brave. Swine-hearted; brave as swine. _Swing._ _Swing_, a whip, a blow, a stripe. _Swink._ _Swinc_, labor, inconvenience, fatigue, trouble, affliction, torment, temptation, banishment. _Swinker._ _Swinc_, labor, torment; _ere_, an agent. A laborer; a tormentor. _Swinton._ _Swin_, a song; _tún_, a house. A song-house. Swint, perhaps, a contraction. _Swire._ _Swir_, a column, a pillar. _Swope._ _Swope_, a whip, a scourge. _Syckelmoore._ _Sicel_, a sickle; _mór_, a moor, a heath. A sickled heath. _Syle._ _Sýl_, a sill, a ground-post, a post, a pillar, a column. _Sypher._ _Sýfer_, pure, decent, sober, abstinent, chaste. T. _Tadly._ _Táde_, a toad; _líc_, like. Toad-like. _Taessel._ _Tǽsel_, teasel, the fuller’s herb. _Tafel._ _Tæfel_, a dice or gaming table, a game at table or dice. _Tag._ _Tæg_, a bag, a chest, a coffer, a cupboard. Tage, Tagg, Tague, kindred names. _Taggart._ _Tæg_, a bag, a chest; _geard_, a measure. Chest-measure. _Tagle._ _Tǽgel_, a tail. _Tams._ Irish _tam_, slow, sluggish; Anglo-Saxon _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tamm; a slow son. _Tapking._ _Tæpp_, a tap; _cyncg_, a king. A tap-king; a drinking king. _Tappan._ _Tæppan_, to tap, to draw out, to drink. _Tappen._ _Tæppen_, indicative of a participle from _tæppan_, to tap, to draw out, to drink. Tapped; drawn out; drank. _Tapper._ _Tæpp-ere_, a tapper, butler, vinter. _Tapping._ _Tæpp_, a tap; _ing_, expressive of action. Tapping; drawing out. _Tarbert._ _Tare_, tar; _beorht_, glistening. Tar-glistening. _Targett._ _Targe_, a shield, a buckler; _ett_, little, small. A little shield. _Tar._ _Tare_, tar, balsam, pitch. _Tarring._ _Tarr_, Tarr; _ing_, expressive of origin. Descendant of Tarr. _Tarton._ _Tare_, tar, pitch; _tún_, a farm. A tar-farm. _Taswell._ _Tas_, a tass; _well_, a well. A mow of corn. _Tate._ _Tát_, soft, tender. _Tatham._ _Tát_, soft, tender; _hám_, a home. A tender home. Tatem, perhaps, an abbreviated form of the word. _Tatlow._ _Tát_, soft, tender, and _low_, a low, a bellow, from _hlowan_, to low, to bellow. A tender low; a soft bellow. _Tatman._ _Tát_, soft, tender; _man_, a man. A tender man. _Taw._ _Táw_, tow. _Taws._ _Taw_, Taw; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Taw. _Teal._ _Teale_, an excuse. _Teamer._ _Teáma_, a voucher, a witness, a leader. _Tees._ _Tǽse_, right, kind, benevolent, gentle. Teese, of like import. _Teesdale._ _Tǽse_, gentle; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A gentle dale. _Telford._ _Tele_, imperfect of _tellan_, to esteem. An esteemed ford. _Telle._ _Tele_, reputed, esteemed. Tell, of like significance. _Teller._ _Tellan_, to tell, to relate; _ere_, an agent. A teller; a relater. _Temple._ _Tempel_, Latin _templum_, a temple. _Templeman._ _Tempel_, a temple; _man_, a man. A temple-man; a priest. _Templeton._ _Tempel_, a temple; _tún_, a house, a town. A temple-house; a church; a town of temples. When the Angles and Saxons settled in Britain, they had idols, altars, temples, and priests. These temples were surrounded with enclosures, and were profaned if lances were thrown into them. It is probable, therefore, that they obtained their word for temple directly from the Latins, and not from the Norman-French after the Conquest by William. _Thacher._ _Thecere_, from _thæc_, a thach, a thatch, a roof, and _ere_, an agent. A thatcher; a roofer. Thatcher, from the same derivation. _Thatford._ _Theód_, people’s; _ford_, a ford. People’s ford. _Thaw._ _Theáw_, custom, manner, habit, behavior. _Thegen._ _Thegen_, a servant, attendant, disciple, scholar, soldier, officer, knight, nobleman. _Thein._ _Theign_, a servant, attendant, disciple, officer, nobleman. _Thissell._ _Thistel_, a thistle. Thistle, a kindred term. _Thole._ _Thól_, the thole, a piece of wood to support the oars. _Tholey._ _Thól_, the thole; _líc_, like. Thole-like. _Thorman._ _Thor_, Thor; _man_, a servant. A servant of Thor. Thor was one of the principal idols of the Saxons, Germans, etc. He was their Jupiter. _Thorn._ _Thorn_, a thorn. Thorne, an equivalent name. _Thornberg._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _beorg_, a hill. A thorn-hill; a thorny hill. Thornburg, from the same roots. _Thornberry._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _berige_, a berry. A thorny berry; a prickly berry. _Thornhill._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _hyll_, a hill. A thorny hill. _Thornley._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _líc_, like. Thorn-like. _Thornton._ _Thorn_, a thorn; _tún_, a farm. A thorny farm. _Thorp._ _Thorpe_, a thorp, village. Thorpe, a kindred name. _Thrall._ _Thræl_, a slave, a bondman. _Thrasher._ _Thærsc-ere_, from _thærsc-an_, to thrash, and _ere_, an agent. A thrasher. _Threlfall._ _Threal_, a servant; _fæl_, pure, clean, good, true. A good servant. _Thress._ _Thræs_, or _thres_, a hem, a frill. _Thur._ _Thur_, Thor. _Thurber._ _Thur_, Thor; _beorh_, a mountain. Thor’s mountain. _Thuring._ _Thur_, Thor; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Thor. _Thurman._ _Thur_, Thor; _man_, a servant. Thor’s servant. _Thurston._ _Thures_, genitive of _Thur_, Thor; _tún_, house. Thor’s house. _Thurwanger._ _Thur_, Thor; _wangere_, a pillow. Thor’s pillow. _Tiegman._ _Tige_, a tie, a band; _man_, a man. One who uses a band; a surgeon. _Tiel._ _Tigle_, a tile. _Tier._ _Tier_, a tier, rank, series, heap. _Tiers._ _Tier_, Tier; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tier. _Tilburn._ _Til_, station; _burne_, a bourn, stream, brook. A station near a stream. _Tilden._ _Til_, a station; _den_, a valley. A valley-station. _Till._ _Till_, a station. _Tillman._ _Till_, a station; _man_, a man. A station-master. Tilman, a cognate name. _Tillyer._ _Till-an_, to till, to cultivate; _ere_, an agent. A tiller; a cultivator. _Tilton._ _Til_, station; _tún_, town. A station-town. _Tindall._ _Tin_, tin; _dál_, a valley. A tin-valley. Tindel, from the same root. _Tine._ _Tine_, a tine, tooth of a harrow. _Tines._ _Tine_, Tine; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tine. _Tinney._ _Tin-ig_, resembling tin. _Tinsley._ _Tines_, genitive of _tin_, tin; _líc_, form, like. Tin-like; form of tin. Tinley, of similar derivation. _Tinsman._ _Tines_, genitive of _tin_, tin; _man_, man. A dealer in tin; a seller of tin. _Toft._ _Toft_, a croft, a homestead. _Tool._ _Tól_, a tool, an instrument. Toole, from the same root. _Toon._ _Tún_, pronounced _toon_, a field, dwelling, house, mansion, yard, farm, village, class, course, town. Toone, of like derivation. _Tooney._ _Tún-ig_, from _tún_, a town, and _ig_, an adjective termination implying resemblance. Townish. _Toorish._ _Torr_, a tower; _isc_, an adjective termination signifying resembling. Tower-like. _Toothaker._ _Tódh-ece_, the toothache; _ere_, an agent. One who has the toothache. _Topham._ _Top_, a ball, a tuft at the top of anything; _hám_, a home. A hilly home. _Topley._ _Top_, a ball; _líc_, like. Resembling a ball. _Toplis._ _Top_, a ball; _liss_, favor. Ball-favor. _Topping._ _Top_, a ball; _ing_, implying action. Balling. _Torbeort._ _Tor_, a tower, a high hill, rock, peak, tor; _beorht_, glistening, shining. A glistening peak. _Torr._ _Tor_, a tower, rock, peak, tor. _Torrey._ _Tor-ig_, from _tor_, a tower, a hill, a rock; _ig_, an adjective termination. Towering; hilly; rocky. _Tower._ _Tor_, a tower, a high hill. _Towers._ _Tower_, Tower; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Tower. _Town._ _Tún_, a field, a dwelling, house, mansion, farm, village, town, city. Towne, from the same radix. _Towner._ _Tún_, a town; _ere_, an agent. A dweller in a town; a townsman. _Townley._ _Tún_, a town; _líc_, like. Resembling a town. _Towns._ _Town_, Town; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Town. _Townsend._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town; _end_, termination of masculine nouns denoting a man. A townsman. _Townson._ _Town_, Town; _sun_, son. Son of Town. _Trager._ _Trag_, evil, bad; _ere_, an agent. An evil person; a sinner. _Treadway._ _Træd_, trod; _wæg_, a way. A trodden way. Or, from _tred_, a step, and _wæg_, a way. A step-way; a stairs. Tredway, of like derivation. _Treadwell._ _Tred_, a step; _well_, a well. A step-well. _Tree._ _Treow_, or _treo_, a tree, a club. _Tregea._ _Tréga_, vexation, tribulation, contumely, loss, misery, torment. Trego, perhaps, from the same root. _Tresch._ _Treisc_, tragical. Tresck, from the same root. _Trescher._ _Treisc_, tragical; _ere_, an agent. A tragedian. Tresher, an equivalent name. _Treude._ _Treúdh_, troth, truth, league, pledge, covenant. _Trewin._ _Tré_, vexation, tribulation; _win_, a man. A man of tribulation. _Trexler._ _Treisc_, tragical; _lár_, knowledge, learning. Tragedy. _Treischbock._ _Treisc_, tragical; _bóc_, a book. A book of tragedy. _Trimmingham._ _Trymming_, confirming, fortifying, establishing; _hám_, a house. A house of confirmation. _Troth._ _Treówdh_, troth, truth. _Trout._ _Truht_, a trout. Troutt, an equivalent name. _Troutman._ _Truht_, a trout; _man_, a man. A trout-fisher. _Trow._ _Treów_, trust, faith, pledge, covenant. _Trowbridge._ _Treówe_, faithful; _bricg_, a bridge. A faithful bridge. _Trowell._ _Treów_, trust, faith; _el_, indicative of a person. A trusty person; a faithful person. _True._ _Trýwe_, true, faithful. _Trueman._ _Trýwe_, true; _man_, a man, a servant. A true man; a faithful servant. Truman, of similar import. _Tudor._ _Tudor_, issue, offspring, seed, progeny, posterity, family. Tuder, a kindred name. _Tuman._ _Tú_, two; _man_, a man. Twin-man; twin-brother. _Tumbleston._ _Tumb-ian_, to tumble; _stán_, a rock. A rock that tumbles; a tumbling rock. _Tunis._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town. Belonging to a town. _Tunison._ _Túnes_, genitive of _tún_, a town; _sun_, son. Son of a town; a townsman. _Tunney._ _Tún_, a town; _ig_, an adjective termination. Townish. Tunny, of similar derivation. _Tuohy._ _Tuoege_, two. _Turkington._ _Turk_, from Irish _torc_, a boar; _ing_, implying a descendant; _tún_, house. Home of a descendant of Turk. Torkington, of similar significance. _Turland._ _Tur_, a tower, a high hill, a peak; _land_, a land. A hilly land. _Turley._ _Tur_, a tower; _líc_, like. Resembling a tower; tower-like; towering. _Turnbolt._ _Turnian_, to turn; _bolt_, a bolt. A turned bolt. _Turnbull._ _Turnian_, to turn; _bull_, a stud, a brooch. A turned brooch. _Turner._ _Turnian_, to turn; _ere_, an agent. A turner. _Turnpenny._ _Turnian_, to turn; _penig_, a penny. A turned penny. _Turpin._ _Tur_, a rock; _pinn_, a pen. A rock pen; a steel pen. _Turtle._ _Turtel_, or _turtle_, a turtle, a turtle-dove. _Tussey._ _Tusc_, the canine, or eye-tooth, a tusk; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Tusky. _Tustin._ _Tusc_, a tusk; _tine_, a tine. Tine of a tusk. _Tuston._ _Tusc_, a tusk; _tún_, a house, a dwelling. A tusk-house. _Twaddell._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A twin-valley. _Tway._ _Twá_, twice, double. _Tweed._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold. _Tweedale._ _Tweo_, double; _dǽl_, a dale, a valley. A twin-valley. _Tweedie._ _Twæde_, double, two-fold. _Tweedle._ _Twæde_, double; _le_, for _el_, indicative of a person. A twin. _Twitman._ _Ætwitan_, to tease, to reproach, to blame, to upbraid; _man_, a man. A person who upbraids another. _Twibill._ _Twý-bill_, a twibill, a pole-axe. _Twiford._ _Twý-ford_, a double ford. Applied to the name of places near a river where two branches had to be forded. _Twigg._ _Twig_, two, double. _Twigs._ _Twig_, Twig; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Twig. _Twiney._ _Twín_, thread, twine, fine linen; _ig_, expressive of an adjective. Resembling twine. _Twining._ _Twín-an_, to twine, to twist; _ing_, implying action. Twining; twisting. _Twitchell._ _Twiccian_, to twitch; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A person that twitches; a nervous, restless person. _Tyber._ _Tiber_, a sacrifice, gift, offering, victim. _Tye._ _Ty_, instructs, teaches, imbues, inures. _Tyer._ _Ty_, instructs, teaches; _ere_, an agent. An instructor; a teacher. _Tylacher._ _Ty_, instructs; _lach_, a garment; _ere_, an agent. A sewing-teacher; a tailor. Tylacker, a kindred name. _Tymon._ _Ty_, instructs; _mon_, a man. A man that instructs; a pedagogue. _Tynan._ _Tynan_, to hedge in, to enclose, to shut. _Tyne._ _Tyne_, ten. _Tyner._ _Tyne_, ten; _ere_, an agent. A person of ten years of experience. _Tyre._ _Tyr_, a leader, prince, glory, splendor. _Tyrell._ _Tyr_, a prince; _el_, an ending denoting a person. A princely person. _Tyson._ _Tye_, Tye; _sun_, son. Son of Tye. U. _Ulm._ _Ulm_, an elm. _Ulman._ _Ulm_, an elm; _man_, a man. An elm-man; a propagator of the elm. _Ulmer._ _Ulm_, an elm; _ere_, an agent. A cultivator of the elm. _Ulric._ _Ulph-ríc_, from _ulph_, help, aid, assistance, and _ríc_, rich, powerful. Rich, or powerful in help. Ulrick, a cognate term. _Umstead._ _Hulme_, for _holm_, the deep sea, abyss, ocean, water, and _stede_, a place. Ocean-place. Umsted, an analogous name. _Underdown._ _Under_, under; _dún_, a mountain, a hill. An under hill. _Underhill._ _Under_, under; _hyll_, a hill. An under hill. _Underwood._ _Under_, under; _wud_, wood. Under-wood; undergrowth. _Unger._ _Ungr_, hunger. _Ungerer._ _Ungr_, hunger; _ere_, an agent. A hungry person. _Upham._ _Upp_, high, lofty; _hám_, a house. A lofty home. _Upmann._ _Upp_, high; _mann_, a man. A man high in position; a man of rank; a superior. _Upp._ _Upp_, high, lofty. _Upright._ _Up-riht_, upright, erect. _Upson._ _Up_, Upp; _sun_, son. Son of Upp. _Upton._ _Upp_, high, lofty; _tún_, a town. A lofty town. _Ustick._ _Ust_, a tempest; _ig_, an adjective termination. Tempestuous; stormy. _Uth._ _Udh_, pronounced _uth_, termination of the feminine noun _geogudh_, youth. _Uting._ _Ut_, Utt; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Utt. _Utt._ _Ut_, out, without, abroad. _Uttley._ _Utt_, Utt; _líc_, like. Resembling Utt. W. _Wade._ _Wád_, a ford. _Wadsworth._ _Wádes_, genitive of _wád_, a ford; _weordh_, value, price. Valuable ford. _Waer._ _Wǽr_, an enclosure, a fishpond, a wear, a wave. _Waesch._ _Wæsc_, a washing. _Wagel._ _Wægel_, a gill, a little vessel. _Wagener._ _Wǽgen-ere_, a wagoner, driver of a car. Waggener, Wagner, Wagoner, kindred terms. _Wager._ _Wǽg_, a wey, weigh, weight; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. _Wagstaff._ _Wǽg_, a balance; _stæf_, a staff, stick, pole. A balance-pole. _Wainwright._ _Wǽn-wyrhta_, a wheelwright. _Wake._ _Wæcce_, wake, watch, vigil. A watching. _Wakefield._ _Wæcan_, to awake, arise, to be born; past participle _wacen_, awakened; _feld_, a field. An awakened field. _Wakeley._ _Wǽc-líc_, from _wǽc_, weak, and _líc_, like. Weak-like; weakly. Wakelee, of similar derivation. _Wakeling._ _Wǽc_, weak; _ling_, implying the condition of a person. A weakling; a feeble creature. _Walborn._ _Wæl_, or _wal_, slaughter, carnage, death; _born_, born. Dead-born; stillborn. _Walce._ _Walc_, a veil. _Walch._ _Walch_, a foreigner, a stranger, a servant, a slave. _Walcher._ _Walch_, a foreigner, a stranger; _ere_, an agent. A foreigner. _Wald._ _Wald_, a forest, wood, grove, weald, wild, wold. Walde, of like import. _Waldeck._ _Wald_, a wood; _ig_, implying an adjective. Woody. _Walden._ _Wald_, wood; _en_, an adjective termination. Woody. _Walder._ _Wald_, a forest; _ere_, an agent. A forester. _Walderford._ _Walda_, a ruler; _ford_, a ford. The ruler’s ford. _Walderly._ _Walda-líc_, from _walda_, a ruler, and _líc_, like. Resembling a ruler. _Waldie._ _Wald_, a wood; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Woody. _Waldis._ _Wald_, a wood; _isc_, like. Wood-like. _Waldman._ _Wald_, a wood; _man_, a man. A woodman. Waldmann, a kindred name. _Waldner._ _Wald_, a wood, a forest; _nere_, a refuge. Wood-refuge. _Waldron._ _Wald_, a wood; _rond_, a border. A wood-border. _Walds._ _Wald_, Wald; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wald. _Waley._ _Wæl_, a well; _ig_, implying an adjective. Well-like. _Walfish._ _Wæl_, a well; _fisc_, a fish. A well-fish. _Walford._ _Wáll_, a rampart; _ford_, a ford. A rampart-ford; a moat. _Walk._ _Weolc_, imperfect of _wealcan_, to roll, turn, tumble, revolve, turn up and down. Rolled; tumbled; revolved; turned up and down. _Walker._ _Weolc_, rolled, revolved, turned up and down; _ere_, an agent. One who turned up and down; a walker. _Walkley._ _Walk_, Walk; _líc_, like. Resembling Walk. _Wall._ _Weall_, or _wáll_, a wall, a rampart. _Wallace._ _Wáll_, a rampart, a bulwark; _lǽce_, a surgeon. The surgeon of a rampart. Wallack, Wallick, of like derivation. _Wallen._ _Wáll_, a wall; _en_, a termination denoting an adjective. Wall-like. _Waller._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ere_, an agent. A waller; a mason. _Wallers._ _Waller_, Waller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Waller. _Walley._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Wall-like. _Wallgren._ _Wáll_, a wall; _gréne_, green. Wall-green. _Wallin._ _Wáll_, a wall; _in_, an inn, a dwelling. A walled dwelling. _Walling._ _Wáll_, a wall; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Wall. _Wallington._ _Walling_, Walling; _tún_, house. Home of Walling. _Wallis._ _Weallisc_, foreign, Welsh. _Walliser._ _Weallisc_, Welsh; _ere_, an agent. A Welshman. _Walls._ _Wall_, Wall; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wall. _Wallum._ _Wáll_, a wall; _um_ for _hám_, a house, a dwelling. A walled house. _Walmsley._ _Wælmes_, genitive of _wælm_, heat, anger; _líc_, form, likeness. Form of anger; resembling heat. _Wain._ _Wǽn_, a wain, wagon, carriage. _Walnut._ _Wáll_, a wall; _hnut_, a nut. A walled nut. _Walraun._ _Wáll_, a wall; _hræfen_, a raven. A wall-raven. _Walsh._ _Weallisc_, Welsh. Welch, Welsh, Welsch, from the same radix. _Walstead._ _Wáll_, a wall; _stede_, a place. A walled, or fortified place. _Walstrum._ _Wáll_, a wall, a rampart; _streom_, a stream. A walled stream; an aqueduct. _Walt._ _Wald_, a wood, a forest. _Walter._ _Wald_, a forest; _ere_, an agent. A forester. Walther, doubtless, a kindred name. _Walters._ _Walter_, Walter; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Walter. _Waltman._ _Wald_, a wood; _man_, a man. A woodman; a hunter. _Waltoe._ _Wál_, a wall; _tǽ_, a toe. A wall-toe; the toe used in scaling a rampart. _Waltun._ _Wál_, a wall; _tún_, a dwelling. A walled dwelling. _Waltram._ _Wald_, a wood; _ram_, a ram. A wooden ram; a battering-ram. _Walwork._ _Wáll-geweorc_, from _wáll_, a wall, and _geweorc_, work. Wall-work. _Wamalong._ _Woma_, a sound; _long_, long. A continued sound. _Wambold._ _Wam_, crime; _bóld_, audacious. An audacious crime. _Wampole._ _Wam_, a stain; _pol_, a pole. A stained pole; a bludgeon. _Wanamaker._ _Wana_, deficient, lacking, imperfect; _macian_, to make; _ere_, an agent. An unskilled mechanic. _Wandall._ _Wan_, deficient, wanting, void; _dál_, a valley. An empty valley. Wandell, of like significance. _Wanner._ _Wann_, pale, livid, dusky, dark; _ere_, an agent. A wan person. _Warbrick._ _Wár_, caution; _bric_, a bridge. A caution-bridge. _Warburton._ _Wǽr-borh_, a pledge for the payment of the were or fine for slaying a man; _tún_, a town. A town’s pledge for the payment of the were or fine for slaying a man. _Ward._ _Weard_, a warden, ward-keeper, guardian, watchman. _Warder._ _Weard_, watch, vigilance; _ere_, denoting an agent. A watchman. _Wardin._ _Weardin_, a watch-tower. _Wardle._ _Weard_, a guard, guardianship, watch; _le_ for _el_, implying a person. A watchman. _Wardrop._ _Weard_, a warden; _rop_, broth, pottage. A warden’s pottage. _Ware._ _Ware_, a harbor, a haven. Or, from _wǽr_, an enclosure. _Wareham._ _Wǽr-hám_, from _wǽr_, an enclosure, and _hám_, a house, a dwelling. A fortified dwelling. Waream, an abbreviated form of the same. _Warfield._ _Wær_, war; _feld_, a field, a plain. A battlefield. _Warford._ _Wǽr_, an enclosed place; _ford_, a ford. An enclosed ford. _Waring._ _Ware_, Ware; _ing_, an offspring. Son of Ware. Or, from _wǽring_, a wall. _Wark._ _Wærc_, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain, grief, anguish. _Warley._ _Wær_, war; _líc_, like. Warlike. _Warman._ _Wær_, war; _man_, a man. A warrior. _Warmuth._ _Wær_, war; _múdh_, mouth. War-mouth; declaration of war. _Warne._ _Wearn_, a keeping off, obstacle, resistance, refusal, denial. _Warner._ _Warnian_, to warn; _ere_, an agent. One who gives warning. _Warnig._ _Wearn_, obstacle, resistance; _ig_, denoting an adjective. Opposing; resistful. Warnick, Warnecke, Warnock, kindred terms. _Warr._ _Wearr_, a knot, a wart. _Warrick._ _Wearr-ig_, or _wearr-iht_, knotty, rough. _Warris._ _Wearr_, a knot, a wart; _isc_, implying like. Knot-like; hard; rough. _Warth._ _Warodh_, a shore, a weed on the shore. _Warthman._ _Warodh_, a shore; _man_, a man. A shore-man; a land-man. _Wartman._ _Weart_, a wart; _man_, a man. A warty man. _Warwick._ _Wǽring-wic_, from _wǽring_, a bulwark, and _wic_, a dwelling. A fortified dwelling. _Wasch._ _Wæsc_, a washing. _Wasrott._ _Wæs_, water; _rot_, a mastiff. A water-mastiff. _Washam._ _Wæsc_, a washing; _hám_, a house. A wash-house; a laundry. _Washburne._ _Wæsc_, a washing; _burne_, a stream, brook, river, well. A washing stream. Washburn, from the same root. _Washington._ _Wæsc-ing_, a washing; _tún_, a house. A washing house. _Waste._ _Wæsten_, or _wéste_, a desert. _Water._ _Wæter_, water. _Waterall._ _Wæter_, water; _all_, all. All-water; a deluge. _Waterbury._ _Wæter_, water; _byrig_, a city. A watery city; a watering-place. _Waterfield._ _Wæter_, water; _feld_, a plain. A watery field; a meadow. _Waterford._ _Wæter_, water; _ford_, a ford. A watery ford; a ford that is not dry. _Waterhouse._ _Wæter_, water; _hús_, a house. A spring-house. _Waterman._ _Wæter_, water; _man_, a man. A water-man; a boatman. _Waters._ _Water_, Water; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Water. Watters, a cognate term. _Waterson._ _Water_, Water; _sun_, son. Son of Water. Watterson, of like derivation. _Watford._ _Wæt_, wet, moist; _ford_, a ford. A wet ford; a water-ford. _Watkin._ _Wæt_, water, liquor, drink; _cyn_, akin. Akin to water. _Watkins._ _Watkin_, Watkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Watkin. _Watkinson._ _Watkin_, Watkin; _sun_, son. Son of Watkin. _Watt._ _Wæt_, wet, moisture, drink, liquor, water. _Wattis._ _Wæt_, water; _isc_, like. Water-like. _Watton._ _Watt_, Watt; _tún_, house. House of Watt. _Watts._ _Watt_, Watt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Watt. _Wattson._ _Watt_, Watt; _sun_, son. Son of Watt. Watson, a slightly abbreviated form of the name. _Wax._ _Weax_, or _wæx_, wax. _Waxler._ _Weax_, wax; _lǽr_, doctrine. Wax-knowledge. _Way._ _Wæg_, or _weg_, a way, passage, road. _Wayland._ _Wæg_, a road; _land_, land, ground. Road-land; a highway. _Waylen._ _Wæg_, a road; _lén_, a loan. Loan, or leased road. _Wayman._ _Wæg_, road; _man_, a man. A road-man; a wayfarer; a traveler. _Wayne._ _Wǽn_, a wain, wagon, carriage. _Waysz._ _Ways_, from _Way_, Way, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Way. _Weaber._ _Wæbb_, a web; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, makes a web; a weaver. _Weadley._ _Wǽd_, a garment, apparel, weeds; _líc_, form. Form of weeds; garment-like. _Weagle._ _Wægel_, a gill, a little vessel. _Weak._ _Wǽc_, weak. _Weakley._ _Wǽc-líc_, from _wǽc_, weak, and _líc_, like. Weakly; foolishly; vilely. _Weaks._ _Weak_, Weak; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Weak. _Weand._ _Wænd_, or _wend_, a turn, a change. _Wear._ _Wear_, a knot, a wart. Weare, of similar derivation. _Wears._ _Wear_, Wear; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wear. _Weart._ _Weart_, a wart. _Weaser_. _Wæs_, water; _ere_, an agent. A waterer. _Weatherby._ _Wæder_, or _weder_, weather, storm, tempest; _bý_, a habitation, a dwelling. A signal dwelling; a weather-house. _Weatherhead._ _Wæder_, storm; _heáfd_, a head. Storm-head. _Weatherley._ _Wæder_, weather, storm; _líc_, like. Weather-like; storm-like. Wetherly, of like meaning. _Weaver._ _Wæfre_, or _wyfre_, a weaver. _Webb._ _Webb_, a web, cloth, tapestry. _Webber._ _Webb-ere_, from _webb_, a web, and _ere_ an agent. A weaver. _Weber._ _Web_, a web, cloth, tapestry; _ere_, an agent. A weaver. Weeber, of similar import. _Webster._ _Web_, a web, cloth; _ster_ from _steóre_, direction, a noun-ending denoting direction, guidance. Web-direction. _Wecker._ _Wæccer_, watchful, lively. _Weckerly._ _Wæccer-líc_, from _wæccer_, watchful, and _líc_, like. Watchful-like; watchfully. Weckerley, a kindred term. _Weddell._ _Wed_, a pledge, a promise; _dál_, a dale. A promised dale. Wedell, from the same roots. _Weder._ _Weder_, weather, the air, firmament, storm, tempest. Or, from _weder_, a wether. _Wedge._ _Wecg_, a wedge. _Wedig._ _Weód_, a weed; _ig_, an adjective termination. Weedy. _Wedinger._ _Weódung_, a weeding; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, weeds; a weeder. _Wedlock._ _Wed-lác_, from _wed_, a pledge, and _lác_, a gift. A pledge-gift. _Wedman._ _Wed_, a pledge; _man_, a man. A pledge-man; a married man. Wedmann, of like meaning. _Weed._ _Weód_, herb, grass, pasture, a weed. _Weeden._ _Weód-ian_, to weed; _weód-en_, perfect participle. Weeded; rid of weeds. _Weeder._ _Weód-ere._ A weeder. _Weedstram._ _Weód_, a weed; _streám_, a stream, a river. A weedy stream. _Weekes._ _Weoces_, genitive of _weoc_, a week. Weeks, a kindred term. _Weckley._ _Weoc_, a week; _líc_, like. Week-like; weekly. Weekly, of similar derivation. _Weer._ _Wér_, a fine for slaying a man, the price or value of a man’s life. Every man was valued at a certain sum, which was called his _wér_, and whoever took his life was required to pay this _wér_ to the family or relatives of the deceased. Perhaps the name is derived from _wér_, an enclosure. _Weest._ _Weast_, _wæst_, or _west_, west. _Weger._ _Weg_, a wey, a weight; _ere_, an agent. A weigher. _Wegman._ _Weg_, a wey, a weight; _man_, a man. A weigher. _Weightman._ _Wiht_, weight; _man_, a man. A weigher. _Welbank._ _Well_, a well, a fountain; _banc_, a bench, bank, hillock. A well-bank. Wellbank, a kindred name. _Welchman._ _Weallisc_, Welsh; _man_, a man. A Welshman. _Welcher._ _Wealcere_, a fuller, a walker. Welker, of similar derivation. _Welcom._ _Wél-cuma_, a pleasure-comer, one received with gladness, a beloved guest. _Welle._ _Well_, a well, a fountain. _Weller._ _Wellere_, a hollow, a bosom. _Wellers._ _Weller_, Weller; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Weller. _Welles._ _Welle_, Welle; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Welle. Wells, Welz, from the same roots. _Welling._ _Well_, Welle; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Welle. _Wellington._ _Welling_, Welling; _tún_, house. Home of Welling. _Wellwood._ _Well_, rich, flourishing; _wud_, wood. A flourishing wood. _Welman._ _Wel_, rich, wealthy; _man_, a man. A wealthy man. _Welmesley._ _Welmes_, genitive of _welm_, heat, fire; _líc_, form. Form of heat; fire-like. _Welstead._ _Wel_, a well; _stæde_, a place, a station. A well-place. _Welton._ _Wel_, rich, flourishing; _tún_, a city. A flourishing city. _Wemmer._ _Wemere_, a harlot. _Wenban._ _Wen_, a wen, a tower; _bán_, a bone. A wen-bone. _Wence._ _Wencle_, a maid, a daughter. Wence, Wenk, of similar derivation. _Wendel._ _Wend_, a turn, change; _el_, implying a person. One who turns, or changes; a fickle person. Wendell, Wendle, from the same roots. _Wendling._ _Wend_, a turn, a change; _ling_, a termination denoting the state of a person. Turning; changing. _Wenner._ _Wenn_, a wen; _ere_, an agent. A wen-doctor. _Wenger._ _Wengere_, a pillow, a bolster. _Wenhold._ _Wen_, pleasure; _hold_, friendship. A pleasure-friendship. _Wenrich._ _Wen_, joy, pleasure; _ríce_, power, dominion. Pleasure-dominion. _Wensel._ _Wen_, pleasure; _sel_, palace, hall. Pleasure-hall. _Wensler._ _Wenes_, genitive of _wen_, pleasure; _lár_, doctrine. Pleasure-knowledge. _Wensley._ _Wenes_, genitive of _wen_, pleasure; _líc_, form. Form of pleasure; joy-like. _Wentling._ _Wente_, the Gwents, or Welsh; _ling_, a termination denoting the state or condition of a person. Welsh-state. _Wentworth._ _Wente_, the Gwents, or Welsh; _weordh_, dignity. Welsh dignity. _Werfel._ _Wer_, a man; _fel_, skin. Man’s skin. _Wermouth._ _Wer_, a man; _múdh_, the mouth. Mouth of man. _Werner._ _Wernan_, to warn; _ere_, an agent. One who warns; a warner. _Wernley._ _Wern_, a squirrel; _líc_, like. Squirrel-like. _Werson._ _Wer_, a man; _sun_, son. Son of man. _Werst._ _Werst_, worst. _Wert._ _Wert_, wort, an herb, plant. _Wertman._ _Wert_, an herb; _man_, a man. An herb-man. _Wertz._ _Werts_, from _Wert_, Wert, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wert. _Wesley._ _Wes_, the west; _líc_, like. Resembling the west; westernly. _Weslyn._ _Wesline_, a rough coat. _Wesson._ _Wes_, the west; _sun_, son. A western son. _West._ _West_, the west. Weste, of like meaning. _Westscott._ _West_, the west; _scot_, payment. The western payment. _Westall._ _West_, the west; _all_, all, whole. Wholly west. _Westbrook._ _West_, the west; _bróc_, a brook. A western brook. _Westcott._ _West_, the west; _cóte_, a cottage. A western cottage. Westcote, of like derivation. _Wester._ _West_, the west; _ere_, an agent. A western man. Or, from _wéste_, a desert, and _ere_, an agent. A man of the desert. _Westerman._ _Western_, a desert place; _man_, a man. A desert-man. _Westholt._ _West_, the west; _holt_, a forest. A western forest. _Westing._ _West_, west; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of West. _Westly._ _West_, west; _líc_, like. West-like; westernly. _Westney._ _Westan-ig_, from _westan_, west, and _ig_, an island. Western island. _Weston._ _West_, the west; _tún_, a town. A western town. _Westwood._ _Westan-wudu_, from _westan_, western, and _wudu_, wood. Western wood. _Weter._ _Weter_, water. _Wetherald._ _Wedher_, a wether, a ram; _ald_, old. An old wether; an old ram. _Wetherbee._ _Wedher_, weather; _beo_, a bee. A weather-bee. Weatherbee, a kindred name. _Wetherell._ _Wedher_, weather; _ell_, all. All weather; weather for all. Wetherill, doubtless, from the same roots. _Wetherhold._ _Wedher_, weather; _hold_, pleasant. Agreeable weather. _Wetmer._ _Wet_, wet; _mere_, a sea. A wet sea. _Wetmore._ _Wet-mór_, from _wet_, wet, and _mór_, a moor. A wet moor. _Wetstone._ _Wet_, wet; _stæn_ a stone. A wet stone. _Wetton._ _Wet_, wet; _tún_, a town. A wet town. _Wheat._ _Hwǽte_, wheat. _Wheatcroft._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _croft_, a small field. A wheat field. _Wheatland._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _land_, land. Wheat land. _Wheatley._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _líc_, like. Resembling wheat. _Wheaton._ _Hwǽte_, wheat; _tún_, farm. A wheat farm. _Wheeler._ _Hweohl_, or _hweol_, a wheel, circle, the world; _ere_, an agent. A wheeler. Or, from _hweolere_, a diviner. _Wheelock._ _Hweohl_, a wheel; _loc_, a lock. A wheel-lock. _Whelan._ _Hwélan_, to become foul, to putrefy. _Whelen._ _Hwélen_, a participle derived from _hwélan_, to become foul. Made foul. _Whetham._ _Hwet_, wet; _hám_, house. Wet house; water-house. Whithem, Whittem, other forms of spelling. _Whetstone._ _Hwet-stán_, from _hwet_, sharpening, and _stán_, stone. Whetstone. _Whipp._ _Hweop_, a whip. _Whipper._ _Hweop_, a whip; _ere_, an agent. One who whips; a whipper. _Whippey._ _Hweop_, a whip; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whip-like. _Whipple._ _Hweop_, a whip; _el_, a termination expressive of an inanimate object. A whip-like bar. _Whistler._ _Hwistlere_, a whistler, a piper. Whisler, an abbreviated form of the name. _Whitaker._ _Hwít_, white; _æcer_, a field. A white field. Whitecar, Whittaker, of like import. _Whitall._ _Hwítel_, a white mantle; a priest’s cope. Whital, Whittle, cognate terms. _Whitby._ _Hwít_, white; _bý_, a habitation. A white habitation. _Whitcomb._ _Hwít_, white; _comb_, a valley. A white valley. _White._ _Hwíte_, white. Whyte, from the same root. _Whitechurch._ _Hwíte-cirice_, from _hwít_, white, and _cirice_, a church. A white church. _Whitecraft._ _Hwíte_, white; _cræft_, trade, occupation. A white trade. _Whitefield._ _Hwíte_, white; _feld_, a field. A white field. Whitfield, of similar meaning. _Whiteford._ _Hwíte_, white; _ford_, a ford. A white ford. _Whitehead._ _Hwíte_, white; _heáfod_, a head. A white head. _Whitehill._ _Hwíte_, white; _hyll_, a hill. A white hill. _Whitehouse._ _Hwíte_, white; _hús_, a house. A white house. _Whiteley._ _Hwíte_, white; _líc_, like. Resembling white. Whitely, Whitley, of like derivation. _Whiteline._ _Hwíte_, white; _lín_, flax. White flax. Or, from _hwíte_, white, and Latin _linea_, a line: hence, a white line. _Whiteling._ _Hwíte_, white; _ling_, a termination denoting state of a person. Whiteness. Whitling, a kindred term. _Whitelock._ _Hwíte_, white; _locc_, a lock, hair. White hair. Whitlock, from the same roots. _Whiteman._ _Hwíte_, white; _man_, a man. A white man. Whitman, kindred name. _Whitenack._ _Hwíte_, white; _naca_, a skiff. A white skiff. _Whitesell._ _Hwíte_, white; _sel_, a hall. A white hall. Whitzell, of similar import. _Whiteside._ _Hwíte_, white; _síde_, a side. A white side. _Whitesides._ _Whiteside_, Whiteside; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Whiteside. _Whiting._ _White_, White; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of White. _Whitmore._ _Hwít_, white; _mór_, a moor. A white moor. _Whitnall._ _Hwíten_,—participle from _hwítian_, to whiten,—made white or whitened; _all_, all. All whitened. _Whitney._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whitish; somewhat white. _Whitnight._ _Hwít_, white; _niht_, night. A white night; a moonlit night. _Whiton._ _Hwít_, white; _tún_, a farm. A white farm. _Whitson._ _Hwít_, white; _sun_, son. A white son; a pale son. _Whitten._ _Hwíten_, from _hwítian_, to whiten. Whitened. _Whittenberg._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _beorg_, a hill. A whitened hill. _Whittendale._ _Hwíten_, whitened; _dál_, a valley. A whitened valley. _Whittig._ _Hwít_, white; _ig_, an adjective termination. Whitish. Whittick, Whitty, of like derivation. _Whittingham._ _Whitting_, Whiting; _hám_, house. Home of Whiting. _Whittington._ _Whitting_, Whiting; _tún_, house. House of Whiting. _Whitworth._ _Hwít_, white; _weordh_, honor, dignity. White, or unsullied honor. _Whorf._ _Hwearf_, a wharf, a shore. _Why._ _Hwy_, why, wherefore, indeed. _Whyard._ _Hwy_, why; _ard_, indicating an ensign. One who asks for reasons; a questioner. _Wiard._ _Wí_, an idol; _ard_, indicative of an ensign. An idolater. _Wibberley._ _Wibba_, a worm; _líc_, like. Worm-like. _Wíble._ _Wibil_, a weasel, a beetle. _Wicemann._ _Wic_, a castle; _mann_, a man. Man of the castle. Wichmann, of similar derivation. _Wichelmann._ _Wicelian_, to stagger, to reel; _mann_, a man. A staggering man. _Wick._ _Wic_, a dwelling-place, mansion, village, street, convent, camp, castle, fortress. _Wickel._ _Wicele_, present indicative first person of _wicelian_, to stagger, to reel. _Wickersham._ _Wic_, a camp; _ere_, an agent; _wiceres_, genitive of _wicere_, a soldier; _hám_, a house. A soldier’s home. _Wicks._ _Wick_, Wick; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wick. Wickes, from the same roots. _Wickfield._ _Wic_, a camp; _feld_, a field, a plain. A camp-field; a tented plain. _Wickham._ _Wic_, a camp; _hám_, home. A camp-home. _Wickman._ _Wic_, a camp; _man_, a man. A camp-man; a soldier. _Widdall._ _Wíd_, grass; _dál_, a valley. A grass-valley. _Widdifield._ _Wídisc_, grassy; _feld_, a field, a plain. A grassy plain. _Widdis._ _Wíd_, grass; _ísc_, an adjective termination denoting like. Grassy. _Widdows._ _Widewe_, a widow; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a widow. Widdoes, a cognate term. _Wideman._ _Wíd_, wide, broad, famous; _man_, a man. A broad man; a famous man. Widemann, Widman, Widmann, of like import. _Widemer._ _Wíd-mǽre_, from _wíd_, far, and _mǽre_, famed. Far-famed. Widmer, from the same roots. _Widener._ _Wíd_, grass; _nere_, a refuge. A grass-refuge. Widner, a cognate term. _Widger._ _Wicg_, a horse, a steed; _ere_, an agent. A horseman; a warrior. _Widley._ _Wíd_, wide; _líc_, like. Widely. _Wiese._ _Wiese_, wise, prudent. _Wigand._ _Wigend_, a warrior, a soldier. _Wiggan._ _Wiggan_, to carry on war, to fight, to contend. _Wiggins._ _Wiggin_, Wiggan; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wiggan. _Wigham._ _Wig_, war; _hám_, a house. A war-house; castle; tower; fortress. _Wight._ _Wiht_, a creature, wight, animal. _Wightman._ _Wiht-man_, from _Wiht_, the Isle of Wight, and _man_, a man. A man of the Isle of Wight. _Wigley._ _Wig-líc_, from _wig_, war, and _líc_, like. Warlike. _Wigman._ _Wig-mann_, from _wig_, war, and _mann_, a man. A warlike man; a warrior; a soldier. _Wigmore._ _Wig_, battle; _mór_, a moor. A battle-moor. _Wigo._ _Wiga_, a soldier, a warrior. _Wigton._ _Wig_, a battle; _tún_, town. A battle-town. _Wike._ _Wic_, a dwelling-place, mansion. _Wilbank._ _Wil_, a prefix denoting pleasant; _banc_, a bank. A pleasant bank. _Wilbraham._ _Wilbra_, Wilbur; _hám_, house. House of Wilbur. _Wilbur._ _Wil_, pleasant; _búr_, a bower. A pleasant bower. Wilber, from the same roots. _Wilby._ _Wil_, pleasant; _bý_, dwelling. A pleasant dwelling. _Wilcock._ _Wil_, good, well; _cocc_, a cock. A well-bred cock. _Wilcocks._ _Wilcock_, Wilcock; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilcock. Wilcox, a kindred term. _Wild._ _Wíld_, following its own will and impulse, wild, powerful. Wilde, of similar meaning. _Wildermore._ _Wíld_, wild; _mór_, a moor. A wild moor; an uncultivated moor. _Wilder._ _Wíld_, wild; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is wild. _Wildes._ _Wild_, Wild; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilde. Wilds, of like derivation. _Wildey._ _Wíld-ig_, from _wíld_, wild; _ig_, an adjective termination. Wild-like; wildly. Willdey, from the same roots. _Wilding._ _Wíld_, wild; _ing_, expressing action. Growing wild. _Wildman._ _Wíld_, wild; _man_, a man. A wild man. An uncivilized man. _Wile._ _Wíle_, a wile, craftiness. _Wileman._ _Wíle_, a wile, craftiness. A wily man; a crafty man. _Wilen._ _Wilen_, or _wilhen_, a maid, a foreign woman, a female slave. _Wiler._ _Wíle_, a wile; _ere_, an agent. A trickster. _Wiles._ _Wile_, Wile; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wile. _Wiley._ _Wíle_, wile; _ig_, an adjective termination. Wily; tricky; crafty. Wilie, from the same roots. _Wilfong._ _Wil_, well; _fong_, received. Well-received. _Wilfonger._ _Wil_, well; _fong_, received; _ere_, an agent. One who is well received. _Wilford._ _Wil_, pleasant; _ford_, a ford. A pleasant ford. _Wilgus._ _Wiliges_, genitive of _wilig_, a willow. Belonging to a willow. _Wilhare._ _Wil_, pleasant; _harra_, a lord. A pleasant lord. Wilher, from the same roots. _Wilhelm._ _Wil_, well, pleasant; _helm_, a crown. An easy crown; a happy monarch. Or, from _will_, a will, and _helm_, a helmet. A will-helmet; an undaunted helmet. _Wilkening._ _Wil_, pleasant; _cyn_, people; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of pleasant people. _Wilkens._ _Wilken_, pleasant people; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of pleasant people. Wilkes, Wilks, possibly, contractions of the same name. _Wilkinson._ _Wilken_, pleasant people; _sun_, son. Son of pleasant people. _Will._ _Will_, will, mind, disposition, affection, consent. _Willahan._ _Will-an_, of one’s will, willingly. Willian, from the same root. _Willand._ _Willende_, willing, wishing. Willang, doubtless, from the same radix. _Willans._ _Willan_, Willahan; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willahan. _Willard._ _Wil-laueord_, from _wil_, good, pleasant, and _laueord_, a lord. A kind lord; a beneficent master. Willauer, Williard, from the same. _Willdon._ _Wil-dón_, from _wil_, well, and _dón_, to do. To do well; well-done. _Willeman._ _Wille_, a well; _man_, a man. A well-man; a well-borer. Williman, Willman, of like import. _Willemin._ _Willan_, to will; _mine_, the mind. A willing mind. Willimen, a kindred term. _Willems._ _Willem_, Wilhelm; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wilhelm. _Willer._ _Willan_, to will, to wish; _ere_, an agent. One who wills, or wishes; a willer; a wisher. Willar, another form of the name. _Willers._ _Willer_, Willer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willer. _Willes._ _Wille_, Will; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Will. _Willess._ _Will_, a will; _leas_, free from. Free from will. _Willet._ _Wil_, a well, a fountain; _lyt_, little. A small fountain. Or, from _will_, mind, and _lyt_, little. A little mind. Willett, of like derivation. _Willets._ _Willet_, Willet; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willet. Willetts, Willitts, from the same roots. _Willey._ _Will-íce_, contraction of _willendlíce_, from _willende_, willing, and _líce_, like. Willing-like; willingly. Willi, Willie, perhaps, corruptions of the name. _William._ Old History German for Wilhelm. See Wilhelm. _Williams._ _William_, William; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of William. _Williamson._ _William_, William; _sun_, son. Son of William. _Willig._ _Will_, will; _ig_, an adjective termination. Willing; desirous; prone. Willey, Willi, and Willie, may be derived from the same roots. See Willey. _Willimeit._ _Willa_, will; _miht_, might, power. Will-power. _Willing._ _Will_, will; _ing_, an offspring. Descendant of Will. _Willinger._ _Willing_, willing; _ere_, an agent. A servant of Willing. _Willingmyre._ _Willing_, from _willende_, willing; _myre_, a mare. A willing mare; a ready mare. Willingmeyer, from the same roots. _Willings._ _Willing_, Willing; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willing. _Willis._ _Willíce_, willingly. _Willman._ _Will_, a will; _man_, a man. A will-man; a man of will; a resolute man. Willeman, Williman, may be traced to the same roots. See Willeman. _Willmanns._ _Willmann_, Willman; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Willman. _Willmarth._ _Will_, mind; _mǽrdh_, wonders. Mind-wonders. Wilmarth, a kindred name. _Willmunder._ _Will_, mind; _mundian_, to protect; _ere_, an agent. A mind-protector; an instructor; a teacher; a physician. _Willoughby._ _Wilige_, what is made of willow, a basket; _bý_, a habitation. A house where baskets are made; a basket-factory. _Willow._ _Wilig_, or _wileg_, a willow. _Wills._ _Will_, Will; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Will. _Willsey._ _Willes_, Will’s; _ig_, an island. Will’s island. Wilsey, from the same roots. _Willson._ _Will_, Will; _sun_, son. Son of Will. Wilson, from the same roots. _Wilmer._ _Wil_, well; _mǽre_, famed. Well-famed; distinguished; illustrious. _Wilmerton._ _Wilmer_, Wilmer; _tún_, house. Home of Wilmer. _Wilmoore._ _Wil_, pleasant; _mór_, a moor. A pleasant moor. Wilmore, from the same roots. _Wilmot._ _Wil_, pleasant; _mót_, an assembly. An agreeable assembly. Wilmott, a kindred term. _Wilsher._ _Wilsc_, Welsh; _ere_, an agent. A Welshman. _Wilsky._ _Wilsc-ig_, from _Wilsc_, Welsh, and _ig_, an adjective termination. Welsh. _Willsleger._ _Willes_, genitive of _will_, mind, affection; _leger_, disease, couch. Disease of the mind; couch of affection. _Wilsman._ _Willes_, genitive of _will_, mind; _man_, a man. A man of mind. _Wilstach._ _Wil_, a well; _stác_, a pole. A well-pole. _Wilt._ _Wilt_, from _willan_, to will, to wish. Wilt; willest; wishest. _Wiltbank._ _Wilt_, willest; _banc_, a bank. A bank thou willest, or wishest; a wished-for bank. _Wilten._ _Wiltún_, contraction of _Willy-tún_, from _Willy_, the name of a river, and _tún_, town. Town on the river Willy. Willy is, perhaps, from _wilie_, a basket, or _wilig_, a willow. _Wiltshire._ _Wiltún-scíre_, from _Wil_, Willy, and _tún_, town; _scíre_, a shire, a district. Wiltonshire; Wilton-district. _Winch._ _Wince_, a winch, a reel to wind thread upon. Winsch, from the same root. _Winchell._ _Wincel_, a corner. Winsel, doubtless of like import. _Winchester._ _Win-ceaster_, from _wín_, wine; _ceaster_, a castle. A wine-castle. _Wind._ _Windan_, to wind, to bend, to twist, to twine. _Winder._ _Winde_, what winds round, a winder, a reel. Or, from _windan_, to wind, and _ere_, an agent. One who winds; a winder. _Windisch._ _Windan_, to wind; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting external quality of a thing. Winding; flexuous. _Windle._ _Wíudel_, dative _wíndle_, anything twined, a basket. _Windpipe._ _Wind_, wind; _píp_, a pipe, a flute. A wind-pipe. _Windrim._ _Wyn-drím_, or _wyn-dreám_, from _wyn_, joy, and _drím_, or _dreám_, joy, rejoicing. Great joy, exultation. _Windsor._ _Wind_, wind; _sór_, sorrow, grief. Wind-sorrow. Windser, from the same roots. _Wine._ _Wín_, wine. _Wineland._ _Wín_, wine; _land_, a region. Wine-region. _Winelander._ _Wín_, wine; _land_, a region; _ere_, an agent. A resident of a wine region. _Winfield._ _Wín_, wine; _feld_, a field. A wine-field; a vineyard. _Winfree._ _Wín_, wine; _freó_, free. Wine free; abstaining from wine. _Wing._ _Winge_, a wing. _Wingart._ _Wín-geard_, from _wín_, wine, and _geard_, a garden. A wine-garden; a vineyard. Wingert, a kindred name. _Wingate._ _Wín_, wine; _geát_, a gate, a door, an opening. A wine-gate; an opening to a wine-cellar. _Winig._ _Wín_, wine; _ig_, an adjective termination. Wine-like; vinous. _Wink._ _Wincian_, to bend one’s self, to nod, to wink. _Winkel._ _Wincle_, a wilk, cockle, shell-fish. _Winkelmann._ _Wincle_, a wilk, a cockle; _mann_, a man. A wilk-man; a cockler. _Winkler._ _Wincle_, a wilk, a cockle; _ere_, an agent. A wilk-man; a cockler. _Winkley._ _Wincle_, a cockle; _líc_, like. Resembling a cockle. _Winline._ _Winn_, acquisition, possession, winning; Latin _linea_, a line. Acquisition-line; border-line; winning-line. _Winn._ _Winn_, contention, strife, war, trouble, acquisition, possession, winning. Winne, from the same radix. _Winnel._ _Winn_, a contest; _el_, implying a person. A contestant; a rival; a fighter. _Winnemoore._ _Winn-an_, to win, to conquer, to subdue; _mór_, a moor. A conquered moor. _Winner._ _Winna_, a rival, an enemy, a fighter. Or, from _winn_, contest, war, and _ere_, an agent. A contestant; a warrior. _Winners._ _Winner_, Winner; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Winner. _Winnett._ _Win_, pleasure; _nett_, a net. A pleasure net. _Winnig._ _Winn_, contention, war, labor; _ig_, an adjective ending. Contentious; warlike; laborious. Winnie, a slightly modified form of the name. _Winning._ _Winn_, Winn; _ing_, offspring. Descendant of Winn. _Winpenny._ _Winn_, labor, winning; _pening_, a penny. Labor-penny; win-penny; winning penny. _Winrick._ _Win_, winning; _ríce_, power, kingdom. Winning power. _Winring._ _Win_, winning; _hring_, a ring. Winning ring. Or, from _win_, pleasure, and _hring_, a ring. A pleasure-ring; a wedding-ring. _Winship._ _Wine-scipe_, from _wine_, a friend, and _scipe_, a termination denoting form, condition, state, office, dignity. A society of friends; a fraternity. _Winslow._ _Win_, contest; _sláw_, slow, idle, lazy. A slow contest. Or, from _win_, pleasure, and _sláw_, idle. An idle pleasure. _Winsmore._ _Wines_, genitive of _win_, contention; _mór_, a moor. A contending moor. _Winstanley._ _Wine_, a friend; Stanley, Stanley. Stanley’s friend. See Stanley. _Winston._ _Wínes-tún_, from _wínes_, genitive of _wín_, wine, and _tún_, a house. A house of wine; a wine-house; a tavern. _Wint._ _Wint_, from _wintan_, to wind. Winds. _Winter._ _Winter_, winter, a year. The Anglo-Saxon, and other northern nations, reckoned by winters instead of years. _Winterbottom._ _Winter_, winter; _botm_, bottom. Winter’s close. _Winterbourn._ _Winter_, winter; _burne_, a brook. A winter brook. _Winterer._ _Winter_, winter; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, winters in a certain place. _Winterfield._ _Winter_, winter; _feld_, a field, a plain. A wintry field. _Winterhall._ _Winter_, winter; _heal_, a palace. Winter-palace. _Winterhalter._ _Winter_, winter; _healtian_, to halt; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, halts for the winter; a winter sojourner. _Winterholer._ _Winter_, winter; _hole_, a hole; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, seeks winter-quarters in holes. _Winternight._ _Winter_, winter; _niht_, night. A winter night. _Winters._ _Winter_, Winter; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Winter. _Wintersteen._ _Winter_, winter; _stǽn_, or _stén_, stone. A winter stone. _Winther._ _Windh_, from _winnan_, to labor; _ere_, an agent. A laborer. _Winton._ _Wín-tún_, from _wín_, wine, and _tún_, a house. A wine-house; a tavern. _Wire._ _Wír_, wire. _Wireback._ _Wír_, wire; _bæc_, a back. A wire-back. Wirebach, from the same roots. _Wireman._ _Wír_, wire; _man_, a man. A worker in wire. _Wirgman._ _Wirg_, wicked, cursed; _man_, a man. A wicked man. _Wirsing._ _Wirs_, worse; _ing_, expressing action. Making worse. _Wirth._ _Wirdh_, from _weordhan_, to be made. Is made. _Wischan._ _Wiscan_, to wish, to adopt. _Wischman._ _Wiscan_, to wish; _man_, a man. A man that wishes; a wisher. Wischmann, Wishman, from the same roots. _Wisdom._ _Wís-dóm_, from _wísa_, a sage, and _dóm_, opinion. Opinion of a sage; wisdom. _Wise._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; a wise man, a hero, a prince. _Wisely._ _Wís-líce_, from _wís_, wise, prudent, and _líce_, like. Wise-like; wisely; prudently. _Wiseman._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _man_, a man. A wise man; a prudent man. Wisman, from the same roots. _Wiser._ _Wísa_, a sage, a philosopher, a wise man, a leader, guide, director. Or, from _wís_, wise, and _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is wise or prudent. _Wisham._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _hám_, home. A wise home. _Wishart._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _heort_, a termination denoting hearty, hearted, brave. Wise-hearted. _Wisher._ _Wisc-ere_, from _wiscan_, to wish; _ere_, an agent. A wisher. _Wisenger._ _Wísung_, making wise, instruction, command, a governing, regulator; _ere_, an agent. Wisdom-maker; instructor; commander; governor; regulator. _Wisler._ _Wís_, wise, prudent; _lár_, doctrine. Wise doctrine. Wissler, a kindred term. _Wismer._ _Wís_, wise; _mǽre_, famed. Wise-famed; famous for wisdom. _Wisner._ _Wís_, wise; _nere_, a refuge. A wise refuge. _Wisse._ _Wisse_, for _wiste_, past of _witan_, to know, to be conscious. Knew; was conscious. _Wissman._ _Wisse_, knew, was conscious; _man_, a man. A man that knew; a wise man. _Wist._ _Wiste_, past of _witan_, to know. Knew; was conscious. _Wister._ _Wiste_, knew; _ere_, an agent. One that knew. Wistar, from the same root. _Wiswell._ _Wís_, wise; _well_, much. Exceedingly wise. _Witchel._ _Wicce_, a witch, an enchantress; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A witch; an enchantress. _Witcher._ _Wicce_, a witch, an enchantress. Witscher, of kindred derivation. _Witcraft._ _Wit_, mind, wit, understanding; _cræft_, continuance. Mind-continuance; invention. _Witham._ _Wit_, mind, wit; _hám_, house. Home of wit; the brain. _Witheat._ _Wit_, mind; _hát_, heat, fervor. Mind-fervor. _Witman._ _Wit_, wit; _man_, a man. A witman; a man of wit. Wittman, of kindred significance. _Witmer._ _Wit_, wit; _mǽre_, famed. Wit-famed. Wittmer, a cognate term. _Witsil._ _Wit_, wit; _sel_, best. Best wit. _Witt._ _Witt_, wit, mind, understanding. Witte, from the same radix. _Wittig._ _Witt-ig_, from _witt_, wit, and _ig_, an adjective termination. Witty; wise. _Wittingham._ _Witting_, Wittig; _hám_, house. Home of Wittig. _Wittkamp._ _Witt_, wit; _camp_, a contest. A wit-contest. _Wittkorn._ _Witt_, wit; _corn_, a grain. A wit-grain; a grain of wit. _Wittland._ _Witt_, wit; _land_, a land. A land of wit. _Wittrook._ _Witt_, wit; _róc_, a rook. A witty rook. _Witts._ _Witt_, Witt; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Witt. _Wittwer._ _Witt_, wit; _wer_, a man. A witty man. Witwer, from the same roots. _Woddrop._ _Wod_, a wood; _drop_, a drop, a spot. A wood-spot. _Wogan._ _Wógan_, to woo, to marry. _Wolbert._ _Wól_, mischief; _beorht_, glistening. Glistening with mischief. _Wolbold._ _Wól_, mischief; _báld_, audacious. Audacious mischief. _Wolcott._ _Wól_, disease; _cóte_, a couch, a bed. A diseased couch. _Wolf._ _Wulf_, a wolf. Wolfe, Wolff, Woolf, Wulf, Wulff, from the same root. _Wolfel._ _Wulf_, wolf; _el_, a termination denoting a person. A wolfish person; a ravenous person. _Wonder._ _Wunder_, a wonder, a miracle. _Wonderly._ _Wunder-líc_, from _wunder_, wonder, and _líc_, like. Wonder-like; wonderful; wondrous. _Wondle._ _Wúnd-el_, a wound. _Wonhart._ _Won_, lacking; _heort_, heart. Lacking heart; faint-hearted. _Wood._ _Wude_, wood. _Woodall._ _Wude_, wood; _eall_, all. Well-wooded. _Woodbridge._ _Wude_, wood; _bricg_, a bridge. A wooden bridge. _Woodburn._ _Wude_, wood; _burne_, a stream. A wooded stream. _Woodbury._ _Wude_, wood; _bury_, from _byrig_, a city, a town. A wooded town. _Woodcock._ _Wude_, wood; _coc_, or _cocc_, a cock, a male fowl, or bird. A woodcock; a bird that affects wooded places. _Woodelton._ _Wudelíc-tún_, from _wudelíc_, woody, wild; _tún_, a farm. A woody, or wild farm. _Wooder._ _Wudere_, a wooden shoe. _Woodfall._ _Wude_, a wood; _fealle_, a trap. A wood-trap. _Woodhead._ _Wude_, a wood; _heáfd_, head. A wood-head; a wooden head. _Woodhouse._ _Wude_, wood; _hús_, a house. A wood-house. _Woodhull._ _Wude_, wood; _hul_, a hill. A wooded hill. _Woodington._ _Wudiende_, present participle of _wudian_, to cut wood; _tún_, a farm. A wood-cutting farm. _Woodland._ _Wudu-land_, from _wudu_, or _wude_, wood, and _land_, land, region. A woodland; a wooded region. _Woodlands._ _Woodland_, Woodland; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Woodland. _Woodley._ _Wudu-líc_, from _wudu_, wood, and _líc_, like. Wood-like; woody; wild. _Woodman._ _Wudu-mann_, from _wudu_, wood, and _mann_, a man. A woodman; a wood-ward. _Woodmansee._ _Wudu-mann-seo_, from _wudu-mann_, a woodman, and _seo_, the sight of the eye. A woodman’s vision. _Woodnutt._ _Wude_, wood; _hnut_, a nut. A wood-nut. _Woodring._ _Wude_, wood; _hring_, a girdle. A wood-belt; a belt of woods. _Woodrow._ _Wude_, wood; _ræwa_, a row. A wood-row; a line of woods. _Woodruff._ _Wude_, wood; _róf_, a roof. Woodroof, Woodroff, Woodroffe, from the same roots. _Woods._ _Wood_, Wood; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Wood. _Woodside._ _Wude_, wood; _síde_, side. Side of a wood. _Woodsides._ _Woodside_, Woodside; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Woodside. _Woodson._ _Wood_, Wood; _sun_, son. Son of Wood. Or, from _wude_, wood, and _sun_, son. Son of the woods. _Woodstocker._ _Woodstock_, from _wude_, wood, and _stóc_, a place; _ere_, an agent. A resident of Woodstock—a woody place. _Woodward._ _Wudu-weard_, from _wudu_, wood, and _weard_, a ward, a guardian. A wood-ward; a woodman. _Woodworth._ _Wude_, wood; _weordh_, value. Wood-value. _Woody._ _Wudu-líc_, from _wudu_, wood, and _líc_, like. Wood-like; woody; wild. Or, from _wud_, wood, and _íg_, an adjective termination. Woody; wild. _Wooldridge._ _Wold_, a wood; _hrycg_, a ridge. A wooden ridge. _Woolery._ _Wúlle_, wool; _ríce_, a region. A wool-growing region. Woolrey, from the same roots. _Woolford._ _Wúll_, wool; _ford_, a ford. A wool-ford; a place where the wool-bearers crossed the stream. _Wooliscroft._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool, sheep; _croft_, a croft, a field. A wool-field; a sheep-pasture. _Woollard._ _Wúll_, wool; _hlaford_, a lord. A wool-lord; a wool-master. _Woollerton._ _Wúll_, wool; _ere_, an agent; _tún_, house. Home of a wool-grower. _Woolley._ _Wúll-íc_ from _wúll_, wool, and _íc_ for _líc_, like. Wool-like; woolly; hairy. _Woolman._ _Wúll_, wool; _man_, a man. A woolman; a dealer in wool. _Woolsey._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool, sheep; _íg_, an island. Isle of wool, or sheep. _Woolson._ _Wúll_, wool; _sun_, son. Son of wool; offspring of a sheep. _Woolston._ _Wúlles_, genitive of _wúll_, wool; _tún_, town. A wool-town. _Woolworth._ _Wúll_, wool; _weordh_, value. Wool-value. _Wopson._ _Wóp_, a whoop, weeping, cry, bewailing, lamentation; _sun_, son. A weeping son. _Worden._ _Worden_, or _weordhan_, to become, to be, to happen, to come to pass. _Work._ _Weorc_, work, labor, fatigue, suffering, pain. _Workman._ _Weorc_, work, labor; _man_, a man. A workman; a laborer. _Worknot._ _Weorc_, work; _not_, for _nota_, office. A work-office. _Wormley._ _Worm_, a worm; _líc_, like. Worm-like; spiral. _Wormsley._ _Wormes_, genitive of _worm_, a worm; _líc_, form. Form of a worm; worm-like; spiral. Or, from _worms_, corruption, and _líc_, like. Corruption-like. _Worn._ _Worn_, a number, multitude, body, company, band, troop, crowd, herd, power, force. Worne, from the same radix. _Worrall._ _Worold_, the world. Worrell, Worl, from the same derivation. _Worsley._ _Wyers_, worse; _líc_, like. Worse-like. _Worst._ _Wærst_, or _wyrst_, worst. _Worth._ _Weordh_, worth, value, price, honor, dignity. _Worthington._ _Weordh-ung_, honoring, worshipping; _tún_, a house. A worshipping-house. _Worthline._ _Weordh_, wealthy, honorable; _line_, a line. An honorable line. _Wosser._ _Wosa_, a leader. _Wotherspoon._ _Wodh-spónere_, from _wodh_, eloquence, song, and _spónere_, an enticer. Song-enticer. _Wrangham._ _Wrang_, wrong; _hám_, house. Wrong home. _Wrede._ _Wrǽde_, a latch, buckle, clasp, restraint, control, fastness, haft, handle. _Wren._ _Wrenna_, a wren, a small bird. _Wrench._ _Wringe_, an instrument to wring or strain, a press. _Wrensley._ _Wrǽnnes_, extravagance, luxury, lust, lechery; _líc_, like. Extravagantly; luxuriously. _Wright._ _Wryhta_, a wright. _Wrightley._ _Wryhta_, a wright; _líc_, like. Resembling a wright. _Wrightson._ _Wright_, Wright; _sun_, son. Son of Wright. _Wrigley._ _Wríge_, covered, hidden; _líc_, like. Covered-like; hidden-like. _Writt._ _Writ_, a writ, scripture, writing, letter. _Wroth._ _Wrádh_, wrath, anger. _Wulton._ _Wúll_, wool; _tún_, town. A wool town. _Wunder._ _Wundr_, or _wundor_, wonder. _Wunderly._ _Wundr_, wonder; _líc_, like. Wonder-like. Wunderle, from the same roots. _Wunning._ _Wun-ung_, from _wun-ian_, to won, to dwell, to inhabit. A woning; a dwelling; a habitation. _Wurst._ _Wurst_, worst. Wust, a kindred term. _Wurster._ _Wurst_, worst; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is the worst. Wuster, perhaps, from the same radix. _Wurtele._ _Wurt_, a wort, an herb; _el_, implying a person. An herb collector; an herbalist. _Wurts._ _Wurtes_, genitive of _wurt_, a wort, an herb. Belonging to an herb. Wurtz, another spelling of the name. _Wyche._ _Wyc_, a habitation, city, castle, fortress. _Wyckoff._ _Wyc_, a dwelling-place, habitation, city, castle, fortress; _cofa_, a room, a chamber. A castle-chamber. _Wylie._ _Wyllíc_, from _wyl_, a well, a fountain, and _líc_, like. Like a well; as a fountain. _Wyman._ _Wí_, an idol; _man_, a man. An idolater. Wymann, of like derivation. _Wynkoop._ _Wyn_, joy, pleasure, light; _copp_, or _cuppa_, a cup. A pleasure-cup. _Wynn._ _Wyn_, joy, pleasure, delight. _Wynne._ _Wyne_, one that gives pleasure, a friend. _Wyss._ _Wíss_, a wise man, a hero, a prince. Y. _Yard._ _Ierd_, a yard. _Yardley._ _Ierd_, a yard; _líc_, like. Yard-like. _Yarnall._ _Gearn_, yarn, spun wool; _eall_, all, whole. All yarn; entirely woollen. _Yateman._ _Iát_, or _geát_, a gate; _man_, a man. A gate-keeper. Yeatman, Yetman, from the same roots. _Yates._ _Iátes_, or _geátes_, genitive of _iát_, a gate. Belonging to a gate. Yeats, of like derivation. _Yeager._ _Ia_, yea, yes; _gare_, ready. A ready yes; a ready reply. _Yeagle._ _Iagul_, pronounced _yeagul_, a gargle. _Yeakle._ _Iac_, a cuckoo; _el_, indicative of personality. A person like a cuckoo; a simpleton. _Yeakley._ _Iac_, a cuckoo; _líc_, like. Cuckoo-like; wild; careless; lascivious. Yeckley, of similar meaning. _Yeamans._ _Ie_, a river; _man_, a man; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a river-man. _Yeansson._ _Geean_, yearning; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of yearning. _Yearick._ _Gear_, a year; _icg_, or _ig_, an adjective termination. Yearly. Yearicke, Yerrick, from the same roots. _Yearly._ _Gear-líc_, from _gear_, a year, and _líc_, like. Year-like; yearly. _Yearred._ _Geard_, or _yrd_, a hedge, enclosure, garden, yard, earth, world. _Yearsley._ _Geares_, genitive of _gear_, a year; _líc_, form. Form of a year; yearly. _Yeasler._ _Ysele_, a fire-spark, spark, ember, hot ashes; _ere_, an agent. A fire-maker; a fireman; a stoker. _Yeather._ _Ýdh_, what rises up, a wave, a flood; _ere_, an agent. That which rises up; a wave; a flood. _Yeaton._ _Geat_, a gate; _tún_, a house. A gate-house. _Yeatts._ _Geátes_, genitive of _geát_, a gate. Belonging to a gate. See Yates. _Yegen._ _Yg-búend_, from _yg_, or _ig_, an island, and _búend_, an inhabitant. An inhabitant of an island; an islander. _Yeingest._ _Iungest_, or _geongest_, comparative of _iung_, or _geong_, young. Youngest. _Yeiter._ _Ýtte_, past of _ýtan_, to out, to drive out, to expel, to banish; _ere_, an agent. One expelled; an exile. _Yellard._ _Yl_, or _il_, a hedgehog, a porcupine; _land_, land. Land of the hedgehog, or porcupine. _Yenner._ _Ynner_, inner. _Yenz._ _Yntsa_, an ounce. _Yeo._ _Ieo_, or _geo_, formerly, of old. _Yeomans._ _Yeoman_, from _ieo_, or _geo_, of old; _man_, a man, and _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a man of old; son of a yeoman; son of a tiller of the soil. _Yeomanson._ _Yeoman_, a yeoman; _sun_, son. Son of a yeoman. _Yepson._ _Yppe_, plain, open, manifest; _sun_, son. A plain, open, straightforward son. _Yerg._ _Earg_, or _eorg_, inert, weak, timid, wretched. _Yerger._ _Earg_, timid; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is timid. _Yerges._ _Yerg_, Yerg; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Yerg. Yerkes, perhaps, corruption of the same. _Yergey._ _Earg_, inert, timid; _ig_, an adjective termination. Timid; inert. _Yerpe._ _Eorp_, a wolf. _Yettinger._ _Yting_, a way, a journey; _ere_, an agent. A wayfarer; a journeyer. Perhaps, from _get-ung_, getting, and _ere_, an agent. A getter. _Yetter._ _Get_, imperfect of _getan_, to get; _ere_, an agent. A getter. _Yewdall._ _Iw_, the yew tree; _dál_, a valley. The valley of the yew. _Yheaulon._ _Hyew_, hue; _lon_, for _lond_, land. Land of hue. _Yhost._ _Gást_, breath, spirit, ghost. Yoast, Yost, like it, a corruption of the original. _Yingling._ _Ging_, young, tender; _ling_, a termination denoting state or condition of a person. Youth; tenderness. _Yoce._ _Ioc_, or _geoc_, a yoke. _Yochum._ _Ioc_, a yoke; _hum_, for _hám_, a house. A yoke-house. Yocam, Yocum, Yokam, from the same roots. _Yockel._ _Ioc_, a yoke; _el_, a termination denoting a person. One who has charge of a yoke of oxen; a farmer; a bumpkin. _Yoder._ _Gǽd_, a goad; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a goad. _Yonker._ _Iunga_, or _geonga_, a youth. A young fellow; a youngster. Or, from _iuncer_, a younker, a young nobleman, one that is young, a young fellow. Younker, of like kinship. _Young._ _Iung_, or _geong_, young, tender. Younk, from the same root. _Youngblood._ _Iung_, young; _blódh_, or _blód_, blood. Young blood. _Younger._ _Geongra_, comparative of _geong_, young, tender. Younger; more tender. _Younginger._ _Young_, Young; _ing_, an offspring; _ere_, an agent. A descendant of Young. _Youngling._ _Geong-ling_, a youngling, a boy. _Youngman._ _Geong_, young; _man_, a man. A young man; a youth. _Younk._ Corruption of Young. See Young. _Yuker._ _Iuc_, a yoke; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, is yoked; a companion; a yoke-mate. FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN. HISTORY—NORMAN CONQUEST. The Normans, or Northmen, were primarily of the Norse, or Scandinavian, branch of the Teutonic race. They were active, enterprising men—merchants, navigators, soldiers. Restless under the restraints of a power that was slowly and surely consolidating the Scandinavian kingdoms, they broke away from its influence, and boldly ventured forth, conquered the Shetland Islands, the Orkneys, and the Hebrides, founded the kingdom of Caithness in Scotland, settled Iceland, discovered Greenland, and colonized Vinland, which is supposed to be on the coast of New England. In 911, Rolf, or Rollo, the Ganger, with his daring band of vikings, obtained a footing in the fertile valley of the Seine. The province, which was afterwards called Normandy, was received by him as a fief from Charles the Simple. Friendly relations were soon established, and Rollo became the king’s vassal with the title of duke, and subsequently married his daughter. The Normans were brought under French law and customs, became Christians, adopted the French language, married into French families, and caught the French spirit. Edward the Confessor dying without issue in 1066, Harold, his brother-in-law, succeeded to the throne. But William, seventh Duke of Normandy, whose aunt, Emma, had been married to Ethelred II of England, claimed it by hereditary right and by the promise of both Edward and Harold. Determined to establish his claim, he set sail with thirty thousand followers for the coast of England. On October 14, 1066, he met and defeated Harold, near Hastings, and was soon afterwards crowned king at Westminster. This was the only conquest—and British soil has throbbed to the clatter and tramplings of four—that reached down to the people of the island and thoroughly leavened them. The admixture of a new blood and a new spirit with theirs proved the greatest good that ever befell them. It can be considered as nothing short of a regeneration, for it made the English nation of to-day, the English language, and the English literature. The modern Englishman owes to his Teutonic ancestry his love of justice and fair play, his religious nature, his physical robustness and intellectual vigor, his love of liberty, and to his French lineage—and we must not lose sight of the fact that, though originally Teutonic, the Normans had been metamorphosed by their life in France—his manner, his tact, his administrative genius, his poetic skill, and his artistic nature. In him are most happily blended the two races, forming a composite better than either component, greater even than both elements while in separation. The changes which Anglo-Saxon thus underwent are vital, fundamental, and, we may say, revolutionary. Expressive of the change thus effected, a new name is needed. Before 1066, writers refrained from calling the dominant people of the island, or their language, by any other term than Anglo-Saxon. But after the union of the people and of the languages, no name expresses the new condition of things so well as English. As thus applied, English denotes always the race resulting from the marriage of the two peoples, or the speech resulting from the union of the two tongues. ANGLO-NORMAN LANGUAGE. The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans lived side by side. It must not be supposed, however, that either the two peoples or the two languages were welded instantaneously. They grew together, and the growth was slow. There were special reasons why such should be the case. The conqueror was of alien blood. National animosity existed between him and the conquered. In the north, more especially than in the south, William’s conquest was ruthless. Harvests were destroyed, cattle killed or carried off, implements of husbandry sacrificed, towns and villages burned, and the inhabitants slain or driven across the border. The entire soil was confiscated, and the land, upon condition of military service, parcelled out among a score or more of great vassals, among hundreds of inferior crown vassals, and among the higher clergy. The meanest Norman was raised to opulence and influence in the new dominion. By the establishment of this modified feudal system, the masses were reduced to a species of serfdom. They became mere tillers of the soil. Shoals of Norman ecclesiastics came across the Channel, and the people were forced to accept religious instruction and consolation from the strangers. Everywhere, in the palace and among the nobility, in the law courts and the schools, as authority dictated, another language than their own prevailed. A keen sense of the scorn with which their lack of culture and their “barbarous tongue” were regarded, added to a painful consciousness of their social and political degradation, only served the more to heighten their aversion to the strangers, and to make the problem of coalescence slow and difficult. But the influences at work were not wholly those of repulsion. Living together as they did, they had to meet each other in the field and in the town. They were forced to buy from each other and to sell to each other. Time could not but lessen the arrogance of the one, and modify the moroseness of the other. Definite rights were gradually acquired by the subject race. His services became limited, and could be commuted for money considerations. The ownership of his hut and of the plat of ground surrounding it, and the privilege of using the waste land of the manor for the pasturage of his cattle, which were mere indulgences at first, grew into rights that could be pleaded at law. The serf became a power. He was struggling to grow to a copyholder, and the copyholder, to a freeholder. Such things had their effects. The military strength of the nobles waned, the courts of the feudal baronage were shorn of their influence, and the feudal system was fast sinking into decay. In education, as well as in material things, the Anglo-Saxons were improving. Intermarriages were common, and strong social and national feelings were springing up, before which their mutual antagonism was giving away. The vast possessions, partly hereditary and partly acquired by marriage, held by the English kings in France, served but to aid this feeling. To hold these against the French kings required not only a united people, but a people unified by the strong sentiment of nationality. And to make progress against the encroachments of their own kings the nobility were forced to make common cause with the people. To what extent the interests of barons and commons were identified may be seen from the provisions of the Great Charter extorted from King John in 1215. For a long time after the Conquest there existed in England the singular spectacle of two languages declining to coalesce and yet spoken by two peoples living together. Neither language would give way to the other. How little these two languages had blended in the vocabulary of authors, may be seen when it is said that Layamon’s _Brut_, a poem of thirty-two thousand lines, written in 1205, does not contain a hundred and fifty French words; and that in the _Ormulum_, a poem of twenty thousand lines, which appeared in the year of Magna Charta, hardly fifty French words are found. But the difficulties in the way of coalescence were slowly diminishing. Such as were political have already been spoken of, but those more properly linguistic will now be considered. This period was, to the subject race, one of general depression. Very little literature, and that of an indifferent quality, was produced. Their language was no longer spoken, and their standards in it forgotten. Anglo-Saxon had been banished from the schools, was no longer used at the palace and castles of the nobles, or in the courts. Few were writing it. It seems to have been left in the care, if care it can be called, of those ignorant of its literature and grammar, and familiar only with the vocabulary employed in colloquial speech. The effect of all this upon the language can be easily inferred. A large fraction of the vocabulary, the more dignified and scholarly portion, fell into neglect and then into oblivion. The grammatical inflections, denoting case, person, number, tense, of the words kept in circulation, almost entirely perished. These inflections would only be retained by those who knew their importance, but they sloughed off as the words fell from the tongues of those who were ignorant of them. When, then, this Anglo-Saxon speech had forced itself upon the Normans, as it had fairly done by the latter half of the fourteenth century, it was far easier to master than would have been the case immediately after 1066. Nearly one-half of the words in the vocabulary before the Conquest, it is estimated, dropped out of it in the three hundred years immediately following, and it is certain that the grammar had been vastly simplified. With one-half of its words lost, and the remaining half nearly flectionless, the work of learning the language was made comparatively easy for the Norman. This forcing of the tongue of a conquered people upon its conquerors was a signal achievement and of far-reaching consequences. Upon the authority of John of Trevisa, we are told that, after the great pestilence of 1349, the instruction of youth was revolutionized. John Cornwall changed the instruction in the grammar-school from French into English, and was followed by Richard Pencrich and others, so that in 1335 in all the grammar-schools of England the children were being taught English rather than French. In 1362 French was exchanged for English in the courts of law, Parliament having passed an act that year ordering that in all the courts “all pleas ... shall be pleaded, shewed, defended, answered, debated, and judged in the English tongue.” Great writers had now arisen—Wyclif, 1324-1384, in prose; Chaucer, 1340-1400, in poetry. They wrote in English, and their influence upon the plastic language of their day, and upon all subsequent writers, is simply incalculable. The adoption of the Anglo-Saxon by the Norman was greatly facilitated by the fact that the French he was using was not the French of Paris, but the degenerate tongue of Normandy, which was at best but provincial. But during the centuries of its use in England it had been kept from free contact with the dialect of Normandy, and so had deteriorated even from the imperfect standard. Even the Norman himself had grown ashamed of it, and was not unwilling to part with it. When it is said that by 1400, or even earlier, English was generally used, it is meant a speech not in existence by itself till long after the Norman Conquest, a speech neither Anglo-Saxon nor French, but Anglo-Saxon and French. It was a speech to which both of these languages contributed, to form which both of these were combined. The adoption of words was not all done by the Norman. While he borrowed many from the Saxon, the Saxon borrowed some from the Norman. English may, therefore, be considered a compromise, a compound. It is one speech after the union, but not univocal, not all of a piece, every speaker of which being bilingual. The tongue brought over by the Conqueror has been called Norman-French. It is in reality Latin. Just before the Christian era Julius Cæsar subdued the people then in possession of Gaul, what is now France, and imposed upon them his language, which was that of Rome. This language, used for a thousand years by a people to whom it was not the vernacular, was acquired by the Normans, of still another alien stock, and by them introduced into England. Spoken a whole millennium by people whose mother-tongue it displaced, and from them learned by strangers, it is not at all unreasonable to suppose that the words had lost much of their original form and meaning. Proofs, in the words themselves, are not wanting to sustain the assertion. Outwardly they were almost invariably shortened. By a dropping of vowels or consonants, or of both, two or three syllables had been squeezed into one, as some examples will conclusively show. French _sûr_, our _sure_, came originally from the Latin _securus_; French _règle_, our _rule_, from Latin _regula_; French _île_, English _isle_, from _insula_. And not unfrequently the final and unaccented syllable or syllables seem not to have been caught by the subject Gaul, or, if caught by his ear, were not retained on his tongue. The Latin _domina_, for instance, appears in French as the truncated _dame_; _medius_ as _midi_; and _malum_, as _mal_. Though changed, yet it must be patent to all that the French words are Latin, as their essential identity with the words used by Horace and Virgil unmistakably show. NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. A. _Avis._ _Avis_, advice, opinion. Avise, from the same radix. _Auter._ _Auter_, an altar. _Ayler._ _Ayel_, a grandfather; _ere_, an agent. An active grandfather. _Ayles._ _Ayeles_, genitive of _ayel_, a grandfather. Belonging to a grandfather. B. _Batchelor._ _Bachelor_, an unmarried man, a knight, one who has taken his first degree in a college. _Bayard._ _Bayard_, a bay horse, a blood-horse; so called in Chaucer, and in old romances. Byard, abbreviation of the term. _Beauford._ _Beau_, beautiful; _ford_, a ford. A beautiful ford. _Belfield._ _Bel_, beautiful; _feld_, a field. A beautiful field. _Belford._ _Bel_, beautiful, good; _ford_, a ford. A good ford. _Bellamy._ _Bel amy_, from _bel_, good, and _amy_, a friend. A good friend. _Bellenere._ _Belle_, beautiful; _nere_, a refuge. A beautiful refuge. _Bokel._ _Bokel_, a buckle. _Borell._ _Borel_, coarse cloth of a brown color, made of plain, coarse stuff. Borel folk, borel men, were laymen. _Bortel._ _Bordel_, a brothel. _Bos._ _Bos_, a protuberance. _Bosek._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _ig_, an adjective termination. Bossy. Bose, Bosee, from the same roots. _Boser._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, has a protuberance. _Boshart._ _Bos_, a protuberance; _heort_, a hart. A humped hart. _Bossard._ _Bosard_, a buzzard, a species of hawk unfit for sporting. Bossart, Bossert, identical in derivation and meaning. _Boswell._ Latin _bos_, an ox; _well_, a well, a fountain. An ox-well; a well where oxen are watered. _Bosworth._ _Bos_, an ox; _weordh_, value, price. Ox-value. _Botler._ _Botel_, or _botelle_, a bottle; _ere_, an agent. A bottler. Butler, from the same radix. _Bottle._ _Botel_, or _botelle_, a bottle. _Brear._ _Brere_, a briar, a bramble. _Brearey._ _Brere_, a bramble; _ig_, an adjective termination. Briery; brambly; full of briars; rough. _Brearley._ _Brere_, a bramble; _líc_, like. Bramble-like; briery. _Brinton._ _Brin_, a sprig, a slip; _tún_, a house, an enclosure. A hot-bed; a green-house; a nursery. _Buffett._ _Buffette_, a blow. _Burdon._ _Burdoun_, a humming noise, the base in music. C. _Cappell._ _Capel_, a horse. _Caron._ _Caroigne_, carrion, dead, or putrefied flesh. _Carrick._ _Carrik_, a large ship. _Case._ _Cas_, chance, condition, circumstance. _Casler._ _Cas_, chance; _lár_, doctrine. Doctrine of chance. _Casely._ _Cas_, chance; _líc_, like. Chance-like; accidental. Casley, from the same root. _Casey._ _Cas_, chance, condition; _ig_, an adjective termination. Accidental; conditional. _Cattell._ _Catel_, goods, chattel. _Cellerier._ _Celerer_, the officer in a monastery who had the care of the provisions. _Chambers._ _Chamberes_, genitive of _chamber_, a chamber, a room, an apartment. Belonging to a chamber. _Chambley._ _Chamb_, for _chamber_, a chamber; _ley_, for _líc_, like. Chamber-like. _Chesser._ _Ches_, chess; _ere_, an agent. A chess-player. _Chessman._ _Ches_, chess; _man_, man. A chessman; a piece used in chess. _Chesson._ _Ches_, chess; _sun_, son. A son fond of chess. _Chestney._ _Chesteyn_, a chestnut. Chestin, perhaps, from the same root. _Clary._ _Clarré_, wine mixed with honey and spices, and afterwards strained till it is clear. Clarey, of like relationship. _Clerke._ _Clerk_, one who has received school-learning. _Clink._ _Clinke_, a ring, to tinkle. _Clinker._ _Clinke_, to tinkle; _ere_, an agent. That which tinkles. _Coate._ _Cote_, a coat. _Compayre._ _Compère_, a gossip, a near friend. _Coates._ _Coate_, Coate; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Coate. _Cope._ _Cope_, a cloak. _Couch._ _Couche_, to lay, place; past participle _couched_, laid. _Couched_ with pearls means laid or trimmed with pearls. _Couch_, also, a bed. _Colpe._ _Coulpe_, a fault. _Crowne._ _Crown_, crown of the head, top of the head. Crown, from the same radix. _Curtis._ _Curteys_, or _curteis_, courteous, polite. D. _Dresser._ _Dresse_, to address, to apply; _ere_, an agent. One who addresses, or applies himself to any task. _Drury._ _Druerie_, courtship, gallantry, love, a mistress. F. _Fay._ _Fay_, faith, confidence, trust. Faye, from the same radix. _Fayer._ _Fay_, faith; _ere_, an agent. One who has faith; a believer. _Fayle._ _Fay_, faith; _le_, for _el_, denoting a person. A person of faith; a believer. _Fein._ _Feyne_, to feign, to pretend. _Fey._ _Fey_, faith, trust, confidence. _Feyer._ _Fey_, faith; _ere_, an agent. One that has faith; a believer. _Feyhl._ _Fey_, faith; _hl_, for _el_, denoting a person. A believer. _Floyd._ _Floyte_, a flute. _Forster._ _Forster_, a forester, an officer of the forest. Foster, a kindred term. _Fowl._ _Fowel_, a fowl, a bird. _Fowler._ _Fowel_, a fowl; _ere_, an agent. One who pursues or traps wild fowl. _Fowles._ _Fowle_, Fowl; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Fowl. _Foyle._ _Folye_, folly, foolish conduct, indiscretion. _Franklin._ _Frankeleyn_, the father of a family. This is the application in Chaucer’s time. Spencer uses the term in the sense of a freeholder, but in Queen Elizabeth’s day it denoted a yeoman, or a man above a vassal, but not a gentleman. _Frearson._ _Frere_, a friar; _sun_, son. Son of a friar. G. _Gabb._ _Gabbe_, to jest, to talk idly, to lie. _Gaylord._ _Gaylard_, gay, licentious. Perhaps from _galliard_, a sprightly kind of dance. _Gentil._ _Gentil_, gentlemanlike, gentlemanly. Gentel, Gentle, of like kinship. _Gentry._ _Genterye_, gentility. Chaucer spelt the word with the additional e’s. Even at the present day it is not unusual to find some writing the name—Gentery. _Gerry._ _Gery_, changeable, inconstant, uncertain. _Geyler._ _Gylour_, a deceiver. _Glose._ _Glose_, a comment, an interpretation. _Grace._ _Grace_, favor, kindness, good-will, benignity. _Gracey._ _Grace_, favor, kindness; _ig_, an adjective termination. Gracious; kind. _Grange._ _Graunge_, a farm-house. _Granger._ _Graunge_, a farm-house; _ere_, an agent. One who has a farm-house; a farmer. _Greeley._ _Gree_, pleasure, satisfaction, prize, grade; _líc_, like. Pleasurable; satisfactory; estimable; gradual. _Greaser._ _Grees_, grease, ointment; _ere_, an agent. An anointer. _Greasly._ _Grees_, grease; _líc_, like. Grease-like; unctuous. _Grone._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt. _Groner._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt; _ere_, an agent. A groaner; a grunter. _Groning._ _Grone_, to groan, to grunt; _ing_, expressive of action. Groaning; grunting. H. _Hamburg._ _Hamburgeon_, diminutive of _hauberg_, a coat of mail. _Hamburger._ _Hamburgeon_, a coat of mail; _ere_, an agent. One who wears a coat of mail; a warrior. _Haire._ _Haire_, hair-cloth. _Hackney._ _Hakeney_, a hackney, an ambling horse, or pad. _Harney._ _Harneys_, armor, furniture. _Hauberger._ _Hauberg_, a coat of mail; _ere_, an agent. An armor-bearer; a knight; a warrior. _Houpt._ _Houped_, hooped, hollowed, shoaled. K. _Keep._ _Keep_, care, attention. L. _Lacey._ _Laas_, or _lace_, a lace, a net, a snare; _ig_, an adjective termination. Resembling a lace, or net. _Large._ _Large_, spacious, free, prodigal. _Larger._ _Larger_, comparative of _large_, spacious, prodigal. More spacious; more prodigal. _Largey._ _Large_, large, prodigal; _ig_, an adjective termination. Large; prodigal. _Largly._ _Large_, large, free; _líc_, like. Large-like; largely; freely. _Layard._ _Liard_, a name of a horse, belonging originally to a horse of a gray color. A gray horse. _Lodge._ _Loge_, a lodge, a habitation. _Logerman._ _Loge_, a lodge; _ere_, an agent; _man_, a man. A person who lodges, or is lodged; a lodger. _Logue._ _Loge_, a lodge, a habitation. _Loos._ _Loos_, praise, approval. _Luce._ _Luce_, the fish called a pike. M. _Mallison._ _Malisoun_, a malediction, a curse. _Maner._ _Manere_, carriage, behavior, kind, sort. _Maris._ _Marreys_, a marsh. _Mauger._ _Maugré_, in spite of. _Marvill._ _Mervaille_, marvel, wonder. Marvel, from the same radix. N. _Nice._ _Nice_, foolish, simple, silly. Nyce, a kindred term. _Noon._ _Noon_, the ninth hour of the natural day, nine o’clock in the morning, the hour of dinner. _Norris._ _Norice_, a nurse. _Nowell._ _Nowel_, Christmas. O. _Oliphant._ _Olifaunt_, an elephant. _Oliver._ _Oliver_, olive-trees. _Opie._ _Opye_, opium. P. _Paase._ _Paas_, a foot-pace. _Paramore._ _Paramour_, love, gallantry. _Pardee._ _Pardé_, a common oath, literally, by God. Purdie, of like kinship. _Parvis._ _Parvis_, a portico before a church. Purvis, perhaps, from the same root. _Pass._ _Passe_, to surpass, to excel, to pass sentence. _Peer._ _Peere_, a peer, an equal. _Pergin._ _Peregrine_, wandering. _Perry._ _Perrye_, jewels, precious stones. _Person._ _Persone_, a man, a parson, a rector of a church. _Pierie._ _Pierrie_, jewels, precious stones. _Pile._ _Pile_, _pyle_, to rob, to plunder. Pyle, from the same radix. _Platt._ _Platte_, or _plat_, flat, plain. _Pleydell._ _Plye_, to bend; _dál_, a dell, a valley. An undulating valley. _Poke._ _Poke_, a pocket, a bag. _Pollak._ _Pollax_, a halberd. Pollock, Polock, from the same derivation. _Pomeltree._ _Pomel_, any ball or round thing, as an apple; _treow_, a tree. An apple-tree. _Poynter._ _Poynt_, the principal business, a point, a stop; _ere_, an agent. That which acts as a point, or a stop; a pointer. _Poynton._ _Poynt_, a point, a stop; _tún_, a house. A point-house; a business place. _Prentis._ _Prentys_, an apprentice. Prentiss, a kindred term. _Presley._ _Prees_, a press, a crowd; _líc_, like. Crowd-like; dense; compact. _Preston._ _Prest_, from _prese_, to press, to crowd; _tún_, a house. A crowded house. _Prevear._ _Preve_, to try, to demonstrate by trial; _ere_, an agent. An experimenter; a demonstrator. _Price._ _Prys_, price, value, praise. _Prime._ _Prime_, the first quarter of the artificial day. Sometimes metaphorically used in Chaucer for the season of action or business. Perhaps, from _pryme_, daybreak. _Prow._ _Prow_, profit, advantage. _Pye._ _Pie_, a magpie, a prating gossip, a tell-tale. _Pyne._ _Pyne_, pain, grief, sorrow. Q. _Quint._ _Queynt_, strange, cunning, artful, trim, neat. _Quinton._ _Queynt_, neat, trim; _tún_, a house. A neat home. R. _Raffles._ _Rafles_, plays with dice. _Rampe._ _Rampe_, to climb. Rempe, doubtless, from the same root. _Rampson._ _Ramp_, Rampe; _sun_, son. Son of Rampe. _Ransom._ _Raunsoun_, a ransom. _Rems._ _Remes_, realms, regions. _Revel._ _Revel_, entertainment, sport, festivity. _Ribaut._ _Ribaude_, a low, profligate man. _Roche._ _Roche_, a rock. _Rochester._ _Roche_, a rock; _ceaster_, a castle. A rock-castle. _Rocholl._ _Roche_, a rock; _ol_, a termination denoting a personal noun. A rock-dweller; a man of decision. S. _Scollay._ _Scolay_, to attend school, to study. _Sergeant._ _Sergeaunt_, a squire attendant upon a prince or nobleman. _Spence._ _Spence_, a store-room for wine or victuals. A buttery; a larder; a store-room. _Spencer._ _Spence_, a store-room; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of the spence. _Suel._ _Sue_, to follow; _el_, implying a person. A follower. T. _Tally._ _Taille_, a tally, an account scored upon a piece of wood. _Talent._ _Talent_, desire, affection. _Targett._ _Targe_, a small shield; _et_, implying a diminutive. A small shield. _Timbers._ _Timbres_, basins. _Timbesterre_ was a term applied to a woman who played tricks with timbres, or basins of some sort or other, by throwing them up into the air and catching them upon a single finger; a kind of balance-mistress. _Tourison._ _Tour_, a tower, and _sun_, a son. Son of a tower. _Tresse._ _Tresse_, an artificial lock, or gathering of hair. _Tressley._ _Tresse_, an artificial lock of hair; _líc_, like. Tress-like; gathered into a tress. _Tressler._ _Tress_, a tress; _lár_, knowledge. Tress-knowledge. V. _Verrey._ _Verray_, true, faithful. _Voucher._ _Vouche_, contraction of _vouchen sauf_, to vouchsafe; _ere_, an agent. One who vouches a thing safe. In Chaucer, such expressions as _voucheth sauf_, vouchsafe ye, and _the king vouches it save_, the king vouchsafes it, were of common occurrence. W. _Waite._ _Waite_, to watch. Wait, Waitt, Wayte, kindred terms. _Warden._ _Wardeyn_, a guard, a keeper of a gate. FROM THE SCOTCH. HISTORY—THE SCOT. Who were the Scots? This is a question extremely difficult to answer. No satisfactory account of the origin of the appellation has been given. It has puzzled the most distinguished antiquaries, whose conjectures serve rather to perplex than clear up the difficulty. Nor is this surprising, when Varro and Dyonysius could not agree about the etymon of Italia, nor Plutarch and Selinus about that of Rome. All that is known with certainty is, that it was at first a term of reproach, and consequently framed by enemies, rather than assumed by the nation distinguished by that name. The Highlanders, who were the genuine descendants of the ancient Scots, are absolutely strangers to the name, and have been so from the beginning of time. All those who speak the Gaelic language call themselves _Albanich_ or _Gael_, and their country _Alba_ or _Gaeldochd_. The Picts, who possessed originally the northern and eastern, and, in a later period, the more southern division of North Britain, were at first more powerful than the Caledonians of the west. It is therefore probable that the Picts, from principles of malevolence and pride, were ready to traduce and ridicule their weaker neighbors of Argyle. These two people spoke the same language—the Gaelic. In that language _Scot_, or _Scode_, signifies a corner or small division of a country. Accordingly, a corner of North Britain is the very name which Giraldus Cambrensis gives the little kingdom of Argyle, that the six sons of Muredus, King of Ulster, are said to have established in Scotland. _Scot_, in Gaelic, is much the same as _little_ or _contemptible_ in English; and _Scotlan_ literally signifies a _small flock_, but metaphorically stands for a small body of men. _Scuit_, a wanderer, is also from the Gaelic, and a few writers suppose that this may have been the origin of the name of _Scot_, a conjecture which seems to be countenanced by a passage in Ammianus Marcellinus, where the men are characterized “_per diversa vagantes_.” All that can be affirmed is, that, for some one of the reasons stated above, the Picts or the Britons may have given, out of derision, the appellation of _Scots_ to the ancestors of the Scottish nation. At what time the inhabitants of the west of Scotland came to be distinguished by this name is uncertain. Porphyrius, the philosopher, is the first who mentions them, and this was about the year of the Christian era 267. Towards the middle of the fourth century Ammianus Marcellinus speaks of them along with other British nations. Much discussion among antiquaries of note has taken place in regard to the origin of the Scots. Dr. Macpherson contends that they are of Caledonian, and Mr. Whitaker that they are of Irish extraction. Each supports his position with such arguments and authorities that an impartial inquirer is almost at a loss to know which to accept. What appears most probable is, that both are partly in the right and partly in the wrong. From what can be gleaned from past records the Scots seem to have been originally descended from Britons of the south, or from Caledonians, who, being pressed forward by new colonies from Gaul till they came to the western shore of Britain, passed over into Ireland probably one hundred years before the Christian era. Subsequently, about the year of Christ 320, they, or a large colony of them, returned under Fergus to Britain, and settled on the western coasts of Caledonia, from which place they had formerly migrated. As early as 340 they are found associated with the Picts in their expeditions into the Roman province, and for ninety or a hundred years afterwards Roman and British writers make frequent mention of their depredatory excursions. The territory of the ancient Scots comprehended, before the annexation of Pictavia, all that side of Caledonia that stretched along the coast from the Frith of Clyde to the Orkneys. Towards the east their dominions were divided from those of the Picts by the high mountains running from Dumbarton to the Frith of Tain. In course of time the Scots, under the reign of Kenneth, son of Alpin, became so powerful as to subdue their neighbors the Picts, and to give their own denomination to all Caledonia, Pictavia and Valentia, which territories are still comprehended under the general name of Scotland. Like those of all other nations, the historians of Scotland assume too great an antiquity for their countrymen, but are, however, much less extravagant in this particular than many others. According to them, the reign of Fergus, the first Scot monarch, is placed at 330 B. C. He was the son of Ferchard, an Irish prince, and is said to have been called into Scotland by the Caledonians to assist them against the Southern Britons, with whom they were then at war. Their language and manners he found to be the same as those of his countrymen. This happy condition of things rendered his position a very easy one. Placing himself at the head of his new allies, he engaged the Britons under their king, Coilus. Events proved him a brave and efficient leader. Coilus was defeated and killed, and victory soon settled upon the banners of the Scots. Shortly afterwards Fergus was declared, with the solemnity of an oath, king of the Scots. But he did not long enjoy his new dignity, for, being called to Ireland to quiet some commotions there, he was drowned on his return voyage at a place on the coast of Ireland, which was called for him, _Knock-Fergus_, or _Carrick-Fergus_; that is, Fergus’s Rock. Feritharis, brother of Fergus, succeeded to the throne to the prejudice of his nephews—Ferlegus and Mainus. His reign was not a peaceful one, for Ferlegus fomented strifes and dissensions, which failed of success, and only resulted, after the death of his uncle, in his being set aside from the succession. The throne was conferred upon his brother Mainus, Ferlegus having died in obscurity. The reign of Mainus and those of Dornadill and Nothat afford nothing remarkable. Reutha, Thereus, Jafina and Finnan then followed in regular succession, but no transactions of note marked their administrations, save that of the last, where we find the first beginnings of the Scottish Parliament. Durftus, Even and Gillus then succeeded, but their reigns were barren of interest. Even II, the nephew of Finnan, who came after Gillus, is said to have built the towns of Innerlochy and Inverness. He overcame Belus, king of the Orkneys, who had invaded Scotland. His son Ever, who next assumed the reins, became king at the time of the invasion of Britain by Julius Cæsar, and assisted the Britons against the common enemy. Even III, his successor, was a monster of cruelty and lust. His great wickedness occasioned a rebellion, and ended in his dethronement, imprisonment and death. Nothing memorable in the history of Scotland is met with from this time until that of Agricola, who having completed the conquest of the southern parts and in a great measure civilized the inhabitants, formed a like plan with regard to Scotland. Here he met a most formidable opposition, but Scotch valor was not proof against the discipline of Roman troops and the experience of their commander. The subsequent history of the Scot, his contact with the Dane, the Angles and the Saxons, and the Normans, must be left unmentioned. We have called attention to these people for the reason that they had in manner and language impressed the Scot of their days, and left an influence behind which is even felt in his progenitors of the present time. Our purpose at the beginning was to give but the history of the origin of the name and of those who had it imposed upon them, and this we have briefly, and it is to be hoped, successfully, accomplished. SCOTCH—AS IT NOW EXISTS. Modern Scotch, or the language as spoken even a hundred years ago, differs very materially from that in use by the Scots when Cæsar invaded Britain. Like the Erse, the latter was an important branch of the Celtic, or Keltic, family of Indo-European languages, of which the Irish, now almost extinct, affords a good illustration. Eighteen centuries, with their destructive and modifying influences, have been at work upon its structure till its genius has departed, never to return. The Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman have supplanted many of its word-forms, and done away with its peculiarities of speech. What is now left of its former glory is but the shadow. It is true we meet with Celtic words in current use, but time and neglect have so disfigured their physiognomies that even the practised mind of the philologist often fails to indicate their kinship. Scotch words, or we might say with greater propriety and exactness Scottish words, for _Scotch_ is seemingly nothing more than a corruption of _Scottish_, the English form of the Anglo-Saxon _Scyttisc_, vary their inflections as English words do. The changes, when there are changes, follow the usages of the Anglo-Saxon. As should be expected, when is considered the influence of the Teutonic and Norman-French invasions, the sounds of certain letters, whether taken singly or in combination, must necessarily have varied. This, as we shall now see, has been the case. _Ch_ and _gh_, in Scotch, have always the guttural sound. The sound of the English diphthong _oo_ is commonly spelled _ou_. French _u_, a sound which often occurs in the language, is marked _oo_, _ui_. In genuine Scottish words the _a_, except when constituting a diphthong, or when followed by an _e_ mute after a single consonant, sounds generally like the broad English _a_ in _wall_. The Scottish diphthong _æ_ always, and _ea_ very often, sound like the French _e_ masculine, while the Scottish diphthong _ey_ sounds like the Latin in _ei_. NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION. A. _Aiken._ _Aik_, an oak; _en_, indicative of an adjective. Oaken. _Auld._ _Auld_, old, ancient, of long duration. B. _Baude._ _Baud_, bold, courageous, brave. _Bauder._ _Baud_, bold; _ere_, an agent. A bold person. _Bearne_. _Bearn_, a child, a human creature. _Bent._ _Bent_, long grass, wild fields where bents, etc., grow. Bente, a kindred term. _Bentley._ _Bent_, long grass; _líc_, like. Resembling bent. _Bicker._ _Bicker_, a kind of wooden dish, a short race. _Birkey._ _Birkie_, a clever fellow. _Bonney._ _Bonnie_, bonny, handsome, beautiful. _Blyth._ _Blyth_, joy, sprightliness, liveliness. Blythe, another spelling of the word. _Bradley._ _Brade_, or _braid_, broad; _líc_, like. Broad-like; broadly. _Brauley._ _Braw_, brave; _líc_, like. Brave-like; bravely. _Brenner._ _Brenn_, burn; _ere_, an agent. That which burns, or gives light. _Briggs._ _Brigs_, bridges. _Brock._ _Brock_, a badger. _Bunker._ _Bunker_, a window-seat. _Burn._ _Burn_, water, a rivulet. _Burney._ _Burnie_, diminutive of _burn_, a rivulet. A small rivulet. _Buss._ _Buss_, shelter, refuge, protection. Busse, a kindred name. _Bussell._ _Bussle_, a bustle, great stir, tumultuous hurry. _Butt._ _Butt_, outer room. _Byers._ _Byres_, plural of _byre_, a cow-stable, a sheep-pen. C. _Caddy._ _Caddie_, a young person, a young fellow. _Caffey._ _Caff_, chaff; _ig_, implying an adjective. Chaffy. _Cairns._ _Cairns_, plural of _cairn_, a loose heap of stones. _Callan._ _Callan_, a boy. _Canny._ _Cannie_, gentle, mild, dexterous. _Carl._ _Carl_, an old man, a churl. _Carlin._ _Carlin_, feminine of _carl_. A stout old woman. _Cauldwell._ _Cauld_, cold; _well_, a well. A cold well. Caldwell, Colwell, from the same roots. _Child._ _Chield_, a fellow. _Clapp._ _Clap_, clapper of a mill. _Clater._ _Clatter_, an idle story. _Clash._ _Clash_, an idle tale, the story of the day. _Collie._ _Collie_, a general. _Core._ _Core_, corps, party, clans. _Cotter._ _Cotter_, an inhabitant of a cot-house, or cottage. _Cowton._ _Cowt_, a colt; _tún_, a house. A colt’s house. _Craft._ _Craft_, in old husbandry, a field near a house, a croft. _Crap._ _Crap_, a crop, to crop. _Crawford._ _Craw_, a rook; _ford_, a ford. A rook-ford. _Creeley._ _Creel_, a basket; _líc_, like. Resembling a basket. To have one’s wits in a _creel_, is to be crazed, to be fascinated. _Crees._ _Crees_, grease. _Crick._ _Cricke_, an ant, any small insect. _Crouse._ _Crouse_, cheerful, courageous. _Curley._ _Curlie_, curled, hair falling naturally in ringlets. _Curling._ _Curling_, a well-known game on ice. In Scotland, where it is practised, the player is called a _curler_. D. _Dale._ _Dale_, a plain, a valley. Deal, from the same root. _Dales._ _Dale_, a plain; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Dale. _Daley._ _Dale_, a plain; _ig_, an adjective termination. Resembling a plain. Dealy, a kindred term. _Dawson._ _Dawes_, days; _sun_, son. Son of days. _Dearie._ _Dearie_, diminutive of _dear_, a dear. A little dear. _Dern._ _Dern_, secret, hidden, sequestered. _Dolte._ _Dolt_, stupefied, crazed. _Dool._ _Dool_, sorrow. To sing _dool_ is to lament, to mourn. _Dooley._ _Dool_, sorrow; _ig_, an adjective termination. Sorrowful. _Doupe._ _Doupe_, the backside, the side or part of anything that is out of sight, or that is not observed. _Douredoure._ _Doure_, stout, durable, sullen, stubborn; _doure_, stout, durable, etc. Very stout; portly; obstinate. _Dow._ _Dow_, am, or are able. _Dowie._ _Dowie_, worn with grief, fatigue, etc., half asleep. _Dripps._ _Dreips_, or _drips_, drops. _Duddy._ _Duddie_, ragged. _Dyce._ _Dyce_, dice, checker-work. E. _Eldridge._ _Elriche_, _Elritch_, wild, hideous, ghostly, lonesome, uninhabited, except by spectres. _Enburgh._ _Enbrugh_, Edinburgh. F. _Fae._ _Fae_, a foe, an enemy. _Fallon._ _Fallan_, falling. _Fallows._ _Fallow_, a fellow; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of a fellow. Also, _fallows_, plural of _fallow_, a fellow. _Faust._ _Faust_, a fault. _Fay._ _Fay_, faith. Faye, of like kinship. _Fell._ _Fell_, keen, biting, the flesh immediately underneath the skin, a moderately level field on the side or top of a hill. _Ferley._ _Ferley_, or _ferlie_, to wonder, a wonder. Farley, from the same root. _Firth._ _Firth_, or _frith_, a wood. _Flegel._ _Fleg_, a kicker; _el_, denoting a personal name. A kicker; an opposer. _Fothergill._ _Fother_, fodder; _gill_, from _giolla_, a servant. A fodder-servant. _Fow._ _Fow_, or _fou_, full, fuddled, drunk. _Fyler._ _Fyle_, to soil, to dirty; _ere_, an agent. One who soils, or is soiled. G. _Gaber._ _Gab_, the mouth; _ere_, an agent. One who uses the mouth; a prattler. _Gair._ _Gair_, gear, dress, goods, effects, stuff. _Gash._ _Gash_, wise, sagacious, talkative. _Gear._ _Gear_, riches, goods of any kind. _Geary._ _Gear_, riches; _ig_, an adjective termination. Rich; wealthy. Gearey, another spelling. _Glen._ _Glen_, a dale, a deep valley. _Goff._ _Gowff_, the game of Golf. A game played with a ball and a bat. It is a favorite game in Scotland and consists in driving the ball from one hole to another. The person who drives his ball into a hole with the fewest strokes is declared the winner. _Gowdy._ _Gowd_, gould, gold; _ig_, an adjective termination. Gold-like; resembling gold. _Great._ _Great_, great, intimate, familiar. _Greely._ _Gree_, prize, victory; _líc_, like. Victorious. Greeley, of like derivation. _Greer._ _Gree_, prize, victory; _ere_, an agent. One who gains the prize; the victor. H. _Hagey._ _Hag_, a scar; _ig_, implying an adjective. Resembling a scar. _Hale._ _Hale_, whole, tight, healthy. _Haly._ _Haly_, holy. _Haldeman._ _Hald_, an abiding place; _man_, a man. A man that has an abiding place. _Hap._ _Hap_, an outer garment, mantle, plaid. Happ, a kindred term. _Haphold._ _Hap_, a plaid; _hold_, a captain. A captain invested with his plaid. _Harner._ _Harn_, very coarse linen; _ere_, an agent. One who makes coarse linen. _Hasher._ _Hash_, a fellow that neither knows how to dress nor act with propriety; _ere_, an agent. A fellow that does not dress becomingly. _Haugh._ _Haugh_, a low, rich land, a valley. _Haughey._ _Haugh_, a valley; _ig_, expressing an adjective. Valley-like. _Haughton._ _Haugh_, a valley; _tún_, a town. A valley-town. _Haverley._ _Haverel_, a half-witted person, half-witted. _Hawkey._ _Hawkie_, a cow, properly one with a white face. _Hearse._ _Hearse_, hoarse, rough, raucous. _Heather._ _Heather_, a heath, a place overgrown with heath, a low shrub belonging to the family of ericaceous plants. _Hecht._ _Hecht_, promised, foretold, the thing promised, or offered. _Heckle._ _Heckle_, a board in which is fixed a number of sharp pins used in dressing hemp, flax, etc. Heckel, a cognate term. _Helm._ _Helm_, rudder of a vessel. _Helmer._ _Helm_, rudder; _ere_, an agent. One who has the charge of the rudder; a helmsman. _Helmbold._ _Helm_, rudder, helm; _bóld_, a house. The helmsman’s house; pilot-house. _Helms._ _Helm_, Helm; _sun_, son. Son of Helm. _Herd._ _Herd_, to tend flocks, one who tends flocks. _Herder._ _Herd_, to tend flocks; _ere_, an agent. One who tends flocks. _Herry._ _Herry_, to plunder; most properly, to plunder birds’ nests. _Hiney._ _Hiney_, honey. _Hinger._ _Hing_, to hang; _ere_, an agent. A hanger; a hangman. _Hitch._ _Hitch_, a loop, a knot. _Hoff._ _Howff_, a tippling house, a house of resort. _Hoole._ _Hool_, outer skin or case, a nut-shell, a peascod, a pea-pod. _Hooley._ _Hoolie_, slowly, leisurely. _Horney._ _Hornie_, one of the many names of the devil. _Howe._ _Howe_, hollow, a hollow, or dell. _Howkins._ _Howkins_, diggings. _Howlett._ _Howlet_, an owlet, a small owl. _Hoy._ _Hoy_, to urge, to press forward. Hoye, of like derivation. _Hoyer._ _Hoy_, to urge; _ere_, an agent. One who urges; an urger. _Hoyt._ _Hoyte_, to amble crazily. _Hushen._ _Hushion_, a cushion. I. _Ilko._ _Ilka_, each, every. _Ingle._ _Ingle_, fire, fire-place. K. _Kain._ _Kain_, fowls, etc., paid as rent by a farmer. _Kames._ _Kames_, combs. _Keel._ _Keel_, a raddle. _Keeler._ _Keel_, a raddle; _ere_, an agent. One who uses a raddle; a weaver. _Keeley._ _Keel_, a raddle; _ig_, implying an adjective. Raddle-like; resembling a raddle. _Kett._ _Ket_, matted hair, fleece of wool. _Kirk._ _Kirk_, church. Kirke, of similar derivation. _Kirkbride._ _Kirk_, church; _bryde_, a bride. The church’s bride. _Kirkby._ _Kirk_, church; _bý_, a habitation. A habitation belonging to the church; a parsonage. _Kirker._ _Kirk_, church; _ere_, an agent. A churchman. _Kirkham._ _Kirk_, church; _hám_, house. Church-house. _Kirkland._ _Kirk_, church; _land_, land. Church-land. _Kirkman._ _Kirk_, church; _man_, a man. A churchman. _Kirkpatrick._ _Kirk_, church; _Patrick_, Patrick. Church of St. Patrick. _Kirkwood._ _Kirk_, church; _wud_, wood. Church-wood. _Kirn._ _Kirn_, the harvest-supper, a churn. _Kitchen._ _Kitchen_, anything that is eaten with bread, or that serves for gravy, soup, etc. _Kittle._ _Kittle_, ticklish, lively, apt. As a verb, it signifies to tickle. _Knapp._ _Knap_, to strike sharply. A smart blow. _Knapper._ _Knap_, to strike sharply; _ere_, an agent. One who strikes a smart blow. _Kye._ _Kye_, cows. _Kyle._ _Kyle_, a district in Ayrshire. Doubtless from _kyel_—the equivalent of _kye_, cows, and _el_, a personal suffix—a cowherd. L. _Laddey._ _Laddie_, diminutive of _lad_, a small lad, or boy. _Laggen._ _Lagen_, the angle between the side and the bottom of a wooden dish. _Lang._ _Lang_, long. _Lear._ _Lear_, learning, knowledge. _Linn._ _Linn_, a water-fall, a precipice. _Lowe._ _Lowe_, a flame. _Lounes._ _Lounes_, plural of _loun_, a fellow, a ragamuffin, a woman of easy virtue. _Lowrie._ _Lowrie_, abbreviation of Lawrence. Lowry, from the same name. Lawrence, from the Latin, belonging to the laurel; secondarily, victorious. _Lowse._ _Lowse_, to loose. _Lum._ _Lum_, the chimney. _Lunt._ _Lunt_, a column of smoke, to smoke. M. _Mair._ _Mair_, more. _Malley._ _Mallie_, Molly, nickname for Mary, a Hebrew word signifying bitter. _Mang._ _Mang_, among. _Manse._ _Manse_, the house where the minister lives, the parsonage. _Mavis._ _Mavis_, the thrush. _Maw._ _Maw_, to mow, a mow. _Mawby._ _Maw_, to mow; _bý_, a house, a habitation. A mow-house; a chamber in a barn where hay is stored. _Mell._ _Mell_, to meddle. Also, a mallet for pounding barley in a stone trough. _Meslin._ _Meslin_, mixed corn. _Muckel._ _Muckle_, great, big, much. _Murney._ _Murne_, mourn; Irish _neać_, an individual. One that mourns; a mourner. N. _Napey._ _Nappy_, ale, to be tipsy. Naphey, perhaps, from the same root. P. _Pack._ _Pack_, intimate, familiar, twelve stone of wool. _Parle._ _Parle_, speech, discourse, conversation. _Pechin._ _Pechan_, the crop, the stomach. _Pickle._ _Pickle_, a small quantity. Pickel, from the same radix. _Pine._ _Pine_, pain, uneasiness. _Plews._ _Plews_, or _pleughs_, ploughs. _Prigge._ _Prig_, to cheapen, to dispute. _Pund._ _Pund_, pound. _Pyle._ _Pyle_ (_a pyle o’ chaff_), a single grain of chaff. Q. _Quay._ _Quay_, or _quey_, a young heifer, a cow from one to two years of age. R. _Raible._ _Raible_, to rattle nonsense. _Rash._ _Rash_, a rush. _Reamer._ _Ream_, cream, to cream; _ere_, an agent. One who skims the cream from anything. _Reck._ _Reck_, to heed. _Redwood._ _Red-wud_, stark mad. _Reid._ _Reid_, a reed. _Reider._ _Reid_, to advise; _ere_, an agent. One that advises; an adviser. _Reidy._ _Reid_, a reed; _ig_, indicating an adjective termination. Reedy. _Rever._ _Rever_, robber, pirate, rover. _Rief._ _Rief_, or _reef_, plenty, abundance, randies, sturdy beggars. _Rigby._ _Rig_, a ridge; _bý_, a habitation. A ridge-house. _Riggs._ _Rigs_, plural of _rig_, a ridge. _Rink._ _Rink_, the course of the stones, a term in _curling_ on ice. _Ripley._ _Rip_, a handful of unthreshed corn; _líc_, like. Resembling a handful of unthreshed corn. _Ripp._ _Rip_, a handful of unthreshed corn. _Routh._ _Routh_, or _rowth_, plenty, abundance. _Rung._ _Rung_, a cudgel. Runge, of like kinship. _Runger._ _Rung_, a cudgel; _ere_, an agent. A cudgeller. S. _Saul._ _Saul_, soul. Saull, from the same root. _Sauter._ _Saut_, salt; _ere_, an agent. One who salts; a salter. _Sax._ _Sax_, six. _Scarborough._ _Scar_, a cliff; _beorh_, a burrow. A cliff-burrow. _Shaw._ _Shaw_, to show, a small wood in a hollow. _Sheen._ _Sheen_, bright, shining. _Sheetz._ _Sheits_, or _shetes_, sheets. _Shiel._ _Shiel_, a shed. _Shill._ _Shill_, shrill. _Shur._ _Shure_, did shear, shore. Shurr, from the same root. _Siller._ _Siller_, silver, money. _Simmer._ _Simmer_, summer. _Simmers._ _Simmer_, Simmer; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Simmer. _Skerl._ _Skirl_, to shriek, to cry shrilly. _Slade._ _Slade_, did slide. _Slaw._ _Slaw_, slow, tardy. _Smithers._ _Smithers_, smothers. _Snell._ _Snell_, bitter, biting. _Soutter._ _Souter_, a shoemaker. _Speel._ _Speel_, to climb. _Spier._ _Spier_, to ask, to inquire. _Stang._ _Stang_, an acute pain, a twinge, to sting. _Stangle._ _Stang_, to sting; _el_, expressive of a personal name. That which stings. _Stant._ _Stant_, to stand. _Stark._ _Stark_, stout, stiff. _Steane._ _Stean_, or _stane_, a stone. _Stell._ _Stell_, a still. _Swank._ _Swank_, stately, jolly. A tight, strapping young fellow or girl was called a _swankie_, or _swanker_. T. _Taine._ _Taine_, or _tane_, a token. _Tifft._ _Tift_, a puff of wind. _Toomey._ _Toom_, empty; _ig_, expressive of an adjective. Empty; unoccupied. W. _Waley._ _Walie_, ample, large, jolly. _Wambold._ _Wam_, the womb, the belly; _bóld_, a house, a habitation. The womb-house; the abdomen. _Ward._ _Ward_, watch, sentinel. _Wark._ _Wark_, work. _Warley._ _Warly_, worldly, eager in amassing wealth. Warlley, a cognate term. _Warris._ _Warris_, wars. _Whidden._ _Whidden_, running as a hare or cony. _Wicht._ _Wicht_, powerful, strong, inventive, of superior genius. _Wiel._ _Wiel_, a small whirlpool. _Wrangham._ _Wrang_, wrong, to wrong; _hám_, a house. A wrong home; a wronged house. Y. _Yerkes._ _Yerkes_, or _yerks_, present indicative third person singular of _yerk_, to lash, to jerk. Lashes; jerks. _Yetter._ _Yett_, a gate; _ere_, an agent. One who has charge of a gate; a gate-keeper. _Yett_ was usually applied to a gate that commanded the entrance to a farm-yard or a field. ADDENDA ET CORRIGIENDA. A. _Acker._ _Acer_, an acre, a field. Aker, of like derivation. _Ackley._ _Ác-lea_, from _ác_, an oak, and _leag_, a territory, a district. An oak-district. Oakley, from the same roots. _Acorn._ _Ác-cærn_, from _ác_, an oak, and _cærn_, a corn. An oak-corn. _Adamson._ Hebrew _Adam_, red earth; A. S. _sun_, son. Son of Adam; son of red earth. Adams, contracted form of the word. _Albertson._ _Albert_, from _æl_, all, and _beorht_, bright; _sun_, son. Son of Albert; son of the all-bright, or illustrious. Alberts, of like kinship. _Albright._ _Æl_, all; _beorht_, bright. All-bright; illustrious. _Alderson._ _Alder_, an author, an originator; _sun_, son. Son of an author. _Anderson._ Greek _aner_, French _andré_, a man; _sun_, son. Son of a man. Anders, Andrews, of like significance. _Antrim._ Irish _antrim_, land of caverns. Very closely allied to _antrum_, the Latin for cave, den, grot, lurking-place. _Armstrong._ _Earm_, arm; _strong_, strong. Arm-strong. _Ashburn._ _Æsc_, an ash-tree, a ship; _burne_, a bourn, stream, creek, river. A stream bordered by ash-trees; a river navigable by ships. B. _Barrow._ _Beorh_, a heap, burrow or barrow, a heap of stones, a place of burial. Barrows, son of Barrow. _Bartram._ _Beorht_, bright; _remn_, or _hrem_, a raven. A bright raven. Bertram, of like kinship. _Becker._ _Béc_, a book; _ere_, an agent. A book-maker; a bookman. _Béc_, derivable from _béce_, a beech-tree, as books were first made out of the beech. Becher, a name of analogous significance. _Beckman._ _Béc_, a book; _man_, a man. A bookman; a book-maker. Bechman, a kindred term. _Beckley._ _Béc_, book, or _béce_, beech; _líc_, like. Book-like; resembling the beech. _Berry._ _Berige_, or _berie_, a berry, a grape. _Best._ _Best_, best, most. _Bickel._ _Bicce_, a bitch; _el_, implying personality. A woman in disgrace. _Bickley._ _Bicce_, a bitch; _líc_, like. Resembling a bitch. _Bigg._ _Byge_, or _bige_, a corner, a bay. Perhaps, from _byggan_, to big, to build: hence, great, large in bulk. _Bigley._ _Byge_, a bay; _líc_, like. Resembling a bay. _Birch._ _Birce_, or _byrce_, a birch-tree. Birkey, from the same radix. _Blackburn._ _Blæc_, black; _beorn_, a prince, a king. A black prince. Or, from _blæc_, black, and _byrne_, a coat of mail. A black coat of mail. _Blade._ _Blæd_, a blade, leaf, branch, twig. It also signifies a blowing, blast, breath, life, a favorable wind, success, prosperity, honor, reward, fame, glory. _Blading._ _Blæd_, a blade, a leaf; _ing_, expressive of action. Leaf-producing. _Blakeley._ _Blæc_, black; _líc_, like. Resembling black. Blakely, a kindred term. _Blakey._ _Blæc_, black; _ig_, an adjective termination. Blackish. _Blakiston._ _Blæc_, black; _isc_, an adjective termination denoting likeness; _tún_, town. A blackish town. _Blane._ _Blægen_, a pustule. _Blain_, perhaps, from the same root. _Blaney._ _Blægen_, a pustule; _ig_, an adjective termination. Full of pustules. _Blank._ _Blanc_, white. Blanke, from the same root. _Blankley._ _Blanc_, white; _líc_, like. White-like. _Blee._ _Bleo_, color, hue, blee, complexion, beauty. _Blue._ _Bleo_, blue, azure. Blew is, doubtless, from _bleow_, the past of _bláwan_, to blow, to breathe. _Boot._ _Bót_, a boot, remedy, amend, atonement, offering, redress, compensation, cure. Boote, another spelling. _Booth._ Ir. _both_, a house. _Borgman._ _Borg_, a loan, a pledge; _man_, a man. A man who receives a loan, or one who gives a pledge; a bondsman. _Bostick._ _Bósig_, a crib, a stall, a manger, a boose. Bostwick, from the same roots, both words, doubtless, being corruptions of the original. _Bower._ _Búr_, a bower, cottage, dwelling, an inner room, bed-chamber, storehouse. _Bowman._ _Boga_, a bow, arch, corner, bending, band, horn, tail; _man_, a man. A bow-man; an archer. _Brick._ Ir. _brice_, French _brique_, a brick. Earth or clay formed into regular blocks and burnt in a kiln or baked in the sun. _Bridge._ _Bricg_, or _brycg_, a bridge. _Bradbury._ _Brád_, broad, vast; _beorh_, a barrow, or burrow. A vast barrow. _Braddock._ _Brád_, broad; Gothic _dok_, a deep or gulfy place. A broad dock. Or, from _brád_, broad; _docce_, a dock, a kind of plant. A broad-leaved dock. _Bradford._ _Brád_, broad; _ford_, a ford. A broad ford. _Bray._ Ir. _breáǵ_, fine. Or, from _breać_, ever. _Brightly._ _Beorht_, bright; _líc_, like. Bright-like; with lustre; splendidly. _Bryan._ Ir. _briǵ_, virtue, vigor, force; _an_, a personal termination. A virtuous person; a man of vigor. _Buckingham._ _Boccenham_, from _bóccen_, an adjective derived from _bócce_, a beech, and _hám_, a house. A beechen house; a house surrounded by beech trees. _Burk._ _Bearoc_, from _bearo_, a grove, a wood, a hill covered with wood. Burke, from the same root. _Burkley._ _Bearoc_, a grove, a forest; _líc_, like. Forest-like. _Burr._ _Búr_, a bower, dwelling, storehouse. Also, from French _bourre_, the down on herbs and fruits. Most properly, from the Anglo-Saxon. _Burrell._ _Búr_, a bower, a storehouse, a dwelling; _el_, a termination denoting both persons and inanimate objects. One who, or that which, dwells in a bower; a cottager; a storehouse. _Burrow._ _Beorh_, a heap, a barrow, a heap of stones, a place of burial. Burrough, from the same radix. C. _Cade._ Ir. _céad_, a hundred, first. Perhaps, from _cat́_, pronounced _cath_, or _cadh_, war, battle. _Cadic._ Ir. _céad_, first; _eać_, for _neać_, an agent. The first man. Caddy, from the same roots. Probably, from _cat́-aid́_, a warrior. _Callow._ _Calo_, or _caluw_, callow, bald, without hair. _Camley._ Ir. _cam_, curved, crooked, bent; A. S. _líc_, like. Curved-like; crooked. _Camp._ _Camp_, from Latin _campus_, a contest, battle, war, a camp. _Campbell._ _Camp_, a camp; _bel_, a bell. A camp-bell. Possibly, from French _camp_, a camp, and _bel_, beautiful: hence, a beautiful camp. _Canby._ _Can_, or _cann_, clearance; _bý_, a habitation. A clearance-house. _Capp._ _Cappa_, a cap, cope, priest’s garment. _Carl._ _Carl_, a male; chiefly used before words to denote the male, as _cwén_ does the female. _Carl-catt_, meaning a male cat, and _carl-fugol_, a male or cock bird. Later, _carl_ came to signify man, a married man, as well as the male of any kind. _Carley._ _Carl_, a male, a man; _líc_, like. Male-like; resembling a man; churlish. Carle, from the same. _Carncross._ Ir. _carn_, a heap of stones; _cros_, a cross. A cross composed of a heap of stones. _Carra._ Ir. _cara_, a friend. _Carritt._ Ir. _car_, dear; _aid́_, a termination indicative of personality. A dear person; a friend. _Carter._ _Cræt_, or _crat_, a carriage, a cart; _ere_, an agent. One who drives a cart or carriage; a carter; a teamster. In Anglo-Saxon, _cræt-wǽn_ was applied to a wain, a chariot. It is highly probable that _cræt_ or _crat_ is traceable through the Gaelic words _cairt_ and _carr_ to Latin _carrus_, a car, a chariot. _Caskey._ Ir. _Caisg_, Easter; _eać_, an individual. One who celebrates Easter. _Caton._ A. S. for the Latin _catus_, or _cautus_, cautious, weary, provident. _Cilles._ _Cille_, a bottle; genitive _cilles_, of bottle. Belonging to a bottle. _Conrad._ _Cón_, bold; _rǽd_, counsel, reason, opinion. Bold counsel; courageous opinion. _Conway._ _Cón_, bold; _wæg_, a way, a passage. A bold passage. _Cormac._ Ir. _corb_, a chariot; _mac_, son. Son of a chariot; a charioteer. Cormick, Cormuck, barbarous spellings of the name. _Coulter._ _Culter_, and not _colter_, a coulter. See page 67. _Crawford._ _Cráw_, a crow, chough, jackdaw; _ford_, a ford. A crow-ford; a ford crossed by crows. _Crock._ _Croc_, a crock, a pitcher. _Crook._ _Cruc_, a crook, a crutch. _Crookes._ _Crook_, Crook; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Crook. _Crouch._ Corruption of _cruc_, a crook, a crutch. _Crowley._ _Cráw_, a crow; _líc_, like. Resembling a crow. _Culbert._ _Col_, a helmet; _beorht_, bright. A bright helmet. Colbert, of like derivation. _Curby._ _Cear_, anxious, careful; _bý_, a habitation. An anxious home. _Curry._ Ir. _curam_, care (applied in Irish to all over whom one has charge); _eać_, an agent, and not _lać_. A supervisor. See page 22. D. _Dalby._ _Dál_, a dale, a valley; _bý_, a habitation. A valley-home. _Darby._ Common name for _Diarmoid_ in Limerick and Tipperary. See Dermod, page 23. _Darcey._ _Dearc_, or _deorc_, dark, dusky; _ig_, an adjective termination. Dark; dusky. _Darkis._ _Dearc_, dark; _isc_, an adjective ending. Darkish; dusky. _Darling._ _Deór_, dear; _ling_, a termination denoting state or condition of a person. A person that is dear, or beloved. _Darlington._ _Darling_, Darling; _tán_, house. Home of Darling. _Darley._ _Deór_, dear; _líc_, like. Dear-like; dearly. _Davidson._ _David_, Hebrew for “beloved;” _sun_, son. Son of David. Davids, a contracted form of the name. _Davies._ _Davie_, Scotch for the Hebrew for “beloved;” _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Davie. Davieson, unabbreviated name, and Davis, a contraction thereof. _Daw._ _Dæg_, a day; _dawe_, Old English for the same. Day, of like kinship. _Dawson._ _Daw_, Daw; _sun_, son. Son of Daw. _Deacon._ _Deacon_, or _diacon_, a deacon, a levite. _Deane._ _Deane_, the Danes: so called from _dene_, a valley, a plain, for they are dwellers in a vale or plain. _Dean_, as commonly applied, is the same as _deacon_, a levite. _Denison._ _Denis_, French of the Greek _Dionysos_, god of Nysos; _sun_, son. Son of Denis. _Denn._ _Den_, a valley, a plain. _Derby._ _Deór-bý_, from _deór_, a deer, a beast, and _bý_, a habitation. A deer-park. _Dilg._ _Dilge_, present indicative of _dilgian_, to destroy. _Donald._ Ir. _Donghal_, from _donn_, brown, and _gall_, stranger. Brown-haired stranger. _Donaldson._ _Donald_, Donald; _sun_, son. Son of Donald. _Donnell._ Ir. _Domhnall_, possibly _Donghal_, from _donn_, brown, and _gall_, stranger. Brown-haired stranger. _Donaghy._ Ir. _Donoghoc_, from _Donnachu_, which is from _donn_, brown, and _neać_, an individual, an agent. A brown-haired chief. Donnogh, Donahoe, Donahue, Donohoe, Donohue, from the same roots. _Douglass._ Ir. _dhu_, from _dub́_, black, dark; _glas_, green, gray. Dark green; dark gray. _Dugall._ Ir. _dhu_, from _dub́_, black; _gall_, a stranger. A black stranger. Dugald, from the same roots. _Downes._ _Dúnes_, genitive of _dún_, a mountain, a hill. Belonging to a hill. _Douney._ _Dún-ig_, from _dún_, a mountain, a hill, and _ig_, an adjective ending. Mountainous; hilly. Downy, from the same derivation. _Durburrow._ _Dur_, a door, a gate; _beorh_, a burrow, a place of burial. A door-burrow; a place of burial entered by door, or gate. Durborrow, Durborow, cognate terms. E. _Earl._ _Eorl_, not _earl_, noble, earl, man. See page 68. _Earley._ _Eorl-líc_, from _eorl_, an earl, and _líc_, like. Earl-like; belonging to an earl. _Easby._ _Eás_, genitive of _eá_, a river; _bý_, a habitation. Habitation of a river; banks of a river. _Eastburn._ _East_, eastern; _burne_, a river. An eastern river. _Eastman._ _East_, eastern; _man_, a man. An eastern man. _Eck._ _Éce_, eternal, perpetual, everlasting. _Eckley._ _Éce-líc_, from _éce_, eternal, and _líc_, like. Eternal-like; everlasting. _Edgar._ _Eádg_, happy, prosperous, blessed, rich, perfect; _gár_, a dart, javelin, spear, weapon. A prosperous spear. _Eádg_, contraction of the adjective _eád-ig_, which is derivable from the substantive _eád_, prosperity, happiness. It is highly probable that _eád_ is an altered form of _eard_, earth, a man’s prosperity and consequent happiness being measured by the extent of his earthly possessions. See page 68. _Edmund._ _Eádmund_, from _eádg_, happy, and _mund_, hand, protection, defence. Happy defence. _Edson._ _Eádg_, rich; _sun_, son. Rich son. _Edward._ _Eádward_, from _eádg_, blessed; _weard_, guardian, watchman. A blessed guardian. _Egge._ _Egge_, present indicative first person singular of _eggian_, to egg, to excite. _Eglee._ _Egle_, troublesome, difficult, hateful. Or, from _egle_, a sprout, an ear of corn, a thistle. _Eggleson._ _Egle_, troublesome; _sun_, son. A troublesome son. F. _Farley._ _Far-líc_, from _fær_, sudden, fortuitous, wonderful, and _líc_, like. Sudden; fortuitous; wonderful. _Ferguson._ _Fergus_, Fergus; _sun_, son, Son of Fergus. See Fergus, page 25. _Fetter._ _Feoter_, or _fetor_, a fetter. _Fetterling._ _Feoter_, a fetter; _ling_, a termination denoting the state or condition of a person. Bondage. _Finan._ Ir. _fionn_, fair, white; _an_, a personal ending. A fair person. Finian, kindred in derivation. _Fitler._ _Fit_, or _fitt_, a song; _lár_, lore, learning, law. Song-lore. _Forder._ _Ford_, a ford; _ere_, an agent. On who, or that which, fords a stream. _Fordham._ _Ford_, ford; _hám_, house. Ford-house. _Fowler._ _Fugel-ere_, from _fugel_, a bird, a fowl, and _ere_, an agent. One who pursues or traps wild fowl. _Freeborn._ _Freó-bearn_, from _freó_, free, and _bearn_, born. One free born. _Fricka._ _Fríga_, Saxon Venus, the goddess of love. Or, which is more likely, from _fricca_, a crier or preacher. Frick, from the same radix. See Frick, page 70. _Frost._ _Frost_, or _forst_, frost. _Fry._ _Frý_, free, having liberty or authority. Frye, of similar derivation. _Fuller._ _Fullere_, from _fullian_, to whiten, and _ere_, an agent. One that whitens anything; a bleacher. _Fullerton._ _Fuller_, Fuller; _tún_, house. Home of Fuller. _Fullom._ _Fúle-hám_, from _fúle_, foul, muddy, corrupt, and _hám_, a house. A muddy house; a corrupt home. Fullum, a cognate term. G. _Gadd._ _Gád_, or _gǽd_, a point of a weapon, a prick, a goad. Also, from _gád_, want, need, deficiency. _Gadsby._ _Gádes_, genitive of _gád_, want, deficiency, need; _bý_, a habitation. A needy home. _Gaff._ _Gaf_, base, vile, lewd. _Gaffney._ _Gaf_, base; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A base person. _Gale._ _Gale_, a nightingale, is from _galan_, to sing, to enchant. Galey, of like derivation. _Galen._ _Galen_, past participle of _galan_, to sing, to enchant. _Garlic._ _Gár-leac_, from _gár_, a spear, and _leac_, a leek, an onion, an herb. Spear-leek; garlic. _Garman._ _Gár_, a spear; _man_, a man. A spearman. _Garret._ _Gár_, a spear; _rédhe_, cruel. A cruel spear. _Gillingham._ _Gillinga-hám_, or _Gill-ingahám_, from _Gill_, Gill, and _ingahám_, residence of the sons. Home of the sons of Gill. See Gill, page 27. _Glade._ _Glade_, a river, a brook. Or, _glade_, gladly. _Gladney._ _Glǽd_, purified, bright; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A purified person; a saint; an angel. _Glenney._ _Glen_, a glen, a valley; Ir. _neać_, an individual. A dweller in a glen, or a valley. _Guildford._ _Gild-ford_, from _gild_, a guild, society, or club where money was paid for support, and _ford_, a ford. A stock-ford. H. _Haddock._ _Hacod_, by the inversion of the letters in the last syllable became _hadoc_, and signifies a pike, mullet. _Hadley._ _Heáfod-líc_, from _heáfod_, a head, and _líc_, like. Head-like; capital; chief. Headley, of like kinship. _Haines._ _Heánes_, from _heáh_, high, and _nes_, a termination of feminine nouns denoting qualify or state. Highness; height; top; end; pinnacle; fortress. _Haley._ _Heálig_, from _heáh_, high, and _ig_, an adjective ending. High; lofty. Or, from _hál_, healthy, sound, whole, and _ig_, implying an adjective. Healthy; sound; wholly; holy. _Hallowell._ _Heálig_, holy; _well_, a well. A holy well. Halliwell, from the same roots. _Hambright._ _Hám_, home; _beorht_, bright. A bright home. _Hambrook._ _Hám_, home; _bróc_, a rivulet. A home rivulet. _Hancock._ _Hean_, worthless; _cocc_, or _coc_, a cock, a male bird. A worthless cock. See Hancock, page 72. _Handley._ _Handle_, that which is used by the hand. A handle; a haft. Hanley, a kindred term. _Hane._ _Heán_, high, lofty, sublime, chief, noble, excellent. _Hanna._ _Heana_, poor, needy, humble, despised. _Hansbury._ _Heán-burh_, from _heán_, high, lofty, and _burh_, a tower. A lofty tower. _Harbeck._ _Hár_, hoar, hoary, gray; _béc_, a book. A hoary book. _Harbert._ _Hár_, hoary, gray; _beorht_, glistening. Glistening with gray. _Harding._ _Heard_, hard; _ing_, implying action. Hardening. _Hardick._ _Heard_, hard; _ig_, an adjective termination. Hardy. Hardie, Hardy, from the same roots. _Hare._ _Hara_, a hare. As hares are gray, the name was originally derived from _hár_, hoar, hoary, gray. _Hare_, an estuary, is a probable etymology. _Hargis._ _Heregas_, armies, a host. _Harmer._ _Hearm_, harm, damage, calamity; _ere_, an agent. One who, or that which, produces harm. Perhaps, from _harma_, a sling to support a wounded arm, an arm that has been harmed or damaged. _Hay._ _Hoeg_, or _hég_, hay. _Hayes._ _Haye_, Hay; _s_ for sun, _son_. Son of Hay. _Hazel._ _Hæsel_, or _hæsl_, a nut-tree, hazel. _Hæsel_, also, signifies a hat. The husk of the hazel-nut resembles a hat, but whether the plant took its name from the form of the covering of the nut, or the hat received its name from its resemblance to the covering, is a question. We incline to the latter belief. _Heany._ _Heane_, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised. Heeny, from the same root. _Heberton._ _Heber_, a goat; _tún_, a house. A goat-house. _Heller._ _Helle_, clear, eminent; _ere_, an agent. A man of eminence. _Heppe._ _Heope_, a hip, fruit of the dog-rose. _Herman._ _Here-man_, from _here_, an army, and _man_, a man. An army-man; a soldier. _Hill._ _Hill_, or _hyll_, a hill. _Hilles._ _Hilles_, or _hylles_, genitives of _hill_ and _hyll_, a hill. Belonging to a hill. _Hocker._ _Hocer_, or _hocor_, mocking, reproach. _Hood._ _Hód_, a hood. _Hodge._ _Hog_, prudent, careful, anxious. _Hodgson._ _Hog_, prudent; _sun_, son. A prudent son. _Holcombe._ _Hol_, a hole, cavern, den; _comb_ a valley. A cavernous valley. _Holden._ _Healden_, past participle of _healdan_, to hold, rescue, fasten, rule, govern. Held; ruled; governed. _Holland._ _Hol_, a hole, a cavern; _land_, region. A cavernous land. Or, _hol_, hollow; land, _land_. A hollow land. _Hookey._ _Hóc_, or _hooc_, a hook, a stick, or iron bent at the end; _iht_, an adjective termination. Hooked. _Hoopes._ _Hópes_, genitive of _hóp_, a hoop, circle, company. Belonging to a hoop. _Hough._ _Hoh_, or _hó_, a heel, hough, ham. I. _Inger._ _Ing_, Ing; _ere_, an agent. A descendant of Ing. According to Teuton mythology, Ing was the son of Tuisco, and is, without doubt, the name-father of the Anglo-Saxon and English. _Ingham._ _Ing_, Ing; _hám_, house. Home of Ing. _Ingram._ _Ing_, Ing; _remn_, or _hrem_, a raven. Ing’s raven. K. _Kane._ Ir. _cat́on_, pronounced _cahon_, from _cat́_, battle, and _an_, a termination denoting a personal noun. A warrior. _Kindall._ _Cyn_, or _cin_, suitable; _dál_, valley. A suitable valley. Kendall, of like kinship. _Kettle._ _Cetel_, a kettle. _Kidder._ _Cidan_, to contend, quarrel, chide; _ere_, an agent. One who chides; a chider. _Kille._ _Cile_, cold, coldness. Or, more likely, _cille_, a battle. _King._ _Cyng_, king, ruler, prince. _Kingsbury._ _Cynges_, genitive of _cyng_, king; _beorh_, a city. King’s city. _Kingston._ _Cynges_, genitive of _cyng_, a king; _tún_, town. King’s town. _Kitchen._ _Cicene_, a kitchen. _Knapp._ _Cnæpp_, a top, cop, knop, button. _Knauf._ _Cnáfa_, one begotten, an offspring, a son, boy, youth. _Knaup._ _Cnápa_, son, boy, youth. _Knight._ _Cniht_, a boy, youth, attendant, a military follower. _Knoll._ _Cnoll_, a knoll, a hill, top, cop, summit. _Knott._ _Cnott_, a knot, a fastening, knitting. _Knowles._ _Cnolles_, genitive of _cnoll_, a knoll, a hill. Belonging to a knoll, or hill. L. _Landes._ _Landes_, genitive of _land_, land, ground, earth, field, country. Belonging to the country. Landis, of cognate derivation. _Lang._ _Lang_, long, tall. _Langfeld._ _Lang_, long; _feld_, a field. A long field. _Langham._ _Lang_, long; _hám_, home. Long home. _Langley._ _Lang-líce_, from _lang_, long, and _líce_, form. Form of long; a long time. _Lapp._ _Lappa_, a lap, border, hem, piece, portion. _Lark._ _Lauerc_, or _lawerc_, a lark. _Lau._ _Láu_, a relict, a widow. _Lawman._ _Lah_, law; _man_, a man. A man of the law; a lawyer. _Lawson._ _Lah_, law; _sun_, son. Son of the law; a lawyer. _Lea._ _Lea_, or _leag_, a law, a territory or district in which a particular law or custom was in force. See Lea, page 75. _Leak._ _Leac_, a leek, an onion, garlic, an herb. _Light._ _Liht_, light, bright, not heavy. _Lightham._ _Liht_, bright; _hám_, home. A bright home. _Lillie._ _Lilie_, a lily. Lilly, from the same radix. _Lillig._ _Lilige_, a lily. _List._ _List_, wisdom, science, power, faculty, art, deceit. _Loos._ _Lús_, pronounced _loos_, a louse. _Lord._ _Laueord_, or _hláford_, a lord, a master, a ruler. _Love._ _Lóf_, praise. Or, from _luf_, love, favor, grace. _Lovely._ _Lóf_, praise; _líc_, like. Praise-like; lovely. Or, from _luf-líc_, lovely. _Luff._ _Luf_, love, favor, grace. _Lunger._ _Lunger_, immediate, quick. _Lust._ _Lust_, desire, will, power, pleasure, delight, exultation. M. _McAlpin._ Ir. _mac_, son; _ailpin_, from _ailp_, a lump, a height, and _in_, implying a diminutive. Son of a small lump, or height. _McArthur._ Ir. _mac_, son; _Arthur_, Anglicised form of Ir. _ard_, high. Son of Arthur; son of the high. _McBride._ Ir. _mac_, son; _briǵ_, virtue, vigor, force. Son of virtue; son of force. Anglo-Saxon _bride_ is, doubtless, traceable to Ir. _briǵ_. _McCadden._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cat́in_, pronounced _cathin_, or, possibly, corrupted into _cadhin_, a warrior. Son of a warrior. _McCandless._ Ir. _mac_, son; Anglo-Saxon _candeles_, genitive of _candel_, a candle. Son of a candle. Candle is from the Latin _candeo_, I burn. _McCarrick._ Ir. _mac_, son; _Carrick_, Carrick. Son of Carrick. See Carrick, page 21. _McCartney._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cairt_, a cart; _neać_, an agent. Son of a carter. _McClay._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _clæg_, clay. Son of Clay; son of clay. _McClerk._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _clerc_, a clerk, a priest. Son of a priest. _McCombes._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _combes_, genitive of _comb_, a valley. Son of a valley. McComb, McCombs, McCoomb, McCoombs, of kindred derivation. _McCoon._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _coones_, genitive of _coon_, bold. Son of the bold. _McCord._ Ir. _mac_, son; _coird_, genitive of _cord_, a string. Son of a string. _McCormac._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cormac_, from _corb_, a chariot, and _mac_, a son; hence, a charioteer. Son of a charioteer. _McCourt._ Ir. _mac_, son; _cuirte_, genitive of _cuirt_, a yard, an enclosed place. Son of an enclosed place. McCort, from the same roots. _McDade._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _dǽde_, genitive of _dǽd_, deed, action. Son of action. _McFeat._ Ir. _mac_, son; _fearte_, genitive of _feart_, a feat, an achievement. Son of achievement. _McFeeters._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _fæteres_, genitive of _fæter_, a fetter. Son of a fetter. _McGade._ Ir. _mac_, son; A. S. _gádes_, genitive of _gád_, a goad, a prick. Son of a goad. _McManus._ Ir. _mac_, son; _manus_, most likely a corruption of A. S. _mannes_, genitive of _mann_, a man. Son of a man. _McMaster._ Ir. _mac_, son; _maiǵistera_, genitive of _maiǵister_, a master. Son of a master. _Mader._ _Mædere_, or _mæddere_, madder. _Madge._ _Mæge_, a kinswoman, a daughter. _Madison._ _Mæge_, genitive of _mæge_, a maid. Son of a maid. _Maiden._ _Mæden_, a maiden, a virgin. _Mallow._ _Malwe_, or _malu_, mallow. Mallow, name of a species of malvaceous plant. _Mear._ _Mear_, a field. Also, from _mear_, or _mearh_, a horse. See Mear, page 76. _Mease._ _Measse_, the mass, a feast, a festival. _Mennig._ _Menigo_, a multitude, a host. _Mennis._ _Mennisc_, human, manlike, mortal. _Merrill._ _Mere_, the sea; Ir. _aill_, a wall, a cliff. A sea-wall; a sea-cliff. _Mood._ _Mód_, mind, disposition, mood, passion, violence, force. _Moody._ _Mód-ig_, from _mód_, mind, and _ig_, an adjective ending. Proud; courageous; bold; irritable; moody. Moodie, from the same roots. _Moon._ _Món_, pronounced _moon_, wickedness. Or, from _móna_, the moon. _Mooney._ _Mon-ig_, from _móna_, the moon, and _ig_, an island. Mona Island; Isle of the Moon. _Morley._ _Mǽr-líc_, from _mǽr_, great, high, lofty, exalted, illustrious, famous; _líc_, like. Noble; lofty; glorious. _Morning._ _Morgen_, the morning, morrow. _Morrow._ _Morhgen_, or _morgen_, the morning, morrow. _Morton._ _Mór_, moor, heath; _tún_, town. A moor-town; a town built on a moor. _Moss._ _Meos_, moss. _Mott._ _Mot_, a mote. _Mould._ _Molde_, mould, earth, dust. _Mund._ _Mund_, a hand, a protection, fence, defense, security. _Munder._ _Mund-bora_, from _mund_, protection, and _bora_, a bearer. A bearer of protection; a protector. _Mundy._ _Mundig_, from _mundean_, to remember, and _ig_, an adjective termination. Mindful. N. _Nutt._ _Hnut_, a nut. _Nuttall._ _Hnut-hule_, from _hnut_, a nut, and _hule_, hull or husk. A nut-hull. _Nutter._ _Hnut_, a nut; _ere_, an agent. A nut-gatherer. O. _Oakey._ _Ác_, an oak; _ig_, an adjective termination, Oaky; like oak; hard as oak. _Oakford._ _Ác_, an oak; _ford_, ford. The ford of the oak. _Oakley._ _Ác-lea_, from _ác_, oak; _lea_, a place. An oak place. _Oat._ _Áta_, an oat. _Oats._ _Oat_, Oat; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Oat. _Oatis._ _Áta_, an oat; _isc_, resembling. Resembling an oat. _Oldham._ _Eald_, old, ancient; _hám_, house. An ancient home. Oldam, contracted form of the name. _Olding._ _Eald_, old; _ing_, expressing action. Growing old. _Otter._ _Oter_, or _otor_, an otter. _Otterson._ _Oter_, an otter; _sun_, son. Son of an otter. P. _Palmer._ _Palm_, a palm; _ere_, an agent. A palm-bearer. _Park._ _Parruc_, or _pearroc_, a park. Parke, a kindred name. _Parker._ _Parruc_, a park; _ere_, an agent. A keeper of a park. _Parkerson._ _Parker_, Parker, _sun_, son. Son of Parker. _Parkhill._ _Parruc_, a park; _hyll_, a hill. A park hill. _Pearl._ _Pærl_, a pearl. _Peak._ _Peac_, or _pic_, a peak, point, top, head. Peck, doubtless, from the same radix. _Perkin._ _Peter-kin_, from Greek _Peter_, a rock; A. S. _cyn_, a relative. Peter’s relative. _Perkins._ _Perkin_, Perkin; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of Perkin. _Peters._ Greek _Peter_, a rock; _s_ for _sun_. Son of Peter; son of a rock. Peterson, from the same roots. _Pinn._ _Pinn_, a pen. Q. _Quernin._ _Cwéorn_, a mill. _Querner._ _Cwéorn_, a mill; _ere_, an agent. A miller. R. _Riddle._ _Hriddel_, a sieve, a riddle. _Ridgway._ _Ricg_, a ridge; _wæg_, a way. A ridge-way; a way along a ridge. _Roberts._ _Rodor-beorht_, from _rodor_, heavens, and _beorht_, bright; _s_ for _sun_, son. Son of the heavenly bright. Robertson, a lengthened form of the same name. _Robinson._ _Robin_, endearing name for Robert; _sun_, son. Son of Robin; son of the heavenly bright. Robbinson, Robbins, of like derivation. _Robson._ _Rob_, Robb; _sun_, son. Son of Robb. Robb, contraction of Robbin, title of endearment for Robert—heavenly bright. Robeson, of like kinship. S. _Scofield._ _Sceawe_, a show; _feld_, a field. A show-field. See Scofield, page 99, which contains two errors. _Shourds._ _Sceardes_, genitive of _sceard_, a sheard, division. Belonging to a sheard. _Sowden._ Anglo-Norman _soudan_, from Moorish _soldan_, a prince. A prince; a sultan. _Sumpter._ Anglo-Norman _summere_, a sumpter horse; and _sumpter_, a horse that carries clothes, furniture, etc. Going back to the original, from the Latin _sumo_, I take, _sumptum_, to take, with Anglo-Saxon _ere_, an agent: that is, one that takes or carries. T. _Thomason._ _Thomas_, Thomas; _sun_, son. Son of Thomas. In the Hebrew, _Thomas_ signifies a twin. Thompson, of like derivation and meaning. _Tolbert._ _Tohl_, or _tól_, a tool; _beorht_, bright. A bright tool. _Tolley._ _Tohl-líc_, from _tohl_, a tool, and _líc_, like. Tool-like. 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