The Project Gutenberg eBook of The changing of historic place names This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The changing of historic place names With an introduction and glossary of some historic names changed or misspelled in Pennsylvania Author: George Patterson Donehoo Henry W. Shoemaker Release date: March 14, 2026 [eBook #78202] Language: English Original publication: Altoona: Tribune Press, 1921 Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78202 Credits: Bob Taylor, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHANGING OF HISTORIC PLACE NAMES *** Transcriber’s Note Italic text displayed as: _italic_ Bold text displayed as: =bold= The Changing of Historic Place Names _By_ George P. Donehoo Secretary of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission and President of the Potter County Historical Society [Illustration: River in the woods] With an Introduction and Glossary of Some Historic Names Changed or Misspelled In Pennsylvania _By_ Henry W. Shoemaker Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Chairman of the Committee on Historical Activity, Pennsylvania Federation of Historical Societies Published under the Auspices of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club, J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian Altoona, Pennsylvania [Illustration] Tribune Press, 1921 Contents Prefatory Note 2 Introduction 2 Changing Historic Place Names 3 A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania 8 The Spirit of the Name-Vandal! Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills 13 Changing the Face of History 13 Pennsylvania Alpine Club 14 “There are vicissitudes in all things.”—Terence. Prefatory Note The author wishes to state that this brief monograph is written at the suggestion of Col. Henry W. Shoemaker, who has not only assisted in the writing, but who also has kindly paid the expense of publication. The article could be extended very greatly. The author thinks, however, that enough is written to call attention to the evil of changing place names. G. P. D. Introduction It is indeed a privilege, through the agency of the Pennsylvania Alpine Club, to assist in the publication of so timely a monograph as that of Dr. Donehoo’s, on the subject of changing historic place names. Every month the senseless shifting is going on, newcomers wresting from the historic past the heritage of honored names. It will be difficult a century hence to follow the course of history in Pennsylvania; even now it is hard to identify the places visited by early travelers like Spangenberg, Ettwein and Col. Weiser, as innovators have changed and re-changed even the names of the streams and mountains that they crossed. It will be hard to trace the racial and philological development of the State, as the haphazard system of renaming places destroys all historic sequence of nationality and individual tendencies. One bright spot remains. Pennsylvania has discarded fewer of her Indian names than most other States; personal vanity or prejudice was hardly strong enough to obliterate these—for even more than “their names are on the waters and you cannot blot them out,” the Indian-named mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers and streams persist and bid fair to defy the ruthlessness of the ages. Let the constant watchfulness of every public-spirited Pennsylvanian be directed to “save the ancient landmarks” and keep inviolate the sturdy, distinctive nomenclature and spelling handed down by our fore-fathers. HENRY W. SHOEMAKER. “RESTLESS OAKS,” MCELHATTAN, PA., APRIL 30, 1921. [Illustration: United States Flag] Changing Historic Place Names The Mosaic Law contained the following: “Cursed be he that removeth his neighbor’s landmark: and all the people shall say, Amen.” They did not have a Historical Society during the early development of the Jewish Commonwealth, or Moses might have added to these wise regulations, “Cursed be he that changeth one of the historic names of towns and villages, and all the people shall say, Amen.” A place name is not only a landmark, but it is a historic landmark, often of more real value than the landmark of an individual occupant of the soil. Sometimes the whole history of a region can be dug up by the careful student of the names which are given to the towns, villages, streams and mountains in that region. Very few of the earlier place names in Pennsylvania were given in a haphazard way. They all meant something, and in most cases something of real historic value. Some of these early names are most beautiful to hear, and some are not. But they are all of interest and historic value. Many of the most beautiful sounding names, and names of historic value, have disappeared entirely from the map of the state. Wyoming is an illustration of the disappearance of an old, beautiful and historic name. Many people think that the name “Wyoming” belongs to the state to which it migrated from the beautiful vale of Pennsylvania, where it was made historic for all time. Some of the earliest place names now are applied to towns and topographical features far removed from the place which gave them birth. Shamokin is an illustration of this change. This name is one of the very oldest on the Susquehanna River, and it was used during the entire period of settlement, as well as during the period of Indian occupancy, when the Vice-Gerent of the Iroquois Confederacy made it the Indian capitol of Pennsylvania. All of the early travelers and all of the official documents relating to Indian affairs use this name for the present Sunbury. The name Shamokin has been given to a town which is in no way connected with the historic town from which this name was taken. In order to avoid confusion, a historical writer now has to always refer to the old, historic place in this manner: “Shamokin (now Sunbury).” The same rule has to apply to the other historic village of Wyoming. When this place is mentioned, the statement must be made as “Wyoming (now Wilkes-Barre).” Probably the greatest crime of all is that which was committed by some classical school teacher in the change which was made from Tioga to Athens. The author in other publications has referred to the trail of the massacre of Indian place names by these classic school teachers from New England. It was one of the sad results of the Connecticut Settlement of Pennsylvania and Western New York. The Indian names were slaughtered without pity. The Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania killed the Indians, but spared the names which the Indians had given to the rivers and mountains in the region in which they had lived. The New England school teacher slaughtered the names. Follow the trail of these classical scholars from Athens up into New York and you find a veritable trail of blood of historic and beautiful Indian names. Imagine, if you please, the following names within the historic habitat of the mighty Iroquois: Cato, Ovid, Camillus, Rome, Utica, Troy, Syracuse, Marathon, Ithaca, Geneva, Sempronius, Aurelius, Marcellus, Scipioville, Aurora, Romulus, Junius—and so on _ad nauseam_, there is hardly any limit to the list. The beautiful lake region of New York seems to have been the “Gettysburg” of the New England teacher, where the “high tide” of classical slaughter was done. By direct trail he reached the headwaters of the Susquehanna, where he killed Tioga in cold blood, and then erected “Athens.” About this time the tide of Scotch-Irish and German “Pennamites” swept up the Susquehanna River and ended the advance of the classical scholar and prevented the continuation of the slaughter along the Susquehanna River. I have always been thankful that this classic invasion of Pennsylvania soil did not come into the State by the way of the Allegheny River. Had it done so, the Ohio, or La Belle Riviere, might probably have been re-baptized the “Styx,” and the old twin towns at the headwaters of this stream called Romulus and Remus. A “name” means something. It stands for the person or place. To the Israelite the name of the Deity was so sacred and awful that it was not pronounced at all. One of the Commandments relates to the taking of “the name in vain.” We Americans are losing our spirit of reverence for almost everything. Names of places are changed without a feeling of loss. Sometimes these changes are due to the errors of clerks or map makers. There are so many illustrations of this method of change that only a few can be mentioned. Carter Camp, in Potter County, has been substituted for Cartee Camp—the name of a historic family, of which General Cartee was a member. One can easily see how this change was made by a copyist glancing at the name Cartee and then writing the more familiar “Carter.” Another illustration of the same sort of error is found in the name “Queen’s Run,” which should be Quinn’s Run—named for a famous early settler and Indian lighter who settled above Lock Haven, on the West Branch. Col. Henry W. Shoemaker calls my attention to a few other changes of this sort. The Cattleman River should be “Casselman,” being named for a famous family of pioneers which settled in Western Pennsylvania. One of the townships in Clinton County is now named “Gallagher” instead of “Gallauher,” in honor of Judge Abraham Gallauher. The recent maps of Pennsylvania are literally filled with such clerical errors, which finally have the authority of the United States Government to back them up, in the Geological Survey Maps and naming of Post Offices. These errors could all be avoided by having the proofs of maps and other official documents submitted to the County Historical Societies before final publication. Other changes of names are intentional, as in the case of the many names, such as Athens, for Tioga Point; Sunbury, for Shamokin; Wilkes-Barre, for Wyoming. These changes were made so long ago that the more recent name has become historic. But changes are being made which have no historic significance whatever. One of the worst, which the author often thinks about because he remembers the place by its old name, is that of the large and growing town of Coraopolis, below Pittsburg, which formerly had the historic name of Vance Fort—which means something of the romantic period when the early settlers on the Ohio had to fly to Vance’s Fort for protection from the Indians. “Coraopolis” means nothing whatever. There are “opolis” without number in the United States. There was only one Vance Fort. The change of Venango to Franklin is another illustration of giving up an early and historic name. Another change which Col. Shoemaker tells me of is the suggested change of Shousetown to Glenwillard. The Shouse family was one of the early pioneer families on the upper Ohio in the days when the male members of the family defended the frontiers of civilization. There are “glens” of every possible style and degree of fashion in the State, but there is only one Shousetown, or Shouse Ferry. Somehow, whenever a certain type of people move into a locality, it seems to be about the first thing which these modern pioneers think of, is that of changing a name, which does not have an up-to-date sound, to “glen”-something-or-other. Instead of cutting down trees, they cut down names. My very good friend Gifford Pinchot is a perfect friend of “forestry conservation,” so is my other friend, Col. Henry W. Shoemaker—more power to both of them in their good work! Let us all start a movement for the “preservation and conservation of the historic place names of Pennsylvania.” Some of these names are not as “pretty” as they might be, but they mean something, and they are historic. I know that Mary is a rather old-fashioned name for a girl, when compared with Gladys or Ethyl—but somehow the name means more. It has the historic light of ages playing about it. One thinks of deep-blue Syrian skies and the lakes of Killarney, and a lot of other things, when it is mentioned. So, Shousetown has a sort of crude sound when compared with “Glenwillard.” But if you think of the sturdy frontiersman who ferried across the Ohio in the early days, the name becomes romantic. So also with the other names. If you know why they were given, you will realize why they should stay. Another matter which calls for the attention of Historical Societies is that of giving names to places which never had a name. These names should have some meaning, either in local or state history. Oftentimes new towns are given names which bear no relation to anything in local or State history. Such names as “Mexico,” “Arroyo,” “Vera Cruz,” etc., have no relation whatever to anything local or State. Many of these names are intrusive. They have historical significance elsewhere, but not here. In view of these very brief remarks about Pennsylvania place names, the author would suggest to the various Historical Societies in the State the passage of an Act of Assembly forbidding the giving of names to any place, or the changing of any place name, without the authority of either the Historical Commission or of some other historical body, such as the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The author understands that many European countries and some of our own States already have such laws. A person has the right to call his own country place or farm by whatever name he wishes. But State names of places become the property of the State, and become a part of the State’s archives. Such a law would prevent the ignorant vandalism which has been so much in evidence in the past, in blotting out historic names, and it would also prevent the thoughtless and, oftentimes, utterly ridiculous bestowal of names. There are hundreds of appropriate and beautiful historic names in early Pennsylvania history, among which are many really significant Indian names, which have never been given to any places or topographical features. These names, rather than meaningless ones, could be given to new towns and villages, and even to country places. Now is the fitting time for the Historical Societies of the State to commence a movement having in view the results mentioned in this article. Nearly every county in the State now has a Historical Society, or has such a society under way. This work can be made a most valuable part of the activity of such societies. The change of historic place names may seem a small matter, but it is not. Equally offensive is the mis-spelling of historic names, for it adds a studied indifference to the illustrious names or events in history, which no patriotic American should pass over lightly. We must hold to our historic place names as the tangible links in the chain of our historical development. [Illustration: Female American Indian] A Partial List of Historic Place Names Changed or Misspelled in Pennsylvania (Compiled by Henry W. Shoemaker) =Old Name= =New Name= =or Spelling= Louisbourg { Even the State Capitol was not } Harris’ Ferry, { spared! } Harrisburg Wyoming Wilkes-Barre { “The Place of the Horns,” } Shamokin { where the deer performed } Sunbury { their mewing. } Ohe-yu { “The Beautiful River—La Belle } Allegheny River { Riviere” } Cartee Camp { New Bergen, { “Carter” Camp { Sturdy Indian fighters, } Shousetown { ancestors of Hon. Jouett } Glenwillard { Shouse, lived here. } Muckelrat { How perfectly flat and innocuous } Woodland Hills { the new name! } White’s Eddy Ritchie Young Woman’s { Here Mary Wolford, beautiful } Town { pioneer girl, was drowned } North Bend { escaping from Indians. } Eyersburg Bloomsburg Longstown New Berlin Stroupstown Freeburg { How inane the new name, } Swinefordstown { compared to the old! Middle } Middleberg { of what? } { Why this was changed is a } Christunn { puzzle, as new name has little } Middle Creek { special significance } { There are no less than thirty } { other places called “Mifflin” } Youngmanstown { in State, and Youngmanstown } Mifflinburg { had a delicious West } { Country, Irish flavor! } Muhlenberg Newton Hamilton Messimersville Sheridan Dengler’s Mount Penn { Stony Run really means nothing } Wessnersville { definite; State is full of } Stony Run { them. } Quinn’s Run Queen’s Run Suedberg Suedburg Reidersville Newport Peter’s Camp Blossburg Parkinson’s Ferry { Monongahela City { Monongahela { This atrocity is gradually } Casselman River { getting on all maps, even some } Castleman River { of those of State Forestry } { Department. } Casselman Castleman Shireman’s Creek Sherman’s Creek Zerby Sober Gallauher } (Township), } Another victim of “Sinn Fein” Gallagher Clinton County } Tioga Point Athens Vance Fort Coraopolis Venango Franklin Shoemakertown Ogontz Kreamersville { A quaint old town re-baptized } Smullton { to please a local politician. } Hamburg } Mackeyville (Clinton Co.) } { “H,” in these days of simplified } { spelling, and after having } { been laid aside for nearly } { a century, tacked on by } { P. R. R. in 1902 to suit a } { resident Vice-President born } Pittsburg { in Edinburgh, pronounced } Pittsburgh { Edinborough; which itself is } { philologically incorrect, the } { original name of the “Athens } { of the North” having been } { Edwins-burg, an early } { settlement of Angles, not } { Celts. } Brunerstown Somerset Bloody Run { Here immortal hero blood was } Everett { shed. Why change it? } Bismarck { A victim of war hysteria and } Quentin { over-zealous “patriotism.” } Fort Hunter Rockville Siegfried Northampton Allenville (Name changed twice) { Northampton { Allentown { Hard to trace pioneer localities } Heidelberg { since these old names are } Schaefferstown { nearly all gone. } Derry { With its old church, cruelly } Hershey { wiped off the map. } { In Penn’s Valley, Centre County. } High Head { There are no less than } (Mountain) { 100 other mountains and } Round Top { hills in State called “Round } { Top.” } Old Eagle Strafford { A stalwart Indian fighter’s } { name obliterated to make } Stucktown { way for a stockholder in a } McClure { new railroad through the } { town. } Dunnsburg Dunnstown Lewis’ Lake { Why this sentimental, slushy } “Eaglesmere” { new name? } Strasburg Shrewsbury (York County) Greersburg Darlington Exetertown (Name changed twice) { Exeter { Lorane Saltzburg Saltsburg Anderson’s Ferry Marietta Dekanoagah Bainbridge Kloster (Cloister) Ephrata Wright’s Ferry Wrightsville Tiadaghton Pine Creek Karoondinha { John Penn’s Creek { Penn’s Creek Standing Stone Huntingdon Town Reinholds Blainsport Petersburg { Changed, as another town of } Duncannon { same name in State. } { The name of old Reuben } Stover’s { Stoyer, pioneer and hunter, } Livonia { deserved to be thus } { perpetuated. Why Livonia? } Weirickstettle { Penn’s Creek P.O. { Centreville { Changed owing to there being } Millersburg, { another Millersburg in State, } Bethel (Berks County) { but new name of no local } { significance. } { “All Wants,” meaning “Land } { of Plenty.” A very distinctive } Allemingle { cognomen. New name } Albany { of no local significance } { whatever. } Riviere Le Boeuf “River of Buffaloes” French Creek { Changed by railroad. Indian } Sinnemahoning { name Sinne-Mahoning, or } Sinnamahoning { “Stony Lick.” } { Another railroad infliction. Old } Nippeno { name “Nippeno,” from } Nippono { Nippe-nuse, an Indian Chief } { of the locality. } Manayunk Schuylkill Jaysburg { Changed so as to be the “soul } Newberry { mate” of Sunbury. } Jacobsburg Woodward { A sturdy pioneer sounding } The Forks { name. Changed by railroad } Coburn { land agents to please an } { influential citizen of county. } Panther Run { An abbreviation which destroys } Panther { most of the local significance.} Hightown White Deer Littlestown Bradford Rattlesnake { Changed to “honor” a railroad } Whetham { contractor. } { Changed on account of being } Susquehanna { other town of same name in } Nisbet { State. } { On former domain of Queen } Riansares { Maria Christina of Spain. } Penny Hill (Mountain) { Named for her husband, the } { Duke of Riansares. } Stavertown Glen Burgettstown Langeloth Reastown { Raystown, { Bedford Coryell’s Ferry New Hope Quiggleville Lycoming Geulich, Gulick (Township) Clearfield County { Another railroad blunder in } Benezet { spelling. Named for Anthony } Benezette { Benezet, Quaker Abolitionist. } Chatham’s Run, Charlton (Hamlet) Barclay Wyside { Here was a big camp of Irish } Paddy’s Run { railroad laborers when Sunbury } East Renovo { and Erie Railroad was } { built about 1864. } Saltzman East Ferney { Named by early Scotch-Irish } Swatragh, { pioneers for a brook in } Swatara (Stream) { Derry, Ireland—Sewataro, } { Swetarrow. } Powl’s Creek { Pronounced Pole’s Creek. } Powell’s Creek { Spelling should conform. } Matawanna McVeytown { Named for early tribe of } Mingoville { redmen. New name given by } Hecla Park { owners of a picnic park. } { A regrettable abbreviation of } Hartley Hall { Major-General Thomas } Hartleton { Hartley’s name. } Oak Grove { Changed because other town } Avis { of same name in State. } { An unaccountable substitution } Derrstown { of first name of Lewis Derr, } Lewisburg { pioneer, for his last name. } Stitestown { Named for the first settler in } Lebanon { locality. } { An obstinate blunder creeping } Paxtang { like a canker into history, } Paxton { as original name was Peshtank! } Funkstown { Altodale { Mont Alto Obold Mount Pleasant Rumberger DuBois Morgan’s Gap Bull Run Gap Great Shawanese Ganoga Lake Lake Woodruffstown { Blockhouse { Liberty Watsonburg Watsontown Upland An early Swedish settlement Chester Boyersville Mazeppa Green Castle Greencastle Adamsburg Beaver Springs Moose’s Pond Mose’s Pond Chinkalacamoose “Meeting place of the Moose” Clearfield Straus Schuyler Zermatt Holstein Germantown { North Junction { Philadelphia { Changed by Railroad Company, } { which had another station } Georgetown { of same name. New name } Dalmatia { sounds nice, but of no local } { significance. } Kishekokelas Kishacoquillas Jamesburg Oriole Swartztown Milton Cameronia Montandon The Spirit of the Name-Vandal! Exit Muckelrat and Enter Woodland Hills Muckelrat is gone forever, the “Village of Woodland Hills” takes its place and every citizen holds his head erect these days and smiles a happy smile. The territory comprising the one-time Muckelrat includes that part of Wilkins Township, hounded by Braddock road, Filmore road, Glasgow road, Fairview avenue and Ridge avenue. The formal announcement of this change was made in a communication to The Sun today, signed “Citizens of Woodland Hills.”—PITTSBURG SUN, 1921. Changing the Face of History There is another aspect of the ruthless spirit of the day which holds nothing of the past sacred and secure. That is the modernization of Civil War memorials. Most of these erected thirty years ago, instead of showing the rugged, long-haired, bearded, loosely clad soldier of Civil War times represented the “Civil War” warrior to look like the trim National Guardsman of the Nineties, with short hair, curled mustache, and tight-fitting uniform. Those erected recently, take, for example, the Bucktail monument at Driftwood, and the Union League Club Regiment monument at Philadelphia, represent the Civil War soldier as short haired and clean shaven. The typical Civil War soldier was neither of these, even if a few shaved their whole faces once in six weeks. All let their hair stay long; that was part of the tradition of the war, while most of the boys allowed their beards to grow and have never shaved them off to this day. The short-haired, clean-shaved Civil War soldier never existed outside of the careless imagination of modern sculptors, and in only a single monument at Gettysburg Battlefield is the real soldier of the period depicted, that sole exception being in the bronze figure on the monument of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment. Even Violet Oakley has fallen into the popular error with her Lincoln and Meade murals in the Senate Chamber at Harrisburg, but she goes most artists one better by giving her clean-shaven soldier boys “Dutch cuts,” from which their locks were as free as their cheeks were of the razor. Why can’t real Civil War soldiers be put on these monuments, and not faces and costumes typical of 1915-1921—a crime in the eyes of historic exactitude. The Civil War soldier, South as well as North, was a Poilu, and the razor applied by sculptors half a century later has stripped him of one of his principal claims to individuality. As the noted French author, Maurice Barres, remarked, in speaking of the hairy French soldiers of the World War, “Their beards have been part of the war, and of our courage.” The bearded Civil War soldier bespoke his period, and told the story of camp and campaign, and any attempt to change him now makes the memorials historically ineffective. This is a phase of monument construction for our able State Art Commission to consider in co-operation with Dr. Donehoo’s Historical Commission. Clean-shaved Civil War soldiers are as historically out of place as if the typical American “Doughboy” of the World War were put on a pedestal with Lord Rocksavage side-whiskers or Lord Fauntleroy tresses. Let us be correct and exact in every detail, if we are to build for the ages to come! H. W. S. * * * * * Pennsylvania Alpine Club [Illustration: P.A.C.] THE CREED: To protect, study and preserve, wherever possible, the history, folk lore, folk songs and proverbs of our mountain people. To preserve historic place names and their rightful spelling, Indian traditions and Indian names. To secure the Pennsylvania Mountains a wider popularity and appreciation. To work for pure air, pure water, pure manhood and womanhood against the inroads of the modern complex, urban civilization. To save the ancient landmarks, such as old forts and other pioneer structures and memorials, and historic and noteworthy trees and groves. To create a sentiment for the education and moral encouragement of the Pennsylvania mountain children, neglected in favor of the children of the Kentucky and Tennessee mountains. To stand at all times for the American Flag and Pennsylvania Beautiful. For the establishment of new Chapters and membership, apply to J. Herbert Walker, Secretary and Historian, Box 328, Scranton Pa. Program of Spring and Fall Outings on Application. _=Finis=_ Transcriber’s Notes pg 4 changed: into New York and you find a vertiable to: into New York and you find a veritable pg 8 changed: How perfectly flat and inocuous to: How perfectly flat and innocuous pg 12 changed: Named for early tribe of red-men. to: Named for early tribe of redmen. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHANGING OF HISTORIC PLACE NAMES *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.