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Title: Wild medicinal plants of the United States

Author: Alice Henkel

B. T. Galloway

Release date: July 16, 2026 [eBook #79110]

Language: English

Original publication: Washington: Government printing office, 1906

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79110

Credits: Fay Dunn and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ***

Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 89.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY

ALICE HENKEL,

ASSISTANT, DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

ISSUED JANUARY 16, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

ALBERT F. WOODS, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge, Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Botanist in Charge.

FARM MANAGEMENT.

W. J. SPILLMAN, Agriculturist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. BRACKETT, Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

A. J. PIETERS, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.

L. C. CORBETT, Horticulturist in Charge.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL PLANTS.

O. F. COOK, Bionomist in Charge.

DRUG AND POISONOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS, AND TEA CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS.

RODNEY H. TRUE, Physiologist in Charge.

DRY LAND AGRICULTURE AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.

CARL S. SCOFIELD, Agriculturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.

E. M. BYRNES, Superintendent.

SEED LABORATORY.

EDGAR BROWN, Botanist in Charge.

J. E. ROCKWELL, Editor.

JAMES E. JONES, Chief Clerk.

DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

RODNEY H. TRUE, Physiologist in Charge.

W. O. RICHTMANN, W. W. STOCKBERGER, Experts.

ALICE HENKEL, G. FRED KLUGH, Assistants.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,

Washington, D. C., October 30, 1905.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 89 of the series of this Bureau the accompanying manuscript entitled “Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States.” This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist in Charge with a view to its publication.

Respectfully,

B. T. GALLOWAY,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

In connection with the work of Drug-Plant Investigations many inquiries are received from various parts of the country asking for a list of the drug-producing plants of the regions concerned and for information as to the parts of the plants used in medicine, etc. It being impossible to comply with requests of this nature in any satisfactory way, Miss Henkel was asked to compile a list of the drug plants of this country, using as a basis the catalogues of dealers in crude drugs and the standard works on systematic botany. It has seemed from an inspection of these lists and of much current pharmaceutical literature that the recent changes in botanical nomenclature have succeeded one another too rapidly to permit the drug dealer and the pharmacist to keep pace with them. This has resulted in considerable confusion in regard to botanical names, and in some cases in the matter of the common names of drug-producing plants. In such a list as that herewith presented the opportunity for helping to clear up this situation has seemed worth improving. The recent appearance of the new Pharmacopœia, in which the botanical nomenclature has been revised, has seemed to emphasize the desirability of making this attempt, since the names in the case of official plants will be fairly definitely fixed among pharmacists for the next ten years. In the accompanying list the pharmacopœial names are given and a revision of the nomenclature of the unofficial drugs is also presented. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist, has kindly revised the botanical names used in this publication.

It is hoped that this compilation will tend to unify usage among those who have to do with crude drugs and drug plants.

RODNEY H. TRUE,

Physiologist in Charge

OFFICE OF DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS,

Washington, D. C., October 12, 1905.

B. P. I.—187.

WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In the preparation of this bulletin only such wild medicinal plants as have a commercial value were considered; that is, such as were usually mentioned in the trade lists of drug dealers throughout the country. Plants that were found listed by only one or two firms have been omitted.

Both official and nonofficial drugs are included in this list. A number of drug plants that were official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890 have been dropped from the Eighth Decennial Revision (1900), which became official on September 1, 1905, and a few new ones have been added. In this bulletin the drugs that were official in the Pharmacopœia for 1890 are so indicated, while those of the new edition are marked simply “official.”

In the following list the information on each species is given under the accepted botanical name. This name and that of the family to which the plant belongs occupy the first line of the description. Botanical synonyms, if any, are mentioned, and these are followed in the next line by the most common names. A few words of information indicating the most important features of habit and stature, as well as the sort of situation in which found, together with the geographical distribution in the United States, are then given in each case. This information is too meager for the identification of the plants concerned in all cases, but it was impossible within the space limits of a publication such as this to include more descriptive matter. The parts of the plants used and the official status of the product close the description. Unless otherwise indicated, the products mentioned are used in the dried state.

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Balsam-fir; Canada balsam tree.

Slender, evergreen, native tree, 50 to 60 feet high, occurring in damp woods from Newfoundland to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia, west to Minnesota, and northward.

Parts used.—Balsam, known as Canada turpentine, Canada balsam, or balsam of fir (official); also bark (nonofficial).

Abies canadensis Michx. Same as Tsuga canadensis.

Abies nigra Desf. Same as Picea mariana.

Abscess-root. See Polemonium reptans.

Absinth. See Artemisia absinthium.

Absinthium. See Artemisia absinthium.

Acacia, false. See Robinia pseudacacia.

Acer rubrum L.

Maple family (Aceraceae).

Red maple; swamp-maple.

Large, native tree, often 120 feet in height, growing in swamps and low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Achillea millefolium L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Yarrow; milfoil; thousandleaf.

Perennial weed, 10 to 20 inches high, common in fields and waste places nearly throughout the United States, especially eastward; naturalized from Europe and Asia.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Acorus calamus L.

Arum family (Araceae).

Calamus; sweet-flag.

Native, herbaceous perennial, about 2 feet high, found in wet and muddy places and along streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Unpeeled, dried rhizome (official).

Actaea alba (L.) Mill.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

White cohosh; white baneberry; necklace-weed; rattlesnake-herb.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Missouri, and northward; most common from Indiana and Kentucky to Pennsylvania and New York.

Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Actaea racemosa L. Same as Cimicifuga racemosa.

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Synonym.—Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait.

Red cohosh; red baneberry; rattlesnake-herb.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in woods from Nova Scotia to the Middle States, west to the Rocky Mountains; most abundant from New England to Ontario.

Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Same as Actaea rubra.

Adam-and-Eve. See Aplectrum spicatum.

Adder’s-tongue, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.

Adiantum pedatum L.

Fern family (Polypodiaceae).

Maidenhair-fern.

Native fern, 9 to 15 inches high, growing in rich moist soil in woods in Canada and almost all parts of the United States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Aesculus glabra Willd.

Buckeye family (Aesculaceae).

Ohio buckeye; fetid buckeye; smooth buckeye.

Small, native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, found in woods and on river banks from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, westward to Michigan and the Indian Territory.

Parts used.—Bark and fruit (nonofficial).

Aesculus hippocastanum L.

Buckeye family (Aesculaceae).

Horse-chestnut.

Large tree, 60 feet or more in height. Escaped from cultivation, southeastern New York and New Jersey. Native of Asia.

Parts used.—Bark and fruit (nonofficial).

Afterbirth-weed. See Stylosanthes biflora.

Agrimonia eupatoria (of American authors, not L.). Same as Agrimonia hirsuta.

Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Synonym.—Agrimonia eupatoria of most American authors, not L.[a]

Agrimony; tall hairy agrimony.

Perennial herb, 3 to 4 feet high, found in woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to North Carolina; also in California. Native.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Agrimony. See Agrimonia hirsuta.

Agrimony, tall hairy. See Agrimonia hirsuta.

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.

Grass family (Poaceae).

Synonym.—Triticum repens Beauv.

Triticum; couch-grass; dog-grass; quack-grass.

A troublesome grass in cultivated land from Maine to Maryland, west to Minnesota and Missouri; sparingly distributed in the South. Introduced from Europe.

Part used.—Rhizome, gathered in spring (official).

Ague-tree. See Sassafras variifolium.

Agueweed. See Eupatorium perfoliatum and Gentiana quinquefolia.

Alder, black. See Ilex verticillata.

Alder, common. See Alnus rugosa.

Alder, red. See Alnus rugosa.

Alder, smooth. See Alnus rugosa.

Alder, tag-. See Alnus rugosa.

Aletris farinosa L.

Lily family (Liliaceae).

Star-grass; false (not true) unicorn-root;[b] colic-root.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; in dry, sandy soil from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial), gathered after the plant has flowered.

Allspice, Carolina. See Butneria florida.

Allspice, Florida. See Butneria florida.

Allspice, wild. See Benzoin benzoin.

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch.

Birch family (Betulaceae).

Synonym.—Alnus serrulata Willd.

Tag-alder; common alder; red alder; smooth alder.

Native shrub, or sometimes a small tree, occurring in swamps and marshy borders of streams from the New England States west to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Alnus serrulata Willd. Same as Alnus rugosa.

Alsine media L.

Pink family (Silenaceae).

Synonym.—Stellaria media Cyr.

Common chickweed.

Small, annual herb, probably introduced from Europe, and now common in fields and around dwellings throughout the United States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Althaea. See Althaea officinalis.

Althaea officinalis L.

Mallow family (Malvaceae).

Althaea; marshmallow; sweatweed; mortification-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurs in salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and New York, and in Pennsylvania.

Parts used.—Root from plants of second year’s growth, deprived of the periderm (official); leaves and flowers (nonofficial) are also used.

Alum-root. See Geranium maculatum and Heuchera americana.

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.

Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae).

Roman wormwood; ragweed; hogweed; stammerwort.

Coarse, native weed, annual, 1 to 3 feet high; in waste places, eastern United States, west to British Columbia and Mexico.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Same as Parthenocissus quinquefolia.

Amy-root. See Apocynum cannabinum.

Anagallis arvensis L.

Primrose family (Primulaceae).

Red chickweed; red pimpernel; scarlet pimpernel; shepherd’s-weatherglass.

Low, spreading, annual herb, naturalized from Europe, and growing along roadsides and in fields almost throughout the United States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonyms.—Gnaphalium margaritaceum L.; Antennaria margaritacea Hook.

Everlasting; pearly everlasting; large-flowered everlasting; cottonweed.

White-hairy or woolly perennial herb, native in dry soil from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina and California.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Andromeda arborea L. Same as Oxydendrum arboreum.

Anemone patens var. nuttalliana A. Gray. Same as Pulsatilla hirsutissima.

Angelica, American. See Angelica atropurpurea.

Angelica atropurpurea L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Synonym.—Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm.

Purple-stemmed angelica; American angelica; masterwort.

Tall, stout, perennial herb, 4 to 6 feet high; native in swamps and damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.

Parts used.—Root and seeds (nonofficial).

Angelica, purple-stemmed. See Angelica atropurpurea.

Anise-root. See Washingtonia longistylis.

Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Same as Anaphalis margaritacea.

Anthemis cotula L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Maruta cotula DC.

Mayweed; dog-fennel; fetid camomile (or chamomile).

Strong-scented, annual herb, naturalized from Europe; occurs in dry soil, fields, waste places, and along roadsides almost throughout North America, with the exception of the extreme North.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Aplectrum hyemale Nutt. Same as Aplectrum spicatum.

Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. P.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Synonym.—Aplectrum hyemale Nutt.

Adam-and-Eve; putty-root.

Native herb, perennial, 1 to 2 feet high; in rich woods and swamps from Canada to Georgia and California.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Apocynum. See Apocynum cannabinum.

Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

Dogbane family (Apocynaceae).

Bitterroot; spreading dogbane; honeybloom.

Perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native in fields and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona. The most common species in Canada and the Northeastern States.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Apocynum cannabinum L.

Dogbane family (Apocynaceae).

Apocynum; Canadian hemp; black Indian hemp; amy-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native in moist ground and borders of fields throughout the United States.

Part used.—Rhizome of this or of closely allied species of Apocynum (official).

Apple, custard-. See Asimina triloba.

Apple, May-. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Apple, thorn-. See Datura stramonium.

Apple-of-Peru. See Datura stramonium.

Aquilegia canadensis L. See under Aquilegia vulgaris.

Aquilegia vulgaris L.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

European columbine; garden-columbine.

Perennial herb, with showy flowers. Naturalized from Europe, and well known in cultivation; escaped from gardens into woods and fields; frequent in the Eastern and Middle States. The wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis L.), occurring in rocky woods throughout Canada and the eastern United States, is said to possess properties similar to those of the European columbine.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Aralia hispida Vent.

Ginseng family (Araliaceae).

Dwarf elder; wild elder; bristly sarsaparilla.

Erect, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, native in sandy woods and fields from Labrador south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Indiana.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Aralia nudicaulis L.

Ginseng family (Araliaceae).

American sarsaparilla; wild sarsaparilla; false sarsaparilla; Virginian sarsaparilla; small spikenard.

Herbaceous perennial, native, growing in moist woods from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Aralia racemosa L.

Ginseng family (Araliaceae).

Indian-root; spikenard; American spikenard; spignet.

Herbaceous perennial, native, 3 to 6 feet high, growing in rich woods and rocky places from Canada to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Arbor-vitae. See Thuja occidentalis.

Arbutus, trailing. See Epigaea repens.

Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. Same as Angelica atropurpurea.

Arctium lappa L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Lappa major Gaertn.

Lappa; burdock; cockle-button; beggars’-buttons; bardane.

Coarse, biennial weed, 4 to 9 feet high, introduced from the Old World, and occurring along roadsides and in fields and waste places in the Eastern and Central States.

Parts used.—Root of this or of other species of Arctium collected from plants of first year’s growth (official). The fresh leaves and the seeds are also used (nonofficial).

Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Manzanita.

A shrub-like tree, 9 to 25 feet high, growing in California, in dry, rocky districts on the western slopes of the Sierras.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Uva-ursi; bearberry; upland-cranberry.

Low, evergreen perennial, with trailing stems, native in rocky or dry, sandy soils from the Middle Atlantic States north to Labrador, westward to California and Alaska.

Part used.—Leaves (official).

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr.

Arum family (Araceae).

Synonym.—Arum triphyllum L.

Indian turnip; wild turnip; wake-robin; Jack-in-the-pulpit.

Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in moist woods from Canada to Florida, west to Kansas and Minnesota.

Part used.—Partially dried corm (nonofficial).

Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.

Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).

Serpentaria; Texas serpentaria; Texas snakeroot; Red River snakeroot.

Perennial herb, about 1½ feet in height, native in the Southwestern States, occurring on river banks from Arkansas to Louisiana.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Aristolochia serpentaria L.

Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).

Serpentaria; Virginia serpentaria; Virginia snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in rich woods from Connecticut to Michigan and southward.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Arrowwood. See Viburnum dentatum.

Arrowwood, Indian. See Euonymus atropurpureus.

Artemisia abrotanum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Southernwood.

Shrubby, perennial herb, about 2 to 4 feet in height, occurring in waste places from Massachusetts to Nebraska. Adventive from Europe.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Artemisia absinthium L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Absinthium; wormwood; absinth.

Shrubby, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in waste places and along roadsides from Newfoundland to New York and westward.

Parts used.—Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Common mugwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3½ feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places, Nova Scotia to the Middle States and westward to Michigan.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Arum triphyllum L. Same as Arisaema triphyllum.

Asarum canadense L.

Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).

Canada snakeroot; wild ginger; Indian ginger.

Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich woods from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.

Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Asclepias. See Asclepias tuberosa.

Asclepias cornuti Dec. Same as Asclepias syriaca.

Asclepias incarnata L.

Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).

White Indian hemp; swamp-milkweed; swamp-silkweed; rose-colored silkweed.

Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, native in swamps from Canada to Tennessee and Kansas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Asclepias syriaca L.

Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).

Synonym.—Asclepias cornuti Dec.

Common milkweed; silkweed.

Perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, native in fields and waste places from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Asclepias tuberosa L.

Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).

Asclepias; pleurisy-root; butterfly-weed; Canada-root; whiteroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in dry fields from Canada to Florida and Arizona; most abundant southward.

Part used.—Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ash, American mountain-. See Sorbus americana.

Ash, black. See Fraxinus nigra.

Ash, cane-. See Fraxinus americana.

Ash, hoop-. See Fraxinus nigra.

Ash, prickly. See Fagara clava-herculis and Xanthoxylum americanum.

Ash, wafer-. See Ptelea trifoliata.

Ash, white. See Fraxinus americana.

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.

Custard-apple family (Anonaceae).

North American pawpaw; custard-apple.

Small, native tree, growing in rich soil along the banks of streams from New York to Michigan and southward. Most common in the Ohio Valley.

Part used.—Seed (nonofficial).

Aspen, American. See Populus tremuloides.

Aspen, quaking. See Populus tremuloides.

Aspidium. See Dryopteris filix-mas and D. marginalis.

Aspidium filix-mas Sw. Same as Dryopteris filix-mas.

Aspidium marginale Sw. Same as Dryopteris marginalis.

Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Same as Athyrium filix-foemina.

Aster puniceus L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Red-stalked aster; cocash; meadow-scabish.

Perennial herb, with stout, reddish stem, 3 to 8 feet high, native; in swamps and on banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Aster, red-stalked. See Aster puniceus.

Asthma-weed, Queensland. See Euphorbia pilulifera.

Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth.

Fern family (Polypodiaceae).

Synonym.—Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh.

Backache-brake; female-fern; lady-fern.

Native fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in woods and thickets, Canada to Alaska, southward to Florida and Arizona.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Avens, purple. See Geum rivale.

Avens, water-. See Geum rivale.

Backache-brake. See Athyrium filix-foemina.

Backache-root. See Lacinaria spicata.

Balm. See Melissa officinalis.

Balm, bee-. See Monarda didyma.

Balm, field-. See Glecoma hederacea.

Balm, garden-. See Melissa officinalis.

Balm, horse-. See Collinsonia canadensis.

Balm, lemon-. See Melissa officinalis.

Balm, mountain-. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Balm, scarlet. See Monarda didyma.

Balm, sweet. See Melissa officinalis.

Balm-of-Gilead. See Populus candicans.

Balmony. See Chelone glabra.

Balsam, sweet. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

Balsam tree, Canada. See Abies balsamea.

Balsam, white. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

Balsam-fir. See Abies balsamea.

Bamboo-brier. See Smilax pseudo-china.

Baneberry, red. See Actaea rubra.

Baneberry, white. See Actaea alba.

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Wild indigo; yellow indigo; American indigo; indigo-weed; horsefly-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in dry, poor soil from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.

Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Barberry, holly-leaved. See Berberis aquifolium.

Bardane. See Arctium lappa.

Basswood. See Tilia americana.

Bay, rose-. See Rhododendron maximum.

Bay, sweet. See Magnolia virginiana.

Bay, white. See Magnolia virginiana.

Bayberry. See Myrica cerifera.

Bean, bog-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Bean, buck-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Bean, hog’s-. See Hyoscyamus niger.

Bearberry. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

Bearberry-tree. See Rhamnus purshiana.

Bear’s-foot, yellow. See Polymnia uvedalia.

Bear’s-weed. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Beaver-poison. See Cicuta maculata.

Beaverroot. See Nymphaea advena.

Beaver-tree. See Magnolia virginiana.

Bedstraw. See Galium aparine.

Bee-balm. See Monarda didyma.

Beech, American. See Fagus americana.

Beechdrops. See Leptamnium virginianum.

Beechnut-tree. See Fagus americana.

Bee-plant. See Scrophularia marilandica.

Beggars’-buttons. See Arctium lappa.

Bellwort, perfoliate. See Uvularia perfoliata.

Benjamin-bush. See Benzoin benzoin.

Bennet. See Pimpinella saxifraga.

Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coulter.

Laurel family (Lauraceae).

Synonyms.—Laurus benzoin L.; Lindera benzoin Meissn.; Benzoin odoriferum Nees.

Spicebush; feverbush; Benjamin-bush; wild allspice; spicewood.

Indigenous shrub, 5 to 12 feet high; in damp, shady woods, and along streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas.

Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).

Benzoin odoriferum Nees. Same as Benzoin benzoin.

Berberis. See Berberis aquifolium.

Berberis aquifolium Pursh.

Barberry family (Berberidaceae).

Berberis; Oregon grape; holly-leaved barberry; Rocky Mountain grape.

A shrub, native in woods from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean; especially abundant in Oregon and northern California.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots of this and of other species of Berberis (official).

Bergamot, wild. See Monarda fistulosa.

Bethroot, ill-scented. See Trillium erectum.

Betony, Paul’s-. See Veronica officinalis.

Betula lenta L.

Birch family (Betulaceae).

Sweet birch; black birch; cherry birch.

Large, indigenous forest tree; Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida and Tennessee.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial). Oil of betula, obtained by maceration and distillation from the bark, is official.

Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.

Poppy family (Papaveraceae).

Synonyms.—Corydalis formosa Pursh; Corydalis canadensis Goldie; Dicentra canadensis Walp.

Turkey-corn; squirrel-corn; turkey-pea; staggerweed.

Native, perennial plant, 6 to 12 inches high; in rich woods from Nova Scotia south along the mountains to Kentucky, and westward to Missouri and Minnesota.

Part used.—Tubers (nonofficial).

Birch, black. See Betula lenta.

Birch, cherry. See Betula lenta.

Birch, sweet. See Betula lenta.

Bird’s-foot violet. See Viola pedata.

Birthroot. See Trillium erectum.

Bitterbloom. See Sabbatia angularis.

Bitter-buttons. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Bitterroot. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.

Bittersweet. See Solanum dulcamara.

Bittersweet, false. See Celastrus scandens.

Bitterweed. See Erigeron canadensis.

Blackberry, high-bush. See Rubus nigrobaccus.

Blackberry, knee-high. See Rubus cuneifolius.

Blackberry, low running. See Rubus procumbens.

Blackberry, low-bush. See Rubus trivialis.

Blackberry, sand-. See Rubus cuneifolius.

Blackcap. See Rubus occidentalis.

Blackroot. See Veronica virginica.

Blackroot, Indian. See Pterocaulon undulatum.

Blackwort. See Symphytum officinale.

Bladderpod. See Lobelia inflata.

Blazingstar. See Chamaelirium luteum.

Blazingstar, blue. See Lacinaria scariosa.

Blazingstar, scaly. See Lacinaria squarrosa.

Bloodroot. See Sanguinaria canadensis.

Bloodwort. See Hieracium venosum.

Bloodwort, striped. See Hieracium venosum.

Blowball. See Taraxacum officinale.

Blue-curls. See Prunella vulgaris.

Bog-bean. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Bog-myrtle. See Myrica gale.

Boneset. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.

Boneset, deerwort-. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Boneset, purple. See Eupatorium purpureum.

Bouncing-Bet. See Saponaria officinalis.

Bowman’s-root. See Porteranthus trifoliatus and Veronica virginica.

Boxwood. See Cornus florida.

Brake, backache-. See Athyrium filix-foemina.

Brake, buckhorn-. See Osmunda regalis.

Brake, rock-. See Polypodium vulgare.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.

Mustard family (Brassicaceae).

Synonym.—Sinapis nigra L.

Sinapis nigra; black mustard; brown mustard; red mustard.

Annual herb, introduced from Europe; found in fields and waste places almost throughout the United States.

Part used.—Seed (official); the volatile oil obtained from black mustard seed is also official.

Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Echinacea angustifolia DC.

Echinacea; pale-purple coneflower; Sampson-root; niggerhead (in Kansas).

Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high, occurring in rich prairie soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and northwestward; most abundant in Kansas and Nebraska.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Broom. See Cytisus scoparius.

Broom, green. See Cytisus scoparius.

Broom, Scotch. See Cytisus scoparius.

Brownwort. See Prunella vulgaris.

Bruisewort. See Symphytum officinale.

Buck-bean. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Buckeye, fetid. See Aesculus glabra.

Buckeye, Ohio. See Aesculus glabra.

Buckeye, smooth. See Aesculus glabra.

Buckhorn-brake. See Osmunda regalis.

Buckthorn. See Rhamnus cathartica.

Bugle, sweet. See Lycopus virginicus.

Bugle, water-. See Lycopus virginicus.

Bugleweed. See Lycopus virginicus.

Bullbrier. See Smilax pseudo-china.

Bull-nettle. See Solanum carolinense.

Bulrush. See Typha latifolia.

Burdock. See Arctium lappa.

Burnet-saxifrage. See Pimpinella saxifraga.

Burningbush. See Euonymus atropurpureus.

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton.

Mustard family (Brassicaceae).

Synonym.—Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic.

Shepherd’s-purse; cocowort; toywort.

Annual plant, about 1 foot in height, found in fields and waste places; widely distributed. Introduced from Europe.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Burseed, spiny. See Xanthium spinosum.

Burweed, thorny. See Xanthium spinosum.

Butneria florida (L.) Kearney.

Strawberry-shrub family (Calycanthaceae).

Synonym.—Calycanthus floridus L.

Hairy strawberry-shrub; sweet-scented shrub; Carolina allspice; Florida allspice.

Native shrub, 4 to 8 feet high; in rich soil, Virginia to Mississippi.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Butterfly-weed. See Asclepias tuberosa.

Butternut. See Juglans cinerea.

Buttonbush. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Button-snakeroot. See Eryngium yuccifolium.

Button-snakeroot, dense. See Lacinaria spicata.

Button-snakeroot, large. See Lacinaria scariosa.

Button-tree. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Buttonwood-shrub. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Cabbage, skunk-. See Spathyema foetida.

Cabbage, swamp-. See Spathyema foetida.

Calamus. See Acorus calamus.

Calfkill. See Kalmia angustifolia.

Calico-bush. See Kalmia latifolia.

Calycanthus floridus L. Same as Butneria florida.

Camomile, fetid. See Anthemis cotula.

Canada balsam tree. See Abies balsamea.

Canada-root. See Asclepias tuberosa.

Cancerroot. See Leptamnium virginianum.

Candleberry. See Myrica cerifera.

Cane-ash. See Fraxinus americana.

Cankerroot. See Coptis trifolia and Limonium carolinianum.

Canker-weed. See Nabalus serpentarius.

Canker-weed, white. See Nabalus albus.

Cankerwort. See Taraxacum officinale.

Canoewood. See Liriodendron tulipifera.

Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic. Same as Bursa bursa-pastoris.

Cardinal, red. See Lobelia cardinalis.

Cardinal-flower. See Lobelia cardinalis.

Cardinal-flower, blue. See Lobelia siphilitica.

Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Cirsium arvense Scop.

Canada thistle; creeping thistle; cursed thistle.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; growing in cultivated fields, pastures, and waste places from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Nebraska. A bad weed, introduced from Europe.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Carduus benedictus Auct. Same as Cnicus benedictus.

Carpenter’s-square. See Scrophularia marilandica.

Carrion-flower. See Smilax herbacea.

Carrot, wild. See Daucus carota.

Carya alba Nutt. Same as Hicoria ovata.

Cascara sagrada. See Rhamnus purshiana.

Cassia marilandica L.

Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae).

American senna; wild senna; locust-plant.

Native, perennial herb; in swamps and wet soil, New England to Florida, west to Louisiana and Nebraska.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood.

Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae).

Synonym.—Nymphaea odorata Dryand.

White pond-lily; water-lily; sweet-scented water-lily.

Indigenous, aquatic herb; perennial; in ponds, marshes, and sluggish streams, from Canada to Florida and Louisiana.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Castanea. See Castanea dentata.

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

Beech family (Fagaceae).

Castanea; chestnut; American chestnut.

A large, spreading tree, occurring in rich woods from Maine to Michigan, south to Tennessee. Especially abundant in the Allegheny region. Native.

Part used.—Leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Catchweed. See Galium aparine.

Catfoot. See Glecoma hederacea.

Catgut. See Cracca virginiana.

Catmint. See Nepeta cataria.

Catnip. See Nepeta cataria.

Cattail, broad-leaved. See Typha latifolia.

Cattail-flag. See Typha latifolia.

Caulophyllum. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.

Barberry family (Berberidaceae).

Caulophyllum; blue cohosh; squawroot; papoose-root.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; found in rich, shady woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska; abundant throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ceanothus americanus L.

Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).

Jersey tea; New Jersey tea; redroot.

A native shrub, growing in dry, open woods from Canada to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Root, root-bark, and leaves (nonofficial).

Cedar, red. See Juniperus virginiana.

Cedar, shrubby red. See Juniperus sabina.

Cedar, white. See Thuja occidentalis.

Cedar, yellow. See Thuja occidentalis.

Celandine. See Chelidonium majus.

Celandine, garden-. See Chelidonium majus.

Celandine, great. See Chelidonium majus.

Celandine, wild. See Impatiens aurea.

Celastrus scandens L.

Staff-tree family (Celastraceae).

False bittersweet; staff-tree; waxwork; fevertwig.

An indigenous, twining, woody vine; in rich, damp soil, woods, and thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and New Mexico.

Part used.—Bark of plant and of root (nonofficial).

Centaurea benedicta L. Same as Cnicus benedictus.

Centaury, American. See Sabbatia angularis.

Centaury, ground-. See Polygala nuttallii.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.

Madder family (Rubiaceae).

Buttonbush; button-tree; buttonwood-shrub; globeflower.

Indigenous shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; in swamps and damp places, Canada to Florida and California.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Cercis canadensis L.

Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae).

Judas-tree; redbud.

Small, native tree, growing in rich soil from New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray.

Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).

Synonym.—Helonias dioica Pursh.

True (not false) unicorn-root;[c] blazingstar; starwort; drooping starwort.

Slender, perennial herb, about 2 feet high; native in moist meadows and thickets from Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.

Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).

Synonym.—Epilobium angustifolium L.

Great willow-herb; wickup.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from Canada to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Arizona, and California. Very common from Pennsylvania northward.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Chamomile, fetid. See Anthemis cotula.

Champion-oak. See Quercus rubra.

Checkerberry. See Gaultheria procumbens and Mitchella repens.

Cheeseflower. See Malva sylvestris.

Cheeses. See Malva rotundifolia.

Chelidonium. See Chelidonium majus.

Chelidonium majus L.

Poppy family (Papaveraceae).

Chelidonium; celandine; garden-celandine; great celandine; tetterwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing along fences, roadsides, and in waste places; common in the East. Naturalized from Europe.

Part used.—Entire plant (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Chelone glabra L.

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Balmony; turtle-head; shellflower; snakehead; salt-rheum weed.

Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high; in swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Kansas.

Part used.—Herb, and especially the leaves (nonofficial).

Chenopodium. See Chenopodium ambrosioides and C. anthelminticum.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

Chenopodium; Mexican tea; American wormseed; Jerusalem tea; Spanish tea.

Strong-scented herb, 2 to 3 feet high, annual; naturalized from tropical America, and occurring in waste places, meadows, and pastures from New England to Florida, west to California.

Part used.—Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Chenopodium anthelminticum L.

Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

Chenopodium; wormseed; Jerusalem oak.

Annual, sometimes perennial, herb, usually taller than C. ambrosioides, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from southern New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico.

Parts used.—Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890). The oil of chenopodium, distilled from this plant, is official.

Chenopodium botrys L.

Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

Jerusalem oak.

Annual herb, about 2 feet high, introduced from Europe; found in waste places from Nova Scotia to New York and Kentucky, westward to Oregon.

Parts used.—Herb and seeds (nonofficial).

Cherry birch. See Betula lenta.

Cherry, rum-. See Prunus serotina.

Cherry, wild. See Prunus serotina.

Chervil, sweet. See Washingtonia longistylis.

Chestnut. See Castanea dentata.

Chestnut, American. See Castanea dentata.

Chestnut, horse-. See Aesculus hippocastanum.

Chickentoe. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.

Chickweed, common. See Alsine media.

Chickweed, red. See Anagallis arvensis.

Chicory. See Cichorium intybus.

Chimaphila. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt.

Wintergreen family (Pyrolaceae).

Chimaphila; pipsissewa; prince’s-pine; bitter wintergreen; rheumatism-weed.

Small, perennial herb, native in dry, shady woods, especially in pine forests, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to California.

Part used.—Leaves (official).

China-root, American. See Smilax pseudo-china.

China-root, false. See Smilax pseudo-china.

Chionanthus virginica L.

Olive family (Oleaceae).

Fringe-tree; old-man’s-beard.

A shrub or small tree, native in moist thickets from Delaware to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).

Chittem-bark. See Rhamnus purshiana.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Oxeye daisy; white daisy.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurring in pastures, meadows, and waste places in nearly every section of the country, but less abundantly in the South and rarely in the West.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Pyrethrum parthenium Smith.

Common feverfew; featherfew; febrifuge-plant.

Perennial herb, naturalized from Europe. Mostly escaped from cultivation; in waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, and locally in the interior.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Cichorium intybus L.

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Chicory; succory.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, growing in fields, waste places, and along roadsides from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Nebraska. Abundant eastward. Naturalized from Europe.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Cicuta maculata L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Water-hemlock; musquash-root; beaver-poison.

Native perennial, 3 to 6 feet high, stout, erect; poisonous. Found in swamps and low grounds from Canada south to Florida and New Mexico.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Cimicifuga. See Cimicifuga racemosa.

Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Synonym.—Actaea racemosa L.

Cimicifuga; black snakeroot; black cohosh; squawroot; rattle-root.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high; in rich soil in shady woods, Maine to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. Most abundant in the Ohio Valley.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Cinquefoil. See Potentilla canadensis.

Cirsium arvense Scop. Same as Carduus arvensis.

Cleavers. See Galium aparine.

Cleaverwort. See Galium aparine.

Clematis. See Clematis virginiana.

Clematis virginiana L.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Virgin’s-bower; clematis.

Shrubby, perennial vine; native; found along river banks in hedges and thickets from Canada to Georgia and Kansas.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

Clotbur, spiny. See Xanthium spinosum.

Clotweed, thorny. See Xanthium spinosum.

Clover, bitter. See Sabbatia angularis.

Clover, meadow-. See Trifolium pratense.

Clover, purple. See Trifolium pratense.

Clover, red. See Trifolium pratense.

Clover, yellow sweet. See Melilotus officinalis.

Club-moss. See Lycopodium clavatum.

Cnicus benedictus L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonyms.—Carduus benedictus Auct.; Centaurea benedicta L.

Blessed thistle; holy thistle; bitter thistle; spotted thistle; St. Benedict’s-thistle.

Annual plant, 1 to 2 feet high; in waste places, Southern States, and in California and Utah; introduced from Europe.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Cocash. See Aster puniceus.

Cocash-weed. See Senecio aureus.

Cockle-button. See Arctium lappa.

Cocowort. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.

Cohosh, black. See Cimicifuga racemosa.

Cohosh, blue. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.

Cohosh, red. See Actaea rubra.

Cohosh, white. See Actaea alba.

Colic-root. See Aletris farinosa, Dioscorea villosa, Lacinaria spicata, and L. squarrosa.

Collinsonia canadensis L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Stoneroot; richweed; knobroot; horse-balm.

Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, occurring in rich, moist woods from Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.

Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Colt’s-foot. See Tussilago farfara.

Colt’s-tail. See Erigeron canadensis.

Columbine, European. See Aquilegia vulgaris.

Columbine, garden-. See Aquilegia vulgaris.

Columbine, wild. See under Aquilegia vulgaris.

Columbo, American. See Frasera carolinensis.

Comfrey. See Symphytum officinale.

Compass-plant. See Silphium laciniatum.

Comptonia asplenifolia Gaertn. Same as Comptonia peregrina.

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter.

Bayberry family (Myricaceae).

Synonyms.—Comptonia asplenifolia Gaertn.; Myrica asplenifolia L.

Sweet fern; spleenwortbush; meadow-fern.

Shrubby plant, about 2½ feet high, native; in thin sandy or stony woods and on hillsides, Canada to North Carolina, Indiana, and Michigan.

Parts used.—Leaves and tops (nonofficial).

Coneflower, pale-purple. See Brauneria angustifolia.

Coneflower, tall. See Rudbeckia laciniata.

Congo-root. See Psoralea pedunculata.

Conium. See Conium maculatum.

Conium maculatum L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Conium; poison-hemlock; spotted parsley; spotted cowbane.

Biennial herb, 2 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in waste places, especially in the Eastern and Middle States. Poisonous.

Parts used.—Full-grown, but unripe, fruit, carefully dried and preserved (official); leaves (nonofficial).

Consumptive’s-weed. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Convallaria. See Convallaria majalis.

Convallaria biflora Walt. Same as Polygonatum biflorum.

Convallaria majalis L.

Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).

Convallaria; lily-of-the-valley.

A low, perennial herb; indigenous; on the higher mountains from Virginia to the Carolinas.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official); herb and flowers (nonofficial).

Convallaria racemosa L. Same as Vagnera racemosa.

Convolvulus panduratus L. Same as Ipomoea pandurata.

Coolwort. See Tiarella cordifolia.

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Goldthread; cankerroot; mouthroot; yellowroot.

Low, native, perennial herb, growing in damp mossy woods and bogs from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota; most common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan, and in Canada.

Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Crawley-root; coralroot; dragon’s-claw; chickentoe.

Leafless plant, 6 to 15 inches high, found in rich woods from Maine to Florida, west to Michigan and Missouri. Native.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Coralroot. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.

Corn, squirrel-. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Corn, turkey-. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Cornel, silky. See Cornus amomum.

Corn-snakeroot. See Eryngium yuccifolium and Lacinaria spicata.

Cornus amomum Mill.

Dogwood family (Cornaceae).

Synonym.—Cornus sericea L.

Red osier; swamp-dogwood; silky cornel; rose-willow.

Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in low woods and along streams, Canada to Florida, west to Texas and the Dakotas.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Cornus circinata L’Her.

Dogwood family (Cornaceae).

Green osier; round-leaved dogwood.

Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in shady places, Canada and the northeastern United States.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Cornus florida L.

Dogwood family (Cornaceae).

Flowering dogwood; boxwood.

Small, native tree or large shrub, growing in woods from Canada to Florida, Texas and Missouri. Most abundant in the Middle States.

Parts used.—Bark of tree and of root, the latter preferred (nonofficial).

Cornus sericea L. Same as Cornus amomum.

Corydalis canadensis Goldie. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.

Corydalis formosa Pursh. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.

Cotton-gum. See Nyssa aquatica.

Cottonweed. See Anaphalis margaritacea.

Couch-grass. See Agropyron repens.

Coughweed. See Senecio aureus.

Coughwort. See Tussilago farfara.

Cowbane, spotted. See Conium maculatum.

Cow-lily. See Nymphaea advena.

Cow-parsnip. See Heracleum lanatum.

Cracca virginiana L.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Synonym.—Tephrosia virginiana Pers.

Devil’s-shoestring; hoary pea; goat’s-rue; catgut.

Hoary, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry, sandy soil from New England to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Cramp-bark. See Viburnum opulus.

Cranberry, high-bush. See Viburnum opulus.

Cranberry, upland-. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

Crane’s-bill, spotted. See Geranium maculatum.

Crane’s-bill, wild. See Geranium maculatum.

Crataegus oxyacantha L.

Apple family (Malaceae).

Hawthorn; hedgethorn; whitethorn; maythorn.

Shrub or tree, introduced from Europe, and sparingly escaped from cultivation.

Part used.—Berries (nonofficial).

Crawley-root. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.

Crosswort. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.

Cucumber-tree. See Magnolia acuminata and M. tripetala.

Cudweed, low. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Cudweed, marsh-. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Culver’s-physic. See Veronica virginica.

Culver’s-root. See Veronica virginica.

Cunila mariana L. Same as Cunila origanoides.

Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Cunila mariana L.

American dittany; stonemint.

Indigenous, perennial plant, found on dry hills and in dry woods from New York to Florida, west to Ohio.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Cup-plant. See Silphium perfoliatum.

Custard-apple. See Asimina triloba.

Cynoglossum officinale L.

Borage family (Boraginaceae).

Hound’s-tongue; gypsy-flower.

Biennial herb, about 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in waste places from Canada to North Carolina, west to Kansas and Minnesota.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Cypripedium. See Cypripedium hirsutum and C. parviflorum.

Cypripedium hirsutum Mill.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Synonym.—Cypripedium pubescens Willd.

Cypripedium; large yellow ladies-slipper; yellow moccasin-flower; American valerian.

Herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native in woods and thickets from Nova Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Cypripedium; small yellow ladies-slipper.

Herb, 1 to 2 feet high; native in woods and thickets from British America to Georgia, Missouri, and Oregon.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Same as Cypripedium hirsutum.

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Synonym.—Sarothamnus scoparius Wimm.

Scoparius; broom; green broom; Scotch broom.

Stiff, wiry plant, 3 to 5 feet high; naturalized from Europe; growing in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to Virginia and becoming common in many places in the northwestern United States.

Part used.—Tops (official).

Daisy, oxeye. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Daisy, white. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Daisy-fleabane. See Erigeron philadelphicus.

Damiana. See Turnera microphylla.

Dandelion. See Taraxacum officinale.

Daphne mezereum L.

Mezereon family (Daphnaceae).

Synonym.—Mezereum officinarum C. A. Mey.

Mezereum; mezereon; spurge-laurel; paradise-plant; spurge-olive.

A very hardy shrub, introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation in Canada and New England.

Part used.—Bark of this and of other European species of Daphne (official).

Datura stramonium L.

Potato family (Solanaceae).

Stramonium; jimson-weed; Jamestown-weed; thorn-apple; apple-of-Peru.

Poisonous weed; annual, 2 to 5 feet high; introduced from the Tropics, and occurring in fields and waste places throughout the United States, with the exception of the North and West.

Parts used.—Leaves (official); seeds (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Daucus carota L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Wild carrot; Queen-Anne’s-lace.

Biennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; naturalized from Europe; common almost throughout the United States, growing in old fields and along roadsides.

Parts used.—Root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).

Deerberry. See Gaultheria procumbens and Mitchella repens.

Deer-laurel. See Rhododendron maximum.

Deer’s-tongue. See Trilisa odoratissima.

Deerwood. See Ostrya virginiana.

Deerwort-boneset. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Delphinium consolida L.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Field-larkspur; knight’s-spur; lark-heel.

An annual herb, about 2 feet high; naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania southward. The indigenous tall larkspur, Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. (D. exaltatum Ait.), is used for similar purposes. This is found in woods from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Nebraska.

Parts used.—Herb and seeds (nonofficial).

Delphinium exaltatum Ait. See under Delphinium consolida.

Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. See under Delphinium consolida.

Devil’s-bit. See Lacinaria scariosa.

Devil’s-shoestring. See Cracca virginiana.

Dewberry. See Rubus procumbens.

Dewberry, one-flowered. See Rubus villosus.

Dewberry, southern. See Rubus trivialis.

Dicentra canadensis Walp. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.

Digitalis. See Digitalis purpurea.

Digitalis purpurea L.

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Digitalis; foxglove; fairy-fingers; thimbles; lady’s-glove.

Very handsome biennial plant, 3 to 4 feet high; introduced from Europe as a garden plant, and now escaped from cultivation in parts of Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia.

Parts used.—Leaves from plants of second year’s growth, gathered at commencement of flowering (official).

Dioscorea villosa L.

Yam family (Dioscoreaceae).

Wild yam; colic-root; rheumatism-root.

Slender, herbaceous, native vine, growing in moist thickets from Rhode Island to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; more common in central and southern parts of the United States.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Diospyros virginiana L.

Ebony family (Diospyraceae).

Persimmon.

Indigenous tree, 15 to 50 feet in height; in fields and woods, Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, and Texas.

Parts used.—Bark and unripe fruit (nonofficial).

Dirca palustris L.

Mezereon family (Daphnaceae).

Leatherwood; moosewood; American mezereon; wickopy; rope-bark.

A native shrub, occurring in woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota; most common in the Northern and Eastern States.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Ditch-stonecrop. See Penthorum sedoides.

Dittany, American. See Cunila origanoides.

Dock, bitter. See Rumex obtusifolius.

Dock, blunt-leaved. See Rumex obtusifolius.

Dock, broad-leaved. See Rumex obtusifolius.

Dock, curled. See Rumex crispus.

Dock, narrow. See Rumex crispus.

Dock, sour. See Rumex crispus.

Dock, spatter-. See Nymphaea advena.

Dock, velvet. See Verbascum thapsus.

Dock, yellow. See Rumex crispus.

Dogbane, spreading. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.

Dogberry. See Sorbus americana.

Dog-fennel. See Anthemis cotula.

Dog-grass. See Agropyron repens.

Dog’s-tooth violet. See Erythronium americanum.

Dogwood, flowering. See Cornus florida.

Dogwood, round-leaved. See Cornus circinata.

Dogwood, swamp-. See Cornus amomum.

Dooryard-plantain. See Plantago major.

Dracontium foetidum L. Same as Spathyema foetida.

Dragon’s-claw. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.

Dropwort, western. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.

Drosera rotundifolia L.

Sundew family (Droseraceae).

Round-leaved sundew; youthwort.

Low, perennial herb, growing in bogs and muddy shores of rivers from Canada to Florida and California.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.

Fern family (Polypodiaceae).

Synonyms.—Aspidium filix-mas Sw.; Polypodium filix-mas L.

Aspidium; male-fern.

Fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in rocky woods from Canada to northern Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona.

Part used.—Rhizome (official).

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray.

Fern family (Polypodiaceae).

Synonyms.—Aspidium marginale Sw.; Polypodium marginale L.

Aspidium; evergreen wood-fern; marginal-fruited shield-fern.

Fern, with leaves 6 inches to 2½ feet long; in rocky woods from Canada south to Alabama and Arkansas.

Part used.—Rhizome (official).

Dulcamara. See Solanum dulcamara.

Dysentery-weed. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Earth-smoke. See Fumaria officinalis.

Echinacea. See Brauneria angustifolia.

Echinacea angustifolia DC. Same as Brauneria angustifolia.

Elder. See Sambucus canadensis.

Elder, American. See Sambucus canadensis.

Elder, dwarf. See Aralia hispida.

Elder, sweet. See Sambucus canadensis.

Elder, wild. See Aralia hispida.

Elecampane. See Inula helenium.

Elk-tree. See Oxydendrum arboreum.

Elkwood. See Magnolia tripetala.

Elliott’s-sabbatia. See Sabbatia elliottii.

Elm. See Ulmus fulva.

Elm, Indian. See Ulmus fulva.

Elm, moose-. See Ulmus fulva.

Elm, red. See Ulmus fulva.

Elm, slippery. See Ulmus fulva.

Emetic-root. See Euphorbia corollata.

Epigaea repens L.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Gravel-plant; trailing arbutus; mayflower.

Small, shrubby, native plant, spreading on the ground in sandy soil, especially under evergreen trees, from Florida to Michigan and northward.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Epilobium angustifolium L. Same as Chamaenerion angustifolium.

Epilobium palustre L.

Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).

Swamp willow-herb; wickup.

Slender, erect, native herb, 6 to 18 inches high, found in swamps and marshes from Canada and the New England States west to Colorado and Washington.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Epiphegus virginiana Bart. Same as Leptamnium virginianum.

Equisetum hyemale L.

Horsetail family (Equisetaceae).

Common scouring-rush; horsetail; shave-grass.

Rush-like perennial plant, growing in wet places along river banks and borders of woods throughout nearly the whole of North America.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Fireweed; pilewort.

Native, annual herb, 1 to 8 feet high, in woods, fields, and waste places, Canada to Florida, Louisiana, and Nebraska.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Erigeron canadensis L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton.[d]

Canada fleabane; horseweed; colt’s-tail; prideweed; bitterweed.

Native, annual weed, 3 inches to 10 feet in height; in fields and meadows, along roadsides, and in waste places, almost throughout North America.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial); the oil of erigeron, distilled from the fresh, flowering herb, is official.

Erigeron philadelphicus L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Philadelphia fleabane; sweet scabious; daisy-fleabane.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, in fields and woods throughout North America, except extreme North.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Eriodictyon. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Eriodictyon californicum (H. & A.) Greene.

Waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae).

Synonym.—Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth.

Eriodictyon; yerba santa; mountain-balm; consumptive’s-weed; bear’s-weed.

Shrubby plant, 2 to 4 feet high, native; grows in clumps in dry situations and among rocks throughout California and northern Mexico.

Part used.—Leaves (official).

Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth. Same as Eriodictyon californicum.

Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx. Same as Eryngium yuccifolium.

Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Synonym.—Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx.

Water-eryngo; button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-weed; rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high, growing in swamps and low wet ground from the pine barrens of New Jersey west to Minnesota, and south to Texas and Florida.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Eryngo, water-. See Eryngium yuccifolium.

Erythronium americanum Ker.

Lily family (Liliaceae).

Yellow adder’s-tongue; dog’s-tooth violet; yellow snowdrop; rattlesnake-violet; yellow snakeleaf.

Native, perennial herb, occurring in moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Arkansas and Florida.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Euonymus. See Euonymus atropurpureus.

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.

Staff-tree family (Celastraceae).

Euonymus; wahoo; burningbush; spindle-tree; Indian arrowwood.

Native shrub or small tree, growing in woods and thickets from Ontario and eastern United States west to Montana.

Part used.—Bark of root (official).

Eupatorium. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.

Eupatorium ageratoides L. f.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

White snakeroot; white sanicle; Indian sanicle; deerwort-boneset; poolwort; poolroot; richweed; squaw-weed.

Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native; in rich woods from Canada to Georgia, west to Nebraska and Louisiana.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Eupatorium aromaticum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Smaller white snakeroot; poolwort; poolroot; wild hoarhound.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry soil from Massachusetts to Florida, especially throughout the Middle States.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Eupatorium perfoliatum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Eupatorium; boneset; thoroughwort; Indian sage; agueweed; crosswort.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high; in low, wet places from Canada to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Eupatorium purpureum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Queen-of-the-meadow; gravelroot; Joe-Pye-weed; purple boneset; kidneyroot.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 10 feet high; in low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).

Euphorbia corollata L.

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

Flowering spurge; emetic-root; milk-ipecac; snakemilk; purging-root.

Native, perennial herb, about 3 feet in height, growing in dry fields and woods from Ontario to Florida and Minnesota to Texas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Euphorbia hypericifolia A. Gray. Same as Euphorbia nutans.

Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

Wild ipecac; ipecac-spurge; American ipecac; Carolina ipecac.

Native, perennial herb, 4 to 10 inches high; in dry, sandy soil, mostly near the coast, from Connecticut to Florida.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Euphorbia nutans Lag.

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

Synonym.—Euphorbia hypericifolia A. Gray.

Large spotted spurge; black purslane; fluxweed; milk-purslane.

Native, annual plant, from ½ to 2 feet in height; in rich soils, fields, and thickets throughout eastern North America, except extreme north, and extending west to the Rocky Mountains.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Euphorbia pilulifera L.

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

Pill-bearing spurge; snakeweed; Queensland asthma-weed.

Herbaceous annual, 10 to 15 inches high, occurring from the Gulf States through Texas to New Mexico.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Evening-primrose. See Oenothera biennis.

Everlasting. See Anaphalis margaritacea.

Everlasting, large-flowered. See Anaphalis margaritacea.

Everlasting, pearly. See Anaphalis margaritacea.

Eve’s-cup. See Sarracenia flava.

Fagara clava-herculis (L.) Small.

Rue family (Rutaceae).

Synonym.—Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L.

Xanthoxylum; southern prickly ash; toothache-tree; yellowthorn; yellowwood; Hercules-club.

Small, indigenous, very prickly tree, sometimes 45 feet in height, occurring along streams from southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.

Parts used.—Bark official under the name “Xanthoxylum”; berries (nonofficial).

Fagus americana Sweet.

Beech family (Fagaceae).

Synonym.—Fagus ferruginea Ait.

American beech; beechnut-tree.

Large, native forest tree, growing in rich soil from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.

Parts used.—Bark and leaves (nonofficial).

Fagus ferruginea Ait. Same as Fagus americana.

Fairy-fingers. See Digitalis purpurea.

Featherfew. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Febrifuge-plant. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Female-fern. See Athyrium filix-foemina and Polypodium vulgare.

Fennel, dog-. See Anthemis cotula.

Fern, evergreen wood-. See Dryopteris marginalis.

Fern, female-. See Athyrium filix-foemina and Polypodium vulgare.

Fern, lady-. See Athyrium filix-foemina.

Fern, maidenhair-. See Adiantum pedatum.

Fern, male-. See Dryopteris filix-mas.

Fern, marginal-fruited shield-. See Dryopteris marginalis.

Fern, meadow-. See Comptonia peregrina.

Fern, parsley-. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Fern, royal. See Osmunda regalis.

Fern, sweet. See Comptonia peregrina.

Fernroot. See Polypodium vulgare.

Feverbush. See Benzoin benzoin and Ilex verticillata.

Feverfew, common. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Feverroot. See Triosteum perfoliatum.

Fevertwig. See Celastrus scandens.

Field-balm. See Glecoma hederacea.

Field-larkspur. See Delphinium consolida.

Field-sorrel. See Rumex acetosella.

Figwort, Maryland. See Scrophularia marilandica.

Fir, balsam-. See Abies balsamea.

Fireweed. See Erechtites hieracifolia.

Fit-plant. See Monotropa uniflora.

Fitroot. See Monotropa uniflora.

Fivefinger. See Potentilla canadensis.

Flag, blue. See Iris versicolor.

Flag, cattail-. See Typha latifolia.

Flag, sweet-. See Acorus calamus.

Flag, water-. See Iris versicolor.

Flag-lily. See Iris versicolor.

Flannel-leaf. See Verbascum thapsus.

Fleabane, Canada. See Erigeron canadensis.

Fleabane, daisy-. See Erigeron philadelphicus.

Fleabane, Philadelphia. See Erigeron philadelphicus.

Fluxweed. See Euphorbia nutans.

Flytrap. See Sarracenia purpurea.

Foamflower. See Tiarella cordifolia.

Foxglove. See Digitalis purpurea.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Virginia strawberry; scarlet strawberry.

Native, perennial herb, occurring in dry soil from Canada to Georgia, west to Indian Territory and Minnesota.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Frankenia grandifolia Cham. & Schlecht.

Frankenia family (Frankeniaceae).

Yerba reuma.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 13 inches high, common in salt marshes and sandy localities near the coast in California.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Frasera carolinensis Walt.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

Synonym.—Frasera walteri Michx.

American columbo; Indian lettuce; meadowpride; pyramid-flower.

Smooth, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Frasera walteri Michx. Same as Frasera carolinensis.

Fraxinus acuminata Lam. Same as Fraxinus americana.

Fraxinus alba Marsh. Same as Fraxinus americana.

Fraxinus americana L.

Olive family (Oleaceae).

Synonyms.—Fraxinus alba Marsh; Fraxinus acuminata Lam.

White ash; cane-ash.

Large, native forest tree, in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs chiefly in the Northern States and Canada.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

Olive family (Oleaceae).

Synonym.—Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam.

Black ash; hoop-ash.

Native tree, 40 to 70 feet in height, occurring in swamps and wet woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. Same as Fraxinus nigra.

Fringe-tree. See Chionanthus virginica.

Frost-plant. See Helianthemum canadense.

Frostweed. See Helianthemum canadense.

Frostwort. See Helianthemum canadense.

Fuller’s-herb. See Saponaria officinalis.

Fumaria officinalis L.

Poppy family (Papaveraceae).

Fumitory; hedge-fumitory; earth-smoke.

Annual plant, 10 to 15 inches high, adventive from Europe and found in waste places about dwellings, in cultivated land, and on ballast, Nova Scotia to the Gulf States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Fumitory. See Fumaria officinalis.

Fumitory, hedge-. See Fumaria officinalis.

Gagroot. See Lobelia inflata.

Gale, sweet. See Myrica gale.

Galium aparine L.

Madder family (Rubiaceae).

Cleavers; goose-grass; cleaverwort; bedstraw; catchweed.

Annual plant, with weak, procumbent stem, 2 to 6 feet long, growing in shady thickets and margins of woods, New Brunswick south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe.

Part used.—Herb of this and of other species of Galium (nonofficial).

Gallweed. See Gentiana quinquefolia.

Garden-balm. See Melissa officinalis.

Garden-celandine. See Chelidonium majus.

Garden-columbine. See Aquilegia vulgaris.

Garden-valerian. See Valeriana officinalis.

Garget. See Phytolacca decandra.

Gaultheria procumbens L.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Wintergreen; checkerberry; mountain-tea; teaberry; deerberry.

Small, native perennial, with evergreen leaves, found in sandy soils in cool, damp woods, especially under evergreen trees, in Canada and the northeastern United States.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial); the oil of gaultheria, distilled from the leaves, is official.

Gay-feather. See Lacinaria scariosa and L. spicata.

Gelsemium. See Gelsemium sempervirens.

Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f.

Logania family (Loganiaceae).

Gelsemium; yellow jasmine; Carolina jasmine; wild woodbine.

Twining, shrubby perennial, native, growing on low ground in woods and thickets from eastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Gemfruit. See Tiarella cordifolia.

Gentian, American. See Gentiana saponaria.

Gentian, blue. See Gentiana saponaria.

Gentian, five-flowered. See Gentiana quinquefolia.

Gentian, horse-. See Triosteum perfoliatum.

Gentian, marsh-. See Gentiana villosa.

Gentian, snake-. See Nabalus serpentarius.

Gentian, soapwort-. See Gentiana saponaria.

Gentian, stiff. See Gentiana quinquefolia.

Gentian, straw-colored. See Gentiana villosa.

Gentian, striped. See Gentiana villosa.

Gentian, white. See Triosteum perfoliatum.

Gentiana catesbaei Walt. Same as Gentiana saponaria.

Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Same as Gentiana villosa.

Gentiana quinqueflora Lam. Same as Gentiana quinquefolia.

Gentiana quinquefolia L.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

Synonym.—Gentiana quinqueflora Lam.

Stiff gentian; five-flowered gentian; agueweed; gallweed.

Native, annual plant, 1 to 2 feet in height, growing in pastures and other open situations from Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri.

Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).

Gentiana saponaria L.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

Synonym.—Gentiana catesbaei Walt.

American gentian; blue gentian; soapwort-gentian.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high; in wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Florida.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Gentiana villosa L.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

Synonym.—Gentiana ochroleuca Froel.

Striped gentian; straw-colored gentian; marsh-gentian; Sampson’s-snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 18 inches high; in shaded places, Middle and Southern States.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Geranium. See Geranium maculatum.

Geranium maculatum L.

Geranium family (Geraniaceae).

Geranium; wild crane’s-bill; spotted crane’s-bill; wild geranium; spotted geranium; alum-root.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high; found in low grounds and open woods from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.

Part used.—Rhizome (official).

Geranium, spotted. See Geranium maculatum.

Geranium, wild. See Geranium maculatum.

Geum rivale L.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Water-avens; purple avens.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, occurring in swamps and wet meadows from Canada to Pennsylvania and Colorado, especially in the Northern and Middle States.

Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).

Ghostflower. See Monotropa uniflora.

Gillenia trifoliata Moench. Same as Porteranthus trifoliatus.

Gill-over-the-ground. See Glecoma hederacea.

Ginger, Indian. See Asarum canadense.

Ginger, wild. See Asarum canadense.

Gingerroot. See Tussilago farfara.

Ginseng. See Panax quinquefolium.

Glecoma hederacea L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Nepeta glechoma Benth.

Ground-ivy; gill-over-the-ground; catfoot; field-balm.

Low, perennial herb, with creeping stem. Naturalized from Europe and found in waste places, woods, and thickets from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Globeflower. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. Same as Anaphalis margaritacea.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx.

Sweet balsam; life-everlasting; sweet life-everlasting; white balsam.

Native, herbaceous annual, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, open places and old fields from Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. Same as Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Mouse-ear; low cudweed; marsh-cudweed; wartwort; dysentery-weed.

Annual herb, 2 to 8 inches high, occurring in damp soil from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Indiana and Virginia; apparently naturalized from Europe.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Gnaphalium undulatum Walt. Same as Pterocaulon undulatum.

Goat’s-rue. See Cracca virginiana.

Goldenrod, anise-scented. See Solidago odora.

Goldenrod, fragrant-leaved. See Solidago odora.

Goldenrod, sweet. See Solidago odora.

Goldenseal. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Goldthread. See Coptis trifolia.

Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Same as Peramium pubescens.

Goodyera repens R. Br. Same as Peramium repens.

Goose-grass. See Galium aparine.

Grape, Oregon. See Berberis aquifolium.

Grape, Rocky Mountain. See Berberis aquifolium.

Gravel-plant. See Epigaea repens.

Gravelroot. See Eupatorium purpureum.

Gravel-weed. See Onosmodium virginianum.

Greenbrier, long-stalked. See Smilax pseudo-china.

Grindelia. See Grindelia robusta and G. squarrosa.

Grindelia robusta Nutt.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Grindelia; gum-plant.

Perennial herb, about 1½ feet high, native in the States west of the Rocky Mountains.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Grindelia, scaly. See Grindelia squarrosa.

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Grindelia; scaly grindelia; broad-leaved gum-plant.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring on the plains and prairies from the Saskatchewan to Minnesota, Texas, and California.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Gromwell, Virginia false. See Onosmodium virginianum.

Ground-centaury. See Polygala nuttallii.

Ground-ivy. See Glecoma hederacea.

Ground-raspberry. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Ground-squirrel pea. See Jeffersonia diphylla.

Gum, cotton-. See Nyssa aquatica.

Gum, red. See Liquidambar styraciflua.

Gum, star-leaved. See Liquidambar styraciflua.

Gum, sweet-. See Liquidambar styraciflua.

Gum, tupelo. See Nyssa aquatica.

Gum-plant. See Grindelia robusta.

Gum-plant, broad-leaved. See Grindelia squarrosa.

Gypsy-flower. See Cynoglossum officinale.

Gypsy-weed. See Lycopus virginicus.

Hackmatack. See Larix laricina.

Haircap-moss. See Polytrichum juniperinum.

Hamamelis. See Hamamelis virginiana.

Hamamelis virginiana L.

Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae).

Hamamelis; witch-hazel; winterbloom; snapping hazel.

Indigenous shrub, found in low, damp woods from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Leaves (collected in autumn), bark, and twigs (official).

Hardhack. See Spiraea tomentosa.

Hart’s-thorn. See Rhamnus cathartica.

Haw, black. See Viburnum prunifolium.

Hawkweed, early. See Hieracium venosum.

Hawthorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.

Hazel, snapping. See Hamamelis virginiana.

Heal-all. See Prunella vulgaris and Scrophularia marilandica.

Healing-herb. See Symphytum officinale.

Heart-liverleaf. See Hepatica acuta.

Heartsease. See Viola tricolor.

Hedeoma. See Hedeoma pulegioides.

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Hedeoma; American pennyroyal; tickweed; squawmint.

Low, native, annual plant, 6 to 12 inches high, growing in barren woods and dry fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and Florida.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the volatile oil distilled from these, are official.

Hedge-fumitory. See Fumaria officinalis.

Hedgethorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.

Helenium autumnale L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Sneezeweed; sneezewort; swamp-sunflower.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in swamps, wet fields, and meadows, Canada to Florida and Arizona.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.

Rock-rose family (Cistaceae).

Frostweed; frostwort; frost-plant; Canadian rock-rose.

Native, perennial herb, about one foot in height; in dry, sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Hellebore, American. See Veratrum viride.

Hellebore, green. See Veratrum viride.

Hellebore, swamp-. See Veratrum viride.

Helmetpod. See Jeffersonia diphylla.

Helonias dioica Pursh. Same as Chamaelirium luteum.

Hemlock. See Tsuga canadensis.

Hemlock, poison-. See Conium maculatum.

Hemlock, water-. See Cicuta maculata.

Hemlock-spruce. See Tsuga canadensis.

Hemp, black Indian. See Apocynum cannabinum.

Hemp, Canadian. See Apocynum cannabinum.

Hemp, white Indian. See Asclepias incarnata.

Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger.

Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Synonym.—Hepatica acutiloba DC.

Heart-liverleaf; sharp-lobed liverleaf; liverwort.

Perennial herb, 4 to 9 inches high, found in woods from Quebec and Ontario, south to Georgia (but rare near the coast), west to Iowa and Minnesota.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Hepatica acutiloba DC. Same as Hepatica acuta.

Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Synonym.—Hepatica triloba Chaix.

Round-lobed liverleaf; kidney-liverleaf; liverwort.

Perennial herb, 4 to 6 inches high; in woods from Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; less common than the heart-liverleaf.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Hepatica triloba Chaix. Same as Hepatica hepatica.

Heracleum lanatum Michx.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Masterwort; cow-parsnip; youthwort.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, growing in moist meadows and cultivated ground from Canada south to North Carolina, Utah, and California.

Parts used.—Root, leaves, and seeds (nonofficial).

Hercules-club. See Fagara clava-herculis.

Heuchera americana L.

Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).

Alum-root; American sanicle.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet in height; in shady, rocky woodlands from Connecticut to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Louisiana.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Hickory, shellbark-. See Hicoria ovata.

Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton.

Walnut family (Juglandaceae).

Synonym.—Carya alba Nutt.

Shagbark, shellbark-hickory.

Large, native tree, sometimes 120 feet in height; in rich soil from Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Bark and leaves (nonofficial).

Hieracium venosum L.

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Early hawkweed; rattlesnake-weed; bloodwort; striped bloodwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry woods and thickets from Maine to Georgia, west to Nebraska; more common in the northern and eastern United States.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Highbelia. See Lobelia siphilitica.

Hive-vine. See Mitchella repens.

Hoarhound. See Marrubium vulgare.

Hoarhound, water-. See Lycopus virginicus.

Hoarhound, wild. See Eupatorium aromaticum.

Hog-potato. See Ipomoea pandurata.

Hog’s-bean. See Hyoscyamus niger.

Hogweed. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.

Holly, American. See Ilex opaca.

Holly, white. See Ilex opaca.

Honeybloom. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.

Hoodwort. See Scutellaria lateriflora.

Hoop-ash. See Fraxinus nigra.

Hop-hornbeam. See Ostrya virginiana.

Hop-tree. See Ptelea trifoliata.

Hornbeam, hop-. See Ostrya virginiana.

Horse-balm. See Collinsonia canadensis.

Horse-chestnut. See Aesculus hippocastanum.

Horsefly-weed. See Baptisia tinctoria.

Horsefoot. See Tussilago farfara.

Horse-gentian. See Triosteum perfoliatum.

Horseheal. See Inula helenium.

Horsemint. See Monarda fistulosa and M. punctata.

Horse-nettle. See Solanum carolinense.

Horsetail. See Equisetum hyemale.

Horseweed. See Erigeron canadensis.

Hound’s-tongue. See Cynoglossum officinale.

Hydrangea. See Hydrangea arborescens.

Hydrangea arborescens L.

Hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae).

Hydrangea; wild hydrangea; seven-barks.

Indigenous shrub, 5 or 6 feet in height; on rocky river banks from southern New York to Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; very abundant in the valley of the Delaware.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Hydrangea, wild. See Hydrangea arborescens.

Hydrastis. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Hydrastis canadensis L.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Hydrastis; goldenseal; yellowroot; ground-raspberry; orangeroot; yellow puccoon.

Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich soil in shady woods, southern New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri, but principally in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Hyoscyamus. See Hyoscyamus niger.

Hyoscyamus niger L.

Potato family (Solanaceae).

Hyoscyamus; henbane; hog’s-bean; insane-root.

Biennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, sparingly naturalized from Europe, in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York, and Michigan.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops from plants of second year’s growth (official); seeds are also used (nonofficial).

Hypericum perforatum L.

St. John’s-wort family (Hypericaceae).

John’s-wort; common St. John’s-wort.

Herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in fields and waste places throughout almost the entire United States, except the Southern States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Hyssop. See Hyssopus officinalis.

Hyssop, wild. See Verbena hastata.

Hyssop-skullcap. See Scutellaria integrifolia.

Hyssopus officinalis L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Hyssop.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found along roadsides and in waste places from Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific coast.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Ilex opaca Ait.

Holly family (Aquifoliaceae).

American holly; white holly.

Native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, with evergreen leaves; in moist woodlands, Maine to Florida, and west to Missouri and Texas; most abundant in the Atlantic States.

Parts used.—Leaves and bark (nonofficial).

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray.

Holly family (Aquifoliaceae).

Synonym.—Prinos verticillata L.

Black alder; feverbush; Virginia winterberry.

A native shrub, growing in moist woods and along banks of streams from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Missouri.

Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).

Impatiens aurea Muhl.

Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae).

Synonym.—Impatiens pallida Nutt.

Jewelweed; pale touch-me-not; snapweed; wild celandine.

Native, annual plant, 2 to 4 feet high, found in rich soil in moist, shady places from Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and Kansas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Impatiens biflora Walt.

Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae).

Synonym.—Impatiens fulva Nutt.

Jewelweed; spotted touch-me-not; snapweed; silverleaf.

Native, annual plant, 2 to 5 feet high, growing in rich soil in moist, shady places from Canada to Alaska and Oregon, south to Florida and Missouri; more common than the pale touch-me-not.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Impatiens fulva Nutt. Same as Impatiens biflora.

Impatiens pallida Nutt. Same as Impatiens aurea.

Indian-cup. See Silphium perfoliatum.

Indian-paint. See Sanguinaria canadensis.

Indian-physic. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.

Indian-pipe. See Monotropa uniflora.

Indian-root. See Aralia racemosa.

Indigo, American. See Baptisia tinctoria.

Indigo, wild. See Baptisia tinctoria.

Indigo, yellow. See Baptisia tinctoria.

Indigo-weed. See Baptisia tinctoria.

Inkberry. See Phytolacca decandra.

Inkroot. See Limonium carolinianum.

Insane-root. See Hyoscyamus niger.

Inula. See Inula helenium.

Inula helenium L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Inula; elecampane; horseheal; scabwort.

Rough, perennial herb, 3 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found along roadsides and in fields and pastures from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota.

Part used.—Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ipecac, American. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.

Ipecac, Carolina. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.

Ipecac, false. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.

Ipecac, milk-. See Euphorbia corollata.

Ipecac, wild. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae and Triosteum perfoliatum.

Ipecac-spurge. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer.

Morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae).

Synonym.—Convolvulus panduratus L.

Manroot; man-of-the-earth; wild potato; hog-potato; wild jalap.

Native perennial, with trailing stems 2 to 12 feet long; in dry fields or on hills from Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Iris. See Iris versicolor.

Iris versicolor L.

Iris family (Iridaceae).

Iris; blue flag; flag-lily; liver-lily; water-flag; snake-lily.

Native, perennial plant, 2 to 3 feet high, found in wet, marshy localities from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ironwood. See Ostrya virginiana.

Ivy, American. See Parthenocissus quinquefolia.

Ivy, ground-. See Glecoma hederacea.

Ivy, poison-. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.

Jack-in-the-pulpit. See Arisaema triphyllum.

Jacob’s-ladder. See Polemonium reptans.

Jacob’s-ladder, American. See Smilax herbacea.

Jalap, wild. See Ipomoea pandurata.

James-tea. See Ledum groenlandicum.

Jamestown-weed. See Datura stramonium.

Jasmine, Carolina. See Gelsemium sempervirens.

Jasmine, yellow. See Gelsemium sempervirens.

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.

Barberry family (Berberidaceae).

Twinleaf; rheumatism-root; helmetpod; yellowroot; ground-squirrel pea.

Native, perennial plant, 8 to 14 inches in height, growing in woods and near streams from New York to Virginia, westward to Wisconsin.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Jewelweed. See Impatiens aurea and I. biflora.

Jimson-weed. See Datura stramonium.

Job’s-tears, wild. See Onosmodium virginianum.

Joe-Pye-weed. See Eupatorium purpureum.

John’s-wort. See Hypericum perforatum.

Judas-tree. See Cercis canadensis.

Juglans. See Juglans cinerea.

Juglans cinerea L.

Walnut family (Juglandaceae).

Juglans; butternut; white walnut.

Indigenous tree, 20 to 50 feet in height, common in rich woods from New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

Part used.—Bark of root, collected in autumn (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Juniper. See Juniperus communis.

Juniperus communis L.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Juniper.

Evergreen shrub or low tree, common on dry, sterile hills from Canada south to New Jersey, west to Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.

Part used.—Fruit (nonofficial). The oil of juniper, distilled from the fruit, is official.

Juniperus sabina L.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Sabina; savin; shrubby red cedar.

A shrub, usually procumbent, seldom more than 4 feet in height, occurring in rocky places in the northern United States.

Part used.—Tops, and the oil of savin, distilled from the fresh tops, are official.

Juniperus virginiana L.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Red cedar; red savin.

A tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, common in dry soil from Canada to Florida and Arizona.

Part used.—Leaves and “cedar apples” (nonofficial).

Kalmia angustifolia L.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Sheep-laurel; lambkill; calfkill; narrow-leaved laurel.

Native, evergreen shrub, about 3 feet high, growing in moist soil from Canada south to Georgia.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Kalmia latifolia L.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Mountain-laurel; calico-bush; broad-leaved laurel; sheep-laurel.

Native, evergreen shrub, 10 to 20 feet high, growing in sandy or rocky soil from New Brunswick to Ohio, Florida, and Louisiana.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Kidney-liverleaf. See Hepatica hepatica.

Kidneyroot. See Eupatorium purpureum.

Knight’s-spur. See Delphinium consolida.

Knobroot. See Collinsonia canadensis.

Knotweed, biting. See Polygonum hydropiper.

Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Pycnanthemum montanum Michx.

Thin-leaved mountain-mint.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found in woods from southern Virginia to Georgia and Alabama.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt.

Hairy mountain-mint.

Native perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, occurring in prairies and dry woods from Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Liatris scariosa Willd.

Blue blazingstar; large button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-master; gay-feather; devil’s-bit.

Native, perennial herb, 4 to 5 feet high, found in dry woods and sandy fields from Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Liatris spicata Willd.

Dense button-snakeroot; colic-root; prairie-pine; gay-feather; rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot; backache-root.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist places from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Arkansas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Liatris squarrosa Willd.

Scaly blazingstar; colic-root; rattlesnake-master (in the South).

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, in dry soil, Ontario to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Lactuca canadensis L.

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Synonym.—Lactuca elongata Muhl.

Wild lettuce; tall lettuce; wild opium; trumpet-milkweed.

Annual or biennial plant, 3 to 10 feet in height, native in moist, open places, British America south to Georgia and Louisiana.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Lactuca elongata Muhl. Same as Lactuca canadensis.

Ladies-slipper, large yellow. See Cypripedium hirsutum.

Ladies-slipper, small yellow. See Cypripedium parviflorum.

Lady-fern. See Athyrium filix-foemina.

Lady’s-glove. See Digitalis purpurea.

Lambkill. See Kalmia angustifolia.

Lappa. See Arctium lappa.

Lappa major Gaertn. Same as Arctium lappa.

Larch, American. See Larix laricina.

Larch, black. See Larix laricina.

Larix americana Michx. Same as Larix laricina.

Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Synonym.—Larix americana Michx.

Tamarack; American larch; hackmatack; black larch.

A tall, slender tree, native in swampy woods and moist places from Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Lark-heel. See Delphinium consolida.

Larkspur, field-. See Delphinium consolida.

Larkspur, tall. See under Delphinium consolida.

Laurel, broad-leaved. See Kalmia latifolia.

Laurel, deer-. See Rhododendron maximum.

Laurel, great. See Rhododendron maximum.

Laurel, mountain-. See Kalmia latifolia.

Laurel, narrow-leaved. See Kalmia angustifolia.

Laurel, rose-. See Rhododendron maximum.

Laurel, sheep-. See Kalmia angustifolia and K. latifolia.

Laurel, spurge-. See Daphne mezereum.

Laurel, swamp-. See Magnolia virginiana.

Laurus benzoin L. Same as Benzoin benzoin.

Lavender, sea-. See Limonium carolinianum.

Leafcup, yellow. See Polymnia uvedalia.

Leatherwood. See Dirca palustris.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Synonym.—Ledum latifolium Ait.

Labrador tea; continental tea; James-tea.

Evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, native in cold bogs and damp mountain woods, northern part of the United States and in Canada.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Ledum latifolium Ait. Same as Ledum groenlandicum.

Lemon, wild. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Lemon-balm. See Melissa officinalis.

Leonurus cardiaca L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Motherwort; lion’s-tail; throwwort.

Perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to North Carolina westward to Nebraska.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf.

Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae).

Synonyms.—Epiphegus virginiana Bart.; Orobanche virginiana L.

Beechdrops; cancerroot.

Plant 6 inches to 2 feet in height, parasitic upon the roots of beech trees from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Michigan and Louisiana.

Part used.—Whole plant (nonofficial).

Leptandra. See Veronica virginica.

Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Same as Veronica virginica.

Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. Same as Erigeron canadensis.

Lettuce, Indian. See Frasera carolinensis.

Lettuce, tall. See Lactuca canadensis.

Lettuce, white. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.

Lettuce, wild. See Lactuca canadensis.

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Same as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Leverwood. See Ostrya virginiana.

Liatris odoratissima Michx. Same as Trilisa odoratissima.

Liatris scariosa Willd. Same as Lacinaria scariosa.

Liatris spicata Willd. Same as Lacinaria spicata.

Liatris squarrosa Willd. Same as Lacinaria squarrosa.

Life-everlasting. See Anaphalis margaritacea and Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

Life-everlasting, sweet. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

Liferoot. See Senecio aureus.

Ligustrum vulgare L.

Olive family (Oleaceae).

Privet; primwort; prim.

A shrub, 5 or 6 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from cultivation and grows wild in woods and along roadsides from Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Lily, cow-. See Nymphaea advena.

Lily, flag-. See Iris versicolor.

Lily, large yellow pond-. See Nymphaea advena.

Lily, liver-. See Iris versicolor.

Lily, snake-. See Iris versicolor.

Lily, sweet-scented water-. See Castalia odorata.

Lily, water-. See Castalia odorata.

Lily, white pond-. See Castalia odorata.

Lily-of-the-valley. See Convallaria majalis.

Lime, Ogeechee. See Nyssa ogeche.

Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britton.

Plumbago family (Plumbaginaceae).

Synonym.—Statice caroliniana Walt.

Marsh-rosemary; inkroot; sea-lavender; cankerroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, in salt meadows on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Linden, American. See Tilia americana.

Lindera benzoin Meissn. Same as Benzoin benzoin.

Lion’s-foot. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.

Lion’s-tail. See Leonurus cardiaca.

Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae).

Sweet-gum; star-leaved gum; red gum.

Large, native tree, 80 to 140 feet high, in moist woods from Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Most common near the coast in the Middle and Southern States.

Parts used.—Bark and resin (nonofficial).

Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).

Tulip-tree; yellow poplar; whitewood; tulip-poplar; canoewood.

An indigenous tree, 60 to 190 feet in height, growing in rich woods from New England to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas; reaches greatest size in the Middle and Southern States.

Part used.—Bark of trunk and of root (nonofficial).

Lithospermum virginianum L. Same as Onosmodium virginianum.

Liverleaf, heart-. See Hepatica acuta.

Liverleaf, kidney-. See Hepatica hepatica.

Liverleaf, round-lobed. See Hepatica hepatica.

Liverleaf, sharp-lobed. See Hepatica acuta.

Liver-lily. See Iris versicolor.

Liverwort. See Hepatica acuta and H. hepatica.

Lobelia. See Lobelia inflata.

Lobelia, blue. See Lobelia siphilitica.

Lobelia cardinalis L.

Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).

Cardinal-flower; red cardinal; red lobelia.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, with showy scarlet flowers; in moist soil from British America south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Lobelia, great. See Lobelia siphilitica.

Lobelia inflata L.

Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).

Lobelia; Indian tobacco; gagroot; vomitwort; bladderpod.

Native, annual, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high, poisonous; in dry soil, fields, old pastures, and along roadsides from Canada to Georgia, Nebraska, and Arkansas.

Parts used.—Leaves and tops, collected after a portion of the capsules have become inflated (official). The seeds are also used (nonofficial).

Lobelia, red. See Lobelia cardinalis.

Lobelia siphilitica L.

Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).

Blue cardinal-flower; great lobelia; blue lobelia; highbelia.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil from Ontario to Georgia, west to Louisiana and the Dakotas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Locust, black. See Robinia pseudacacia.

Locust, yellow. See Robinia pseudacacia.

Locust-plant. See Cassia marilandica.

Locust-tree. See Robinia pseudacacia.

Lycopodium. See Lycopodium clavatum.

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Club-moss family (Lycopodiaceae).

Lycopodium; club-moss; stag’s-horn.

Native perennial, with trailing stem, growing in dry situations in woods from Canada to North Carolina, Michigan, and Washington.

Part used.—Spores of this or of other species of Lycopodium (official).

Lycopus virginicus L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Bugleweed; sweet bugle; water-bugle; gypsy-weed; water-hoarhound.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches in height; in wet, shady places from Canada to Florida, Missouri, and Nebraska.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Madweed. See Scutellaria lateriflora.

Magnolia acuminata L.

Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).

Cucumber-tree; mountain-magnolia; blue magnolia.

Native tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, occurring in the mountainous regions from New York to Georgia. More abundant in the Southern States.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Magnolia, blue. See Magnolia acuminata.

Magnolia glauca L. Same as Magnolia virginiana.

Magnolia, mountain-. See Magnolia acuminata.

Magnolia, sweet. See Magnolia virginiana.

Magnolia tripetala L.

Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).

Synonym.—Magnolia umbrella Lam.

Cucumber-tree; umbrella-tree; elkwood.

A small native tree, not more than 40 feet high, growing in rather moist, rich soil; widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain region, but nowhere very common.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Magnolia umbrella Lam. Same as Magnolia tripetala.

Magnolia virginiana L.

Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).

Synonym.—Magnolia glauca L.

White bay; sweet bay; sweet magnolia; beaver-tree; swamp-sassafras; swamp-laurel.

A native tree, averaging about 25 feet in height, growing in swamps and morasses, Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Maidenhair-fern. See Adiantum pedatum.

Male-fern. See Dryopteris filix-mas.

Mallow, common. See Malva sylvestris.

Mallow, dwarf. See Malva rotundifolia.

Mallow, high. See Malva sylvestris.

Mallow, low. See Malva rotundifolia.

Mallow, running. See Malva rotundifolia.

Malva rotundifolia L.

Mallow family (Malvaceae).

Low mallow; running mallow; cheeses; dwarf mallow.

Annual or biennial procumbent plant, naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed in waste places.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

Malva sylvestris L.

Mallow family (Malvaceae).

High mallow; common mallow; cheeseflower.

Biennial herb, adventive from Europe; sparingly distributed in the United States and Canada, growing in waste places and along roadsides.

Part used.—Flowers (nonofficial).

Mandrake, American. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Mandrake, wild. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Man-of-the-earth. See Ipomoea pandurata.

Manroot. See Ipomoea pandurata.

Manzanita. See Arctostaphylos glauca.

Maple, red. See Acer rubrum.

Maple, swamp-. See Acer rubrum.

Maple, vine-. See Menispermum canadense.

Marrubium. See Marrubium vulgare.

Marrubium vulgare L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Marrubium; hoarhound.

Bushy, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in dry, sandy soil, in fields and waste places, from Maine southward to Texas and westward to California and Oregon.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Marsh-cudweed. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Marsh-gentian. See Gentiana villosa.

Marshmallow. See Althaea officinalis.

Marsh-rosemary. See Limonium carolinianum.

Marsh-trefoil. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Maruta cotula DC. Same as Anthemis cotula.

Masterwort. See Angelica atropurpurea and Heracleum lanatum.

May-apple. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Mayflower. See Epigaea repens.

May-pops. See Passiflora incarnata.

Maythorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.

Mayweed. See Anthemis cotula.

Meadow-clover. See Trifolium pratense.

Meadow-fern. See Comptonia peregrina.

Meadowpride. See Frasera carolinensis.

Meadow-scabish. See Aster puniceus.

Meadowsweet, pink. See Spiraea tomentosa.

Mealy-tree. See Viburnum dentatum.

Melilot, yellow. See Melilotus officinalis.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Yellow melilot; yellow sweet clover.

Annual or biennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe, and occurring in waste places throughout the eastern United States.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (nonofficial).

Melissa. See Melissa officinalis.

Melissa officinalis L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Melissa; balm; lemon-balm; garden-balm; sweet balm.

Perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in waste places, fields, and woods from Maine to Georgia.

Parts used.—Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Menispermum. See Menispermum canadense.

Menispermum canadense L.

Moonseed family (Menispermaceae).

Menispermum; yellow parilla; Canada moonseed; Texas sarsaparilla; vine-maple.

Native, perennial, woody climber, found in woods along streams from Canada to Georgia and Arkansas.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Mentha piperita. See Mentha piperita L.

Mentha piperita L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Mentha piperita; peppermint.

Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in damp places from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Cultivated principally in Michigan and New York.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of peppermint distilled from these, are official.

Mentha spicata L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Mentha viridis L.

Mentha viridis; spearmint.

Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in moist fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Also cultivated.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of spearmint distilled from these, are official.

Mentha viridis. See Mentha spicata.

Mentha viridis L. Same as Mentha spicata.

Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Buck-bean family (Menyanthaceae).

Buck-bean; bog-bean; marsh-trefoil; water-shamrock.

Indigenous, perennial plant, about 1 foot in height, found in spongy, boggy soils and swamps from Canada and Alaska south to Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California.

Parts used.—Rhizome and leaves (nonofficial).

Mezereon. See Daphne mezereum.

Mezereon, American. See Dirca palustris.

Mezereum. See Daphne mezereum.

Mezereum officinarum C. A. Mey. Same as Daphne mezereum.

Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Micromeria douglasii Benth.

Yerba buena.

A trailing, perennial herb, common in woods along the Pacific coast of the United States.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Micromeria douglasii Benth. Same as Micromeria chamissonis.

Milfoil. See Achillea millefolium.

Milk-ipecac. See Euphorbia corollata.

Milk-purslane. See Euphorbia nutans.

Milkweed, common. See Asclepias syriaca.

Milkweed, swamp-. See Asclepias incarnata.

Milkweed, trumpet-. See Lactuca canadensis.

Milkwort, Nuttall’s-. See Polygala nuttallii.

Mint, hairy mountain-. See Koellia pilosa.

Mint, mountain-. See Monarda didyma.

Mint, thin-leaved mountain-. See Koellia montana.

Mistletoe. See Phoradendron flavescens.

Mistletoe, American. See Phoradendron flavescens.

Mitchella repens L.

Madder family (Rubiaceae).

Squaw-vine; checkerberry; partridgeberry; deerberry; hive-vine; squawberry.

Small, creeping, evergreen herb, common in moist woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Miterwort, false. See Tiarella cordifolia.

Moccasin-flower, yellow. See Cypripedium hirsutum.

Mohawk-weed. See Uvularia perfoliata.

Monarda didyma L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Bee-balm; Oswego tea; mountain-mint; scarlet balm.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil, especially along streams, from New Brunswick to Michigan and south to Georgia.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Monarda fistulosa L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Wild bergamot; horsemint.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found on dry hills and in thickets from Ontario south to Florida and Louisiana.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Monarda punctata L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Horsemint.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in dry, sandy fields from New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Monotropa uniflora L.

Indian-pipe family (Monotropaceae).

Indian-pipe; fit-plant; fitroot; ghostflower; pipe-plant.

A curious plant, white in all its parts, growing in rich, moist woods from Canada to Florida, westward to Washington and California.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Moonseed, Canada. See Menispermum canadense.

Moose-elm. See Ulmus fulva.

Moosewood. See Dirca palustris.

Mortification-root. See Althaea officinalis.

Moss, club-. See Lycopodium clavatum.

Moss, haircap-. See Polytrichum juniperinum.

Motherwort. See Leonurus cardiaca.

Mountain-ash, American. See Sorbus americana.

Mountain-balm. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Mountain-laurel. See Kalmia latifolia.

Mountain-magnolia. See Magnolia acuminata.

Mountain-mint. See Monarda didyma.

Mountain-mint, hairy. See Koellia pilosa.

Mountain-mint, thin-leaved. See Koellia montana.

Mountain-sumac. See Sorbus americana.

Mountain-tea. See Gaultheria procumbens.

Mouse-ear. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Mouthroot. See Coptis trifolia.

Mugwort, common. See Artemisia vulgaris.

Mullein. See Verbascum thapsus.

Musquash-root. See Cicuta maculata.

Mustard, black. See Brassica nigra.

Mustard, brown. See Brassica nigra.

Mustard, red. See Brassica nigra.

Mustard, white. See Sinapis alba.

Mustard, yellow. See Sinapis alba.

Myrica asplenifolia L. Same as Comptonia peregrina.

Myrica cerifera L.

Bayberry family (Myricaceae).

Bayberry; wax-myrtle; candleberry; waxberry.

Grows in sandy swamps or wet woods from Florida and Texas northward to Maryland. In the South it is a small evergreen tree, becoming in its northward range a tall, semi-deciduous shrub, or a dwarfed and deciduous shrub.

Parts used.—Bark of root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).

Myrica gale L.

Bayberry family (Myricaceae).

Sweet gale; Dutch myrtle; bog-myrtle; golden osier.

Indigenous shrub, growing in swamps and along streams from Canada and Alaska to Virginia and Washington.

Parts used.—Leaves and buds (nonofficial).

Myrtle, bog-. See Myrica gale.

Myrtle, Dutch. See Myrica gale.

Myrtle, wax-. See Myrica cerifera.

Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Synonym.—Prenanthes alba L.

Lion’s-foot; rattlesnake-root; white lettuce; white canker-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, common in rich, moist woods from Canada to Georgia and Kentucky.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook.

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Synonym.—Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.

Lion’s-foot; canker-weed; white lettuce; rattlesnake-root; snake-gentian.

Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, growing in dry, sandy soil in fields and thickets from Ontario to Florida and Alabama.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Nannybush. See Viburnum lentago.

Necklace-weed. See Actaea alba and Onosmodium virginianum.

Nepeta cataria L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Catnip; catmint.

Common, perennial weed, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places and cultivated land from Canada to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Nepeta glechoma Benth. Same as Glecoma hederacea.

Netleaf-plantain. See Peramium pubescens.

Netleaf-plantain, smaller. See Peramium repens.

Nettle, bull-. See Solanum carolinense.

Nettle, great. See Urtica dioica.

Nettle, horse-. See Solanum carolinense.

Nettle, stinging. See Urtica dioica.

Niggerhead. See Brauneria angustifolia.

Nightshade, woody. See Solanum dulcamara.

Nuphar advena R. Br. Same as Nymphaea advena.

Nuttall’s-milkwort. See Polygala nuttallii.

Nymphaea advena Soland.

Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae).

Synonym.—Nuphar advena R. Br.

Large yellow pond-lily; cow-lily; spatter-dock; beaverroot.

An aquatic plant, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Nymphaea odorata Dryand. Same as Castalia odorata.

Nyssa aquatica L.

Dogwood family (Cornaceae).

Synonym.—Nyssa uniflora Wang.

Large tupelo; cotton-gum; tupelo gum.

A large, native tree, occurring in swamps from southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.

Part used.—Root wood (nonofficial).

Nyssa capitata Walt. Same as Nyssa ogeche.

Nyssa ogeche Marsh.

Dogwood family (Cornaceae).

Synonym.—Nyssa capitata Walt.

Sour tupelo; Ogeechee lime.

A small tree, growing in swamps near the seacoast from southern South Carolina to Florida.

Part used.—Root wood (nonofficial).

Nyssa uniflora Wang. Same as Nyssa aquatica.

Oak, champion-. See Quercus rubra.

Oak, Jerusalem. See Chenopodium anthelminticum and C. botrys.

Oak, poison-. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.

Oak, red. See Quercus rubra.

Oak, Spanish. See Quercus rubra.

Oak, stone-. See Quercus alba.

Oak, white. See Quercus alba.

Oenothera biennis L.

Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).

Synonym.—Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.

Evening-primrose; tree-primrose; night willow-herb.

Annual or biennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, common in fields and waste places from Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains. Native.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Old-man’s-beard. See Chionanthus virginica.

Olive, spurge-. See Daphne mezereum.

Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Same as Oenothera biennis.

Onosmodium virginianum (L.) DC.

Borage family (Boraginaceae).

Synonym.—Lithospermum virginianum L.

Virginia false gromwell; gravel-weed; necklace-weed; pearl-plant; wild Job’s-tears.

Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, hilly grounds from the New England States to Florida, Kansas, and Texas.

Parts used.—Root and seeds (nonofficial).

Opium, wild. See Lactuca canadensis.

Orangeroot. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Orobanche virginiana L. Same as Leptamnium virginianum.

Osier, golden. See Myrica gale.

Osier, green. See Cornus circinata.

Osier, red. See Cornus amomum.

Osmorrhiza longistylis DC. Same as Washingtonia longistylis.

Osmunda regalis L.

Royal fern family (Osmundaceae).

Royal fern; buckhorn-brake.

A tall, native fern, with fronds 3 to 4 feet high, occurring in swamps and marshes from Canada to Florida and Mississippi.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd.

Birch family (Betulaceae).

Hop-hornbeam; ironwood; deerwood; leverwood.

Native tree, 25 to 30 feet in height, growing in rich woods, Canada and eastern United States.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Oxalis acetosella L.

Wood-sorrel family (Oxalidaceae).

White wood-sorrel; shamrock; sour trefoil.

Small, native, perennial herb, found in cold, damp woods, Canada south to Michigan and North Carolina.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Oxeye daisy. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Synonym.—Andromeda arborea L.

Sourwood; sorrel-tree; elk-tree.

Native tree, sometimes 40 to 50 feet in height, growing in rich woods from Ohio to Maryland, south to Alabama and Florida.

Parts used.—Leaves and bark (nonofficial).

Palmetto, saw-. See Serenoa serrulata.

Panax quinquefolium L.

Ginseng family (Araliaceae).

Ginseng.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, found in rich, shady woods from the Middle and Northern States south to Alabama and Georgia.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Pansy. See Viola tricolor.

Papoose-root. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.

Paradise-plant. See Daphne mezereum.

Parilla, yellow. See Menispermum canadense.

Parsley, spotted. See Conium maculatum.

Parsley-fern. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Parsnip, cow-. See Heracleum lanatum.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

Grape family (Vitaceae).

Synonym.—Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx.

American ivy; Virginia creeper.

A common, woody vine, native in woods and thickets from Canada to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Bark and young twigs (nonofficial).

Partridgeberry. See Mitchella repens.

Pasqueflower, American. See Pulsatilla hirsutissima.

Passiflora incarnata L.

Passion-flower family (Passifloraceae).

Passion-flower; passion-vine; may-pops.

Climbing, perennial plant, native in dry soil from Virginia to Florida, westward to Missouri and Arkansas.

Parts used.—Root and stem base (nonofficial).

Passion-flower. See Passiflora incarnata.

Passion-vine. See Passiflora incarnata.

Paul’s-betony. See Veronica officinalis.

Pawpaw, North American. See Asimina triloba.

Pea, ground-squirrel. See Jeffersonia diphylla.

Pea, hoary. See Cracca virginiana.

Pea, turkey-. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Pearl-plant. See Onosmodium virginianum.

Pencil-flower. See Stylosanthes biflora.

Pennyroyal, American. See Hedeoma pulegioides.

Penthorum sedoides L.

Virginia stonecrop family (Penthoraceae).

Virginia stonecrop; ditch-stonecrop.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, growing in ditches and swamps from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Pepper, water-. See Polygonum hydropiper.

Peppermint. See Mentha piperita.

Pepper-plant. See Polygonum hydropiper.

Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Synonym.—Goodyera pubescens R. Br.

Downy rattlesnake-plantain; rattlesnake-weed; netleaf-plantain; scrofula-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches in height, occurring in rich woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Most common southward.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Peramium repens (L.) Salisb.

Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Synonym.—Goodyera repens R. Br.

White plantain; lesser rattlesnake-plantain; smaller netleaf-plantain; squirrel-ear.

A smaller plant than P. pubescens, but very similar to it and more common northward.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Persimmon. See Diospyros virginiana.

Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt.

Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae).

Synonym.—Viscum flavescens Pursh.

Mistletoe; American mistletoe.

Parasitic shrub, found on deciduous-leaved trees from New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Leaves and branches (nonofficial).

Phytolacca. See Phytolacca decandra.

Phytolacca americana L. Same as Phytolacca decandra.

Phytolacca decandra L.[e]

Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae).

Synonym.—Phytolacca americana L.[e]

Phytolacca; poke; pokeweed; garget; scoke; inkberry.

Native, perennial herb, with large and branching stem, 6 to 10 feet high; in rich, moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Root collected in autumn (official); fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890); leaves (nonofficial).

Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Synonym.—Abies nigra Desf.

Black spruce; spruce-gum tree.

Indigenous, evergreen tree, 40 to 80 feet in height, growing on elevated situations and in cold bogs from Canada south along the mountains to North Carolina, and to Minnesota.

Parts used.—Branches, and the essence obtained from the same (nonofficial).

Pilewort. See Erechtites hieracifolia and Scrophularia marilandica.

Pilotweed. See Silphium laciniatum.

Pimpernel. See Pimpinella saxifraga.

Pimpernel, red. See Anagallis arvensis.

Pimpernel, scarlet. See Anagallis arvensis.

Pimpinella saxifraga L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Burnet-saxifrage; bennet; pimpernel.

Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, adventive from Europe, and found in waste places in eastern Pennsylvania, at several localities in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Pine, northern. See Pinus strobus.

Pine, prairie-. See Lacinaria spicata.

Pine, prince’s-. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Pine, Weymouth. See Pinus strobus.

Pine, white. See Pinus strobus.

Pink, rose-. See Sabbatia angularis.

Pinkroot. See Spigelia marilandica.

Pinkroot, Indian. See Spigelia marilandica.

Pinkroot, Maryland. See Spigelia marilandica.

Pinus strobus L.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

White pine; northern pine; Weymouth pine.

Large, indigenous forest tree, sometimes 175 feet in height, growing in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Pipe-plant. See Monotropa uniflora.

Pipsissewa. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Pitcher-plant. See Sarracenia purpurea.

Plantago major L.

Plantain family (Plantaginaceae).

Common plantain; dooryard-plantain; greater plantain.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in fields and waste places and along roadsides nearly throughout North America.

Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Plantain, common. See Plantago major.

Plantain, dooryard-. See Plantago major.

Plantain, downy rattlesnake-. See Peramium pubescens.

Plantain, greater. See Plantago major.

Plantain, lesser rattlesnake-. See Peramium repens.

Plantain, netleaf-. See Peramium pubescens.

Plantain, smaller netleaf-. See Peramium repens.

Plantain, white. See Peramium repens.

Pleurisy-root. See Asclepias tuberosa.

Podophyllum. See Podophyllum peltatum.

Podophyllum peltatum L.

Barberry family (Berberidaceae).

Podophyllum; May-apple; wild mandrake; American mandrake; wild lemon.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high, found in low, rich woods from Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Rhizome (official).

Poison-hemlock. See Conium maculatum.

Poison-ivy. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.

Poison-oak. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.

Poison-vine. See Rhus radicans.

Poke. See Phytolacca decandra.

Pokeweed. See Phytolacca decandra.

Polar-plant. See Silphium laciniatum.

Polecat-weed. See Spathyema foetida.

Polemonium reptans L.

Phlox family (Polemoniaceae).

American Greek valerian; abscess-root; sweetroot; Jacob’s-ladder.

Native, perennial herb, 12 to 20 inches high, growing in woods and damp ground from New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Polygala nuttallii T. & G.

Milkwort family (Polygalaceae).

Nuttall’s-milkwort; ground-centaury.

Slender, erect, annual herb, 6 to 12 inches high, native in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama and Missouri.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Polygala senega L.

Milkwort family (Polygalaceae).

Senega; Seneca snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches high, found in rocky woods and on hillsides from New Brunswick and western New England to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.

Part used.—Root (official).

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.

Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).

Synonyms.—Convallaria biflora Walt.; Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton.

Hairy Solomon’s-seal; smaller Solomon’s-seal.

Native, perennial herb, 8 inches to 3 feet high, found in woods and thickets from Canada south to Florida and Michigan.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Polygonatum commutatum (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr.

Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).

Synonyms.—Polygonatum giganteum Dietr.; Salomonia commutata (Roem. & Schult.) Britton.

Giant Solomon’s-seal; great Solomon’s-seal; smooth Solomon’s-seal.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 8 feet high, occurring in moist woods and along streams from Canada to Georgia, west to Louisiana and Utah.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Polygonatum giganteum Dietr. Same as Polygonatum commutatum.

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

Smartweed; water-pepper; biting knotweed; pepper-plant.

Smooth, annual plant, 8 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in moist waste places almost throughout North America.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Polygonum punctatum Ell.

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

Dotted smartweed; water-smartweed.

Native, annual or perennial herb, found in swamps and other wet places throughout most of North America.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Polymnia uvedalia L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Yellow bear’s-foot; yellow leafcup; uvedalia.

Large, native, perennial plant, 3 to 6 feet high; in ravines and edges of woods from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Polypodium filix-mas L. Same as Dryopteris filix-mas.

Polypodium marginale L. Same as Dryopteris marginalis.

Polypodium vulgare L.

Fern family (Polypodiaceae).

Common polypody; fernroot; rock-brake; female-fern.

Native fern, 3 to 10 inches in height, with a perennial, creeping rhizome; on shady, rocky banks, in woods and mountains almost throughout North America.

Parts used.—Rhizome and tops (nonofficial).

Polypody, common. See Polypodium vulgare.

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.

Haircap-moss family (Polytrichaceae).

Haircap-moss; robin’s-rye.

Native moss, 4 to 7 inches in height, growing along margins of dry woods and exposed places, mostly on poor, sandy soil.

Part used.—Whole plant (nonofficial).

Pond-lily, large yellow. See Nymphaea advena.

Pond-lily, white. See Castalia odorata.

Poolroot. See Eupatorium ageratoides, E. aromaticum, and Sanicula marilandica.

Poolwort. See Eupatorium ageratoides and E. aromaticum.

Poplar, silver. See Populus alba.

Poplar, silverleaf-. See Populus alba.

Poplar, trembling. See Populus tremuloides.

Poplar, tulip-. See Liriodendron tulipifera.

Poplar, white. See Populus alba and P. tremuloides.

Poplar, yellow. See Liriodendron tulipifera.

Populus alba L.

Willow family (Salicaceae).

White poplar; silverleaf-poplar; silver poplar; white-bark.

A large tree, sometimes 120 feet in height, naturalized in the United States; occurs along roadsides from New Brunswick to Virginia.

Part used.—Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).

Populus balsamifera candicans A. Gray. Same as Populus candicans.

Populus candicans Ait.

Willow family (Salicaceae).

Synonym.—Populus balsamifera candicans A. Gray.

Balm-of-Gilead.

A large tree, about 80 feet in height, mostly escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to New Jersey, west to Minnesota.

Parts used.—Leafbuds and bark (nonofficial).

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Willow family (Salicaceae).

Quaking aspen; American aspen; white poplar; trembling poplar; quiverleaf.

A slender, indigenous tree, growing in dry or moist soil from lower Canada south to Kentucky and in the Rocky Mountains to Lower California.

Part used.—Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).

Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Synonym.—Gillenia trifoliata Moench.

Indian-physic; Bowman’s-root; false ipecac; western dropwort.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in moist, shady places in rich woods from New York to Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri; more common in the Atlantic States than in the Western States.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Potato, hog-. See Ipomoea pandurata.

Potato, wild. See Ipomoea pandurata.

Potentilla canadensis L.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Fivefinger; cinquefoil.

A small, annual or biennial plant, with creeping stems, growing in dry soil from Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory.

Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).

Prairie-pine. See Lacinaria spicata.

Prenanthes alba L. Same as Nabalus albus.

Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh. Same as Nabalus serpentarius.

Prickly ash, northern. See Xanthoxylum americanum.

Prickly ash, southern. See Fagara clava-herculis.

Prideweed. See Erigeron canadensis.

Prim. See Ligustrum vulgare.

Primrose, evening-. See Oenothera biennis.

Primrose, tree-. See Oenothera biennis.

Primwort. See Ligustrum vulgare.

Prince’s-pine. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Prinos verticillatus L. Same as Ilex verticillata.

Privet. See Ligustrum vulgare.

Prunella vulgaris L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Self-heal; heal-all; brownwort; sicklewort; blue-curls.

Perennial plant, 2 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found in fields, woods, and waste places throughout nearly the whole of North America.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Prunus serotina Ehrh.

Plum family (Amygdalaceae).

Synonym.—Prunus virginiana Mill., not of Linnaeus.

Prunus virginiana; wild cherry; rum-cherry.

A large, indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, growing in woods or open places from Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Dakota. Most abundant in the Southwestern States.

Part used.—Bark, which should be collected in autumn and carefully dried and preserved (official).

Prunus virginiana. See Prunus serotina.

Prunus virginiana Mill., not L. Same as Prunus serotina.

Psoralea. See Psoralea pedunculata.

Psoralea melilotoides Michx. Same as Psoralea pedunculata.

Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Synonym.—Psoralea melilotoides Michx.

Psoralea; Samson’s-snakeroot; Congo-root.

Slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, native in dry soil in open woods from Ohio and Kentucky southward.

Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Ptelea trifoliata L.

Rue family (Rutaceae).

Wafer-ash; wingseed; hop-tree; shrubby trefoil.

Native shrub, 6 to 8 feet high; in shady woods from New York to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas; grows more abundantly west of the Alleghenies.

Parts used.—Bark of root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).

Pterocaulon undulatum (Walt.) Mohr.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Gnaphalium undulatum Walt.

Indian blackroot.

Native, perennial herb, growing in sandy pine lands from North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Puccoon, red. See Sanguinaria canadensis.

Puccoon, yellow. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Pulsatilla, American. See Pulsatilla hirsutissima.

Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Synonym.—Anemone patens var. nuttalliana A. Gray.

American pasqueflower; American pulsatilla.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 16 inches high, found in the prairie regions of Illinois, west to the Rocky Mountains and the Northwest.

Part used.—Flowering herb (nonofficial).

Purging-root. See Euphorbia corollata.

Purslane, black. See Euphorbia nutans.

Purslane, milk-. See Euphorbia nutans.

Pussy-willow. See Salix nigra.

Putty-root. See Aplectrum spicatum.

Pycnanthemum montanum Michx. Same as Koellia montana.

Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Same as Koellia pilosa.

Pyramid-flower. See Frasera carolinensis.

Pyrethrum parthenium Smith. Same as Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Pyrus americana DC. Same as Sorbus americana.

Quack-grass. See Agropyron repens.

Queen-Anne’s-lace. See Daucus carota.

Queen-of-the-meadow. See Eupatorium purpureum.

Queen’s-delight. See Stillingia sylvatica.

Queensland asthma-weed. See Euphorbia pilulifera.

Queen’s-root. See Stillingia sylvatica.

Quercus. See Quercus alba.

Quercus alba L.

Beech family (Fagaceae).

Quercus; white oak; stone-oak.

Large, indigenous forest tree, 50 to 100 feet in height, in woods from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More abundant in the Middle States.

Part used.—Bark, “collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25 years of age, and deprived of the periderm” (official).

Quercus rubra L.

Beech family (Fagaceae).

Red oak; champion-oak; Spanish oak.

Large, wide-spreading, indigenous forest tree, about 70 feet in height, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More common in the Northern States and in Canada.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Quinine-flower. See Sabbatia elliottii.

Quinine-herb. See Sabbatia elliottii.

Quinine-plant. See Sabbatia elliottii.

Quiverleaf. See Populus tremuloides.

Ragged-cup. See Silphium perfoliatum.

Ragweed. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.

Ragwort, golden. See Senecio aureus.

Raspberry, black. See Rubus occidentalis.

Raspberry, ground-. See Hydrastis canadensis.

Raspberry, wild red. See Rubus strigosus.

Rattle-root. See Cimicifuga racemosa.

Rattlesnake-herb. See Actaea alba and A. rubra.

Rattlesnake-master. See Eryngium yuccifolium, Lacinaria scariosa, L. spicata, and L. squarrosa.

Rattlesnake-plantain, downy. See Peramium pubescens.

Rattlesnake-plantain, lesser. See Peramium repens.

Rattlesnake-root. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.

Rattlesnake-violet. See Erythronium americanum.

Rattlesnake-weed. See Eryngium yuccifolium, Hieracium venosum, and Peramium pubescens.

Redbud. See Cercis canadensis.

Redroot. See Ceanothus americanus.

Rhamnus cathartica L.

Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).

Buckthorn; hart’s-thorn; waythorn.

A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from hedges and growing in dry soil in the New England and Middle States.

Part used.—Berries (nonofficial).

Rhamnus purshiana. See Rhamnus purshiana DC.

Rhamnus purshiana DC.

Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).

Rhamnus purshiana; cascara sagrada; chittem-bark; sacred-bark; bearberry-tree.

Small, indigenous tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, found on the sides and bottoms of canyons, Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific Ocean, and extending north into British America.

Part used.—Bark, collected at least one year before being used (official).

Rheumatism-root. See Dioscorea villosa and Jeffersonia diphylla.

Rheumatism-weed. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Rhododendron maximum L.

Heath family (Ericaceae).

Great laurel; rose-bay; deer-laurel; rose-laurel.

Tall, native, evergreen shrub or small tree, found in low woods and along streams from Canada to Georgia.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Rhus aromatica Ait.

Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).

Fragrant sumac; sweet-scented sumac.

Indigenous shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, growing in woods and rocky situations, Canada to Florida, especially along the mountains, west to Minnesota and Arkansas.

Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).

Rhus glabra. See Rhus glabra L.

Rhus glabra L.

Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).

Rhus glabra; smooth sumac; scarlet sumac.

Indigenous, branching shrub, from 4 to 12 feet high; in dry soil, thickets, and waste grounds nearly throughout the United States and Canada.

Parts used.—Fruit (official); bark and leaves (nonofficial).

Rhus radicans L.[f]

Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).

Rhus toxicodendron (pharmacopœial name, 1890); poison-ivy; poison-oak; poison-vine.

Native, woody vine, clinging to trees and fence rows; Canada to Florida, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. Very poisonous to the touch.

Part used.—Fresh leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Rhus toxicodendron. See Rhus radicans.

Rhus toxicodendron L.

Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).

Poison-ivy; poison-oak.

Low, erect, and finely pubescent plant, more shrubby than Rhus radicans, and found in dry soil in more southern localities from Virginia to Georgia. Very poisonous to the touch.

Part used.—Fresh leaves, collected with those of Rhus radicans.

Richweed. See Collinsonia canadensis and Eupatorium ageratoides.

Robinia pseudacacia L.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Locust-tree; black locust; yellow locust; false acacia.

A large, indigenous tree, sometimes 80 feet in height, growing in woods from Pennsylvania south along the western slope of the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, west to the Indian Territory. Most abundant in the Middle and Eastern States.

Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).

Robin’s-rye. See Polytrichum juniperinum.

Rock-brake. See Polypodium vulgare.

Rock-rose, Canadian. See Helianthemum canadense.

Rope-bark. See Dirca palustris.

Rose, Canadian rock-. See Helianthemum canadense.

Rose-bay. See Rhododendron maximum.

Rose-laurel. See Rhododendron maximum.

Rosemary, marsh-. See Limonium carolinianum.

Rose-pink. See Sabbatia angularis.

Rose-willow. See Cornus amomum.

Rosinweed. See Silphium laciniatum.

Roundwood. See Sorbus americana.

Rubus. See Rubus cuneifolius, R. nigrobaccus, R. procumbens, R. trivialis, and R. villosus.

Rubus canadensis T. & G., not L. Same as Rubus procumbens.

Rubus cuneifolius Pursh.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Rubus; sand-blackberry; knee-high blackberry.

Shrubby plant, 1 to 3 feet high; in sandy soil from Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana.

Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).

Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr. Same as Rubus occidentalis.

Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Synonym.—Rubus villosus A. Gray, not Ait.

Rubus; high-bush blackberry.

Slender shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, growing in dry fields and along roadsides, New England States to Florida, and west to Arkansas.

Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).

Rubus occidentalis L.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Synonym.—Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr.

Black raspberry; thimbleberry; blackcap.

A straggling shrub, growing along the borders of woods and in rocky thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.

Parts used.—Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).

Rubus procumbens Muhl.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Synonym.—Rubus canadensis T. & G., not L.

Rubus; low running blackberry; dewberry.

Shrubby, trailing plant, found in dry soil from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, south to Virginia and the Indian Territory.

Part used.—Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Rubus strigosus Michx.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Wild red raspberry.

Shrubby plant, found in dry or rocky situations from Canada to North Carolina and New Mexico.

Parts used.—Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).

Rubus trivialis Michx.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Rubus; southern dewberry; low-bush blackberry.

Shrubby, procumbent plant, found in sandy soils, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.

Part used.—Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Rubus villosus A. Gray, not Ait. Same as Rubus nigrobaccus.

Rubus villosus Ait.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Rubus; one-flowered dewberry.

Trailing plant, with slender branches, growing in sandy or dry soil near the coast from Maine to South Carolina.

Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).

Rudbeckia laciniata L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Thimbleweed; tall coneflower.

Much-branched, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high; in moist thickets, Canada and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Rum-cherry. See Prunus serotina.

Rumex. See Rumex crispus.

Rumex acetosella L.

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

Sheep-sorrel; field-sorrel; sour-grass; common sorrel.

Annual or perennial herb, abundant in dry fields, pastures, and waste ground throughout the United States.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Rumex crispus L.

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

Rumex; yellow dock; curled dock; narrow dock; sour dock.

A weed introduced from Europe, and common in cultivated and waste ground throughout the United States. Perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high.

Part used.—Root of this and some other species of Rumex (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Rumex obtusifolius L.

Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

Bitter dock; blunt-leaved dock; broad-leaved dock.

A perennial weed, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from New England to Florida, west to Texas and Oregon.

Part used.—Root, collected with that of Rumex crispus.

Sabal. See Serenoa serrulata.

Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

American centaury; rose-pink; bitterbloom; bitter clover.

Native, biennial plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in damp, rich soil, in meadows and among high grass, from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and the Indian Territory.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Sabbatia elliottii Steud.

Gentian family (Gentianaceae).

Synonym.—Sabbatia paniculata Ell.

Quinine-flower; quinine-plant; quinine-herb; Elliott’s-sabbatia.

An erect, native herb, about one foot in height, growing in pine barrens from North Carolina to Florida.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Sabbatia, Elliott’s-. See Sabbatia elliottii.

Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Same as Sabbatia elliottii.

Sabina. See Juniperus sabina.

Sacred-bark. See Rhamnus purshiana.

Sage, Indian. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.

Saint-Benedict’s thistle. See Cnicus benedictus.

Saint-John’s wort, common. See Hypericum perforatum.

Salix alba L.

Willow family (Salicaceae).

White willow; European willow.

A large tree, sometimes 90 feet in height, introduced from Europe; occurs in moist soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to New Brunswick and Ontario, sparingly escaped from cultivation.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Salix nigra Marsh.

Willow family (Salicaceae).

Black willow; pussy-willow; swamp-willow.

Tall, indigenous tree, growing on banks of rivers from Canada to Florida and California.

Parts used.—Bark, and fresh aments gathered early in May (nonofficial).

Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Same as Polygonatum biflorum.

Salomonia commutata (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. Same as Polygonatum commutatum.

Salt-rheum weed. See Chelone glabra.

Sambucus. See Sambucus canadensis.

Sambucus canadensis L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Sambucus; elder; American elder; sweet elder.

Indigenous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, growing in low, damp ground from Canada to Florida and Arizona.

Parts used.—Flowers (official in U. S. P. 1890); bark and berries (nonofficial).

Sampson-root. See Brauneria angustifolia.

Sampson’s-snakeroot. See Gentiana villosa.

Samson’s-snakeroot. See Psoralea pedunculata.

Sand-blackberry. See Rubus cuneifolius.

Sandbrier. See Solanum carolinense.

Sanguinaria. See Sanguinaria canadensis.

Sanguinaria canadensis L.

Poppy family (Papaveraceae).

Sanguinaria; bloodroot; red puccoon; Indian-paint; tetterwort.

Native, perennial herb, about 6 inches high, found in rich, open woods from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas.

Part used.—Rhizome, “collected after the death of the foliage” (official).

Sanicle, American. See Heuchera americana and Sanicula marilandica.

Sanicle, black. See Sanicula marilandica.

Sanicle, Indian. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Sanicle, white. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Sanicula marilandica L.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Black sanicle; black snakeroot; American sanicle; poolroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; in rich woods, Canada to Georgia.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Saponaria officinalis L.

Pink family (Silenaceae).

Soapwort; soaproot; bouncing-Bet; fuller’s-herb.

Stout, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe and found along roadsides and waste places; common almost everywhere.

Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).

Sarothamnus scoparius Wimm. Same as Cytisus scoparius.

Sarracenia flava L.

Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae).

Trumpetleaf; trumpets; Eve’s-cup; watercup; yellow-flowered watercup.

Curious, indigenous perennial, about 1 to 3 feet high, found in low, wet pine barrens in the southeastern United States.

Parts used.—Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).

Sarracenia purpurea L.

Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae).

Pitcher-plant; flytrap; sidesaddle-flower; watercup; smallpox-plant.

Indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in wet, boggy places and marshes, from Canada to Minnesota and Florida.

Parts used.—Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).

Sarsaparilla, American. See Aralia nudicaulis.

Sarsaparilla, bristly. See Aralia hispida.

Sarsaparilla, false. See Aralia nudicaulis.

Sarsaparilla, Texas. See Menispermum canadense.

Sarsaparilla, Virginian. See Aralia nudicaulis.

Sarsaparilla, wild. See Aralia nudicaulis.

Sassafras. See Sassafras variifolium.

Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Same as Sassafras variifolium.

Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Same as Sassafras variifolium.

Sassafras, swamp-. See Magnolia virginiana.

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[g]

Laurel family (Lauraceae).

Synonyms.—Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm.; Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst.[g]

Sassafras; ague-tree.

Native tree, sometimes reaching a height of 125 feet; in rich woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.

Parts used.—Bark of root, collected in early spring or autumn and deprived of the periderm (official); pith (official); and the oil of sassafras distilled from the root, especially the root bark (official).

Satureia hortensis L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Summer-savory.

Hairy, aromatic, annual herb, adventive from Europe and occurring in waste places from Canada to Pennsylvania and Nevada.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Savin. See Juniperus sabina.

Savin, red. See Juniperus virginiana.

Savory, summer-. See Satureia hortensis.

Saw-palmetto. See Serenoa serrulata.

Saxifrage, burnet-. See Pimpinella saxifraga.

Scabious, sweet. See Erigeron philadelphicus.

Scabish, meadow-. See Aster puniceus.

Scabwort. See Inula helenium.

Scarletberry. See Solanum dulcamara.

Scoke. See Phytolacca decandra.

Scoparius. See Cytisus scoparius.

Scouring-rush, common. See Equisetum hyemale.

Scrofula-plant. See Scrophularia marilandica.

Scrofula-weed. See Peramium pubescens.

Scrophularia marilandica L.

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Synonym.—Scrophularia nodosa var. marilandica A. Gray.

Maryland figwort; scrofula-plant; carpenter’s-square; heal-all; bee-plant; pilewort.

Smooth, native perennial, 3 to 5 feet high; moist, shady ground in woods and thickets, New York to North Carolina and Kansas.

Parts used.—Herb and root (nonofficial).

Scrophularia nodosa var. marilandica A. Gray. Same as Scrophularia marilandica.

Scutellaria. See Scutellaria lateriflora.

Scutellaria hyssopifolia L. Same as Scutellaria integrifolia.

Scutellaria integrifolia L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Synonym.—Scutellaria hyssopifolia L.

Larger skullcap; hyssop-skullcap.

Native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, found in fields and woods from Connecticut south to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Scutellaria lateriflora L.

Mint family (Menthaceae).

Scutellaria; skullcap; madweed; hoodwort.

Smooth, branching perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, native in damp places along banks of streams from Canada south to Florida, New Mexico, and Washington.

Part used.—Plant (official).

Sea-lavender. See Limonium carolinianum.

Self-heal. See Prunella vulgaris.

Senecio aureus L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Liferoot; swamp squaw-weed; golden ragwort; cocash-weed; coughweed.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high, growing in swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri, and Texas.

Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).

Senega. See Polygala senega.

Senna, American. See Cassia marilandica.

Senna, wild. See Cassia marilandica.

Serenoa serrulata (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. f.

Palm family (Phoenicaceae).

Sabal; saw-palmetto.

A palm, 3 to 7 feet in height, found in sandy soil from North Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.

Part used.—Partially dried ripe fruit (official).

Serpentaria. See Aristolochia reticulata and A. serpentaria.

Serpentaria, Texas. See Aristolochia reticulata.

Serpentaria, Virginia. See Aristolochia serpentaria.

Service-tree, American. See Sorbus americana.

Seven-barks. See Hydrangea arborescens.

Shagbark. See Hicoria ovata.

Shamrock. See Oxalis acetosella.

Shamrock, water-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Shave-grass. See Equisetum hyemale.

Sheepberry. See Viburnum lentago.

Sheep-laurel. See Kalmia angustifolia and K. latifolia.

Sheep-sorrel. See Rumex acetosella.

Shellbark-hickory. See Hicoria ovata.

Shellflower. See Chelone glabra.

Shepherd’s-purse. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.

Shepherd’s-weatherglass. See Anagallis arvensis.

Shield-fern, marginal-fruited. See Dryopteris marginalis.

Shrub, sweet-scented. See Butneria florida.

Shrub yellowroot. See Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.

Sicklewort. See Prunella vulgaris.

Sidesaddle-flower. See Sarracenia purpurea.

Silkweed. See Asclepias syriaca.

Silkweed, rose-colored. See Asclepias incarnata.

Silkweed, swamp-. See Asclepias incarnata.

Silphium laciniatum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Rosinweed; compass-plant; pilotweed; polar-plant.

Coarse, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high, growing on prairies from Ohio to Alabama, west to Texas and South Dakota.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Silphium perfoliatum L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Cup-plant; Indian-cup; ragged-cup.

Stout, perennial herb, 4 to 8 feet high, native in moist soil and low ground from Ontario and the eastern United States west to Louisiana and Nebraska.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Silverleaf. See Impatiens biflora, Spiraea tomentosa, and Stillingia sylvatica.

Silverleaf-poplar. See Populus alba.

Simpler’s-joy. See Verbena hastata.

Sinapis alba. See Sinapis alba L.

Sinapis alba L.

Mustard family (Brassicaceae).

Sinapis alba; white mustard; yellow mustard.

Annual herb, about 2 feet in height, naturalized from Europe, and found in fields and waste places, but not so widely distributed as the black mustard.

Part used.—Seed (official).

Sinapis nigra. See Brassica nigra.

Sinapis nigra L. Same as Brassica nigra.

Skullcap. See Scutellaria lateriflora.

Skullcap, hyssop-. See Scutellaria integrifolia.

Skullcap, larger. See Scutellaria integrifolia.

Skunk-cabbage. See Spathyema foetida.

Skunkweed. See Spathyema foetida.

Sloe. See Viburnum prunifolium.

Smallpox-plant. See Sarracenia purpurea.

Smartweed. See Polygonum hydropiper.

Smartweed, dotted. See Polygonum punctatum.

Smartweed, water-. See Polygonum punctatum.

Smilacina racemosa Desf. Same as Vagnera racemosa.

Smilax herbacea L.

Smilax family (Smilacaceae).

Carrion-flower; American Jacob’s-ladder.

Native, herbaceous perennial, occurring in woods and thickets in Canada and the eastern United States.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Smilax pseudo-china L.

Smilax family (Smilacaceae).

Bamboo-brier; long-stalked greenbrier; American China-root; false China-root; bullbrier.

Perennial vine, native, growing in dry or sandy thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).

Snake-gentian. See Nabalus serpentarius.

Snakehead. See Chelone glabra.

Snakeleaf, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.

Snake-lily. See Iris versicolor.

Snakemilk. See Euphorbia corollata.

Snakeroot, black. See Cimicifuga racemosa and Sanicula marilandica.

Snakeroot, button-. See Eryngium yuccifolium.

Snakeroot, Canada. See Asarum canadense.

Snakeroot, corn-. See Eryngium yuccifolium and Lacinaria spicata.

Snakeroot, dense button-. See Lacinaria spicata.

Snakeroot, large button-. See Lacinaria scariosa.

Snakeroot, Red River. See Aristolochia reticulata.

Snakeroot, Sampson’s-. See Gentiana villosa.

Snakeroot, Samson’s-. See Psoralea pedunculata.

Snakeroot, Seneca. See Polygala senega.

Snakeroot, smaller white. See Eupatorium aromaticum.

Snakeroot, Texas. See Aristolochia reticulata.

Snakeroot, Virginia. See Aristolochia serpentaria.

Snakeroot, white. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Snake-violet. See Viola pedata.

Snakeweed. See Euphorbia pilulifera.

Snapweed. See Impatiens aurea and I. biflora.

Sneezeweed. See Helenium autumnale.

Sneezewort. See Helenium autumnale.

Snowdrop, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.

Soaproot. See Saponaria officinalis.

Soapwort. See Saponaria officinalis.

Soapwort-gentian. See Gentiana saponaria.

Solanum carolinense L.

Potato family (Solanaceae).

Horse-nettle; bull-nettle; sandbrier.

Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, common in dry fields and on sandy or gravelly banks from the eastern United States west to Texas and Nebraska.

Parts used.—Root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).

Solanum dulcamara L.

Potato family (Solanaceae).

Dulcamara; bittersweet; woody nightshade; violet-bloom; scarletberry.

Climbing, shrubby perennial, naturalized from Europe; found in low, damp grounds and moist banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas.

Part used.—Young branches (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Solidago odora Ait.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Sweet goldenrod; fragrant-leaved goldenrod; anise-scented goldenrod.

Slender, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in dry soil from Maine to Texas.

Parts used.—Leaves and tops (nonofficial).

Solomon’s-seal, false. See Vagnera racemosa.

Solomon’s-seal, giant. See Polygonatum commutatum.

Solomon’s-seal, great. See Polygonatum commutatum.

Solomon’s-seal, hairy. See Polygonatum biflorum.

Solomon’s-seal, small. See Vagnera racemosa.

Solomon’s-seal, smaller. See Polygonatum biflorum.

Solomon’s-seal, smooth. See Polygonatum commutatum.

Sorbus americana Marsh.

Apple family (Malaceae).

Synonym.—Pyrus americana DC.

American mountain-ash; roundwood; dogberry; mountain-sumac; American service-tree.

Indigenous tree or tall shrub, growing in low woods or moist ground from Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina, and to Michigan.

Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).

Sorrel, common. See Rumex acetosella.

Sorrel, field-. See Rumex acetosella.

Sorrel, sheep-. See Rumex acetosella.

Sorrel, white wood-. See Oxalis acetosella.

Sorrel-tree. See Oxydendrum arboreum.

Sour-grass. See Rumex acetosella.

Sourwood. See Oxydendrum arboreum.

Southernwood. See Artemisia abrotanum.

Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.

Arum family (Araceae).

Synonyms.—Dracontium foetidum L.; Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt.

Skunk-cabbage; skunkweed; polecat-weed; swamp-cabbage.

Indigenous, perennial herb, about 1 to 2 feet high, found in swamps and wet soil from Canada south to Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota. Appears very early in spring.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).

Spatter-dock. See Nymphaea advena.

Spearmint. See Mentha spicata.

Speedwell, common. See Veronica officinalis.

Speedwell, tall. See Veronica virginica.

Spicebush. See Benzoin benzoin.

Spicewood. See Benzoin benzoin.

Spigelia. See Spigelia marilandica.

Spigelia marilandica L.

Logania family (Loganiaceae).

Spigelia; pinkroot; Maryland pinkroot; Indian pinkroot; worm-grass.

Erect, native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 1½ feet high, found in rich woods, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin. Occurs principally in the Southern States.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Spignet. See Aralia racemosa.

Spikenard. See Aralia racemosa.

Spikenard, American. See Aralia racemosa.

Spikenard, false. See Vagnera racemosa.

Spikenard, small. See Aralia nudicaulis.

Spikenard, wild. See Vagnera racemosa.

Spindle-tree. See Euonymus atropurpureus.

Spiraea. See Spiraea tomentosa.

Spiraea tomentosa L.

Rose family (Rosaceae).

Spiraea; hardhack; steeplebush; pink meadowsweet; silverleaf.

Native shrub, occurring in low grounds and moist meadows from Nova Scotia south to Georgia, west to Kansas and Manitoba.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Spleenwortbush. See Comptonia peregrina.

Spruce, black. See Picea mariana.

Spruce, hemlock-. See Tsuga canadensis.

Spruce, weeping. See Tsuga canadensis.

Spruce-gum tree. See Picea mariana.

Spurge, flowering. See Euphorbia corollata.

Spurge, ipecac-. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.

Spurge, large spotted. See Euphorbia nutans.

Spurge, pill-bearing. See Euphorbia pilulifera.

Spurge-laurel. See Daphne mezereum.

Spurge-olive. See Daphne mezereum.

Squawberry. See Mitchella repens.

Squawbush. See Viburnum opulus.

Squawflower. See Trillium erectum.

Squawmint. See Hedeoma pulegioides.

Squawroot. See Caulophyllum thalictroides and Cimicifuga racemosa.

Squaw-vine. See Mitchella repens.

Squaw-weed. See Eupatorium ageratoides.

Squaw-weed, swamp. See Senecio aureus.

Squirrel-corn. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Squirrel-ear. See Peramium repens.

Staff-tree. See Celastrus scandens.

Stagbush. See Viburnum prunifolium.

Staggerweed. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Stag’s-horn. See Lycopodium clavatum.

Stammerwort. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.

Star-grass. See Aletris farinosa.

Starwort. See Chamaelirium luteum.

Starwort, drooping. See Chamaelirium luteum.

Statice caroliniana Walt. Same as Limonium carolinianum.

Steeplebush. See Spiraea tomentosa.

Stellaria media Cyr. Same as Alsine media.

Stillingia. See Stillingia sylvatica.

Stillingia sylvatica L.

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

Stillingia; queen’s-root; queen’s-delight; silverleaf.

Native, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 3 feet in height, occurring in dry, sandy soil, and pine barrens from Maryland to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.

Part used.—Root (official).

Stonecrop, ditch-. See Penthorum sedoides.

Stonecrop, Virginia. See Penthorum sedoides.

Stonemint. See Cunila origanoides.

Stone-oak. See Quercus alba.

Stoneroot. See Collinsonia canadensis.

Stramonium. See Datura stramonium.

Strawberry, scarlet. See Fragaria virginiana.

Strawberry, Virginia. See Fragaria virginiana.

Strawberry-shrub, hairy. See Butneria florida.

Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B. S. P.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Synonym.—Stylosanthes elatior Sw.

Pencil-flower; afterbirth-weed.

Wiry, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet in height, native; occurring in dry soil from New York to Florida, west to the Indian Territory.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Stylosanthes elatior Sw. Same as Stylosanthes biflora.

Succory. See Cichorium intybus.

Sumac, fragrant. See Rhus aromatica.

Sumac, mountain-. See Sorbus americana.

Sumac, scarlet. See Rhus glabra.

Sumac, smooth. See Rhus glabra.

Sumac, sweet-scented. See Rhus aromatica.

Summer-savory. See Satureia hortensis.

Sundew, round-leaved. See Drosera rotundifolia.

Sunflower, swamp-. See Helenium autumnale.

Swamp squaw-weed. See Senecio aureus.

Swamp willow-herb. See Epilobium palustre.

Swamp-cabbage. See Spathyema foetida.

Swamp-dogwood. See Cornus amomum.

Swamp-hellebore. See Veratrum viride.

Swamp-laurel. See Magnolia virginiana.

Swamp-maple. See Acer rubrum.

Swamp-milkweed. See Asclepias incarnata.

Swamp-sassafras. See Magnolia virginiana.

Swamp-silkweed. See Asclepias incarnata.

Swamp-sunflower. See Helenium autumnale.

Swamp-willow. See Salix nigra.

Sweatweed. See Althaea officinalis.

Sweet-cicely. See Washingtonia longistylis.

Sweet-flag. See Acorus calamus.

Sweet-gum. See Liquidambar styraciflua.

Sweetroot. See Polemonium reptans.

Symphytum officinale L.

Borage family (Boraginaceae).

Comfrey; healing-herb; blackwort; bruisewort.

Erect, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt. Same as Spathyema foetida.

Tag-alder. See Alnus rugosa.

Tamarack. See Larix laricina.

Tanacetum. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Tanacetum vulgare L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Tanacetum; tansy; double tansy; bitter-buttons; parsley-fern.

Strong-scented, perennial herb, 1½ to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from cultivation and found along roadsides from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Tanbark-tree. See Tsuga canadensis.

Tansy. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Tansy, double. See Tanacetum vulgare.

Taraxacum. See Taraxacum officinale.

Taraxacum officinale Weber.[h]

Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).

Synonym.—Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst.[h]

Taraxacum; dandelion; blowball; cankerwort.

Low, perennial weed, 5 to 10 inches high, naturalized from Europe; very abundant in lawns, meadows, and waste places throughout the United States, with the exception of the South.

Part used.—Root, collected in autumn (official).

Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Same as Taraxacum officinale.

Tea, continental. See Ledum groenlandicum.

Tea, James-. See Ledum groenlandicum.

Tea, Jersey. See Ceanothus americanus.

Tea, Jerusalem. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.

Tea, Labrador. See Ledum groenlandicum.

Tea, Mexican. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.

Tea, mountain-. See Gaultheria procumbens.

Tea, New Jersey. See Ceanothus americanus.

Tea, Oswego. See Monarda didyma.

Tea, Spanish. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.

Teaberry. See Gaultheria procumbens.

Tephrosia virginiana Pers. Same as Cracca virginiana.

Tetterwort. See Chelidonium majus and Sanguinaria canadensis.

Thimbleberry. See Rubus occidentalis.

Thimbles. See Digitalis purpurea.

Thimbleweed. See Rudbeckia laciniata.

Thistle, bitter. See Cnicus benedictus.

Thistle, blessed. See Cnicus benedictus.

Thistle, Canada. See Carduus arvensis.

Thistle, creeping. See Carduus arvensis.

Thistle, cursed. See Carduus arvensis.

Thistle, holy. See Cnicus benedictus.

Thistle, St. Benedict’s-. See Cnicus benedictus.

Thistle, spotted. See Cnicus benedictus.

Thorn-apple. See Datura stramonium.

Thoroughwort. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.

Thousandleaf. See Achillea millefolium.

Throwwort. See Leonurus cardiaca.

Thuja occidentalis L.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Arbor-vitae; white cedar; yellow cedar.

Indigenous, evergreen tree, 20 to 50 feet in height; in wet soil and along banks of streams, Canada to North Carolina, Illinois, and Minnesota. Especially abundant in Canada and the Northern States.

Parts used.—Branchlets and leaves (nonofficial).

Tiarella cordifolia L.

Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).

Coolwort; false miterwort; foamflower; gemfruit.

Slender, indigenous perennial, 6 to 12 inches high, found in rich, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south, especially along the mountains, to Georgia and Indiana.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Tickweed. See Hedeoma pulegioides.

Tilia americana L.

Linden family (Tiliaceae).

Synonym.—Tilia glabra Vent.

Basswood; American linden; whitewood.

Large, indigenous forest tree, 60 to 125 feet in height; in rich woods, especially along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia, west to Texas and Nebraska.

Part used.—Inflorescence of this and of other species of Tilia (nonofficial).

Tilia glabra Vent. Same as Tilia americana.

Tinker’s-weed. See Triosteum perfoliatum.

Tobacco, Indian. See Lobelia inflata.

Toothache-tree. See Fagara clava-herculis and Xanthoxylum americanum.

Touch-me-not, pale. See Impatiens aurea.

Touch-me-not, spotted. See Impatiens biflora.

Toywort. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.

Tree-primrose. See Oenothera biennis.

Trefoil, marsh-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Trefoil, shrubby. See Ptelea trifoliata.

Trefoil, sour. See Oxalis acetosella.

Trifolium pratense L.

Pea family (Fabaceae).

Red clover; meadow-clover; purple clover.

Perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high; common in fields and meadows throughout the eastern United States; naturalized from Europe, and widely cultivated.

Part used.—Blossoms (nonofficial).

Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Synonym.—Liatris odoratissima Michx.

Vanilla-plant; deer’s-tongue; vanilla-leaf; Carolina vanilla.

Rather stout, native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, with fragrant leaves; in pine barrens from Virginia south to Florida and Louisiana.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Trillium erectum L.

Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).

Wake-robin; ill-scented bethroot; birthroot; squawflower.

Stout, native perennial, 8 to 16 inches high, growing in rich soil in damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.

Part used.—Rhizome of this and of several other species of Trillium (nonofficial).

Triosteum perfoliatum L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Feverroot; horse-gentian; tinker’s-weed; white gentian; wild ipecac.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high; in rich soil in shady locations, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kansas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Triticum. See Agropyron repens.

Triticum repens Beauv. Same as Agropyron repens.

Trumpetleaf. See Sarracenia flava.

Trumpet-milkweed. See Lactuca canadensis.

Trumpets. See Sarracenia flava.

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

Pine family (Pinaceae).

Synonym.—Abies canadensis Michx.

Hemlock; hemlock-spruce; weeping spruce; tanbark-tree.

Indigenous tree, about 75 feet in height, in forests from Canada south to Alabama and Wisconsin.

Parts used.—Bark and prepared resinous exudate (nonofficial).

Tulip-poplar. See Liriodendron tulipifera.

Tulip-tree. See Liriodendron tulipifera.

Tupelo gum. See Nyssa aquatica.

Tupelo, large. See Nyssa aquatica.

Tupelo, sour. See Nyssa ogeche.

Turkey-corn. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Turkey-pea. See Bikukulla canadensis.

Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward. Same as Turnera microphylla.

Turnera microphylla Desv.

Turnera family (Turneraceae).

Synonym.—Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward.

Damiana.

A small, shrubby plant, native of Lower California, Texas, and northern Mexico, growing in dry soil.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Turnip, Indian. See Arisaema triphyllum.

Turnip, wild. See Arisaema triphyllum.

Turtle-head. See Chelone glabra.

Tussilago farfara L.

Aster family (Asteraceae).

Colt’s-foot; coughwort; horsefoot; gingerroot.

Perennial herb, 3 to 18 inches high, naturalized from Europe; in moist places along roadsides and brooks, northeastern United States and Minnesota to Canada.

Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Twinleaf. See Jeffersonia diphylla.

Typha latifolia L.

Cattail family (Typhaceae).

Broad-leaved cattail; cattail-flag; bulrush.

Native marsh plant, perennial, 4 to 8 feet high; found in marshes, ditches, muddy pools, and other wet places throughout North America, except extreme northern part.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Ulmus. See Ulmus fulva.

Ulmus fulva Michx.

Elm family (Ulmaceae).

Synonym.—Ulmus pubescens Walt.

Ulmus; elm; slippery elm; red elm; moose-elm; Indian elm.

Indigenous tree, 50 to 60 feet high, growing on hills, along streams and in woods from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. More common in the western part of its range.

Part used.—Bark deprived of its periderm (official).

Ulmus pubescens Walt. Same as Ulmus fulva.

Umbrella-tree. See Magnolia tripetala.

Unicorn-root, false. See Aletris farinosa.

Unicorn-root, true. See Chamaelirium luteum.

Upland-cranberry. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

Urtica dioica L.

Nettle family (Urticaceae).

Stinging nettle; great nettle.

Herbaceous, perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high, with stinging hairs; naturalized from Europe and found in waste places from Canada and Minnesota south to South Carolina and Missouri.

Parts used.—Flowers, leaves, and root (nonofficial).

Uva-ursi. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

Uvedalia. See Polymnia uvedalia.

Uvularia perfoliata L.

Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).

Perfoliate bellwort; Mohawk-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 20 inches high; in moist woods and thickets, Quebec to Florida and Mississippi.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.

Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).

Synonyms.—Convallaria racemosa L.; Smilacina racemosa Desf.

False Solomon’s-seal; small Solomon’s-seal; wild spikenard; false spikenard.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, found in moist woods and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Valerian. See Valeriana officinalis.

Valerian, American. See Cypripedium hirsutum.

Valerian, American Greek. See Polemonium reptans.

Valerian, garden-. See Valeriana officinalis.

Valeriana. See Valeriana officinalis.

Valeriana officinalis L.

Valerian family (Valerianaceae).

Valeriana; valerian; garden-valerian; vandal-root.

Perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, native of Europe; escaped from gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Vandal-root. See Valeriana officinalis.

Vanilla, Carolina. See Trilisa odoratissima.

Vanilla-leaf. See Trilisa odoratissima.

Vanilla-plant. See Trilisa odoratissima.

Velvet-plant. See Verbascum thapsus.

Veratrum. See Veratrum viride.

Veratrum viride Ait.

Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).

Veratrum; American hellebore; swamp-hellebore; green hellebore.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 7 feet high, growing in swamps, wet woods, and meadows, Canada and Alaska, Minnesota south to Georgia.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots of this or V. album (official).

Verbascum thapsus L.

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Mullein; velvet dock; velvet-plant; flannel-leaf.

Tall, erect, biennial weed, sometimes 7 feet in height; naturalized from Europe and growing in fields, pastures, and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida.

Parts used.—Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

Verbena hastata L.

Vervain family (Verbenaceae).

Vervain; simpler’s-joy; wild hyssop.

Erect, indigenous perennial, 3 to 4 feet high, found in fields, meadows, and waste places, Canada to Nebraska, New Mexico, and Florida.

Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).

Veronica officinalis L.

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Common speedwell; Paul’s-betony.

Perennial herb, 3 to 10 inches high; in dry fields and woods, Nova Scotia to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.

Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).

Veronica, tall. See Veronica virginica.

Veronica virginica L.[i]

Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

Synonym.—Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt.[i]

Leptandra; Culver’s-root; Culver’s-physic; blackroot; Bowman’s-root; tall speedwell; tall veronica.

Indigenous, perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist, rich ground in woods, meadows, and thickets from Canada to Alabama and Nebraska.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).

Vervain. See Verbena hastata.

Viburnum dentatum L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Arrowwood; mealy-tree.

Smooth, indigenous shrub, about 15 feet in height, growing on low ground and in damp woods and thickets from New Brunswick and Ontario south along the mountains to Georgia, and westward to Minnesota.

Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).

Viburnum lentago L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Nannybush; sheepberry; sweet viburnum.

An indigenous shrub, sometimes a small tree; in rich soil from Canada to Georgia and Missouri.

Part used.—Bark of the root of this species or of V. prunifolium official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”

Viburnum opulus. See Viburnum opulus L.

Viburnum opulus L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Viburnum opulus; cramp-bark; high-bush cranberry; squawbush.

Indigenous shrub, 4 to 10 feet in height, found in low, rich woods and borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon, northward.

Part used.—Bark (official).

Viburnum prunifolium. See Viburnum lentago and V. prunifolium L.

Viburnum prunifolium L.

Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).

Black haw; sloe; stagbush.

Indigenous shrub or small tree, growing in dry woods and thickets and on rocky hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan and Texas. Most abundant in the South.

Part used.—Bark of the root of this species or of V. lentago official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”

Viburnum, sweet. See Viburnum lentago.

Vine-maple. See Menispermum canadense.

Viola odorata L.

Violet family (Violaceae).

English violet; sweet violet; March violet.

Low herb, native of Europe; escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific coast.

Part used.—Flowers (nonofficial).

Viola pedata L.

Violet family (Violaceae).

Bird’s-foot violet; wood-violet; snake-violet.

Native plant, perennial, 3 to 10 inches high, occurring in dry fields and on hillsides from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri.

Parts used.—Herb and root (nonofficial).

Viola tricolor L.

Violet family (Violaceae).

Pansy; heartsease.

Small herb, 4 to 12 inches high, introduced from Europe; found in waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens.

Part used.—Flowering herb (nonofficial).

Violet, bird’s-foot. See Viola pedata.

Violet, dog’s-tooth. See Erythronium americanum.

Violet, English. See Viola odorata.

Violet, March. See Viola odorata.

Violet, rattlesnake-. See Erythronium americanum.

Violet, snake-. See Viola pedata.

Violet, sweet. See Viola odorata.

Violet, wood-. See Viola pedata.

Violet-bloom. See Solanum dulcamara.

Virginia creeper. See Parthenocissus quinquefolia.

Virgin’s-bower. See Clematis virginiana.

Viscum flavescens Pursh. Same as Phoradendron flavescens.

Vomitwort. See Lobelia inflata.

Wafer-ash. See Ptelea trifoliata.

Wahoo. See Euonymus atropurpureus.

Wake-robin. See Arisaema triphyllum and Trillium erectum.

Walnut, white. See Juglans cinerea.

Wartwort. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.

Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton.

Parsley family (Apiaceae).

Synonym.—Osmorrhiza longistylis DC.

Sweet-cicely; anise-root; sweet chervil.

Erect, rather stout, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in rich, moist woods and banks of streams from Canada to Alabama and Texas.

Part used.—Root (nonofficial).

Water-avens. See Geum rivale.

Water-bugle. See Lycopus virginicus.

Watercup. See Sarracenia flava and S. purpurea.

Watercup, yellow-flowered. See Sarracenia flava.

Water-eryngo. See Eryngium yuccifolium.

Water-flag. See Iris versicolor.

Water-hemlock. See Cicuta maculata.

Water-hoarhound. See Lycopus virginicus.

Water-lily. See Castalia odorata.

Water-lily, sweet-scented. See Castalia odorata.

Water-pepper. See Polygonum hydropiper.

Water-shamrock. See Menyanthes trifoliata.

Water-smartweed. See Polygonum punctatum.

Waxberry. See Myrica cerifera.

Wax-myrtle. See Myrica cerifera.

Waxwork. See Celastrus scandens.

Waythorn. See Rhamnus cathartica.

White-bark. See Populus alba.

Whiteroot. See Asclepias tuberosa.

Whitethorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.

Whitewood. See Liriodendron tulipifera and Tilia americana.

Wickopy. See Dirca palustris.

Wickup. See Chamaenerion angustifolium and Epilobium palustre.

Willow, black. See Salix nigra.

Willow, European. See Salix alba.

Willow, pussy-. See Salix nigra.

Willow, rose-. See Cornus amomum.

Willow, swamp-. See Salix nigra.

Willow, white. See Salix alba.

Willow-herb, great. See Chamaenerion angustifolium.

Willow-herb, night. See Oenothera biennis.

Willow-herb, swamp. See Epilobium palustre.

Wingseed. See Ptelea trifoliata.

Winterberry, Virginia. See Ilex verticillata.

Winterbloom. See Hamamelis virginiana.

Wintergreen. See Gaultheria procumbens.

Wintergreen, bitter. See Chimaphila umbellata.

Witch-hazel. See Hamamelis virginiana.

Woodbine, wild. See Gelsemium sempervirens.

Wood-fern, evergreen. See Dryopteris marginalis.

Wood-sorrel, white. See Oxalis acetosella.

Wood-violet. See Viola pedata.

Worm-grass. See Spigelia marilandica.

Wormseed. See Chenopodium anthelminticum.

Wormseed, American. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.

Wormwood. See Artemisia absinthium.

Wormwood, Roman. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.

Xanthium spinosum L.

Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae).

Spiny clotbur; spiny burseed; thorny clotweed; thorny burweed.

An annual weed, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe or Asia; in waste ground, Ontario to Florida, westward to Missouri and Texas.

Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).

Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L’Her.

Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).

Shrub yellowroot; southern yellowroot.

Low, shrubby, indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in woods and along river banks, southwestern New York to Florida, chiefly in the mountains.

Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).

Xanthoxylum. See Fagara clava-herculis and Xanthoxylum americanum.

Xanthoxylum americanum Mill.

Rue family (Rutaceae).

Synonym.—Xanthoxylum fraxineum Willd.

Xanthoxylum; northern prickly ash; toothache-tree.

Indigenous shrub or small tree, maximum height about 25 feet; common in woods and thickets and along river banks from Virginia, Missouri, and Nebraska northward to Canada.

Parts used.—Bark of this or of Fagara clava-herculis official under the name “Xanthoxylum.” Berries (nonofficial).

Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Same as Fagara clava-herculis.

Xanthoxylum fraxineum Willd. Same as Xanthoxylum americanum.

Yam, wild. See Dioscorea villosa.

Yarrow. See Achillea millefolium.

Yellowroot. See Coptis trifolia, Hydrastis canadensis, and Jeffersonia diphylla.

Yellowroot, shrub. See Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.

Yellowroot, southern. See Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.

Yellowthorn. See Fagara clava-herculis.

Yellowwood. See Fagara clava-herculis.

Yerba buena. See Micromeria chamissonis.

Yerba reuma. See Frankenia grandifolia.

Yerba santa. See Eriodictyon californicum.

Youthwort. See Drosera rotundifolia and Heracleum lanatum.

FOOTNOTES:

[a] According to Bicknell (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 508–525, 1896), the name Agrimonia eupatoria L., long used in local floras and text-books for the agrimony of the Eastern States, has been doing duty for a group of related species, of which at least five are now clearly recognized. Furthermore, Doctor Britton (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 18: 366, 1891) states that the true Agrimonia eupatoria is not known at all as an American plant. The native plant to which the name Agrimonia eupatoria has been most frequently applied by American authors is Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.

[b] The name “true unicorn-root” has long been applied to Aletris farinosa, but as “unicorn-root” was the common name first given to Chamaelirium luteum (Helonias dioica), this should more properly be called the true unicorn-root and Aletris farinosa the false unicorn-root.

[c] The name “unicorn-root” was first applied to Chamaelirium luteum, and the designation “true unicorn-root” would seem to belong more properly to that species than to Aletris farinosa, to which the name unicorn-root was given later, and which may thus be called “false unicorn-root.”

[d] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptilon and that its name should be Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. The Pharmacopœia is here followed.

[e] Phytolacca americana L. by right of priority should be accepted, but P. decandra L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.

[f] Rhus radicans L. was formerly believed to be a variety of Rhus toxicodendron L., but the two are now regarded as distinct species, and the leaves from both have been used under the pharmacopœial name (U. S. P. 1890) Rhus toxicodendron.

[g] Although the combination Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. should be accepted by strict right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.

[h] Although the combination Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. should be accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.

[i] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra and that its name should be Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. The Pharmacopœia is here followed.

Transcriber’s Notes

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Footnotes have been moved to the end of the book.

Inconsistent hyphenation has been retained.

A few missing periods at the end of lines have been added silently.

In two instances the period following “(nonofficial)” has been moved from inside to outside the brackets.

On page 17 in the entry “Burningbush. See Euonymus atropurpureus.” “atropurpureus” has been changed from “atropurpurea”.

On page 68 in the entry “Sunflower, swamp-. See Helenium autumnale.” “Helenium” has been changed from “Helena”.

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Table of Contents

Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

PREFACE.

WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FOOTNOTES:

Transcriber’s Notes

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