The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, No. 28. Saturday, May
11, 1850, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Notes and Queries, No. 28. Saturday, May 11, 1850

Author: Various

Release Date: October 10, 2004 [EBook #13684]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***




Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, David
King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

CONTENTS.

NOTES

ETYMOLOGY OF PENNIEL.

Some eighteen years ago, the writer of the following sonnets, by the kindness of the proprietors of a pleasant house upon the banks of the Teviot, enjoyed two happy autumns there. The Roman road which runs between the remains of the camp at Chew Green, in Northumberland, and the Eildon Hills (the Trimontium of General Roy), passed hard by. The road is yet distinctly visible in all its course among the Cheviots, and in the uncultivated tracts; and occasionally also, where the plough has spared it, among the agricultural inclosures.

The house stands near the base of the hill called Penniel or Penniel-heugh: and it is hoped that the etymological derivation of that word now to be hazarded will not imply in the etymologist the credulity of a Monkbarns. Pen, it is known, signifies in the Celtic language "a hill". And the word heil, in the Celto-Scythian, is, in the Latin, rendered Sol. In the Armoric dialect of the Celtic also, heol means "the sun:" hence, Penheil, Penheol, or Penniel, "the hill of the sun." Beyond the garden of the abode there stood, and, it is believed, yet stands, a single stone of a once extensive Druid circle, not many years ago destroyed by the then proprietor, who used the sacred remains in building his garden wall. A little farther antiquarian conjecture is necessary to clothe the country with oak woods. Jedwood or Jedworth Forest was part of "the forest" which covered Selkirkshire and parts of the counties around. The Capon Tree, and the King of the Wood, two venerable oaks yet flourishing on the water of Jed, attest the once wooded condition of the land; which is farther irresistibly corroborated by evidence drawn from the interesting volumes of the Rotuli Parliamentorum. The Bishops of Glasgow had a religious establishment in the neighbouring sunward village of Nether Ancrum. Of their buildings, of the vicar's house, or of the ancient gardens existing in the memory of persons living, not a vestige now remains. In the first volume of the Rotuli, p. 472., there is a Petition, of uncertain date, by the Bishop of Glasgow to Edward I., then in possession of Scotland, in these terms:—

"Derechief pry ly dit Evesqe a soen Segur le Roy qe ly plese aider &c.... e sur ceo transmettr', sa lettre al vesconte de Lanark. E une autre, si ly plest, a ses Forresters de Geddeworth de autant de Merin [meremium, meheremium, wood for building] pour fere une receite a Allyncrom (Ancrum) desur la marche, ou il poet aver recett e entendre a ses ministres qut il le voudrent aver."

To which the King's answer is,—

"Héat Bre Ten' locu R. in Scoc. qd fae'. ei hre meheremiu in Foresta de Selkirk et de Maddesleye usq ad numum quinquaginta quercu."

Thus, no doubt is left that oak woods abounded in the district; and it was under the influence of these beliefs that the sonnets were composed:—

F.S.A. L. & E.

NOTES ON CUNNINGHAM'S HANDBOOK FOR LONDON.

Soho Square.—Your correspondent "NASO" (p. 244.) has anticipated me in noticing Mr. Cunningham's mistake about Mrs. Cornellys' house in this square; but he has left unnoticed some particulars which deserve to be recorded. Mrs. Cornellys', or Carlisle House as it was called, was pulled down at the beginning of the present century (1803 or 1804), and two houses built upon its site, now Jeffery's Music Warehouse and Weston's Printing Office. Some curious old paintings representing banqueting scenes, formerly in Carlisle House were carefully preserved until the last few years, in the drawing-room of the corner house, when they were removed to make room for some needed "elegancies" of the modern print shops. The Catholic Chapel in Sutton Street was the banquetting-room of Carlisle House; and the connecting passage between it and the house in Soho Square was originally the "Chinese bridge."

"Teresa Cornelys, Carlisle House, St. Ann, Soho, dealer" appears in the bankrupt list of The London Gazette of November, 1772; and in December of the same year, this temple of festivity, and all its gorgeous contents, were thus advertised to be sold by public auction:—

"Carlisle House, Soho.—At twelve o'clock on Monday the 14th instant, by Order of the Assignees, Mr. Marshall will sell by Auction on the Premises, in one Lot, All that extensive, commodious, and magnificent House in Soho Square, lately occupied by Mrs. Cornelys, and used for the Public Assemblies of the Nobility and Gentry. Together with all the rich and elegant Furniture, Decorations, China, &c., thereunto belonging, too well-known and universally admired for their aptness and taste to require here any public and extraordinary description thereof. Catalogues to be had at the House, and at Mr. Marshall's, in St. Martin's Lane. The curiosity of many to see the house, to prevent improper crowds, and the great damage that might happen therefrom (and the badness of this season) by admitting indifferent and disinterested people, must be an excuse to the public for the Assignees ordering the Catalogues to be sold at 5s. each, which will admit two to see the house, &c., from Monday the 7th instant to the time of sale, Sundays excepted, from ten in the morning to three in the afternoon, and they hope no person or persons will take amiss being refused admittance without Catalogues."

In December 1774, the nobility and gentry were informed (by advertisement), "That the Assemblies at Carlisle House will commence soon, under the conduct and direction of a New Manager;" but notwithstanding the efforts of this person, we find that Mrs. Cornellys resumed her revels here with great spirit in 1776. In 1778, Carlisle House was again publicly advertised to be sold by private contract, or "to be hired as usual;" and subsequently, after having been used as a common exhibition room of "Monstrosities," a "School of Eloquence," and "An Infant School of Genius," it closed its public career through the interference of the magistracy in 1797.

A full and particular account of the rise and fall of "Mrs. Cornelys' Entertainments at Carlisle House, Soho," was privately printed two or three years ago, by Thomas Mackinlay, Esq., of the firm of Dalmaine and Co., Soho Square.

Carlisle Street, Soho Square.—The large house at the end of this street, looking into the square, was formerly called Carlisle House. In 1770 it was purchased of Lord Delaval by the elder Angelo; who resided in it many years, and built a large riding-school at the back. Bach and Abel, of "Concert" notoriety, resided in the adjoining house. Carlisle Street was then called King's Square Court.

Catherine Street, Strand.—In 1714, a tract was published with the following title:—The Maypole's New Year's Gift or Thanks returned to his Benefactors, humbly inscribed to the Two Corners of Catherine Street, Strand; written by a Parishioner of St. Mary, Savoy.

Maiden Lane, Covent Garden.—The well known "Cider Cellar" in this lane was opened about 1730. There is a curious tract, entitled Adventures under Ground, 1750, which contains some strange notices of this "Midnight Concert Room."

Salisbury Change.—Cibber, in the amusing Apology for his Life, has the following:—

"Taste and fashion, with us, have always had wings, and fly from one public spectacle to another so wantonly, that I have been informed by those who remember it, that a famous puppet-show in Salisbury Change (then standing where Cecil Street now is), so far distressed these two celebrated companies, that they were reduced to petition the king for relief against it."

The New Exchange.—A good description of this once popular mart may be found in Lodwick Rowzee's Treatise on the Queene's Welles, Lond. 1632. It is as follows:—

"We went to see the New Exchange, which is not far from the place of the Common Garden, in the great street called the Strand. The building has a facade of stone, built after the Gothic style, which has lost its colour from age, and is becoming blackish. It contains two long and double galleries, one above the other, in which are distributed several rows great numbers of very rich shops, of drapers and mercers, filled with goods of every kind, and with manufactures of the most beautiful description. There are, for the most part, under the care of well-dressed women, who are busily employed in work, although many are served by young men, called apprentices."

The Bedford Coffee House, Covent Garden.—In 1763 appeared a small volume under the title of Memoirs of the Bedford Coffee House, by Genius, dedicated to the most Impudent Man alive.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

ORIGINAL LETTER OF PETER LE NEVE.

The following was a letter from Le Neve to a Mr. Admall, a herald painter at Wakefield, found in a book of arms belonging to the latter, which came into my possession a few months ago.

E. HAILSTONE.

"Mr. Admall,

"I understand by Mr. Mangay, my deputy at Leeds for the West Riding, that you contemn my lawfull autority of Norroy King of Arms, and have done and will doe as you say, things relating to heraldry, contrary to my prohibition, &c.; these are therefore to acquaint you, that if you continue in the same mind and will usurp on my office, I intend to make you sensible of the wrong you doe me in my office, by taking out process against you, and making you pay for your transgression. I shall give you no hard words, but shal be as good as my word if there is law in England to restrain you; so chose whether you will due to me good or evill; you shall find me according your friend or open enemy.

"PETER LA NEVE, Norroy.

"College of Arms, in London,

"28th May, 1719."

FOLK LORE.

Superstitions of the Midland Counties.—It is believed a sign of "bad luck" to meet a white horse, unless the person spits at it, which action is said to avert the ill consequences of the recontre.

A rainy Friday is believed to be followed as a natural and invariable consequence, by a wet Sunday; but I am not aware that the contrary is believed, viz., that fine Friday produces a fine Sunday.

If the fire burns brightly when a person has poked or stirred it up, it is a sign that the absent lover, wife, or husband (as the case may be) is in good spirits, and in good humour.

The itching of the right hand palm is said to portend the reception of a gift; which is rendered more certain if the advice in this distich be followed:—

Persons with much hair or down upon their arms and hands, will at some future period enjoy great wealth; or as the common expression has it, "are born to be rich."

HENRY KERSLEY.

Corp. Chris. Hall, Maidstone.

A Rainbow in the Morning, &c.—"Mr. THOMS" (No. 26, p. 413.) says that he believes no one has remarked the philosophy of this proverbial rhyme. Sir Humphry Davy, however, points it out in his Salmonia.

ERROR IN JOHNSON'S LIFE OF SELDEN.

In Johnson's (Geo. W.) Memoirs of John Selden, London, 1635, 8vo. pp. 128, 129, is a notice of Dr. Sibthorpe's celebrated Sermon preached at Northampton, and printed in 1627 with the title of Apostolike Obedience. After stating the difficult experienced in obtaining the necessary sanction for its publication, owing to Abp. Abbot refusing the requisite imprimatur, the author says that ultimately the licence was "signed by Land himself, and published under the title of Apostolical Obedience." A reference at the foot of the page to "Rushworth, p. 444," leads me to conclude that it is on his authority Mr. Johnson has made this statement; but not having access to the "Historical Collections," I am unable to examine. At any rate, Heylin, in his Cyprianus Anglicus, Lond., 1671 fol. p. 159., may be understood to imply the correctness of the assertion.

A copy of this now rare sermon before me {452} proves, however, that the statement is incorrect. At the back of the title is as follows:—

"I have read over this sermon upon Rom. xiii. 7., preached at Northampton, at the assises for the county, Feb. 22, 1626, by Robert Synthorpe, Doctor of Divinity, Vicar of Brackley, and I doe approve it as a sermon learnedly and discreetly preached, and agreeable to the ancient Doctrine of the Primitive Church, both for Faith and good manners, and to the Doctrine established in the Church of England, and, therefore, under my hand I give authority for the printing of it, May 8. 1627."

GEO. LONDON.

It was therefore Bishop Mountague, and not Laud, who licensed the sermon.

JOHN. J. DREDGE.

POPE AND PETRONIUS.

I have read "Mr. RICH'S" letter with great interest, and I willingly allow that he has combated my charge of plagiarism against Pope, and discussed the subject generally with equal fairness and ability. "But yet," I think that he wanders a little from the point when he says, "the surmise of the plagiarism originates in a misconception of the terms employed by the Latin author, especially corcillum." Now the question, in my opinion, turns not so much on what Petronius said, as on what Pope read; i.e. not on the meaning that Petronius gave to the word (corcillum), but on that which Pope attributed to it. I cannot, without further proof, give him credit for having read the words as critically and correctly as "Mr. R." has done. I believe that he looked on it merely as a simple derivative of cor, and therefore rendered it "worth," i.e. a moral, not a mental quality.

C. FORBES.

QUERIES.

QUERIES RESPECTING PURVEY ON THE APOCALYPSE, AND BONNER ON THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS.

I beg leave to make the two following Queries:—

1. In Bayle's very useful work, Scriptorum Illustrium Majoris Brytanniæ Catalogus, fol. Bas. 1559, among the writings ascribed to John Purvey, one of Wycliffe's followers, and (as Walden styles him) Glossator, is mentioned Commentarius in Apocalypsin, beginning "Apocalypsis, quasi diceret;" and Bayle adds:—

"Prædictus in Apocalypsin Commentarius ex magistri Wielevi lectionibus publicis per Joannem Purvæum collectus, et nunc per Martinum Lutherum, Ante centum annos intitularus, anno Domini 1528, sine authoris nomine, Witembergæ fuit excusus. Fuit et ipse Author in carcere, ac cathenis insuper chalybeis, cum ea Commentaria scripsit, ut ex decimo et undecimo ejus scripti capite apparet. Scripsit autem Purvæus hunc librum anno Domini 1390, ut ex decimo tertio capite et principio vigesimi apparet."

This account of Bayle (who is mistaken, however, about the title of the work) is confirmed by Panzer; who, in his Annales, vol. ix. p. 87. enters the volume thus, "Commentarius in Apolcalypsin ante Centum Annos æditus, cum Præfatione Maritini Lutheri. Wittembergæ, 1528. 8vo." Can any of your readers refer me to a copy of this book in a public library, or in private hands?

2. In Lewis's History of the Translations of the Bible, edit. 1818. p. 25., he quotes a work of Bishop Bonner, "Of the Seven Sacraments, 1555," in which a manuscript English Bible is cited by the Bishop, as then in his possession, "translated out of Latyne in tyme of heresye almost eight-score years before that tyme, i.e. about 1395, fayre and truly written in parchment." Lewis proceeds to conjecture, that this MS. was the same which is preserved in the Bodleian Library under the mark Fairfax, 2. And in this erroneous supposition he has been followed by later writers. The copy in question, which belonged to Bonner, is actually in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, No. 25., and contains the Pentateuch in the earlier Wycliffite version (made, no doubt, by Nicholas Hereford), whilst the rest of the Old and New Testament is in the later or revised translation by Purvey and his coadjutors. What I now wish to inquire about, is, where can I meet with a copy of Bonner's work, De Septem Sacramentis, in which the passages occur referred to by Lewis? They are not in A Profitable and Necessarye Doctryne, with certayne Homelies adjoyned, printed in 1555 by John Carood, although one of these homilies is on the subject of the seven sacraments.

F. MADDEN.

MINOR QUERIES.

Monastery, Arrangement of One.—Any information and particulars respecting the extent, arrangement, and uses of the various buildings for an establishment of fifty Cistercian or Benedictine Monks would be useful to and gratefully received by

A.P.H.

[Has our Querist consulted Professor Willis, "Description of the Ancient Plan of the Monastery of St. Gall in the Ninth Century," accompanying a copy of the plan, and which he will find in the Archæological Journal, vol. v. p. 85.?]

Constantine the Artist.—Who was "M. Constantine, an Italian architect to our late Prince Henry," employed in the masque at the Earl of Somerset's marriage in 1613? and was he the same Constantine de Servi to whom the Prince assigned a yearly pension of 200l. in July 1612? If so, where can more be found respecting him? He is not mentioned on Walpole's Anecdotes.

J.G.N.

Josias Ibach Stada.—Who was the artist whose name occurs inscribed on the hoof of the horse of King Charles the Second's equestrian statue at {453} Windsor, as follows:—"1669. Fudit Josias Ibach Stada Bramensis;" and is Mr. Hewitt, in his recent Memoir of Tobias Rustat, correct in calling him "Stada, an Italian artist?"

J.G.N.

Worm of Lambton.—Is there any published notice of the "Knight and Serpent" tradition regarding this family and parish?

A.C.

[A quarto volume of traditions, gathered in the immediate neighbourhood of the scene of action, was privately printed in the year 1530, under the title of The Worm of Lambton.]

REPLIES.

LUTHER'S TRANSLATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.

Luther's solemn request that his translation should on no account be altered, accompanies most of the earlier editions of the N.T. I find it on the reverse of the title-page of the edition in 8vo. printed at Wittemberg by Hans Lufft in 1537, thus:—

"I request all my friends and enemies, my master printer, and reader, will let this New Testament be mine; and, if they have fault to find with it, that they make one of their own. I know well what I do, and see well what others do; but this Testament shall be Luther's German Testament; for carping and cavilling is now without measure or end. And be every one cautioned against other copies, for I have already experienced how negligently and falsely others reprint us."¹

The disputed verse (1 John, v. 7.) is omitted in all the editions printed under Luther's eye or sanction in his lifetime; but it has not, I think, been remarked that in verse 8. the words auf erde, found in later editions, are wanting. The passage stands:—

"Denn drey sind die da zeugen, der Geist, und das Wasser, und das Blut, und die drey sind beysamen."

In the first edition of the Saxon (Düdesche version of Luther's Bible, by Jo. Heddersen, printed in a magnificent volume at Lubeck, by Lo. Dietz, in 1533-4), the verse stands thus:—

"Wente dre synt dede tüchinisse geven, de Geist unde dat Water, unde dat Bloth, unde de dre synt by emander."

A MS. note of a former possessor remarks:—

"The 7th verse is not found here, nor is it in the Bibles of Magdeburg, 1544, of Wittemberg, 1541, ditto 1584, Frankfort, 1560 and 1580."

In the edition of this same version, printed by Hans Lufft, Wittemberg, 1541, the passage is exactly similar; but in one printed by Hans Walther, Magdeburg, 1545, the words up erdeu are inserted.

These Saxon versions are interesting from the very great similarity that idiom has to our early language; and they, doubtless, influenced much our own early versions.

In a translation of the N.T. from the Latin of Erasmus (the first printed in Latin with a translation on the same page, and which is very similar in appearance to Udal's), printed at Zurich in 1535, 4to., with a Preface by Johansen Zwikk of Constance, the 7th verse is given (as it was in the Latin); but is distinguished by being printed in brackets, and in both verses we have—

"Unnd die drey dienend in eins."

Erasmus having admitted the verse into his third edition, gave occasion perhaps to the liberty which has been taken in later times to print both verses, with this distinction, in editions of the Lutheran version. The earliest edition, I believe, in which it thus appears, is one at Wittemberg in 1596, which was repeated in 1597, 1604, 1605², and 1625. It also appears, but printed in smaller type, in the Hamburgh Bible by Wolder in 1597, in that of Jena 1598, and in Hutter's Nuremburg, 1599.

In a curious edition of the N.T. printed at Wandesbeck in 1710, in 4to., in which four German versions, the Catholic, the Lutheran, the Reformed, a new version by Reitz, and the received Dutch version, are printed in parallel columns, both verses are given in every instance; but a note points out that Luther uniformly omitted the 7th verse, and the words auf erde.

There cannot be a doubt, therefore, that the insertion is entirely unwarranted in any edition of the New Testament professing to be Luther's translation.

S.W. SINGER.

April 25. 1850.

Footnote 1:(return)

"Ich bitte alle meine Freunde, und Feinde, meine Meister Drücker und Leser, wolten dis Newe Testament lassen mein sein, Haben sie aber mangel dran, das sie selbs ein eigens für sich machen; Ich weiss wol was ich mache, Sehe auch wol was andere machen, Aber dis Testament sol des Luther's Deudsch Testament sein, Denn Meisterns und Klugelus ist jtzt weder masse noch ende. Und sey jederman gewarnet für andern Exemplaren, Denn ich bisher wol erfaren wie unfvleissig und falsch uns andere nachdrücken."

Footnote 2:(return)

Fr. Er. Kettner, who printed at Leipsic, in 1696, a long and strenuous defence of the authenticity of the 7th verse, exults in the existence of this verse in an edition of the Bible, Wittemberg, 1606, which is falsely said on the title-page to be juxta ultimum a Luthero revisum exemplar correctum.

Luther's Translation of the Bible (No. 25, p. 309.).—De Wette, in his critical Commentary on the verse 1 John, after stating his opinion that the controverted passage is a spurious interpolation, gives a list of the codices and editions in which the passage is not found, and of those in which it is found.

The passage is wanting in all Greek Codd. except Codd. 34. 162. 172. (of his introduction, where it is introduced from the Vulgate), and in all MS. {454} of the Vulgate before the tenth century; in Erasmus' edit. of 1516 and 1518; in Ald. Ed. Venet. 1518; in all editions of Luther's translation published by him during his life-time, and up to 1581; in the edit. Withenb., 1607; Hamb. 1596. 1619. 1620.

The passage is found in all the editions printed of the Vulgate, and in all translations from it before Luther; and the edit. complut.; in Erasmus' of 1522, and in his paraphrase; in the edit. of Rob. Stephens, 1546-69; and Beza, 1565-76. 1582; in the Lutheran translations reprinted by Froschauer, Zurich, 1529-31. (but in small type); edit. 1536-89. in brackets; edit. 1597, without the brackets; in the edit. Frankf. 1593; Wittenb. 1596-97, and many later ones. I may add, that the passage is in every edition of recent date that I have seen of the Lutheran Bible, but not, of course, in De Wette's translation.

S.W.

LINES ON LONDON DISSENTING MINISTERS.

In reply to one of the Queries of "W." (No. 24. p. 383.), I transcribe from the MSS. of Mr. Chewning Blackmore, a Presbyterian minister of Worcester, the "Lines on London Dissenting Ministers of a former Day," which I have never seen entire in print:—

Of the author of these lines I can give no information. He evidently belonged to the Anti-Calvinistic party. His name does not appear to have been known to Mr. Walter Wilson, the historian of the "Dissenting Churches" of London, although he quotes a portion of them. But they were probably composed between 1728 and 1738. In the former year, Dr. James Foster's London popularity arose, on the occasion of his undertaking the evening lecture at the Old Jewry. In the year 1738, Mr. Robert Bragge, one of the subjects of the poem, died. Of this gentleman the story is told (and to it the poem evidently alludes), that he was employed no less than four months in developing the mysteries of Joseph's coat, from Genesis, xxxvii. 3.: "And he made him a coat of many colours." In reply to the sarcasm on Mr. Bragge, Mr. Walter Wilson states (Hist. and Ant. of Diss. ch. i. p. 247.) that the following stanza was composed:—

The unfavourable notice of Dr. Sam. Wright in the opening stanza, is at variance with the general report of biographers. In the copy of the verses in the Blackmore MSS. is this note:—"I think this is too severe on the Dr." Dr. Wright was admired for his pulpit elocution; and it is said that Archbishop Herring was, in his younger years, a frequent hearer of his, with a view to improve in elocution. The notice of the celebrated Tom Bradbury is grossly unjust. He was a man of wit and courage, though sometimes boisterous and personal. His unsparing opponent, Dr. Caleb Fleming, wrote admiringly of "his musical voice, and the flow of his periods, adapting scripture language to every purpose."—The Character of the Rev. Mr. Thos. Bradbury, taken from his own Pen, &c. Lond. 8vo. 1749, p. 35.

A.B.R.

Dukinfield.

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

Tracts by Dekker and Nash.—The Raven's Almanacke, 1609, is the production of Thomas Dekker, the dramatist, and one of the rarest of his numerous works. A copy sold in the Gordonstown sale for seven guineas; and another occurred in Mr. J.H. Bright's collection (No. 1691.); but I have not the sale catalogue at hand to quote the price. Dekker was also the author of a similar work, entitled The Owle's Almanacke, 1618; but it is not mentioned in the lists furnished by {455} Lowndes and Dr. Nott. The latter is indeed very inaccurate, omitting many well-known productions of the author, and assigning others to him for which he is not answerable. Whilst upon the subject of Dekker, I cannot resist mentioning a fraud upon his memory which has, I believe, escaped the notice of bibliographers. In 1697 was published a small volume, entitled, The Young Gallant's Academy, or Directions how he should behave himself in an Ordinary, in a Playhouse, in a Tavern, &c., with the Character of a Town-Huff, by Samuel Vincent. This is nothing more than a reprint of Dekker's Gull's Horn-book, with some slight alterations to adapt it to the times.

Nash's Terrors of the Night, or a Discourse of Apparitions, was printed by John Danter for William Jones, 1594. It is a very interesting tract, and contains many personal allusions to its unfortunate author. A copy was sold in Heber's sale (Part IV. No. 1592.) for 5l. 18s. A note in the handwriting of that distinguished collector gives us the following information:—

"Only two other copies are known to exist, one in the Ashbridge Library at Cleveland House, the other, not so fine as the present, bought by Malone at Brand's, since James Boswell's, and now (1825) penes me, R.H."

All things considered, I think your correspondent "J.E." (p. 400.) may congratulate himself on having "met with a prize."

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

Nash's Terrors of the Night.—Excessively rare. Boswell had a copy, and another is in the library of the Earl of Ellesmere, described in Mr. Collier's Bridgewater Catalogue as one of the worst of Nash's tracts.

L.

Tureen (No. 25. p. 407.).—The valuable reference to Knox proves the etymology from the Latin. Terrene, as an adjective, occurs in old English. See quotation in Halliwell, p. 859.

L.

English Translations of Erasmus' Encomium Moriæ (No. 24. p. 385.).—Sir Thomas Challoner's translation of Erasmus' Praise of Folly was first printed, I believe, in 1540. Subsequent impressions are dated 1549, 1569, 1577. In 1566, William Pickering had a license "for pryntinge of a mery and pleasaunt history, donne in tymes paste by Erasmus Roterdamus," which possibly might be an impression of the Praise of Folly. (See Collier's Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company, vol. i. p. 125.). This popular work was again translated in the latter part of the following century, by White Kennet. It was printed at Oxford in 1683, under the title of Wit against Wisdom, or a Panegyric upon Folly. This is in all probability the intermediate translation inquired after by your correspondent.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

In answer to "JARLZBERG," I beg to inform him of the following translation of Erasmus' Praise of Folly:—

"Moriæ Encomium, or the Praise of Folly, made English from the Latin of Erasmus by W. Kennet, of S. Edm. Hall, Oxon, now Lord Bishop of Peterborough. Adorn'd with 46 copper plates, and the effigies of Erasmus and Sir Thos. More, all neatly engraved from the designs of the celebrated Hans Holbeine. 4th edition. 1724."

Kennett, however, in his preface, dated 1683, alludes to two other translations, and to Sir Thomas Challoner's as the first. He does not mention the name of the second translator, but alludes to him as "the modern translator," and as having lost a good deal of the wit of the book by having "tied himself so strictly to a literal observance of the Latin." This is his excuse for offering to the public a third translation, in which he professes to have allowed himself such "elbow-room of expression as the humoursomeness of the subject and the idiom of the language did invite."

HERMES.

The intermediate translation of the Moriæ Encomium of Erasmus, to which your correspondent refers, is that by John Wilson, 8vo. London 1661, of which there is a copy in the Bodleian.

M.

Oxford.

Court of Wards.—I cannot tell "J.B." (No. 11. p. 173.) anything about Mr. D'Israeli's researches in the Court of Wards; but "J.B." may be glad to know that there is among the MSS. in the British Museum a treatise on the Court of Wards. I remember seeing it, but have not read it. I dare say it might be usefully published, for we know little in detail about the Court of Wards.

C.H.

Scala Coeli (No. 23. p. 366.).—In Foxe's Acts and Mon., vol. v. p. 364., Lond. 1838, your Querist may see a copy of a grant from Pope Clement VII. in 1526, to the brethren of a Boston guild, assuring them that any member thereof who should enter the Lady Chapel in St. Botolph's Church, Boston, once a quarter, and say there "a Paternoster, Ave Maria, and Creed, shall have the full remission due to them that visit the Chapel of Scala Scoeli."

H.W.

Twm Shawn Cattie (No. 24, p. 383.).—The following extract from Cliffe's Book of South Wales, furnishes a reply to this Query.

In describing the beautiful mountain scenery between Llandovery and Tregaron, he says:—

"High in the rock above the fall yawns a hole, hardly a cavern, where once lurked a famous freebooter of Wales, Twm Sion Catti: the entrance to this cave is through a narrow aperture, formed of two immense slate rocks, which face each other, and the space between them is narrower at the bottom than the top, so {456} that the passage can only be entered sideways, with the figure inclined according to the slanting of the rock.

"The history of Twm Sion Catti (pronounced Toom Shone Catti), alias Thomas Jones, Esq., is very romantic. He was a natural son of John ap David Moethe, by Catharine, natural daughter of Meredydd ap Ivan ap Robert, grandfather of Sir John Wynne, of Gwydir (see The Heraldic Visitations of Wales, published by the Welsh MSS. Society), and is said to have died in 1630, at the age of 61. In early life, 'he was a notorious freebooter and highwayman,' and levied black mail on the country within reach of his mountain abode, with the aid of a small band of followers. He soon reformed, married a rich heiress, was then created a justice of peace for Brecon, and ultimately became sheriff of that county and Carmarthenshire. He was, observes Sir S.R. Meyrick, esteemed as an antiquarian and poet, but is more known for the tricks attributed to him as a robber."

A.B.

Twm Sion Catti.—The noted robber, Twm Sion or Shôn Catti, referred to at No. 24. p. 383., was a Welshman who flourished between the years 1590 and 1630. He was the natural son of Sir John Wynne, and obtained his surname of Catti from the appellation of his mother Catherine. In early life he was a brigand of the most audacious character, who plundered and terrified the rich in such a manner that his name was a sufficient warrant for the raising of any sum which he might desire; while his unbounded generosity to the poor or unprotected, joined to an innate love of fun and frolic—for he was a very Eulenspiegel—made him the darling of the people. His chosen dwelling-place was in the almost inaccessible cave situated near Llandovery, at the junction of the Tywi and the Dethia (the Toothy of Drayton), which still bears his name. As time passed on, he wooed and won the heiress of Ystrad-ffin, in the vale of Tywi; and on becoming possessed of her property, abandoned his wild life, and with it the name of Catti; and quietly subsiding into Thomas Jones, Esq., became a poet and antiquary of high reputation. In addition to which, and as if to mark their sense of the value of a man so powerful for good or for evil, the government appointed him high sheriff for the county of Carmarthen. He died universally respected, and left a name which yet kindles many a Welsh heart, or amuses many a cottage circle in the long nights of winter.

His life has been published in an 8vo. volume, which was probably the work to which the "Note" of "MELANION" referred.

SELEUCUS.

Cheshire Round (No. 24. p. 383.).—A dance so called, peculiar to the county from whence it takes its name. The musical notes of the Cheshire Round may be seen in The Dancing Master, 1721, vol. i., and in Edward Jones' Cheshire Melodies. It was sometimes danced "longways for as many us will" (as described in The Dancing Master), but more frequently by one person. A handbill of the time of William the Third states, "In Bartholomew Fair, at the Coach-House on the Pav'd stones at Hosier-Lane-End, you shall see a Black that dances the Cheshire Rounds to the admiration of all spectators." Michael Root and John Sleepe, two clever caterers of "Bartlemy," also advertise "a little boy that dances the Cheshire Round to perfection." There is a portrait of Dogget the celebrated comedian (said to be the only one extant, but query if it is not Penkethman?), representing him dancing the Cheshire Round, with the motto "Ne sutor ultra crepidam."

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

Horns to a River.—Why the poets give horns to rivers, must be sought for in the poet's book, nature. I like the interpretation given by a glance up some sinuous and shelving valley, where the mighty stream, more than half lost to the eye, is only seen in one or two of its bolder reaches, as it tosses itself here to the right, and there to the left, to find a way for its mountain waters.

The third question about horns I am not able to answer. It would be interesting to know where your correspondent has found it in late Greek.

J.E.

Oxford, April 16. 1850.

Horns.—For answer to the third Query of "L.C." (No. 24. p. 383.), I subscribe the following, from Coleridge:—

"Having quoted the passage from Shakspeare,

As You Like It, Act iv. sc. 2.

"I question (he says), whether there exists a parallel instance of a phrase, that, like this of 'Horns,' is universal in all languages, and yet for which no one has discovered even a plausible origin."—Literary Remains, vol. i. p. 120. Pickering, 1849.

ROBERT SNOW.

Coal Brandy (No. 22. p. 352.).—This is only a contraction of "coaled brandy," that is, "burnt brandy," and has no reference to the purity of the spirit. It was the "universal pectoral" of the last century; and more than once I have seen it prepared by "good housewives" and "croaking husbands" in the present, pretty much as directed in the following prescription. It is only necessary to remark, that the orthodox method of "coaling," or setting the brandy on fire, was effected by dropping "a live coal" ("gleed") or red-hot cinder into the brandy. This is copied from a leaf of paper, on the other side of which are written, in the hand of John Nourse, the great publisher of scientific books in his day, some errata in the first 8vo. edit. of Simsons's Euclid, and hence may be referred to the year 1762. It was written evidently by some {457} "dropper-in," who found "honest John" suffering from a severe cold, and upon the first piece of paper that came to hand. The writer's caligraphy bespeaks age, and the punctuation and erasures show him to have been a literary man, and a careful though stilted writer. It is not, however, a hand of which I find any other exemplars amongst Nourse's correspondence.

"Take two glasses of the best brandy, put them into a cup which may stand over the fire; have two long wires, and put an ounce of sugar-candy upon the wires, and set the brandy on fire. Let it burn till it is put out by itself, and drink it before you go to bed.

"To make it more pectoral, take some rosemary and put it in the brandy, infused for a whole day, before you burn it."

This is the fundamental element of all the quack medicines for "coughs, colds, catarrhs, and consumption," from Ford's "Balsam of Horehound" to Dr. Solomon's "Balm of Gilead."

T.S.D.

Shooter's Hill, April 4.

Howkey or Horkey (No. 17. p. 263.).—Does the following passage from Sir Thomas Overbury's Witty Descriptions of the Properties of sundry Persons, first published, I believe, in 1614, afford any clue to the etymology of this word? It occurs in the description of a Frankling or Yeoman:—

"He allows of honest pastime, and thinks not the bones of the dead anything bruised or the worse for it, though the country lasses dance in the church-yard after even-song. Rock-Monday, and the wake in summer shrovings, the wakeful catches on Christmas eve, the hoky or seed-cake, these he yearly keeps, yet holds them no relics of Popery."

As I have not the book by me, and am only quoting from an extract, I am unable to give a more precise reference.

E.R.J.H.

Chancery Lane.

It may be possible further the purpose of the noble Querist as to the word Howkey or Horkey, if I state, that when in my boyhood I was accustomed to hear this word, it was pronounced as if spelt Hockey. As Howkey I should not have recognised it, nor hardly as Horkey.

AN EAST ANGLIAN.

Hockey, a game played by boys with a stick bent at the end, is very likely derived from hook, an Anglo-Saxon word too. But we cannot suppose that anything else was derived from that, and especially when we come to words apparently more genuine than that. It seems natural to connect them with a hock-tide, Hoch-zeit (German), and Heoh-tid (A.-S.), a name given to more than one season when it was usual to have games and festivities. Now surely this is nothing else than high tide, a time of some high feast; as we vulgarly say, "high days and holidays." So in the Scripture, "that Sabbath day was a high day." So high Mass. We Protestants have no conception of the close connection between the superior sanctity and the superior jollity of a particular season. Among the heathen Romans, festicus is derived from festus.³ We say high romps, high jinks.

See Wachter, who applies Hoch-zeit to Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, and says it may be derived either from high, or from Hogen, "gaudere," which also see. He says that the lower Saxons "hodie utuntur 'Höge'" to mean "gaudium privatum et publicum convivale et nuptiale." See also Hohen. See Lye, who has also heah, freols summa festivitas, summum festum.

Ihre (Lex. Suio Goth.) says Hugna is "to make glad." But in Hog-tid he observes, that gladness is only the secondary meaning of Hogen,—"Hokanat vocabatur a Borealibus festum quod media hieme celebrabatur;" and he shows that hawks were formerly sacrificed at it.

C.B.

Footnote 3:(return)

Is not the derivation of "feast" and "fast" originally the same? that which is appointed, connected with "fas," and that from "fari."

Howkey or Horkey (No. 17. p. 263.).—Is not this word simply a corruption of Hockey? Vide under "Hock-cart," in Brand's Antiquities by Ellis, where the following quotation from Poor Robin's Almanack for 1676 occurs:—

J.M.B.

Luther's Portrait at Warwick Castle (No. 25. p. 400.).—The Portrait by Holbein, in Warwick Castle, certainly erroneously stated to be that of Luther, was, I believe, engraved as such in Knight's Portrait Gallery, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. I cannot find in any account of Helbein's works a mention of a portrait of Luther by him.

S.W.

Symbolism of Flowers, etc.—In reference to works illustrative of poetical, mythological, scriptural, and historical associations connected with animals and plants, inquired for in No. 11. p. 173., many a literary man must equally desire an interpreter,—

Yet, in the English language there is, I believe, no work of this description; and I therefore beg leave to suggest, that your learned correspondents may contribute to a very useful compilation by furnishing illustrations, or references to illustrations, critical and poetical, collected from the most valuable authors, ancient and modern; and that this "sacred eloquence,"

if transplanted into learned pages, would to many readers, afford much pleasure. Meanwhile, I would refer Querist to the useful work of Camerarius on Symbols and Emblems.

The proverbial expression, "Under the rose," appears opportunely in p. 214, beautifully illustrated⁴, but still deserving further consideration. Schedius (De Diis Gemanis) and others have, with much learning, shown Venus Urania to be the same as Isis Myrionyma. With erudition not inferior, but in support of a peculiar theory, Gorop. Bacanus maintains Harpocrates and Cupido, son of Venus Uranis, to be one and the same hieroglyphical character. I shall now endeavour to explain the symbolism and dedication of the Rose. This "flower of flowers" adumbrates the highest faculty of human nature—Reason, and Silence, or the rest of the reasoning powers, which is indicated by the Greek term [Greek: epistaemae], science. (See Harris's Philosoph. Arrang. p. 444., and Hermes, p. 369.). To whom, then, could the hieroglyphical rose have been more appropriately dedicated than Harpocrates, who is described with his finger pointing to his mouth—tacito plenus amore—a proper emblem of that silence with which we ought to behave in religious matters.

T.J.

Footnote 4:(return)

Has "ARCHILAEUS" looked for these verses into the Rhodologia of Rosenbergius? I have in vain searched for them under "Rosæ," in the Amphitheatrum sapientiæ of Dornavius.

"Where England's Monarch" (No. 26. p. 415.).—The two lines inquired for are in Bramston's Man of Taste, a poem printed about the middle of the last century. I need hardly add, that the poet was misinformed, it being well known that Charles I., when brought to trial, refused to plead or to take off his hat.

There is an account of Duke of Marlborough's adventure with Barnard in the Gentleman's Magazine, May 1758: but it may be the same as that in the Annual Register.

BRAYBROOKE

April 27.

Journeyman (No. 19. p. 309.).—"GOMER" may like to know that the old labourers in North Essex still speak of a day's ploughing as a "journey at plough."

BRAYBROOKE.

Sydenham or Tidenham.—I have no doubt as to Sydenham, included in the inquiry respecting Cromwell's Estates (No. 24. p. 389.), being Tidenham; for this manor, the property of the Marquis of Worcester, was possessed by Cromwell; and, among my title deeds connected with this parish, I have Court Rolls in Cromwell's name both for Tidenham itself and for Beachley, a mesne manor within it.

These manors, which were inherited from the Herberts by the Somersets, were taken out of the former Marches by the statute 27 Hen. VIII. cap. 26. § 13., and annexed, together with Woolaston, similarly circumstanced, to the country of Gloucester and to the hundred of Westbury; of which hundred, in a legal sense, they still continue a part.

GEO. ORMEROD.

Sedbury Park, Chepstow, April 18. 1850.

J.B.'s Treatise on Nature and Art (No. 25. p. 401.).—The book to which your correspondent "M." refers, is, I believe, "The Mysteries of Nature and Art, in Foure severall Parts: The First of Water Works,—the Second of Fire Works, &c., &c. By John Bate."

I have the second edition, 1635; to which is prefixed a rude engraving of the author:—"Vera effigies Johannis Bate, memoria manet, modo permaneant studium et industria."

HERMES.

"A Frog he would a-wooing go."—In answer to the inquiry of "B.G.J." (in No. 25, p. 401.), as to the origin of "'Heigh ho!' says Rowley," I do not think it is older that thirty of thirty-five years, when Liston sang an altered version of the very old song,—

and instead of the usual chorus⁵, inserted

as burthen. Liston's song was published by Goulding and Co., Soho Square, entitled "The Love-sick Frog," with an original air by C.E.H., Esq. (qy. Charles Edward Horn?), and an accompaniment by Thomas Cook. The first verse is as follows:—

R.S.S.

April 23. 1850.

Footnote 5:(return)

In my interleaved copy of Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes, I have the original song of the "Frog and Mouse" with three different melodies, and nonsense burthens, as sung by my excellent nurse, Betty Richens, whose name I hope to see immortalised in your pages.

"My Love and I for kisses played, &c." (No. 19. p. 302.).—The little jeu d'esprit which "Dr. RIMBAULT" {459} has given from Paget's Common Place Book:—

occurs in the MS. volume from which James Boswell extracted "Shakspeare's Verses on the King," but with a much better reading of the last couplet:—

They are entitled, "Upon a Lover and his Mistris playing for Kisses," and are there without any name or signature. They remind us of Lilly's very elegant "Cupid and Campaspe."

The ballad, or rather ode, as Drayton himself entitles it:—

is to be found in the very rare volume with the following title, Poemes Lyrick and Pastorall, Odes, Eglogs, The Man in the Moon, by Michael Drayton, Esquire. At London, printed by R.B. for N.L. and J. Flaskett. 12mo. (No date, but circa 1600.)

I think the odes are given in the other volumes of the early editions of Drayton's Miscellaneous Poems; but I speak without book, my collection being in the country.

The selection from Herrick, noticed by Mr. Milner Barry, was made by Dr. Nott of Bristol, whose initials, J.N., are on the title page. "The head and front of my offending" is the Preface of Mr. Pickering's neat edition of Herrick in 1846.

S.W.S.

March 12. 1850.

["O.E." informs us that these pretty lines form No. CCXXXIX. of A Collection of Epigrams. London. Printed for J. Walthoe, 1727, and of which a second volume was published in 1737; and "J.B.M." adds, that they are also to be found in the Encyclopædia of Wit, published about half a century since.]

Teneber Wednesday.—In Hall's Chronicle, under the date of 23rd Hen. VIII., is this passage:

"When Ester began to draw nere, the Parliament for that tyme ended, and was proroged till the last day of Marche, in the next yere. In the Parliament aforesayde was an Acte made that whosoeuer dyd poyson any persone, shoulde be boyled in hote water to the death; which Acte was made bicause one Richard Roose, int the Parliament tyme, had poysoned dyuers persons at the Bishop of Rochester's place, which Richard, according to the same Acte, was boyled in Smythfelde the Teneber-Wednysday following, to the terrible example of all other."

I conjecture that Teneber Wednesday is the Wednesday next before Easter, of "Feria quarta majoris Hebdomadao," and that the name is derived form the Gospel for that day according to the ritual of the Church of Rome.

"Erat autem fere hora sexta, et tenèbroe factoe sunt in universam terram usque in horam nonam. Et obscuratus est sol: et velum templi seissum est medium."—Luke, xxiii. 44, 45.

Should this conjecture be ill founded, I shall be glad to see it corrected; at any rate, I shall be obliged if any of your correspondents can supply other instances of the use of the term, or state what are or were the ceremonies peculiar to the day.

C.H. COOPER

Cambridge, April 4. 1850.

P.S. Since the above was written, I have noticed that "Tenable Wednesday" occurs three times in the Ordinance for "weshing of all mannar of Lynnon belonging to my Lordes Chapell" in the Northumberland Household Book (pp. 243, 244.). In each instance it is placed between Lady Day and Easter Even.

[If our correspondent refers to Mr. Hampson's most useful work, Medii ævi Kalendarium, vol. i. p. 370., to the words Tenables, Tenabulles, Tenebræ, he will find them explained "The three nights before Easter;" and the following among other illustrations:—

"Worshipfull frendis, ye shall cum to holi chirch on Wednysday, Thursday, and Friday at even for to here dyvyne service, as commendable custom of holi chirch has ordeyned. And holi chirch useth the iij dayes, Wednysday, Thursday, and Friday, the service to be saide in the eventyde in derkenes. And hit is called with divers men Tenables, but holi chirch Tenebras, as Raccionale Divinorum seth, that is to say, thieness or derkenes, to commemorate the betrayal of our Lord by night."—Harl. MS. 2247. fo. 83.]

The Buckingham Motto.—Permit me to suggest that your correspondents "S." and "P." (No. 18. pp. 283, 284.) are labouring under a mistaken notion in supposing that the line

belongs to the French idiom, and answers to our phrase "Forget me not." Such a sentiment would be sufficiently appropriate as the parting prayer or injunction of a lover, but does not possess the essential characteristic of a motto, which one selects for the purpose of declaring his own sentiments of conduct towards others, not to deprecate or direct those of others towards himself.

The language employed is, in part, pure Italian, not antiquated, but exactly such as is spoken by persons of education at the present day; and if "S." would again examine the original MS., I make no doubt that he would find the line written Sovente mi sooviene (sovene), i.e. with the personal pronoun in the dative instead of the accusative case. The expression mi souviene is equivalent to mi ricordo, but is a more elegant form that the latter; and the meaning of the motto will be "I seldom forget,"—a pithy and suggestive sentence, implying as much the memory of a wrong to be avenged as of a favour to be required.

A. RICH, JUN.

Larig.—I am obliged by the suggestions of your correspondents "B.W." and "C.I.R." (No. 24. p. 387.), to which I beg leave to offer the following reply. The Dutch and Flemish (or Netherlandish, as they may be considered one language until the fifteenth century) Le'er and Le'ar are simply contractions of Leder, as Tenkate observes, euphonis gratia, by the omission of the d, which takes place in other similar words; and what is remarkable in Ledig, empty, which becomes Le'eg. Le'erig is of course leathery, or tough; but Lederen or Le'ersen, would be used for made of leather, and in A.-S., most probably [A-S: hydig]. We have no such contraction in A.-S.: it is always [A-S: Leðer] and [A-S: Leðern]. The epithet, leathery-shields, could hardly have been used where they are said to resound; and the instance of vaulted shields in Judith is, I think, conclusive. The root of Leder is possibly hlid-an, to cover HIDE? That of Leer possibly lieren, amittere, privari?

I should have noted the instances of the word from Junius and Schilter, which were not unknown to me, but for brevity's sake; and indeed I had not Urry's Chaucer at hand to verify the reference of Junius to the Tale of Beryn, the only valuable portion of Urry's book. I knew that a simple reference to the O.H.G. Lâri would be sufficient for Dr. Grimm.

Thorkelin, in his very incorrect edition of Beowulf, has followed Lye, in rendering Lind haebbende, Vexilla habens; and Haldorsen's explanation of Lind might have taught him better. Mr. Kemble has rendered it shield-bearers, and gives instances in his Glossary of similar combinations, as rond-haebbendra, bord-haebbende, scaro-haebbendra.

S.W. SINGER.

April 15. 1850.

Zenobia a Jewess? (No. 24. p. 383.)—

"To conclude what I have to say of this princess, I shall add here, after M. de Tillemont, that St. Athanasius took her to be a Jewess, meaning, without doubt, in respect of her religion; and that, according to Theodoret, it was to please her that Paul of Samosata, whom she patronised, professed opinions very like those of the Jews concerning the person of Jesus Christ, saying that he was only a mere man, who had nothing in his nature superior to other men, nor was distinguished from them any otherwise than by a more abundant participation of the divine grace."—Crevier, Hist. of Rom. Emperors, Book 27. "Aurelian," vol. ix. p. 174.

M. Crevier refers to "Tillem. Aur. art. 5."

C. FORBES

Temple, April 16.

Temple Stanyan.—The following notices, relating to one Temple Stanyan may interest your correspondent "A.G." (No. 24 p. 382.).

"1725. March 23. Died Mrs. —— Stanyan, wife of Temple Stanyan, Esq., one of the Chief Clerks in the office of Secretary of State."—Historical Register.

"1726. April 28. Temple Stanyan, Esq., one of the Clerks of His Majesty's most Hon. Privy Council, married to Mrs. Pauncefort."—Ibid.

There is a monument in one of the churches at Southampton,—

"To the Memory of Catharine, Relict of Admiral Sir Charles Hardy, and only daughter of Temple Staynian, Esq., of Rawlins in co. Oxon. She died Feb. 19. 1801, aged 75 years. This monument was erected by her only surviving son, Temple Hardy, Captain in His Majesty's Navy."

Edward Pauncefort, Esq., was one of the executors of Sir Charles Hardy's will, proved in Doctors' Commons, 10th June, 1780.

W.H.

Temple Stanyan wrote a History of Greece, 1751, which was common when I was at school, and another book, as Watts says. If the question is biographical, I can say nothing.

C.B.

Temple Stanyan (No. 24. p. 382.).—He also published an Account of Switzerland, 8vo. London, 1714.

M.

"Who was Temple Stanyan?" (no. 24. p. 382.) Temple Stanyan was the son of Abraham Stanyan, Esq., a Member of the Kit Kat Club, M.P. for Buckingham, Ambassador to the Porte, a Lord of the Admiralty, etc. Mr. Temple Stanyan was himself also Minister at Constantinople, and at several other courts; and afterwards Under-Secretary of State under both Addison and the Duke of Newcastle. He published in 1714 an Account of Switzerland; and his Grecian history in 2 vols. was, till the publication of Mitford's, the best in our language. I believe that his daughter married Adm. Sir Charles Hardy. He died in 1752.

C.

Auctorite de Dibil (no. 25. p. 205.).—Probably an error of transcription; read Auctorite de Bibil.

J.M.B.

The Bristol Riots (No. 22. p. 352.).—"J.B.M." is informed, that the volume to which he alludes is generally considered by Bristolians as the most authentic and fullest narrative that was published of those disgraceful scenes.

J.M.G.

Worcester.

Religious Tract by F.H. (No. 25. p. 400.)—The author of the religious tract which has fallen into the hands of "J.C." is no doubt one of the early Quakers, and probably Francis Howgill. Howgill was originally a clergyman of the Church of England, but afterwards became a Baptist, and in the year 1652 joined the early Quakers, upon hearing the preaching of George Fox. His works were published in folio, in 1676, by Ellis Hookes.

Θ.

Complutensian MSS.—"E.M.B." (No. 25. p. 402.) will find full answers to his Queries, and more interesting information on the same subject, in a note in vol iv. p. 235. of Don Pedro Saban's Spanish translation of Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella. Madrid, 1846.

I am told by an American gentleman, who has seen the MSS. within a month in the library of the University of Madrid, wither they were removed from Alcala in 1837, that the Chaldaic and Hebrew manuscripts are all originals, and on parchment. The only MSS. of Zamora among them are 3 vols. in Latin, translated from the Hebrew.

The Greek MSS., or some of them, are still with the collection as above; and of course were not returned to the Vatican.

H.S.

Morley's Hotel, April 28.

Tablet to Napoleon (No. 17. p. 263., No. 25. p. 406.).—"C.I.R.'s" interpretation can hardly be admitted. The true meaning will be best exhibited by the following form:—

Bis Italico alludes to his twice conquering Italy, viz., in his first campaign, and again in that of Marengo.

C.

Malone's Blunder (No. 25. p. 403.).—"Mr. BOLTON CORNEY," in his answer on this subject, says very justly, that "before we censure a writer, we should consult his own edition." He has, however, not followed this excellent principle in this case, for he has certainly not looked at the Irish edition of Malone, on which the question arises. He has repeated what I had already stated (No. 24. p. 386.), that the mistake was not a blunder of Malone's; and he has also pointed out, what had escaped me, Malone's supplemental note containing the first three articles of the pretended will of John Shakspeare: but when he adds that there is "no fabrication" and "no mystery" in the case, and that "the blunder of the Irish editor was merely in attempting to unite the two fragments as published by Malone," it is quite clear that he has not seen the edition in question, and has, I think, mistaken the whole affair. The Irish editor did not attempt to unite Malone's fragments—quite the contrary—he left Malone's first fragment as he found it; but he took the second fragment, namely, the exordium of the pretended will of John Shakspeare, and substituted it bodily as the exordium of the will of William Shakspeare, suppressing altogether the real exordium of the latter. So that this Irish will begins, "I, John Shakspeare," &c., and ends, "by me, William Shakspeare." I have no doubt that the will of John Shakspeare is a forgery altogether; but the taking three paragraphs of it, and substituting them for the two first paragraphs of William Shakspeare's genuine will, is what I call, and what no doubt "Mr. BOLTON CORNEY" will think, on this explanation of the facts, "an audacious fabrication." The best guess I can make as to how, or with what design, the Irish editor should have perpetrated so complicated, and yet so manifest a blunder, is this:—Malone printed the fragment in question at the end of his volume, amongst his "Emendations and additions," as belonging to "the will before printed," meaning the forged will of John Shakspeare, but that the Irish editor understood him to mean the genuine will of William Shakspeare; and so thought that he was only restoring the latter to its integrity: but how he could have overlooked the difference of names, and the want of continuity in the meaning of the documents, is still to me utterly incomprehensible.

C.

Theses.—Perhaps it may assist your correspondent "M." (No. 25. p. 401.) to be informed that the University of Göttingen is particularly rich in "Theses" (termed Disputationes et Dissertationes), to which there is a large room entirely devoted in the library of that university; together with the transactions of learned bodies. A special librarian is attached to this department, which is much consulted. A Catalogue was begun to be published of this collection, so far as respects the Memoirs contained in the various transactions, in 1801, by J.D. Reuss; and 16 vols. in 4to. had appeared up to 1821; after which, I believe, the publication has been suspended. Of Catalogues of Theses, I think the following work is in good esteem:—Dissert. Acad. Upsal. habitæ sub Præsid. C.P. Thunberg, 3 tom. 8vo. Götting. 1799-1801. The second part of vol. ii. in the Catalogus Bibliothecæ Thottiauæ (7 vol. 8vo. Fauniæ, 1789-1795.) contains a catalogue, which it might be well to consult, of dissertations under the name of the president or head of the institution or college where they were delivered, than under the writer's name. At least, in a collective sense the former method is adopted, as in the following instance: Schultens, (Alb.) Sylloge Dissertationem Philologico-Eregeticarum, adiversis Auctoribus Editarum, sub Præsidio A. Schultens, etc., 2 tom.: although, if the author should happen to be distinguished for his other productions, all that he wrote is anxiously sought out, and placed under his own name.

J.M.

Oxford, April 24.

["M." may also be referred to the Catalogus Dissertationum Academicarum quibusnsuper aucta est Bibliotheca Bodleiana. A quarto volume, printed at the Oxford University Press in 1834.]

MSS. of Locke (No. 25. p. 401.).—"C." is informed {462} that Dr. Thomas Hancock died at Lisburn, in Ireland, during the past year. The papers of Locke respecting which he inquires are probably still in the possession of Dr. H.'s son.

Θ

MISCELLANIES.

Spur Money.—Although I used often, twenty years ago, when a chorister at the Chapel Royal, to take part in levying a fine on all who entered that place with spurs on, I was not aware of its origin till I saw it explained in your interesting publication (No. 23. p. 374.). There was a custom however, connected with this impost, the origin of which I should be glad to learn. After the claim was made, the person from whom it was sought to be exacted had the power to summon the youngest chorister before him, and request him to "repeat his gamut," and if he failed, the spur-bearer was entitled to exemption.

E.J.H.

Spur Money.—I beg to offer the following humble illustration of spur-money, which I copied from the belfry wall of All Saints Church at Hastings:—

(dated) 1756.

ALFRED GATTY.

Ecclesfield, April 6. 1850.

Note Books.—Looking at what your correspondent says about "Note Books," I think the following hint may be useful to others, as it has been to myself. Many persons never get so far as the formality of a common-place book, and do not like to write in their books. Let them follow my plan. The envelope maker will procure them any number of little slips of white paper, with a touch of isinglass at each of the four corners. Let the note be written on one of these, and then let the slip be stuck into any book which is sure to be wanted in connection with the subject when it comes up again; either by one, two, or four corners, as convenient. The isinglass will not hurt the book, if ever it be wanted to remove the slip. A note is more in the way, when attached to a book which suggested it, than when buried among unindexed miscellanies; and there are few who index themselves. Your motto is good as far as it goes; but the other half is wanting:—

M.

LADY RACHAEL RUSSELL.

Mr. Dyce has admitted Lady Rachael Russell among his British Poetesses on account of the following verses:—

Now "John" was not the Christian name of William Lord Russell, so that these verses could not have come from his widow's pen. Indeed, they are much older than Lady Rachael's time, and may be found on the monument in Westminster Abbey erected by Lady Russell, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to John Lord Russell, who died in 1584.

P. CUNNINGHAM.

Byron and Tacitus (No. 20. p. 390.).—To your young friend, who honestly signs himself "A SCHOOLBOY," let an older correspondent say, that he will do more wisely to let the rules of his teachers keep him from perusing an author who makes a mock of all moral and all honourable feelings. But if he wishes to know whether the introduction of the sentence from Tacitus into a poetical tale should be called "cabbaging," the reply will properly be, No. The poet expected that the well-known figure, which he had thus thrown into verse, would be immediately recognised by every literary reader, and that the recognition would give pleasure. He was trying his hand at a task of which it has been affirmed by a master, that Difficile est proprie communia dicere. The Schoolboy knows where to find these words; and I hope that he also knows where to find the words of one who speaks with greater authority, and has said most kindly, "Cease, my son, to hear [read] the instruction that causeth to err."

H.W.

Aboriginal Chambers near Tilbury.—It is proposed to descend some of the aboriginal chambers alluded to by Camden, near Tilbury in Essex. In consequence, however, of Camden having named a wrong parish, later antiquaries have been puzzled to ascertain their precise whereabouts. Mr. Crafter, in 1848, after many days' labour, found them out; and a brief notice of them was given {463} in an article upon "Primæval Britain" in the West Kent Almanack for 1849. Hasted mentions similar pits in Crayford Parish, Kent. In Dartford parish is another called "the Sound Hole," from the echoes, &c., made upon a stone being thrown down. Mr. S. Laudale intends an examination of it this summer. Tradition reports that there are three enormous caverns, which communicate with the central shaft.

How, or what, is the best way of driving the foul air out of those chambers which are aloof from the central shaft?

Δ

Sir R. Haigh's Letter-Book.—A few days ago, Messrs. Puttick and Simpson sold a very important manuscript, the original letter-book of Sir R. Haigh, of Lancashire, of the time of Charles II. It fetched 51l., being bought by a collector whose name has not transpired; but perhaps this notice, if you kindly insert it, may induce the purchaser to edit it for the Chetham Society, to whose publications it would for a most valuable addition.

R.

A Phonetic Peculiarity.—I venture to note as a very curious phonetic peculiarity, that we have in the English language a large number of monosyllabic words ending is sh, all of which are expressive of some violet action or emotion. I quote a few which have occurred without search, in alphabetical order. "Brush, brash, crash, crush, dash, gash, gush, hash, gnash, lash, mash, pash, push, quash, rush, slash, smash, squash, thrash."

J.M.B.

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, CATALOGUES, SALES, ETC.

At the late Annual Meeting of the Shakespeare Society it was announced that a complete collection of the works of Thomas Heywood had been determined upon, and the first volume containing six plays was laid upon the table. It was also shown that Mr. Collier's Essay on the Chandos Portrait had only been delayed from a desire to obtain the most novel and accurate information.

The members of the Percy Society will be glad to hear, that at the Annual Meeting on the 1st instant, the immediate publication of the third volume of Mr. Wright's edition of the Canterbury Tales was announced.

The plan for the restoration of Chaucer's tomb in Poet's Corner has at length assumed a practical shape. It has been ascertained that less than 100l. will do every thing that can be desired to repair the ravages of time, and preserve the monument for centuries to come. It is proposed to raise this sum by subscriptions of five shillings, that more may share in the good work; and a committee has been formed to carry out this scheme, which has already received the sanction of the Earl of Carlisle, the Earl of Ellesmere, Lord Braybrooke, Mr. Charles Wynn, and other distinguished lovers of literature. Subscriptions are received by every member of the committee, and parties resident in the country may remit them by post-office orders payable at Charing Cross in favour of William Richard Drake, Esq., F.S.A., of 46. Parliament Street, the Honorary Treasurer; or of William J. Thoms, Esq., the Honorary Secretary of the Committee.

The Annual Meeting of the Camden Society on the 2d instant, under the Presidentship of Lord Braybrooke, gave general satisfaction. The council reported the publication during the past year of the Peterborough Chronicle; the Letters of Elizabeth and James VI.; and the Chronicle of Queen Jane. This last volume was then only on the eve of circulation; it has since been issued, and found to justify the announcement of the council that it is work of great historical value, and an interesting companion to Machyn's Diary.

We have received the following Catalogues:—James Darling's (21. Little Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields) Catalogue of Books Old and New, Theological and Miscellaneous, and Andrew Clark's (4. City Road) Catalogue, No. 8., of Books in English and Foreign Theology, Literature, Roman Catholic Controversy, Classics, &c.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.)

THE ANTI-JACOBIN.

ROCCHA DE CAMPANIS.

Odd Volumes.

THE SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, Vol I. 1797.

CALENDAR OF HARLEIAN MSS., Vol. IV.

NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.

COMPLETION OF OUR FIRST VOLUME.—Two more numbers will complete our First Volume, to which a very full Index is preparing. A Second Volume, of the same size, will be completed at the end of December, and we shall then be enabled to judge how far it will be desirable to adopt the system of Half-Yearly or Yearly volumes.

Our readers will find the present and two following Numbers principally occupied with REPLIES, as it is obviously desirable that they should, as far as possible, appear in the same volume as the QUERIES to which they refer.

COLLAR OF SS. This subject shall be brought forward early in the next volume.

E.S.T. Thanks. The Query and Folk Lore shall appear as soon as possible.

W.M.T. is also thanked. It can scarcely be necessary to assure him, that had we known what he has so kindly informed us, the article he alludes to would not have been inserted, nay, we are sure we may add, that the friend who sent it would never have handed it to us for publication.

On the 30th of APRIL, 1850, was published, by CHARLES KNIGHT,

PART I. OF

THE IMPERIAL CYCLOPÆDIA;

To be continued in Monthly Parts, price Half-a-Crown, Super-royal 8vo.

The Work now announced is the commencement of a NEW SERIES OF CYCLOPÆDIAS, FOUNDED UPON THE VAST TREASURY OF ORIGINAL MATERIALS IN "THE PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA."

The publication commences with

THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE;

To form Two Volumes, with Steel Engravings and numerous Coloured Maps; And to be completed in Twelve Monthly Parts, at Half-a-Crown.

"The Part now before us is the commencement of the 'Cyclopædia of Geography.' The articles which appear in the present number convey a large amount of useful information in a compact and intelligent form. They are evidently the productions of competent writers, well acquainted with the present state of geographical science. The Maps are beautifully distinct. Fulness, compactness, and clearness—the great requisites of a Cyclopædia—are here combined in a high degree."—The Athenæum, No. 1175.

"The Part before us promises well. Books published subsequently to the 'Penny Cyclopædia' have been consulted, to bring down the information to the latest date; and many contributions from local residents of places in this country enrich particular articles with full knowledge."—The Spectator, No. 1140.

LONDON: CHARLES KNIGHT, FLEET STREET.

Now ready, containing 149 Plates, royal 8vo. 28s.; folio, 2l. 5s.; India Paper, 4l. 4s.

THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES of ENGLAND: a Series of Engravings upon Wood, from every variety of these interesting and valuable Memorials, accompanied with Descriptive Notices.

By the Rev. C. FOUTELL, M.A. Rector of Downham Market. Part XII, completing the work, price 7s. 6d.; folio, 12s.; India paper, 24s.

By the same Author, royal 8vo. 15s.; large paper, 21s.

MONUMENTAL BRASSES and SLABS: an Historical and Descriptive Notice of the Incised Monumental Memorials of the Middle Ages. With upward of 200 Engravings.

"A Handsome large octavo volume, abundantly supplied with well-engraved woodcuts and lithographic plates; a sort of Encyclopædia for ready reference.... The whole work has a look of painstaking completeness highly commendable."—Athenæum.

"One of the most beautifully got up and interesting volumes we have seen for a long time. It gives in the compass of one volume an account of the History of those beautiful monuments of former days ... The illustrations are extremely well chosen."—English Churchman.

A few copies of this work remain for sale; and, as it will not be reprinted in the same form and at the same price, the remaining copies are raised in price. Early application for the Large Paper Edition is necessary.

By the same Author, to be completed in Four Parts, CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS in ENGLAND and WALES: an Historical and Descriptive Sketch of the various classes of Monumenta Memorials which have been in use in this country from about the time of the Norman Conquest. Profusely illustrated with Wood Engravings. Part I. price 7s. 6d.; Part II. 2s. 6d.

"A well conceived and executed work."—Ecclesiologist.

MATERIALS for making RUBBINGS of MONUMENTAL BRASSES and other Incised Works of Art.

Heel Ball, in cakes, at 3d. and 1s. each.

Also, RICHARDSON'S METALLIC RUBBER, in cakes price 1s. l6d.; Double cakes, 2s. 6d.

THE ROMANCE of the PEERAGE; or, Curiosities of Family History. by GEORGE LILLIE CRAIK. Vols. I. II. and III. Post 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d. each.

"A book of strange facts."—Atlas.

"Great industry and minute research are apparent in almost every page. Mr. Craik happily unites excellence of style with patient erudition."—Morning Chronicle.

"For our own parts, let us at once say, that Mr. Craik's design appears to us an extremely good one, and that we are glad to see it in competent hands. It is precisely that kind of book to which scrupulous care and diligent labour were essential; and in this respect we cannot speak too highly of the volume lying on our table."—Examiner.

Volume IV., completing the work, is in the press.

London: CHAPMAN and HALL, 186. Strand.

CUT AND COME AGAIN!

TO HISTORIANS, ANTIQUARIES, and COUNTY COLLECTORS.—Highly interesting and curious Biographical, Antiquarian, and Topographical CUTTINGS FROM OLD NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, REGISTERS, &c., may be had at the Little Bookshop, 26 Red Lion Street, Holborn.

N.B. Every Cutting is correctly and distinctly dated.

Just published, WILLIAMS and NORGATE'S CATALOGUE of GERMAN THEOLOGICAL BOOKS; including the WORKS of NEANDER, THOLUCK, NITZSCH, JULIUS MULLER, KRUMMACHER, DORNER, HENGSTENBERG, EWALD, HARLESS, LANGE, UMBRIET, STIER, OLSHAUSEN, SCHLEIERMACHER, &c., EDITIONS of the BIBLE, the WORKS of the FATHERS and REFORMERS, &c. &c. Gratis (two stamps).

14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.

THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND ILLUSTRATED BY THOSE OF DENMARK.

THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the illustrations of similar Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. With numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

"The best antiquarian handbook we have ever met with—so clear is its arrangement, and so well and so plainly is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings.... It is the joint production of two men who have already distinguished themselves as authors and antiquarians."—Morning Herald.

"A book of remarkable interest and ability.... Mr. Worsaae's book is in all ways a valuable addition to our literature.... Mr. Thoms has executed the translation in flowing and idiomatic English, and has appended many curious and interesting notes and observations of his own."—Guardian.

See also the Gentleman's Magazine for February 1850.

Oxford: JOHN HENRY PARKER, and 337. Strand, London.

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, and in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, May 11. 1850.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, No. 28. Saturday,
May 11, 1850, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***

***** This file should be named 13684-h.htm or 13684-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/6/8/13684/

Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, David
King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     https://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

*** END: FULL LICENSE ***