The Project Gutenberg EBook of Text books of Art Education, v. 2 of 7, by
Hugo B. Froehlich and Bonnie E. Snow
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Title: Text books of Art Education, v. 2 of 7
Book II, Second Year
Author: Hugo B. Froehlich
Bonnie E. Snow
Release Date: September 21, 2011 [EBook #37495]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXT BOOKS OF ART EDUCATION ***
Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Anna Hall and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
These books were planned in a series of conferences and consultations with leading art teachers and educators, among whom were the following:
- Miss Bonnie E. Snow, Formerly Director of Art, Public Schools, Minneapolis, Minn.
- Miss Wilhelmina Seegmiller, Director of Art, Public Schools, Indianapolis, Ind.
- Miss Harriette L. Rice, Director of Art, Public Schools, Providence, R. I.
- Mr. Walter Scott Perry, Director of the Art Department, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.
- Mrs. M. E. Riley, Director of Art, Public Schools, St. Louis, Mo.
- Dr. Hugo Münsterberg, Professor of Psychology, Harvard University.
- Mrs. Alice W. Cooley, Department of Education, University of North Dakota.
- Mr. John S. Clark, Boston, Mass.
BY
HUGO B. FROEHLICH
FORMERLY INSTRUCTOR IN PRATT INSTITUTE BROOKLYN, N. Y.
AND
BONNIE E. SNOW
FORMERLY SUPERVISOR OF DRAWING IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
THE PRANG EDUCATIONAL COMPANY
NEW YORK / / BOSTON / / CHICAGO
Copyright, 1904, By
THE PRANG EDUCATIONAL COMPANY.
We are indebted to the publishers, Charles Scribner's Sons, for permission to use the verses, "At the Seaside" (page 46), the lines from "Good and Bad Children" (page 13), and the lines from "Singing" (page 36)—all from "A Child's Garden of Verses," by Robert Louis Stevenson; to the Macmillan Company for the lines by Christina Rossetti (page 16); to Houghton, Mifflin and Company for the stanza from Longfellow's "The Fiftieth Birthday of Agassiz" (page 1).
For the Theory of Color Relations used in these books, special acknowledgment is due to Dr. Denman W. Ross, of Harvard University. The lessons in Design are preparatory to the fuller exposition in the upper books of Dr. Ross's principles of arrangement—Balance, Rhythm and Harmony.
Come out of doors with paint-box and brush!
Come to a clear little pool in a meadow!
The world is dressed in blue, yellow and green.
The green in the distant trees looks blue-green; but the color of the meadow is yellow-green.
The pool is the color of the sky.
Paint the picture and choose a name for it.[Pg 3]
Autumn likes bright red and yellow, with orange, violet, and deep, deep blue.
See how she has dressed our meadow.
Look at the trees and the clear little pool.
What color is the grass? Where is the deep blue?
Where does the violet look more red than blue?
Paint an autumn picture of our meadow.[Pg 4]
Name each of these four trees.
Tell how you know them.[Pg 5]
Which tree is like a leafy tent or umbrella? Its arms reach far and wide to bend over us.
Which tree looks like a spire? Its arms are raised toward the sky.
Which tree stands with trunk tall and straight from the root to the pointed top?
See "the brave old oak, with broad green crown and fifty arms so strong."
Paint a set of shadow pictures (silhouettes) of the trees you like best.
Study the trunk: its shape; its size; the way it sends out its branches.
Study the branches: their shapes; their length; the way they stretch out, or stretch up, or droop.
Paint the true shape of the whole big tree.[Pg 6]
The maple-tree in autumn looks like a great bouquet of reds and yellows in a dark vase.
You can tell it from all others by the shape and the color.
Paint the bright bouquet.
Drop in clear colors to show the shape of the maple-tree.[Pg 7]
When the trees are bare of leaves, we see how beautiful the branches are.
No two trees stretch out their arms in just the same way. But the largest boughs always spring from the big round trunk.
See how the smaller boughs spring from larger ones and rock the winter buds in the air.
Paint a tree as it looks in November.[Pg 8]
Ship, sky and sea in the soft grays of night!
Which is darker, the sky or the sea?
Look at the light in the sky where it seems to meet the sea.
The ship looks darkest gray.
We see it against the lighter grays.
Paint a "ship on the sea, sailing to-night."[Pg 10]
Have you seen how sunset light over snow warms the white to a violet glow?
Have you seen an evergreen tree against a sunset sky? The green looks very dark.
Have you noticed the beautiful shape of Christmas trees?
Paint a winter sunset, with an evergreen against the sunset sky.[Pg 11]
Words make us see pictures. We can paint the same pictures with the brush.
Paint what the next lines make you see.
Here is Susan in the rain again! Now there are sky and trees in the picture.
Think how the little girl is placed to show that she is walking on the ground.
Which is lightest gray—sky, trees, or ground?
Draw the picture with pencil, or paint it with brush and ink.[Pg 13]
Do these lines tell the truth about your field-day picnic?
Were you in the fields or in the woods?
Show with brush or pencil the best fun of the day.[Pg 14]
When the dandelion looks up at the sun, it shakes out its golden tresses from the green flower-cup.
See the tall, round stem—pale green, with tints of red.
What colors do you see in the long, narrow, hooked leaves? Do they grow on the flower-stem?
Paint your dandelions with their leaves just as you see them.[Pg 16]
Bring stalks of wheat, oats, and other grains.
Look at the shapes of the heads.
See how each slender stalk holds its beautiful crown.
Paint with ink from grasses, grains, or weeds of slender growth.[Pg 17]
How do you know this plant without seeing its colors?
Paint a shadow picture of this flower, or of some other blossom that is a bunch of many little flowers in one head.
Does the blossom droop, or nod, or stand erect?
Show just how each leaf grows on the stem.
Our pictures must tell the truth.[Pg 18]
Look closely at the two pictures of the chrysanthemum.
See the two ways of painting the same plant.
Which is easier to paint—this flower, or the dandelion?
In what ways is this stem not like the flower-stem of the dandelion?
In what ways are the leaves not like the dandelion leaves?
Can you see the flower-cup?
What colors will you use to paint your flower?[Pg 19]
Study the shape of your own bright maple leaf.
Are the leaf stems the same color as the bough?
What do you see where the stems join the bough?
Is your bough bent or straight?
Does it grow smaller toward the end?
What colors do you see in the leaves?
Paint this bit of autumn glory.[Pg 20]
Plums on their twigs,
Cherries and figs,
Peaches, pears, and apples,—growing in the sun.
Which fruit is shown in the picture?
Try to find fruit growing.
Paint a twig with leaves and fruit. Use ink.
Show how the leaves and the fruit grow on the bough.
Show true shapes.[Pg 21]
"APPLES! RIPE APPLES! WHO'LL BUY?"
An apple growing on a twig is as beautiful as a flower.
See how the leaves hide part of the bough.
Paint the shape of the apple with water; drop in fresh, clear colors.
Study the growth and color of the stem.
Paint what you see.[Pg 23]
When you painted pussy-willows last year, you painted them in grays. Now show them in colors.
The budding twigs of spring often show colors as bright as those of flowers.
Look for color in the stems and buds of bushes, and in the tiny twigs of many trees.
For willow catkins spring chooses her daintiest colors: soft silvery grays; rosy pink; pale green; bits of yellow; and never are two dressed alike! Paint them as they look now.[Pg 24]
Would you like to tell the story of the life of the bean from seed to fruit?
You can tell it by shadow pictures.
Now let us paint its flower and fruit.
Look closely at the shape of each pod.
Show by the stem how your bean grows.[Pg 25]
This little wild fellow of the woods is very like another flower we love. The other is a queenly lady in pure, spotless white. Her name is calla lily. Tell how the two plants are alike; how unlike.
Paint shadow pictures of both.[Pg 26]
Alice is glad to find the ground covered with snow this morning. She wishes to take her new sled to school.
She sees the bright, blue sky; she sees the snow sparkle in the sunlight; she sees the soft violet of the far-off trees.
Paint the little girl and what she sees.[Pg 28]
We have very good times taking care of our goldfish. The beautiful shapes darting about in the water glow and flash like the brightest of jewels. They seem to have all the colors of the rainbow. We often paint them.
Cut pictures to show animals you have seen in a circus parade.
Look at this picture. See how it shows that the little girl is jumping.
Who can jump the rope without tripping? Alice may try it.
Draw or paint the picture these verses make you see:
This is the way we wash our clothes,
wash our clothes, wash our clothes;
This is the way we wash our clothes,
on a cold and frosty morning!
This is the way we dry our clothes,
dry our clothes, dry our clothes;
This is the way we dry our clothes
on a cold and frosty morning!
This is the way the ladies walk,
ladies walk, ladies walk;
This is the way the ladies walk,
on a cold and frosty morning!
This is the way the gentlemen walk,
gentlemen walk, gentlemen walk;
This is the way the gentlemen walk,
on a cold and frosty morning.
Show in a Picture:
1. What you can do to help mother.
2. A game the girls play at recess.
3. What the boys play at recess.
4. What the wind does.
5. Something that can swim.
6. Something that can fly.
7. What you play with at home.
8. What you do in school.
9. What the birds do in the spring.
10. A picnic in the grove.[Pg 38]
"Does your little Mary drink tea, Mrs. Brown?"
"Oh, no, Mrs. Bird! but she likes to drink milk out of these pretty cups."
"My little Ruth likes the cups, too. You see I have a new tea-set. It was my Christmas present. I have a tea-party almost every day."[Pg 39]
Look over your toys. Choose two you would like to see together in a picture.
What would you like with a doll? Why not a drum? Why not a flat-iron and a whip?
Why do you like the picture of a tub with a wash-board?
Place your two toys as they look best.
Draw their picture as you see them.[Pg 43]
What dishes do you use in your play kitchen when you are getting ready for a tea-party?
Choose two you would like to see together in a picture.
Place them as you think they look best.
Look at them very closely. Be sure to see their true shapes. Draw just what you see.[Pg 44]
Mrs. Marsh was getting ready to take Roy and Grace to spend a week at Clear Lake. Grace saw the open trunk.
"Oh, Roy!" said she, "here's our trunk open, ready to be packed. Let's pack it ourselves and surprise mother."
"All right! That will be great fun! Then we can take just what we like."
Draw the open trunk.
Draw it after it was packed and closed.
Guess what they put into it.
How do you think mother liked to be surprised in this way?[Pg 46]
Mould clay to make a sphere. With thread, cut it into two parts of just the same size.
You have cut your sphere into two equal parts. Each is called a hemisphere.
Mould clay to make half an apple on a square tablet.
Think how many things shaped like a hemisphere you can mould and draw.[Pg 49]
Mould a square prism of clay. Draw it standing on a square face. Draw it lying on an oblong face.
Think of things shaped like a square prism: things you see out of doors; at home; at school; everywhere you go. Tell what you have seen.
Choose some to draw, mould or paint.[Pg 50]
Mould a square prism of clay.
With thread, cut it into two equal parts like those in the picture. Each of these two equal parts is a right tri-prism.
Look at the three oblong faces of your right tri-prism. One face is wider than either of the others. When a right tri-prism is resting on its widest oblong face, it looks like a roof.
What does it look like in other positions?
Show by drawing or painting.[Pg 51]
Draw a circle. Fold and cut it into two equal parts. Each is a semicircle.
Place a hemisphere on a book. Raise the book to the level of your eyes. Draw the shape of the hemisphere. You have drawn a semicircle.
What plant is shaped like a hemisphere on a round stem?
Do you see how to draw a row of these shapes, or a border of semicircles?[Pg 52]
These pictures show you how to get a square and an oblong from a square prism.
Draw an oblong four inches long and two inches wide. Draw a three-inch square.
Draw an oblong table-cloth with a border of squares in a row.
Lay a row of tablets: first, an oblong; then a square. Draw this border on a paper towel.[Pg 53]
One of the drawings on this page is called a right triangle. Can you find it?
Think how you can get a right triangle from a right tri-prism.
Lay tablets of the same shape to make a border across the ends of a rug.
Draw a house with a triangle in the roof.[Pg 54]
COLOR CHART
What pleasure to paint a window like this, beautiful in shape, beautiful in color!
Draw a two-inch square. On this lay tablets—the inch square in the center, with semicircles about it. Draw around it. Draw around the semicircles.
Paint the shape with water. Drop in the fresh colors and let the water blend them.
Finish with the dark edge.[Pg 56]
In the two bright circles of color, point out the six rainbow colors: yellow, orange, red, violet, blue, green.
Find in the circles the color that is between yellow and orange. These two colors are blended in one, named yellow-orange. Find the color between red and orange. What two colors are blended in red-orange?
Find the color between red and violet, named red-violet. Why? Find blue-violet.
Find blue-green. What two colors blend to make yellow-green? Find it in the circles.
How many of these colors are in your stained glass window? Paint another window, and watch the colors come.[Pg 57]
Draw or paint a picture of the animal you know best.
Draw or paint a row of these shapes, all just alike.
Take pictures of your animal as it looks when it stands; sits up; lies down; walks or runs.
Make rows of these shapes. Which row would you like best for a border on your book cover?[Pg 58]
Look at the shapes on these book covers.
In the borders you have made, the shapes have always faced the same way. Do these?
Place two sweet-peas, daffodils, or other flowers, as the grasses are placed.
Choose those that seem to look toward each other.
Place shapes of animals in the same way.
Draw or paint them on book covers.[Pg 59]
This is a good pattern for a floor of wood, or for oil-cloth to cover a floor.
You may draw it for your play house.
On an eight-inch square of paper draw sixteen two-inch squares. In the center of each, lay an inch tablet. Draw around it.
With the pencil, color the squares like the squares in the picture.[Pg 60]
Look at bowls at home and in stores. Choose the shape you like best. We will make one out of clay.
Does it not seem strange that you can make a lump of moist clay into a beautiful bowl?
With the thumbs, press a deep hollow in the lump of clay for the inside of the bowl. Press and pull up the outside into the shape you wish. If you need more clay, work in a small lump at a time.
Let the bowls stand one day to dry. Then wash the inside with a glaze. When the bowl is very dry, it is ready to be baked in the kiln.[Pg 61]
This clay match-safe is not so easy to make as the round bowls we have made.
Shape a lump of clay like a square prism. With the thumbs, press the hollow inside until the bottom is like an oblong tablet.
Press and pull the walls into good shape. Leave square corners. Work in the handle.
Let the match-safe stand one day to dry. Then, with the brush, paint upon it a row of shapes in red.
When the match-safe is very dry, it may be fired in a kiln.[Pg 62]
Look at this pattern for wall-paper. It would be good for a bedroom.
You may make your own patterns for different rooms in your house.
Choose your shapes. Think how to place them.
Choose two colors you like to see together. Color with brush or pencil.
Choose the best patterns for your rooms.[Pg 64]
See how this table is made from a box like a cube without a cover. Make one.
Look at this stove, and at the one in the play house. We can make such a stove.
Make a solid cube of stiff black paper. Cut pieces for doors, covers, grate, hearth and pipe. Paste them on. The bottom is a very low box with a little larger face than the cube. Make one. If you like, cut out the sides to leave wide legs. Paste the bottom of the stove on this base.[Pg 66]
Fold, cut, and paste an eight-inch square to make a square prism for the seat.
Cut a sheet six inches by eight inches.
Fold and crease two inches from each short edge. Shape the sides. Fold around the seat. Paste.[Pg 67]
To make a short book-mark, fold four strips ten inches long into double five-inch strips. Hold two of them side by side in the left hand, with the open ends of the outer strip at the top, and the open ends of the inner strip at the bottom.
With a third strip in the right hand, pass its two parts around the outer strip in the left hand. Pass its two ends between the two parts of the inner strip.
Then hold the work in the right hand. With the fourth strip in the left hand, pass it around the outer strip and between the parts of the inner strip in the right hand. To draw the strips tight, pull the open ends. Cut two ends. Trim the other ends. (See the picture.) Paste the parts in place. You have made a pretty gift.[Pg 69]
Choose, for the body of your rug, carpet yarn of a color you will like in the room where you will put it.
What color that looks well with this, will you choose for the stripes?
String your loom with one long piece of warp. Draw it so it feels firm. Leave long, free ends.
Thread your needle or shuttle, and weave from both ends to the middle.
Lift the rug from the loom when it is woven full.
Run the ends of the warp strings along the sides of the rug; or, tie them to the next warp strings.
Is your rug for a hall, a parlor, a dining-room or a bedroom?[Pg 72]
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