The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the Abipones, an Equestrian
People of Paraguay, (1 of 3), by Martin Dobrizhoffer

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.



Title: An Account of the Abipones, an Equestrian People of Paraguay, (1 of 3)

Author: Martin Dobrizhoffer

Release Date: December 6, 2015 [EBook #50629]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE ABIPONES ***




Produced by readbueno and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)









                                   AN

                                ACCOUNT

                                   OF

                             THE ABIPONES,

                          AN EQUESTRIAN PEOPLE

                                   OF

                               PARAGUAY.




                                 --~~--

                 FROM THE LATIN OF MARTIN DOBRIZHOFFER,

              EIGHTEEN YEARS A MISSIONARY IN THAT COUNTRY.

                                 --~~--

                          _IN THREE VOLUMES._

                                VOL. I.

                               =========

                                LONDON:
                     JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
                                 1822.

------------------------------------------------------------------------


                     London: Printed by C. Roworth,
                         Bell-yard, Temple-bar.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                PREFACE.


Martin Dobrizhoffer was born at Gratz in Styria, on the 7th of
September, 1717. In the year 1736, he entered the order of the Jesuits;
and in 1749 went as a Missionary to South America, where for eighteen
years he discharged the duties of his office, first in the Guarany
Reductions, latterly in a more painful and arduous mission among the
Abipones, a tribe not yet reclaimed from the superstitions and manners
of savage life. Upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish America,
he returned to his native country, and, after the unjust and impolitic
extinction of his order, continued to reside at Vienna till his death,
which took place July 17, 1791. The Empress Maria Theresa used
frequently to send for Dobrizhoffer, that she might hear his adventures
from his own lips; and she is said to have taken great pleasure in his
cheerful and animated conversation.

These notices concerning him have been obtained from one of the last
survivors of his celebrated order.

In 1784, he published the work, a translation of which is now laid
before the public. The original title is _Historia de Abiponibus,
Equestri, Bellicosaque Paraquariæ Natione, locupletata copiosis
Barbararum Gentium, Urbium, Fluminum, Ferarum, Amphibiorum, Insectorum,
Serpentium præcipuorum, Piscium, Avium, Arborum, Plantarun, aliarumque
ejusdem Provinciæ Proprietatum Observationibus; Authore Martino
Dobrizhoffer, Presbytero, et per Annos duodeviginti Paraquariæ
Missionario_. A German translation, by Professor Kreil of the University
of Pest, was published at Vienna in the same year. There is no other
work which contains so full, so faithful, and so lively an account of
the South American tribes.

His motives for undertaking the work, and his apology for the manner in
which it is executed, may best be given in his own words:—

"In America, I was often interrogated respecting Europe; in Austria, on
my return to it, after an absence of eighteen years, I have been
frequently questioned concerning America. To relieve others from the
trouble of inquiring, myself from that of answering inquiries, at the
advice of some persons of distinction, I have applied my mind to writing
this little history; an undertaking which, I am aware, will be attended
with doubtful success and infinite vexation, in this age, so abundant in
Aristarchi, accustomed to commend none but their own, or their friends'
productions, and to contemn, as abortive, those of all other persons."

"A seven years' residence in the four colonies of the Abipones has
afforded me opportunities of closely observing their manners, customs,
superstitions, military discipline, slaughters inflicted and received,
political and economical regulations, together with the vicissitudes of
the recent colonies; all which I have described with greater fidelity
than elegance, and for the want of this I am surely to be pardoned; for
who can expect the graces of Livy, Sallust, Cæsar, Strada, or Maffeus,
from one who, for so many years, has had no commerce with the muses, no
access to classical literature? Yet in writing of savages, I have taken
especial care that no barbarisms should creep into my language. If my
sincerity be only acknowledged, I shall have attained my object: for
candour was always the most noble ornament of an historian. To record
true, and as far as possible well-established facts, has been my chief
aim. When you read, I do not ask you to praise or admire, but to believe
me; that I think I may justly demand."

"What I have learnt amongst the Paraguayrians in the course of eighteen
years, what I have myself beheld in the colonies of the Indians and
Spaniards, in frequent and long journeys through woods, mountains,
plains, and vast rivers, I have set forth, if not in an eloquent and
brilliant narration, certainly in a candid and accurate one, which is at
least deserving of credit. Yet I do not look upon myself as a person
incapable of making a mistake, and unwilling to be corrected. Convince
me of error and I shall yield, and become as pliable as wax. Yet I
advise you to proceed with caution; for you may err in judging as well
as I in writing. So far am I from deeming this little work of mine
perfect, that before it is printed and published, I intend to correct
and polish it. But as I am now fast approaching my six-and-sixtieth
year, I dare no longer defer the publication, lest the work should prove
a posthumous one. These premises I have thought proper to make. Adieu!
friendly reader, whoever you are; and pardon the errors of the press,
and of the author likewise: for, _Nihil humanum a me alienum puto_."

In the course of the work, Dobrizhoffer frequently takes occasion to
refute and expose the erroneous statements of other writers respecting
the Jesuits in Paraguay, and the malignant calumnies by which the ruin
of their institutions in that country was so unhappily effected. It has
been deemed advisable to omit many of these controversial parts, which,
though flowing naturally from one who had been an active member of that
injured society, must of course be uninteresting in this country, and at
these times. In other parts also, the prolixity of an old man, loving to
expatiate upon the pursuits and occupations of his best years, has been
occasionally compressed. No other liberty has been taken with the
translation. The force and liveliness and peculiarity of the original
must of necessity lose much, even in the most faithful version. Yet it
is hoped, that under this inevitable disadvantage, Dobrizhoffer will
still be found one of those authors with whom the reader seems to become
personally familiar.




                                CONTENTS

                                   OF

                                VOL. I.


     PART I.

     Prefatory Book on the State of Paraguay.

                                                             Page.

     Of its Length and Breadth                                   1

     Of the Geographical Charts of Paraguay                  _ib._

     Of the Division of the whole Province                       2

     Of the City, Port, and Inhabitants of Buenos-Ayres      _ib._

     Of Nova Colonia do Sacramento                               4

     Of the new Limits established in Paraguay, at the
     last Peace, between the Spaniards and Portugueze            7

     Of the Port, Castle, and Fortification of the city
     of Monte-Video                                              8

     Of the Gulf of Maldonado                                    9

     Of the cities of Sta. Fè and Corrientes                    10

     Of the thirty Guarany towns subject to the
     jurisdiction of the Governor of Buenos-Ayres               12

     Of the sedition of the Uruguayans on account of
     the cession of their towns to the Portugueze               18

     Of the Fable of the pretended King Nicholas, and
     its origin                                                 27

     Of the famous General Pedro Ceballos, Royal
     Governor of Buenos-Ayres                                   35

     Of Tucuman, and the cities of Cordoba, St. Iago,
     &c.                                                        40


     Of Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, and the colonies of the
     Chiquitos                                                  46

     Of the Jesuits called into Paraguay by Francis
     Victoria, Bishop of Tucuman                                47

     Of the Province of Paraguay                                49

     Of its Metropolis, Asumpcion                               50

     Of the new Colonies of the Ytatingua Indians, St.
     Joachim, and St. Stanislaus                                52

     Of the Savages discovered by me in Mbaevera                60

     Of the Colony which I intended to found for them           82

     Of my Excursion to the River Empelado                      87

     Of the Colony of Belen constructed for the Mbaya
     Savages                                                    96

     Of the native Productions of this Country                  99

     Of the Herb of Paraguay                                   100

     Of Tobacco                                                109

     Of the Payaguas, Guaycurus, Abipones, Mocobios,
     and other Savages hostile to this Province                113

     Of the Province of Chaco, the retreat of the
     Savage Nations                                            118

     Of the other Indian Tribes, who wander without
     Chaco, chiefly those who dwell towards the South          126

     Of the exceeding fidelity which the Guaranies have
     always manifested towards the Spaniards in the
     Royal Camps, and of the signal services which they
     have performed there                                      133

     Of the Colonies founded by us for the Indians of
     the Magellanic Region, and of their fate                  138

     Of the Voyage of three Jesuits to explore the
     shores of Magellan, undertaken by command of King
     Philip V.                                                 146

     Of the Shipwreck of the Spaniards near Terra del
     Fuego, and of the Inhabitants of that Island              151


     Of the Island of St. Maló occupied by the French,
     and afterwards sold to the Spaniards                      154

     Of the Brazilian Mamalukes, Destroyers of the
     Guarany towns, and Hunters of the Indians                 157

     Of the Slavery of the Indians prohibited or
     regulated by Royal Edicts                                 163

     Of the Principal Rivers; the Parana, Paraguay, and
     Uruguay, and of the other lesser streams which are
     absorbed by them                                          167

     Of the horrid Cataract of the River Parana                185

     Of another smaller one                                    186

     Of the creation of fresh Islands, and the
     destruction of old ones                                   188

     Of the two yearly Floods                                _ib._

     Of the Magnitude, Ports, Shoals, &c. of the River
     Parana, which, near the city of Buenos-Ayres,
     bears the name of La Plata                                189

     Of the various perils to be encountered in the
     navigation of this river                                  192

     Of the Want of Metals and Precious Stones in
     Paraguay                                                  202

     Of the various Attempts, and false Stories of
     Portugueze and Spaniards, possessed with an Idea
     of finding Metals there                                 _ib._

     Of the incredible Multitudes of Horses, Mules,
     Oxen, and Sheep                                           218

     Of the Hunting of Wild Oxen                               221

     Of the Voracity of the Indians                            223

     Of the Form, Variety, Teaching, Diseases, Cures,
     &c. of the Paraguayrian Horses                            224

     Of Mules                                                  240

     Of Asses                                                  244

     Of the Management of Sheep                                246


     Of the various Temperatures of the Air, and other
     peculiarities of the Climate of Paraguay                  247

     Of certain Wild Beasts; the Tiger, Lion, Anta,
     Tamandua, Huanaco, &c.                                    251

     Of Amphibious Animals; the Crocodile, Seal, Otter,
     Capiiguára, Yguanà, &c.                                   291

     Of the more rare Birds, as the Emu, Parrot, Tunca,
     Cardinal, &c.                                             308

     Of many Species of Fish unknown to Europe, and of
     various Methods of Fishing                                333

     Of remarkable Trees; the Holy Wood, Guayacàn,
     Cedar, Cupaỹ, and of Medicinal Plants; as China
     Chinæ, Zarza Parrilla, Rhubarb, Sassafràs, &c.            349

     Of the Productions of America; the Mandioc,
     Sugar-cane, Cotton, Rice, &c.                             389

     Of various kinds of Vegetables                            428

     Of the Petrifaction of Wood and Bones                     433

     Of Hot Springs                                          _ib._

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                               AN ACCOUNT

                                   OF

                             THE ABIPONES.


                PREFATORY BOOK ON THE STATE OF PARAGUAY.


Paraguay is a vast region in South America, extending very widely in
every direction. From Brazil to the kingdoms of Peru and Chili, they
reckon 700 Spanish leagues: from the mouth of the river La Plata, to the
northern region of the Amazons, 1,100. Some reckon more, some fewer
leagues, according as they use German, French, or Spanish miles.
Concerning this matter, a determinate opinion must not be expected.
These huge tracts of land, receding very far from the Colonies, are not
yet rightly explored; possibly, never will be.

Geometry is there a _rara avis_; and were any one capable of measuring
the land, and desirous of the attempt, he would want the courage to
enter it, deterred either by the fear of savages, or by the difficulties
of the journey. Men of our order, seeking out savages for God and the
Catholic King, examined the coverts of its forests, the summits of its
mountains, and the banks of its remotest rivers, traversing, to the
utmost of their ability, every part of the province, always risking, and
often losing, their lives. In Peru and Mexico, there is no corner which
the Europeans, attracted by the hope of gold, have not searched into;
but we are still unacquainted with great part of Paraguay, a region
unproductive of gold, and, therefore, wanting the requisite allurement.
As for what is discovered, who can deny that it is almost entirely owing
to the efforts of the Missionaries? The plains which they traversed, the
rivers which they crossed, together with the distances of places, they
have noted with the utmost fidelity, though not always with equal art.

Paraguay is subject to the King of Spain, in whose authority it is ruled
by three governours, and as many bishops. Each province has its
governour; the first is that of La Plata, on the banks of which is the
city of Buenos-Ayres, the seat of the royal governour, and of a bishop.
It is famous for an academy, monasteries for both sexes, a port, and a
citadel, which, though impregnable to the assaults of savages, and even
of the citizens themselves, would soon yield to the warlike engines of
Europeans; the river compensates for the weakness of the walls, ships
being prevented, by shoals, from approaching. It is destitute of a wall,
ditch, gates, and similar fortifications; defects common to all the
other cities of the province. The inhabitants are reckoned at 40,000,
the dwellings at about 3000, constructed chiefly of brick, and roofed
with tiles; but they are all low, excepting a few of two stories. The
churches are handsome, even to the eye of an European. The finest are
two of which Primoli, a Roman lay-brother of our order, and now in
repute in his native city, was the architect. There are no public
fountains, colossal statues, or images of the Saints in the
market-place. You may count more carriages in Austrian Vienna in one
street, and in one hour, than you can here, in the whole city, during a
whole year. Troops of horse may be seen every moment, nor is it
surprising, that even those of moderate estate should, in the Spanish
tongue, be called _Cavalleros_. Military rank, the magistracy of the
city, and similar dignities, alone confer nobility. The riches of the
inhabitants consist rather in cattle, than in money. The land round
about the city, for near two hundred leagues, is a well wooded plain,
often destitute of water, but rich in corn and pasturage, the latter of
which feeds innumerable herds of cattle, horses, and mules. Wherever you
turn you meet droves of wild horses, the property of the first that
catches them. Besides willows, in which the islands of the river abound,
the peach tree is constantly made use of for fuel.

Buenos-Ayres is one of the principal emporiums of America, merchandise
being either brought from Spain, or secretly smuggled from the
Portugueze. The more wealthy carry on a lucrative trade with Peru and
Chili, in mules and the herb of Paraguay. The climate is moist. Tempests
are equally violent at all times of the year, thunder often continuing
for whole days and nights; this is common to all parts of Paraguay.
Clouds, pregnant with fire and water, terrify, and often destroy, both
men and cattle, either with lightning, or hail of an incredible
magnitude, the like to which Europe has never seen. The city is situated
in S. lat. 34° 36´, and in long. 321° 3´.

On the eastern shore of the river stands Nova Colonia do Sacramento,
opposite to Buenos-Ayres, which the Spaniards, as built and fortified by
the Portugueze on Spanish ground, have often besieged, and as often
restored by treaty; a restoration which the inhabitants of Buenos-Ayres
openly favoured, having in view their profitable traffic with the
Portugueze. But the revenue of the Catholic King was grievously affected
by the gains of these private individuals, from the diminution of the
customary taxes. This little city, the subject of so many disputes,
stands on the higher bank of the river. The houses are few and low,
forming a village, rather than city, yet it is far from despicable;
opulent merchants, wares of every kind, gold, silver, and diamonds are
concealed beneath its miserable roofs. Surrounded with a single and very
slender wall, though sufficiently stored with military engines, arms,
and provisions, for the sudden occasions of war, it yet discovers
neither strength nor elegance. The land under Portugueze authority is of
such small circumference, that the most inactive person might walk round
it in half an hour. Portugueze ships, laden with English and Dutch
wares, and Negro slaves, which have a great sale in America, crowd to
this port, and the Spanish sentinels, either bribed or deceived, convey
the goods to Paraguay, Peru, or Chili. It is incredible how many
millions are lost to the Spaniards in this forbidden traffic. Hence it
is easy to guess why the Portugueze have ever determined to defend this
colony, at all costs, and the Spaniards, on the other hand, to destroy
it.

During my residence of two days, the appearance of the place was such,
that I thought it might be taken, in one assault, by a hundred soldiers.
But as the fear of war came upon them, I doubt not, that new
fortifications were added to the old wall, as the siege cost so much
time and trouble to the Spanish General, Pedro Zevallos, a consummate
officer, and of known success, who, when he prepared to storm the city,
through a breach in the wall, secured as it was with a numerous garrison
and military engines, took it conditionally, October 31, 1762. Before
the walls were yet repaired, twelve English and Portugueze ships of war
arrived there, intending to reduce the Spaniards, then masters of the
city. They conducted the affair with much noise, but little success.
Chance put an end to the engagement, when it had lasted a few hours. The
English Admiral's ship being burnt, the rest fled hastily to the ports
of Brazil, the English throwing the blame on the cowardice of the
Portugueze, and they in turn accusing the foolhardiness of the English.
For the one fought under the very gates, that they might be near to
strike home; the other at a distance, lest themselves should be injured.
This they threw in each other's teeth. Transient, however, was the
advantage which Paraguay derived from this victory; for peace being
ratified between the European powers, the Spaniards restored Nova
Colonia to the Portugueze, that they might recover the Havanna, and
Manilla, capital of the Philippines, both which places the English had
taken from them. After a few years, war was rekindled; and Pedro
Zevallos, having conquered the Island of Santa Catharina, took it a
second time. Finally, in the last peace concluded between the courts of
Madrid and Lisbon, it was ceded to the Spanish. This was a bitter loss
to the Portugueze, yet by the accession of new territories, many more
inlets were opened to them. Cuyaba, a place rich in gold, Matto Grosso,
the little fort of S. Rosa, (called La Estacada,) and other colonies,
were added to Portugal. Some think this intimate connection dangerous to
Peru, hurtful to the Spaniards, and advantageous only to the Portugueze.
For what should hinder the latter, accustomed, as they are, from their
infancy, to arms and difficult routes, and never slothful in extending
the limits of their kingdom, from going and possessing themselves of the
treasures of Potosi, a mountain abounding in silver, but destitute of
iron, and of men to wield it? Some years ago, when I was in Paraguay, a
handful of Portugueze defended the little fort of S. Rosa, (La
Estacada,) against a numerous army of Spaniards and Indians, enlisted at
Potosi, the assailants being shamefully repulsed. About the same time, a
very few Portugueze sallied from the same fort, and coming artfully by
night, surprised S. Miguel, a Peruvian city, inhabited by Indian
Christians, called Moxos. Two Jesuit priests, who had the care of the
city, were dragged into captivity; one of them, an old man, fell a
victim to the journey, whilst the other was thrown into prison. The
Indians, except those who had escaped by flight, were driven out and
dispersed, and every thing was rifled. But away with these sad
memorials; for we would not tear open the newly seared wound, we would
not presage ill for the future. That the happiness and safety of these
flourishing estates may be confirmed by a lasting alliance, is the
desire and the prophecy of every good man.

Fifty leagues to the south of Nova Colonia, on the same shore, stands
Monte-Video, a little city, founded in the year 1726, by D. Bruno
Mauritio Zavala, Governour of Buenos-Ayres; and afterwards fortified
with a wall, a castle, and, here and there, with tiers of cannon, by the
labours of the Guaranies. Besides soldiers and Guaranies, it contains
many men from the Canary islands. On every side the land is fertile in
corn, the farms large, and the cattle and horses incredibly numerous.
The produce of the farms is a provision for the colonists, and there is
daily opportunity of selling cattle and hides for corn: as the ships,
which frequently leave this port, need a provision for many months,
scarce a single vessel sets sail without a freight of twenty or thirty
thousand ox hides for Europe. Grievous it is that so rich a soil should
lie open to the devastating savages, who rise up in troops from their
coverts, in quest of blood or booty, always creating terror, and often
inflicting death. By no arts can they be subdued, by no kindness be won
to the friendship and religion of the Spaniards. Fiercer than wild
beasts, they have now for two centuries mocked the toil of soldiers and
of priests. The latitude of this city is 34° 48´, its longitude 322°
20´.

About thirty leagues from hence lies the gulph of Maldonado, affording a
commodious station for ships, even of large burden. Except sentinels,
you see nothing here but a few cabins, the abodes of misery. Hard by is
an island, the habitation of seals; it lies nearly in the middle of the
river, and were the natural rock on which it stands defended by a double
tier of cannon, how would it guard Paraguay against its enemies! For
they could not elude the fire of the cannon by taking the east side of
the river, unless they preferred being buried in the _Banco Ingles_, or
English shoal.

To the government of Buenos-Ayres belong the cities of Santa Fé and
Corrientes; the one on the east, and the other on the west shore of the
Parana. The former is the handsomest and most opulent. From its trade in
divers articles, and from its countless herds of cattle, it amasses
wealth to a great amount. In former years, it was almost razed to the
ground, and thus reduced to solitude, by the barbarous Abipones,
Mocobios, Tobas, and Charruas. The more valuable and remoter estates
were entirely destroyed; slaughters were committed, in the very
market-place, at mid-day; and it was provided by law, that no one should
enter the church, unless armed with a musket. But after we had founded
the colonies of S. Xavier, S. Jeronymo, Concepcion, S. Pedro, and S.
Pablo, this city began to take breath, and, flourishing again, returned
the security it had previously received. Before, behind, and on both
sides, it is bounded by rivers, which, when they overflow, threaten
destruction to the inhabitants, but are, at other times, extremely
beneficial to them.

Its latitude is 31° 46´. From Buenos-Ayres, its distance is reputed to
be an hundred leagues.

The other city, which the Spaniards call De las Siete Corrientes, takes
its name from seven points of the rock jutting out into the Parana,
against which the current breaks with great violence, and flowing on
very rapidly, carries down ships, coming up the stream, unless in full
sail under a strong wind. A row-boat, in the passage of the river, must
make many windings to avoid the rapidity of the current, as I have often
experienced: for hard upon the city, the great river Paraguay flows into
the still greater river Parana, the one changing its course, and the
other its name. For the Parana, rolling on from east to west, when
joined to the Paraguay, hurries down in a southerly direction with it.
The Paraguay loses its name for that of the Parana after its junction
with that river. It is inconceivable with what a mass of water these
conjoint streams roll proudly down in one mighty channel. If you did not
see the banks, you might fancy it a sea. This place, in name alone a
city, and unworthy of the name, is chiefly composed of mud-hovels, with
roofs of palm-leaves. The inhabitants are remarkable for their beauty,
fascinated by which, many of the Europeans are entangled in marriages,
which they repent for the rest of their lives. The women destroy
themselves with labour, weaving, and exquisitely embroidering garments,
which they call ponchos. The men are naturally agile, lively, and expert
in horsemanship; but, from their indolence and love of ease, are
oppressed with poverty, when they might abound in every thing, if they
but knew how to improve the fertility of the soil, and the advantages of
the river. The Abipones, who had long afflicted the neighbourhood with
slaughter and rapine, being at length subdued, and settled in the new
colony of St. Ferdinand, the inhabitants revived after they had
entertained thoughts of deserting the city, and the use of the fields
and woods, on the other side of the river, was restored them. These
last, being stocked with noble trees, afford excellent materials for
building ships and waggons. The fields supply pasturage for cattle of
various kinds. The inhabitants derive considerable profits from these
sources; gains which the daily fear of assailing savages deprived them
of. The lat. of the city is 27° 43´, its long. 318° 57´.

In the jurisdiction of the Governour of Buenos-Ayres, are also thirty
Guarany towns, on or near the banks of the Parana, the Uruguay, and the
Paraguay. By geographers they are called Doctrines, or the land of
Missions; but the ignorant or malicious style them, in their books, the
kingdom of the Jesuits, a republic rebellious to the Catholic King,
painting them in the blackest colours which envy and unbridled calumny
can suggest. Let me be excused, if to manifest the falsehood of their
calumnies, I mention the following facts:—That the Jesuit missionaries
have ever left Europe at the expense of the Catholic King, for the
purpose of founding new colonies, and preserving the old—that they are
supported by an annual stipend from the royal purse—that the Guaranies
pay yearly tribute to the King—that a century before as many thousands
as were appointed, fought in the royal camps without any stipend,
whenever they were called upon by the royal governour—that the parishes
are visited by the Bishops as often as seems good—that the Bishops are
honourably received, and splendidly entertained, it may be for many
weeks—that the castles of Buenos-Ayres and Monte-Video were built under
the direction, indeed, of the Spaniards, but by the labour of the
Guaranies—that the royal army consists chiefly of the Guaranies, under
our authority, which were ruled by a few Spaniards, as the body by the
soul, in every undertaking against the warlike savages, against the
Portugueze and their town of Nova Colonia, so often attacked and taken,
or against the insurgents of the city of Concepcion. The Guaranies were
governed by the Jesuits, to whose care they were intrusted by the
Catholic kings, not as slaves by their masters, but as children by their
parents; and these towns were conducted in a manner precisely
conformable to the royal laws.

By the labours of nearly two centuries, the Guaranies, formerly
wandering cannibals and obstinate enemies to the Spaniards, have been
reduced to civilization, to religion, and to the sceptre of the Catholic
King. With what labour, what expense of lives the Jesuits have effected
this—how infinitely these thirty towns surpass the other American tribes
in the number of their inhabitants, in Christian morality, in the
splendour of their churches, in their prompt loyalty, in mechanical
skill, in arts, and in military activity, you may learn from the letters
every where published of the kings, the royal governours, and the
Spanish bishops; from the works of Doctor D. Francisco Xarque, Dean of
Albarrazin, an eye-witness, of the learned Abbot Antonio Muratori, and
an anonymous Englishman, whose book was translated from English into
German, at Hamburgh, in the year 1768. This work gave me great pleasure,
though it sometimes made me smile, especially where the author says, "We
Europeans doat when we blame the Jesuits of Paraguay. It were better to
deliberate how we may bring about in Europe, what they effect among the
Guarany Indians without violence and without money. In their towns, each
labours for all, and all for each. Without needing to buy or sell, every
one possesses the necessaries of a comfortable subsistence, victuals,
lodging, medicine, and education. Money wanting, all is wanting, say the
Europeans; the Guaranies, on the other hand, though destitute of gold
and silver, though unacquainted with any kind of money, daily experience
the truth of the aphorism, _Dii laboribus omnia vendunt_, God gives
every thing to labour. Proportioning the task to their age, their sex,
and their strength, they are always employed, never oppressed with
labour. Of luxuries they are ignorant, superfluity they know not, yet
are happier in their contentment than the wealthiest in their opulence.
He is not prosperous to whom much abounds, but whom little suffices. The
Jesuit priests are curates not of the souls, but of the bodies of the
Guaranies." Being in subjection only to the Catholic King and the royal
governours, not in dreaded slavery amongst private Spaniards, like the
other Indians, the towns increase wonderfully every year in population
under our care, and fresh towns were now and then added to the old ones.
In the year 1732, 141,252 inhabitants were reckoned in the thirty
colonies of the Guaranies; but the small-pox breaking out soon after,
cut off thirty thousand of them. Some time after it returned again, but
in a milder form, and eleven thousand only were its victims. The
measles, likewise, so fatal to Americans, made repeated ravages to a
frightful extent. I write from experience in both, for in my office of
priest, I attended the sick of the small-pox and measles, day and night,
for many months. Famine, also, arising from the continued drought and
consequent density of the land, filled the tombs with Guaranies. Add to
these, the victims of war in the royal camps, where five, and sometimes
six thousand men were detained. In 1767, when we bade America farewell,
there were about an hundred thousand numbered in these towns. M. Louis
Antoine de Bougainville, in his work entitled _Voyage autour du Monde_,
printed at Neufchatel, in the year 1772, must be read with caution. He
loads the Jesuits with egregious praises, but by and bye relates a
thousand things as contrary to truth as dishonourable to us and the
Guarany colonies. _Pessimum inimicorum genus laudantes_, says Tacitus,
in the life of Agricola. I would not, however, willingly believe that an
author, the distinguished favourite of Mars, of Neptune, and, unless I
am deceived, of all the Muses, is to be classed with these knaves. True
it is, he wrote falsely concerning us and the Guaranies; but rather
deceived by the narrations of others, than through envy or malice. He
never even saw the Guarany towns from a distance. I wish he had seen
them! he would have painted the Indians and their missionaries in fairer
colours. A little while, and but a little while, he remained in
Buenos-Ayres, the port and threshold of Paraguay. There he drew the very
worst notions, from the very worst sources, and gave them to Europe as
the undoubted truth. Alas! alas! the friendliest well-wisher could not
then, without danger, advocate our cause. The rising, not the setting
sun is praised by the multitude, and such was then our fate. A Spaniard
of no despicable authority has opened his mind in these words: "If every
thing else which M. de Bougainville has written on the other provinces
be as false as what he has said concerning Paraguay, let his history be
carried to the spice shop to wrap pepper; yea, to a meaner office."

As for Paraguay being the kingdom of the Jesuits, it is the dream—the
stupid fiction of Bernardo Ybañez, a Spaniard, twice expelled from our
society. It would be endless to mention all whose vile detractions have
calumniated the towns and the missionaries of the Guaranies. To refute
them, I oppose the histories of Father Nicolas del Techo; _La Conquista
Espiritual_ of Father Antonio Ruiz de Montoya; the history of Father
Pedro de Lozano; the familiar epistles of Father Antonio Sepp to his
brother; the French original of Father Francis Xavier Charlevoix, (for
the German translation is wretchedly mutilated and corrupted); the
annual accounts of Paraguay, printed at Rome; and the letters of Philip
the Fifth—his two epistles to the Jesuit missionaries of Paraguay, dated
from the palace of Buen-retiro, the 28th of December, 1743; the letter,
printed with them, of the illustrious Joseph de Peralta, bishop of
Buenos-Ayres, in which, himself an eye-witness, he acquaints the same
Philip with the state of the Guarany colonies. These important documents
translated into Latin, and published in 1745, are every where on
sale:—from a perusal of them you may learn, that the Guaranies are not
only obedient to the Catholic King, but especially prompt in their
repulsion of his enemies, exceeding the other American nations in the
extent of their services. The sedition of the Guaranies dwelling near
the banks of the Uruguay, may perhaps be objected; but what was the
cause? Exasperation against the royal decrees, which delivered up seven
of the finest towns of Paraguay to the Portugueze, and obliged thirty
thousand of their inhabitants to migrate into solitude, or seek a
precarious livelihood among the other colonies. Long and vigorously did
the Indians oppose the mandate, not through hatred of the king, but love
of their country. What! do we think the Spaniards, French, or Germans
would act otherwise, if compelled by the command of their sovereigns to
relinquish their native land to enemies? For dear to every one is his
country; particularly so to the Americans. Hence, though no one can
approve the repugnance of the Indians of the Uruguay, who does not think
it, in some measure, worthy of excuse and pardon? They erred in
understanding, rather than in will; for their loyalty to the Catholic
King was sound and lively. No eloquence of the missionaries could induce
them to believe themselves condemned by their good king, to a perpetual
and miserable exile from their native soil, in favour of the Portugueze,
their enemies. "In nothing," (said they in their letters to Joseph
Andonaegui, the royal governour,) "in nothing have we or our ancestors
sinned against our monarch—never have we injured the Spanish colonies:
how then shall we, unoffending subjects, believe ourselves sentenced to
exile by the will of our gracious sovereign? Our grandfathers, great
grandfathers, and in like manner all our brothers have frequently fought
under the royal banners against the Portugueze—frequently against the
armies of the savages. Who shall count the number of those our
countrymen who have fallen in battle, or in the repeated sieges of
Colonia? We, the survivors, still bear about us scars, monuments of our
loyalty and courage. To extend the limits of the Spanish domains, to
defend them against invaders, has ever been our first desire; nor have
we spared our lives in its accomplishment. Would the Catholic King have
these our deserts repaid with the most grievous punishments—with the
loss of our country, our handsome churches, our houses, fields, and
spacious farms? It exceeds belief. But if this be really true, what can
we ever deem incredible? In the letters of Philip the Fifth, (which were
read to us at his command, from the pulpits of our churches,) we were
instructed never to allow the Portugueze to approach our
territories—that they and theirs were our bitterest enemies. Now they
cry out to us, day and night, that the monarch wills our ceding to the
Portugueze those noble, those spacious tracts of land, which nature,
which God, which the Spanish sovereign himself had yielded us; and which
we have cultivated for upwards of a century with the sweat of our brows.
Who shall persuade us that Ferdinand, so dutiful a son, will command
what Philip, his excellent father, had so often forbidden? But if,
indeed, these enmities be changed into friendship, (for both times and
disposition do often change,) and the Spaniards be desirous of
gratifying the Portugueze, let them grant them the spacious plains void
of inhabitants and of colonies, with our free leave. What! shall we give
up our towns to the Portugueze, by whose ancestors so many thousands of
our countrymen have been either slain, or forced into cruel slavery in
Brazil?—We can neither suffer nor believe it. When, embracing
Christianity, we swore allegiance to God and the Catholic King, the
priests and royal governours with one voice promised us the friendship
and protection of the king: now, though guilty of no crime, and
deserving every good return for our services, we are constrained to
expatriate, a punishment most grievous, and almost intolerable. What man
in his senses will believe the faith of the Spaniards, so versatile in
the performance of promises—their friendship so slippery and unsound?"
To this effect wrote the Indian chiefs to the royal governour, who,
being a well-wisher both to the king and the Indians, when he saw their
letter, could hardly refrain from tears; but suppressing pity through
military obedience, he never ceased urging the execution of the royal
decree to the utmost of his power, and threatening those who refused to
obey it with all extremities.

There were, (who could believe it?) among the herd of Spaniards, men of
so hardened a conscience as to whisper in the ears of the Indians, that
the king had never enjoined the delivery of their towns, but that the
Jesuits had sold them to the Portugueze. Such convincing proofs,
however, had the fathers given of their good-will towards the Guaranies,
that the pestilent falsehood never gained credit; some suspicions,
however, were engrafted in the minds of the least wise. Many of the
missionaries, who urged the migration with more fervour than prudence,
had nearly been slain by the Indians in the phrenzy of their patriotism.
Father Bernardo Nusdorfer, superior, as it is called, of the Guarany
towns, and conspicuous for the magistracies he had held, for his
venerable age, his thorough knowledge of the Indian tongue, and lastly,
for his authority and favour with the people, visited the seven cities,
exhorted them again and again, with every kind of argument, to respect
the injunction of the Catholic King, and thought he had prevailed; but
as the Indians are of a versatile and unsteady disposition, when the
time for executing the decree arrived, unmindful alike of their promises
and intentions they would not endure even the mention of the migration.
When the Jesuit, Father Ludovico Altamirano, was sent in the king's name
from Spain to Portugal, to hasten the delivery of the towns, the Indians
would not acknowledge him as a Jesuit or a Spaniard, because they saw
him differ in dress and diet. They even dared to pronounce him a
Portugueze disguised in the habit of our order. Terrified at a report
that the Indians were approaching him in the city of St. Thomas, he
consulted his safety by flying in the night, and soon after I found him,
to my great amusement, in the city of Santa Fé, out of danger, and
hastening to the Abiponian colonies. Had the Indians shown as much
alacrity in yielding to our admonitions, as the Jesuits evinced in
endeavouring to inculcate obedience into their wavering minds, the
business would have been happily effected without disturbance or delay;
but we seldom gained attention, much less compliance. The public
supplications in the market-place, undertaken for the purpose of
persuading their minds, in which a priest of our order, crowned with
thorns, in a mournful voice exhorted the by-standers, with threats and
groans, to proceed with the emigration; these supplications had so good
an effect, that the major part promised conformity: nor did the matter
end in words. A journey was undertaken by the missionaries the next day,
to mark out the limits of the new towns; but the remembrance of their
birth-place soon after recurring, it was broken off.

Meantime, it being reported that Gomez Freyre de Andrade, governour of
Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, and the author of all these calamities, had
entered their territories with his forces, to arms was the immediate
cry, and each being forced along by the common impulse, the united body
rolled onwards like a mighty river; you would have thought there was a
second Hannibal at the gates. Thus, while the Guaranies repelled force
by force, in defence of their churches and fire-sides, they are
proclaimed rebels—worthier, in fact, of pity than of punishment; for
maddened by their rooted hatred of the Portugueze and the love of their
country, they were hurried blindly on wherever their passions impelled
them. To shake off the Spanish yoke—to injure the neighbouring colonies
of the Spaniards, never so much as entered their thoughts: their ancient
love towards their monarch still burnt in their breasts, but it was not
powerful enough to extinguish the innate love of their country.

Who, then, can wonder that the weak-minded Indian left no stone
unturned, to avoid his expulsion from a land he could not fail to
love,—a land pleasant in its situation, salubrious in its climate, wide
in extent, the envy of the Spanish cities for its churches and other
edifices, adorned with woods, with rivers, and with plains of the
greatest fertility, and lastly, well stored with all the necessaries of
subsistence? Joachim de la Viana, governor of Monte-Video, sent forward
with a detachment of cavalry to explore the country, having leaped from
his horse on the summit of an eminence, and examined through a telescope
the city of S. Miguel, (a place inhabited by seven thousand Indians, and
famous for its magnificent churches and famous row of buildings,) in his
astonishment at the size of the place, exclaimed to the horsemen about
him,—"Surely our people at Madrid are out of their senses, to deliver up
to Portugal this town, which is second to none in Paraguay." This he
said, though a strenuous favourer of the Portugueze, whose party he
embraced to ingratiate himself with Barbara, Queen of Spain. The six
other towns—those of S. Juan, S. Lewis, S. Nicholas, S. Borgia, and S.
Lawrence, were also eminent for the number of their inhabitants and the
beauty of their churches, though neither of them was fortified with
wall, ditch, palisadoes, or even a gate.

To defend these, the inhabitants of the Uruguay assembled on all sides.
Rude and undisciplined, and without a general even tolerably versed in
military knowledge, they entered the unequal lists, the ridicule rather
than the terror of an European army. No time, no place was left them
undisturbed by fear and anxiety, as often as they were assailed by the
equestrian spearmen. This was repeatedly mentioned in Gomez Freyre's
journals, addressed to the Portugueze commissioners of the demarcation.
On both sides the war consisted of long marches and skirmishes, attended
with various success; and thus it ended, more noise having been made by
both parties than blood spilt. This, however, is agreed on all
hands—that the Europeans could never have penetrated to these seven
towns, had all the Guarany towns come to the aid of the Uruguayans. But
those who dwelt on the banks of the Parana were happily restrained from
leaguing with the insurgents, by the exertions of the Jesuits. Judge
from this what opinion must be formed by those who have impudently
stigmatized us as the authors of the sedition, and the leaders of the
rebels. Their books are as many as they are dangerous: for although they
allege nothing but falsehoods, yet, with specious arguments, and
pretended testimony, they seek to extort that credit which would be
exploded by all Europe, were the characters of their witnesses as well
known to others as to ourselves.

And now, gentle reader, a word in your ear! If the Guarany insurgents
were indeed encouraged by the Jesuits, could they not have effected more
against the royal forces? Destitute of the counsels and presence of the
Fathers, they did their business stupidly and unprosperously; a
circumstance mightily advantageous, both to the Spaniards and
Portugueze, whose victory was owing to the bungling management of their
opponents. About the beginning of the disturbances, one Joseph,
Corregidor of S. Miguel, was elected general of their forces against the
Portugueze. This Joseph, an active and courageous man, behaved like a
good soldier but an execrable general, for he was as ignorant of
military tactics as I am of the black art. On his falling in a chance
skirmish, Nicholas Neengirù, many years Corregidor of the city of
Concepçion, succeeded. Under his conduct the war was poorly carried on;
and the affairs of the Uruguayans gradually declining, the seven towns
were delivered up to the royal forces. But, reader, when you utter the
name of Nicholas Neengirù, uncover your head and bend your knee, or
rather, if you know all, burst into laughter. This is that celebrated
Nicholas Neengirù whom the Europeans called King of Paraguay, whilst
Paraguay itself had not an inkling of the matter. At the very time when
the feigned majesty of the King of Paraguay employed every mouth and
press in Europe, I saw this Nicholas Neengirù, with naked feet, and
garments after the Indian fashion, sometimes driving cattle before the
shambles, sometimes chopping wood in the market-place; and when I
considered him and his occupation, could hardly refrain from laughter.

But mark the progress of King Nicholas's fate. To obtain for the base
fiction an appearance of truth, a person in the kingdom of Quito was
bribed to get money coined and stamped with the name of King Nicholas.
This base money was issued both in Europe and America, and no one could
doubt its being coined in Paraguay by the pretended king, where, from
the want of bullion, the Catholic kings themselves had no mint. The
deceit however at length appeared; on March the 20th, 1760, the
artificer of the coin wrote a letter to the King, in which he
confessed—"that he was compelled by the secret stings of conscience to
divulge his crime," &c. This letter detected the venal wretch who
instigated him to coin the money of King Nicholas.

The fame of King Nicholas and the money issued in his name gave
reasonable apprehension to the Court of Madrid; but Pedro Zevallos, who
was sent with an army to reclaim Paraguay, soon perceived that it was
all a false alarm, and declared the same in letters to the king. If any
one doubt my veracity, let him examine the Madrid newspapers, published
in the October of 1768, where he will find these words:—"Whatever has
been rumoured of King Nicholas is certified to be a fabulous invention."
If you require yet stronger evidence, attend to what follows. The
tumults in the Uruguay being settled, Nicholas went himself to the
Spanish camp, and appearing, of his own accord, before the royal
governour, Joseph Andonaegui, gave him an account of all his
proceedings. He was quietly heard, dismissed unpunished, and continued
in his office of Corregidor. Had he been even suspected of affecting the
crown of Paraguay, how different would have been his treatment! Loaded
with fetters,—locked in a horrible dungeon,—he would have expiated his
crime by some fearful punishment, and perhaps been torn limb from limb.
But let us trace the story to its source.

It is a trite proverb in Spain—_La mentira es hija de algo_, falsehood
is the daughter of something. Those pernicious rumours which spread far
and wide, like a pestilence, generally originate in some trifle of no
consequence. Such was the fable of King Nicholas, which sprang from an
ignorance of the Guarany language, was perpetuated by malice, and spread
over all the world. _Tubicha_ signifies _great_ among the Guaranies; and
_Mburubicha_, King or Cacique. Among the companies of Indians sent to
plough the land, to cut and carry wood, or to ferry on the river, there
is always a chief, who directs their motions, and whom they address by
the title of _Ñanderubicha_, our chief or captain. In this manner the
Uruguayan Indians called their leader, Nicholas Neengirù,
_Ñanderubicha_, our captain; which, being heard by the Spaniards of
Asumpcion, who speak a confused jargon of Spanish and Guarany, they
ignorantly and wickedly asserted that the Indians called Nicholas their
king. I must not here omit to mention, that, from the ignorance of the
Spanish and Portugueze interpreters, the most unfavourable opinions of
our affairs and the most execrable calumnies have often arisen. These
men, from their ignorance of Latin and Guarany, have frequently
misinterpreted our letters to governors, acquainted with Spanish only;
so that deeds and expressions, entirely innocent, have been construed
into crimes.

Let us now return to Nicholas, whom error and malice have gifted with an
imaginary sceptre. He was born in the city of Concepçion; his ancestors
were Guarany Indians, and he had married, many years before, a Guarany
woman in the city of Concepçion, where also he had held many and various
offices. Father Ignatius Zierhaim boasts that this celebrated Nicholas,
monarch of Paraguay, was publicly whipped, when a young man, by his
orders, himself being vicar of the place. Nicholas was a tall man, with
a good countenance, but grave and taciturn; his face was good-looking,
though marked with a large scar. Think then how ridiculously fable must
have been added to fable, when this Nicholas was made out a lay-brother
of our order. Only five of this description were with us at that time,
whereof two were physicians, the third had the charge of providing
apparel, the fourth was employed in painting churches, and the fifth was
a feeble old man, whose maladies exercised our patience and his own.
None of them bore the christian or sur-name of Nicholas, and they were
all Europeans. Persons of Indian extraction were never adopted into the
number of priests or brothers. The Indians are none of the wisest, I
own, but they are not such idiots as to crown a layman in preference to
the priests, whose dignity and wisdom they rank so high, if the madness
of choosing their own king _had_ possessed them. Allowing the Jesuits,
in a fit of insanity, to have aimed at the sovereign power, they would
not have elected an uneducated layman, but some priest of distinguished
virtue and prudence. An anonymous Frenchman, in a book intitled,
_Nouvelles Pièces intéressantes et nécessaires_, says, page 18, "I will
now show you the origin of Nicholas, King of Paraguay, being supposed a
lay-brother. Some Spanish countrymen happened, in the course of
conversation, to mention the late insurrection on the banks of the
Uruguay." "Verily," says one, "if the Jesuits be wise, they will put the
government of the Indians into the hands of Joseph Fernandez, a
lay-brother of theirs." This Joseph was a native of Spain, formerly
lieutenant of some light-armed cavalry of the king's, and a man of great
military science. We never find a story lose by carrying. The vain
supposition of putting the Indians under the conduct of this lay-brother
was reported in such a manner that what one said _should be_ done,
another said _was_ done, and the rest giving implicit credit to their
asseverations, a prodigious tale grew out of nothing. This Joseph
Fernandez, during the disturbances of the Uruguay, was master of the
public school at Tucuman, and necessarily remarked by the whole of this
populous town, if he intermitted his attendance for a single day. Having
held the office of school-master many years, he managed an estate in the
neighbourhood of the city, and so diligent was he in the exercise of his
calling, that I could swear to his never having seen the land of the
Guaranies of which he was reported King.

To corroborate my account I shall subjoin a few circumstances relative
to this affair. From the seven towns which were garrisoned on their
surrender by the Spaniards, upwards of thirty thousand Indians departed.
Among all who witnessed these innocent exiles, their tender infants, and
their feeble old men, not one but shed a tear of compassion. Fifteen
thousand of the emigrants were received by the towns of the Parana, and
lodged in hovels of straw,—they whose former homes had been of stone,
well-built, and commodious. Nearly the same number were dispersed over
the plains of the Uruguay, where numerous herds of cattle supplied the
means of subsistence. The towns at length evacuated, were offered by the
Spanish Governour to the Portugueze, but not accepted. Amongst other
ways of accounting for this refusal on the part of the Portugueze, it
was reported, that, after exploring the lands of the Uruguay, they found
them destitute of the gold and silver they expected to find there. At
this crisis of affairs died Barbara, Queen of Spain, a Portugueze by
birth, and through an overweening attachment to her own country, a
strenuous advocate for the exchange of lands in Paraguay. Not long
after, Ferdinand the Sixth followed his consort to the tomb. Charles the
Third succeeded his brother in right of inheritance. Whilst King of the
Two Sicilies he had disapproved these treaties which settled the
exchange of lands in America with Portugal; and on his succeeding to the
throne, he utterly abrogated them, as fraught with danger to the
monarchy. He restored the Guarany exiles to their towns, which now,
alas! resembled Jerusalem after the return of the Jews from Babylon.
They found their farms drained of cattle, their fields over-run with
brambles and insects, their houses either burnt or miserably
dilapidated; nay, they were sometimes terror-struck by the dens of
tigers and the holes of serpents! Charles confirmed the Jesuits in their
old administration of the Guarany colonies, of which the Portugueze
party itself did not wish their utter deprivation. Had the King believed
us the fomenters of the late war he would not have committed the
Guaranies to our care and fidelity. About the same time, Zeno, Marquis
de la Ensenada, was recalled from banishment to Madrid by the royal
letters. This principal court minister had never admitted the exchange
of lands agreed upon with the Portugueze, but had transmitted notices of
it to Charles then King of Sicily. For this, if we may credit a report
prevalent in Spain, the Marquis de la Ensenada was banished. That was
not the happy time when you might think as you chose, and speak what you
thought.

King Charles not only refused to acquiesce in the treaties ratified with
the Portugueze, but immediately declared war upon that people; to the
carrying on of which six thousand Guaranies strenuously applied
themselves in the royal camp, under the conduct of Pedro Zevallos, who
having occupied Colonia, carried his victorious arms into Brazil; but
being stopped by the news of peace having been restored in Europe,
testified in his letters to the King, that the success of his
expeditions was greatly owing to the Guaranies. Suffer me, by way of
episode, to draw a rude sketch of the immortal hero Zevallos. His
father, the descendant of a noble family in Spain, was royal governour
in the Canaries, and died in an insurrection, bravely fighting for the
crown. The son, Pedro Zevallos, was handsome, tall, and well made, and
the comeliness of his person was set off by the elegance and suavity of
his manners. Courteous among his friends, and authoritative with his
soldiers, he was neither ruffled with anger, nor soured with harshness.
At every place and time he maintained the character of the pious
Christian, the consummate general, the equitable judge, and, if need
required, the dauntless soldier. During his leisure hours you might see
him praying on his knees in the church for two hours together. Such was
the innocence and integrity of his life, that envy, argus-eyed as she
is, could never detect a stain to reprobate. So exemplary was his
conduct, that the soldier and the christian never jarred, but harmonized
together in one beautiful concord. The victories which have gained the
Spanish hero the plaudits of his country, are rather to be attributed to
his piety, than to his military skill;—to that heaven by which his
undertakings were constantly favoured, and his slender resources
rendered sufficient. In the keenness of his wit, the sagacity of his
judgment, the courage and alertness of his mind, and the soundness of
his loyalty, if one man ever excelled another, _he_ excelled. His
steadfast aim was to benefit rather than please his sovereign, and both
he effected, though more than once disgraced from the royal favour by
the artifices of calumny. He did nothing without much previous
consideration. To crown his purposes with success, he was master of the
most admirable devices; was never at a loss to remove obstacles,—to
anticipate dangers,—and either elude them by artifice, or overcome them
by force. He never charged the future with the present business—never
let slip a good opportunity: did nothing from impulse, every thing from
reason; yet though never headstrong in attempting any thing, or hasty in
attacking an enemy, in battles and sieges he was fierce and determined.
Neither dejected by adverse nor inflated by prosperous circumstances, he
always preserved an equal mind. By kindness and good example, he bound
his soldiers to a prompt obedience; and this I conclude was the cause of
his doing so much with such scanty resources. He was not content to have
given his orders, he would himself overlook their execution. On the eve
of an expedition, he used to inspect the waggons, carefully enquiring
whether they were stored with the requisite arms and provisions, and if
they were properly guarded. Rarely trusting to vague reports and
uncertain answers, he examined every thing, as far as he was able, in
his own person. Early in the night he inspected the different stations
of horse-guards, regardless of sleep, as indeed he was of every other
indulgence. He used to say, that vigilance in the general and obedience
in the men, were the safeguards of the army, and the parent of victory,
a maxim most happily demonstrated in his own person.

Think not that such egregious merits went unrewarded by royalty: he was
honoured with the rank of commendador in the equestrian order of St.
Iago, made knight of the order of St. Janeiro, and even created military
governor of Madrid. Some years after, he received from King Charles the
golden key, a mark of singular prerogative in the court. Rumours of the
Paraguay disturbances having reached Spain, he was invested with the
government of Buenos-Ayres, and commanded to sail thither, to compose
the minds of the Guaranies, and forward the delivery of the seven towns,
accompanied by five hundred regular cavalry-men, chosen from every
regiment of light-armed horse which Spain possesses. To these were added
seven companies of foot, consisting of runaway Germans, French,
Italians, Poles, and even Russians, collected, a few years before, by a
Spanish lieutenant at the surrender of Parma. Most of these were
veterans—fierce warriors, fresh from European battles. As often,
therefore, as Paraguay found them an enemy, they did not let their help
be wanted; but being used to running away at home, they did not forget
their old propensities amongst the antipodes, for they sometimes fled in
troops, from the desire of marriage and a life of less hardship.

During the voyage, Zevallos was anxiously devising methods to
tranquillize Paraguay, which he imagined to be embroiled with intestine
war, and devoted to King Nicholas. On coming in sight of the shores of
Buenos-Ayres, lest by a sudden landing he should endanger his men, he
despatched some soldiers in a boat to feel the way before them.
Perceiving a multitude assembled on the bank of the river Plata, they
hailed them from afar with the usual interrogation of the Spanish
guards, _Quien vive?_—Who reigns here? With one voice they exclaimed,
that Ferdinand the Sixth was their king, and should remain so as long as
they lived. This was more than enough to quiet the fears of the
soldiers, who, deceived by European reports, imagined that King Nicholas
would be dethroned with the utmost difficulty, and at the expense of
their own and much foreign blood. Zevallos himself was astonished when
he learnt that the Guaranies had long since been brought to submission.
He had therefore no fighting with the Indians, but many contentions with
the officers of the Portugueze faction, among whom the Marquis
Val-de-Lirios held a distinguished place, as possessing, from royal
investment, full power of determining every thing connected with the
stipulated exchange of territory with the Portugueze. Equitable in other
respects, but too studious of Queen Barbara's favour, he consulted
principally the advantage of the Portugueze; while Pedro Zevallos, who
laboured for the safety of his country, rather than the favour of his
queen, endeavoured to oppose him. Having impartially investigated all
the occurrences of the revolt previous to his coming, and discovered
that many things had been written against the Guaranies and their
missionaries, without foundation, and that others were basely
exaggerated, he transmitted to the court a correct statement of the
matter, standing forth, on a sudden, the vindicator and eulogist of
those very Guaranies he had come to put down and punish.

Tucuman, another division of Paraguay, extends very widely in every
direction: on the East it reaches the territory of Buenos-Ayres; on the
West, the mountains of Chili; on the South, it is bounded by immense
plains, running out as far as the Magellanic region; and on the North,
by the district of Tariji. It has a governour and bishop of its own, the
one of whom resides at Cordoba, the other at Salta, the capital cities.
Cordoba is famous for the beauty of its houses, the number and opulence
of its inhabitants, and a celebrated academy. In the richness of its
pastures and the multitude of its cattle, it has no superior. Many
thousand mules are annually exported from its estates to the Peruvian
market. Lofty rocks rise in every part of the Cordoban district. A few
leagues distant, on the banks of the river Pucara, which washes the
city, is a place where lime is made. Coming to the place one night, when
the sky was calm and the air tranquil, I heard terrible noises like the
explosion of cannon. But the natives assured me, that these sounds were
common to the neighbouring rocks and happened perpetually. The air,
confined in the cavities of the mountain, and attempting a forcible
passage through the chinks, when stopped by opposing rocks, and
reverberated by their windings, bellows after this fearful manner. In
the city of Cordoba itself, a hollow murmur, resembling the knocks of a
pestle in a wooden mortar, is frequently heard by night. This low
mournful sound runs from one street to another, and is called by the
Spaniards _el pison_, or the paving-hammer. The ignorant vulgar believe
that some spectre or goblin haunts the streets; as for me, I am
convinced that it originates in subterraneous wind, which, forcing its
way through the interstices of the earth, makes violent endeavours to
find a vent; for I observed the lands near the city excavated and
fissured in many places by earthquakes. The city of Salta derives its
principal profits from the passage of mules. St. Iago del Estero, a very
ancient city of Tucuman, was long the seat of a bishop, and afterwards
of a governour. The houses are, however, neither large nor elegant. Pope
Innocent the Twelfth transferred the episcopal see from hence to
Cordoba. The city of St. Iago boasts some tolerably handsome churches.
It is washed by the Rio Dulce, which, during its annual flood, rolls
down mountains of sands; excellent bulwarks against the cannon of
assailants, if the city were ever besieged. The inhabitants of the
district of St. Iago are distinguished alike for the greatness of their
valour and the scantiness of their means in the wars against the
savages. From the trade in wax, which they collect in their distant
woods, and from that in corn, they derive some profits, inadequate,
however, to recompense them for the hardships they undergo. Their herds
are few, from the scantiness of the pastures: for the plains, which are
bounded on every side with sand, supply a slender provision of grass, by
reason of the frosts in winter and the drought in summer. In winter,
when the fields are bare, I have observed the horses cropping the
branches of trees, nay, sometimes gnawing their trunks. Did not the Rio
Dulce yearly overflow its banks, the soil would produce nothing
esculent. This flood generally takes place about January, from the
melting of the snows on the Chili and Peruvian mountains. The fertility
of the soil is at that time incredible, producing abundant crops of
corn, and water-pumpkins of great size and sweetness. Clouds of a
remarkable hue announce the event to the natives. The woods around St.
Iago abound in the _alfaroba_, which is converted into a drink, or a
sweet-flavoured bread, and taken in either form is possessed of
medicinal virtues. The Rio Dulce too supplies the inhabitants of its
shores with food. Annually, but at no certain time, shoals of a fish
called _zabalo_ hurry down the river, and are taken by the hand, in such
numbers that, during the period of their arrival, the lower orders need
no other provision.

The city of St. Iago formerly numbered many Indian colonies within its
jurisdiction, the ruins of which are now alone visible, the inhabitants
having perished of want or the small-pox. Some little villages yet
remain: Matarà, Salabina, Moppa, Lasco, Silipica, Lindongasta,
Mañogasta, and Socconcho; they are governed by secular priests, and
inhabited by a very few Indians, employed in the service of the
Spaniards who live amongst them. Their condition is miserable, their
barbarity beyond conception, their houses mere hovels, and their
churches little better. The same may be said of all the villages
remaining in the other districts of Paraguay.

The little town of St. Miguel, situated near the Chili mountains, is
surrounded with hills, plains, large streams, and pleasant woods adorned
with lofty forest trees, which supply the whole province with cedar
planks, and timber fit for the largest houses. Rioja and St. Ferdinand,
or Catamarca, little towns, buried amongst mountains, gain their
principal returns from the culture of vines and red pepper, which is in
daily use amongst the Spaniards. Not only meal, but even cheese, which,
considering the multitude of cattle in the estates of Buenos-Ayres and
Cordoba, is but seldom made, is seasoned so high with this powerful
spice, that it acquires a deep red colour, and a pungency intolerable to
an European palate. All the vine-yards in Paraguay scarce equal the
number of fingers on both your hands; for although the climate and soil
are extremely suitable to vines, they are uniformly destroyed by an army
of ants, wasps, and wood-pigeons. The little wine that is made is
deep-coloured, thick, and generous, though to Europeans newly arrived it
smells somewhat like a drug. The new must squeezed from the grape is
simmered on the fire till it obtains a consistence. Such is the scarcity
of wine in the remote colonies, that we were sometimes unable to
celebrate the Eucharist. For whatever is used at the table or the altar,
is principally brought from Chili, by a long journey, and at great
expense, and often is not to be had for love or money.

In the districts of Rioja and Catamarca there is very scanty pasturage,
and consequently few cattle; a want compensated by the fertility of the
soil, the productiveness of the trees, and the industry of the
inhabitants, who dry figs, weave a kind of woollen garment in common
use, dress ox and sheep hides to great perfection, and apply the leather
to various purposes, as saddles, trunks, and similar articles, to be
commuted for other goods. Xuxuy, a district of St. Salvador, situate on
the Peruvian side of Tucuman, though far from populous, is the seat of
the royal treasurers for the last mentioned country. In this place, the
tertian ague and wens are common; a circumstance arising from the
rivulets flowing from the neighbouring mountains. Talavera de Madrid,
also called Esteco, a state formerly flourishing in vices as in wealth,
situate on the bank of the river Salado, is said to have been swallowed
up, in the last century, with all its houses and inhabitants, by a
violent earthquake; the ill-fated pillar applied to the punishment of
delinquents alone remaining in the market-place.

Fareja, a city of some note, though within the jurisdiction of Chichas
in Peru, contains Jesuits from Paraguay, who, in the hopes of civilizing
the Chiriguanàs, a barbarous race, always hostile to the Spaniards, have
neither spared their labour nor their lives; five of them were butchered
by these savages.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, with its territory, though bordering on the
eastern confines of Peru, is within the dominions of Paraguay. Its
longitude is 314°, its latitude 21°. It has its own governour and
bishop, to whom are subject the towns of the Chiquitos, savages for many
years instructed by the Jesuits in religion, humanity, and the useful
arts, amid their distant woods. In 1766, the ten towns of the Chiquitos,
founded by men of our order, contained 5173 families, and 23,788 souls;
but the number of deaths far exceeds that of births. Whether this
paucity of issue is to be attributed to the climate, the water, their
food—especially the land-tortoises they use so much—or to a natural
sterility in the parents, let the learned judge. I have frequently
heard, that had not the Jesuits yearly brought a multitude of savages
from the woods, the towns must long since have been depopulated.

In each of the cities of Tucuman and Paraguay, the followers of St.
Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Pedro de Nolasco, as well as the Jesuits,
have their own establishment. Nuns of various orders dwell in Cordoba
and Buenos-Ayres, but no where else. The Spaniards account Tucuman the
poorest country in America, because it is destitute of gold,
notwithstanding its numerous herds of cattle of every description. This
province has been honoured with the presence of St. Francis Solano. When
he was called away to Paraguay, many whole states were left without a
single priest. Francis Victoria, of the order of St. Dominic, first
bishop of Tucuman, in 1581 found only five secular priests and a few
religious, with not one presbyter who understood the language of the
natives, though the province abounded in Indian colonies. Solicitous for
the glory of God, this bishop wrote to request Father Juan Atienza in
Peru, and Joseph Anchuela in Brazil, to send him a few Jesuits already
tried by previous exertions in the Christian cause. Fathers Leonardo
Arminio, an Italian; Juan Saloni, a Spaniard; Thomas Fields, an
Irishman; Manuel Ortega, and Estevam de Grao, Portugueze, were sent by
sea from Brazil, and being taken by the English, were for some time
infamously treated, and at last exposed to the winds and waves in an
open boat; but Providence happily guiding them, reached the port of
Buenos-Ayres. From Peru, Fathers Francis Angulo and Alphonso Barzena had
been already despatched into Tucuman. The last of these was created
vicar-general by Victoria, who esteemed him so highly as openly to
declare that he would himself vacate the bishopric could Barzena benefit
by his abdication. To these have succeeded men of our order, one after
another, for nearly two centuries. Summoned by the bishop and royal
governour, sent from Europe by their Catholic sovereigns, and dispersed
in every corner of Paraguay's immense extent, how strenuously they have
toiled for God and their King, it is not my business to relate.
Thousands of savages won over to God and the King, colonies founded on
every side, churches built to the Lord, and numbers of Spanish cities
imbued with learning and piety—these will testify that we have at least
done something for the Antipodes, though many have left no stone
unturned to blot out our very name. This is, however, beyond
dispute;—that a far more abundant harvest might have been reaped from
our apostolic labours, if the Europeans had not uniformly opposed every
measure conducive to the advantage of the Indians. Not a savage would
now have been left in America, had every professor of Christianity
conformed his life to its dictates, and joined his endeavours vigorously
to ours.

The third division, from which the whole province takes its name, is
that of Paraguay, so called from the river on which it borders. In
regard to the laws of dominion its extent is immense; but from the
dangerous vicinity of the savages on one hand, and the Portugueze on the
other, the inhabitants, considering their number, are contracted into
somewhat narrow limits. Extensive and fertile plains, both to the west
on the opposite side of the river, and towards the north, are totally
neglected, on two accounts—their distance from the metropolis, and the
above-mentioned neighbours. The Corrientine country is accounted the
southern boundary. The inhabitants are almost incalculably numerous.
There are who assert their capability of bringing ten thousand soldiers
into the field, Spaniards only: for if you count Indian natives, and all
the herd of negroes, and other slaves, you might reckon up three times
that number. But the majority of these deserve the motto—"_Nos numerus
sumus, et fruges consumere nati._" Some one was heard to complain of the
governours of Paraguay—that many soldiers were ranged under the banners,
but few who were furnished with a musket, and still fewer who could
manage one if they had it. The metropolis, Asumpcion, takes its name
from the assumption of the Virgin Mary. It is situated in latitude 25°
8´ and longitude 319° 41´, on the banks of the Paraguay, which affords a
convenient station for ships and an opportunity of commerce, but menaces
destruction to the city; for the channel constantly nearing and nearing,
undermines the bank and the houses situate thereupon. Neither splendid
edifices nor city fortifications are here to be found. Many of the
houses are of stone or brick, and roofed with tiles, but none of them
are above one story high. The monasteries are nearly of the same
description, possessing nothing by which you could recognise the church.
The streets are crooked, and impeded with ditches and stones thrown out
of their places, to the imminent peril both of men and horses. It has
but one market-place, and that covered with grass. The governor and
bishop have resided here since the time of Charles V. though neither has
any proper seat. Besides grammar, the scholars in our college pay much
attention to philosophy and theology. For the negroes, Indians, and
mulattos, there is a separate priest and parish church. Even matrons of
the higher rank, boys, girls, and all the lower orders speak Guarany,
though the generality have some acquaintance with Spanish. To say the
truth, they mingle both, and speak neither correctly. When the Spaniards
first occupied this province, in which the Guaranies had previously
settled, for want of Spanish women, they took the daughters of the
natives in marriage. The couples presently caught each other's dialect;
but as is usual with adults, who learn foreign tongues, the Spaniards
miserably corrupted the Indian, and the Indian the Spanish language.
Whence from the original two, a third dialect arose, in use at present.

The major part of the Spaniards live in hamlets, farms, and little
villages, where the convenience of land and pasturage is greatest:
cities, except the metropolis, they have none. Villa Rica and Curuquati
are meagre places, mere shades of towns, the inhabitants being almost
obliterated, by frequent migrations, from fear of the Portugueze. Xerez
and Ciudad Real del Guayra, which once boasted the name of cities, have
long since been destroyed by the incursions of the Portugueze who,
assembled in the city of St. Paulo, enjoy, to this day, the finest parts
of Guayra, the Spaniards vainly lamenting the seizure of the noblest
part of their territory.

Of the ancient towns, where the Spaniards settled the Indians they had
subdued with arms, or won by religion, there remain Caazapà, Yuti,
Ytape, and Yta, which are governed by Franciscans. Caazapà contains
about two hundred families, and exceeds the rest in the number of its
herds. Ytape contains about twenty families; Yuti and Yta, somewhat
more. They are all governed by parish priests. Atira and Altos together
form one little town. Quarambare and Jobati are both inconsiderable.
Yaguaron consists of two hundred families. The Indian inhabitants are
mostly employed in the service of the Spaniards, and consequently in
populousness, morality, and the appearance of their churches, vastly
inferior to our Guaranies, who, exempted from private servitude, are
accountable solely to the Catholic King.

In the dominions of Paraguay are three other towns, founded and
preserved by men of our order. St. Joachim, situate in latitude 24° 49´,
and longitude 321°, on the banks of the Yù, which, in 1767, numbered
2017 Christian inhabitants, named Ytatines or Ytatinguays. As early as
1697 about four hundred persons were discovered in the neighbouring
woods of Taruma, by Father Bartholomew Ximenez and Francisco Robles, and
assembled in the town of Nuestra Senhora de Sta. Fè, 150 leagues distant
from Sta. Fè, where they held the Christian religion many years. But
love of freedom at length bore them back to their original forests,
whence they were in vain recovered, by fathers of our order, in the year
1721. In the place called Taruma, a little town was built for them,
which, in 1723, contained three hundred souls. But partly from the
poorness of the pastures, partly from the disturbances raised by the
Spaniards, on occasion of Joseph Antequera's obtruding himself upon them
as governour, the Ytatines were again removed to Nuestra Senhora de Sta.
Fè, where they remained ten years, and bore a good report. But the
bloody insurrection of the neighbouring Spaniards, famine, and the
wasting pestilence of the small-pox, compelled them, in 1734, to take
refuge in the forests they had formerly occupied. On the instant,
Fathers Sebastiano de Yegros, Juan Escandon, Felix Villagarzia, and Luke
Rodriguez, were sent to explore the lurking-places of the fugitives,
and, after a laborious journey of eighteen months, returned
unsuccessful. At length, in 1745 accident effected what labour could
not. By the command of the superiors, Father Sebastiano de Yegros began
the search, and after a forty-nine days journey of matchless difficulty,
found the Ytatines in the woods of Tapebo. No opposition being made on
their parts, a town was built for them in their native soil. Cattle of
all kinds, clothes, axes, household furniture, and a few masters of
music, and other arts, being sent from the old town, every thing went on
favourably.

But a sudden terror interrupted the prosperous course of the new colony.
The Guaycurus or Mbayas began to devastate the neighbouring estates of
the Paraguayrians with slaughter and depredation. The Ytatines, thinking
the marauders already upon them, lost all sense of safety. Alarmed by
perpetual rumours of the enemy's approach, they spent their nights
without sleep, and in open daylight still dreamt of peril. To this
another distress was added: the want of water. The Fathers therefore
judged it expedient to remove twenty-five leagues southwards, where the
intermediate forests could protect them against the Guaycurus, and
afford them a constant supply of water. In 1753, having left their
church, and the residence of the Fathers, they built a town on the spur
of the moment, which was regulated after the model of the Guarany
colonies, increased by the accession of new families, and settled on a
good foundation. To this city I devoted eight years of unregretted
labour. When D. Manuel de la Torre, Bishop of Asumpcion, payed us his
accustomed visit, he beheld with admiration the rigid Christian
discipline, the accuracy of divine worship, and universal good order
established among men so lately inhabitants of the woods. D. Carlos
Murphy, an Irishman, and governor of Paraguay, was delighted during his
five days' visit at my house with the dexterous management displayed by
the Indians as well of their musical instruments, as of their weapons.

Another colony in the jurisdiction of Paraguay, that of St. Stanislaus,
is the offshoot of St. Joachim. For the Ytatines, discovered by the
joint efforts of the Indians and the Fathers of St. Joachim in woods
situate between the rivers Caapivarỹ, Yeyuỹ, and Tapiraguaỹ, were
prevailed upon to assemble in one place and embrace the Christian
religion. Arduous, indeed, was the task of persuading them to leave
their native woods; for, accustomed to the shade of towering trees, they
shun the exposed and sunny plain, where they think their lives and
liberties daily endangered. Father Sebastiano de Yegros lived a year in
the woods with the savages; at the end of which time, he persuaded them
to relinquish their woods, and occupy the plains bordering on the river
Tapiraguaỹ, whither Fathers Manuel Guttierrez and Joseph Martin Mattilla
bought cattle and the necessaries of subsistence, and in 1751 erected a
chapel and dwellings. Softened by the kindness and liberality of the
Fathers, they became docile and conformable to Christian discipline. In
my visits to this town, I could not but admire the gentle disposition
and compliance with divine regulations, displayed in a people bred in
woods and thickets. In a few years the town was increased by the
accession of Indians, won over by Fathers Antonio Planes, Thaddeus Emis,
a Bohemian, and Antonino Cortada, after arduous journeys amid pathless
wilds. This colony lies in latitude 24° 20´, and in longitude 321° 35´.
In 1767 it contained upwards of two thousand three hundred inhabitants,
who had formerly wandered over those woods, where the Spaniards gather
the herb of Paraguay. So that from the towns of St. Joachim and St.
Stanislaus, a lucrative trade is opened to the whole province by the
removal of the savages; since which the Spaniards can fearlessly
traverse the woods that produce the herb in question.

In confirmation of this, I will cite a remarkable instance. The remote
forest of Mbaeverà abounds in the trees of the leaves of which the herb
of Paraguay is made. To prepare this, a multitude of Spaniards, with the
necessary oxen, horses, and mules, are sent from the city of Asumpcion.
The forest through which their journey lay, a tract blocked up with
mingled trees and reeds, and impeded with twenty-six rivers, and as many
long marshes, is full eighty leagues in extent, in which space you will
rarely find ten paces of plain land. To render this passable, it was
requisite to fell trees, to throw bridges over the rivers, to give the
marshes consistence with bundles of boughs, and to level the
declivities. When these things had been effected with equal labour and
expense, huts were required to receive the Spaniards, hedges to inclose
the beasts, and a frame work formed of stakes partly driven into the
ground, partly laid cross-wise, to roast the leaves on. The necessary
preparations made, the Spaniards were sent to the woods where the leaves
were gathered. But their superintendant Vilalba lit upon a hovel, which,
though empty, evidently belonged to the savages. Struck with the
unexpected occurrence, he hastened to his companions with the news,
which instigated them to immediate flight, and to think of saving their
lives instead of gathering the herb of Paraguay. Nor do I, on this
account, think them to be accused of cowardice or sloth. For in seeking
the trees from which they lopped the branches, they did not traverse the
woods in one body, but separately, and when they returned home, they
were loaded with burthens. Moreover from carrying no weapon but the
knife they used, they were always undefended from the assault of the
savages. Abandoning therefore the business on which they had come, they
returned to the city on their mules and horses. Vilalba, quitting his
associates, turned aside to the city of St. Joachim, and related to the
Fathers what he had seen and done, conjuring them to endeavour by every
possible means to bring the savages to their town. The Fathers readily
began the attempt. But, perceiving themselves unequal to such a journey,
dispatched a chosen band of Indians, under the conduct of Vilalba, to
search out the savages, and sound their inclinations. After some days,
having imprudently consumed their provisions, they turned back before
they had even approached the station, which the Indians were supposed to
hold. So that the glory of finding these savages was reserved to the
author of this work.

Some years after, I was sent by the superior to the city of St. Joachim.
The rumour concerning the Indians of Mbaeverà continued to spread, and
with it the fear of the Spaniards, who durst not even approach the
woods, which promised so abundant an harvest of the herb of Paraguay.
Under the conduct of Vilalba, I set out with five and twenty Indians,
through marshes and rivers. The bridges and other aids, prepared to
secure the passage of the Spaniards, had long perished. Every obstacle
however being overcome, we arrived at the place in question, and
discovered the remains of the savage hut. The bones of apes, boars, and
antas, a wooden mortar, a few grains of maize, and other things of this
kind, were discovered there; a path leading to the river side, well trod
with the naked feet of the Indians, was also visible; but not a single
recent vestige could we any where detect, though for many days we
attentively searched both the neighbouring woods, and the banks of the
river Acaraỹ. After having traversed the mournful solitude eighteen
days, and suffered what neither I can describe nor my reader credit, as
no hope remained of finding the Indians, we returned to the town, the
improvement of our patience being our only recompense. I walked the
whole way, and often barefoot. Had I turned ever so little from the east
to the south, we should have found the habitations of the savages, as
was proved to me the following year. The Spaniards, being made
acquainted with my diligent search of the forest of Mbaeverà, persuaded
themselves that the savages had migrated elsewhere, and accordingly set
out thither in great numbers. But, lo! in the course of their business,
they perceived the savages dropping in upon them one after another.
Conciliated by familiar discourse, and presents of beef and other
trifles, they seemed to entertain no hostile sentiments, but visited the
dwellings of the Spaniards in friendly guise. To enquiries concerning
their place of abode, they replied that it was at a great distance, and
could only be approached by crossing many marshes; a cunning answer,
dictated by their fears for themselves and their wives, if visited by
the Spaniards. Lest their footsteps should betray their resorts, in
returning home they practised the following artifice: if they went by a
southern, they returned by a northern road, and contrariwise, so that
the Spaniards could not form an idea of the place where they lurked. And
thus the savages and Spaniards suspected one other, and their mutual
distrust increased every day.

Vilalba, alarmed for his own safety, informed me how matters stood, and
assured me of success in discovering the savages if I would only renew
the attempt. I undertook the journey without delay. But scarcely had two
days elapsed, when all the rain in heaven seemed combined to overwhelm
us, and after eight days of misery, compelled us to return, from the
certainty of still greater wretchedness, if we proceeded. Twenty days
the obstinate rain continued, yet we did not think our business
desperate, and on returning to the town, I impatiently awaited an
opportunity of renewing it. Not long after, I undertook a third
expedition, which proved successful. At length I reached my post,
discovering three tolerably populous hordes, over whom presided as many
caciques; Roy, Tupanchichù, and Veraripochiritù. The first hut we met
with was built of palms, interwoven with dry grass, opening by eight
doors and containing sixty inhabitants. Here and there hung nets which
are used both to sleep and sit in. Each family has its own fire, on the
hearth around which stand a multitude of pots, gourds, and mugs. They
are generally handsome, particularly the youths; from never being
exposed to the sun their faces are fair. The males of every age shave
their heads, a circle of hair being left on the crown. At seven years
old they have their under lip pierced, and insert a reed of the
thickness of a quill into the hole. All of whatever sex or age hang a
common triangular shell in their ears. The men go almost naked, wearing
nothing but a narrow girdle round their loins, but the women are covered
from head to foot, with a white garment manufactured from the bark of
the Pinò. These savages ornament their heads with crowns of long parrot
feathers, disposed with considerable elegance. Their arms consist of
barbed arrows, with which they shoot even little birds on the wing with
great dexterity. They maintain themselves and their families by the
chase. They often lurk in thickets, for the purpose of shooting or
ensnaring antas, which they inveigle by a skilful imitation of their
bray; nor are they wholly averse from agriculture. In these woods there
is an amazing produce of maize, and other fruits, as also of tobacco. On
going to bed they put their pots full of flesh or vegetables on the
fire, that their breakfasts may be ready when they awake: for at
earliest dawn, the males, from seven years old and upwards, traverse the
woods with a bundle of darts, in search of that game, on which they must
subsist for the day. The mothers put their babies in wicker baskets, and
carry them on their shoulders, when they travel in the woods. From the
hives with which the trees abound, they collect quantities of most
excellent honey, serving both for meat and drink. Their name for God, in
the Guarany tongue, is _Tupà_, but of that God and his commandments,
they care little to know. They are as ignorant of the worship of idols,
as they are of the Supreme being. The spirit of evil they call Aña or
Añanga, but they pay him no adoration. The magicians, or more properly
imposters, who arrogate to themselves full power of warding and
inflicting disease and death, of predicting future events, of raising
floods and tempests, of transforming themselves into tigers, and
performing I know not what other preternatural feats, they religiously
venerate. Like other Americans, they think polygamy allowable, but
rarely avail themselves of the license: from which circumstance,
repudiation is frequent among them. Marriage with the most distant
relations they shun as highly criminal. They inclose their dead in large
vessels of clay, according to an old Guarany rite. What their fate after
this life may be, they never trouble themselves to enquire. They do not
feed on human flesh to my knowledge, though the neighbouring Indians
reckon it a delicacy. Every stranger whatsoever, Indian, Spaniard, or
Portugueze, they suspect of hostile intentions, and receive in arms,
believing every other race their enemies and designers on their freedom.
They harboured the same suspicion with regard to me and my Indian
comrades, when they saw us coming.

The first whom we discovered in the woods was a fine young man holding a
bird like our pheasants, expiring in his hand. I approached the
astonished youth, complimented him upon his singular skill in archery,
and, as gifts prevail more with the Indians than fine words, presented
him with a piece of roast meat, which he devoured with all the avidity
of hunger. This unexpected breakfast dissipated the alarm which the
sudden appearance of strangers had excited. His name was _Arapotiyu_, or
the morning: for in the Guarany tongue _ara_ signifies _day_, _poti_ the
_flower_, and _yu_ whatever is _yellow_ or _golden_; so that by the
golden flower of day they express the morning. And from this _morning_
we discovered that the _sun_, Captain Roy, the principal cacique of the
vicinity, was the youth's father. For whatever questions I put to him,
he quietly answered, and said, that his father was occupied in hunting,
not far distant. "Come then," said I, joyfully, "conduct us to him as
quickly as possible." To this the youth willingly assented, keeping
close to my side the whole way. Having proceeded through the woods for
the space of an hour, we beheld an emaciated old man, armed with an
immense knife, and creeping at a snail's pace, accompanied by two youths
(his son and a captive) furnished with a bundle of arrows. The Indian
Christians who were with us bent their bows and the points of their
arrows to the ground, to testify friendship, on approaching him; one of
the more aged of my companions kissed the left cheek of the cacique, as
a sign of peace, and explaining the reason of our coming, said, "God
save thee, brother! See, we are come to visit you as friends, for we
think you akin to us. And this father-priest, whom we attend, is the
minister of God himself. He teaches us, feeds us, clothes and tenderly
loves us; for when he buries our dead, wrapped in a white cloth, he
chaunts over us." My Indian would have spoken more, but the old man
interrupted him with an ironical and angry exclamation of _Hindo!_
repeated several times. He vehemently denied that any relationship
existed between them, and regarded us with the most wrathful aspect,
supposing us to be Spanish or Brazilian Portugueze Indian-hunters. Then
addressing himself to me, he angrily said, "You are come in vain,
father-priest: we don't want a father-priest. St. Thomas long ago prayed
enough for our land. All kind of fruits grow in plenty here." For the
rude savage thought the presence of a priest useful only in procuring
fertility to the soil. "Granting," I replied, "that St. Thomas was
formerly in your territories, yet whatever he taught your ancestors of
the Supreme Deity and his laws has long since escaped your memories. I
am ready to repeat his instructions. But, bless me, good old man, why do
we stand talking in the mud? why don't we sit down on the trunk of the
tree, which is out of the swamp?" Accordingly we sat down, and I
detailed to him the occasion and the hardships of my long journey. To
win the good-will of the surly old man, I ordered a choice piece of
roast meat to be brought him, which he greedily seized and devoured. His
hunger appeased, his jealous mind began to soften, and I tried all ways
to find an entrance to his heart. To this end, I offered him some snuff,
but pushing it from him with both hands, he answered, "_Aquihiye_," I
fear it, supposing it magical powder, possessed of the power of
charming. I then opened to him my design of visiting his horde, but he
argued it to be impossible. "My residence," says he, "is very far
distant from hence. Three rivers, as many marshes, and the worst
possible roads intervene." "By this argument," answered I, "you can
never divert me from my purpose, who, after a journey of so many days,
have succeeded in overcoming so many rivers and marshes, and such
woods." "But you must know," opposed the old man, "that my health is not
very good, and that I feel myself unequal to the journey." "I can easily
believe that," was my answer, "when I am daily made sensible of my own
ailments. And no wonder: the badness of the weather, the copious rains,
the wet forest, the muddy roads, the long marsh, which I crossed up to
the knees in water, the steep mountains which I ascended, the want of
food, and the continued walking from day-break till past mid-day, how
could they fail to produce ill health? But though we are thus
debilitated, yet I think we have strength enough left to carry us to
your home, where we can rest ourselves. We will take it easily: let
those who are stouter go before; we that are infirm will follow slowly
after." "You would keep away from my dwelling," answered the old man,
"if you knew the peril that awaits you there. My countrymen are of an
evil disposition; they want to slay, slay, slay all strangers." "Though
your countrymen," answered I, laughing, "resemble your portrait ever so
accurately, I need feel no apprehension on that account. With you, the
terror of the vicinity far and near, with one so illustrious for valour
and great deeds as you, for our friend and protector, what mortal durst
attempt to injure us? With you at our side we will fear nothing." By
this apparent confidence, by these praises, I won the old man's heart,
and found him my friend. In a cheerful tone, he exclaims "It is well!"
and orders the two youths to hasten home forthwith. "Tell our
countrymen," says he, "that a father-priest is here, who makes much of
me, and a company of Indians who affirm that they are of our blood.
Charge the women not to be frightened at the stranger's approach, but to
sweep the house diligently, according to my particular desire." About
sweeping the house, thought I to myself, I care little; but that the
savages might possibly take it into their heads to discharge all their
quivers of arrows upon us, that was indeed a reflexion that disturbed me
not a little.

Away went the messengers like the wind. The old cacique and I pursued
their footsteps at a slower pace, beguiling the inclemency of the
weather and the asperities of the journey by familiar conversation; and
whilst the majority of Europeans were feasting luxuriously, (for it was
the third day of the carnival,) _we_, sitting on the margin of a river,
restored our exhausted strength by a draught of cold water. About
sun-set, the vast hut I described appeared in view. A crowd of the
natives, fitted out with bows and arrows, and crowned with parrots'
feathers, attended our arrival and addressed us with the usual
salutation _Ereyupa_, Now thou art come: to which I returned the
accustomed _Ayù anga_, Now I am come. One of them approached me, and, as
if angry with himself for having forgotten his crown, ran back for it,
and returned with it on to greet me. As I was standing with some of my
companions at the door of the house, there arose a mighty trepidation
amongst the women and children. "There is nothing at all to be afraid
of, dear sisters," said the eldest of my Indians. "You see before you
your relations, the descendants of your ancestors. Not one of us
harbours an evil thought towards you. I am the chief and director of
them all." "What the old man has told you," said I, "is perfectly true.
No one present is evilly disposed towards you but myself. I am a
terrible fellow; for" (putting on a fierce countenance and uttering a
hiss) "at one mouthful I intend to devour two or three children." This
pleasantry changed all their terror into laughter. The women returned to
their stations, and with one accord entreated me to enter the house.
"You will never persuade me to that," replied I. "I see you have dogs
and whelps amongst you, and where dogs are there must fleas be also: now
there is nothing I dread so much as fleas, because they are disturbers
of sleep, which, after the fatigues of a long journey, I feel myself
sorely in want of. But I will not go far from your residence. In this
open spot, where I may see and be seen by all, I am resolved to station
myself." And truly, for the sake both of decorum and security, I spent
three days and nights in the open air, though the weather was
occasionally rainy.

The same evening I hinted to the Cacique Roy, that I wished to see all
the inhabitants of the place assembled in one spot, that I might address
them, and present them with suitable gifts. My wishes were immediately
gratified. They sat around me in such modesty and silence that I seemed
to behold statues instead of men. To awaken their attention I played for
some time on the viol d'amour. Now, though I think myself the very worst
of musicians, yet in these woods I was pronounced an Orpheus by my
auditors, who had never heard a better or a worse performer than myself,
or indeed any other music whatever, except that which they produce with
rattling gourds together. I then addressed the assembly to the following
effect: "I do not repent the long journey I have taken, the rivers and
marshes I have crossed, the troubles which I have undergone, now that I
see you well and kindly disposed towards me. My errand is to render you
happy; your friend I am in all sincerity. Suffer me then to declare
candidly what I feel with respect to you. I lament and pity your lot,
which has buried you amid the shades of woods, ignorant alike of the
beauties of the world and of God their creator. I know you pronounce the
name of God; but how he must be worshipped, what he forbids, what he
ordains, what he promises to the good, and what threatens to the evil,
that ye know not: nor, unless taught by a priest, can ye ever learn it,
miserable while ye live, and most miserable hereafter when ye die." Here
I briefly explained the principal heads of religion with what plainness
I could. As I discussed these things, they all listened very
attentively, except that the boys laughed a little when I made mention
of hell fire. The old man also, when he heard from me that marriage with
relations was forbidden, exclaimed, "Thou sayest well, father; such
marriages are abominable, but this we know already." From which I
discovered that incestuous connexions seemed more execrable to these
savages than murder or robbery. Just as I was about to finish my speech,
I eyed the congregation more attentively, and cried out, like one
astounded, "Alas! in all this numerous assembly I see very, very few of
an advanced age; but the reason is manifest. The daily miseries which
surround you ruin your constitutions, and bring on a premature death.
With naked limbs you daily suffer the injuries of the weather. Your
roofs, pervious to every wind, how little do they defend you! Whole days
you traverse the woods like famished wild beasts, the chase at last
often fruitless, your subsistence fortuitous, what wonder then if
continual solicitude about your maintenance harasses your minds? Not to
mention the constant risk to which your lives are exposed from the claws
of tigers, the bites of serpents, and the weapons and teeth of enemies.
Nay, setting aside these things, a soil always damp, as I find yours to
be, swarming with gnats and other insects, must unquestionably prove the
nursery of diseases. And what hope can the invalid entertain of
recovering his health in this your solitude, far from medicine or
medical advice? For those whom you call physicians are impostors, fitter
for cheating than curing you. From such inconveniences and perils, the
Indians your brothers are almost free, who, assembled in one town,
conform their lives to the commandments of God and the regulations of
the priests. How many old men might you meet with there! Nor need you
wonder that the majority extend their lives to the extremity of age,
when such and so many assistances are supplied them in the city, of the
highest efficacy in prolonging life. In the town separate dwellings are
marked out for each, not indeed always the most splendid, but fortified
against the vicissitudes of the weather. A suitable portion of beef is
every day awarded gratuitously to each. With corn, fruit and vegetables
they are commonly well enough supplied from their own land. Every year
new clothes are distributed to each. Knives, axes, glass-beads, and
similar ornaments, are given as presents. Skilful physicians are night
and day in attendance on the sick, who carefully provide them with food
prepared in the father's dwelling, and with fit medicine, as occasion
requires. If any of you think I have made a greater boast of these
things than truth warrants, see before you stand Indian Christians, your
brothers, and my companions and clients, of whom the greater part were
born and brought up in woods like yourselves, and now, for many years
back, have lived under my authority in St. Joachim. Cast your eyes on
their garments. Enquire from them the mode of life which exists amongst
us. You will quickly learn that they are contented with their lot, and
think themselves most happy in every point of view. They have been what
you are now; and you have it in your power to be what they now are. Do
not deny yourselves this felicity. Consider whether it be expedient to
immure yourselves in dusky woods, the prey of successive calamities, and
final death. It rests with you to act conformably to my good
instructions. With open arms we will receive you as friends receive
friends, and without delay make you our fellow townsmen. To propose this
to you, and persuade you to accept it, I have taken a long and, as you
know yourselves, a most difficult journey, urged by my love and yearning
towards you;—but no more need be said on this subject."

To add weight to my oration, I presented each of my auditors with
trifling gifts,—little knives, scissors, hooks, axes, mirrors, rings,
ear-rings, and necklaces of glass-beads. I seemed to have borne down all
before me, because I had mingled my oration with a copious largess. For
it passes belief with what significations of joy and good-will towards
me, on the breaking up of the assembly, each retired to his quarters. In
a little while, Cacique Roy, to testify his gratitude, offered me some
loaves, prepared, he said, on my account, by his old wife. These loaves
were round, made of maize, thin, baked under the hot ashes, which they
resembled in colour, and, in a word, so disagreeable that their very
sight would disgust the most hungry European. Nevertheless, to temporize
as much as might be, I praised the skill of the baker, and their great
disposition to gratify me; and taking them in one hand, returned them
pleasantly with the other, adding, that it would please me highly if his
children would feast on these dainties to celebrate my arrival. The old
man approved my counsel, and took back the loaves with the same joy as
he had brought them. Strangers must indeed be cautious how they receive
food offered by savages, who are very skilful in mixing it with poison,
and though officious, always to be feared, as regarding other tribes
with an hostile eye. Cacique Roy had a little house for himself and
family separate from the rest; yet during the three days we spent with
them, he passed the night in that vast dwelling I have named, whether
anxious for the safety of his own subjects or of us, I know not. We
spent our nights in the open air in the middle of the dwellings of the
savages. I cautioned my men to sleep and watch by turns, lest we should
be surprised in our sleep by the designs of many. But there was not a
symptom or occasion of fear on either side, though the suspicion of
danger never left us. On the following day, I sent four chosen men of my
associates, with Arapotiyu, to slaughter an ox, which I had left at a
distance, and bring its flesh to make a feast for the savages. Nothing
could have been devised better calculated to raise their spirits; for
the Americans never rejoice with more heartfelt glee, nor pay a more
prompt obedience, than when their stomachs are full of beef. The Cacique
had a pleasure in spending many hours of the day in familiar
conversation with me. He told me ingenuously, that both he and his
distrusted the Spaniards and Portugueze in every thing. To conciliate
therefore his confidence and good-will towards me, I declared that I was
neither a Spaniard nor a Portugueze. Which circumstance being strongly
urged by me, the Cacique told all his hordesmen that I was neither of
Spanish nor Portugueze extraction, which had the utmost effect in
tightening the new chain of friendship and good-will towards me which
bound their savage minds. I must here relate a circumstance which I
cannot write without a blush, nor can it, I think, be read without a
smile. As the Cacique was smoking tobacco through a reed, he opened at
once his intentions and his ignorance to my Indians who were sitting
with him. "I have conceived an affection," says he, "for our father,
seeing for certain that he is not a Spaniard, and should like to enjoy
his company as long as I live. Now I have a daughter, the prettiest girl
in the world, and I am resolved to marry her to the father, that he may
always stay in our family. This intention I have just broke to my wife,
and she is of the same mind as myself." On hearing this foolish speech
of the old man's, my Indians could not refrain from laughing; and being
asked the cause, replied, "that the fathers always live celibate, and
are interdicted from marriage by the most sacred law." The old man was
thunderstruck; "_An eyrae!_" he exclaimed, with his tobacco reed
suspended in the air, "what strange thing is this you tell me?" His
astonishment was mingled with sighs, for he grieved that he could not
accomplish his wishes. This ridiculous conversation I overheard walking
behind among the trees, but dissembling my knowledge, asked my Indians,
what the sudden laugh meant; but they were ashamed to repeat to me the
Cacique's absurd proposal, and blushing held their peace. It is
observable amongst the Guarany Indians, that if many are asked at once,
no one answers. I therefore asked one of them separately, who related to
me the whole conversation. I thanked the Cacique for his kind intentions
towards me, and told him that I and all priests professed that kind of
life which excludes wedlock altogether; but that though I could not be
his son-in-law, he should always find me his most sincere friend, and,
if he wished it, his companion and instructor in Christianity. When he
had heard this he redoubled his astonishment and his declarations of
affection.

Immediately on my entering the savage horde the preceding day, I had
asked them to despatch messengers to acquaint the neighbouring Caciques
of our arrival, and exhort them to visit us there. The next day about
noon the armed savages arrived in great numbers with their families. Two
Caciques led the troop. The first, who was called Veraripochiritù,
equalled in height and fullness of body the length of his name, a man
remarkable for nothing but gentleness and docility. His son, a handsome
boy of ten years old, had all his face painted with small black stars.
"You think," said I, "to adorn your face with these stars, but you have
disfigured it most wretchedly. Come, behold yourself in this mirror."
Having looked at his face a little while, he hastened to some water to
wash it, and he, who with his naked limbs, had just before come to me a
perfect Pyracmon, when he had wiped off the soot, seemed transformed
into a Daphnis. I presented them all with the accustomed trifles,
conversed familiarly with each, and very frequently with their Cacique
Veraripochiritù, whom I found particularly disposed to our worship. The
other Cacique, who appeared with his troop, was Tupanchichù, a man
scarce forty years old, handsome and well made, but destitute of that
fairness of face and candour of mind which the others boasted. Arrogant,
crafty, and designing; under a placid countenance and a perilous suavity
of speech, he contrived to cover his cherished purpose of slaying us,
which was, however, discovered by others. On coming up he seated himself
with me, and demanded, in an imperative tone, a portion of the herb of
Paraguay. Some friendly interrogations having passed on both sides, I
seized a favourable opportunity of discoursing on the Deity. "We already
know," he observed, "that there is some one who dwells in heaven." To
this I returned, "that God was the supreme creator and ruler; that he
was a tender loving father, most worthy of our hearts and adorations;
that it behoved them long ago to have known and understood what pleased
and what displeased him." "Tell me, I pray you," said he, "what _does_
displease God." "He abhors," I rejoined, "and terribly punishes
adulteries, uncleannesses, lies, calumnies, thefts, homicides." "What,"
he enquired, interrupting me, with a haughty look, "does not God permit
us to slay our enemies? Should we be such fools as not to defend
ourselves against those that seek our lives? Such has been my custom if
any one threatened mine." I endeavoured to convince the fanatical
casuist of his error, and to instil into him a horror of human
slaughter, with what success I know not. At that time I learnt from good
authority, that this barbarous Cacique, who was feared by the whole
neighbourhood as a formidable juggler, displayed in his tent an heap of
sculls, whose former possessors he had taken off, partly by poison
partly by violence.

At last the Caciques made a final resolve, and entreated me to get a
colony founded for them in their native land, like those which the other
Indian Christians had obtained. I consented to their wishes with the
more pleasure, from perceiving the opportunities of seeking out other
savages in the remoter forests, which a settlement in the woods of
Mbaeverà would afford. Tupanchichù, though averse to the worship of
Christ, durst not oppose the other two Caciques, men of more weight than
himself as well from their age, as from the number of their adherents.
He cunningly therefore pretended to assent, that he might the more
certainly overturn the design of founding a colony. After having spent
three days with them, I told them all that I intended to depart the next
day, but that when I had procured cattle, and other necessaries for
building and preserving the town, I would immediately return. To testify
their good-will the Caciques made their sons accompany me to my town.
The hypocritical Tupanchichù having no son grown up, associated with me
his wife's brother, a youth of surpassing comeliness. Four sons of
Cacique Roy came with me; Arapotiyu, the eldest, Avarendi, the second,
and two who were yet boys; Gatò, a young captive of the Cacique's, also
attended us. To these were added some married men, so that, altogether,
eighteen savages accompanied us on our way. The Spaniards, whom we met
advancing, when they saw me accompanied by so many naked savages, armed
with bundles of arrows, and adorned with crowns of parrot feathers,
after their first panic had subsided, paid me liberal applauses and
congratulations. Finally we entered St. Joachim in triumph, and were
hailed by the festive acclamations of the inhabitants. Our Indian guests
were liberally treated, clothed, and largely gifted with knives, axes,
glass-beads, and other trifles. After resting fourteen days they were
sent back to their woods, attended by some of my Indians, Arapotiyu
excepted. This youth, from the time when he first met me, would never
suffer himself to be separated from my side. Having for some months
tried his constancy and his acquaintance with every thing pertaining to
Christian worship, I baptized, and, not long after, united him in
marriage, according to the Christian rites. Though a new inhabitant of
our city he surpassed in every kind of virtue, and he might have been
taken for an old disciple of Christianity. His lamentations knew no end,
when by the royal summons we were recalled to Europe, amid the tears of
all the Indian colonies. The captive Gatò also remained with us in the
city fully contented with his situation, and behaving so well that his
conduct obtained him baptism and Christian wedlock. But not many months
after he died of a slow disease.

Our Indians, returning from the woods of Mbaeverà, brought news that the
quinsy was raging among the savages; that the jugglers, especially
Tupanchichù, endeavoured to persuade the ignorant multitude that this
pest was introduced by us, in order to inspire them with a hatred of the
Christians. I immediately despatched letters to my provincial, in which
I informed him of my journey, the savages I had discovered, and the
intended foundation of a settlement. He approved my design, and when my
return to the savages drew near, supplied my room in the town of St.
Joachim with another father. The royal governour, also, D. Joseph
Martinez Fontes, was made acquainted with what had been done and what
was further intended, and requested to invest me with the power of
founding the colony. But, alas! the devil interrupted this prosperous
course of affairs, by means of two of his agents, the inhuman
Tupanchichù and an opulent Spaniard. Attend and shudder at the detail of
their villainy. An unexpected messenger arrives from Mbaeverà with the
news that Cacique Roy had died of eating poisoned potatoes, administered
by Tupanchichù, who, not content with the murder of the old Cacique, had
attempted the life of his widow, that he might possess himself of the
knives and other iron implements which her husband had left. This woman,
despairing of safety in the forest, betook herself to the town with her
family. The mother having been well instructed in the rudiments of the
Christian doctrine, was baptized on the same day with her eight children
and a single captive, to the great comfort of the by-standers;—as for
_me_, my joy can scarcely be conceived. Though the iniquitous deed of
Tupanchichù is worthy of universal execration, yet still more detestable
appears the memory of that man who, actuated by the base desire of
self-aggrandizement, dared to frustrate the colony we had in agitation.

This man, a Paraguayrian, but not of Spanish extraction, having amassed
great riches, principally from trading in the herb of Paraguay, required
a multitude of slaves to manage his concerns; and when he understood
that numerous hordes of savages were discovered by me in the woods of
Mbaeverà, and that a colony was to be built there, he conceived a design
of transferring these savages, by some means or other, to his estate
that he might use them instead of negroes who stood him at a great
price. To this end, he selected men, versed in the Guarany tongue, to
persuade the savages to that which he desired, directing them to gain
over, with large presents, whomsoever words failed of affecting. These
arts they put in practice, but without prevailing on a single man. And
truly it was madness to expect it of the wood Indians, who, from the
dread of slavery, shun the neighbourhood, yea the very shadow of the
Spaniards; and who, now that their settlement had been thoroughly
explored, began to despair of their safety—to fear lest that Spaniard,
whose service they were unwilling to embrace, should sometime despatch
an armed troop of soldiers to drive them into slavery and exile. This
danger being daily and nightly before their eyes, they at length
resolved to change their quarters and seek a retreat as distant as
possible from their present abode, and accordingly, having burnt their
hovels to ashes, they all migrated like runaways rather than travellers.

Being informed of this flight of the Indians, I set out thither with
forty Christians, among whom was Arapotiyu, who was thoroughly
acquainted with the circumjacent ways and woods. But after doing much
and suffering more, we effected nothing: and having traversed the banks
of the rivers Mondaỹ and Acaraỹ and the interjacent country, without
detecting a trace of man, we were forced to remeasure our sorrowful and
weary steps: which circumstance filled every honest breast with
unspeakable grief. The Spanish and Indian Christians burnt with
indignation against that man who had dared to devastate an harvest ripe
for the shearers, and ready for the granary of the church.

In endeavouring to make these savages slaves he hindered them from
becoming worshippers of the Supreme Being and disciples of Jesus Christ.
But divine providence took vengeance on his crimes.

He had a number of hired men employed in the woods of Mbaeverà, upon the
preparation of the herb tea, a great quantity of which, already
prepared, awaited the mules which were to convey it to the city.
Meanwhile it was kept in the hut of the Spanish labourers, an edifice
situated on the banks of the river Acaraỹ, which were covered with reeds
and tall grass. These were suddenly seized with an immense
conflagration, kindled by the savages. The superintendant, fearing for
his magazine, in order to extinguish the approaching flame, despatched
eighteen of his comrades—to perish in the same conflagration; for a
sudden blast of wind inflamed the whole surface so quickly that the
Spaniards beheld themselves encircled with fire without an outlet left
for their escape. Some leapt into the marshes, but they were almost
dry;—some plunged into the mud, but all their endeavours were vain. They
were not absolutely burnt, but suffocated, scorched and roasted, their
garments, in general, remaining unhurt. The same evening thirteen
miserably perished; the next day three more; the other two came to a
still more wretched, because a more protracted end. The spies of the
savages witnessed this destruction of the Spaniards, but afar off, lest
themselves should be hurt; now more daring, from having perceived the
fewness of the Spaniards, one, armed with arrows and a club, stole into
the Spanish hut where only one man remained. "So," said the savage with
a stern aspect, "you have dared to enter these woods, which were never
yours! Know ye not that this is our hereditary soil? Are ye not content
with having injuriously usurped immense tracts and innumerable woods,
spite of the vain opposition of our ancestors? Should any one of _us_
attempt _your_ domains, would he return alive? No: and we will imitate
your example. If, therefore, you are wise, if life is dear to you,—haste
away,—advise your countrymen cautiously to shun our woods, unless they
would be the cause of their own deaths." During this menacing speech the
Spaniard remained silent, pale with expectation of the mortal stroke. To
save his life, he offered, with a trembling hand, knives, axes, garments
and other trifles within his reach; pacified by which the savage
returned to his comrades who lurked hard by. The Spaniard, deeming any
stay in these quarters extremely perilous, ran off, leaving, to its own
fate, many thousand pounds of ready made tea.

I shall here record another excursion to the savages, which, though
completed in less time than the former, was productive of more
advantage. A company of Spaniards were employed in preparing the herb of
Paraguay on the southern banks of the river Empalado. The trees from
which these leaves were plucked failing, they commissioned three men to
seek for the tree in request beyond the river. By accident they lit upon
a hovel and a field of maize, from which they falsely conjectured that
the wood was full of savage hordes. This occurrence affected them all
with such fear, that, suspending the business upon which they were
engaged, they kept within their huts, like snails in their shells, and
spent day and night in dread of hostile aggression. To deliver them from
this state of fear, a messenger was sent to St. Joachim, requiring us to
search for the savages abiding there, and to remove them, when found, to
our colony. I applied myself to the task without shrinking, and on the
day of St. John the Evangelist commenced my travels, accompanied by
forty Indians. Having taken a guide from the Spanish hut, and crossed
the river Empalado, we carefully explored all the woods and the banks of
the river Mondaỹ-mir̂i, and discovering at length, on the third day, a
human footstep, we traced it to a little dwelling, where an old woman
with her son and daughter, a youth and maiden of twenty and fifteen
years of age, had lived many years. Being asked where the other Indians
were to be found, the mother replied that no mortal besides herself and
her two children survived in these woods; that all the rest, who had
occupied this neighbourhood, had died long ago of the small-pox.
Perceiving me doubtful as to the correctness of her statement, the son
observed, "You may credit my mother in her assertion without scruple;
for I myself have traversed these woods far and near in search of a
wife, but could never meet with a single human being." Nature had taught
the young savage that it was not lawful to marry his sister. I exhorted
the old mother to migrate as fast as possible to my town, promising that
both she and her children should be more comfortably situated. She
declared herself willing to accept my invitation, to which there was
only one objection. "I have," says she, "three boars which have been
tamed from their earliest age. They follow us wherever we go, and I am
afraid, if they are exposed to the sun in a dry plain, unshaded by
trees, they will immediately perish." "Pray be no longer anxious on this
account," replied I; "depend upon it I shall treat these dear little
animals with due kindness. When the sun is hot, we will find shade
wherever we are. Lakes, rivers, or marshes will be always at hand to
cool your favourites." Induced by these promises, she agreed to go with
us. And setting out the next day we reached the town in safety on the
first of January. And now it will be proper to give a cursory account of
the mother and her offspring. Their hut consisted of the branches of the
palm-tree, their drink of muddy water. Fruits, antas, fawns, rabbits,
and various birds, maize, and the roots of the _mandiò_ tree afforded
them food; a cloth woven of the leaves of the _caraquatà_, their bed and
clothing. They delighted in honey, which abounds in the hollow trees of
the forest. The smoke of tobacco the old woman inhaled, night and day,
through the reed to which was affixed a little wooden vessel, like a
pan. The son constantly chewed tobacco leaves reduced to powder. Shells
sharpened at a stone or split reeds served them for knives. The youth,
who catered for his mother and sister, carried in his belt two pieces of
iron, the fragment of some old broken knife, about as broad and long as
a man's thumb, inserted in a wooden handle, and bound round with wax and
thread. With this instrument he used to fashion arrows with great
elegance, make wooden gins to take antas, perforate trees which seemed
likely to contain honey, and perform other things of this kind. There
being no clay to make pots of, they had fed, all their lives, on roasted
meat instead of boiled. The leaves of the herb of Paraguay they only
steeped in cold water, having no vessel to boil it in. To show how
scanty their household furniture was, mention must be made of their
clothes. The youth wore a cloak of the thread of the caraquatà, reaching
from his shoulders to his knees, his middle being girded with little
cords, from which hung a gourd full of the tobacco dust which he chewed.
A net of coarser thread was the mother's bed by night and her only
garment by day. The girl in like manner wore a short net by day in which
she slept at night. This appearing to me too transparent, I gave her a
cotton towel to cover her more effectually. The girl folding up the
linen cloth into many folds, placed it on her head to defend her from
the heat of the sun, but at the desire of the Indians wrapped it round
her. I made the youth, too, wear some linen wrappers, which in my
journey I had worn round my head as a defence against the gnats. Before
this, he had climbed the highest trees like a monkey to pluck from
thence food for his pigs, but his bandages impeded him like fetters, so
that he could scarcely move a step. In such extreme need, in such penury
I found them, experiencing the rigours of ancient anchorites, without
discontent, vexation, or disease.

My three wood Indians wore their hair dishevelled, cropped, and without
a bandage. The youth neither had his lip perforated, nor his head
crowned with parrot feathers. The mother and daughter had no ear-rings,
though the former wore round her neck a cord from which depended a small
heavy piece of wood, of a pyramidal shape, so that by their mutual
collision they made a noise at every step. At first sight I asked the
old woman whether she used this jingling necklace to frighten away the
gnats; and I afterwards substituted a string of beautifully coloured
glass-beads, in place of these wooden weights. The mother and son were
tall and well-looking, but the daughter had so fair and elegant a
countenance, that a poet would have taken her for one of the nymphs or
dryads, and any European might safely call her beautiful. She united a
becoming cheerfulness with great courtesy, and did not seem at all
alarmed at our arrival, but rather enlivened. She laughed heartily at
_our_ Guarany, and we, on the other hand, at _her's_. For as this
insulated family had no intercourse with any but themselves, their
language was most ridiculously corrupted. The youth had never seen a
female except his mother and sister, nor any male but his father. The
girl had seen no woman but her mother nor any man but her brother, her
father having been torn to pieces by a tiger before she was born. To
gather the fruits that grew on the ground or on the trees, and wood for
fuel, the dexterous girl ran over the forest tangled as it was with
underwood, reeds, and brambles, by which she had her feet wretchedly
scratched. Not to go unattended, she commonly had a little parrot on her
shoulder, and a small monkey on her arm, unterrified by the tigers that
haunt that neighbourhood. The new proselytes were quickly clothed in the
town, and served with the daily allowance of food before the rest. I
also took care they should take frequent excursions to the neighbouring
woods, to enjoy the shade and pleasant freshness of the trees, to which
they had been accustomed. For we found by experience, that savages
removed to towns often waste away from the change of food and air, and
from the heat of the sun, which powerfully affects their frames,
accustomed, as they have been from infancy, to moist, cool, shady
groves. The same was the fate of the mother, son, and daughter in our
town. A few weeks after their arrival they were afflicted with a
universal heaviness and rheum, to which succeeded a pain in the eyes and
ears, and, not long after, deafness. Lowness of spirits, and disgust to
food at length wasted their strength to such a degree that an incurable
consumption followed. After languishing some months, the old mother, who
had been properly instructed in the Christian religion and baptized,
delivered up her spirit, with a mind so calm, so acquiescent with the
divine will, that I cannot doubt but that she entered into a blessed
immortality. The girl, who had entered the town full of health and
beauty, soon lost all resemblance to herself. Enfeebled, withering by
degrees like a flower, her bones hardly holding together, she at length
followed her mother to the grave, and, if I be not much deceived, to
Heaven. Her brother still surviving was attacked by the same malady that
proved fatal to his mother and sister, but being of a stronger
constitution overcame it. The measles, which made great havoc in the
town, left him so confirmed in health that there seemed nothing to be
feared in regard to him. He was of a cheerful disposition, went to
church regularly, learnt the doctrines of Christianity with diligence,
was gentle and compliant to all, and in every thing discovered marks of
future excellence. Nevertheless, to put his perseverance to the proof, I
thought it best to delay his baptism a little. At this time an Indian
Christian, a good man and rich in land, who, at my orders, had received
this catechumen into his house, came to me and said, "My father, our
wood Indian is in perfect health of body, but seems to have gone a
little astray in mind: he makes no complaints, but says that sleep has
deserted him, his mother and sister appearing to him every night in a
vision, saying, in a friendly tone, 'Suffer thyself, I pray thee, to be
baptized. We shall return to take thee away, when thou dost not expect
it.' This vision, he says, takes away his sleep." "Tell him," answered
I, "to be of good heart, for that the melancholy remembrance of his
mother and sister, with whom he has lived all his life, is the probable
cause of these dreams, and that they, as I think, are gone to Heaven,
and have nothing more to do with this world." A few days after, the same
Indian returns, giving the same account as before, and with confirmed
suspicions respecting the fearful delirium of our new Christian.
Suspecting there was something in it, I immediately hastened to his
house, and found him sitting. On my enquiring how he felt himself,
"Well," he replied, smiling, "and entirely free from pain;" but added,
that he got no sleep at night owing to the appearance of his mother and
sister, admonishing him to hasten his baptism, and threatening to take
him away unexpectedly. He told me over and over again, with his usual
unreservedness, that this prevented him from getting any rest. I thought
it probable that this was a mere dream, and worthy, on that account, of
neglect. Mindful, however, that dreams have often been divine
admonitions and the oracles of God, as appears from Holy Writ, it seemed
advisable, in a matter of such moment, to consult both the security and
tranquillity of the catechumen. Being assured of his constancy, and of
his acquaintance with the chief heads of religion by previous
interrogatories, I soon after baptized him with the name of Lewis. This
I did on the 23d of June, the eve of St. John, about the hour of ten in
the morning. On the evening of the same day, without a symptom of
disease or apoplexy, he quietly expired.

This event, a fact well known to the whole town, and which I am ready to
attest on oath, astonished every one. I leave my reader to form his own
opinion; but in my mind I could never deem the circumstance merely
accidental. To the exceeding compassion of the Almighty I attribute it
that these three Indians were discovered by me in the unknown recesses
of the woods; that they so promptly complied with my exhortations to
enter my town, and embrace Christianity; and that they closed their
lives after receiving baptism. The remembrance of my expedition to the
river Empalado, though attended with so many hardships and dangers, is
still most grateful to my heart, inasmuch as it proved highly fortunate
to the three wood Indians and advantageous to the Spaniards. These last,
having been certified by me, that, upon the immense tracts of woodland
here mentioned, not a vestige of the savages remained, collected, during
the three years they stayed, many hundred thousand pounds of the herb of
Paraguay, from which they derived an amazing profit. Thus much on the
Guarany towns of Taruma. If on this subject I appear to have written too
much, let the reader be told that I have passed over many memorable
things in silence.

The most recent colony in the jurisdiction of Paraguay, called Belen, is
situated on the banks of the Ypaneguazù, to the north of Asumpcion. It
was built in 1760 for Indians of the savagest kind, called Guaycurus or
Mbayas. They are very expert horsemen, large and generally tall, hostile
in the highest degree to the Spaniards, full of the absurdest
superstition and arrogance, and, as appears from their clothing and
manners, ignorant of the very name of modesty. Their only care is that
of their horses and arms, in the management of which their skill is
admirable. War, or more correctly pillage, is the occupation they reckon
most honourable. In 1745, they laid waste the lands of Paraguay, with
exceeding pertinacity. The greater part of the province was more
employed in regretting the slaughters and the rapine, than in preventing
them, nor could they devise any remedy for the evil. The soldiers were
now baffled by their swiftness, now unexpectedly surprized by their
designs, and now discomfited by their powerful assaults. The savages,
elated by the daily victories they had gained for many years, could
neither be restrained by the arms of the Spaniards nor appeased by fair
words. At last, in the sixteenth year of the present century, the
desired peace was at length brought about, and a colony founded in the
place above-mentioned. To found and govern this, Father Joseph Sanchez
Labrador was happily chosen. He spared no labour in learning the
difficult language of the savages, and in bringing them round to
civilization and christianity, both by daily instruction and by
kindness. Would that the Father's diligence and patience had obtained a
corresponding reward! The little grandson of the Cacique Epaguini, who
presided over the colony, many infants, and, some adults whose lives
were despaired of, received baptism; but the rest did little else than
wander over the plains. Their fidelity, however, seems above all praise;
for, after the conclusion of the peace, they never formed any design
hostile to the Spaniards, who, whilst they feared the Mbayas as enemies,
and remembered the slaughter they had sustained, promised mountains of
gold for the maintenance of their colony; but when their fears subsided,
they began to supply them sparingly, or at least tardily, with those
things deemed necessary for living in a town, so that the proselytes
would have died of hunger had not the fruit of the palm-tree and wild
animals supplied the want of beef. Countless and incredible are the
labours, cares, hardships, and perils even of their lives, with which
Father Joseph Sanchez and his companions, Juan Garzia, and Manuel Duran,
were harassed for many years. Duran, the person last named, was intended
to begin a new colony for the Guañas or Chañas, a pedestrian tribe,
subject to the Mbayas, exceedingly numerous on both sides the Paraguay.
Being skilful agriculturists, they have already begun to cultivate the
grounds and to raise themselves crops on the eastern shore of the
Paraguay. In a soil so fertile, so opportune for the discovery of new
nations, great progress in the Christian cause was expected from this
docile, and populous nation. But he who had long employed himself in the
foundation of the colony, when, with incredible labour, he had collected
the necessaries for its preservation and completion, was summoned with
his associates back to Europe.

Having now mentioned the Indian colonies within the domains of Paraguay,
we will proceed to the other peculiarities of the province.

Notwithstanding the heat of the climate, the soil of Paraguay abounds in
the most useful productions: cotton, the sugar cane, tobacco, honey,
maize, mandioc, various kinds of pulse, potatoes of different sorts,
medicinal plants, colours, frankincense, divers species of gums,
balsams, palms, towering cedars, and other trees, both those that bear
fruit, and those that serve for building of ships, houses, and waggons;
it moreover abounds in horses, mules, oxen, and sheep. There is no
vestige of metals or precious stones in this country, as the early
Spaniards imagined. Parrots, monkeys of various kinds, antas, stags,
deer, tamanduas, tigers, and lions: choice fish, emus, partridges, dogs,
crocodiles, capibaris, and huge tortoises, are every where to be found
in astonishing numbers. The countless myriads of serpents, snakes, ants,
and other reptiles and insects, evidently noxious, we shall fully treat
of hereafter. The production peculiar to this province, and consequently
by much the most profitable, is the Herb of Paraguay; of the production,
preparation, nature, use, and price of which I am now going to treat.

The leaves cut from the tree _Caà_, and parched at a slow fire, got the
name of the Herb of Paraguay, from a sort of resemblance to the herb
tea, which, like itself, is drunk infused in boiling water. The tree
_caà_ grows no where spontaneously but in woods about two hundred
leagues from the city of Asumpcion. Like reeds, it thrives best in a
moist swampy soil. In form and foliage, except that the leaves are
softer, it resembles the orange tree, but far exceeds it in size. Its
flowers are small and white, with a calyx composed of five leaflets. The
seed is very like American pepper, except that three or four small
whitish, oblong kernels appear beneath the skin. The boughs, which are
cut off from the trees with a bill, are parched for some time on beams
laid cross-wise over the fire; after which the leaves, with the smaller
twigs, are spread on the ground, and beat to powder with sticks. When
prepared by this less laborious method, it is called _yerba de palos_,
because it is composed of leaves and leaf-stems, and their fibres, which
are in a certain degree woody. An _arroba_ (which is twenty-five pounds)
of this herb, is sold in the forest for nearly two German florins; in
the city of Asumpcion, from the expense of carriage, the price is
double. The _caà-miri_ is sold at a double price, being prepared by our
Guaranies, with more labour and accuracy; for they carefully separate
and throw aside the leaf-stems and larger fibres. After parching the
leaves at a slow fire, they pound them gently in a wooden mortar, taking
care not to beat them too small. For the more entire they remain, the
more taste and smell they possess; if pulverized very small, they lose
both. _Caà-miri_ signifies the small herb, being made by the Indian
Guaranies of the tender parts of the leaves, the leaf-stems and all the
particles of wood being excluded; it is not, however, reduced to powder,
like that of the Spaniards. The herb, when properly prepared, exhales a
very pleasant fragrance, without the admixture of any thing else; but if
it be sprinkled with a little of the leaves or rind of the fruits of the
_quabira miri_, the odour is doubled, the flavour improved, and the
price increased. Add to this, that the herb is of a gummy nature, and in
parching it, care must be taken that it be not over-dried. Merchants,
when they would try the quality of the herb, put a little of it into the
palm of their hand, and blow upon it; when much of the herb flies off,
they judge it to be too high dried, and deprived of juice and virtue;
but when it adheres to the hand as if glued there by a natural gum, they
value it highly. In consequence of the bitterness natural to the herb,
it is drunk with sugar. The Indians, however, and the lower orders
amongst the Spaniards, drink it unmingled with any thing. Though the
_caà_ is only found in the remotest parts of Paraguay towards the N. E.,
it affords a beverage not only to the Paraguayans, but to the Peruvians
and the inhabitants of Chili, who never cease sipping it from morning to
night. This nectar of Paraguay is relished by every rank, age, and sex,
and is to them what chocolate, coffee, Chinese tea, and spirits are to
other nations. The herb, after having been conveyed on mules from the
remotest roads of Paraguay to the distant kingdoms of Peru and Chili,
from the difficulties of the journey, and the heavy tolls, which send
great returns to the royal treasury, is sold at its journey's end, at a
greatly increased price.

The vessel in which it is taken is made of a hide, or of a gourd split
in half, and, amongst the higher orders, plated all round with silver.
Into this vessel they put a common table spoonful of the herb, stir it
up for some time with sugar and cold water, and then pour the hot water
upon it. Many drop in the juice of a citron or lemon. The herb thus
prepared is strained through a silver pipe, annexed to which is a little
globe, finely punctured; this is done lest any particle of the herb,
which is noxious to the stomach, should slip down the throat with the
liquor. Others use a narrow wooden pipe or slender reed for this
purpose. The Indians, who are not in the habit of straining it, often
swallow unintentionally a quantity of the herb, green concrete balls of
which are sometimes said to be found in the bowels of the deceased.
However this may be, it is most certain, that the warm water in which
the herb has been steeped too long, cannot be drunk with safety to the
health. Water of this kind grows black, and is only used by ink makers
to deepen the blackness of their ink.

The moderate use of this herb is wholesome and beneficial in many ways.
For when taken with caution, it acts as a diuretic, provokes a gentle
perspiration, improves the appetite, speedily counteracts the languor
arising from the burning climate, and assuages both hunger and thirst,
especially if the herb be drunk with cold water without sugar. If any
one wishes to perspire freely, he needs no drug: let him drink an
infusion of this herb, as hot as possible, and then lie down. If his
stomach appear in want of an emetic, he has only to take the same herb
in tepid water. On the other hand, it cannot be doubted, that by the
immoderate and almost hourly use of this potation, the stomach is
weakened, and continual flatulence, with other diseases, brought on. I
have known many of the lower Spaniards who never spoke ten words without
applying their lips to the gourd containing the ready-made tea. If many
topers in Europe waste their substance by an immoderate use of wine and
other intoxicating liquors, there are no fewer in America who drink away
their fortunes in potations of the herb of Paraguay.

In the remotest forests, many thousands of men are employed unceasingly
in the preparation of this herb during every part of the year, and many
thousands of oxen are annually consumed in these labours. But who shall
number the multitude of mules, not only occupied in transporting the
herb, but destroyed by the asperities and the length of the journey?
Hence they who hire the labourers that collect the herb, who supply
oxen, mules, and the various iron implements, seldom grow rich, and they
who are hired for this business live amidst constant wretchedness. The
merchants who import it into Peru and Chili are the only gainers, and
their gains are immense. If in all Paraguay there are a few opulent men,
they have amassed their wealth from dealing in the Herb of Paraguay, and
in mules, which they export into Peru and Chili. The marketing of the
other Paraguayrian productions is attended with infinite labour, and
little or uncertain profit. I have often heard the Paraguayrians
complain of the scarcity of the _caà_ tree; but I must own their
lamentations always appeared to me very ridiculous, when they themselves
are the occasion of it. For when, after the usual manner, they ought
only to cut off the boughs, for the sake of a readier profit they fell
the trees themselves; this being very generally done, the trees are
yearly diminished in great numbers. The Indians, more provident, only
crop the superfluous and luxuriant boughs, the tree itself being left
alive and uninjured for succeeding years.

To spare time, expense, and labour, we planted the _caà_ within sight of
the Guarany Reductions, and from them, in a very short time, the largest
forests have arisen. If the Spanish agriculturists would but imitate
this piece of industry, how much would their fortunes be benefited! But
the planting of woods of this kind requires art, and patience, and the
labour of many hands. The seed of the _caà_ being exceedingly glutinous,
must be washed in water till that native gluten be thoroughly removed;
which if you neglect, your time will be lost, and your hopes frustrated.
The ground in which you mean to sow the prepared seed must be copiously
drenched with water, and almost rendered muddy. These premises having
been cautiously attended to, you may think yourself fortunate, if, at
the end of four months, any sign of germination appear; the seed being
sown very deep. While the plants are yet young, they must be
transplanted, and set at great and equal distances, lest one impede and
injure the other. A ditch, two feet deep and as many broad, must be dug,
to receive and retain the rain-water; and in the middle of each ditch
the plants are to be placed singly. As long as the plants are tender,
they must be defended against the hoarfrost and cutting south winds by a
little thatched tent. This is moreover indisputable, that the trees
which are planted and reared by human care, never grow so high as those
of nature's own setting in the forests. Those however which are planted
and cultivated by us, in three or four years time produce a plenteous
crop of leaves, so that the labour attending artificial woods is
sufficiently repaid by the after-profit. Woods are likewise sown by
various birds, which swallow with great avidity the seeds of the
herb-tree; these being, by reason of their natural gluten, indigestible,
pass through them, and falling into moist ground, become the daily
origin of new trees, and gradually of forests.

I have often been asked, why the herb of Paraguay is never exported to
Europe, and I have answered, on many accounts. In the first place, very
little more is prepared than suffices the Americans. If, moreover, the
Spaniards of Paraguay gasped after commerce and gain, they might export
not only this herb, but many other profitable commodities. Their ships,
especially in time of war, are few; their security none. Add to this,
that in a few years it spoils, and losing its original fragrance smells
like Russian shoe-leather; when in this state, it is used by the
Paraguayrians to die cloth black. The Europeans, moreover, having never
so much as tasted the herb, have no desire to fetch it from America,
which they would certainly do, if acquainted with its virtues. Oh! how I
burn with resentment whenever I read that the Jesuits monopolize the
herb of Paraguay! It has ever been free to all, without distinction, to
sell as well as to drink this much spoken of herb. There is no part of
the year that the Spaniards do not despatch to the cities of Corrientes,
Santa Fé, and Buenos-Ayres, many thousand pounds of it, thence to be
transported, in huge vessels, to the different ports of Tucuman, Peru,
and Chili, not one of the Jesuits daring to arrogate the right of
opposing them. The Indian Guaranies, inhabitants of the thirty-two
Reductions which were under our administration, only make the herb
_caà-miri_, selling it for the use of the higher orders. As the
preparation of it is much more laborious, it is entirely neglected by
the Spaniards, who confine themselves to the coarser herb _caà de
palos_; and the quantity of herb annually sold by the Spaniards exceeds
that disposed of by the Indians as much as the whole hand does the
little finger. For the Guarany towns are not permitted by the laws to
sell above a certain quantity; but the Spaniards are under no such
restriction. In most parts of Paraguay there is no currency of money,
and the herb is the usual medium of exchange. But of this trade we pay
an annual poll-tax in the Guarany towns, and are besides obliged to fit
out our churches, which are highly ornamented, and procure for our
Indians the necessary iron implements. Nor can the superintendents of
colleges, who exchange the cattle of their estates, and other natural
productions for the herb, and that again for implements, instead of
money, be justly accounted herb-merchants. For the founders of the
colleges did not leave estates paying rent, nor sums of money put out at
interest, as is usual in Europe, but plains and cattle of various kinds,
for the support of the members and the repairing of the dwellings and
churches. The productions of the estates and plains are there in the
place of money, with which necessaries are to be procured. This
exchange, which, unless we preferred dying of want, was absolutely
necessary, either ignorance or malice has designated trafficking. How
many and how ridiculous are the clamours that have been raised against
the Portugueze Jesuits by these lying pamphlets, because they sold sugar
brought them from Brazil, when, in fact, they had received no other
means of subsistence from the founders of their college!

We must now say something of the tobacco plant, in which the soil of
Paraguay is very fertile. This is sown both in the plains and woods, and
succeeds equally well in either, though some prefer the tobacco grown in
woods. Its leaves, when dried a little in the air, and fastened into
bundles with a twig, are chewed by some, smoked by others, and by a very
few taken in the form of snuff. For the higher ranks use the snuff made
at Seville only, though the price of a pound is at least four Spanish
crowns, and often still more in Paraguay. Certain it is that the
Paraguayrian tobacco in fragrance falls short of that brought from
Virginia, or the island of Cuba. The first leaves that ripen, in
Paraguay, are very large, often exceeding an ell in length; those which
are plucked afterwards decrease more and more. The smoke of the tobacco
is generally inhaled without any tube or vessel, in the following
manner:—A leaf, not perforated in any part, is squared, to the length
and breadth of the middle finger. In the middle of this is laid another
little leaf compressed by the finger, and rolled up, together with the
exterior and larger one. Light one end of this, put the other into your
mouth, and draw in the smoke. The Spaniards smoke their tobacco with
more cleanness and less cost, carrying about with them a deposit of
several of those folds, called _zigarros_, and lighting them at their
pleasure. The common people roll up the tobacco, cut small, in a paper,
or in a maize leaf, and light it; but that this smoke injures the human
head is beyond a doubt. Not only the soldiers and sailors, and the
common people, as in Germany, but even the higher orders, often smoke
tobacco.

In Brazil the Portugueze twist the tobacco leaf into ropes, which,
prepared in different ways, are either used as snuff, or chewed or
smoked. It is incredible how highly this Brazilian tobacco is extolled
by medical men, and how eagerly it is sought by Europeans. The Spaniards
themselves every year consume an astonishing quantity to provoke saliva.
By the traffic in tobacco alone, many millions have been lost by the
Spaniards to the Portugueze, the sole venders of an article in such
demand. To restrain so great an annual exportation of money to
foreigners, it was provided by the Catholic King Charles III. in the
year 1765, that the Spanish and Indian Paraguayrians should henceforth
prepare their tobacco in the manner of the Portugueze, as being no wise
inferior to the Brazilian, and that it should be sold at the price fixed
by the royal governours, the whole profits accruing to the royal
treasury. The king's order was universally, though unwillingly complied
with, the new manufacture costing them much labour, with little or no
gain to the labourers. I will give you an account of the whole
process:—The tobacco leaves are accounted ripe when their ends turn
yellow, and wither, and are plucked before noon, as being moister at
that time. They are then suspended from reeds that they may dry a
little, and remain some hours under the shade of a roof. The stem which
runs through the middle of the leaf is either beaten down with a bat or
removed entirely. The leaves thus prepared are twisted into ropes, by
means of a wheel, and then rolled upon a cylindrical piece of wood. This
cylinder, with its tobacco, is placed under the shade of a roof in such
a manner that it may receive the heat of the sun, and yet not be touched
by any of its rays. The tobacco, thus compressed spirally upon the
cylinder, exudes a black, glutinous juice, which falls drop by drop into
a hide placed underneath. This juice flows daily through, and in like
manner is daily poured again upon the folds; and when the whole mass is
thoroughly penetrated by the liquor, it will be necessary to roll the
spiral folds daily back again from one cylinder to another. By this
method, the lowest part of the tobacco nearest the first cylinder is
transferred on the next to the surface, imbibes the juice equally,
blackens, and grows rich like lard. To effect this, the translation from
one cylinder to another, and the sprinkling of the tobacco, must be
diligently continued for many weeks. The sweetness of the smell will
mark the completion of the process. To prevent its drying, it must be
kept in a moist place, apart from every thing which might taint it with
any other smell. Tobacco prepared in this manner is chopped by the
Portugueze into small pieces, which they roast in a new pot placed on
the hot coals, and stirring them with a round stick, reduce them to the
finest powder—the future delight of every nose in Portugal.

Thus, though the trade in the herb of Paraguay, in tobacco, cotton, and
sugar, and the abundance of different fruits, might offer to the
colonists of Paraguay manifold opportunities of acquiring wealth, yet
very few opulent men are to be found. They have many means of wealth,
but still more impediments. From the very infancy of this province to
the present time, bloody seditions, civil wars, contentions, and
pernicious enmities to the royal governours and bishops, have miserably
diminished the riches of the Spaniards. Add to this, that the savage
Guaycurus, Lenguas, Mocobios, Tobas, Abipones, and Mbayas, wretchedly
wasted the province with massacres and pillage, without leaving the
miserable inhabitants a place to breathe in, or the means of resistance.
To elude their designs, little fortlets are every where erected on the
banks of the Paraguay, fitted up with a single cannon, which, being
discharged whenever the savages come in sight, admonishes the neighbours
to fight or fly, according to circumstances. The fortlets not being very
far distant from one another, the repeated explosions of guns quickly
signifies the approach of an enemy descried from afar, to the metropolis
itself. As this province is destitute of a regular soldiery, the
settlers themselves are ordered sometimes to watch in these fortlets,
sometimes to march against the savages. Being every year pressed for
some months with the burdens of the militia, they are forced, during
frequent and long absences, to neglect their substance, their families,
their agriculture, and their commerce. In this you may see the chief
origin of their poverty. Besides the equestrian savages, who is ignorant
of the calamities brought upon this province by the barbarous Payaguas?
These atrocious pirates, infesting the rivers Paraguay and Parana, had
for many years been in the habit of intercepting Spanish vessels
freighted with wares for the port of Buenos-Ayres, or conveying them
from thence, and of massacring the crews. At length Raphael de la
Moneda, the royal governour, repressed the audacity of these pirates,
and after repeated successful excursions along the river, obliged them
to crave a peace, of which their living quietly on the shore of the
Paraguay within sight of the city of Asumpcion, was a principal
condition. For many years they have kept to the convention; but no
persuasions of the bishops, the governours, or the priests, could ever
prevail upon them to embrace our religion. They are tall, and extremely
muscular. The frightful appearance which nature has given them they
increase with adscititious ornaments. In the under lip, which is
perforated, they fix a long tube, sometimes of wood, sometimes of
shining copper, reaching down to the breast. To the flap of one of their
ears they tie the wing of a huge vulture. Their hair is stained with a
purple juice, or with the blood of oxen. On their neck, their arms, and
the calves of their legs, they wear strings of glass beads. They paint
the whole body from head to foot with a variety of colours. The females,
of every age, are decently covered with woollen garments woven by
themselves. The males think themselves handsomely arrayed if they be
elegantly painted; and formerly frequented both their own settlement,
and the Spanish city and houses, in a state of complete nakedness; which
being considered offensive to Christian decency by the governour Raphael
de la Moneda, he provided that a quantity of coarse cotton should be
distributed amongst the adult savages, with this edict, that if any of
them thenceforth entered the city naked, he should be punished at the
pillory in the market-place with fifty strokes. One of them had brought
fish to the house of a Spanish matron to sell, in exchange for which he
received a fruit called _mandubi_. Having no sack to put them in, he
held them in the bottom of his garment lifted up as high as the loins.
On departing, when he had reached the door of the room, he began to
think within himself that this mode of proceeding would be punished by
the governour with a public whipping, if he should hear of it. Alarmed
by this consideration, he returns to the matron, repeats the word
_Moneda_, with his finger in a threatening attitude, and having let down
the fore part of his garment, pours the fruit on the ground, puts them
into the hind part, and joyfully carries them off; thinking that by this
method he might walk through the market-place decently and unpunished.
They use their own language, though, from their constant intercourse
with the Spaniards, the majority can stammer a little Spanish and
Guarany. They abound in nuptial, funeral, natal, and military rites, and
in the absurdest superstitions. Their weapons are a bow and arrows, long
spears, and a club; but their craft is more formidable than their arms.
Each family has its canoe, a narrow one indeed, but very long. They are
managed with a single oar, pointed at the end like a sword, and fly at
the slightest impulse in any direction. Their velocity is owing to their
structure. The keel touches the water for little more than three palms
in the middle; the remainder, towards the prow and poop, is curved like
a bow, and rises out of the water. Both ends of the canoe are sharp
alike, and either serves for poop or prow, as seems good. When the river
is stormiest, they trust themselves and their families, without fear, to
its waves. If ever the boat is upset by an unusually strong wave, which
happens but seldom, the Payagua gets astride the boat, and thus pursues
his way. How often, from the shore, have I beheld the Payagua struggling
and laughing amid the foaming waves of the tumultuous river, and
expected every moment to see him swallowed up by the eddying waters!
They plunge into the lowest depths of the water, and after remaining
under a surprising time, emerge at an immense distance, loaden with
fish. They have two sorts of canoes; the lesser for fishing and daily
voyages, the larger for the uses of war. These latter will hold forty
warriors. If their designs be against the Spaniards, many of them join
together in one fleet, and are the more dangerous from their drawing so
little water, which enables them to lurk within the shelter of the
lesser rivers, or islands, till a favourable opportunity presents itself
of pillaging loaden vessels, or of disembarking and attacking the
colonies. These savages, though more like beasts than men in their
outward appearance, do nevertheless in the contrivance of their designs
discover amazing subtlety. For many years they continued to pillage the
Spanish colonies, and all the ships that came in their way, from the
city of Asumpcion, forty leagues southwards. To the cities of Asumpcion
and Corrientes, to the vicinity of Buenos-Ayres, and to the Guarany and
Spanish towns, I appeal as witnesses. Heaps of dead bodies, crowds of
boys and girls driven away, houses reduced to ashes, wares, and all
kinds of precious furniture carried off, and churches laid waste—these
are the monuments of the barbarous ferocity of these pirates: documents
of their deceit yet fresh in the memory of man, on my coming into
Paraguay. Many tribes of Payaguas yet remain, who, though bound by no
tie of friendship to the Spaniards, cause them no apprehension, because
they live remote from the city of Asumpcion, on the northern parts of
the Paraguay, and on the shores of the rivers flowing into it, which the
Spaniards seldom visit. But the Portugueze who dwell in Cayaba are
sometimes taken, and sometimes slain by Payaguas still practising
piracy.

To the royal jurisdictions of Buenos-Ayres and Rio de la Plata, of
Tucuman and Asumpcion, must be added a region named Chaco. Its length is
300 leagues, its breadth 100. Tucuman, the region De las Charcas, Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, and the rivers De la Plata and Paraguay surround
Chaco; on both sides it is bounded by the mountains which stretch from
Cordoba to the Peruvian silver mines at the cities of Lipes and Potosi,
thence to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and lastly to the lake Mamore, where
they terminate. This territory, throughout its whole extent, enjoys a
salubrious climate, and a rich fertile soil. Here it gently swells into
pleasant hillocks, there sinks into fertile vallies, affording rich
pasturage to horses and cattle of all kinds. It is adorned with woods,
and a variety of excellent trees. On the Peruvian side, stones and rocks
that seem to threaten the skies, cover immense tracts of land. Towards
the south, it is utterly destitute of stones, pebbles, or sand, though
you dig to the depth of fourteen feet. Incredible multitudes of strange
beasts, birds, amphibious animals, and fishes present themselves to the
eye. Besides lakes and rivulets, the ground is watered by noble rivers,
which overflow the banks and inundate the sloping plains to a great
extent. The most considerable stream in Chaco is the Rio Grande, or
Vermejo, which has its source in the Peruvian mountains, and is
increased by the accession of many rivers, till it shortly becomes
navigable for small ships. It flows down in a very deep channel, with
the most rapid course; washes the cities of Guadalcazar and Concepcion,
long since devastated by the savages, and at about thirty leagues
distance from thence, mingles its waters with the Paraguay, a little
before its junction with the Parana. The waters of the Rio Grande, which
abound in fish, are pronounced by authors to be salubrious, especially
to those who labour under a difficulty of urine, or any disease of the
bladder. The second place to this river is occupied by the Pilcomayo,
which also flows from the Peruvian mountains. The distance between it
and the Rio Grande is reckoned at thirty leagues. It is not navigable at
all times, nor in all places. Nearly eighty leagues from its junction
with the Paraguay, it splits into two arms, forming an island of as many
leagues in length. The first of these arms which flows into the
Paraguay, within sight of Asumpcion, is called by the Guaranies
_Araguaaỹ_, or the wise river; possibly because the greatest sagacity is
requisite to effect its navigation. The whole island is annually
flooded, so that both branches of the river coalescing into one channel,
it must be attributed to fortune, rather than to skill, if any pilot
pass over the opposing shallows, and the meanders of its waters in
safety. The other arm, which retains the name of _Pilcomayo_, unites
with the Paraguay at about the distance of nine leagues to the south of
Asumpcion. The waters of the Pilcomayo are, for the most part, extremely
foul.

The Rio Salado derives its origin from the mountains of Salta. In sundry
places it changes both its channel and its name. At first it is called
Rio Arias, presently Rio Passage, and afterwards, in the neighbourhood
of the castle de Val Buena, Rio Salado. Beyond the city of Santa Fè, it
assumes the name of Coronda, and finally, under this name, loses itself
in the mighty waters of the Parana. For a length of way, its waters are
not only sweet, but very famous for their salubrity, which, however,
tributary lakes and rivers corrupt with such filth and saltness, that,
for the space of many leagues, the very beasts refuse to touch it. It
may be worth while to notice the origin of its saltness. The
neighbouring plains abound in the shrub _vidriera_, the ashes of which
reduced to a calx are employed in the making of glass. The _vidriera_
resembles the juniper; the berries are small and cylindrical, green,
nearly transparent, and joined one with another, being in place both of
boughs and leaves. If I remember rightly, it bears no fruit. The rain
falling upon these shrubs, contracts a saltness, and flowing down the
country, communicates it to the lakes and streams, which enter rivers
sweet at their source, and miserably taint them. The palm tree
(_carandaỹ_) under which salt-petre is produced, has the same effect as
the _vidriera_. But though the waters of the Rio Salado be salt, they
are pellucid, and in the deepest parts the excellent fish, with which
this river abounds, are perceptible at the bottom. Its channel is deep,
and contained within narrow, though lofty and precipitous banks, through
which it quietly flows, unnavigable, except near Santa Fè. Between the
Salado and Dulce flows the rivulet Turugon, which, being girt with
woods, even in the driest weather, affords plentiful and sweet waters to
the traveller, as it is neither interrupted by shallows, nor tainted
with salt. It is not far distant from the little Indian town Salabina.
The Rio Dulce, which is the Nile of the territory of St. Iago, after
proceeding a little southerly, overflows its banks, and is finally
received by the lake of gourds (Laguna de los Porrongos) between Cordoba
and Santa Fè. Not many leagues distant is the white lake, (Laguna
Blanca,) where the Indians and Spaniards affirm that howlings, as of
bulls, are heard in the dead of the night.

The rivers and streams of lesser note which belong to Chaco, are the
Centa, the Ocloyas, the Jujuy, the Sinancas, the Rio Negro, the Rio
Verde, the Atopehenra Lauate, the Rio Rey or Ychimaye, the Malabrigo or
Neboque Latèl, the Inespin or Naraheguem, the Eleya, &c.; who shall
number them all, when they are almost innumerable, and often unnamed?
Most of these, after a long drought, become almost dry, a no uncommon
occurrence in Chaco. You may often travel many leagues where not even a
bird could discover a drop of water. On the other hand, when the sky is
prodigal of its hoard, the brooks seem rivers, and the rivers seas,
whole plains being inundated. During many journies of many weeks, when
we had to contend with water, mud, and deep marshes, there was often not
a palm of dry land where we could rest at night. The Spanish soldiers
who were with me sometimes ascended high trees, and perching there, like
birds, enjoyed some portion of rest during the night. Several of them
lighted a fire there to heat their water. But the calamity was far more
intolerable when we had to ride, without resting day or night, for many
leagues, under a burning sun, before we reached a situation where we
could obtain water for ourselves and our horses. At other places, you
might traverse immense plains without seeing a twig to light a fire
with. Wherever you turn, you meet with an army of gnats, serpents, and
noxious insects, besides lions, tigers, and other formidable wild
beasts.

This is the face of the province called Chaco! which the Spanish
soldiers look upon as a theatre of misery, and the savages as their
Palestine and Elysium. Hither the Indians fled, when the Spaniards first
laid the yoke on the inhabitants of Peru. To escape the dreadful hands,
nay the very sight of the Europeans, they betook themselves to the
coverts of Chaco. For there they had mountains for observatories,
trackless woods for fortifications, rivers and marshes for ditches, and
plantations of fruit trees for storehouses; and there a numerous
population still eludes the attempts of the Spaniards. It appears very
probable, that these lurking-places in Chaco were tenanted by indigenous
tribes, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards; and if so, it is
indubitable that the new arrivers joined themselves to the natives, in
the hope of security. Several tribes formerly existed in Chaco, but of
these the names alone, or very slender relics remain. Of this number
were the Calchaquis, formerly very numerous, famous for military
ferocity, and hostile to the Spaniards. At present, a very few survive
in a corner of the territory of Santa Fè, the rest having long since
fallen victims to war, or the small-pox. Nearly the same fate has swept
away the equestrian tribes of the Malbalaes, Mataras, Palomos, Mogosnas,
Orejones, Aquilotes, Churumates, Ojotades, Tanos, Quamalcas, &c. The
equestrian nations remaining in Chaco, and still formidable to the
Spaniards, are the Abipones, Natekebits, Tobas, Amokebits, Mocobios,
Yapitalakas, or Zapitalakas, and Oekakakalots, Guaycurus, or Lenguas.
The Mbayas dwelling on the eastern shore of the Paraguay call themselves
Eyiguayegis, those on the western Quetiadegodis. The pedestrian tribes
are the Lules, the Ysistines Foxistines, who speak the same language, to
wit the Tonocotè, and have been, for the most part, converted by us, and
settled in towns: the Homoampas, Vilelas, Chunipies, Yooks, Ocoles, and
Pazaines, who are in great part Christians: the Mataguayos, whom we have
so often attempted to civilize, but who always proved indocile: the
Payaguas, the Guanas, and the Chiquitos. By the annual excursions of men
of our order to the woods, savages speaking various languages, as the
Zamucos, Caypotades, Ygaronos, &c. were added to the colonies of the
Chiquitos.

The Chiriguanos, a nation very famous for number, fierceness and
obstinacy, can scarcely, I think, be referred to Chaco, as the majority
of them inhabit the territories of Tarija and Peru. Their language,
which is somewhat remarkable, is a dialect of the Guarany, very little
corrupted. Tradition reports, that they formerly migrated from the
southern shores of the Parana and the Paraguay, to these northern tracts
of Peru, through fear of the vengeance which threatened them from the
Portugueze, for having murdered their countryman Alexo Garzia. This
cause of their migration some reject, and contend that near a hundred
years before the murder of Alexo Garzia, they had been attacked, but not
vanquished, by the Inca Yupangui. This is, at any rate, most certain,
that the Chiriguanos, except a few who now profess Christianity, are, at
this day, hostile to the Spaniards, and formidable to the whole
neighbourhood far and wide.

I shall here cursorily mention the other nations yet remaining in
Paraguay, without the limits of Chaco: the Guaranies, by far the most
numerous of all, inhabiting thirty-two large towns, on the shores of the
Parana, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and all of them sincerely attached to the
King, and the Catholic Faith; as also the Ytatinguas, who occupy two
colonies in the woods of Taruma. Other little towns, also, administered
by secular Presbyters, or Franciscans, are inhabited by Christian
Guaranies. The Tobatinguas, Tapes, and Caayguas, still hidden in the
coverts of woods, have assumed these names from the mountains, rivers,
or forests which they tenant, but are in reality Guaranies, and use the
Guarany tongue. The Guayaguis are a populous nation, entirely different
from the Guaranies in language, customs, and fairness of complexion.
They wander over the remote forests on the banks of the Mondaỹ-guazù.
They leap from tree to tree, like monkies, in search of honey, little
birds, and other provision. Destitute of clothing and settled
habitations, a timid race, they pass their lives without injuring any
one. On the craggy rocks overhanging the river Tebiguarỹ Miri, and the
little city Villa Rica, dwells a race of savages, called by the
Spaniards Guaycuruti, from the fairness of their faces; men tall of
stature, and armed with a club, and arrows. Troops of these occasionally
descend into the plain beneath their mountains, and with their missiles
or clubs kill the mules and horses of the Spaniards, and cutting them
into pieces, transport them on their shoulders, and feast most
luxuriously upon them at home. When, therefore, this carnage of horses
and mules had brought devastation on the Spanish estates, it was
unanimously agreed to examine the lurking-places of the savages, and
either lead them away captive, or cut them off by massacre. The
expedition was weighty, but brief. For on the very first day, some
unaccountable panic induced them to return. To these horse-eaters I join
the Indian man-eaters, who wander in the woods between the rivers Parana
and Uruguay, as also on the shores of the Mondaỹ-guazù, and Acaraỹ,
constantly intent on the chase of men, whose flesh they infinitely
prefer to that of any beast. They have been sought after by men of our
order, often with great hardships, often at the peril of their lives,
but always in vain. The extensive plains, the forest labyrinths, the
difficult recesses of the Yguazu, Ygatimi, Carema, Curyi, Acaraỹ,
Monday, &c. abound in hives of wood Indians, who, though differently
named, according to the places where they reside, may in general be
referred to the Guarany nation.

Among the equestrian nations out of Chaco, the first place is held by
the Guenoas, who reside between the rivers Uruguay and Plata, and the
Pacific Ocean, without, however, having any fixed settlements. This very
numerous nation comprehends the Charruas, the Yaros, Bohanes, Minoanes,
and Costeros, all horsemen, and of the most barbarous manners. These
savages, as dwelling nearest the Rio de la Plata, and being, as it were,
the door-keepers of all Paraguay, have ever given the most trouble to
the new arrivers from Spain, to whom they are hostile in the highest
degree. In 1750, the soldiers of Santa Fè, to revenge their frequent
violation of the stipulated peace, surprized the perfidious Charruas,
about morning, as they were sleeping in their tents. Many were slain,
and the rest led into captivity with their families. On the western
shore of the Parana, a village was built for them, about twenty leagues
distant from the city, a priest given them to instruct them in religion
and humanity, and a guard of soldiers added to secure his personal
safety, and prevent their flight. The savages were chiefly supported by
the flesh of wild horses, with which the neighbouring plains are
overrun. Tamed by hunger and misery, the Charruas applied themselves to
agriculture, and yielded conformity to their priest, who, fearing
nothing farther for his own security, and that of the colony, desired
that the soldiers might be removed, as he found their presence totally
useless to himself, and extremely prejudicial to his proselytes. This
good man, who was a Franciscan, knew that he should lose both cost and
labour, if the Indians observed the manners and discourse of the
soldiers incongruous with the precepts issued from the church. On the
fear of hostile aggression, soldiers are sometimes sent from the city
for the defence of a new colony; but we dreaded the coming of the
soldiers, more than that of the savages. For the former by their
licentiousness do more harm to the women, than the savages could do to
the colony with all their weapons. About the end of the last century,
men of our order, by their eloquence and kindness, so far brought over
the barbarous Yaros, who form a large part of the Quenoas, that,
collected in a little town dedicated to St. Andrew, they suffered
themselves, for some time, to be instructed in religion; but at the
instigation of a certain famous juggler, they returned to their old
haunts. Being asked the cause of their flight, "We don't like," said
they, "to have a God who knows and sees all we do in secret. It is our
fixed resolve and pleasure to enjoy our old liberty of thinking and
acting as we like." The massacres committed by these worst of savages,
in the territories of Corrientes, Santa Fé, and Monte-Video, alike
exceed belief and calculation.

That immense plain which stretches out to the south west of
Buenos-Ayres, is inhabited by equestrian savages. They have not all the
same name or language. By the Spaniards they are either called
Pampas,—dwellers in champaigne country; or Serranos,—mountaineers. From
the Indians of Peru, they receive the general name of Aucas, to wit,
enemies, or rebels. In reality, however, they are divided into Puelches,
Peguenches, Thuelchùs, (whom we call Patagonians,) Sanguelches,
Muluches, and Araucanos, the masters of the Chili Alps. Horrible
names!—but far more horrible are the dispositions, deeds, manners and
opinions of those who bear them. The country tenanted by these savages
stretches an hundred leagues from north to south—from east to west full
two hundred; is almost destitute of wood and water, but abounds in wild
animals. Multitudes of emus wander over these solitudes. The horse
supplies them with food, clothes, lodging, bed, arms, medicine, thread,
and what not? Of the hide they make their couch, clothing, boots, tents,
saddles, and thongs which serve alike for bridle and weapons. The sinews
of the horse they use instead of thread, for the purposes of sewing.
They drink melted horse-fat, and wash their heads, first with the blood
of these animals, and afterwards with water, in the idea of its
strengthening them. They twist horse-hair into ropes. They are terribly
addicted to drunkenness, and expend their whole property in purchasing
brandy from the Spaniards. When I resided in Buenos-Ayres, to sell this
pestilent liquor was a crime, the absolution of which was reserved for
the Bishop alone. For a single flagon of brandy, the young maid is often
sold by her parents as a wife to some savage suitor. As soon as the
first potation is prepared of the alfaroba mixed in water, they flock to
their burying-places, not without many ceremonies, and sprinkling them
with this beverage, utter the tenderest lamentations, for pity that
those entombed beneath cannot enjoy their nectar. In war, these savages
are extremely formidable to the neighbouring Spaniards. Fleet horses, a
sword, a spear, and three stone balls covered with leather, and
suspended from as many thongs, which they hurl with great dexterity, are
their weapons, and weapons by no means to be despised.

The Southern savages, when wrought to the highest pitch of bitterness,
leave their enemy, mutilated in both feet, and writhing on the ground,
like a worm, to the tortures of a protracted death. This is their most
familiar threat, when angry. Those whom they despatch at a single blow,
they think kindly and humanely treated. Actuated by an irrational kind
of pity, they are wont to bury their dying ere the breath has left them,
to shorten their pains. At other times, when they see a man struggling
in the agonies of death, they paint him with various colours, and adorn
him with blue beads. They compose the corpse in such a manner, that the
knees touch the face. His horses, ornamented with small copper bells,
glass beads, and emu feathers, they lead round the tent of the deceased,
for a certain number of times, after which they kill them. The same fate
awaits his dogs. The bodies of the horses are fastened to the grave with
stakes, from which are suspended many coloured garments. They believe
that the souls both of men and emus inhabit subterraneous tents. See!
what multitudes of nations are yet remaining in Paraguay! numerous
others, moreover, whose names exist alone in histories and maps, have
perished long since from various causes. Of this number are the
Caracaras, Hastores, Ohomàs, Timbus, Caracoas, Napigues, Agazes,
Itapurus, Urtuezes, Perabazones, Frentones, Aguilotes, &c.

In this place we may add, that within the ample confines of Paraguay,
there is scarce known a single nation upon which the Jesuits have not
bestowed their labours, and for which, whenever it was permitted, a
colony was not founded. Above all, the nation of the Guaranies, though
never to be vanquished by the arms of the Europeans, evinced such
docility and obedience to the instructions of the Jesuits, and such
submission to God and the Spanish monarchy, as could neither be gained
nor expected from the other Americans. The Guaranies owe it to the
exceeding benevolence of the Spanish Kings, that they have ever sent
them Jesuits from Europe to teach them religion, that they have
liberally supported them, that the annual tribute exacted from them has
been lightened, and that they have protected them against envy and
calumny by their royal letters. No time can erase the memory of such
benefits. No one, however, will deny that the Spaniards, on the other
hand, owe much to the Guaranies educated under our discipline. They have
been partakers in all the wars which the Spaniards have waged in
Paraguay against foreign or domestic foes, and have had a great share of
all their victories. Again and again have all the Indian nations
secretly conspired to the destruction of the Spaniards. And doubtless so
great a number of rebels must ultimately have triumphed over so small a
band as the Spaniards, had not our Guaranies, embracing the royal party,
strenuously opposed the arms and purposes of its opponents. From one
instance which I shall produce, you may judge of the rest.

In the years 1665 and 1666, the Indians almost universally harboured
designs of expelling the Spaniards from the whole province. Already were
the torches of sedition and tumult scattered in every corner of
Paraguay. The royal Governour Alphonso Sarmiento, alarmed by these
rumours, hastened from Asumpcion, with a little band of soldiers, to the
town of Arecaya, about sixty leagues distant, situate on the banks of
the Yeyuy; a place of the inhabitants of which he entertained some
suspicions. The greater part of them were in a state of slavery to
private Spaniards, and but little content with their lot. Pretending
friendship, however, they received the Governour with honour, and he,
suspecting no turbulence for the present, took up his quarters on the
skirts of the town, in huts of boughs and straw. In the dead of the
night the Indians surprized the Spaniards with every species of weapon,
and cast fire upon their huts. Some of the Spaniards were slain and more
wounded; most of their clothes were burnt, their gunpowder was exploded,
and some of their guns were taken by the enemy. In the trepidation
excited, the soldiers betook themselves to the neighbouring church,
where they thought for a little while to remain in safety. But destitute
of meat and drink they must have perished of thirst and famine. The holy
water was converted into a remedy for their thirst. The enemy blockading
the walls, they had no opportunity of escape, no means of obtaining
provision. At last, the danger of the Governour and his comrades being
told to the Guarany Ytatinguas in St. Ignacio and Nuestra Señora Santa
Fè, Father Quesa, who presided over both these colonies, set out
immediately with about two hundred of his Indian horsemen, in the view
of assisting the Governour. After travelling incessantly for twenty-four
hours, they entered Arecaya, where the Indian rebels were slain or taken
prisoners by the Christian Guaranies, and the Spaniards brought forth to
freedom and security. Out of the company of Guaranies three horsemen
were chosen to carry the Governour's letters to Asumpcion, in which he
informed them of what had happened, and what steps must be taken for his
own safety and that of the province. The court of Madrid was immediately
apprized of the fidelity and zeal of the Guaranies, whom the Catholic
King honoured with gracious letters, which are still preserved in the
register of Nuestra Señora a Santa Fè. It appears from sufficient
authority that a sedition raised by factious and warlike nations, with a
view to the destruction of all the Spaniards, would have broken out had
they not stood in awe of the strength and immutable fidelity of the
Guarany nation towards the King. On this very account they were exposed
to the hatred of the savages hostile to the Catholic King. The Guaycurus
for many years harassed these two towns of the Ytatinguas, and compelled
them, at length, to exchange their station for one surrounded by the
rivers Parana and Paraguay, where yet remain the posterity of those who
aided the Spaniards endangered in Arecaya.

Concerning the ten towns of the Chiquitos I have spoken before. These
Indians, formidable from their warlike courage and mortally poisoned
arrows, whenever commanded by the royal Governours have uniformly proved
brave and faithful fellow-soldiers to the Spaniards against the savages,
and even against the Portugueze. Less in point of number, but highly
consequential to the tranquillity of the whole province, have been the
four cities of the Abipones, the two of Mocobios, one of Tobas, and
another of Mbayas, warlike and equestrian nations. To these add the
pedestrian nations, the Lules, Vilelas, Chiriguanos, Chunipies,
Homoampas, &c. converted by us to the Roman rites and discipline in
their own colonies. In language, manners, and religious observances,
they differ amongst themselves; they are all, however, attached to
agriculture.

Very many Indian towns have long since ceased to exist, sometimes from
the inconstancy of the Indians sighing for their native land, sometimes
from the malevolence, the avarice, or inertness of the Europeans. Father
Joseph Labrador is my authority, that seventy-three towns of various
Indians perished in the province of Chaco. In the present age, by much
labour of the Jesuits, three towns have arisen, at an immense expense,
for the southern savages, the inhabitants of the Magellanic territory,
all dedicated to the most holy mother of God. The first, named
Concepcion, is inhabited by the Pampas, and acted as a defence to the
inhabitants of Buenos-Ayres against the incursions of the savages. The
rulers of the newly-built town, Father Matthias Strobl from the province
of Austria, and Manuel Querini, a Venetian of noble family, were men of
distinguished piety, prudence, and fortitude. Both Fathers possessed
singular dexterity in managing the minds of the Indians. The
neighbourhood of the city, and of the Spanish estates, where there was
plenty of spirit and of bad example, incredibly retarded the conversion
of the savages to a better way of life. The Serranos and Patagonians,
who came backwards and forwards to visit the Pampas, won by the kindness
of the Father, and taken by the conveniences of life which the
inhabitants of the colonies enjoyed, began earnestly to desire a little
town of this sort in their native soil. Their wishes were immediately
gratified. Fathers Falconer and Cardiel, the one an Englishman of great
skill in medicine, the other a Spaniard, and a man of an ardent and
intrepid mind, travelled to their savage wildernesses, and having felt
the pulse of the people, looked about for an opportune situation,
wherein to establish the intended colony. At length the town was built,
and the Caciques Marike and Tschuan Tuya, with four-and-twenty hordesmen
belonging to them, settled therein; it was named Nuestra Señora del
Pilar. To govern this colony, Father Matthias Strobl, who knew a little
of those languages, was removed thither by the mandate of the Superior.
Though daily vicissitudes occurred, yet hopes of the happiest progress
shone through them. But an unforeseen event almost proved fatal to the
new raised colony. Thus it was: a murder happening to be committed in
the territory of Buenos-Ayres, soldiers were sent by the Governour to
detect the assassins. Cacique Yahati, a Serrano, accompanied by fifteen
persons of both sexes, in travelling to the city, fell in with the
soldiers, and without any foundation for the conjecture, was carried off
on the suspicion of this murder, and kept closely confined in prison
with his people in the city. With how incensed a mind the inhabitants of
the town bore so great an injury done to their countryman, of whose
innocence they felt assured, can scarcely be expressed. The life of
Father Matthias Strobl was placed in the most imminent danger. Cacique
Marike, who, though blind in both eyes, possessed the greatest authority
among them, was immediately delegated by the infuriated people to make
the just demand of their captive's liberty from the Spanish Governour,
and to declare instant war, in the name of the whole nation, against the
Spaniards if he should refuse. This threat filled Joseph Andonaegui with
distracting cares, conscious, as he was, of the slender forces he had to
oppose to so numerous a foe. The examination of the murder being
resumed, and the witnesses being heard again and again, the innocence of
the imprisoned Cacique at length appeared, some credible Spaniards
asserting, that at the very time when the murder was committed he was
engaged in a certain shop in the city. Which being proved, after a
causeless captivity of four months, they were immediately granted their
liberty and the power of returning to their friends by the equitable
Governour. These things fell out on my third visit to Buenos-Ayres,
about the beginning of the year 1748. Through an Indian interpreter I
had a good deal of conversation with the blind Cacique Marike, and on my
playing to him in my chamber, on the viol d'amour, he took such a liking
to me, that he earnestly entreated me to go to their colony, as an
assistant to Father Matthias Strobl, who was growing aged. Both my feet,
I confess, itched for the journey; I answered, however, "Pleased indeed
should I be to mount my horse, and accompany you to the Magellanic
lands. But men of our profession cannot go where we will, except we be
sent by the command of our captain, (the provincial.") "Where, pray,
does your captain dwell?" eagerly inquired Marike. "In this very house,"
returned I. On hearing this he immediately caused himself to be led into
our provincial's chamber, and with importunate but vain entreaties,
begged me for his companion. The provincial replied, that I was now
appointed to another station, but promised to send me in two years to
his colony, and the provincial would have stood to his promise, had not
my labours been needed amongst the Abipones.

On the departure of the captives from Buenos Ayres, the town was
restored to its former tranquillity, and shortly after increased by new
supplies of Patagonians. For these a single town was prepared, four
leagues distant, and named Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados. The
government of it was committed to Father Lorenzo Balda of Pampeluna, and
to Father Augustino Vilert a Catalan. Three of the Patagonian Caciques,
with eighty of their hordesmen, occupied this colony. A horde consists
of three or four families, sometimes of more. Each family generally
numbers four, five, and often more heads; for the Patagonians have many
children, and polygamy is very common amongst them. They are docile
beyond all the other southern tribes, and make less opposition to
baptism, but I cannot commend the young men of this nation either for
honesty or modesty. Scarce any commerce is carried on between the
Spaniards and Patagonians. From a nation so populous, so tractable, and
of so gentle a disposition, great accessions were reasonably expected to
Christianity, but Satan confounded all these fair hopes. Cangapol, the
potentate of that region, long beheld these Christian colonies with
gloomy and envious eyes. Through them he thought that friendships would
be formed with the Spaniards, the freedom of the southern nations
endangered, and his own power in these parts gradually diminished, and
ultimately suppressed. Hence he turned his whole heart and thoughts to
hastening the destruction of the new town, and the banishment of the
Fathers who taught the strange religion. In order to effect these
purposes, as many savages as possible were associated in a contract of
arms, and an expedition was at length undertaken. Matthias Strobl, being
made acquainted with the route and immense number of the enemy, made a
timely request by letter, to the Governour, for military succours from
Buenos-Ayres, which city promised seventy provincial horsemen, but never
supplied one. Thus having suffered a repulse from the Spaniards, whose
interest it chiefly was to maintain these towns, by flying with his
people, the Father eluded the enemy—eluded since he could not subdue.
The towns, their flocks, and their herds were left. The neophytes and
catechumens, all who were sincere in religion and friendly to the
Spaniards, fled with the Fathers to the city of Concepcion. But this
colony being daily harassed by hostile incursions, and but lazily
defended by the Spanish guards, was entirely deserted on the 3d of
February, 1753, a severe loss to the city. For the savages being now at
full liberty to ravage where they would, the estates for two leagues
distant from the city were presently left destitute of their guards, and
the lands around the village of Magdalen, famous for large crops of
wheat, of their cultivators, both having fled to safer quarters. In the
city itself the most disgraceful trepidations often arose, sometimes
from real danger, at others from the suspicion alone of an enemy. In the
circumjacent estates and plains very many were despoiled of their
substance, their cattle, and their life, by the assaulting savages. The
light-armed cavalry, who were commanded to keep watch in the country and
repress the enemy, suffered repeated losses. Waggons laden with silver
from Peru, were often despoiled of their treasures, the soldiers who
guarded and transported them being miserably butchered. The same savages
have often proved fatal, always formidable, to the inhabitants of
Barragan, a bay of the Rio de la Plata, where vessels are often drawn
out and refitted. Those who went southward in great numbers for salt to
the salt-pits, were sometimes slain to a man. Then at length the
Spaniards perceived the utility of the southern colonies, after they had
irrecoverably lost them. That so many thousand Indians who dwell in the
southern parts, should be buried together in their darkness, is indeed a
reflexion worthy of regret. Who will not deplore the infinite miseries
of the Jesuits, who laboured for many years upon this people, the
hardships of their journeys, their want of necessaries, the daily perils
that threatened their lives, and the greatness of their labours,—labours
almost fruitless, except indeed their sending to Heaven a considerable
number of infants, baptized before their death, as also not a few
adults? At first, before oxen and sheep were sent for their subsistence,
the Fathers lived on horse-flesh, the daily food of those Indians.
Father Thomas Falconer, who wandered over all the plains with his
Indians to kill horse-flesh, having no plate of pewter or wood, always,
in place thereof, made use of his hat, which grew at length so greasy,
that it was devoured whilst he slept by the wild dogs with which the
plains are over-run. Father Matthias Strobl's hut being set on fire by
some villain or other, and the straw roof being already in flames, he
would doubtless himself have perished, had he not been awakened from his
deep sleep, by one who continued faithful to him, and rescued him from
the conflagration. The town of Concepcion was situated in 322° 20´
longitude, and in latitude 36° 20´; that of Nuestra Señora del Pilar was
distant from Concepcion seventy leagues to the south west; from
Buenos-Ayres full an hundred and ten leagues; from the town of Nuestra
Señora de los Desamparados only four.

Nor must you think that the care of taming and instructing the southern
nations has been neglected till our time. This business was taken up by
the Catholic kings, and us Jesuits, in the last century. Every method
was vainly tried to unite them to Christ and the Catholic King. Omitting
the rest, Fathers Nicholas Mascardi and Joseph Quilelmo, indefatigable
teachers of the holy religion in that place, were murdered by their
cruel, unmanageable disciples. Nothing daunted by the ferocity thus
manifested in the savages, our companions, both of Chili and of
Paraguay, left no stone unturned to enlighten these uttermost corners of
South America with the torch of the gospel; but the attempt was ever
vain and unrewarded, save by the immortal glory which their apostolic
magnanimity and fortitude gained them. In the year 1745, a ship was
despatched by Philip the Fifth from Cadiz to Paraguay, for the purpose
of inspecting the shores of Magellan, and the neighbouring land. If any
post or commodious station offered itself, it was to be fortified
against an enemy. If they discovered the quarters of any savages, a
colony and religious instruction were to be awarded them. Three Jesuits,
therefore, were destined by the King for this perilous expedition.
Father Joseph Quiroga, Father Joseph Cardiel, and Father Matthias
Strobl. From the military guard of the city of Monte-Video, twenty-five
soldiers were chosen for the defence of the ship and the crew. They
weighed anchor in the port of Monte-Video, on the 17th of December,
1745, and set out with prosperous gales and minds full of hope.

Whatever land or water came within his observation, was diligently
explored, and carefully noted in the journal of the voyage by Father
Quiroga, who, in a boat, examined the harbour, the rivers, the lakes,
the depth or shallowness of the water, the sandbanks, and the rocks
between them; in short, every thing dangerous or favourable to the
navigation of the Spaniards. Fathers Strobl and Cardiel, meantime,
taking a divided route, on foot, in various directions, attended by a
certain number of soldiers, traversed the plains remote from the shore,
and accurately examined their nature, and whether any sign of human
habitation, or convenience for the same appeared, often ascending the
steepest mountains with this view. Not unfrequently they receded many
leagues from the shores, in the hope of finding Indians. Father Strobl,
after having proceeded four leagues without seeing a man, or any sign of
man's habitation, abandoned all hope, and sent a soldier to tell Father
Cardiel, who had travelled many leagues, and was quite spent with so
much walking, that he thought it highly imprudent to prosecute the
journey they had begun—that they might not improbably fall in with a
numerous troop of savage horse, by whom they, a few wearied footmen,
would undoubtedly be all cut to pieces—that he had himself long wished
to fall in the cause of religion, but that he neither could nor would
place the lives of others in such peril—and that even were they free
from this danger, and were no enemy to meet them, yet, as their
provisions were already consumed, if they prosecuted their journey, both
themselves and their companions must perish of hunger. Father Cardiel
however, always intrepid, dissuaded the return, urging that the
habitations of the savages must be near, principally on this ground,
that he saw a whitish dog barking at his men, but which soon after ran
away, hastening, as might be believed, to his master. In spite of these
arguments, both Fathers returned with their companions to the ship.
There the matter being prudently discussed, and all the officers
consulted, it was finally resolved that Father Cardiel, at his earnest
desire, should be permitted to repeat the journey, on this condition,
that he should set out with four and thirty men, soldiers as well as
sailors, who were willing to follow him of their own accord, and with
provisions sufficient to last them eight days. The journey was begun on
the 20th of February, and each day they travelled about eight leagues.
For the most part, they walked in a narrow and almost obliterated path
of the Indians. Drinkable water was every where at hand. Except emus,
and a few huanacos, no beasts were any where seen. On the fourth day of
their journey, about evening, they perceived a high hill, from the top
of which they beheld a plain, entirely destitute of grass and trees.
They all thought the cold of the night air intolerable; for though
shrubs were at hand to supply their fires, yet when the side nearest to
it grew warm, the other, being exposed to the most piercing wind, seemed
frozen. Amidst all this cold, the courage of the soldiers daily inflamed
more and more, but their bodies were observed sensibly to fail and break
down. Their shoes being worn by the roughness of the roads, many of them
crept along with naked, and not a few with wounded feet. Father Cardiel
too was first afflicted with nephritic pains, and afterwards with such a
debility in his feet, that he could not advance a step without crutches.
With all this, however, the ardent desire of discovering the habitations
of the savages never cooled. But their provisions, which were destined
for an eight days' journey, being now, after five days, in great measure
consumed, they were obliged to hasten back again to the ship. One effect
however was produced by this calamitous journey—it was now finally
determined, by ocular demonstration, that the hordes of the savages were
at a great distance from the sea; and that immense tracts of land
bordering upon the shore were uninhabitable, as destitute either of
fresh water, grass, or trees, or of all together; so much so at least,
that, except a few emus and huanacos, you could find scarce any sort of
beast. All things, therefore, having been considered, since there was no
opportunity of erecting a colony for the Indians, or a fortress for the
Spaniards, they unanimously resolved upon a return; to be conducted,
however, in such a way, that they should repeatedly disembark and
explore those places they were obliged to pass by in coming. At length,
on the 4th day of April, about sun-set, they cast anchor in the port of
Buenos-Ayres. The journal which Quiroga had made of the shore and
harbours, soon after printed and published at Madrid, with plates of
whatever seemed remarkable, will be of the highest use to Spaniards
hereafter in navigating this turbulent sea. I may here add, that Father
Joseph Cardiel, not having discovered the savages of the coast of
Magellan, either in his naval or his pedestrian journey, set out on
horseback in search of them, with a few companions. But their pains were
as fruitless as before. After wandering much and long over these
solitary plains, and consuming all the provisions he had brought with
him, he was reduced to such straights as to be obliged to feed on grass,
unless he preferred dying of emptiness, the extremity of which obliged
him to return to Buenos-Ayres, his business left unfinished, but
himself, for his signal fortitude, his magnanimity, and apostolic
ardour, truly deserving of honour and imitation.

In the year 1765, a large merchant-ship freighted to the value of some
millions, destined to Callao, a harbour of Lima, was stranded and lost
off the island of Terra del Fuego. The crew fortunately escaped, and
reached the island in a boat, the ship gradually foundering. Part of the
provision, the cannon, and other necessaries for supporting life, were
providently got out of the leaking vessel. A hill, neighbouring to the
sea, was occupied by the shipwrecked Spaniards, and fortified by I don't
know how many cannon. These being discharged, a troop of the Indian
inhabitants was seen advancing from afar. They were entirely naked, and
each kept rubbing his belly with his hands. On a second explosion, they
all fell on the ground, still continuing, however, to rub their bellies.
This ridiculous action of the savages the Spaniards were in doubt
whether to construe into a sign of friendship, or of hostility. As no
one understood their language, they were invited by gentle tones,
friendly nods, and little gifts displayed to them, till at length they
approached the station of the Spaniards, still rubbing their bellies
without intermission. Which custom surprizing the Spaniards, they now
call them _Rascabarrigas_, or the belly-rubbers. To conciliate the minds
of the islanders, elegant weapons, food, and various other little gifts
were offered them; except, however, some strings of glass beads, nothing
was accepted by the savages, who feared some fraud from the strangers.
They were, however, peaceable and quiet, so that the Spaniards mixed
amongst them, without fear of injury or hostile designs, and solicitous
only respecting the means and opportunity of sailing back to their
friends. It was resolved to build a vessel after their own model,
sufficient for the number of the shipwrecked. Trees adapted for
ship-building abounded in this island, nor did they want workmen or
carpenters' tools. The Indians themselves faithfully indicated the
places which supplied the hardest and largest wood, and with more
good-will than usefulness assisted the Spaniards in cutting and sawing
the beams; but after three or four strokes of the axe, or lifts of the
saw, they retired fatigued, being utterly unaccustomed to labour. The
Spaniards, however, longing to revisit their native soil, made up for
the deficiencies of the Indians, by their own sedulity. And now when
every thing was ready and prepared, iron nails were wanted to fasten the
joints of the ship. But the sea, bringing up various chests from the
foundered ship with the tide, one was found amongst them full of the
requisite nails, a circumstance looked upon by all as a signal favour of
Providence. Some of the tackling, which they had prudently taken from
the lost ship, proved of great service. With these aids the finishing
stroke was put to the little vessel, in which, after a prosperous voyage
of about a thousand leagues, they arrived safe at the harbour of
Monte-Video. All this which I have written on the shipwreck and
navigation of the Spaniards was related to me in the city of Santa Fé,
by an old Biscayan, builder of the foundered ship, companion of all
their perils, and architect of the vessel constructed in the island. In
the year 1788, when with my companions I was awaiting my passage to
Europe, at Buenos-Ayres, a ship set sail from that port, for Terra del
Fuego, with two priests, who being liberally provided with every thing
from the royal treasury, were ordered to establish a settlement in that
island, and to teach the natives religion. But not long after, they
returned to Buenos-Ayres in the same ship, without effecting their
business. What was done, or attempted, and what was the occasion of
their hasty return, I know not: but I heard the groans of the noble
Spaniards, who earnestly desired the Jesuits for this momentous
expedition: they, however, were recalled, God knows why, that same year
to Europe. In succeeding years the Spaniards have wished to subdue and
instruct that island, which lies near to the Maloine islands, in south
lat. 51° 30´, and west long. 60° 50´ from the meridian of Paris. This
isle, named from St. Maló, a town of Bretany, was taken possession of
with the labour and expense of Louis Antoine de Bourgainville, then
colonel of foot, and of Messieurs de Nerville and de Arboulin, his
relatives, and in the year 1763, or more probably 1764, delivered to
some loyal and industrious families of Nova Scotia, to be civilized.
Three years after, to wit in 1767, it was sold for eighty thousand
Spanish crowns to the Catholic King Charles, who thought that this
colony of strangers, as neighbouring to the provinces of Peru and Chili,
so rich in gold and silver, might prove dangerous to his monarchy, in
case of war, and cause a disunion between the Spanish and French
monarchies. The French families being transported to Europe, their
places were supplied, for the most part, by Spanish convicts, scarce one
of whom did not prefer a prison, or speedy death, to the constant and
lasting calamities of this province. Philip Ruiz Puente, of the king's
war-ship _La Liebre_, who brought out new settlers, warlike implements,
and provisions, was appointed to the government. He was accompanied by
another ship of war, _La Esmeralda_, commanded by Matteo Callao.—This
captain, returning in the same, from the Maloine islands, to
Monte-Video, transported me, with one hundred and fifty of my
associates, back to Europe. We had with us the Frenchman Nerville, who
had just discharged the government of that unhappy island; from him, as
well as from the Spaniards employed there, I learnt most of what I have
written on this subject.

On sufficient grounds have I bestowed the epithet unhappy on an island,
which is, nevertheless, by some Frenchmen pronounced equal to the
Fortunate Islands: and no wonder, for do we not always cry up the goods
we want to sell? Attend to what I have learnt on good authority,
respecting the island of St. Maló. It was never habitable either by
Indians, or beasts, so destitute is it of every thing pertaining to the
support of life. Rushes instead of trees, moss instead of grass, marsh
and mud for earth, cold always the most severe for air, and night almost
perpetual, with darkness and clouds, instead of sun, are what it offers
to the new inhabitants. The longest day lasts but a very few hours. From
its propinquity to the antarctic pole, it generally rages with furious
south winds, whirlwinds, and tempests. The frost, joined to almost
perpetual snow, is on this account the more intolerable, because
throughout the whole island, which is far from extensive, there is not
wood sufficient to make a fire, or build a hut, unless it be brought
from Terra del Fuego, which cannot be done without danger. The goats
which the French had brought, either from the want of pasture, or the
noxious qualities thereof, soon perished. The corn, from the ooziness of
the soil, never attained maturity, the stalk being always stunted, and
the ear seldom formed at all. Hence, the European supplies being now
consumed, frequent famine was added to their other miseries. Provision
was afforded them by the water-fowl called by the English, Penguins. In
place of bread, powder and shot were given to the Spanish soldiers and
others to shoot birds with. These, though at the coming of the French
exceedingly numerous, yet partly from being constantly shot, partly from
being scared away, were so diminished, that the succeeding Spaniards
were deprived of this solitary benefit of that most sterile island.
Nevertheless, it must be confessed, that this island, though calamitous
to its inhabitants, is of service to the Spaniards, as affording a
refuge to vessels in distress, an harbour capable of containing a
moderate fleet, and convenience for procuring water. The places open to
the attack and ascent of an enemy, were fortified by a mound and a tier
of cannon. Antonio Catani, then colonel of foot, commanded the small
garrison. But in discoursing on the devastated cities of Paraguay, I
have suffered myself to be carried away into the lands of Magellan. Let
me now return to the straight road.

To record every Indian town which has been overturned in Paraguay, and
the causes and periods of the fall of each, were a task of infinite time
and labour. It appears on record that upwards of four hundred towns,
which formerly stood around Guadalcazar, a city of Tucuman now
destroyed, utterly perished. Within the limits of the cities Cordoba,
Rioja, St. Iago, St. Miguel of Tucuman, Corrientes, and Asumpcion, I
might almost say that innumerable colonies have fallen to the ground.
Those which remain are mere shadows of towns, consisting of a few
miserable inhabitants—miserable, for they are slaves to Spanish
individuals. Before I relate the devastation of many of our Guarany
towns by the Mamalukes, inhabitants of Brazil, allow me to make a few
premises. The soldiers, fresh arriving from Spain, subdued the lands and
nations bordering on the Parana and Paraguay only: as for those more
remote, they did not want courage to explore them, but means. Not a few
of the Guaranies were enlightened by the torch of the Gospel, chiefly by
the Franciscan Fathers, and, if circumstances permitted, placed in
colonies. St. Francisco Solano and Lewis Bolaños were famous for their
apostolic expeditions in that age; but the want of associates like
themselves, and of successors, rendered them unequal to the harvest
which lay before them; and infinite was the number of Guaranies which
lurked within the coverts of the woods and shores—a multitude hostile,
on every opportunity, to the Spaniards, then few in number. In 1610,
Ferdinand Arias, the governor both of Buenos-Ayres and Asumpcion,
marched out with numerous forces against the Guaranies inhabiting the
banks of the Uruguay, but alarmed by their numbers and ferocity,
returned to the city. Not by the fire-vomiting arms of soldiers, but by
the sweet eloquence of the Fathers, by love, not by fear, were the
Guaranies vanquished. In the same year, Father Marcello Lorenzana, a
Spaniard, and master of our college at Asumpcion, at length prevailed
upon the Guaranies who wandered between the Paraguay and Parana, to
embrace the Roman Catholic religion, in the large town which he had
built for them, under the illustrious name of St. Ignatius Loyola. Near
about the same time, Fathers Giuseppe Cataldino and Simone Mazzeta,
Italians, Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, an American Spaniard, and their
successors, in after years, Roque Gonzalez, a Spaniard of Paraguay,
Pedro Romero, Diego Boroa, &c., all Jesuits, explored the province of
Guayra, as also those forest and mountain coverts toward the river
Uruguay, which had proved inaccessible to the Spanish soldiery, where
they discovered many thousands of Guaranies, who were assembled in
colonies, and brought over to God and the Catholic King.

These rapid progresses in the Christian cause have been miserably
retarded by the Mamalukes from Brazil, a bordering country, and
principally from St. Paulo. The Mamalukes are a set of people born of
Portugueze, Dutch, French, Italians and Germans, and Brazilian women,
celebrated for skill in shooting and robbing, ready for any daring
enterprize, and thence distinguished by the foreign name of Mamalukes:
for it was their constant custom to carry off the Indians, led by the
Fathers into the freedom of the children of God, into the hardest
slavery. By their incursions, repeated for a number of years, they
overthrew the towns of Asumpcion in Ỹeyuỹ, of Todos Santos in Caarõ, of
the holy Apostles in Caazapaguazù, of St. Christopher on the opposite
side of the Ỹgaỹ, of St. Joachim in the same place, of Santa Barbara, on
the western bank of the Paraguay, and of St. Carlos in Caapi. The
Guarany inhabitants of these colonies, with the exception of a few who
escaped by flight, were led away to Brazil, chained and corded, in
herds, like cattle, and there condemned to perpetual labour in the
working of sugar, mandioc, cotton, mines, and tobacco. The sucking babes
were torn from the bosoms of their mothers, and cruelly dashed upon the
ground by the way. All whom disease or age had rendered imbecile were
either cut down or shot, as being unequal to the daily march. Others, in
sound health, were often thrown by night into trenches prepared for
them, lest they should take advantage of the darkness, and flee. Many
perished by the way, either from hunger or the hardships of a journey
protracted for many leagues. In this hunting of the Indians, they
sometimes employed open violence, sometimes craft, equally inhuman in
both. They generally rushed into the town in a long file, when the
people were assembled in the church at divine service, and, blocking up
every street and corner, left the wretched inhabitants no way of escape.
They frequently disguised themselves as Jesuits, wearing rosaries,
crosses and a black gown, and collected companies of Indians in the
woods. Many towns that were liable to the treacherous hostilities of the
Mamalukes, such as Loretto, St. Ignatius, &c. were removed to safer
places, by a journey of many months, and with incredible labour, both of
the Fathers and of the Indians. Nor did the Mamalukes spare our colonies
of the Chiquitos and Moxos, nor others in the lands of the Spaniards,
which were administered both by the secular and regular clergy. The
Indian towns settled on the banks of the Yeyuỹ, in Curuquati, and many
others, were entirely destroyed by the Mamalukes. The same fate attended
Xerez, Guayra, (Ciudad real,) Villarica, &c. cities of the Spaniards.
Who can describe all the devastation committed in Paraguay? Hear what is
said on this subject in the collection of _Lettres Curieuses et
Edifiantes_:—"It is asserted," say they, "that in the space of one
hundred and thirty years, two millions of Indians were slain, or carried
into captivity by the Mamalukes of Brazil; and that more than one
thousand leagues of country, as far as the river Amazon, was stripped of
inhabitants. It appears from authentic letters, (sent by the Catholic
King —— in the year 1639, 16th Sept.) that in five years three hundred
thousand Paraguayrian Indians were carried away into Brazil." Pedro de
Avila, Governour of Buenos-Ayres, declared that Indians were openly
sold, in his sight, by the inhabitants of the town of St. Paulo, at Rio
Janeiro; and that six hundred thousand Indians were sold, in this town
alone, from the year 1628 to the year 1630.

But this their rapacity did not always remain unpunished; for, after the
Guaranies were permitted by the King to carry fire-arms, they were
frequently repulsed, and chastised with bloody slaughters. Memorable
above the rest, was that victory which four thousand Guarany neophytes
obtained at the river Mborore over a numerous flotilla of Brazilian
banditti. Four hundred of the inhabitants of St. Paulo were present, in
three hundred barks, with two thousand seven hundred of their allies the
Tupies, the most ferocious savages in Brazil. The Guaranies, headed by
Ignacio Abiazù, a chief of their nation, went to meet the enemy in five
ships, and firing the cannon upon them, overturned three of their boats,
many of the Brazilians being either killed or wounded. Most of them,
terrified at this unexpected salutation, leaped from their boats on to
the shore, and despairing of success in a naval fight, assaulted the
army of Guaranies in the rear by surprize; but were bravely repulsed on
every side, and partly slain: and indeed they would all have been
massacred, had not night put an end to the fight and the victory. Next
day they pursued the remnant of the enemy through the wood with such
success, that the very few who remained alive, forsaking their camps and
their boats, hastened home in great trepidation, and covered with
wounds. Three only of the victorious Guaranies were slain about the
beginning of the conflict, and forty wounded. This event rendered the
men of St. Paulo afraid of the emboldened Guaranies. Peace and security
were restored to their towns, and Christianity, which the perpetual
incursions of the Mamalukes had not only disturbed, but almost banished,
was every where greatly forwarded.

Nor should you imagine, that these things, relating to the Brazilians,
are calumniously represented or exaggerated by Spanish writers. The Most
Faithful King Joseph I. himself confesses, in a decree issued on the 6th
of July, in the year 1755, and inserted into the new code of Portugueze
laws, that many millions of Indians were destroyed, and that, at the
present time, very few Brazilian towns remain, and equally few
inhabitants. He adds, that this was occasioned by the depriving the
Indians of their liberty, contrary to the laws of Portugal. He declares
the Indians free, orders the captives to be set at liberty, &c. Likewise
other pious kings of Spain and Portugal, his predecessors, prohibited
all robbery, sale, oppression, and persecution of the Indians
whatsoever, under the severest penalties, by repeated laws. Many
governours of provinces urged, but rarely brought about the observance
of these decrees. For innumerable persons, who profit by the captivity
and services of the Indians, care more about riches than about
conscience and honour. The barbarity of these men towards the Indians
was pourtrayed in lively and faithful colours by the Jesuit Father
Antonio Vieyra, who preached on this subject at the Court of Lisbon, in
the year 1662, when his persecutors had turned him out of the province
of Maranham, on account of his defending the liberty of the Indians.

As the royal laws were disregarded in Brazil, in order to eradicate this
abominable custom of enslaving and ill-treating the Indians, the King
found it necessary to have recourse to the threats and penalties of the
Pope. Paul III., Urban VIII. and Benedict XIV. threatened to
excommunicate all who should presume, in the words of the Roman Court,
to reduce the Indians to a state of servitude; to sell, buy, exchange,
or give them away; to separate them from their wives and children, or in
any way whatsoever to deprive them of their liberty, or retain them in
servitude; or to do the aforesaid under any pretext whatsoever of
lending them counsel, aid, favour, or service; or to declare, or teach
it to be lawful so to do, or to effect it in any way whatsoever. All
this was prohibited, under pain of excommunication, in favour of all the
Indians then dwelling in the provinces of Brazil and Paraguay, and at
the river Plata, as well as in all other regions both of the western and
southern Indies. The Pontifical and Royal letters against the oppression
of the Indians were intended also to correct and intimidate the
Spaniards, who, though they had formerly been less eager in captivating
the Indians, were accustomed nevertheless to make use of them as slaves,
in opposition to the commands of the king. It is incredible how wickedly
they strove to disturb the colonies of the Chiquitos and other savages,
because they feared that no Indians would be left in the woods for them
to take and sell. For from this traffic of the Indians many thousands of
crowns were yearly collected; but on account of it the savages were
forcibly deterred from embracing religion, perceiving that, if they
became Christians, and the friends of the Spaniards, they must be
eternally enslaved and miserable.

The Spanish historians complain that the Indians were hardly treated and
oppressed with labour by their masters, in many cities of Paraguay. The
Indians, wearied with miseries, returned, whenever they could, to the
ancient recesses of their forests. The Lules, who had formerly been
baptized by St. Francisco Solano, and cruelly enslaved by the
inhabitants of the city Esteco, fled to the woods which they had
formerly inhabited; from whence the Jesuit Father Antonio Machoni, a
Sardinian, brought them back, and with incredible labour civilized them
in Valle Buena, and they have remained to this day in the town of St.
Estevan. The warlike Calchaquis, deserting their Spanish masters, and
scorning miserable servitude, returned to the caves of their native
land, whence sallying forth, they afflicted Tucuman with frequent and
bloody slaughters. The citizens of Concepcion, on the banks of the river
Bermejo, were all destroyed by the Indians whom intolerable slavery had
exasperated. The Jesuits, whilst, intent upon disseminating religion,
they endeavoured to vindicate the liberty of the Indians, were often
punished with exile, often with calumny and abuse, by those who had
their own private interest more at heart than the augmentation of
religion, or of the royal authority. The Indian towns, the inhabitants
of which were subjected to private individuals, named Encomenderos, have
long since been reduced, as I said, to such wretchedness, that they
rather seemed shadows of towns, than the reality: whilst, on the other
hand, the thirty-two towns of the Guaranies, ten of the Chiquitos, and
smaller ones of other nations, the inhabitants of which were subject
only to the Catholic Monarch, continually increased in population, and
always remained and flourished under our discipline. I do not pretend to
say that Paraguay and Brazil were at all times utterly destitute of
Portugueze and Spaniards who paid strict obedience to the laws, who
execrated the avarice and cruelty of their countrymen in regard to the
Indians, and left no stone unturned to restore and protect their
liberty, and to aid the progress of religion. But alas! those few with
grief beheld themselves unable to correct a multitude of barbarians.
Ability, not inclination was wanting.

Some mention has been made of the rivers which flow through Chaco: yet
much remains to be said of the Parana, the chief and receptacle of them
all, which at Buenos-Ayres obtains the splendid but inappropriate title
of La Plata. Historians have made many mistakes respecting the source of
this river, and the origin of its name. For they think that La Plata
takes its rise chiefly from the Paraguay, and that this latter comes
from the lake Xarayes. But in both these conjectures they are wide of
the mark. For the river La Plata is in reality the vast Parana, enriched
in its course by the Paraguay, Uruguay, and innumerable other streams.
From its distant source, as far as the Pacific Ocean, it is invariably
distinguished by the Guarany natives with the name of Parana, which word
signifies something akin to, or resembling the sea.

In the year 1509, Juan Diaz de Solis, sailing from Europe, discovered
the river Parana, and gave it his own name, Solis. In the year 1527,
Sebastian Cabot and Diego Garcia called it the Silver River, Rio de la
Plata, because they found among the Indians dwelling near it some plates
of silver, brought from Peru by the Portugueze, and robbed from them,
but suspected by the Spaniards to have been taken out of the bosom or
shores of this river. But after nearly three centuries had elapsed, no
silver had yet been discovered there. This river, which, though
destitute of silver, is perhaps the greatest in the world, retains to
this day the name of the Parana, which it received at its rise. It first
bears the name of La Plata at the river Las Conchas, six leagues distant
from Buenos-Ayres, where appears a remarkable rock, La Punta Gorda, a
little beyond which place, on the western shore, it absorbs the Uruguay,
which has already received the waters of the Rio Negro. By which means,
the Parana is augmented to such a degree, that at Las Conchas it is ten
leagues in width. Hence vessels that have sailed through the Paraguay
and Parana rest here as in port, and are here unloaded, and loaded
afresh before their return. For those small vessels which are sent from
the cities of Asumpcion and Corrientes and from the Guarany towns, could
not safely proceed farther.

The source of the river Parana has afforded as much matter of
controversy as the native city of Homer. The Spaniards who first went to
subdue Paraguay, after travelling for the space of full five hundred
leagues, either on the stream itself, or on its banks, are said never to
have been able to arrive at its source. The Brazilian Indians think the
Parana originates in an immense lake arising from the Peruvian
mountains, perhaps that called Lauricocha, near the Guanuco, about the
11th degree of latitude. Others, with more appearance of probability,
derive the river Amazon from the lake above-mentioned, though the
Indians insist upon it that the Amazon and the Parana both proceed from
the same source. But who would pay any attention to what the Indians
say? Many rivers flowing from the Peruvian mountains vary their course
every now and then, and are mingled one with another: now who, amid such
a labyrinth of streams, could so exactly distinguish the Parana from the
rest as to leave no room for doubt? It has been ascertained that this
river, in its various turnings and windings, travels more than eight
hundred leagues before it disgorges itself into the sea, by a huge
mouth. In this long journey it receives the waters of many rivers and
innumerable brooks. Who can enumerate this crowd of confluent streams? I
will mention the principal ones which occur to my memory, following its
course from lands situate between north and south.

On the western shore the Parana receives the waters of the Ỹgayrỹ, the
Ỹmuncina, the Monicỹ, the Amambaỹ, the Ygatimỹ, navigable to
middle-sized vessels, the Ỹgureỹ, the Yguairỹ, the Acaraỹ, a noble
river, as large as, perhaps larger than the Danube at Vienna. For on the
shore itself I measured it to be full six fathoms deep, and that not
during the time of inundation. It flows in a very wide channel, but so
quietly that you can hardly hear it. It is joined on the way by thirty
rivers of various sizes, and would certainly be navigable to large
ships, were it not impeded by rocks, which might perhaps be removed
could the Spaniards be brought to perceive the advantages of its
navigation. For the herb of Paraguay, which abounds in the woods near
its banks, might be transported along this river to the Parana, and
thence to the city of Buenos-Ayres, with a great saving both of time and
expense. But they are blind to these advantages. The Mondaỹ, which
springs from the Tarumensian woods, near the town of St. Joachim, and
afterwards other moderate-sized rivers, such as the Ỹhu, the Tarumaỹ,
the Yuguirỹ, the Guirahemguaỹ, the Cambay, &c. augment it to such a
degree that it becomes navigable to larger kinds of skiffs and boats—the
Caapivarỹ, the Aguapeỹ, which has a narrow but very deep channel, and is
dangerous to swimmers by reason of its water monsters, (the Yaguaro, a
kind of water tiger, often devours horses and mules as they are swimming
in this river)—the Atingỹ. All these, which I have mentioned, are of
lesser note; they are quite ignoble streams. But now listen attentively
whilst I give you some description of the place where the city
Corrientes is situated and which lies in lat. 27° 43´ and in long. 318°
57´. You must know that the great Paraguay, swelled by the waters of so
many rivers which it has received in its progress, here becomes the prey
of the greater Parana, and, at the same time, loses the name it has
hitherto borne. For that vast body of water formed by the junction of
both rivers is never called the Paraguay but always the Parana, because
the former brings a far greater quantity of water than the latter. But
though both rivers flow within the same banks and in the same channel,
the limpid Parana, scorning the muddy waters of the Paraguay, for some
time refuses to mix entirely with it. It is certain that, about three
miles apart, you may perceive the waters to be different both in colour
and taste. The Parana, which, a little before, flowed westerly,
following the Paraguay, changes its course, hastening towards the sea,
the mother of streams. However you may despise this conjecture, it seems
to me to possess some probability. In the country of St. Iago del
Estero, the rivers Dulce and Salado have frequently changed their
channel on this very account, and the same has been the case with regard
to some other rivers. In the city of St. Iago, St. Francisco Solano
built a dwelling-house, and a handsome church, for his companions, in
such a manner that the door of it did not look toward the market-place
of the city, but towards the plain. The brothers not approving of this
plan, the architect Solano, who was famous for the gift of prophecy,
bade them wait a little, saying, that what they now desired, in
ignorance of the future, would some day really happen. Some years after,
the river Dulce, which washes the city, changed its channel. The city
was forced to be changed also, which being done, the door of the church
fronted the market-place, as it does at this day. The event verified the
prediction, which the native Spaniards related to me when I was there.
But let us now return to the Parana.

The eastern shore of it is, in great measure, steep and stony; the
western shore, on the contrary, is low, muddy, and subject to floods.
All that part of this province which looks towards the west, beyond the
Parana, abounds in immense trees of various kinds, (fit for building
ships and waggons,) in fertile pastures and tracts of land, now sinking
into plains, now rising into gentle hills; yet you can scarce ever meet
with a situation fit for human habitations or fixed towns, either from
the superfluity or deficiency of water, or, which comes to the same
thing, the saltness and bitterness of it; for if you build a colony on
the shores of the Parana, it will be inundated with water on the next
flood, extending for two leagues beyond: if you remove it two or three
leagues from the shore, both the inhabitants and the beasts will perish
of thirst.

The rivers of lesser note, and more uncertain duration, which unite with
the Parana, after its junction with the Paraguay, are the rivers Negro,
Verde, Blanco, Rubeo, the Rio de Gomez, the Atopehenra-lauatè, or the
place of Capibaris, the Alcaray, the Cayman, the Embalzado, the Rio del
Rey, called by the Abipones Ychimaye, the Malabrigo, called by the
Abipones Neboquelatèl, the Eleya, the Saladillo, the Inespin, called by
the Abipones, Narahaguem, the Rio de Martin, the Salado, the Carcaranal,
the Tortugas, or river of tortoises, the Matanza, the Rio de los
Arrecifes, the Areco, the Lujan, the Rio de las Conchas. We have now
reached the port where vessels, coming from the east or west of
Paraguay, are in danger; for here the Parana, swelled by the accession
of so many rivers, and by that of the vast Uruguay, and the equally vast
Rio Negro, takes the appearance of a sea. But just as the Parana does
really show itself akin to the sea, it suddenly receives the name of La
Plata. What is the reason of this? Has it any silver in its bosom or on
its shores? Nothing is to be found there but mud. However, as Scipio
received the title of Africanus, from having devastated Africa, by the
same right may the Parana be called La Plata from the Peruvian silver
which it has often swallowed up, along with the ships that contained it.
Here the river is ten leagues wide, yet, not content with its own
magnitude, it joins with itself the other ignobler streams which flow
towards the west. The most noted of them is that by the Spaniards called
Riachuelo.

The more considerable rivers which join the Parana, on the eastern side,
beginning at the north, are the Añembỹ, the Parana-panè, the Guitaỹ, the
Iguazu, flowing from Brazil, by which the Mamalukes formerly came to
plunder the Guaranies. This river is of no inconsiderable size, and will
bear tolerably large vessels. Four leagues from the bank of the Parana
you meet with a cataract thirty ells high, from which the river falls
headlong, with a frightful noise, and such a foam proceeds from it that
the thick vapour, covering the place like a cloud, may be seen at four
leagues distance. As this cataract is utterly impassable, navigators
travel by land, for some time, and drag their boats along with their
hands. Three leagues from the cataract the river is only one league in
width. The Ybiraytỹ, the Yabebirỹ, which flows past the Guarany towns of
St. Ignatius-miri, and Nuestra Senhora de Loretto, is narrow but very
deep, the St. Ambrose, the Rio de los Astores and the Rio de Sta. Lucia.
Through these last-mentioned rivers we have often known those cruel
pirates the Payaguas come to plunder the estates of the Spaniards, and
slay the inhabitants. The Corrientes, a moderate-sized river, which
rises from the neighbouring lake Yberà, formerly called Lago de los
Caracaras, said to be about four miles in length, but of inconsiderable
and varying breadth. Many islands which it contains, are chosen at this
time by Indian runaways, as places of concealment; and we learn that, in
the last century, they were inhabited by the Caracara Indians who proved
very formidable, and almost invincible, to the Spaniards. However, at
the command of the Governour of Buenos-Ayres, a party of our Guaranies,
under Juan de Garay, happily attacked and conquered them, most of the
enemies being either slain or taken captive after an obstinate defence
of all the islands. These are the names of the other rivers which join
the Parana. The Guanguilarò, the Espinosa, the Alcaràz, the Hernand
Arias, the Pardia, the Rio de los Charruas and the Pacu. But all those
streams are of lesser importance. _Jam paulò major a canamus._

We have now arrived at the place where the Uruguay, a river of the first
magnitude, submits to the Parana. It rises in the mountains of Brazil,
between the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth degrees of latitude, in the
Captaincy of St. Vicente, (according to Bourgainville,) and flows for
the space of full two hundred leagues; the rocks and cataracts with
which it is here and there impeded render navigation extremely
difficult, even to middle-sized skiffs. The largest of all the cataracts
blocks up the whole river at the Guarany town Yapeyù, and denies a
passage to skiffs coming from the port of Buenos-Ayres, so that the
sailors are obliged to carry them on their shoulders by land, in order
that they may proceed on their journey. It is proper in this place to
describe that kind of vessel in use amongst the Uruguayan Indians, and
which in the Spanish language is called _balsa_. Two very large boats,
sometimes seventy feet long, are firmly joined together with
cross-planks, and over them they strew reeds carefully matted by way of
a pavement. In the midst a little reed hut is erected, covered with
bulls' hides to defend it from the inclemencies of the weather. Oars,
not sails, are made use of, both in going up and down the stream, with
more security than despatch. There is, moreover, need of many rowers; in
all directions you meet with islands rich in palms, citrons, peaches and
various other trees, but which abound likewise in tigers, serpents and
other wild animals either dangerous, or fit for food. The immense rocks,
of which these cataracts are composed, being blasted, were indeed hurled
aloft into the air, but falling back again into the river, obstructed
the passage of even the smallest vessels. Thus remedies are often worse
than the disease itself.

The most considerable rivers which flow into the Uruguay on the western
shore are the Yapucà, the Piguirỹ, or Pepirỹ, the Guanumbacà, the
Acaranà, the Mborore, much celebrated for the victory I related to you
gained by the Guaranies over the Mamalukes, the Aguapeỹ, the Miriñaỹ,
flowing from the lake Ỹbera, the Vaccaretâ, the Timboỹ, the Gualeguaỹ,
the Rio de los Topes, the Yaguarỹ-guazù. All these rivers are joined in
their course by lesser streams. The Uruguay receives, on the east, the
waters of the Uruguaỹ-mir̂i, the Uruguaỹ-pîtà, or the little, and red
Uruguay, the Ỹribobà, the Rio St. Juan, the Ñucorà, the Yaguarapè, the
Yyuỹ, the Piritinỹ, the Ỹcabagua, the Mbutuy, the Toropỹ, after its
junction with the Ybicuỹ, the Guaraỹ, the Tebiguarỹ, the Lechiguana, the
Rio San Salvador. In this neighbourhood, the Rio Negro, famed for the
excellence and abundance of its waters, enters the Uruguay a little
before that river unites with the Parana, at La Punta Gorda. From such a
number of uniting streams you may arrive at an idea of the magnitude of
the Uruguay.

I must now discourse upon the Paraguay, from which the Parana receives
its chief augmentation. The origin of this river has occasioned as great
a dispute as that of the Parana. It is, however, now established beyond
all doubt, that those persons who have written that this river comes out
of the lake Xarayes are quite mistaken. This ancient and universal
error, with good leave of Bourgainville be it spoken, did not originate
in the Jesuit geographers, but was brought into Europe by the Spaniards
who first subdued Paraguay, and has in the present age been detected:
for it is certain that the Spaniards their successors have sailed on the
river Paraguay sixty leagues beyond that lake, which proves that we must
seek for the source of it in the more distant mountains situated towards
the north-east. Some have thought that it proceeds from the fabulous
lake Del Dorado. Bourgainville asserts that the Paraguay takes its rise
between the fifteenth and sixteenth degrees of north latitude, at almost
an equal distance from the North and South Seas. This opinion of the
Frenchman I willingly leave to be examined by the later Portugueze who
have dwelt there. However this may be, it has been clearly ascertained
that the Paraguay does not take its rise from the lake Xarayes, as such
a lake exists no where but in geographical charts; for that collection
of waters which is sometimes seen is not the parent of the river
Paraguay, but the offspring of it. This I boldly affirm on the authority
of Father Joseph Sanchez Labrador, a curious naturalist, who repeatedly
traversed both banks of the Paraguay, and by them arrived at the towns
of the Chiquitos. The Chiquito town dedicated to St. Xavier is situated
more towards the north than the rest, lying, as the same Sanchez
observed, in the 16th degree of latitude, and the 313th degree of
longitude. The town of Corazon de Jesus, situated in the 16th degree of
latitude, and the 319th degree of longitude, lies nearest the shores of
the river Paraguay, one hundred and ninety leagues distant from the city
of Asumpcion. Now let geographers hear what the oft commended Sanchez
declares to be his opinion respecting that imaginary lake Xarayes, and
the fabulous island De los Orejones.

"The Paraguay," says he, "collected into one channel, for some time
flows to the north, but presently separates into three branches, one of
which the Indians call Paraguay-mir̂i, that is little Paraguay, and the
other two Paraguay-guazù, or great Paraguay. These three branches of the
river are swelled by the usual floods, and, overflowing their banks,
inundate the plain country for the space of two hundred leagues.
European strangers have mistaken this frequent inundation, this
collection of waters, which generally lasts for some time, for a
permanent lake. In the midst of this imaginary lake they placed an
island called De los Orejones, to which they give thirty leagues of
length and ten of breadth, such being the degree of space occupied by
the Parana when it overflows. This was called the Island of Paradise by
the Spaniards who first conquered Paraguay, for there they rested for a
short time after their mighty labours. Neither the Portugueze, who
inhabit Cuyaba and Matto Grosso, neighbouring places, nor the more
recent Spaniards, nor the native Indians, were acquainted with any such
lake." These are the arguments made use of by Sanchez, who was better
acquainted with the controverted territories than any other person, and
consequently, in my opinion, most worthy of credit, to prove the
non-existence of the lake Xarayes and its island. Europeans travelling
in unknown America are frequently deceived; they mistake an assemblage
of waters caused by many months' rain for a river, or a constant lake,
whereas it only proceeds from an immense flood created by continual
showers, or by the melting of the snow on the Peruvian mountains.

The principal rivers, with the waters of which the Paraguay is enriched,
join it on the western shore: the Jaurù, which flows into the Paraguay
in 16° 29´ of south latitude, and 320° 10´ of longitude from the island
of Ferro; the Mandiỹ beneath the site of the feigned lake Xarayes; the
Rio Verde; the Yabebirỹ; the Pilcomayo, which falls into the Paraguay in
two branches some leagues apart; the Timbò, a very large river, formed
of two other lesser streams in the place called La Herradura, and
diametrically opposite to the river Tebiguarỹ, which is at the other
bank of the Paraguay. Here I founded the Abiponian colony of San Carlos.
The Rio Grande, or Vermejo, enters the Paraguay before its junction with
the Parana. On the eastern shore, beginning at the north, the Paraguay
is joined by the river De los Porrudos, which had before received the
waters of the Cuyaba, the name of a Portugueze town, and to which also
the rivers Cuchipò-guazù, Cuchipò-miri, and Manso had previously united
themselves. Lower down the river Taguarỹ, augmented by the waters of the
Camapuâ, enters the Paraguay by three mouths, which are formed by
intervening lands. Through these and other rivers the Portugueze sail in
boats to their colonies Cuyabà, and Matto Grosso, where they gather
little bits of gold out of the sand, with no inconsiderable profit. In
Camapuâ, an intermediate place, Andreas Alvarez, a Portugueze, took up
his residence with a number of negro slaves, and supplied the
Portugueze, who travelled backwards and forwards, with provisions,
waggons, and other necessaries from the produce of his land. The
following are the names of the rest of the rivers: the Mboteteỹ, in the
land of the Guarany Ytatinguas, for whom the Jesuits formerly founded
two colonies in this place; the Ygarỹpe, the Mboymboỹ, the Tareytỹ, the
Guaycuruỹ, on the banks of which the Guaycarus settled, and where they
remain to this day; the Corrientes, the Mbaerỹ, the Ỹpane-guazù,
formerly the Guarambarè, the Yeyuỹ, navigable to large boats, impeded by
many rocks, and augmented by many rivers, the most important of which is
the Caapivarỹ, which mingles its waters with the Yeyuỹ, about twenty
leagues before that river enters the Paraguay. The shores of the Yeyuỹ,
and of the Caapivarỹ, are surrounded by immense woods, nurseries of the
herb of Paraguay, a vast quantity of which is carried from the town
Curuguati to the city of Asumpcion, by the other Spanish inhabitants.
But let us proceed. The Paraguay receives into itself the following
streams: the Tobatỹ, the Caañiabê, and the Tebiguarỹ, navigable to
middle-sized vessels. By the accession of so many, and such considerable
tributary streams, the Paraguay is increased to such a size, that the
old Spaniards used to sail through it to the city of Asumpcion, and even
more distant places, in the same ships which had borne them on the
Ocean, from the port of Cadiz. At this time no one dares attempt that,
for fear of being wrecked, for this river swells to such a breadth, that
you often cannot see either bank, as on the sea. It is intersected by
many islands, and abounds in rocks, shallows, and quicksands. It is
dangerous to sail on it without a pilot, called Pratico, well acquainted
with the river, who must be hired to go before the ship in a boat, and
sound the depth every now and then. At night you must rest in a safe
situation, and anxiously seek port on an approaching storm. But alas!
spite of every art that can be exerted, vessels often stick in shoals,
and quicksands, out of which they must be taken on the shoulders of the
sailors, or, with the assistance of a skiff, in great part unloaded. For
many persons, through greediness of gain, load their vessels with so
much merchandise, that you can scarce see two palms of wood above the
water, in consequence of which, if the wind blows violently, they are
swallowed up in the waves. This river is likewise rendered dangerous by
two whirlpools—places where, even when there is no wind, the water
twists into circles, and forms, in the centre, a whirlpool, which sucks
up whatever comes near it; but it may be passed without danger, unless
the sailors are extremely stupid. There is more danger in various other
places, where the river hurries along like lightning, and dashes vessels
upon rocks or shallows. In sailing against the stream, oars alone will
not suffice; sails must be made use of likewise. From these things you
may judge that the navigation of this river can never be effected
without danger, and reasonable alarm.

I must now speak of the cataract of this river, which is called by the
Spaniards El Salto Grande, and occurs about the 24th deg. of lat. and
325th of long., near the ruined city of Guayra. I myself never saw it: I
shall, therefore, describe this prodigy of nature in the words of Father
Diego Ranconier, a Fleming, who gave a most accurate description of it
in the name of the Jesuit Father Nicolas Duran, then Provincial of
Paraguay, in his annals of Paraguay, dated Rome, in the year 1626.
"Amongst all the things," says he, "capable of exciting admiration in
these provinces, this cataract easily obtains the first place; and
indeed I know not whether the whole terraqueous globe contains any thing
more wonderful. The river precipitates itself, with the utmost violence,
down an immensely high rock, twelve leagues in descent, and dashes, in
its downward course, against huge rocks of horrible form, from which the
waters, being reverberated, leap up to a great height, and as the
channel is in many places intersected, on account of the exceeding
roughness of the rocks, the waters are separated into various paths, and
then meet together again, causing stupendous whirlpools. In other places
also, the waters, leaping down, rush into the rocks themselves, and are
concealed from the view: then, after having remained hidden for some
time, again break forth, as if they had sprung from various fountains,
and swallow up vast masses of rocks. Lastly, so great is the violence of
the waters in the descent of the stream, that, during the whole course
of twelve leagues, they are covered by a perpetual foam, which,
reflecting the rays of the sun, dazzles the eyes of beholders with its
brightness. Also the sound of the water, falling down and dashing
against the rocks, may easily be heard at four leagues distance. This
rough descent being ended, the water seems inclined to rest on the
bottom, in smoother ground. For it often stagnates there by day, but
almost every hour a loud noise arises, from some hidden cause, and the
water leaps up to the height of many cubits. Fish of immense size are
seen there: and Father Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, then missionary of the
Guarany nation, in Guayra, declares that he saw a fish, as big as an ox,
swimming on the river, with only half his body above water. Nor is this
incredible; for when I visited the Guarany Reductions," (he means the
new colonies of Indians,) "they wrote me word that an Indian had been
swallowed by a river-fish of this kind, and afterwards ejected whole on
to the bank."

Between the Guarany town De la Candelaria, and the city Corrientes, the
Parana throws in the way of navigators another smaller rapid, full of
projecting rocks. I have no doubt that in the long course of the Parana,
there lurks many a hidden whirlpool; the credibility of which opinion I
will endeavour to prove to you, by relating a recent event. In the year
1756, whilst I was residing in the town of Loretto, a number of
Guaranies began to sail in boats up the river Parana, to gather the herb
of Paraguay in distant woods. When they had got a very few leagues
beyond the town of Cuerpo de Cristo, all perished, except one man, the
announcer of this unfortunate catastrophe. "About noon," said he, "they
briskly rowed the boat to the sound of pipes and drums. The sky was
serene, the air tranquil, the river placid, when suddenly the prow of
the ship was lifted straight upright, like a pillar, and the poop
proportionably lowered; but it fell back into its former situation, and
put an end to the sudden terror excited, but not to the danger. For soon
after the prow was again elevated by some hidden impulse, and the ship
and all the sailors were swallowed up in a moment." One alone escaped,
as I told you, by swimming, and announced the sad fate of his
companions. We know the fact, but are ignorant of the cause. Almost
every body agreed with me in attributing it to a hidden whirlpool, which
had remained till then undiscovered in this frequented river. Often in
vast rivers, and still oftener in the wide ocean, places destructive to
ships are discovered, which had, for many ages, escaped the observation
of skilful navigators.

The Parana abounds in innumerable islands of various sizes. It often
demolishes the old, and creates new ones. For the annual floods heap up
the sands, which are liberally supplied with seeds of willows wafted
thither by the wind; these soon take root and quickly grow up with the
aid of abundant moisture. Wait a little, and you will see the island
covered with willows, other trees, and turf, and haunted by birds, wild
beasts, and amphibious animals. Other islands are gradually destroyed by
the violence of the waves; we have seen some of them sunk under water,
others rocked like a ship by the wind and the waves, and borne up and
down till they are dissolved and swallowed up. The most considerable
islands are Martin Garzia, Las dos Hermanas, the Island of St. Gabriel,
La Isla de Flores, and La Isla de Lobos. The Parana overflows twice
every year. The greater flood generally commences in the summer month
December, continues during the whole of January, and sometimes does not
subside till the end of February. The lesser begins about the middle of
June, and lasts thirty days. In both floods all the islands, some of
which are three leagues in extent, are so entirely covered that the tops
of the very highest trees are alone visible.

Tigers and stags like those of our country, which are very numerous,
come out upon the shores. When the river is not contained within its
very high banks, it spreads to the space of many leagues. I remember
sailing near the town of St. Ferdinand, in a ship, amid palm trees, on
the plain which, at other times, I used to gallop over on horseback. The
waters of the Parana are muddy; but if suffered to settle in a pitcher,
not unwholesome for the natives of the town; though in strangers, they
occasion diarrhœa, which proved fatal to fourteen of my companions,
whilst we were awaiting an opportunity of sailing to Europe, in the city
of Buenos-Ayres, whither we had assembled from different parts of the
province. I, also, was confined to my bed, and placed in extreme danger
by it. The tide of the sea spreads full a hundred leagues up the Parana,
especially when the south wind blows violently; but its waters are fresh
about six leagues from the mouth of the sea.

The Parana, now distinguished by the unmerited appellation of La Plata,
has five havens for sea-vessels; but perfect security is to be found in
neither of them. Ships rest in the port of Buenos-Ayres, three leagues
from land, exposed to all winds and storms. The south wind, which rages
most in those parts, threatens immediate destruction, unless the anchors
and cables be very strong and firm. Long, light ships, called Lanchas,
which are much used in this river, draw to land by the river Riachuelo,
when it is augmented by the tide; for when the sea ebbs, it is too
shallow to bear those vessels. Colonia do Sacramento, which lies on the
eastern shore, opposite to the city Buenos-Ayres, and almost fifteen
leagues distant from it, (for such the width of the river is reckoned to
be,) affords a safer station for vessels, and one nearer to land, being
somewhat defended against the wind by high banks on one side, and on the
other by the neighbouring island of St. Gabriel, though this very
circumstance of the island's being so near, as well as the hidden rocks,
are great causes for apprehension, because mournfully signalized by not
a few shipwrecks. The best, and, to say truth, the only port on the same
shore, is that of Monte-Video, which is situated thirty leagues distant
from the colony, and as many from the sea, and is commodiously defended
by artillery, and by a castle which contains five hundred guards. This
bay, which is about one league and a half long from the port, and almost
circular, is protected against all winds, except the south, which is
very formidable here, by high shores, and by a lofty mountain visible at
eight leagues distance. It is also navigable to ships of war. The little
island of rabbits, La Isla de los Conejos, occupies the port. The castle
of the place is so small, considering the immense sums expended upon it
by the court of Madrid, that it rather deserves the name of a castlet.
The island Maldonado, about nine leagues distant from the mouth of the
sea, and about as many from Monte-Video, betwixt La Isla dos Lobos, and
La Isla de Flores, affords a convenient situation to ships of every
size, and a defence against the S. E. wind. The Governour, Pedro
Ceballos, fortified this bay as well as he could with new works. Men
skilled in these matters have declared it as their opinion that this
post is excellently well situated, and might be made very important to
the security of the province, if nature were assisted by art. On the
opposite shore, towards the west, the bay Barragan, twelve leagues
distant from Buenos-Ayres, affords an opportunity for repairing ships,
but little security for them. For it is every where surrounded by low
banks, and lies exposed to all winds. The entrance itself is not devoid
of danger. The harbour is indeed of wide extent, but, being rather
shallow, the larger ships remain two leagues from land. The place has no
fortifications of any kind, consisting of a very few wretched huts of
hides and rushes.

As the river La Plata has but a few ports, and those not very safe ones,
it consequently threatens navigators with an hundred dangers, on account
of the sand-banks, and shoals which occur here and there. The most
remarkable of these are two named El Banco Ingles, and El Banco Ortiz;
both of which are many leagues both in length and in breadth. The danger
is increased by some hidden rocks near La Isla dos Lobos, and La Isla de
Flores, and still more by huge crags in the neighbourhood of the port of
Monte-Video, called Las Carretas de Monte-Video, which are the more
dangerous on account of their being less easy to be seen. If the pilot
is not thoroughly acquainted with the river, or if he neglects to make
frequent use of the sounding-line, a shipwreck is inevitable. The vessel
will either be buried amid high heaps of sand, or will spring a leak
from being dashed against the rocks. This may the more certainly be
expected, if the river be so much disturbed by a strong south wind, as
to render it impossible to make any use of the rudder; for during a
tempest the waves rise mountains high, and the violence of them is
incredible. Three or four anchors will scarce hold a ship at such times.
Matteo Callao, an experienced man, captain of a war-ship named La
Esmeralda, when he brought us back to Spain from Monte-Video, was often
heard to exclaim in the river Plata, "Let me only get clear of this
devil, and I shall think myself already at the port of Cadiz." Who would
not have been terror-struck at the remembrance of so many vessels which
had recently perished there? That very ship in which we sailed from
Lisbon had nearly been added to the number of those unfortunate ones. I
will relate the affair as briefly as possible.

In Portugal, a Brazilian mulatto was hired at a great price by Feliciano
Velho, the captain of the ship, because he professed himself well
acquainted with the river La Plata, though he was, in reality, extremely
ignorant. At the entrance of the river the captain, Joseph Carvalho de
Pereira, according to custom, committed the entire management of the
ship to this man; but more ignorant than a brute, he made a dangerous
error at the very threshold. He took the ship to such a distance from
the east shore, which it ought to have kept in sight, that nothing but
water and sky was to be seen. On perceiving which, "Holloa!" exclaimed
the captain, "you will lose my ship before the sun sets!" This sudden
speech proved prophetic: for leaning over the side of the vessel, at
about two o'clock in the afternoon, I observed that the water in a
certain place was unusually disturbed, and suspecting the truth of the
matter, disclosed the circumstance to the captain, who, ascending a mast
as quick as possible, perceived that we were steering directly towards
the English Shoal, and immediately ordered the prow of the ship to be
turned towards the east: for that repercussion of the waters arose, as I
suspected, from the neighbouring quicksands. About evening we cast
anchor in very shallow water, so that the ship hardly floated at all.
After sun-set there came on a furious tempest. While the sky bellowed
with thunder, a violent south wind raised huge billows in the river, and
created much alarm lest the ship, which was fastened to a muddy bottom
with a very bad anchor, should be either dashed upon the rocks of La
Isla de Flores on one side, or upon the English Shoal on the other; for
the former were on our left, and the latter on our right, at no great
distance. Consequently, the sailors were forced to toil day and night in
pulling away the anchors and strengthening the cables. This formidable
storm lasted two days. On St. Stephen's day, about noon, the captain
thought fit to remove from this dangerous neighbourhood. But after a few
moments sail we were suddenly forced to cast anchor, for, by the
sounding-line, sands were discovered to be close at hand.

We learnt from the Spaniards, who came by night in a skiff from
Monte-Video to spy us, that we were in a dangerous situation, and near
to the rocks named Las Carretas de Monte-Video. We all vainly wished for
some one from the port, well acquainted with the river, to show us the
way. They said there was no skiff for such a person to make use of, but
that a Portugueze captain was going next day to the port of Colonia, and
that this man might go before us in a skiff and conduct our ship. Him we
expected next day to show us the way; but as he did not make his
appearance, being probably afraid of the stormy wind, we pursued our
journey, blindly wandering up and down. Thinking that we had now left
behind us the shoal named El Ortiz, we sailed, even at night, without
suspicion of danger. But, alas! the greatest danger is in security.
About day-break the ship stuck so fast upon those very shoals from which
we thought ourselves long since escaped, that for two days no industry
or nautical skill was sufficient to remove it from that place. On the
second night there arose a most violent tempest. The poop remained
immoveable, being thrust into the sand, whilst the other parts of the
ship were tost about with such violence, that it seemed every moment as
if the joints of the planks would be loosened. About the same time a
strong south wind, accompanied with continual thunder, drove such a
force of water from the sea into the river Plata, that early in the
morning the ship was extricated from that abyss of sands, and floated
once again. Carried by the same wind, now favourable to us, we entered
the port of Colonia, in safety, next day about noon. After remaining
there for two days, and being much tossed about, we were removed to the
city of Buenos-Ayres. In crossing this river, which is about fifteen
leagues wide, many of us endured more apprehension, and felt more
sickness, than in the whole ocean. For want of a better, we went in a
skiff, which age had rendered rotten, worm-eaten, and ruinous. Scarcely
did one part adhere to the other. The fury of the raging wind increased
our fear and our danger, for as it blew against us, our sails were too
much bent, and one whole side of the skiff lay under water. But all this
was nothing. We gave ourselves up for lost when the rudder was thrust
into the sand, and we stuck for some time with the prow lifted up in the
air. But who can describe the joy we felt on beholding the shore, and
entering the port which we had vainly sought for three whole months?

I have spoken the more fully on this subject, in order to show you that
successful navigation in this river depends not upon skill alone, but
upon great good-fortune. Should a violent south wind arise, skill,
knowledge, and experience all of no avail, the ship will be driven into
places where it will either perish, or at least undergo much danger. In
the year 1766, the very best skiff in the port of Buenos-Ayres,
commanded by the most excellent captains in that city, being dashed
against a shoal by the force of a stormy south wind, had its keel split
like a nut, was divided into two parts, and utterly perished, ten
Jesuits destined for the province of Chili, many Spanish grenadiers, and
all the rest of the crew being drowned, except one captain of the
grenadiers, who, with a boy of ten years old, seized hold, by chance, of
a little boat, and arrived in safety at the opposite shore, at full ten
miles distance from the place of the shipwreck. Not a single person
offered to accuse the pilot of stupidity, or want of skill. Every one
was aware that the foul tempest which had arisen in the night alone
occasioned the shipwreck. For it appears from nautical tables and
documents, that the north channel of the river is narrower and deeper,
and the south channel, on the contrary, wider but of a shallower bottom.
All knew whereabouts El Banco Inglez and El Banco Ortiz, with the other
well-known rocks, lay concealed. But who could even guess at these new
shoals, fresh heaps of sand, which either the river with its
inundations, or the sea rushing impetuously into the river, were wont to
heap up? By continually making use of the sounding-line, these later
shoals are indeed discovered, but often when it is too late, the waves
baffling all art and industry. Wherefore the wider this river extends on
each side, and the nearer it approaches to the sea, so much the more is
it to be dreaded. In this one channel the river La Plata flows between
the promontories of Sta. Maria and S. Antonio, which latter is also
called Cabo Blanco. The priest Cyriaco Morelli speaks thus concerning
the mouth of the river La Plata, in his work intituled _Fasti Novi
Orbis_, "What we call the river La Plata, is in reality an immense bay
of the sea, into which the waters of the Parana, the Paraguay, and the
Uruguay flow." Different authors give different accounts of the width of
this river where it enters the sea. Many Spaniards at this day give it
sixty leagues, others fewer, and some say it is seventy leagues across.
But Egidio Gonzalez de Avila, in the "_Ecclesiastical Theatre of the
Indies_," vol. ii. affirms that the river La Plata enters the sea by
mouths eighty leagues in width. I leave you to form your own opinion on
the subject.

I have crossed this channel twice, but must own I never measured it. It
is certain, that incautious or too credulous captains are often deceived
by the wideness of this vast river, which prevents them from seeing both
shores of it. Trusting too much to their own fallacious calculations,
they think themselves sailing on the ocean, and boldly proceed with
spread sails, and without consulting the sounding-line, but at length
when the ship strikes upon shoals, perceive too late that they are in
the river Plata, and frequently perish. I write this on my own
experience. On St. Thomas's day the ship proceeded full sail, and with a
wind as favourable as could be desired. We observed little birds, never
at other times seen on the ocean, flying about, bits of grass floating,
and the colour of the water changed, from all which it was easy to
conclude that we were near land. We represented these circumstances over
and over again to the captain, a Portugueze, who, though in other
respects a worthy and prudent man, relied too much on his own
observations, and was somewhat pertinacious and opiniated He insisted
upon it that we were far from land, and openly declared that he should
pursue his present course, full sail, till seven o'clock at night. We
should have perished had he acted according to his word. For about
sun-set, a short-lived but violent gust of wind sprung up. All sails
were lowered as usual. We perceived that the ship was surrounded on all
sides by seals, which were the means of saving our lives by proving that
we were in the perilous river La Plata, or at least in the entrance of
it. For you will never see these amphibious animals in the main sea, it
being their daily custom to quit the water and go upon shore. The
testimony of the seals was also confirmed by the sounding-line, by which
we discovered that the bottom was but a very few cubits deep. The
captain convinced of his former error, thought fit to put in practice
the maxim _festina lente_! We stuck between the hammer and the anvil,
when that first squall was succeeded by a tempest accompanied with
thunder and a furious south wind. Lest the ship should be driven to the
neighbouring promontory of Sta. Maria, or on to the shoals, the sails
were placed in such a manner that the wind when it falls into one is
repelled by the other, by which means the ship, floating in the same
place, is prevented from proceeding. About the middle of the night, the
wind abating a little, we proceeded very slowly with but one sail. At
dusk in the evening unknown tracts of land presented themselves to our
eyes. At length the sun being fully risen, it was not without terror
that we beheld ourselves scarce a gun-shot from the lofty rocks of the
promontory of Sta. Maria. Our alarm was increased when, after repeatedly
casting the sounding-line, the sailors discovered that, to the imminent
danger of the ship, the bottom was but six fathoms deep. For the sea
being at ebb, and the waters momently decreasing more and more, we
should have been becalmed, and consequently disenabled from receding
from the neighbouring rocks, where, if the south wind returned, we
should be dashed to pieces, but if the calm lasted we must stick fast in
the shallows. We derived safety and incredible consolation from the sun,
then at the meridian, from observation of which we at length discovered
whereabouts we were. Two hours after noon a gentle gale arose, which
enabled us to quit the shallows and that threatening shore, and to
re-enter the main sea. The wind becoming more favourable after sun-set,
we stole into the very channel of the river, and about dawning got sight
of La Isla de Lobos. But this short-lived joy was saddened the same day
with all those wanderings and perils which I have just related. From all
this you may conclude how formidable the width of the river La Plata is
to captains of ever so long experience.

The name of the river Plata being spread throughout Europe in former
times, many of the Spaniards flew to Paraguay, and after all found
nothing but poverty, where they expected riches. Paraguay is surrounded
by the provinces of Chili, Peru, and Quito, which abound in gold,
silver, gems, and precious stones, neither of which is to be found in
Paraguay. Some of them might perhaps be discovered, you will say, if
properly searched for, but this I do not believe, knowing how sagacious
and quick-sighted the Spaniards are in seeking for treasures concealed
in the bosom of the earth; as, therefore, they have never hitherto
endeavoured to dig for gold and silver, or have been unsuccessful in the
attempt, I am firmly persuaded that there are none to be found; and the
longer I remained in this country, the more was my opinion on that head
strengthened by convincing proofs and experiments. In many places signs
of hidden metal were sometimes discovered, but they served rather to
drain the purses of the more credulous Spaniards than to enrich them. I
will fairly relate whatever occurs to my memory relative to the attempts
that were made to discover metals, and the ridiculous ideas that were
entertained on this head. I was intimately acquainted with a merchant in
the city of St. Iago del Estero, who had formerly been opulent, but was
at that time reduced to ruin. Hoping to become as rich as Crœsus, he
directed his whole thoughts and faculties towards discovering mines.
Emissaries were hired to search in those places which were thought to
contain metals. At much expense he undertook a journey to the Governour
of Tucuman, who lived at a great distance, to obtain from him a right to
dig for gold. He spent immense sums upon workmen, mules, provision, and
other instruments necessary for searching the bowels of the earth, with
no reward for his pains, except spending the riches that he already
possessed, without obtaining those which he promised himself under
ground, and remained ever afterwards indigent and derided by all. Yet
deluded by his hopes, he had still to learn wisdom. He knew that about
eighty leagues distant from the city of St. Iago, was a place named
Hierro, which runs out into an extensive plain covered with rich grass.
Not a stone or even a pebble is to be seen in the whole vicinity. Here
and there appears out of the turf a plank, or the trunk of a tree,
having the appearance of iron, except that by its shining it bears some
sort of resemblance to silver. The good man now thought he had reached
the summit of his wishes, for he swore that silver mixed with iron lay
concealed in this place, to the great amusement of all that heard him.
He gave a little piece of this metal, which he had eagerly snatched up,
to a smith to be melted in the city. The Spaniards who were present
privily slipped some pieces of silver money into the furnace. When,
therefore, he beheld the melted mass, consisting of silver and that kind
of iron flowing from the furnace, he thought himself the happiest of
mankind. But understanding that he had been cheated, and cajoled, he
flew into a rage, and threatened the authors of the deceit with every
thing that was dreadful. An European smith, after carefully trying that
exotic metal with fire, informed me that it was a sort of iron, but so
hard and so brittle, that no art would be sufficient to bend or reduce
it to any kind of form, and consequently that it was of no use whatever.
I will tell you another anecdote of the same kind.

A certain merchant of Cordoba was involved in very great pecuniary
difficulties, to extricate himself from which he forsook his old
calling, and took up that of a physician, in which he was never properly
instructed;—a metamorphosis by no means uncommon amongst the Europeans
who reside in America. Deserters from the army and navy, if they
exercise any handicraft trade, will never find a wife in Paraguay. To
obviate this objection they apply themselves to merchandise. Whoever has
his shop filled with tallow-candles, cheese, knives, needles, scissors,
linen or woollen neck-handkerchiefs, and some flagons of brandy, is
styled a merchant, immediately becomes noble, is esteemed superior to
the vulgar, and fit to make any marriage connection, or hold any
magistracy. Reduced to ruin, from merchants they suddenly become
physicians. These ignorant quacks, who in Europe hardly know how to
shave a beard, breathe a vein, cut the nails, apply cupping-glasses to
the skin, administer an injection, or spread a plaster, give themselves
out for Galens in Paraguay, and slay the rich with impunity at all hours
of the day. Such an one was Bartholomew. Finding his purse no way filled
by the diseases and deaths of others, and being universally dreaded, he
at length changed his mind, forsook his gallipots, and turned his
thoughts towards metals, the last anchor of his hopes. A vague report
had been spread that in the mountains near Cordoba, signs of hidden gold
had manifested themselves. Having consulted those persons who were best
informed on this subject, obtained leave of the royal Governours, hired
men to dig, and purchased cattle to maintain them, solely on the promise
of reward, he explored, for some time, the bowels of the earth, but with
no success, with great loss, and terrible expense, as it was necessary
to convey both wood and water many leagues on the backs of mules.
Overwhelmed with debts, which his hopes of discovering gold had led him
to contract, this wretched man served to teach others that it is safer
to seek for gold on the surface of the earth, than in the subterranean
caverns of the Cordoban mountains. And indeed no one, that I know of,
from that time forward ever thought of seeking there for mines of gold.
A report was spread amongst the common people, that the Indians, before
the coming of the Spaniards, had dug gold out of the mountains which
surround the city Rioja. But every attempt of the Spaniards to find this
noble metal in those mountains was uniformly unsuccessful. That small
pieces of gold had been discovered in our times in the mountains near
the city of Monte-Video, I was informed by Andonaegui, Governour of
Buenos-Ayres. Though the Catholic King was made acquainted with this
circumstance, no pains were ever taken to examine and excavate those
mountains, it being thought that there was little hope, and perhaps no
reality in the matter. Some one reported that amethysts had been found
in the river Rosario, near the city of Monte-Video; but I thought that
they either were not genuine, or had been brought thither from some
other place, as no one was known to have taken the pains to seek for
more in the same river.

The first Spanish inhabitants entertained a thorough belief that the
province of Guayra was rich in metals; and there too, they promised
themselves to find abundance of precious stones. They had not yet learnt
that all that glitters is not gold nor diamonds either. On the shores of
the Parana, they found some stones which they called _cocos de mina_.
These stones in shape are sometimes round, sometimes oval; their surface
is rough and hard, and of a dark colour. In size they are equal to a
pomegranate, and sometimes to a man's head. Within the outer shell they
contain little stones of various colours, and great value in the eyes of
ignorant persons, who take them for crystal, amethysts, rubies,
emeralds, &c. But they are deceived. Jewellers rate them about as high
as Bohemian stones. They say that the _cocos de mina_, pregnant with
these kinds of pebbles, burst with a noise as loud as that of a gun,
when what they consider the noble burden which their womb contains is
mature. This appearance and these properties are attributed to them by
the vulgar, with what truth I know not, for though I have travelled over
the greatest part of Paraguay, particularly the shores of the Parana,
with eyes attentive to nature, I never saw a stone of this kind. I do
not pretend to say that the _coco de mina_ may not have its value in the
other provinces of America, which produce genuine jewels, but I boldly
deny that any inhabitant of Paraguay was ever enriched with one. The
foolish credulity of certain persons, who, from this fallacious
resemblance of jewels, hoped to gain riches, was punished with extreme
poverty, as we all know. Xerez, Ciudad Real, and Villa Rica, cities
formerly accounted fountains of metals and of riches, have all proved
seminaries of indigence and misery. What was called Villa Rica, or the
Rich City, was never opulent in reality, but only so in name, and the
hopes it held out of discovering metals.

Finding no gold and silver in those parts of Paraguay which their feet
had traversed and their eyes beheld, they persuaded themselves and
others that these metals were concealed in the native soil of the
Guaranies, whom the Jesuits had undertaken to instruct in religion. From
this false conjecture, how many lies have been coined, who many
calumnies launched against us! By the royal authority and at the desire
of the Jesuits, there were sent men commissioned to search diligently if
any metal existed in the Guarany territories. These explorers were
attended, in the capacity of guide, by a Guarany deserter, a man of bad
character. This rogue had been induced, by the gifts and liberal
promises of some enemy of the Jesuits, to declare that he had seen gold
mines at the banks of the Uruguay, in the land belonging to Concepcion,
a town of the Guaranies, and that this place was strengthened like a
fort with strong holds, warlike machines, and a numerous garrison.
Thither they directly hastened, and when they were a very few leagues
distant from that _golden_ spot, the knavish Indian, fearing the
punishment of his falsehood, which must be discovered next day, fled
away in the night; but being taken in the town of Yapeyù, by the
missionary himself, was sent back, chained and guarded, to the Spaniards
from whom he had deserted. The cheat respecting those gold mines and
fortifications was thus brought to light, and the phantoms raised by
falsehood and calumny disappeared. The Spaniards examined every corner
far and near; after which they unanimously and publicly declared that no
mines existed in that place, nor indeed that any one, who considered the
nature of the situation, could rationally expect them to be produced
there. The Indian was punished for his perfidy. Certain Spaniards, who
had thus falsely accused the Jesuits, were declared calumniators,
punished with confiscation of their goods and public infamy, and
pronounced incapable of holding any office in the state. By these royal
fulminations calumny was for a little while repressed; yet the
ridiculous suspicion that mines were buried amongst the Guaranies was
not yet extinct; it was even propagated amongst the more credulous
Europeans.

I have often laughed at beholding the eagerness and solicitude with
which the Spaniards, who visited the Guarany towns, gathered up all the
little worthless stones they met with on the way, and which, on account
of their various colours, they thought to be emeralds, amethysts, or
rubies. Every thing that was found on the Guarany soil they took for
gold and jewels. Diamonds, which nature has denied to every part of
Paraguay, were reported to abound in the land of the Guaranies. In the
Gazeta de Madrid, I read this article, dated London. "They write from
Brazil that the Jesuits of Paraguay have brought their diamond mines to
such a degree of perfection, that it is greatly to be apprehended the
diamonds of Brazil will decrease in value." I submitted this paragraph
to the perusal of Charles Murphy, Governour of Paraguay, and I cannot
tell whether it excited his laughter or his indignation the most. I
would have bought the smallest particle of a diamond at any price, to
cut the glass for the various uses of the church, but could never meet
with any one who possessed such a thing, and was, consequently, always
obliged to make use of a flint instead. If the savages at the straits of
Magellan have any metal, they must have got it from the mountains where
every one knows that metals are found. But the province of Chili differs
as much from Paraguay, as Austria does from its neighbour Hungary. The
one abounds in gold and silver, the other is absolutely destitute of
both. The Portugueze in Cuyaba, in Matto Grosso, and in the fortlet of
Sta. Rosa, collect sands from various rivers, out of which they pick
very small particles of gold, formerly with the connivance of the
Spaniards, and since the last declaration of peace with their open
consent. For the Portugueze always contended that the above-mentioned
territories were comprehended within the limits of Brazil, whilst the
Spaniards annexed them to Paraguay, or their own Peru. That you may
perceive the truth of what I say, I will fairly describe the liberality
of nature towards Paraguay. You shall see and laugh at its treasures.

At the close of the last century, Father Antony Sepp found out a method
of extracting a small quantity of iron from stones named _ytacurù_, by
dint of a very hot fire kept up for twenty-four hours. But he had
scarcely any imitators, for the quantity of iron obtained was so
inconsiderable, in proportion to the labour and firewood spent upon it,
that it was not thought worth the trouble. These stones, which are
composed of a number of very small pebbles, are of a dusky colour,
mottled with black spots. In our times, somewhat more iron has been
brought in the Spanish ships, but even now it is sold at a price
incredible to Europeans. All the Guarany youths, on their marriage-day,
and the married people at the beginning of January, receive from the
Jesuit, the priest of the town, a common knife to use at table. This
donation is more expensive than Europeans may imagine, as some of the
towns contain four thousand inhabitants, some six or seven. Yet,
notwithstanding the dearness of iron, none of us ever thought of
procuring a trifling quantity of it, with immense labour, from the
stones named _ytacurù_.

Out of the Cordoban mountains, they sometimes dig _talc_, a sort of
softish white stone, very light, and of no firmness. It consists of
slender laminæ, so that it may be divided with a knife into small
plates, and is sometimes dipped in water. When slightly burnt, it
assumes the softness of paper and the colour of silver, and is used to
make little images and other figures to adorn poor churches. Out of the
numerous leaves of which this stone is composed, you will find few
entirely white and transparent, for most of them are darkened with black
or yellow spots. The better ones supply the place of glass in windows
and lanterns; for that article was extremely scarce and dear, in 1748,
when I arrived in Paraguay. I could not see one glass window in the
chief colleges of the province, nor in the towns of the Guaranies. Every
one made his own window of the stone talc, (which is difficult to
procure,) of paper, or linen cloth; and as these substitutes were torn
away by every shower or boisterous wind, was continually under the
necessity of making repairs. But in the last years of my residence in
Paraguay, a quantity of glass was brought thither in the Spanish ships,
and the price being reduced, the houses and churches shone with glass
windows. In the churches, where they look towards the south, instead of
a glass window, they place a hard, white, and transparent stone, which
is a kind of alabaster, and is brought at a great expense from Peru, its
native soil. For the south wind, which is excessively violent in South
America, at the first gust breaks all the glass that opposes its fury,
often levelling whole houses, breaking enormous masts of large ships,
and tearing up lofty cedars by the roots. Stones fit for making lime are
to be met with in almost any part of Paraguay, but they are not found in
the territories of the Abipones and Guaranies. The shores of the
Paraguay and other rivers afford gypsum. The Guaranies, who dwell at a
distance from these shores, make use of burnt snails' shells, or of a
chalk like fuller's earth, which they call _tobaty_, in whitening their
houses. At the banks of the greater Tebiguarỹ, I sometimes saw marble of
a black colour, spotted with green, but of very small dimensions. I know
not whether any other marbles or remarkable stones are concealed in the
bosom of the earth elsewhere. Red and black flints, containing plenty of
fire, and extremely fit for muskets, may be seen in many places,
especially at the banks of the Uruguay; but instruments to cut them, and
fit them for the use of muskets, are wanting. Whether Paraguay produces
alum, sulphur, and mercury, I do not know.

Many have committed mistakes who have written concerning Paraguay, in
that country itself. They have liberally bestowed treasures upon it, not
because it really possesses them, but because they have dreamt of them
in a country utterly destitute of all metals. The blind man dreamt that
he saw, as the Spanish proverb goes, and he dreamt of what he desired.
_El çiego soñaba que veia, y soñaba lo que queria._ To this number
belongs Martin del Barco, Archdeacon in the city of Buenos-Ayres, who,
in his poem intituled _Argentina, y Conquista del Rio de la Plata_,
affirms that pearls are formed in some lake, near which the Abipones
inhabit. The oldest of the Indians, the most distinguished for
experience and veracity, who were born in that neighbourhood, and had
dwelt there for many years, all answered, with one accord, that they had
never seen any pearls, nor heard any thing about them from their
ancestors. Would not these savages, who continually adorn their necks,
arms, and legs, with glass beads brought from Europe, with little round
globes made of cockle-shells, with the seeds and kernels of various
fruit and the claws of birds, would not they have grasped eagerly at
pearls, which are naturally so bright, had they ever met with any? We
may therefore safely pronounce this lake, said to produce pearls, a mere
fable, long since expunged from history by all sensible persons.

Silver vessels are seen in the houses of the Spaniards, and silver
utensils in the churches of the cities. In the Guarany colonies, not
only the altars, but sometimes the very ceilings are gilded. This I do
not deny. But all that gold and silver was not created in the bowels of
Paraguay, but brought from the provinces of Chili or Peru. The Guaranies
make very large brass bells for their own churches, or for those of the
Spaniards; but the people of Chili supply them with brass. No money is
coined in any part of Paraguay in the name of the King, or of any other
person.

Excepting a few cities, which carry on commerce with European ships, or
with the neighbouring people of Peru, and Chili, and the Portugueze,
money is used very rarely, if at all, its place being supplied by the
exchange of commodities, as amongst the ancients. Horses, mules, oxen,
sheep, tobacco, cotton, the herb of Paraguay, sugar, salt, various kinds
of grain, fruits, vegetables, the skins of animals, &c. are used instead
of money in Paraguay; with these all necessaries are purchased, and the
usual stipends and taxes paid to the bishops, priests and governours,
especially in the district of Asumpcion. The prices of all natural
productions are regulated by the magistrates, and are diligently learnt
and observed both by the seller, and the purchaser. In a very few towns,
where money is used, we find only three kinds of silver coins, namely,
the _peso fuerte_, _peso de plata_, or _patacon_, which is equal in
value to a Spanish crown, or to two German florens: the _real de plata_,
and the _medio real de plata_; the first of which is equivalent to five
German _groschen_, the other to seven _cruitzers_ and a half. You never
see any gold or copper money. The Indians in the towns entrusted to our
charge are entirely unprovided with money, and the Jesuits likewise,
except that we had fourteen silver pieces, or as many rials, or _medios
reales de plata_, in every town. For these pieces of money, according to
the custom of the Spanish church, in public weddings, are given by the
parish priest to the bridegroom, and by him to the bride, as a dowry,
but are afterwards returned again to the priest, that the same money,
and the same nuptial rings, may serve over and over again. I think that
you may aptly apply to Paraguay what was said of Germany by Tacitus, De
Moribus Germanorum: _Argentum et aurum propitii, an irati Dii
negaverint, dubito_. If liberal nature had there created gold and
silver, if art and industry had discovered those metals, the Spaniards
would long since have left off breeding cattle, and cultivating the
celebrated herb, both irksome employments. The Indians, who must then
have been occupied in digging metals, would have shunned both the
religion and friendship of the Spaniards, since they found them coupled
with slavery; and we Jesuits should never have induced so many savages
to embrace our religion; so that the want or ignorance of metals may be
reckoned amongst the divine blessings and advantages of Paraguay.

Though Paraguay is entirely destitute of metals, yet it can by no means
be called a poor country. It abounds in things necessary for human
subsistence, and especially in all kinds of cattle. The whole world does
not contain a country more numerously supplied with oxen, horses, mules,
and sheep; which were formerly brought to Paraguay, and in the course of
two hundred years increased marvellously, both on account of the
richness of the pastures, and the unbounded liberty they possessed of
wandering up and down the plains, both by day and night, at every time
of the year. The quantity of kine which exists there is scarce credible
to a European. Fifty years ago, when all the plains were covered with
wild oxen, travellers were obliged to send horsemen before them to clear
the way, by driving away the beasts which stood threatening them with
their horns. It is, therefore, no wonder that at that time a full grown
ox was sold for five _groschen_, (a _real de plata_,) as appears from
the old books of valuations. Every Spaniard who intended to enlarge his
estate hired a troop of horse, who brought him eight, ten, or more,
thousands of cows and bulls from the country, within a few weeks. Do you
desire to be made acquainted with the shape of the Paraguayrian oxen? In
height they equal those of Hungary, and generally surpass them in the
size of their bodies, though not of the same, but of various colours.
With a sort of ferocious arrogance they imitate stags in the manner of
holding their lofty heads, and almost equal them in swiftness. Unless a
long drought have impoverished the pastures, every ox yields such a
weight of fat, that two robust men are sometimes scarce able to carry
it. The fat of oxen is always used instead of butter in culinary
preparations; for the cows are very seldom milked, on account of their
ferocity; the taming of them is a long and laborious process, and
consequently odious to the slothful Spaniards and Indians. When tamed,
they will not suffer themselves to be milked, unless their feet are tied
and their calf is standing beside them. Sometimes the mothers are sent
with their calves to the pastures, return home at evening of their own
accord, and are separated at night, unless their milk has been exhausted
by the calves—on which account milk and cheese are very seldom used in
Paraguay, butter scarcely ever. A butcher and shambles are words unknown
to the Paraguayrians. Every one slays his oxen at his pleasure. The
poorer sort do not buy pounds of meat, as is customary in Europe, but a
part of a slaughtered ox, which they generally owe to the liberality of
the rich. Two or three young men are sufficient to kill the most furious
bull. One throws a noose of leather over his neck, another casts one
round his hind legs, and cuts the nerve of one of them, then, leaping on
his back, fixes a knife in his neck; thus the ox falls, despatched at
one blow.

An ox-hide, which measures three ells from the head to the tail, and is
called by the Spaniards a legal hide, is bought by merchants at six
German florens, though a whole live ox is sold for only two florens
amongst the Guaranies, and for four amongst the Spaniards; for the
labour employed on hides, even before they are dressed, increases their
price. They are carefully fastened to the ground, to be dried, with
wooden pegs, under shelter, in a place where the fresh air is admitted;
and lest moths should gnaw or strip them of their hairs, for thirteen
or, at least, eight days, the dust which ingenders these insects must be
diligently beaten from them with a stick. This labour, which was often
continued for many months, whilst some thousands of them were disposed
of, is rated very high by the Spaniards who sell them. It is incredible
what art and industry are employed in stretching hides, which come a
little short of three ells, to the usual size, though when made as thin
as paper they are totally useless to European curriers, on account of
whose complaints this stretching of hides has long since been
prohibited. The Spaniards, finding that the trade in hides was by far
the most profitable to them of any, were possessed with a blind rage for
killing all the oxen they could lay hands on. For this purpose, troops
of horse were perpetually traversing those plains which abounded most in
wild cattle. The horsemen employed have each separate tasks assigned
them. Some furnished with swift horses attack a herd of oxen, and with a
long spear, to which is added a sharp semicircular scythe, disable the
older bulls by cutting the nerve of the hinder foot; others throw the
halter on them whilst they are staggering, and others follow behind to
knock down and slay the captive bulls. The rest are employed in
stripping the hides off the slaughtered animals, conveying them to an
appointed place, fixing them to the ground with pegs, and taking out and
carrying away the tongues, suet, and fat. The rest of the flesh, which
would suffice to feed a numerous army in Europe, is left on the plain to
be devoured by tigers, wild dogs and ravens; and indeed one might almost
fear lest the air should be corrupted by such a quantity of dead bodies.
In an expedition of this kind, lasting several weeks, the person at
whose expense it is undertaken is supplied with some thousands of hides.
This custom of hunting and slaughtering oxen, being continued for a
whole century, exhausted almost all the plains of wild cattle. You no
longer saw those public and immense herds of innumerable oxen, which
belonged to no one in particular, but might be appropriated to the use
of any. It must be attributed to the extensiveness of the plains, and
the fertility of the soil, that in the Paraguayrian estates the number
of oxen is still so great that Europe may envy, but cannot hope to equal
them. At this day a fat ox may be bought for four florens amongst the
Spaniards, and two amongst the Guaranies. In the first years that I
spent there one floren was the universal price, but as the number of
herds was daily decreasing, the price increased in proportion. I have
known Spaniards who possessed about an hundred thousand oxen in their
estates. The town Yapeyù, which was dedicated to the three kings,
contained fifty thousand; that of S. Miguel many more, but not one
superfluous. At least forty oxen were daily slaughtered to satisfy the
appetites of seven thousand Guaranies. Add to these the oxen which are
privily slain by the Indians, either in the town or the estate, and
those which are daily consumed by hostile savages, by tigers, wild dogs,
and worms which are bred in the navels of calves. Every merchant's ship
transports thirty, and sometimes forty, ox-hides into Europe. Who can
reckon the number of hides daily employed in manufacturing ropes,
building hedges and houses, and making trunks, saddles, and wrappers for
the herb of Paraguay, tobacco, sugar, wheat, cotton and other things?
The common people amongst the Spaniards have no other bed than an
ox-hide stretched upon the ground, which is also the case with an
innumerable crowd of negro slaves. Beef is the principal, daily, and
almost only food of the lower orders in Paraguay. Moreover that quantity
of meat which would overload the stomach of a European is scarce
sufficient to satisfy the appetite of an American. A Guarany, after
fasting but a very few hours, will devour a young calf. An Indian,
before he lies down to sleep, places a piece of meat to roast at the
fire, that he may eat immediately when he wakes. Place food before him,
and the rising and the setting sun will behold him with his jaws at work
and his mouth full, but with an appetite still unsatisfied. Such being
the voracity of the inhabitants, and so continual the slaughters of
innumerable oxen, you will agree with me that Paraguay may be called the
devouring grave, as well as the seminary of cattle.

Besides this incredible multitude of oxen, Paraguay breeds an infinite
number of horses, all sprung from seven mares which the Spaniards
brought with them. The whole of that plain country, extending from the
river Plata full two hundred leagues in every direction, is covered with
droves of wandering horses, of which any person may catch as many as he
likes, and make them his own property. Some horsemen, within a few days,
bring home more than a thousand horses from the plain. A hunt of this
kind is performed in various ways. Some catch every horse they come near
with a leathern cord. Others construct a hedge with a wide entrance like
the sleeve of a garment, through which they drive a herd of horses,
separated from the rest, into the inclosed space, where, after they have
been confined for some time, hunger and thirst render them gentle, and
they are easily led away wherever the owner chooses, in company with
other tame horses. Sometimes a part of the plain is burnt. The horses
crowding eagerly to crop the new grass, are surrounded on all sides, and
forced away by the hunters. There were some who secured the mares that
were taken in this manner, by slightly cutting the nerve of the hinder
foot, to prevent their running away. A horse of this kind of either sex,
when brought from the country, and before it is accustomed to the saddle
and bridle, is sometimes bought for ten or thirteen cruitzers. The colts
of the mares are given gratis to the purchasers.

Horses in Paraguay are valued, or the contrary, not according to their
colour, or the conformation of their bodies, but chiefly according to
their natural method of going, which is of four different kinds. The
most esteemed are those which have not the common trot, but move very
gently, and when spurred begin to amble, so that the rider might hold a
cup full of liquor in his hand, and not spill a drop. They are either
born with this kind of pace, or are taught it by art. If the mother be
an ambler, though the father may not have been so, the colt will
generally prove an ambler also; but more certainly if both parents have
been of that kind. The young horses that are most remarkable for beauty
of form, and for strength, are selected from the rest, and taught that
easy and swift manner of moving. Their fore feet are fastened to their
hinder ones in such a manner, that, though still able to walk, they
cannot practise their natural method of leaping, which is so unpleasant
to the rider. Others tie to the feet of the young horse a round stone,
wrapped up in a skin, which strikes his legs when he attempts to trot,
and makes him endeavour, through fear of the pain, to walk gently. This
method of teaching is practised in all the Guarany towns. An ambling nag
goes two leagues in the space of an hour, unless impeded by the
roughness of the road; nor can a common horse keep up with him, unless
spurred by the rider to a gallop. But the natural pace of those horses
which the Spaniards call _trotones_, the Abipones _nichilicheranetà_,
and the Germans _trabganger_, is very unpleasant to the rider; for they
lift up their feet like pestles, violently shaking the rider's body: yet
as they tread firmly, and lift up their feet at every step, they stumble
seldomer than the amblers, which, scarce raising their feet from the
ground, and uniting the greatest swiftness to gentleness, by striking
their hoofs against stones, roots of trees, and hard clods, more
frequently fall and throw their rider, especially when there is no
beaten path. In long journeys, especially through rugged places, it is
best to make use of those horses between the amblers and the trotters,
which, as they approach more nearly to the human method of walking,
fatigue the rider less, are not so soon fatigued themselves, and are not
so apt to stumble.

Much are those historians mistaken, who have persuaded the celebrated
Robertson that the American horses have small bodies, and no spirit, and
that they are mere dwarfs and spectres in comparison with those of
Europe. I boldly affirm that the Paraguayrian horses differ nothing from
those of our own country in size, shape, and good qualities. You meet
everywhere with horses of lofty, or of middling stature; some well
fitted for a vaulter, and others for a man armed cap-a-pié. Pygmies,
like Corsican horses, are as rare in Paraguay as comets in the sky. I
allow that Paraguay is as yet unacquainted with horses like the natives
of the Styrian mountains, which almost resemble elephants in their
immense back, huge limbs, and broad hoofs: this country produces
slenderer horses, better adapted for riding and racing than for chariots
and waggons. But were they fed like those of Europe on oats and barley,
and defended in a stable against the inclemencies of the weather, they
would very probably grow to the same size. The horses of Paraguay are
born out of doors, and remain there, night and day, the whole year
round; are fed upon any grass they can find, (which is not always either
very good, or very plentiful,) and upon leaves of trees, or dry wood;
they often seek in vain for water to quench their thirst, and find it
neither good, nor in sufficient quantities. Being constantly in the open
air, they are exposed at one time to the scorching sun; at another to
continual showers; sometimes to hoar frosts; when a south wind is up, to
bitter cold; and at all times and places to the stings of flies,
gad-flies, and gnats, infinite swarms of which flit up and down. I
attribute it to these causes that the horses of Paraguay never attain to
the size of the Styrian, Holsatian, Danish, and Neapolitan horses.
During the winter months, the former grow lean from feeding upon poor
grass, and their hair becomes darker, but at the return of fine weather,
they regain their strength and natural colour. They fatten so much in
fertile pastures, abounding in grass and nitre, that you might count
money upon their back, as on a table—a common saying in regard to very
fat horses amongst the Spaniards. But though the richness of the grass
greatly fattens the Paraguayrian horses, it never gives them that
strength which European horses derive from food composed of oats,
barley, straw, and hay, which enables them to bear a rider, and to draw
a cart, every day, and all day.

All the different colours, by which horses are distinguished in Europe,
are to be found in those of Paraguay. They are oftener, however, white,
and chesnut-coloured, than black or bay; a circumstance which gave me
much surprize, as men born in the same climate, whether of European or
American parents, are almost always distinguished by very black, coarse
hair. White and chesnut-coloured horses are indeed very pleasing to the
eyes, and possess great gentleness and docility; but experience has
taught me that they are much sooner fatigued, and seldom possess that
strength which we see in horses of a black or reddish colour, especially
those in which the red resembles the colour of toasted bread: the
patience with which these horses endure labour, and travelling, is
expressed in an old Spanish proverb, importing that they will die before
they are fatigued: _Alazan tostado antes muerto, que cansado_. We have,
however, frequently found white horses sprinkled with black, with black
manes and tails, to possess a great deal of strength. The same may be
said with regard to the darker bays, which have manes and tails of a
blackish colour. Pybald horses in Paraguay are thought crafty and
dangerous; nor are they slandered in this respect, as I have frequently
found to my cost, although I may truly say that I never bestrode a
Paraguayrian horse, of whatever colour it might be, with that confidence
and security which I feel in mounting an European one; for many of them
are apt to wince, and be stubborn, to stumble and throw their rider, and
almost all are startlish and fearful, being terrified at any sudden
noise, or the sight of any strange object; whereupon, if the bridle be
neglected they will stand with their head lifted up to the breast of
their rider, or rear, and throw him off, or fling him to a distance, if
he be not very firmly seated.

In such a vast multitude of horses, there is necessarily great variety.
You will see some handsomer, stronger, and swifter than others, as in
Europe. Those which have a broad breast, a small head, large and black
eyes, short and pricking ears, wide nostrils, a bushy mane, a large and
long tail, hairy feet, a small belly, a wide round back, straight
slender legs and hard hoofs, not indented, like a comb; those which,
with playful alacrity, provoke the rest to fight in the plain, leap
ditches without the least hesitation, cross marshes quickly, and, as
soon as they are released from the saddle and bridle, joyfully roll
themselves on the ground, are esteemed superior to all others in
Paraguay. Those born in rough, stony situations are preferred to the
natives of a soft, clayey soil; for this reason, that if you remove a
horse accustomed to such places, to soft, marshy plains, you will find
him slacken his pace, and walk slowly and timidly for a long time. This
fear is occasioned by the earth's yielding to their hoofs. But a horse
bred on a soft soil, when brought to stony places, and gravelly roads,
will often stumble and get lame—his hoofs being bruised, and even made
bloody by the roughness of the stones. Horseshoes are never used in
Paraguay, though that country abounds in rocks and stones. A horseshoe
would cost more than any horse, on account of the dearness of iron, and
moreover because blacksmiths are not even known here by name. The
experience of many years has taught me that horses, wherever they are
born, in a few months grow accustomed to any soil. Mares kept for the
purpose of breeding have their manes and tails shorn by the Spaniards,
that they may fatten sooner, for I know of no other reason. But horses
kept for riding are adorned with a long bushy tail, which increases
their beauty and value. Even the meanest negro slave would think it an
indignity and a punishment were he ordered to ride on a horse that was
deprived of its tail. The Indians think we are jesting when they hear us
say that in Europe there exist men who cut off the tails of their
horses, and reckon it an improvement; for they think that a handsome
tail is not only a great ornament to a horse, but likewise his
instrument of defence, with which he drives away the swarms of flies and
gnats. A Spanish priest, of an advanced age, who had long been in a bad
state of health, had in his possession a horse of an extremely gentle
disposition, as well as of a quick and easy pace. This horse the old man
made use of, in preference to innumerable others that he possessed, in
all his necessary journeys. A certain Spaniard had long wished for the
horse, and vainly offered to give for it whatever price the owner chose.
Impatient of repulse, he dared to threaten that, unless the old man
would sell the horse of his own accord, he should steal it from him. The
owner, fearing that he would have very little difficulty in
accomplishing his threat, said to his servant, "Go, and cut off the tail
of that horse of mine: it is better to lose a part of him than the
whole. When deprived of his tail he will be laughed at by all who see
him, but he will at least be secured from thieves. I would rather be
derided myself for using a horse without a tail, than have all my bones
and limbs jolted to pieces, like pepper in a mortar, by any other
trotting beast." To mutilate the tail of another person's horse, is a
bitter and not uncommon kind of revenge amongst the lower orders of
Spaniards; it is also thought an insufferable insult for one man to call
another _un rabon_, a horse without a tail.

To keep horses in good condition, or make them so, it is of much
importance that they be kept extremely clean; for if their skin is
covered with dust, their mane uncombed, their tail full of scurf, and
their hair matted together, the perspiration is obstructed by the pores
being stopped up, and consequently they, by degrees, grow lean and
scraggy, or get the mange. On this account, the Spaniards and Abipones,
who are most careful of their property, though less solicitous than
Europeans about combing, washing, and rubbing down their horses, and
unprovided with instruments for those purposes, take great care to
prevent their growing dirty, though they have no other stable than the
open plain, day and night, during every part of the year. If thistles,
thorns, and other prickly plants of that kind stick to their tails, they
carefully extricate them by anointing their hair with tallow. After
performing a journey, when the harness is taken off, they wash and wipe
the back of the horse, which is bathed in perspiration, and lest the
coldness of the air should cause it to swell, keep it covered, for some
time, with a horsecloth. Moreover the health and liveliness of horses
are best preserved by taking care that their pastures be not situated
very far either from clear lakes or limpid rivers, where the horses may
drink and bathe at their pleasure; for in the winter months the cold air
makes them lean and mangy, and the frequent droughts produce the same
effect in the summer season, unless they have an opportunity of laving
and swimming.

In the plains of Paraguay, which abound in cattle, not only are numerous
snakes concealed in the grass, but even many herbs, more noxious than
the most deadly snake, present themselves to their hungry jaws. The
commonest of these is that which the natives call _nio_. It has a tall
stalk with a yellow blossom, but contains a deadly poison. Horses after
feeding upon it are seized with a feverish trembling, which terminates
in death. Horses born in places which produce this poisonous herb,
devour it with impunity, but are always contemned as feeble and
incapable of enduring the fatigues of a journey. The Spaniards use the
following method to prevent their horses from tasting this deadly food.
When marching against the enemy, they daily send forward some of their
companions to explore the whole country round about where the horses are
to feed. Whenever they find any of those poisonous herbs they pluck a
few, tie them into a bundle, and set fire to them, so that the smoke
arising from thence is conveyed by a contrary wind to the troop, and the
smell of it inspires them with a horror of the pestilent herb. For
though they eagerly crop the rest of the grass, they leave that
untouched. But alas! there are many other instruments of death, tigers,
serpents and worms, by which an incredible number of horses are yearly
destroyed. The worms which gnaw the horses are occasioned by the saddles
made use of in Paraguay. Those that are made of dressed leather are
stuffed with two bundles of rushes, which lie upon the ribs of the horse
in such a manner, that the saddles do not touch the spine of the back.
They are quite unprovided with cushions, in the place of which, the back
of the horse is covered with four ells of woollen cloth, folded up
together, and on this, by way of harness, they place the horsecloth of
softish leather, variously embossed and adorned with figures. All this
is placed beneath the saddle, that it may not hurt the horse's back, on
which, that the rider may sit the easier, is placed a sheep's skin, or
an ornamented horsecloth of sheep's wool, died of various colours. The
saddles are fastened on the horse's back, not with a hempen girth, but
with a thong of cow's leather, so that there is no need of buckles. The
wooden stirrups, curiously carved, and plated with silver, in use
amongst the better sort of people, are called by the Spaniards _baules_,
baskets; for they really are little baskets, entirely inclosing the
rider's feet, and covering, and defending them against the injuries of
the weather and the road. But if the horse fall suddenly, and throw his
rider, stirrups of this kind are very dangerous, as it is more difficult
to extricate the foot quickly from them than from those of Europe. The
stirrups which the Spanish peasants, who never wear shoes, make use of,
are likewise made of wood, but the opening is so small that nothing but
the great toe can be inserted into it. The savages, according to the
custom of their ancestors, do not use stirrups, and most of them are
unfurnished with saddles even. The Paraguayrian bridles, also, differ
from those of our country in size and shape. The Indians make use of a
bridle composed of transverse spikes of cow's horn, like a hurdle, which
fills the whole mouth of the horse. The spurs of the Spaniards are very
large, and furnished with pegs, with which they rather bruise, than
prick, the sides of the horse. They abhor the small sharp European
spurs, with which they think that horses are easily wounded and
infuriated. This is the whole furniture used for horses, in Paraguay. I
will now give you some account of their diseases, and the remedies for
them.

It frequently happens that the friction of a rough horsecloth, or the
hardness or compression of the saddle galls the back of the horse; and
if, after long fatigue, his horsecloth be taken off, whilst he is still
smoking with sweat, it is swelled by the sudden admission of the cold
air, or of rain, till the tumour by degrees grows into a wound. The
ulcerated and bloody flesh is quickly infested by swarms of flies, the
eggs and filth of which ingender white worms. Delay is dangerous; for
the worms increase rapidly every hour, and creep to the interior parts
of the animal. If you wish to save your horse, you must immediately dig
the worms out of his flesh with a small stick, and stop up the cavities
where those insects lay with chewed tobacco leaves, the bitterness of
which kills the worms, drives away the flies which breed them, and
prevents the progress of corruption. The scar must be anointed with
tallow every day, that fresh hair may grow there. The Indians smear
their horses' backs either with the root _guaycuru_, well masticated
with their teeth, or with melted tiger's fat, or with the shell of the
_armadillo_ burnt to ashes; but these remedies seldom effect a complete
cure. From a book of Father Martin Szentivan, a Hungarian, on the
treatment of animals, I learnt a remedy much superior to any of those
American ones, and which has been successfully adopted by many
Paraguayrians. Salt, well ground, and mixed with vinegar and yolk of
egg, is applied to the horse's back once a day, as it cleans away the
blood, keeps off worms, and in a few days removes the swelling, and
renews the skin and hair. The same author advises the application of a
white onion, pretty well roasted. We ourselves have seen many horses
preserved by both remedies. Certain large birds, of various colours,
carnivorous, and of the vulture kind, may aptly be called horses'
physicians; for they perch upon their ulcerated backs, and are deterred
by no kicking from taking away the blood and the worms; though with
their sharp beaks they very often enlarge the wound. Bats, also, greatly
exceeding those of Europe in number and size, not only molest, but even
injure the horses. Vast numbers of them fly up and down the plain. They
sit upon the horse, and whilst they wound his back with their bills,
create a gentle breeze by the continual motion of their wings, lulled by
which the horse makes no resistance, and suffers his blood to be sucked
by the bat. The wound that remains, unless it be sprinkled with hot
ashes, soon swells, and by degrees becomes ulcerated, which clearly
proves that bats are in some measure venomous. Showers continuing day
and night, for many weeks, necessarily deluge the whole plain country
with water, and the horses can find no dry land whereon to place their
feet. Hence, from feeding so long, immersed in water, their hoofs are
softened to such a degree, that being unable to stand on their feet, and
to seek pasture, they perish, though perfectly healthy in other
respects. Sometimes horses labour under strangury, or dysury. A Spaniard
saddles a horse afflicted with such a disease, instead of physicking
him, and spurs him to a full gallop, till he is covered with sweat. Nor
is there any occasion to repeat the operation. A horse, which was in a
dying condition a little before, soon recovered, for he inundated the
plain. Sometimes horses are seized with convulsion of the nerves, or
with rheumatism, so that they cannot stand on their legs; on such
occasions the Spanish soldiers tie their feet with a rope, and lay them
on the ground, then throw plenty of urine on their legs, and kick them
several times with their heels; when untied they mount and compel them,
however unwilling, to run. This violent, but speedy method of healing, I
found, to my surprize, attended by the desired effect. As Paraguay
swarms with horses, in as great number as insects, she cares very little
about curing them when they are sick. In Europe, where horses are
scarcer and more valuable, we cannot wonder at their having many
physicians and many medicines. What if I should say that, in Paraguay,
both are unnecessary? For there it is plain that horses are afflicted
with less frequent and less heavy complaints; because they generally
enjoy their full liberty, wander up and down the plains at will, breathe
the pure air of Heaven, feed on the fresh grass, drink and bathe at
pleasure in running streams, are never employed in bearing burdens and
drawing carts, and are consequently more healthy and spirited than
European horses, which, during the greatest part of their lives, are
chained, like thieves, in dark stables, which resemble dungeons, are
obliged to fill rather than refresh their stomachs, with hay dryer than
a stone and straw harder than a board, taste oats seldomer and more
sparingly than country people do cakes, and endure frequent and long
hunger and thirst, sometimes through the dishonesty or laziness of
servants, sometimes through the avarice of their masters, who are more
anxious about employing than about feeding their beasts; not to mention
the continual annoyance they undergo from the putting on and taking off
of their iron shoes; and even the pain frequently inflicted on them in
this operation from the awkwardness of blacksmiths. All these
circumstances considered, instead of wondering that the horses of our
country are subject to so many diseases, I rather feel surprized that
one remains alive.

Mules in company with horses fill the plains of Paraguay, nor shall they
be separated in my relation. You will see many of them equal in height
to horses, but, on the other hand, the major part are less than those
which Italy or Spain produces. You may judge of the multitude of them
from this circumstance, that Paraguay yearly sends about eighty thousand
to Peru, in return for which she receives all the silver to be seen in
her churches and houses, with no inconsiderable advantage. For unbroken
mules, two years of age, valued, generally speaking, at three Spanish
crowns in Paraguay, fetch ten and often fourteen in Peru. Who can reckon
the number of mules, employed either in bearing burdens or in carrying a
rider, in the cities and estates of Paraguay? Many thousands of them are
constantly occupied in conveying the herb of Paraguay from the woods to
the cities, and numbers are yearly sacrificed both to the roughness of
the road and the cruelty of their drivers. I have known estates which
contained four thousand mules, and many more thousand mares kept for
breeding mules.

The young mules, at two years old, are taught to carry burdens or to
bear a rider; but being extremely wild, occasion their instructors
continual trouble and danger. However docile and obedient they may have
appeared in times past, you never can entirely trust to them. For as the
Spanish proverb goes, a mule will serve his master seventy years, that
he may kick him to death at last. Broken legs, bodies dragged along the
ground, cut hands, heads dashed against trees or stones, and other
accidents of the same nature, mournfully confirm the truth of this
adage. For mules, though stronger than any horse, though accustomed to
traverse woods, rocky places, and trackless plains, with both a firmer
and gentler pace, and though less liable to hurt their feet, are much
more to be dreaded by their riders, on account of their being constantly
suspicious of danger. All of a sudden they halt on the road astonished,
smell the grass, prick up their ears to listen, and with eyes wandering
in every direction descry the most distant objects. The uncommon colour
of a plant, a strange smell, the piping of birds, the rustling of trees,
or an unusual agitation of the leaves occasioned by the wind, fills them
with suspicions of the approach of a tiger, especially at dusk, or at
dark night. Presently, seized with sudden terror, they run away with
their rider, and unless he be possessed of great presence of mind,
either throw him on the ground or drag him along with his feet sticking
in the stirrup. The kicking of mules is very dangerous, on account of
its being so quickly and frequently repeated. These animals, therefore,
are never more to be dreaded than when they are themselves afraid, for
at such times they become unmanageable, and seem as if they had lost
their senses. As the trade in mules is lucrative in Paraguay, it is also
dangerous to the merchants, on account of the exceeding timidity of
these animals. Ten thousand mules, entirely free and without bridles,
are often driven, by a few Spanish guards, in one drove. At the
slightest alarm they all take to flight, hurry over the plain, and hide
themselves in interminable deserts, whilst no industry in the horsemen,
nor swiftness in the horses, is sufficient to bring them back again.
Many have been ruined by mules running away and being lost in this
manner.

I have been acquainted with men, in other respects brave and intrepid,
who, warned by the danger of others, resolved never in their lives to
ride on a mule. I have known many more, who, scorning the most excellent
horses, would never travel on any other animal. Neither is this
preference to be condemned, for mules, though fearful and treacherous,
possess many good qualities which do not belong to horses. Their pace,
especially that of the amblers, is easy and firm, by which means they
always tread with safety, whether they have to ascend rocks or to creep
over marshy places, though horses are better for crossing deep marshes
and rivers, on account of their height. One mule is sufficient in a long
and difficult journey which would fatigue four horses. Mules are
contented with the readiest and coarsest food, though generally fat and
sleek. Many of them surpass the swiftest horses in speed, as I have
often observed in the races of the soldiers. They are longer lived than
most other beasts. In the town of S. Joachim I had mules more than
thirty years old, which would bear a rider, and sometimes contrive to
kick him off too. Moreover they are possessed of athletic strength, for
they are accustomed to carry almost four hundred weight, in journies of
many months, through very rough roads, when laden with the herb of
Paraguay. In a word, I am unable to determine whether the virtues or
vices of mules preponderate.

By the right of relationship asses should be spoken of between horses
and mules. They wander by crowds in the plains of Paraguay, and with
their braying prevent the neighbouring inhabitants from the enjoyment of
sleep. In Italy and Portugal the ass is a very much employed animal, and
used both for the pannier and the saddle. In Paraguay they enjoy a
perpetual exemption from labour. In the larger estates great numbers of
asses are maintained for the purpose of breeding mules. The female asses
are less prolific than you would imagine, but we were never able to
discover the cause of their sterility. Asses continually fall a prey to
tigers, especially those kept to breed mules, which they prefer to the
common sort. No American ever accused asses of pusillanimity, for they
bravely repel any tiger, whom they see approaching, with their heels,
and defend themselves more pertinaciously than horses; but being here,
as every where else, stupid and dilatory, are generally vanquished by
the swiftness or cunning of tigers. The Spaniards also kill a great
number every year for the sake of the fat which they have in their
necks, and which is used, by tanners, to dress and soften stags' skins,
and for other purposes. In this vast abundance of horses and mules which
Paraguay rears, would not the most needy of the Spaniards or negroes be
ashamed to ride upon an ass? But in the territories belonging to Rioja
and Catamarca, where horses are not so abundant, the lower orders of
Spaniards do not disdain to saddle asses. By a useful edict we took care
to prevent the Guaranies from possessing horses, to deprive them of the
dangerous opportunity of wandering. Persons of both sexes made use of
their own asses to carry home the produce of the neighbouring fields.
But those charged with guarding cattle and other offices in the town,
always had horses and mules prepared and in readiness.

Paraguay also abounds in numerous flocks of sheep, no ways differing
from those of our country. Some of the Guarany colonies have counted
thirty thousand, others fewer, according to the number of inhabitants
and the size of the pastures. The wool was used chiefly for the clothing
of the male Indians, for the women covered themselves with a piece of
white cloth made of cotton. An Indian is never content unless he has his
belly well filled, and his body well covered; so that a number of sheep
and oxen seemed requisite to the preservation of these colonies, the
latter supplying meat for food, and the former wool for clothing. Sheep,
on account of their tenderness, demand greater care than the larger
cattle. Hence we were extremely solicitous to supply them with diligent
and faithful shepherds, whom we frequently admonished to bring the flock
at stated hours to the folds, which being furnished with a roof, though
not with walls, commodiously defended them against the night dew, the
heat of the sun, and the attacks of lions and tigers; not to send the
sheep into the plain till the sun and wind had dried up the dew;
carefully to keep them from marshy places, from the dewy grass, and from
thistles and thorns; for too much moisture affects sheep with a mortal
cough, and thorns tear their wool; and, lastly, to look about anxiously
for pastures abounding in nitre, wholesome grass, and plenty of water.
Shepherds should take great care to collect the young lambs, as soon as
they are yeaned, and remove them to a safe place, where they may be
suckled and licked by their mothers. Should this precaution be
neglected, they will certainly be crushed under foot by the old sheep.
It is also proper to see whether they are afflicted with worms, which
are often bred in the wool. It conduces much to the enriching an estate
to distribute the whole flock, consisting of ten or thirteen thousand
sheep, into lesser companies, and to assign to each separate folds,
pastures, and shepherds, that the care being divided amongst many, each
may perform his own office more easily and completely. By these arts the
estates of the Guaranies daily gained such accessions of sheep as an
European will hardly credit.

Something must now be said of the climate of Paraguay. The temperature
of the air varies in different places. Those which are nearest to the
south are colder. In the Magellanic region, which is included in
Paraguay, the cold is generally intense, the neighbouring mountains are
constantly covered with snow, the south winds are extremely violent, and
dreadfully agitate that sea, which is dreaded by all sailors. The
territory of Buenos-Ayres itself, situated in the 34th degree of lat. is
too cold for tobacco, cotton, the sugar-cane, the herb of Paraguay,
apes, and various kinds of parrots, to subsist there, though it produces
plenty of wheat, as well as citrons, peaches, quinces, pomegranates,
figs, &c. if the diligence of the agriculturist answer to the fertility
of the soil. I never saw any snow beyond the mountains near the province
of Chili. The year is divided into four seasons as in Europe, but in
different order:—whilst the Europeans enjoy summer it is winter there;
whilst it is spring in Europe, it is autumn with the Paraguayrians. For
with them November, December, and January, are summer; February, March,
and April, autumn; May, June, and July, winter; August, September, and
October, spring. In the month of August the trees bud, the birds build
their nests, the swallows return from their places of retirement. In the
winter there is no snow and very seldom frost, so that melons and
vegetables will grow up, and not be hurt by the asperity of the air. But
in the mountains of Taruma, three frosts succeed one after another. The
third, which is much severer than the other two, is always followed,
about noon the same day, by a tempest, accompanied with thunder,
lightning, and torrents of rain, which causes the herbs, killed by the
frosts, to revive, or fresh ones to spring up. The temperature of the
air varies according to the wind. The south wind is cold, the north,
hot: hence we often had winter and summer in the same day, whenever one
wind succeeded to the other. Nor is the difference of winter fixed and
certain. For some countries, Brazil for instance, are afflicted with
continual rain at that season, whilst others are distressed by long
droughts, lasting many months, as is the case with the territory of St.
Iago del Estero. Thunderstorms are not peculiar, as in Europe, to the
summer season, but are common to every part of the year: nor can it ever
be said that this or that month, though a winter one, will be free from
thunder, lightning, and hail. The heat of the sun is excessively painful
to horses in travelling, but often more endurable to them when resting
in the shade, than in Austria during the hottest part of the summer.
That the cold in winter is not very intense you may collect from this
circumstance, that the Indians of both sexes and of every age are
accustomed to endure it, without danger of any bad consequence, with
naked feet, uncovered heads, and no other clothing than a thin piece of
linen, and that the animals remain out of doors day and night. I do not
deny that the Indians sometimes use cloaks made of otters' skins to
defend them against the cold air. The shortest day with the
Paraguayrians is in the month of June, the summer solstice in Europe.
The sun rises at the sixth hour and fifty-second minute, and sets at the
fifth hour and seventh minute. Their longest day is in the month of
December, our winter solstice. The sun rises at the fifth hour and
seventh minute, and sets at the sixth hour and fifty-second minute. I
speak of that part of the sky under which lie the Guarany colonies
situated in the 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th degrees of
latitude. From which it appears that there is no day in Paraguay so long
or so short as in our Germany. The air of so extensive a province is
necessarily various, but for the most part extremely healthful, and
calculated to induce longevity.

A history may justly be called defective, if it do not slightly touch
upon what is most worthy of note in the wild beasts, amphibious animals,
birds, fishes, plants, trees, and their fruit. We will begin with
quadrupeds. The tiger appears first on the scene.




                               THE TIGER.


Paraguay abounds in tigers from the number of its cattle, which are the
food of these beasts. They are all marked with black spots, but the skin
of some is white, that of others yellow. As the African lions far exceed
those of Paraguay in size and ferocity, the African tigers yield in like
proportion to the Paraguayrians in the size of their bodies. In the
estate of St. Ignatius, which belongs to the Cordoban college, we found
the skin of a tiger, that had been killed the day before, fastened to
the ground with wooden pegs: it measured three ells and two inches in
length, which is no smaller than the dimensions of the hide of a full
grown ox. But the largest tiger is much slenderer than any ox.

Tigers, whether springing out like cats or in the act of flight, run
extremely quick, but not for a long time together; for as they soon
tire, an active horseman may overtake and kill them. In the woods they
defend themselves amongst the trees and rocky places, and pertinaciously
repulse assailants. It is incredible what slaughters they daily commit
in the estates. Oxen, sheep, horses, mules, asses, they kill without
difficulty, but never eat till putrid. They devour stinking flesh in
preference to sweet, as the following facts will clearly prove. Should a
Spaniard, an Indian, and a Negro sleep together near the same fire and
in the same place, the tiger will reject the Spaniard and Indian without
hesitation, and rush to devour the Negro; for Negroes' flesh they reckon
a dainty, because it is most stinking. Tigers will devour, to the last
morsel, horses' carcasses streaming with liquid putrefaction, though
living horses be at hand. Both Spaniards and Indians conspire against
these destructive beasts. They construct a very large chest, like a
mousetrap, composed of immense pieces of wood, and supported upon four
wheels, and drag it with four oxen into that place where they have
discovered traces of tigers. In the farthest corner of the chest, a very
stinking piece of flesh is placed, by way of bait, which is no sooner
laid hold of by the tiger, than the door of the chest falls and shuts
him in, and he is killed by a musket or a spear put through the
interstices of the planks. In the town of the Rosary we spied a tiger
not yet full grown, but menacing and formidable to all he met, in a
wood, a gun's shot distant from my house. Myself and three armed
Spaniards flew to kill him; on seeing us, by flying here and there
amongst the trees and brambles, he contrived to get out of sight.
Following his footsteps we found him lurking in an aged, very large, and
almost hollow tree, which, to deprive the tiger of all egress or means
of escape, we strewed about with pieces of wood, making a hole in the
side of it, that the lurking beast might be put to death with arms,
which I at last effected without the least danger to myself. You cannot
conceive how the tiger leapt up and down in the hollow of the tree after
receiving a few wounds. The skin, which was pierced with shot and the
sword till it was like a sieve, could be made no use of, though the
flesh afforded the Abipones a sumptuous supper. But as tigers are
possessed of singular strength, swiftness, and cunning, it is scarcely
safe for one person to pursue them in the open plain. I do not deny that
a tiger may be sometimes pierced or strangled, by a Spaniard or Indian
alone. But a Spaniard or Indian is often torn to pieces by a tiger from
the spear's thrust missing, or failing to inflict a mortal blow; for
unless the interior of the head, the heart, or the spine of the back be
wounded, this powerful beast does not fall, but gets infuriated, and
attacks the aggressor with rage proportioned to the pain of the wound.

On this account, whenever any of those beasts are to be destroyed, many
men armed with spears unite together; the use of the musket alone is
almost always dangerous; for unless the tiger is knocked down by the
first ball, he leaps furiously to the place whence the fire proceeded,
and tears the man that inflicted the wound. He, therefore, that does not
choose to run the risk of his life, goes accompanied on each side by two
spearmen, who pierce the tiger as it advances to attack him, after he
has fired his musket. Taught by the danger of others, I found that
bullets must not be rashly used against tigers. Travelling with six
Mocobios, from the city of Santa Fè to the town of St. Xavier, I passed
the night on the banks of the round lake, in the open air, as usual; the
earth was our bed, the sky our covering. The fire, our nightly defence
against tigers, shone for a while in the midst of us as we slept, but at
length grew very low. In the middle of the night a tiger crept towards
us. My Indian companions, that they might not appear distrustful of the
friendship of the Spaniards, had begun the journey unarmed. Anticipating
no danger, I had neglected to load my musket. At my direction,
firebrands were dexterously hurled at the approaching tiger. At each
throw he leapt back roaring, but resumed courage, and returned again and
again, more threatening than before. Meantime I loaded my musket. But as
the darkness deprived me of all hope of killing the tiger, and left me
only the desire to escape, I loaded my musket with plenty of shot, and
fired it off without a ball. The beast, alarmed at the horrid
thundering, instantly fled, and we lay down to sleep again, rejoicing in
our success. Next day, at noon, in a narrow path, bounded on one side by
a lake, and on the other by a wood, we met two tigers, which would have
been caught with a noose by the pursuing Mocobios, had they not fled and
hidden themselves in the wood.

Innumerable tigers are yearly caught with leathern thongs by the
Spaniards and Indians, on horseback, and are strangled, after being
swiftly dragged for some time along the ground. The Pampas wound the
tiger's back with a slender arrow, and kill him instantly. At other
times, for the same purpose, they use very strong arrows, or three round
stones suspended from thongs, which they hurl at the tiger. How great
their strength must be you may judge from this, that if they meet two
horses in the pastures tied together with a thong to prevent their
escaping, they will attack and slay the one, and drag him, along with
the other live one, to their den. I should not have believed this, had I
not myself witnessed it, when travelling in company with the soldiers of
St. Iago. Their cunning is equal to their strength. If the wood and the
plain deny them food, they will procure it by fishing in the water. As
they are excellent swimmers, they plunge up to their neck in some lake
or river, and spout from their mouths the white froth, which, swimming
on the surface of the water, the hungry fishes eagerly devour as food,
and are quickly tossed on to the shore by the claws of the tigers. They
also catch tortoises, and tear them from their shells by wondrous
artifice, in order to devour them. Sometimes a tiger, lurking unseen
under the high grass or in a bramble bush, quietly watches a troop of
horse passing by, and rushes with impetuosity on the horseman that
closes the company. On rainy and stormy nights they creep into human
habitations, not in search of prey or food, but to shelter themselves
from the rain and from the cold wind.

Though the very shadow of this beast is enough to create alarm, yet
those are most to be dreaded which have already tasted human flesh.
Tigers of this description have an intense craving after men, and
continually lie in wait for them. They will follow a man's footstep for
many leagues till they come up with the traveller.

It will be proper in this place to give account of some methods of
defence against tigers. If you climb a tree to avoid falling into the
clutches of a tiger, he will ascend it also. In this case urine must be
your instrument of defence. If you cast this into the eyes of the tiger,
when he is threatening you at the foot of the tree, you are safe—the
beast will immediately take to flight. In the night a blazing fire
affords great security against tigers. Dogs also are dreaded by them,
though these they sometimes cruelly flay and tear to pieces. The
Spaniards have mastiffs which are very formidable to tigers. In the town
of St. Ferdinand a tiger often stole by night into the sheepfolds,
killed the sheep, sucked their blood, and leaving their bodies, carried
away their heads. This audacity at length appearing to us no longer
endurable, at sun-set twenty Abipones armed themselves with spears to
kill the mischievous beast, and placed themselves in ambush. Another,
armed with pistols, lay down in the midst of the flock. Though the men
were silently concealed in the court-yard close by, yet the tiger, aware
of the circumstance, either from the smell or hearing, durst not
approach the sheepfold. At length, despairing of his arrival, the
watchers, about night-fall, returned to their huts. Scarcely had they
turned their backs, when the tiger returned and tore to pieces ten
sheep. To search him out, all the Abipones that were at home set off on
foot, armed on both sides with spears, ready to strike whenever the
beast appeared. At the request of the Indians, I closed the company,
armed with a gun and bayonet and some pistols. After diligently
exploring the vicinity, as no tiger appeared, we returned home without
effecting our business, and saluted by the hisses of the women. But the
very same tiger at sun-set daily approached the town, to tear away part
of the carcass of a dead horse, without ever being caught by the Indians
who lay in wait for him. The Abipones have continual contests with
tigers, and unless the spear misses, are uniformly victorious. Hence an
Abipon is very rarely devoured by a tiger, but innumerable tigers are
devoured by the Abipones. Their flesh, though horridly ill-savoured even
when quite fresh, is eagerly craved after by the equestrian savages, who
also drink melted tiger's fat, esteeming it nectar, and even believing
it a means of producing valour. They all detest the thought of eating
hens, eggs, sheep, fish, and tortoises, imagining that those tender
kinds of food engender sloth and languor in their bodies, and cowardice
in their minds. On the other hand, they eagerly devour the flesh of the
tiger, bull, stag, boar, anta, and tamandua, having an idea that, from
continually feeding on these animals, their strength, boldness, and
courage are increased. In repeated battles with tigers many persons are
wounded by their claws. The scars, after the wounds are healed, occasion
excessive pain and burning, which no time nor medicine can ever relieve.
The tigers themselves are tormented with the heat of their own claws,
and in order to relieve the pain, they rub them against the tree
_seibo_, and leave the mark of their nails in the bark.

The tiger spares no living creature; all it attacks, but with various
fortune and success: for horses and mules, unless they save their lives
by speedy flight, are generally overcome; asses, when they can gain a
place where they may defend their backs, repel the assailant, by going
round and round, and kicking very quickly for a long time; but in the
open plain they seldom obtain a victory. Cows, trusting to their horns,
defend themselves and their calves with the utmost intrepidity. Mares,
on the contrary, at the approach of a tiger, desert their foals and take
to flight. Antas lie down on their backs, await the advancing foe with
expanded arms, and immediately on his assault squeeze him to death, if
we may credit the testimony of the natives. Tigers' skins are used by
the Abipones for breastplates, for horsecloths, for carpets, and for
wrappers. In Spain, every skin is sold for four, and sometimes six
German florens. In the hope of gain, a number of Spaniards join together
in Paraguay, and go out to hunt tigers. A vast quantity of tigers' skins
are yearly sent to Spain. In the city of Sta. Fè, I knew a Spaniard at
first indigent, who, from this trade in skins, within a few years
excited the envy of others by his opulence.

To the tiger kind belong two other wild beasts, but smaller, and not so
ferocious. One of them is called by the Spaniards _onza_, the other by
the Guaranies _mbaracaya_. These, though seldom offensive to other
animals, often depopulate a whole henroost by night, but are seldom seen
by day.


                               THE LION.


The Paraguayrian lions seem unworthy of so great a name; for they are
quite unlike those of Africa in form, size, and disposition. They never
attempt any thing against horses, oxen, and men, and are dreaded only by
calves, foals, and sheep. The Paraguayrian lions suit well with the old
Spanish saying, _No es tan bravo el leon, como se pinta_, the lion is
not so fierce as his picture. You can scarce distinguish their flesh
from veal, so that the Spaniards and Indians devour it with avidity.
Their skin is tawny and spotted with white. Their head is large and
round, their eyes sparkling, and nose flat. Their whiskers are composed
of long hard hairs, like bristles, for I have handled them myself; but
hear on what occasion. The guards of the estates, both Spaniards and
Indians, had a custom of preserving the heads of the lions and tigers
which they slew, fastened with stakes to the folds of the cattle, as
testimonies of their vigilance and courage, in the same manner as the
heads and hands of criminals are seen fixed to a pole in the place
appointed for their punishment. In a certain estate I got up upon the
hedges, examined the heads of the lions and tigers, of which there was
an immense number, observed their eyes, ears, and teeth, and tore some
hair out of the whiskers of the tigers, which resembled wire, were thick
at the root, and endued with a kind of elastic property. I cannot
understand why the Abipones do not rear the whelps of lions, as they
reckon tigers' whelps a dainty, though they are never procured without
danger. Before they are full grown they give proofs of their native
ferocity, and with their little tender claws and teeth fly upon all they
meet, especially in the heat of the sun. One man deprived a tiger's
whelp of its teeth and claws, to prevent it from doing any mischief, but
though destitute of its arms, it used to rush upon children and calves,
and would certainly have crushed and strangled them, had they not been
instantly rescued. That the danger might not increase as he grew up, he
was forced to be shot.


                             THE WILD CAT.


In most of the woods you may see wild cats, differing from the domestic
ones in our country in no other respect except that the extremity of the
tail is flatter and more compressed, and that they are superior in size.
They are also of various colours. The Indians eat them roasted, but
being extremely swift and shy, they are not killed without difficulty.
We had a young cat in the town of Conception, born of a tame mother and
a wild father, than which I never saw a larger or handsomer, or one more
ferocious and fugitive.


                     THE ANTA, OR THE GREAT BEAST.


The more secluded woods towards the north are the haunts of this animal,
which the Spaniards call the Anta, or _La gran bestia_. In size it
resembles a full grown ass: in shape, if you except its eyes, head, and
feet, a pig. It has rather short ears, inclining towards the forehead,
very sharp teeth and lips, like those of a calf, the upper part of which
somewhat resembles a proboscis, and is thrust forward by the animal when
he is angry. The fore feet are cloven into two hollow nails, the hind
feet into three. A smooth unhairy appendage supplies the place of a
tail. The skin is of a tawny colour and extremely thick, on which
account it is dried in the air by the Spaniards and Abipones, and used
for a breast-plate to ward off the blows of swords and arrows, but is
penetrable to shot and to spears. This beast flies the sight of man,
though possessed of such extraordinary strength as, when caught with a
rope, to drag along with him in his flight both horse and rider. It
generally sleeps in the day-time, and by night, wandering up and down
the recesses of the woods, feeds upon herbs; it frequently betrays
itself by the rustling noise it makes in breaking the branches of shrubs
and trees as it walks about the woods. The Indians who inhabit the woods
lay traps, made of stakes, to catch the antas, or concealing themselves
in some thicket, imitate the sound of their voices, and pierce the
beasts on their arrival with arrows; for their flesh, either fresh or
hardened by the air, is continually eaten by the savages, though its
toughness renders it rather unpalatable. In the stomach of the anta lies
a pouch, which is often found to contain a number of bezoar stones,
scarce bigger than a hazle-nut, not oblong nor oval, but polygonous, and
of the colour of ashes or lead. These are thought by physicians superior
to the bezoar stones supplied by other beasts, and more efficacious as
medicine. Arapotiyu, the young Indian whom I brought from the woods of
Mbaeverà, which the savages call the country of the antas, gave me a
heap of these bezoar stones:—"Take, father," said he, "these most
salutary little stones, which I have collected from the antas I have
killed." On my inquiring what virtue they attributed to them, and how
they were used in the woods, he replied—"Whenever we are seized with a
malignant heat, we rub our limbs with these antas' stones, after warming
them at the fire, and receive immediate relief." This use of the bezoar
stone I submit to the judgment of physicians, for it must be confessed I
never made trial of its virtues. The nails of antas are much esteemed by
the Spaniards, as remedies for ill-health, and worn by them as amulets,
to defend them from noxious airs: they are said to be sold in the
druggists' shops in Europe, for various medicinal purposes, especially
for persons afflicted with epilepsy, small-pox, and measles, as is
related by Woytz in his Medico-physical Thesaurus, where he affirms that
antas are often afflicted with epilepsy or the falling-sickness, and
that, to relieve the pain, they rub the left ear with the nail of the
fore foot. The truth of the fact must be looked to by those who have
affirmed it, and have hazarded the assertion that the anta is called by
the Germans _elendthier_, the miserable beast, because it is subject to
epilepsy. But in reality it was called by the old Germans _elck_, by the
Greeks αλκη, and by the Latins _alx_ or _alce_. As it appears from all
writers, that elks are horned in the northern countries of Europe, and
as I myself saw, that those in Paraguay have no horns, I began to doubt
whether they were not a different animal altogether, and only bore the
same name on account of some similitude.

I do not agree with those who call elks _equi-cervi_, mongrel creatures
born of a stag and a mare. This cannot be imagined for a moment of the
Paraguayrian antas, which inhabit the roughest and most rugged forests,
not only unknown but almost inaccessible both to horses and stags. The
antas choose plains full one hundred leagues distant, where they can
never meet with either of those animals. However this may be, I advise
giving credit to those who, in the present age, have written more fully
on natural history from authority.


                              THE HUANACO.


This animal, which the Spaniards call Guanáco, and the Abipones
Hakahátak, as it has no name in Latin, may be called ελαφοκαμηλον, a
cameleopard, as the ostrich is called a camel. For whilst it resembles a
stag in other particulars, its head, neck, the bunch on its back, the
fissure of the upper lip, and the tail a span long, are like those of a
camel. Its feet are cloven, and its skin shaggy, and for the most part
of a reddish colour. The hair of this beast serves to make hats with.
Its flesh is eaten both by Spaniards and Indians. Its swiftness stands
it in the stead of arms. It never attempts to kick or bite, but when
offended by any one, spits at him in a rage; this saliva is commonly
said first to create a red pustule, and afterwards to bring on the
mange. Like goats, these animals inhabit rocks and high mountains, but
come down in flocks, at pleasure, for the sake of the pasture in the
plains below the mountains; mean time one of the males occupies a high
place, whence, like a watchman from a tower, he sees if any danger is
near, and surveys every part of the neighbourhood. The whole flock
hurries away upon any alarm, the females going before, and the males
closing the company. This is seldom a panic terror, for the huanacos,
whilst occupying the pastures in the plain, are often caught by the
Spanish horsemen; but very swift horses are necessary for this business,
as they run extremely quick. I have often seen flocks of these animals,
when travelling in Tucuman, on the Cordoban mountains. Hearing the sound
of approaching horses, they crowd to the highest summits of the rocks,
whence, ranged like soldiers in a long file, they look down upon the
horses as they pass underneath, neigh for some time in a manner strongly
resembling human laughter, and presently, struck with sudden terror, for
they are extremely timorous, scour off in all directions. This spectacle
frequently amused and delighted us Europeans. Huanacos, though very wild
and shy, may be easily tamed in the towns, when young. Besides the skin
and flesh of the huanacos, the bezoar stone, which is often found in
their insides, is of value. It sometimes weighs more than a pound, is
always oval, scarce smaller than a hen's egg, and painted, like marble,
with most exquisite colours. Most probably it derives this medicinal
property from the animal's feeding upon wholesome herbs, which grow in
the mountains: its virtues, however, are thought little of by the
physicians of these times, who despise old prescriptions.


                       THE PERUVIAN SHEEP LLAMÁS.

Peru, the neighbour of Paraguay, produces wild animals, in which the
bezoar of various colours, forms, and sizes, is found: namely, the
native sheep, which the Indians call Llamás, the Spaniards Carneros de
la Tierra, and which are used, like beasts of burden, for carrying
weights, not exceeding one hundred pounds.


                              THE VICUÑA.

This country likewise produces Vicuñas, animals equal in size to a goat
in our country, but not horned, and clothed with wool of a darkish
yellow colour, softer than silk, and much esteemed by Europeans. A
garment made of this wool cools the body when the sun is oppressively
hot. It is said to cure pains in the kidneys, and to assuage the torture
of the gout. The flesh of the vicuña, though unsavoury to the palate, is
eaten by the Indians; it is also used as medicine. A man who had got a
disorder in his eyes, from walking for a long time amidst snow in Peru,
was presently relieved of the pain by a piece of vicuña's flesh, applied
to the part affected, by an Indian woman.


                     THE PACO, MACOMORO, & TARÙGA.

Peru also boasts of pacos, macomoros, and tarùgas, which are almost of
the same use and appearance as the former, and in like manner produce
the bezoar stone.


                      THE TAMANDUA, OR ANT-EATER.

The tamandua obtains its name from the ants upon which it feeds. But it
does not eat every kind of ant, but only those which the Guaranies call
_cupis_, and their eggs. When these are not to be had, it takes up with
little worms, winged insects, honey, and meat cut into very small
particles. In bulk it is equal to a very large pig, but superior in
length and height. Its head does not correspond to the size of its body.
A very small fissure, which is seen in its long snout, serves it for a
mouth, under which is concealed a blackish, smooth tongue, slenderer
than the goose's quill I am writing with, but twenty-five inches long.
This he dips into a hill of ants, scraped together with his nails, and
when covered with those insects, or their little eggs, draws back again
into his mouth, and swallows them instantly. This animal has small black
eyes, middle-sized, and almost round ears, and a blackish skin,
interspersed here and there with white, and for the most part hairy.
From the extremity of the fore-feet project four curved nails, of which
the two middle are very strong, and three inches in length; they are
quite necessary arms to the tamandua, for with them he digs up, and
removes the turf under which the ants' nests lie. The hind feet have
five fingers, furnished with as many nails, and in walking make the same
footsteps as a boy. The tail, which is covered with stiff bristles,
longer than the hairs in a horse's mane, is as long as his whole body,
and so wide that, bent towards the neck, with the hairs expanded on each
side like a fan, or fly-flap, it covers his whole body when he sleeps,
and defends him not only against cold, but even against rain. This beast
is not able to keep running for any length of time, and may be easily
caught by a person on horseback, or even on foot. Its flesh is eaten by
the Indians, but not reckoned a dainty. When young it is very soon tamed
in the colonies of the Indians, but seldom brought up by them, because
it must be chiefly fed upon ants, which are very troublesome to procure.


                             THE WILD BOAR.

Four different species of boars abound in Paraguay. The most remarkable
are those which have upon their backs a spungy, glandulous little piece
of flesh, swelled with a white liquor resembling milk, and scented like
musk. This boss is immediately amputated after the animal's death,
before the intolerable odour of musk has infected the flesh, and
rendered it unfit for use. In woods, near marshes, and marshy fields,
wander herds of boars, which are killed, either with a stake, or with
arrows, by the Indians. Herds of boars sometimes rushed into the colony
of St. Ferdinand, perhaps from the hope of finding food there, perhaps
from some other motive. But the Abipones, assembling together, killed a
great number of them, and feasted sumptuously upon their flesh for some
days. I was told that boars entered the towns of the Uruguay in the same
manner. The Abiponian women make themselves travelling dresses of the
skins of this animal, and its bristles are collected into small bundles,
and used as combs.


                     VARIOUS KINDS OF LITTLE FOXES.

                              THE ZORRINO.

There are three sorts of foxes here, different from those of our
country. The Abipones call the larger ones Kaalk, the lesser Licheran,
and the least Lichera, which last is named Zorrino by the Spaniards, and
by the French Canadians Bête Puante, the stinking beast, or Enfant du
Diable, child of the devil; appellations which it justly deserves. This
animal, which is equal in size to a small rabbit, of a chesnut colour,
and marked on each side by two white lines, though it pleases the eyes
by its elegant form, offends the nostrils by its excessive stink. It may
be commended for beauty, but not for politeness; for at every passer-by
it squirts, with certain aim, a liquor so pestilent, that dogs, if
sprinkled with it, will howl dreadfully, and roll themselves for some
time on the ground, as if scalded with boiling water. If it touch the
eyes, blindness is the certain consequence. If a woollen or linen
garment, a stick, or any thing else, be sprinkled with it, no farther
use can be made of the article on account of the stink, which no art
will ever take away. If one of these animals shed his urine in the open
plain, the stench is carried by the wind the space of a league. That
white liquor shines in the night like phosphorus, and wherever it
passes, looks like a ray of fire. If a skunk creep into a house, and
scatter any of that terrible liquor, the inhabitants, one and all, rush
out, as if the house was on fire, and fly into the street or open plain,
to breathe freely, that they may not be stifled with the stench.
Therefore, although this animal is very little and weak, it is dreaded
extremely by tigers, mastiffs, and all mortals. Its unequalled stink is
its means of defence. Whoever desires to possess its most beautiful
skin, in order to catch it, without injury to himself, must take it by
the tail, and hold it with its head towards the ground; for, by this
means, it loses the use of its pestiferous syringe, and cannot squirt
out that horrible liquid. Some assert that the fat in the kidneys of the
skunk is either the cause, or the receptacle of the stink, and that if
this be taken away, the flesh may be eaten, and is not of an unpleasant
savour: I envy no one such a dainty.

Many have written of the skunk, but generally from the accounts of
others: I, alas! from my own experience. I feel both shame and grief in
refreshing the sad remembrance of my disaster; but will, nevertheless,
relate it, to show you my candour. When, with some fifty companions, we
journeyed from the port of Buenos-Ayres, where we first landed, through
an immense plain of an hundred and forty leagues, to Cordoba, we were
all conveyed in waggons, drawn by four oxen; for a waggon in those
deserts serves both for house and bed. Reclining, day and night, upon a
mattress, we pursued our journey according to the season, the roads, and
the weather. The jolting of this rude vehicle creates nausea, and
fatigues the whole frame, so that quitting it at evening, to enjoy the
fresh air, was quite a relief. As I was walking with two Spaniards, I
spied a skunk gently approaching us: "Look," cried I, "what a beautiful
animal is that!" We trusted too much to external appearance. Not one of
us perceived what a pest was concealed under this elegant skin.
Hastening our steps we all emulously ran to catch the animal, and my ill
stars directed that I should outstrip both the Spaniards. The cunning
skunk, spying me near him, feigned submission, stood still, and, as it
were, offered himself my captive. Distrusting the blandishments of an
animal that was unknown to me, I gently touched it with a stick. In a
moment it lifted up its leg, and discharged at me that Stygian pest. It
sprinkled my left cheek all over, and then victorious, took to flight
immediately. That my eyes were spared may be accounted a blessing. I
stood thunderstruck, become, in an instant, intolerable to myself; for
the horrid stench had diffused itself from my cheek into every part of
my body, to my very inner garments; and spreading in a moment through
the plain, far and wide, announced what had happened to my companions.
Some on foot, some on horseback, they all hastened to look at me, amidst
peals of laughter; but, smelling me from a distance, returned a long way
back, with greater speed than they had come. Like an excommunicated
person, I was shunned by all, and was forbidden to enter the very tent
where I used to sup with the rest. I, therefore, betook myself to my own
waggon. On asking the Spanish driver if he smelt any thing amiss, he
replied that he had been deprived of the power of smell for four years.
"Oh! fortunate circumstance!" cried I, for if the driver had been in
possession of this faculty, I should have been banished from my own
waggon also. Throwing off all my clothes, I washed, wiped, and rubbed my
face over and over again. But this was washing the blackamoor white.
That night I wished I could have been separated from my body, so
entirely had that liquid exhalation penetrated my very fibres,
especially my cheek, which it burnt like fire. My clothes, all of which
I had entirely thrown off, though daily exposed to wind, rain, sun, and
dust, for more than a month, on the top of the waggon, always retained
the vile scent, and could be made no possible use of. Had I a hundred
tongues I should think them all insufficient to convey an adequate idea
of the stench of this ill-scented beast. Whether it be urine which it
discharges, or any other liquid, I am at a loss to determine. This is
indubitable,—that if Theophrastus, Paracelsus, and any other chemist,
had conspired together, in all their furnaces and shops, and with all
their arts, they could never have composed a stink more intolerable than
that which the skunk exhales by nature. Spirit of hartshorn, or any more
powerful odour, if there be such, will be called aromatic scents,
frankincense, balm of Gilead, and the most fragrant carnations and
roses, by him that has once smelt the skunk. Europe may be congratulated
upon her good fortune in being unacquainted with this cursed beast.


                             THE BISCACHA.

Let this fetid animal be succeeded by the ridiculous biscacha, which
closely resembles a hare, has a tail like that of a fox, and is marked
with black and white spots. Its hair is exceedingly soft. In the plains,
particularly in the more elevated situations, these animals dig
themselves burrows so artfully, that no part of them is exposed to the
rain. They are divided into separate apartments, as several families
usually inhabit the same place. On the surface of the earth many doors
are opened into the cave, at which crowds of them sit at sun-set, and
carefully listen if any one be approaching; but if all is quiet they go
out to pasture on moonlight nights, and make deplorable havoc in the
neighbouring plains; for they are extremely fond of wheat and maize, and
if either of these is to be had, will not feed on grass. At the doors of
their burrows they heap up dry bones, bits of wood, and any other
rubbish they can light upon, but for what purpose, no one hitherto has
been able even to conjecture. The Spanish rustics sometimes amuse
themselves with hunting these animals. They pour many pitchers of water
into their subterranean dwellings, so that, to avoid drowning, the
creatures leap out into the plain, and, no opportunity of escape being
allowed them, are killed with stakes. Their flesh, unless they be very
old, is not despised, even by the Spaniards.


                               THE HARE.

Hares, differing from those of Europe, in size alone, do exist in
Paraguay; but I imagine there must be very few, because, though I have
often traversed the whole province, and have lived chiefly amongst the
Indians, who spare no kinds of animals, I never saw but one. In Tucuman,
where it looks towards Peru, I understand that hares are not so scarce.


                       VARIOUS KINDS OF RABBITS.

As rabbits are extremely numerous in every part of this country, there
is likewise great variety amongst them. Some, of various colours, like
those of our country, live under ground. Others, which hide themselves
under shrubs and bushes, are less than hares, larger than our rabbits,
and of a bay, or rather a chesnut colour. Their flesh, which is
extremely well tasted, may be seen at the tables even of the more
wealthy. Several pairs of these rabbits are said to have been brought
from Spain by some person who, in travelling through Paraguay into Peru,
took rabbits of each sex out of their coop, and set them loose on the
plain to feed, at which time some of them escaped and ran away. Their
posterity is, at this day, extremely numerous in Tucuman, especially in
the land of St. Iago. Other kinds of rabbits, scarce bigger than
dormice, conceal themselves sometimes in the hedges of fields, sometimes
in holes under ground, and, being innumerable, are extremely pernicious
to wheat. The Abipones, who undertake most of their journeys without
provisions, when they wish to dine or sup, set fire to the tall dry
grass in the plain, in order to kill and roast the animals concealed
underneath it, which leap out for fear of the fire. Were tigers, deer,
stags, and emus, not to be had, there would never be a deficiency of
rabbits, a hundred of which they easily take, and hang upon a string,
after a chase of this kind. I was told by Barreda, the old General of
the St. Iagans, that in hasty marches in search of the enemy, when there
was no time for hunting, rabbits, dried in the air, served the Abipones
for victuals.


                               THE STAG.

The shores of the Parana and Paraguay, and the larger islands of these
rivers, abound in stags, which, in no respect, differ from those of
Europe. Not one is to be seen in any other part of Paraguay. The
Abipones pursue the stags on swift horses, and laying hold of their
horns, kill them either with a knife or a spear; they also pierce them
with thick arrows, when hunting in a wood impervious to horses.
Formerly, before the savages were acquainted with iron, they prefixed a
stag's horn to their spears, instead of an iron point, and this weapon
inflicted very deep wounds. Whilst I dwelt amongst them, some of the
elder Abipones still used spears pointed with stags' horn, and were the
more dreaded on that account. Stags' skins, which are used for various
purposes, the Spaniards soften and polish with the melted fat of mares.
They also entertain an idea that the smallest piece of stag's skin, worn
close to the body, is a powerful preservative against the bites of
serpents, as it is well known that stags and deer have frequent
conflicts with these animals.


                               ROEBUCKS.

On entering the plain, wherever you turn your eyes you will see nothing
but roebucks, exactly like European ones. Those which inhabit the plains
are of a chesnut colour, but brighter; those which live in the woods, of
a darker chesnut, but both are marked with white spots. When young they
are easily tamed at home. I once nourished a little fawn, only a few
days old, brought me by an Indian, on cow's milk, and reared it in my
own apartment. When grown older, it went daily into the plain to pasture
along with the cows, which are milked in the court-yard, but returned to
my room of its own accord. When he found it shut he signified his
arrival by knocking against the door with his feet, often in the middle
of the night. He followed me, whether walking or riding, like a dog. He
beheld a crowd of dogs running after him without alarm, and often put
them to flight by stamping on the ground with his feet. By tinkling a
collar of bells which I placed round his neck, he frightened all the
dogs, and deceived them into thinking him some strange and formidable
animal. He fed upon meat, bread, roots, and grass, but a sheet of paper
was quite a treat to him, and sweeter than honey to his taste. The
collar, which many months before I had fitted to his neck, beginning to
squeeze him as he grew older, I endeavoured to loosen it; when the
little animal, imagining that I did it with the intent of causing his
death, and believing me to be his enemy, took to flight, and wandered up
and down the more distant plains, without revisiting me for a month. He
was often seen by the Indians. At length I directed my attention towards
recalling and reconciling him. Allured by a sheet of paper, which I
showed him from a distance, he approached me, though with a trembling
foot, and being presented at intervals with fresh sheets of paper,
followed me to the house, unmindful of his terror and offence, and ever
after remained, as long as he lived, with the utmost fidelity in my
house. He would often fight with mules for half an hour together,
affording a spectacle worthy to be seen and applauded by the assembled
Indians; for resting on his fore-feet, he kicked the head of the mule
every now and then with his hinder ones, and whilst his antagonist with
bites and kicks endeavoured to render like for like, the fawn, by
leaping backwards and forwards with incredible celerity, eluded the
threats and anger of the enraged beast. After obtaining so many
victories, to the astonishment and applause of the whole town, engaging
in the plain with an untamed mule, his back was broken by the kicks of
his adversary, which occasioned his death, at two years of age, when,
being a male, he had very large horns. You will scarce believe how we
grieved for his death. I still have in my possession a music-book bound
with his skin.


                              THE YKIPARÀ.

The ykiparà, a species of mole lurking in holes under ground, makes a
horrid noise, like the sound of a great drum beat at a distance, which
is scarce heard without alarm by strangers. I cannot describe the
appearance of this little animal, never having seen, though frequently
heard it. I imagine that its voice must sound the louder from being
re-echoed by the hollow corners and windings of the earth.


                        DIFFERENT KINDS OF APES.

Were I individually to describe the names, forms, and properties of all
the apes which inhabit the North of Paraguay, this subject alone would
fill a volume. Those called caraya are the most numerous and the ugliest
species. Their hair is tawny, they are full of melancholy, always
querulous, always morose, always snappish. As they howl incessantly day
and night no one chooses to take them home and tame them. They sit by
crowds on trees, and wander about in search of food. When they howl with
most pertinacity it is a sign of rain or storms; the sound they utter
resembles the creaking of waggons with ungreased wheels, and as hundreds
howl in concert, may be heard many leagues off. They are of a middle
size.


                               THE CÀYÍ.

The little apes called càyí are scarce a span long, when full grown;
they are merry, playful, and, if tamed young, extremely docile. But they
can seldom be allowed to walk up and down the house at large, for,
wanting to touch and taste every thing, they throw down ink-stands and
other vessels, spill liquors, tear books, and break every thing made of
glass. They put their fingers into boxes, lamps, and jugs, smell them,
and dirt the table and people's clothes. They steal every thing fit to
eat that they can lay hands on. They are, therefore, tied with a long
slender cord in such a manner that they may be able to go up and down.
We had a little ape of this kind in the town of St. Joachim, which
readily unclasped the men's spurs when they returned from riding. I have
seen others take a journey seated on the back of a dog, and by mimicking
the actions of men, like buffoons, excite both anger and ridicule. It
is, therefore, no wonder that apes of this kind should be prized both by
Indians and Europeans, and bought at a high price. Potatoes are their
daily fare, but they also feed sometimes on flesh, bread, or any thing
made of flour. Great care must be taken not to give them too large a
portion, otherwise they will eat till they burst. In the woods, when
quite young, they are carried about on the backs of their mothers, round
whose necks they put their arms, like infants, and in this manner are
borne along the boughs of trees, wherever there is any chance of finding
food. An Indian, therefore, who wants a live ape, kills the mother with
an arrow, and the little one never suffers itself to be torn from her
without howling. I will tell you something still more surprizing, and
which seems almost incredible. The Guaranies sometimes remain in the
woods four days together, employed in hunting wild beasts. Having killed
a number of apes, they consume part of them on the journey, and roasting
the rest to prevent their growing putrid from the heat of the sun, carry
them to the town to be eaten at home. The little apes, which are kept
alive for diversion, know their mothers when roasted and blacker than a
coal, and adhere so tenaciously to their shoulders, that their running
away is not the least to be apprehended. Who does not admire the filial
affection of these animals, which, though imitators of mankind in other
respects, may certainly be their instructors in this?


                               BARBUDOS.

The Spanish Paraguayrians employed in collecting the herb of Paraguay in
the thick northern woods, often see very large and melancholy apes, with
extremely long beards, on account of which circumstance they have given
them a ridiculous name which I prudently forbear to mention. They love
dark recesses, flying mankind and the light, but are universally
dreaded, on account of the arms they make use of: for at every passer-by
they throw some of their stinking dung, which is always ready. But in
comparison to that of the skunk, this stink may be accounted rose and
saffron. No one has hitherto ever thought of catching and taming them.


                              THE CARUGUÀ.

In the more secret recesses of the woods wander apes, which the
Guaranies call caruguà, and the Spaniards _diablos del monte_, devils of
the woods. They are hairy, and taller than other apes; in walking they
generally stand on their hind-feet. Their footsteps are like those of a
boy of fourteen years old. They love solitude, and do not lie in wait
for man, but if they spy one near them in the narrow parts of the
forests, they tear him to pieces with the utmost ferocity. I knew of a
Guarany belonging to the new colony of St. Stanislaus, who died of a
dreadful wound he received from a caruguà. An Indian belonging to the
same colony killed one of these apes in a distant wood. Fearing that the
trouble of a long journey, under a burning sun, would prove
insufferable, he left the carcass of the beast, but cut off his horrid
nails, more formidable than any dagger, and showed them to Father Pietro
Paulo Danesi, a Roman, to whom the care of the town was at that time
entrusted; they were carried about the other Guarany towns, that all who
beheld might thereby judge of the beast to whom they belonged, and learn
to know and dread the terrific arms of the caruguà, whenever they had to
traverse rugged forests. I was once very near becoming the prey of one
of these ferocious beasts. Passing the night in the woods of Mbaeverà,
whilst the Indians and my companion Paschali Vilalba were sound asleep,
I heard the noise of boughs breaking, together with a little singing
sound resembling a human voice. As the voice and the noise approached
nearer to me, and I was at a great distance from the fire of the
Indians, I cried out and inquired of my comrades, who were at length
awakened by my clamour, what bird or beast uttered those sounds? After
listening awhile, they all exclaimed that the caruguà, the devil of the
woods, was approaching. A number of them ran to encounter him, armed
with spears and firebrands. The beast, alarmed at their approach,
hastened back; and thus delivered from peril, I breathed once again.


                               THE QUATÌ.

The quatì appears to be of a mongrel breed, for its snout is like that
of a barrow-pig, its head like that of a fox, while the rest of its body
resembles a middle-sized ape, with a yellow skin, and a tail longer than
all the rest of its body, divided into little rings of various colours.
Like apes, these animals leap up and down the boughs of trees, on the
fruit of which they subsist, though you sometimes meet a numerous herd
of them jumping about upon the ground. Even when full grown, they are
completely tamed by the Indians, within a few days, but are always
destructive to hens, and their eggs, which they delight in.


                                THE AỲ.

The last of the different tribes of apes is an animal which, from the
slothfulness of its nature, and the slowness of its motions, is called
by the Guaranies, aỳ, and by the Spaniards, _la pereza_, the sloth. It
is about the size of a fox, and has a small head, a narrow face, smooth
nose, little black eyes, and long hair, of the colour of ashes, which
spreads over its neck like a mane. It has a dusky streak in the middle
of its back, long nails, bent backwards on each foot, a wide mouth, a
thick tail, weak teeth, no ears; its appearance, in short, is ridiculous
and disagreeable in every point of view. It lives upon the tops of
trees, and feeds upon their leaves, and sometimes upon the smaller kinds
of ants. It never gets up upon its feet, nor is it ever seen to drink,
perhaps content with dew. Slower than any tortoise, it so dreads the
slightest motion, that it spends a whole day in creeping up or down a
tree. It detests the least drop of rain. Every now and then it
pronounces the letter I, like a person groaning. It has a remarkably
firm skin; but its flesh is nauseated even by the Indians. From what I
have said, you may perceive that this most slothful animal is extremely
dissimilar to apes, which spend the whole day in running, leaping, and
playing, as if impatient of the shortest respite. The Indians, in
travelling, take great delight in the flesh of apes, which, in various
countries of America, is the chief and most esteemed food of the
Indians. Moreover, many of the Americans have believed apes to possess
the power of speech, and to feign themselves dumb, that they may not be
obliged to labour by the Spaniards. Whenever an ape is wounded by a
bullet, he puts his hand to the wound, as if to prevent his life from
being shed with his blood; and when the body is quite lifeless, stiff,
and cold, the hand remains in the same situation. I have found, from
experience, that their teeth are hurtful and dangerous; for my
companion, after being bitten by a mad she ape, was seized with an
erysipelas, which spread from the arm to the head, induced a great heat
and swelling, and caused terrible, and almost mortal agonies. In
European towns I have seen many apes which are not found in any part of
Paraguay; for in various countries there is a great variety of apes;
their names are also various on account of the diversity of tongues.


                        THE ARMADILLO, OR TATÙ.

This little animal, which is scarce larger than a common tortoise, is
called by the Spaniards armadillo. Its whole body is armed with horny
scales, elegantly varied with red and white. Its head, which resembles
that of a young pig, it discovers in walking, but on the approach of
danger entirely conceals under this coat of mail. It has rather a long
neck. Its scales are clothed here and there with white hairs, especially
under the belly. The feet are like those of a tortoise, with five
unequal fingers, armed with very sharp nails with which it digs holes
under ground to hide itself in, or clings so firmly to the surface of
the earth that the strongest man can hardly make it loosen its hold. It
has a long scaly tail, of which, prefixed to a reed, the Abipones make
military trumpets. Its little ears are destitute both of hairs and
scales. It is furnished with two joints near the neck, so that it can
bend its throat here and there. It runs very fast, and makes many
doubles to escape the pursuit of dogs and men. It feeds upon herbs and
roots, drinks plentifully and grows very fat. Dogs discover its
subterranean retreats by the scent. This animal does not lay eggs, like
a tortoise, but brings forth a numerous living progeny. Paraguay
produces three species of armadillos, all different in form, size and
name. To the first kind belong armadillos full two spans long, and
larger than a barrow-pig, with very long nails, and some with yellow,
others with red hairs. The scales of the red ones, half burnt and
pulverized, are very efficacious in healing horses' backs, which are
either ulcerated, or stripped of their hair. These larger armadillos, on
account of their feeding on the carcasses of mules and horses, are
loathed by most people; but their great shells, or coats of mail, are
used by the lower order of Spaniards for dishes and plates. Armadillos
of the second species, which are much smaller than the others, abstain
from carcasses, and yield flesh and fat of a very pleasant savour. The
smallest of the three kinds roll themselves up at will, like a
hedge-hog. Such is the strength of their globose coat of mail, that no
force is sufficient to make it expand, except you pour water with
violence upon it; for when wetted they open themselves voluntarily.
Their flesh is very white, full of excellent gravy, and even by an
European would be esteemed superior to capon, pheasant, or chicken.
Their fat is also used for medicinal purposes. The plains of Paraguay
swarm with these mailed animals.

So far concerning the wild quadrupeds indigenous to Paraguay. Let us now
proceed to amphibious animals.


                       THE CROCODILE, OR CAYMAN.

At the head of the amphibious animals stands the crocodile, which
exceeds all the rest in the slowness of its motions, and the size of its
body. The young creature, when it breaks its shell, resembles a small
lizard, such as is commonly seen in European gardens, scarce more than
half a span in length. In the course of years it grows by degrees to an
enormous size. Crocodiles ten feet long are very common in Paraguay.
When a two years' drought had exhausted many of the lakes and rivers in
Paraguay, among other aquatic beasts we found numbers of crocodiles
roaming about the plain, which died of thirst from being unable to get a
sufficiency of water. I am of opinion that most crocodiles reach to
extreme old age from the advantage of a singular nature, by which they
are so effectually fortified, that it is exceedingly difficult to kill
them. I will give you a description of this animal. It has a large, flat
head, a very wide mouth, armed on each side with extremely sharp, but
unequal teeth, and large, round grey eyes, with a black pupil. It has no
tongue, but the place of one is supplied by a little immoveable
membrane. Its feet, which are furnished like birds' claws with four
fingers, and nails, it uses, sometimes in walking slowly on the shore,
sometimes in swimming. Its body, which resembles a huge trunk,
terminates in a long tail, like the point of a weapon, at the extremity
of which lies a small black ball, closed on every side, the
distinguishing mark of the female sex, for the males are not furnished
with this ball. Its rough skin, covered with very hard scales, which are
elegantly variegated with black and white, like shells, forms a mail
which renders its head, back and tail impenetrable to all weapons.
Softer scales adorn rather than arm its belly, sides and feet, where
circular or square figures, distinguished at intervals by a colour
partly yellow, partly dusky, project, like shells, from the surface of
the skin. The tail is composed of blackish rings, and a little
denticulated fin which it moves in swimming. The skin of the neck is
softer, and very easily wounded. Crocodiles on being attacked by tigers,
kill them by a stroke of their tail. They are themselves killed if their
neck or belly, both which are covered with softer skin, is wounded by
the horns or claws of beasts, by a bullet, a spear, or an arrow; on
these occasions they take to swimming, but the Indians generally swim
after them, and bring them back to shore. During a pretty violent south
wind crocodiles are rendered torpid by the cold at night, from being
immersed in pools; but when the sun is risen, they lie, like logs of
wood, on the sunny shore to warm themselves, and their limbs being
stiffened, and their senses almost gone, are pierced with spears by the
Abipones, without danger or trouble. Leaving their bodies, they carry
away nothing but the teeth, and the little bones of the spine, which,
being as hard as iron, as sharp as awls, and at the same time elastic,
are used by them for the purpose of pricking their limbs, at drinking
parties. Crocodiles' teeth, which are thought by the Indians extremely
efficacious in curing or preventing the bites of serpents, they wear
themselves, or sell to the Spaniards. The flesh of crocodiles is tender,
and so white that it can hardly be distinguished from that of sturgeon.
Many American nations, especially those which inhabit the islands of the
Orinoco, and others, are said to feed on it. But in Paraguay, excepting
the Payaguas, who live near rivers, scarce any other nation eats them,
because that country abounds in cattle, and wild animals, as well as in
vegetables and fruits. But I think that no European would dislike the
flesh of the crocodile, unless it were on account of the musk which it
has both in its jaws and testicles. Provident priests hang up a small
particle of the glans, to which that musk adheres, wrapped in a piece of
gold, or silk stuff, in the sacred coffer of the great altar, where the
Eucharist is kept, in order to keep off worms, which, in so moist and
hot a climate, are otherwise bred in the sacred wafer.

When you hear it said that crocodiles abound in venom, pray account it
an old wife's fable; for it is very certain that they are eaten by the
Indians, and would be eagerly sought by all Europeans also, were it not
for their musk. Crocodiles' teeth grow very deep in the head, are hollow
at the root, but where they terminate in a point, extremely solid, and
capable of tearing the hardest substance. It is a terrible circumstance
that whatever this beast gets within its teeth it never lets loose of.
In the new kingdom of Granada, if a crocodile catches hold of the arm of
a swimming Indian with his jaws, those who come to his assistance
immediately cut it off, to preserve the rest of the body, as the man
would otherwise lose his life. I will now describe to you their manner
of breeding. The females, almost every day, lay about thirty eggs,
cylinder-shaped, and as large as those of ducks; these eggs are buried
under the sand, and when heated by the sun, bring forth creatures like
our lizards. As crocodiles have short feet, and sweep the ground with
their vast bellies, they crush a number of eggs whenever they move: for
if Providence had not ordered it thus, there would be no room left
either for beasts or fishes in America. Crocodiles' eggs are in high
esteem amongst the Indians. In the town of Concepcion two crocodiles, a
male and a female, newly hatched, were brought by an Abipon to my
companion, at whose request I undertook the care of rearing them. To
prevent them from escaping, I shut them both up in a very wide and deep
wooden mortar, frequently poured fresh water on them, and threw in mud,
little fishes, and very small pieces of meat for them to feed upon. This
was their habitation, this their food, during seven months. I sometimes
took them out of the water, and allowed them to walk up and down the
court-yard of the house. The Abipones were delighted to see the little
creatures playing on the grass, or striving together with gaping mouths
and erected bodies. I had a young dog, which, as was natural to his age,
was extremely playful. He imprudently rushed barking upon the
crocodiles, when one of them laid hold of his nostrils with its very
sharp teeth. Unable by any means to get rid of this disagreeable
appendage, he at length came to me and implored my assistance, when by
the hands of the by-standing Abipones, who were laughing heartily at the
adventure, the pertinacious crocodile was torn from his nose. It was
evident that these beasts were extremely quick of hearing, for they
heard the slightest noises, such as would escape human ears—perceived
thunder from a cloud at a great distance below the horizon, and
acquainted me with the circumstance by repeatedly murmuring ù ù ù ù. At
seven months of age, when scarce a span long, they were killed by the
cold, in a journey of one and twenty days, taken with the Spanish
soldiers, to change the situation of the colony. A sharp frost, for it
was the winter season, killed these pupils of mine. Had they enjoyed
their natural liberty and food, I have no doubt they would have grown
more in so many months.

Much has been written concerning the ferocity of crocodiles towards
mankind. I contradict no one. But it would be wronging the Paraguayrian
crocodiles to complain of them, for during the two and twenty years of
my residence in that country, I never heard of a single creature's being
killed or hurt by a crocodile. Almost all the Abipones, men, women, boys
and girls, daily cooled themselves during the heat of the sun, by
bathing in rivers, pools, streams and lakes, all which are frequented by
crocodiles; yet no one ever received any injury from these animals, no
one suspecting the danger of such a thing. They are generally scared
away by the noise which the Indians make in swimming, especially the
black ones; for the red are considered more bold and more dangerous by
the Abipones. But I myself have found that crocodiles of any colour,
whether in the water or on dry land, are perfectly harmless. Crossing
rivers in a bull's hide, or low boat, I have often seen crocodiles
swimming past, with erected heads, sparkling eyes, and gaping mouths;
but knowing them to be harmless, I beheld them with the utmost
unconcern. In the town of the Rosary, scarce a gun-shot from my house,
there was a pool swarming with crocodiles. The town of St. Joachim was
surrounded with lakes. About sun-set we often went out to breathe the
fresh air, and in our walk always met with crocodiles of every age and
species, but never received any injury from them, though unarmed, and
perhaps on that account more safe: for it is my opinion that crocodiles
have been injurious chiefly to those by whom they have been themselves
injured. They spare those that spare them. I do not in the least wonder
that in the territories of Quito, and Nuevo Reyno, and in certain parts
of Asia and Africa, crocodiles have shown the utmost fury towards men,
when they are daily tormented, taken, and slain, by the inhabitants, who
feed regularly upon their flesh.

Different nations make use of different artifices in hunting and killing
crocodiles. Some go upon the river in boats, and throw into the water a
piece of wood, to which flesh or fish is fastened with a long rope. The
crocodiles swallow the wood along with the flesh, but as it is crossed
in their jaws, are unable to throw it up, and being dragged to the bank
by means of the rope, are presently killed. Others take a long, sharp,
pointed piece of timber, and when the crocodile approaches thrust it
deep into the animal's jaws, by which means it is killed without danger.
The Abipones generally pierce those crocodiles with a spear which they
find lying basking in the sun quite stiffened with cold. An arrow,
though extremely strong, unless it touch the neck of the crocodile,
where the skin is softer, always proves a weak and precarious instrument
of death. The same may be said of bullets. Though crocodiles are
perfectly harmless to mankind in Paraguay, they are in like proportion
destructive to fishes, which are either consumed or put to flight by
them. They are useful in medicine. Wounds inflicted by a crocodile are
happily cured by being smeared with the fat of the same animal. One of
their intestines, when dried and reduced to powder, is a remedy for the
pain of the stone. Little stones, like common flint, found in the
stomach of the crocodile, are said to be very efficacious in curing
quartan agues, and stone in the kidneys, if reduced to powder and drunk.
I have observed elsewhere that envenomed wounds of snakes are both
healed and prevented by crocodiles' teeth, and shall tell you many
things relative to the use of this remedy, in their proper place.

If I have been too prolix in my remarks on this prince of amphibious
animals, the reader will excuse it, for I shall aim at brevity in
treating of more ignoble creatures.


                       THE AGUARÀ, OR WATER-DOG.

In lakes and rivers dwells the water-dog, called by the Guaranies
aguarà, and I have often seen it in plains near the shore. Though larger
than a mastiff it is afraid of every thing, takes to flight on espying a
man at a distance, and is an object of fear to no one. Its ears resemble
those of an ass, its head that of a dog. It has plenty of strong and
sharp teeth. By night it roars very loud, and lies in wait for lesser
animals. The Abipones hunt it for the sake of its skin alone, which is
shaggy, of a dark yellow colour, and marked along the back with a black
line like an ass. Its hair is extremely soft and much valued by the
Spaniards on account of its efficacy in assuaging sciatica, gout, and
pains in the bowels. Some lay it upon saddles, finding its warmth
extremely salutary. On returning from Paraguay I brought some of it
home, but it was stolen from me, a loss which I regret to this day.


                      THE YGUARÒ, OR WATER-TIGER.

This beast, which is larger than a mastiff, is generally concealed under
deep water. It is shaggy, with a long tail, ending in a point, and is
armed with very strong nails. It lays hold of horses and mules, as they
are swimming across rivers, and drags them to the bottom. Shortly after,
the bowels of the animal, which it has torn to pieces, are seen floating
on the surface of the water. The yguarò generally dwells in deep gulphs
of rivers, but digs large caverns in the higher banks, where it can hide
both itself and its offspring. On the high shores of the Paraguay, we
often heard a tremendous noise in our nightly navigation, and the
sailors and soldiers informed me that it proceeded from those caves,
which were hollowed by the continual dashing of the water, and had at
length begun to gape.


                                THE AÒ.

This dreadful beast, which has a head and claws like those of a tiger,
which resembles a mastiff in size, has no tail, and possesses singular
ferocity, and equal swiftness, is called by the Guaranies aò, a word
signifying clothing, but given to this beast because, from its wool, the
Guaranies formerly wove themselves garments. They wander gregariously in
pools, marshy places, or woods far from the noise of men. But if one of
them chance to meet an Indian hunting, his life is as good as gone,
unless he can avoid its cruel fangs, by a very swift flight, or by
ascending a tree; though when seated on the very highest boughs he
cannot be perfectly secure, for as these ferocious animals are incapable
of climbing a tree, they will tear it up by the roots with their claws,
and when it falls seize hold of their prey. These things the Indians and
Spaniards all agree in relating and believing. For my part, after so
many journeys on foot, and on horseback, after traversing so many of the
woods, plains and marshes of Paraguay, I never saw even the shadow of
such a beast. From which I infer that they cannot be very numerous, nor
common to the whole province. Would that they were banished from every
part of Paraguay! That ferocious animal which writers call _famacosio_,
most of us think to differ from the aò in name only.


                     THE CAPIIGUÁRA, OR WATER-PIG.

The water-pig inhabits the larger rivers and streams, but not the very
largest, although, as it feeds upon grass, it comes out to pasture in
the neighbouring plains, not without committing great depredations in
the fields. When full grown it resembles a pig of two years old in size,
and almost in appearance, except in its vast round head, and the
whiskers on its upper lip, which are similar to those of a cat. It has
short ears, large, black eyes, a very wide mouth, but rather narrow
lips, dusky and very short hair, and no tail. Besides two long, curved
tusks, which project from its mouth, it is armed with forty-eight teeth,
plain at the top, but hollow beneath. Its feet are like those of a pig;
the front ones have four nails, the hind only three. These beasts swim
or walk in company, and cross rivers with surprizing expedition. By
night they bray like asses, and sometimes alarm travellers unacquainted
with America. Their flesh is very like pork, but as it has a fishy
taste, is eaten by none but the Indians; though when young they are
reckoned a dainty by Europeans even. Capiiguáras may be wounded without
difficulty, either with a spear, an arrow, or a ball, but it requires
great good fortune to catch them; for on receiving a wound, as they are
excellent swimmers and divers, they immediately hide themselves under
water, and extract the arrow or spear which is sticking in their flesh.
The Abipones, who frequently employ themselves in hunting these animals,
after wounding a pig, swim after it and overtake it in the water. The
skin of the capiiguára is very thick, and were it properly dressed,
would be useful in various ways.


                               THE OTTER.

Otters swarm in the lakes and rivers of Paraguay. If I mistake not, they
differ from those of Europe in no other respect than in being somewhat
smaller. They are most numerous in the Abiponian territories, and those
adjacent to the cities of Sta. Fè, Cordoba, and Corrientes. In the
distant hordes of the Mocobios and Abipones, towards the north, there
are no otters, or very few at least. The savages make use of them in
various ways. They feed upon their flesh, and make cloaks of their
skins.

When the lakes and rivers are almost exhausted by a long drought, the
Abipones go out to hunt otters. If the water is shallow enough to ford,
hounds are sent forwards, and many hundreds killed with stakes in one
day, though they are extremely apt to bite, and have very sharp teeth,
on which account, in killing them, both the Indians and their dogs often
receive wounds which are not cured in a few days.


                              THE YGUANÀ.

The yguanà, an animal of the lizard kind, closely resembles the dragon
which St. George is represented overthrowing. It is sometimes more than
an ell long. Its belly is large, its skin clothed with green, white, and
yellow scales, elegantly varied with red. From the head to the extremity
of the tail, the spine of the back is surmounted by a denticulated fin.
Its thick and very long tail is marked with kinds of black rings,
intermixed with red ones, and ends in a very slender point. It is
furnished with large black eyes, a nose spreading as wide as the lips,
short teeth, a cloven tongue, which, when irritated, it moves very
quickly, four feet, and lower down five nails, wide like the sole of the
foot, and covered with a thin web, which assists it in swimming; for it
sometimes swims in the water, sometimes climbs trees, and sometimes
lurks for a long time in corners of houses, being very patient of
hunger. It never does harm to any one. It feeds upon honey, little
birds' eggs, oranges, sweet citrons, and other fruits. It is incredibly
tenacious of life, for after being stripped of its skin, and having
received frequent wounds on the head, it will not die, till its head be
severed from its body. Though the horrible form of the yguanà inspires
all beholders with terror, yet its extremely white flesh delights the
palates of many. Deceived by my companion, I ate it for fish, and at
another time for chicken, and pronounced it exceedingly savoury. But I
never could prevail upon myself knowingly to taste the yguanà, so great
was the horror which I conceived of its external appearance. The yguanà
lays about forty eggs in as many days; they are round, about the size of
a walnut, and of a white or yellowish hue, like hens' eggs. Some people
eat them fried. As they abound in their own native fat, water is poured
on them instead of oil or butter. They say that little stones are
sometimes found in the head of the yguanà, which, when ground to powder,
and drunk with a wholesome potion, or simply applied to the body,
diminish or remove stone in the kidneys. Others affirm that a stone, an
ounce in weight, is found in some other part of this animal's body,
which, when reduced to powder, and drunk in tepid water, removes
obstructions of the bladder. I never saw any stones of this kind—never
tried their efficacy. Besides this, other kinds of lizards, of different
forms and colours, are seen in Paraguay, but I have nothing remarkable
to relate of them. The chameleon is very seldom seen here. I once saw
one jump hastily out of a boat which lay on the ground near the shore,
but had not time to examine it closely.


                             RIVER-WOLVES.

Many rivers, and even lesser streams, produce two kinds of wolves, a
larger, and a smaller. Sometimes the Abiponian women tame the whelps at
home, suckling them like their own children. They also do the same kind
office for puppies, although no wife can suckle another person's child
without greatly offending her husband, and running the risk of being
divorced. These wolves are killed with various weapons by the Abipones,
who, though their flesh is not fit for food, make use of their skins,
which are of a dusky colour, but yellow at intervals, with extremely
soft hair.


                                 SEALS.

Seals are remarkable for the size of their bodies, and are very numerous
in the river Plata, especially at the mouth by which it enters the sea.
They have more fat than flesh, so that hunger alone could induce me to
taste them. But their skin, of an elegant yellow colour, marked with a
black line on the back, and covered with very soft hair, is much prized
by Europeans. Our companions, who, at the command of King Philip the
Fifth, sailed to the shores of Magellan, record that seals in that place
often exceed a bullock two years old in size; that they often strive
with one another on the sandy shore, lifting up their bodies as straight
as a pillar, and that many geographers have erred in saying that these
seals have a mane, and in giving them the name of sea-lions. This is no
affair of mine; let others decide the point. I think the dispute is all
about a name.


                            FROGS AND TOADS.

At the end of the amphibious crew come frogs and toads, which swarm in
all the rivers, lakes, and marshes, and even the very plains of
Paraguay. But what is their use, what their occupation? They go on
singing their old complaint in the mud, though in Paraguay they have
nothing to complain of; for not being reckoned amongst the number of
eatables, and being entirely excluded from the kitchen, they are neither
desired nor attacked, and consequently live in the completest security.
To destroy the race of frogs, I had long wished that the voracious
Indians would take it into their heads to eat them, for whenever we
slept in the open air by the side of a river or lake, we were
exceedingly annoyed by their croaking. Their voice, as well as colour,
is extremely various, for some utter a gentle, clear, sharp sound,
others, perhaps the more aged ones, a rough, hoarse, disagreeable
croaking. Of toads, horse-leeches, and other insects of that
description, we shall speak in another place.


                                 BIRDS.

Paraguay has scarcely any European bird, except the swallow, but it
abounds in native ones, foreign to Europe. The former excel in the
sweetness of their voice, the latter in the elegance of their plumage.
Out of many I will describe a few.


                           THE HUMMING BIRD.

The most curious is a bird, which is the smallest, and at the same time
the most beautiful of all the winged tribe. The Spaniards have with
justice named it picaflor, for it plucks the flowers out of which it
sucks juice like a bee. It charms the eye with the exquisite beauty of
its colour and plumage. The whole of its little body is scarce bigger
than an olive or a nutmeg. Its bill is very long, but slenderer than a
needle, its eyes extremely lively, and its tongue broad, but thinner
than a silken thread. It sometimes utters a shrill whistle which can
hardly be heard. In the country, in a chapel that had long been
deserted, I found the nest of one of these birds; scarce bigger than a
common walnut, it hung suspended by a horse-hair from two corners of the
wall, and in it the mother was then sitting upon two little eggs. Its
feathers are sometimes of a bright green, sometimes (for there are nine
different species of them in Paraguay) of a blue, sometimes of a fiery
red colour; but all seem clothed with most refulgent gold. That
brilliant hue which shines in the expanded tail of a peacock, or in a
drake's neck, is dull in comparison with the golden resplendence of this
little bird. In sucking juice from flowers it does not stand upon its
feet, but seems to hang in the air, and is always borne swiftly along,
with its feathers suspended and tremulous. Some have caught birds of
this kind and brought them home, but though carefully fed upon melted
sugar, they never lived more than four days, being always used to the
nectar of flowers. With their feathers, which nature has painted with
the most exquisite colours, and tinged with gold, the Peruvian Indians
are said to have adorned such elegant little images, that you would have
sworn them to be formed by the pencil of an artist, and gilded.


                          THE CONDÒR VULTURE.

From the least of birds, let us proceed to the largest. The condòr, a
bird of the hawk species, frequently inhabits the very highest summits
of the Tucuman and other mountains, whence it flies down to the vallies
beneath to prey upon cattle. It is of an almost incredible magnitude;
when its wings are expanded, it measures ten feet, (or, according to
some, sixteen,) from the extremity of one wing to that of the other. The
hollow part of the quill is equal to a man's finger in width. This bird
is furnished with talons like those of a cock, and its beak is so strong
and pointed, that it can pierce a bull's hide. It is black, sprinkled
here and there with white feathers. On its head it has a little crest,
like that of a cock, but not so denticulated. It is possessed of amazing
strength, and is formidable to all animals, but particularly to new-born
calves and foals; for it tears out their eyes with its beak, and then
kills and eats them. It is said to carry away lambs in the air. The
devastation these birds daily commit amongst the herds and flocks
exceeds belief. Several of them always fly together to rapine, and being
rendered formidable by their numbers, do not scruple to attack even full
grown beasts. When satiated and loaded with meat they are unable to fly
back again, and try to relieve their stomachs by vomiting, that they may
be lighter and more expeditious in flying. The Spaniards who guarded the
estates, having frequently observed this circumstance, place in the way
of the condòrs beef sprinkled with plenty of salt, which they eagerly
devour, but not being able to vomit, are rendered incapable of flying,
and slain with sticks and stones whilst coursing up and down the plain.
At other times the condòrs, crowding together, make a tremendous noise
by clapping their enormous wings, to the terror of all that hear them.
They soar so high in the air as to seem from below no bigger than
sparrows.


                              THE EMU.[1]

The emu, a bird extremely common in Paraguay, is so well known in Europe
as to render a description of its figure unnecessary. I will however
briefly relate its peculiarities, which no one will dislike to be made
acquainted with.

The emu is ranked amongst birds, because it is winged, though it makes
use of its wings, which are too weak for the weight of so large a body,
not to fly with, but to assist itself in walking, like sails and oars,
especially when the wind blows in a favourable direction, for when it is
contrary they retard its course. To pursue this bird is extremely
difficult, for it not only runs with the utmost swiftness, but escapes
by turning and winding about. Emus, which fly the very shadow of a man,
are seldom caught by persons on foot, unless they be in such numbers as
to surround these birds, and take them as it were in the toils. When
standing upright, they reach to the head of the tallest man, which is
owing to the length of their legs and neck, for their head is very
small. They have little eyes overshadowed with large eyebrows. Their
body is equal to that of a lamb in weight. Their flesh is much sought
and praised by the Indians, and is generally very fat. The Spaniards,
neglecting the rest of the flesh, eagerly devour the wings, and think
them the best part of the emu. I have eaten them myself sometimes, but a
nausea which they created in my stomach gave me a disgust to that food.

The Abipones make themselves bags, purses, and cushions of emus' skins.
The skin which covers the rump they use for little hats. Great and
various are the uses of their feathers: for of them are made fly-flaps,
fans, and skreens, which both the better sort of Spaniards, and the
Abiponian women, in riding, place before the sun, that their faces may
not be tanned with the heat. To the hinder part of their saddles, the
Indians of every nation fasten the longer emu feathers, which, moving as
the horse moves, serve to drive away gad-flies, hornets, and gnats. All
the female emus of one neighbourhood deposit their eggs in one place,
and the chickens are hatched by the sun's heat, without any other care.
The young ones are fed by the males, who break the eggs that are still
full, and employ them in feeding the chickens already hatched—thus
brothers unborn are devoured by those that have but just seen the light.
Sometimes more than sixty or a hundred eggs are found in the same nest,
and are eaten both by Spaniards and Indians, either fried or boiled, but
are digested slowly and with difficulty if wine be not added to the
repast. They often afforded me a sumptuous banquet in travelling through
deserts. One egg is enough to satisfy many persons, for the contents of
thirty hens' eggs may be poured into the shell of one emu's egg. The
shell of the emu's egg is strong, and may be used for various purposes
as a potter's vessel. Emus feed on grass, wheat, fruits, or any trash
they meet with; but if they imprudently swallow iron or bone, they
afterward void it quite undigested, and in no way altered. When taken
young they are easily tamed, and walk up and down the streets or yards,
like dogs and hens, suffer children to play with them without fear, and
never run away, though the plain be close by, and in sight. There is
scarcely any Indian town in which you do not see tame emus of this kind.
You must know, moreover, that emus differ in size and habits, in
different tracts of land: for those that inhabit the plains of
Buenos-Ayres and Tucuman, are larger, and have black, white, and grey
feathers: those near to the straits of Magellan are smaller and more
beautiful; for their white feathers are tipped with black at the
extremity, and their black ones, in like manner, terminate in white, and
make excellent ornaments for the hats and helmets of Europeans. The
higher orders amongst the Spaniards, also, greatly prize skreens made of
these feathers.

Footnote 1:

  The American ostrich differs a little from the African.


                               THE TUNCÀ.

The tuncà is remarkable on account of its bill, which is as long as its
whole body, is as light as paper, of a citron colour, marked at the
extremity with a red line, and a black spot, and denticulated at the
edges. It has a very long tongue, and rather large eyes, surrounded by a
circle of green, and another larger one of yellow. Its feathers are, for
the most part, black, except on the neck, which is white, and the tail,
which is beautifully red at the extremity; but some are blue instead of
black. It is about the size of a pigeon. The tuncà is called by some,
the preacher bird, I believe on account of the loudness of its voice.
You will scarce ever see this bird in company with any other. It feeds
on the ripe seeds of the tree caà, but as those seeds are too glutinous
to be digested, it voids them whole, and they produce new trees, and in
time woods, to the great profit of the inhabitants. I knew a Yaaucaniga
Abipon, who, when going to fight, always tied the huge beak of a tuncà
to his nose, in order to render himself more terrible to the enemy.


                             THE CARDINAL.

Cardinals are remarkable for the extreme sweetness of their song, and,
in my opinion, would far exceed the canary birds of our country, were
they able to trill like them. From the shining purple of their feathers
they have obtained the name of cardinals. The top of the head alone is
adorned with a small black crest, like a little hat. They are about the
size of a linnet. They fly in crowds to the most barren fields, where
there are more thistles than grass, and are easily caught by boys, who
will give you four or five cardinals in exchange for a single needle, in
the city of Corrientes. I have seen cardinals resembling the rest in
other respects, but much larger, being equal in size to a starling.


                               THE CHOPÌ.

The chopì, which is about the size of a swallow, and has dusky feathers,
but if shone upon by the sun, of a blue colour, goes in flocks like
European sparrows, flies up and down houses, and wheat fields, and
delights the ear with its pleasing song. Some very small birds, the
names of which I am unacquainted with, sing sweetly in gardens, but when
taken they cannot long bear the confinement of a cage.


                              THE QUÎRAPÙ.

The quîrapù, a Guarany word, signifying the tinkling bird, so called
because its voice is like the sound of a little bell, resembles a
pigeon. It is of a grey colour, has very beautiful eyes, a large head,
and a green throat, which is inflated when the bird cries. It never
stays long in one place, but passes quickly from tree to tree; on which
account it is very seldom, and with great difficulty, caught. Other
birds of the same name, (quîrapù miri,) but smaller, and of a white
colour mixed with dusky, fly in companies, and whilst one utters loud
sounds, all the rest are silent.


                              THE TIÑINI.

The bird tiñini imitates the human voice, particularly at night, and not
unfrequently alarms strangers sleeping in a wood, who take it for some
enemy or spy.


                              THE TIJERAS.

This bird, which is smaller than our sparrow, and entirely white, is
called by the Spaniards tijeras, the scissors, because it sometimes
opens and shuts its tail, which consists of two long and very white
feathers, like a pair of scissors.


                      VARIOUS KINDS OF WILD DOVES.

The apicazù, yeruti, and other kinds of wild doves, wander about in
flocks, doing great mischief to fields and gardens, especially to
grapes. From their wonderful variety of colours they are pleasing to the
eye, but still more so to the palate, when boiled or roasted.


                              THE IÑAMBÙ.

This bird inhabits every part of the plain country. In some respects it
resembles a partridge, in others a quail. Its flesh is extremely white
and well tasted, but very dry. You will seldom see a stupider bird, or
one more easily and more frequently caught. A man on horseback sometimes
goes round and round it, and whilst the bird goes round in like manner,
knocks it down with the long piece of leather, which they use for a
bridle, or with a slender reed. Numbers are daily brought to the city of
Buenos-Ayres, and sold at a very low price.


                       MARTINETES AND GALLINETAS.

There are other birds also, thought to be of the partridge kind, which
are larger than a common hen, adorned with a variety of colours, and a
beautiful crest, and of an agreeable savour.


                     DIFFERENT KINDS OF PHEASANTS.

Birds are found in Paraguay which, in some respects, resemble European
pheasants. The commonest species is the yacù. This bird is equal in size
to a full grown hen; its feathers are of a very black colour, and its
flesh extremely well tasted. It mostly frequents woods near a river or
lake. At sun-set or sun-rise, you may find a number of them on one tree.
When one is brought down by a gun, the rest do not fly away, but only
recede a little farther on the bough which they are sitting upon, and
there remain till they are all killed by repeated firings. This I have
often witnessed, and wondered much that the birds were neither scared by
the report of the gun, nor impelled to flight by the deaths of their
companions.


                              THE MBITUÙ.

In the larger class of pheasants, we may with justice place the mbituù,
a bird which almost resembles a turkey-cock. Its very black feathers are
white at the extremity, but the belly is varied with a colour peculiar
to partridges. On the top of its head it has a crest composed of black
and white feathers, as soft as silk, which it erects when angry. It is
armed with a long, hooked, and blackish beak. Its tail is long and
generally expanded. Its beautiful head is adorned with large bright
black eyes. Its very long legs are supported on four claws like those of
a hen. Its tender flesh is universally commended, and as it is so
desirable for the table, I wish it were more commonly met with in the
woods by the Indian huntsmen.


                       VARIOUS KINDS OF PARROTS.

The variety and multitude of parrots I might almost call innumerable.
Every different species differs distinctly in form, voice, and plumage.
Those with which I am best acquainted are the paracauteè, the
paracaubaỹ, the iribaya, the aruaỹ, the tuî, the mbaracana, the quaà, or
quacamayo, the caninde, the catita, or kikilk; and others whose names
have slipped my memory. I will relate what is most remarkable respecting
those which I know most of. The paracauteè signifies the true and
legitimate parrot, which excels the rest in sense and docility, and can
imitate the sounds of men and beasts with greatest ease and success. It
is equal in size to a young pigeon: its feathers are green, but yellow,
red, and blue on the head, wings, and tail. I had in my possession a
bird of this kind, which I called Don Pedro, and which articulately
pronounced many words, and even whole sentences, in the Spanish,
Guarany, and Abiponian languages, and learnt to sing a little Spanish
song admirably. Moreover he could imitate violent coughing, laughing,
weeping, barking, and an hundred other things so dexterously that you
would have sworn it was a man you heard. Whenever I travelled on foot or
on horseback, he sat upon my shoulder, always chatty, always playful.
When tired of his noise or his weight, I gave him to one of the Indians
to carry—he angrily bit the man's ear, and flew back to me. He laughed
very loud for a long time at an old Indian woman, whom we met riding on
an ass. Though he reposed all day long on my shoulder, yet about
sun-set, like fowls, he felt a desire for rest, began to grow angry,
and, by clapping his wings, and repeatedly biting my ear, admonished me
to stop the journey. Next day when I mounted my horse again, he was
extremely delighted, and did nothing but sing and laugh. When I stayed
in the town, he sometimes walked up and down a very long rope suspended
from two pillars outside the house. When I entered the dining-room he
would fly after me, and whilst we were dining, ran about the table, and
always flew angrily to bite the Indian who came to take away the rest of
the food with the dishes. He tasted, snatched, and swallowed any food
that he could lay hold of. He sometimes walked about the court-yard,
rubbing and sharpening his beak in the sand, which he often swallowed by
way of medicine. Seeing me caress a smaller parrot of another species,
filled with envy he attempted to pierce the bird with his beak; but
softened by a little coaxing, he not only suffered it to sleep under his
wings, but ever afterwards treated it as a pupil, or rather as a son.
What the older bird pronounced with a deep voice, the younger repeated
in a slenderer one. The Guaranies tie all their tame parrots, by one
foot, to a long pole, to prevent them from flying away. These chains did
not please me: I therefore clipped one wing of my parrots a little to
prevent them from flying long, or far away, leaving them the full
liberty of their legs. This Don Pedro of mine, after continuing many
years faithful, took advantage of the circumstance of his feathers
having grown a little too much, to fly away and disappear. He was sought
by many, but without success. At the end of three days he saw me passing
through a wood, and knew me instantly. Without delay he crept swiftly
along the boughs by the help of his beak and claws, and flew to my
shoulder, repeating the words Don Pedro. But though he lavished
unbounded caresses on me, he atoned for this desertion by the mutilation
of his feathers. I often wondered to hear this parrot repeat the
sentences that he knew so opportunely, as if he understood the meaning
of them; for when he was hungry, he cried _pobre Don Pedro_, poor Don
Pedro, in a tone calculated to excite compassion, repeating those words
again and again, till eatable roots, bread, or some other food was given
him. These particulars, relative to my parrot, the memory of which is
still dear to me, I have, perhaps with too much prolixity, related, in
order to show you how great is the power of education, even upon brute
animals. Female parrots learn to imitate human speech quicker and better
than the males. My companion had one which could repeat the Lord's
Prayer in the Guarany tongue. I could have fancied I heard a child
praying. This circumstance is very surprizing, as we find that the
females of other birds are almost mute. I never could understand how
parrots, brought by Englishmen or Dutchmen from the remotest parts of
Asia, Africa, or America, after travelling about so many months, or
years perhaps, learn to pronounce sentences either in German or French,
or any other language, when in Paraguay it is thought impossible to
teach them to speak, unless they be brought unfledged from the nest; for
when full grown we have found them quite indocile. They are most
conveniently taught at night, or in a dark room, where no object
presents itself to their eyes, no sound to their ears: though, whilst
walking on their rope, or on a pole, in the court-yard, they insensibly
learn to imitate dogs barking, horses neighing, cows lowing, old men
coughing, boys whistling, laughing, or crying—being extremely attentive
to every thing. By long experience I have found that parrots of every
kind will learn better and more willingly from women and children, whose
voices are sweeter, than from men.

The paracaubaỹ is of the same size and form as the paracauteè; but its
feathers are almost all green, with but a very sparing admixture of blue
ones, and perhaps a little yellow, or red feather here and there on its
head, wings, and tail. These birds babble some unintelligible stuff, but
never utter an articulate sound.

The aruaỹ, which is somewhat smaller than the former, is of a most
lovely shape, adorned with red, yellow, and bright green feathers, and
capable of talking a great deal, if instructed.

The iribaya, which scarce exceeds a European linnet in size, is
sparingly besprent with a few dark green, red, and blue feathers, and is
distinguished from the rest by a white circle round the eyes. Though of
a very lively temper, garrulous, restless, and apt to bite, it is unable
to learn to talk, and has a harsh voice. Some woods abound to such a
degree in these birds, that no other kind of parrot can be seen there.

The mbaracanà, and others of the same kind that are entirely green,
being devoid of all beauty and docility, are seldom taught by the
Indians. The tuỹs are divided into many species. The greenness of their
plumage is praised by every body. The least of them does not exceed a
man's little finger in length; they are extremely merry, and more apt to
bite than any of the rest.

The largest and most beautiful of all the parrots which Paraguay
produces, are the quaà, or quacamayo, and the caninde; the latter of
which is adorned in every part with feathers of a Prussian blue, and a
dark yellow colour; the former with very red and dark blue ones. Their
tail is composed of feathers a cubit in length. They are alike in form
and size, in which they far exceed a common cock. Their beak is so
strong that it would pierce the hard bark of an almond tree at one
stroke; you must be cautious, therefore, in handling them. At home they
are tamed sooner than you would believe it possible. In the town of St.
Joachim I had in my possession some very gentle quaàs and canindes. They
walked every day about the yard, and would never suffer themselves to be
separated, but always kept company together, and were always
quarrelling, so that you might apply to them the words of the poet, _Nec
tecum possum vivere, nec sine te_. They never learn to speak any thing
but their own name, which they articulately and clamorously pronounce
with a harsh voice. I had often wished to have an unfledged caninde
brought me from the nest, feeling quite sure that I should be able to
teach it to speak; but these wishes were vain; for the old Indians who
were born in the woods, and had long dwelt there, all replied with one
accord, God, the Creator of all things, alone knows where the caninde
builds its nest. For it is thought to hide its offspring in the hidden
recesses of the wood, and from thence, when they are advanced in age, to
fly with them to the open plains. Though so many kinds of parrots are
exposed for sale at the shops of Lisbon, or are exhibited in the gardens
of the chief people there, yet the caninde, which yields to none of the
parrot kind in beauty, is never to be met with out of Paraguay, nor is
it found in every part of that province even; for, like the other more
elegant parrots which I have described, it only inhabits the northern
forests. In the more southern regions, parrots of the largest size, but
of a sombre dark green colour, and annoying to the ears by their
senseless clamours, fly in crowds about the groves, especially those
composed of palm trees; where wander also great numbers of very small
parrots, about the size of a lark, adorned with pale green feathers, and
called catitas, or kikilk. They are merry, playful, cunning, and may
easily be taught to pronounce some words. They are kept in leathern
cages. Incredible is the mischief they do to fields sowed with maize.
Guards are necessary to keep them off. The Indians know how to change
the natural colour of the parrot into any other they choose. They pull
the feathers up by the roots, and rub the place from which they have
been plucked, till it grows red, and blood flows from it; they then
instil and press into the pores or sockets of the old feathers, juice of
any colour they like. If the wings or tail be imbued with a yellow, red,
or blue colour, yellow, red, or blue feathers will grow there. This was
practised amongst the Brazilians, Guaranies, and, according to P. Joseph
Labrador, amongst the Mbaya savages. The same Father observed that the
Indians performed the operation in the beginning of spring or autumn,
that green is very easily turned into yellow, and that yellow feathers,
if plucked up, will be succeeded by none but yellow ones. Why might not
the experiment be tried upon European birds? A red canary, a yellow
nightingale, and a blue lark, would certainly be curious objects.

As the beautiful colours of parrots, and their merry garrulity delight
the ear and eye, their flesh, in like manner, is extremely pleasing to
the palate, but being rather hard, must be beaten a little while, before
it will become tender. As parrots are exceedingly suspicious, all times
are not equally proper for hunting them. When they assemble on the
highest boughs, one of them occupies the top of the tree, that, if any
body approaches, he may warn his companions of their danger, and exhort
them to flight by sudden clamour. About sun-set they compose themselves
to rest like hens. A great crowd generally assemble on one tree, and as
each strives to get the highest bough, continual quarrels ensue—one
trying to push the other from the seat that he has obtained, whilst,
amid horrid clamours, the feathers that they have torn from each other
with their beak or claws, fly about in all directions. During these
contentions for the highest place, the hunter steals softly thither, and
with a gun, or a bow, knocks down the disputing bipeds. If ever you hear
the parrots, which you see in the houses of the wealthy, called by other
names than those I have mentioned, remember that they must have been
brought from other countries, of Asia, Africa, or America. White
parrots, with a little red crest, called cockatoos, and others of a grey
colour, which I have often seen in Germany, are unknown to Paraguay. The
smaller parrots, which we call tuỹ; in the Guarany tongue, have the
French name perroquet given them in Europe.


                             INDIAN CROWS.

Indian crows are black, like those of Europe, but much longer; their
head and neck, as far as the beginning of the wings, are bald, smooth,
quite destitute of feathers, but full of wrinkles. These birds subsist
on the carcasses and entrails of slain beasts. Whenever oxen are killed
in the open plain, as usual there, they perch upon trees or roofs of
houses, presently rush down upon the intestines, and one taking each
end, carry them through the air like a long rope. Their king is clothed
with extremely white feathers, and though very seldom seen, flies
accompanied by the other crows, as by satellites. As birds of one
feather flock together, the Abipones, who live on rapine, bring up the
young of these rapacious crows at home, as they become wonderfully tame:
for they accompany their masters when they ride out to hunt or enjoy the
country, partake their fare, and return when they return, but sometimes
suffer themselves to be enticed away by flocks of crows which they meet
on the road. Crows' feathers are generally chosen for arrows by the
savages, on account of their strength.


                      THE CARACARÀ, OR CARRANCHO.

Kindred, and allies of the crows, are birds which the Spaniards call
caracarà, or carrancho. Their body is of a yellowish grey colour, but
spotted with yellow and white. They are about the size of a hen, and
resemble a hawk in their head, hooked bill, eyes, long claws, and long
tail. They feed upon carcasses, like crows, and do a great deal of
mischief amongst hens and other birds. Their flesh is of no use.


                        VARIOUS KINDS OF HAWKS.

Caracaràs are followed by kirikirì, different kinds of hawks, spotted
with various colours. Amongst them are the common hawk, the goshawk, or
gerfalcon, &c.

Of owls, the commonest are those which the Spaniards call lechuza, and
the horned owl, which the Spaniards call mochuelo. Bats are of various
kinds, and very common, as shall be shown hereafter.


                               THE GOOSE.

Water-fowl are so numerous, and of such various kinds, that it would
fill a volume to describe them properly; I shall therefore only speak of
some of them. I have, though very seldom, met with an immense number of
geese like those of Europe in lakes. But of ducks there is such a
variety and number, not only in the lakes but in the rivers also, that
their dung defiles the water so as to render it unfit to be drunk.


                        VARIOUS KINDS OF DUCKS.

Ducks, clothed with black and white feathers, are extremely numerous,
and pass the day in the water, and the night in trees close by it. They
are most easily and frequently shot out of the water. Their young, when
removed to towns, seldom become tame. Other ducks, which the Abipones
call roakabì, have feathers of various colours, and beautifully red
feet. Small ducks, called by the Abipones ruililiè, flit about together
at night, making a loud hissing, and are believed by the Abipones to be
spirits of the dead. The most remarkable are certain middle-sized ducks,
of a beautiful rose colour from the head to the tail, but their natural
ill smell annoys the nostrils of all who approach them, as much as the
beauty of their plumage delights beholders. Under the beautiful feathers
of their wings and the rest of their body, (of which not only the plume,
but the quill, which we use to write with, is tinged with a deep red
colour,) is concealed skin, bone, and a very scanty portion of most
stinking flesh. They are slenderer than geese's quills, and are used by
the Abipones to adorn and crown their heads.


                                STORKS.

Paraguay is not destitute of river-fowl, very like European herons and
storks.


                               THE HARIA.

The haria, which is about the size of a stork, boldly attacks serpents,
pierces them with its bill and eats them. It soon grows tame in the
houses of the Spaniards, and is very useful in gardens by killing
noxious insects. I was often moved to laughter by another river-fowl,
which, when it stretches out its neck, exceeds a tall man in height, and
a lamb in the size of its body. This bird is entirely white, and has
very long feet. It stands for many hours motionless, as if meditating,
in the water; but I confess that I have forgotten its name.


                              WATER-CROWS.

In the river Parana, and elsewhere, numerous water-crows are seen. Their
young are devoured with avidity by the savages, though they all detest
the thought of eating birds, hens, or chicken. It would take a long time
to mention all the various kinds of water-fowl which swarm in the larger
rivers and subsist wholly on fish.


                               SWALLOWS.

Before I proceed from birds to fishes, I think proper to subjoin a few
remarks upon common hens and swallows, the latter of which no ways
differ from those of Europe in appearance, voice, and habits. Although
Paraguay is free from snow, yet as the south wind renders the air rather
cold in winter, the swallows migrate like those of Europe to other
places about the beginning of autumn, and pass the winter in some
unknown retreats, but return at the commencement of spring.


                            BRAZILIAN FOWLS.

The Paraguayrian hens have the same form and variety of colour as the
European. A few years ago, hens much larger, but not better than the
common ones, were brought into Paraguay from Brazil. Their flesh is hard
and unsavoury. The chickens are not clothed with feathers within several
weeks. The cock is unusually large, and instead of the crest which those
of our country wear, displays a large purple crown. Now let us proceed
to the scaly tribes of Paraguay.




                        VARIOUS KINDS OF FISHES.


I never found any European fish throughout the whole extent of Paraguay,
but many in some respects resembling them. Those best known to me I will
describe under their Spanish or Indian names.


                              THE DORADO.

The fish dorado has obtained the name of the golden fish from its
scales, which shine like gold. It is of great weight, and affords solid,
white, and savoury flesh. Its head is justly reckoned a dainty, though
almost all other fish have their heads cut off in Paraguay, before they
are brought to table.


                               THE PACÙ.

The pacù is remarkable not only for length but breadth, and the
savouriness of its flesh, which is prized for its abundance of fat. The
scales are of a dusky, and in some of a sulphureous colour. The head
seems too small in proportion to the rest of the body. The Parana, and
even the lesser rivers which unite with it, abound in this most
excellent fish.


                              THE CORVINO.

The corvino is generally caught in the neighbourhood of the ports of
Monte-Video and Maldonado, where the fresh water is mingled with the
salt water of the river Plata. It has somewhat the appearance of a carp,
but excels that fish so much in size and savouriness, that it is eagerly
sought by distant cities.


                             THE MUNGRÚLLU.

The mungrúllu is perhaps the largest and strongest of the Paraguayrian
river-fish. It sometimes weighs more than a hundred pounds. Its flesh is
firm and red.


                              THE ZURUBÌ.

The zurubì, a fish scarce inferior in size to the former, is not covered
with scales, but with a slippery skin of a greyish colour, and mottled
with large black spots. It affords white, solid, savoury, and wholesome
flesh. The vast weight of this fish maybe inferred from the circumstance
that when hung upon a pole, and carried on the back, it is enough to
tire two Indians.


                               THE PATÌ.

The patì is thought almost equal to the former in size and savouriness.


                              THE ARMADO.

The fish armado is very properly named, for its back and sides are armed
all over with very sharp gills and fins, with which it endeavours to
wound the fisherman as he is taking the hook from its jaws, horribly
roaring at the same time and tossing itself about, on account of which
its head must be crushed with a strong stake as soon as it is taken out
of the river. Its head is round, resembling that of a frog, and shielded
by a very strong shell. It has small bright eyes, surrounded by a circle
of gold. Its mouth is narrow, but rendered terrific by a shaggy beard.
The body is of an iron-grey colour, and armed with very hard oblong
scales. This fish is thicker than it is long, and often weighs four,
often six pounds, or more. Its flesh is solid, extremely well tasted,
and on that account thought very wholesome for sick persons. The river
Paraguay abounds in this noble fish.


                               THE VAGRE.

The vagre is a species of trout. Its head is covered with a hard shell,
its skin is smooth, slippery, and covered with red spots, and its flesh
extremely well tasted. Various rivers contain various kinds of this
fish, which are distinguished by the number, size, and colour of their
fins and gills, but are all of an admirable savour. Of their bladder,
ground with the teeth, and mixed up with brandy, a very strong glue is
made.


                              THE SÁVALO.

The sávalo somewhat resembles our carp, but is smaller, and more
savoury. You scarcely ever see one weighing more than two pounds. This
fish is full of thorns. Though very common in many rivers and lakes, it
is never caught with a hook.


                               THE BÒGA.

The bòga differs little from the sávalo, but is superior to that fish,
though less abundant.


                             THE PEJE REY.

The peje rey means the king fish, for in fact, though only middle-sized,
its flesh is pre-eminently good. It has a very large head and mouth, and
is destitute of fat. It is only caught in that part of the Parana which
washes the territories of Sta. Fè, or in the kindred streams, to which
this fish repairs to spawn. When fresh, it is reckoned amongst the
delicacies of the tables of the wealthy. After being dried by the air
only, without a grain of salt, it is sent in quantities from the
above-mentioned city to others, and kept a long while, but soon
putrifies if it contracts any moisture on the way.


                               LA VIEJA.

La vieja is a very strange fish, for its whole body is covered with a
strong shell, or horny bark, which would resist even a knife. Hence,
when caught it is laid on live coals, together with the shell, and eaten
roasted in this manner. It is very seldom taken with a hook, and rarely
weighs more than a pound.


                              THE DENTUDO.

The dentudo abounds every where, and would be extremely palatable, were
it not for the thorns with which it is covered. It scarcely ever weighs
so much as a pound. I have caught and eaten numbers of them, but have
lost many hooks in the process, for they gnawed the line to pieces with
their sharp teeth.


                               THE RAYA.

The raya is a fish of such singular appearance, that it can hardly be
reckoned amongst fishes. Its form resembles that of an oval dish with a
flat surface. Its back is black, and its belly white. In the middle of
its body is placed a narrow mouth or cheek. It has a smooth, slender,
but very long tail, denticulated like a saw, and armed at the end with a
poisonous sting, with which, whilst lurking under the sand on the shore,
it grievously wounds the naked feet of the sailors walking about there,
whenever it has an opportunity. The wound presently swells, gets
inflamed, and unless hot ashes be immediately applied to it, causes
death. It is a curious fact, that the Abipones use this envenomed sting
as a pen-knife to open a vein. The flesh of the raya may be eaten; but
it is generally thought that hunger alone could render it palatable,
though I must say, that, well fried, it was not unpleasant to my taste.
The size and form of these fish vary in various kinds; (for there are
many species of them). They appear to be viviparous, for embryos are
frequently found in their insides.


                             THE PALOMETA.

The palometa is more formidable to swimmers than any crocodile; for its
jaws, each of which is furnished with fourteen very sharp, triangular
teeth, like so many spears, are its armoury, with which it attacks any
part of the human body, and cuts it off at one blow. I myself have seen
a strong Abipon with the sole of his foot severely wounded by this fish,
and an Abiponian boy with four of his toes cut off by it and hanging
only from a bit of skin. To prove the credibility of the fact, I must
tell you that the Abiponian women use the jaw of the palometa to shear
sheep with. The Abipones also, before they were in possession of iron,
used it to cut off the heads of the Spaniards. This fish is found every
where in great abundance, but is smaller in the smaller rivers, where it
scarce weighs half a pound, while in the larger ones it grows to the
size of two or more pounds; but its length never corresponds to its
breadth. It has a curved back, thick head, wide mouth, small round eyes,
and a broad forked tail. Besides the formidable jaw which I have
described, it threatens all assailants with large, long gills, and seven
sharp fins, the largest of which is situated in the middle of the back,
and runs towards the tail. The body is covered with faint grey spots,
interspersed with red, blue, and yellow. The flesh is firm, white, and
very savoury; I wish that it were not so full of bones. When the hook is
extracted, these fish must be handled with caution, otherwise they will
wound you with their teeth or fins.


                               THE MBÙZU.

In muddy pools, and even in rivers, you see fish very like European
eels, and not eaten by the Indians, on account of their snake-like
appearance. Our eating one of these fishes caused a report amongst the
Indians that Europeans fed upon serpents. Whether these fishes are
really eels, or of the serpent kind, I will not pretend to determine.


                            THE RIVER-CRAB.

Although Paraguay abounds in various kinds of choice fish, it is almost
destitute of crabs. I had long heard that some very small crabs, not
like those of the sea, but like those in the rivers of Germany, were
found in certain streams in the territories of the Uruguay; and I myself
saw some which were brought to our table in the Uruguayan town of
Concepçion; but they were pygmies in comparison with ours, and might be
called mere shadows, and embryos of crabs. After travelling, sailing,
and fishing so much in Paraguay, as I never saw any other cray fish
beside these, it is my opinion that there are none, or very few indeed.
But there are a great variety of sea-crabs.


                            RIVER-TORTOISES.

The rivers, lakes, and streams, abound in tortoises, but not of that
kind the shells of which are valuable in Europe, and fit for working. No
sooner did we cast a hook into the river than a tortoise would bite, but
was always rejected by us; for in the greater part of Paraguay these
animals are eaten neither by Spaniards nor Indians. The only useful part
of tortoises in Paraguay is their great shells, which are used for pots
and plates by the common people.


                            LAND-TORTOISES.

Whilst the Abipones, Guaranies, and other Indians with whom I was
acquainted, not only abstain from eating tortoises, but even detest the
very idea of such a thing; the Chiquitos, on the contrary, make them
their chief food during the greater portion of the year. They
laboriously hunt after these animals, which are marked with various
colours, in the woods and rocks, that provision may not fail them during
those months in which their territories are inundated by an annual
flood; for as there is more wood and mountain than plain country there,
the deficiency of pasture renders it impossible that as many oxen can be
raised and killed, for the support of the Indians, as in the colonies of
the Guaranies and Abipones. The tortoise, therefore, supplies the place
of beef among the Chiquitos.


                                SNAILS.

Innumerable snails are seen in their shells in the woods, plains, and
the borders of lakes, but are eaten by no human being in Paraguay. Empty
snail-shells, burnt to ashes in the fire, are used by the Guaranies for
whitening walls, when stones for making lime are not to be found. From
the white shells of certain snails, the Vilelas make little round beads,
perforated in the middle, which they sell to the other Indians. The
Abipones hang round their necks great heavy strings of these beads, and
both men and women think the more they are loaded the finer they are. On
the shores of the river Uruguay, there is an odd kind of snail, larger
than a man's fist, which the Indians roast in its shell, and devour with
avidity. I do not recollect any thing worth mentioning, in regard to
shells and shell-fish, if there are any wretched ones to be found here.


                            WAYS OF FISHING.

After treating of fish, a few observations should be made concerning the
various methods of fishing. In the city of Buenos-Ayres the Spanish
fishers enter the river Plata on horseback, near the shore, as far as it
is shallow. Two of them lay hold of each end of a rope, on which a net
is either spread, or closed again, filled with fish; in a few hours they
carry to shore numbers of noble fishes, which are immediately put to
sale. The Payaguas and Vilelas subsist chiefly upon fish. For fishing
they use a very small net, two ends of which they fasten before them, as
you would an apron, at the same time holding the two others with their
hands. Thus accoutred they jump from the shore into the water, and if
they spy any fish at the bottom, swim after it, catch it in the net,
which they place under its body, and carry it to shore. The Indian who
has remained beneath the water such a length of time that you believe
him inevitably drowned, you will, with astonishment, behold emerging at
a great distance, laden with booty. These men are more properly divers,
than fishers. If the transparency of the water, as in the river Salado,
renders the fish visible, the Paraguayrians pierce them with an arrow, a
spear, or an iron prong. The wood Indians catch fishes more usually by
craft and artifice than by arms. Sometimes by throwing in sticks, and
boughs of trees artfully entwined together, they dam up a river in such
a way that, though the fish can enter this enclosure, they are unable to
get out again. In other places they throw the plant yçipotingi, which
creeps up trees, or the leaves or fresh roots of the caraquata, well
pounded, into the water, which intoxicates the fishes to such a degree
that they may be caught with the hand as they float on the surface. They
often lash the water with the leaves of a certain tree which grows in
great abundance near the river Atingỹ, the juice of which is said to be
fatal to fishes. The Indians sometimes catch fishes with hooks made of
wood or reeds. The common, and indeed the only instrument for fishing
that I used, was an iron hook baited with a piece of fresh beef.


                          LITTLE FLYING-FISH.

Flying-fish are about the size of a large herring; their body is oblong
and smaller at the tail; their head large and flat; their eyes round and
big, with immense pupils, and surrounded by a yellow circle, and another
larger blackish one: their mouth is middle-sized, destitute of teeth,
but armed with jaws slightly denticulated. The tail is wide and forked;
the wings very large, and composed of a membrane thinner than paper, of
a whitish grey colour. They are furnished with six small fins, a bony
shell, pointed at the end, and scales of various colours and forms, but
shining like those of a herring. They fly out of the water to avoid the
dorados, which try to catch them; but in a few moments, as soon, in
fact, as their wings are dried by the air, fall back into the sea, and
being again moistened are enabled to renew their flight. In various seas
they are of various forms and sizes. The Portugueze sailors do not
refuse to eat their flesh.


                               THE SHARK.

But as men of this description have generally too large appetites, and
capacious stomachs to be satisfied with "such small deer," they prefer
larger fish, especially sharks, numbers of which they caught, during
their voyage, with an iron hook many pounds weight. Sharks generally
follow ships, and swallow whatever is thrown out of them, whether it be
dead bodies or any other filthy trash. They are of such vast size and
weight, that twelve stout sailors are scarce sufficient to drag one with
a rope from the sea into the ship. Nor should you be surprized at this,
for a shark is about nine feet long, and three or more wide. Its horrid
jaws, which contain a triple row of serrated triangular teeth, are
prepared to tear any thing. It has a fierce, and ever watchful look. It
is covered with very rough skin of various colours. Whenever a shark was
taken and gutted by the sailors, its stomach presented a ridiculous
spectacle; it looked like a broker's shop full of all sorts of trumpery.
In it we found worn out garments, old drawers, hats, whole fowls, and
whatever had been thrown by the sailors into the sea. When I found this,
I always suspended stones, or cannon balls, to human bodies before I
committed them to the waves, that they might sink to the bottom, lest
floating on the surface, they should be torn to pieces by sharks. The
flesh of this fish, though very white, was tasted by none but hungry
sailors; though the females are despised by them even. One, which I had
seen them take with immense labour, they threw back into the sea, on
discovering its sex. I cannot tell why they make this distinction. The
Abipones roast and eat female locusts, but loathe and reject the males,
for reasons known to themselves alone.


                               DOLPHINS.

During nine months spent in sailing on the Mediterranean and the Ocean,
I have frequently seen many others of the scaly tribe, with forms
terrible to the sight; but except middle-sized fishes and sharks, I
never saw any of the family of Neptune caught by the sailors. When the
sea was smooth, and the air tranquil, we frequently observed dolphins
tossing themselves merrily about, and appearing as it were to dance; a
spectacle by no means pleasing to us, who had so often found this
leaping of dolphins the forerunner, and annunciation of an impending
whirlwind and tempest.


                                WHALES.

Immense whales were a very terrible, and by no means uncommon sight to
us on the ocean, though they never approached the ship. On the desert
shores of Brazil we thought we perceived a pirate ship. Fearing some
mischance we called for the captain, who from the top of the mast by the
help of a telescope discovered it to be an enormous whale. This immense
animal, as it tossed itself about on the waves, presented the appearance
of a ship. A projecting fin, which is said to be sometimes fifty feet
high, had been taken for a mast. From the horrid pipe, or fistula of his
head, as from a great fire-engine, he spouted up a vast quantity of
water, which, when dispersed by the wind, and shone upon by the rays of
the sun, looked white like the sails of a ship. In returning to Europe
we observed the water leaping up and breaking itself in an unusual
manner, not far from the ship. Imagining that rocks or shoals must be at
hand, the captain ordered the prow of the ship to be turned in another
direction. But an intolerable stench relieved our minds by discovering
the putrid carcass of a very large whale, against which the waters had
been dashed. Whales perish in the same way as ships, and die by degrees
from being knocked against quicksands and shoals. We sometimes, however,
see the carcasses of whales cast on to the shore by the tide. I have
spoken elsewhere of melotas, enormous fish, innumerable shoals of which
we met during some weeks in the month of November. From the water let us
now proceed to the woods and plains of Paraguay, which abound in so many
curious plants and trees.




                                PLANTS.


The Jesuit priest Thomas Falconer, an Englishman well versed in medicine
and botany, frequently and openly declared that Paraguay had been
enriched by the bounty of nature with so many wholesome plants, roots,
gums, woods and fruits, that whoever was skilled in the knowledge of
those things would have no occasion for European druggists to cure any
disease. Out of many which Paraguay affords either for medicinal or
other purposes, I will describe a few in the order in which they enter
my mind. I doubt not that botanists have written on this subject more
clearly and methodically; whether more faithfully also, I dare not
determine with regard to all.


                     CHINA CHINÆ, OR PERUVIAN BARK.

This tree is peculiarly worthy of note on account of its bark, which is
called china chinæ, Peruvian bark, or the remedy for fever. It is of
middling height, and not very large, and bears an almost orbicular
fruit, somewhat raised in the middle, and by no means fit to be eaten,
but which contains two yellowish nuts indented all over like the rind of
an almond. It is filled with a balsamic odour of a dusky colour, and a
very sweet scent, but extremely bitter. With this balsam the Indians
allay pains in the eyes, head and stomach, if they arise from cold. The
bark is naturally white, but when torn from the tree gradually assumes a
dark yellow on the surface, a little varied with pale spots: but within,
it is of a red colour, not like blood, but like cinnamon, being tinged
with a yellowish cast. The taste is bitter, but the smell aromatic and
pleasant, though somewhat rancid. Some call the Peruvian bark Jesuits'
powder, because the Jesuit missionaries in Peru were the first who made
known its singular efficacy in expelling fevers. The celebrated
physician Woytz tells us that this medicine was first brought to Europe,
in the year 1650, by Cardinal de Lugo, a Spanish Jesuit.


                            ZARZA PARRILLA.

Zarza parrilla is the root of a green, creeping plant, armed at
intervals with very small thorns. It has leaves almost a span long, from
the beginning of which proceed two tendrils, with which it entwines
itself with other plants. The flowers grow in clusters, and give place
to berries, which are first green, then red, and when quite ripe, black,
and wrinkled like dry cherries, which they resemble in size and form.
This plant is called by the Spaniards zarza parrilla, on account of its
thorns, for _zarza_ in Spanish means a thorny plant; _parrilla_, in the
same language, signifies a gridiron; as therefore the leaves of this
plant bear some sort of resemblance to a gridiron, three pretty large
veins running lengthways, crossed by a number of smaller ones, it has
received the name _parrilla_ or gridiron; but botanists call it _smilax
aspera Peruviana_, or _sarmentum Indicum_. The zarza parrilla is very
common on the banks of the Uruguay, and the Rio Negro, the waters of
which are celebrated for their salubrity; it is also found near the Rio
Tercero, in the territories of Sta. Fè, and other parts of America. The
most famous is that which comes from the bay of Honduras. The roots of
the zarza parrilla, which possess a medicinal virtue, are scarce thicker
than a goose's quill, wrinkled on the surface, and of a dusky colour,
but white within; all of them grow from the same joint or knot of the
plant. They have no particular taste or smell. They consist of rosin,
and gum which is the softer part of them. The various uses of these
roots are too well known to physicians to need an explanation from me.


                                RHUBARB.

Rhubarb is the root of a plant of the dock kind. From out the sheath of
the leaves rises a little bunch of flowers divided into many branches,
on which hang four blossoms, surrounded with leaves, and bearing a
triangular seed. The roots are long, and rather spungy, tolerably heavy,
yellowish on the outside, but within of the colour of a nutmeg,
variegated like marble, and of a sharp bitter taste. When eaten they
create nausea, and have an aromatic flavour. In divers parts of
Paraguay, especially in the mountains called La Cordillera, near the
city of Asumpcion, as well as at the banks of the rivers Ỹpane miri, and
Tapiraguaỹ, there grows a kind of rhubarb, similar to that of Alexandria
in colour, taste, smell, and virtue, but with this difference, that the
leaves of the Alexandrine rhubarb are pointed at the bottom, and broader
at the end; whereas the leaves of the Paraguayrian are wide at the
beginning, and terminate in a point, like the leaves of lilies. I
understand that the East Indian rhubarb, as well as that of Persia,
Muscovy, and Tartary, is preferred by physicians to that of America.


                            THE ROOT JALAP.

Paraguay abounds in the root jalap, the plant of which is called by
botanists _Mirabilis Peruviana_. These roots are long, thick, and
resinous. Without they are of a dusky brown, but within of a pure white,
without any decay. They not only cure bile, and rheum, but expel other
noxious humours from the body. The rosin of jalap is prepared from them.


                              MECHOACHÀN.

Mechoachàn is a large light root, entirely white at the beginning, but
of a dusky colour above. Some call it _bryonia Indica_, but though it
resembles the bryonia, its plant is a _convolvulus_, and bears
heart-shaped leaves, and small berries. The mechoachàn is well
calculated for gently purging infants; for the powder to which the root
is reduced has no taste, and looks like flour.


                               SASSAFRÀS.

The tree sassafràs, which is very common throughout the whole of
America, may be commended for its beauty, as well as its salubrity. The
trunk is perfectly straight and plain, to the length of about thirty
feet, when the top unfolds into branches, and leaves. Not only the wood
of this tree, but also the bark and root smell very strong of fennel,
which keeps off decay and rottenness. Like santalum it is of a dusky
yellow colour, and has a sharp aromatic taste, and a pleasant smell.
Druggists should examine carefully that the wood of the red fir, boiled
in fennel, may not be palmed upon them by foreign traders for the real
wood. There is also another kind of sassafràs, which has leaves like
those of a laurel, and bears an odoriferous and blackish fruit. The bark
is of a darkish red colour. This other species is said to possess the
same virtue as the former, in provoking perspiration, and urine, in
healing maladies arising from cold, syphilis, obstructions in the
bowels, disorders in the womb, &c. The apeterebî, a tree common in the
North of Paraguay, is also thought by some to be a species of sassafràs.


                               HOLY WOOD.

The tree called holy wood is very broad, but not very lofty. It has
little and almost round leaves, two of which proceed from single stalks,
and are indented at the top. It bears yellow flowers, which grow either
single or two together, at the extremity or in the middle of the boughs.
The wood is exceedingly hard, and will last almost for ever, even under
water. The pith is of a lead colour. The rosin which exudes from this
tree is bitter, aromatic, and said to possess equal medicinal properties
with the wood: it, as well as the gum, is reduced to a powder which the
Paraguayrians drink in cold water, as a cure for dysentery. For what
disorders, and in what manner this salutary wood is to be used, it is
not my province to explain. This tree does not grow in the South of
Paraguay, but in the North, where the Abipones and Mocobios dwell; it is
also found in some parts of upper Tucuman.


                             THE GUAYACÀN.

It is a great mistake to suppose that holy wood, and guayacàn are the
same; for though the wood of both possess the same power of healing
almost any disease, yet the two trees differ as much in form as in name:
for the guayacàn is loftier than the other, and almost resembles a
nut-tree. It abounds in boughs, and bears small hard leaves. The flowers
are yellow and produce fruit full of seeds. The blacker the pith of the
tree is the more it abounds in rosin. The bark of this tree is hard,
resinous, and composed of several little skins, spotted with grey on the
outside, but within of a pale red: it has a bitter taste, but not an
unpleasant smell, and is thought to be more efficacious in medicine than
the wood itself.


                             THE ZUYÑANDỸ.

The zuyñandỹ, a large, lofty tree, consists of a soft wood, a thick bark
turgid with copious moisture, and red flowers which seem to be composed
of one large expanded leaf, as soft as silk. The bark, when stripped of
the rough outer skin, and properly ground, is of much efficacy in
healing wounds inflicted by the teeth or claws of a tiger.


                               THE ZAMUÛ.

The zamuû is ridiculous both in name and form; for the Spaniards call it
_palo borracho_, the drunken tree. It is lofty. It has a trunk
surrounded with largish thorns, and bears middle-sized flowers of a
beautiful red colour, but is of very singular appearance in other
respects. For the highest and lowest parts of the trunk are small, while
the middle swells out to a great width, like a barrel: on which account
its very soft wood is easily made into tubs, and barrels. The farther
this tree grows from rivers the wider it swells, so great is its dislike
to water. It bears a round fruit like certain large gourds, with a very
strong rind, which fruit, when ripe, bursts open and discovers woolly
flakes, like cotton, and softer than silk, but with so short a fibre
that it is very difficult to draw them out into a thread. The thorns of
this tree when bruised to powder, and boiled, tinge the water with a red
colour which is said to cure sore eyes.


                              THE MANGAỸ.

The mangaỹ is about the size of a cherry-tree, and bears white flowers,
which exhale a very delightful odour. It produces fruit of a golden
colour, and equal in size to a large plum, which, when ripe, are
agreeable to the taste, but hurtful to the stomach. Both the tree and
the fruit overflow with a kind of milky, and resinous juice, called
mangaỹci, in the Guarany tongue, which streams out plentifully, when you
cut the bark, and is caught by the hand, or by a board. The air curdles
it, and gives it the appearance of a little skin. In this state, it is
rolled up into balls, which are so remarkably elastic, that when thrown
lightly upon the ground they leap up very high in the air. This liquor,
mangaỹci, is said to be very useful in cases of dysentery. It is much to
be lamented that so very few take the trouble to collect this rosin,
which would be useful in Europe in various ways.


                            DRAGON'S-BLOOD.

The tree caà verà, which produces the dragon's-blood, is middle-sized
both as to height and bulk. Some botanists call these trees _palmæ
pruniferæ foliis jaccæ_, but in my opinion they have no affinity
whatever with palms. When a deep incision is made into their trunks, a
kind of juice flows from them, resembling blood in colour and
consistence, and which, when boiled on the fire, condenses into a
liver-coloured rosin. Physicians complain that foreign traders sell them
goat's-blood, bolo, or red Brazil wood, mixed with gum arabic, for
dragon's-blood.


                               THE CUPAỸ.

The Paraguayrian trees, though they offer their fruits spontaneously to
the natives, do not yield the oil, with which they are impregnated,
without being cut. Amongst these is the cupaỹ, a large, tall tree,
remarkable for its leaves, which are half a foot long, with red nerves
and veins. Besides the wood, which is of a dark red colour, hard, and
fit for carpenter's work, it affords a fruit which is dusky on the
surface, but has a kernel resembling a walnut in size and form, and
which is reckoned eatable by the Indians, and a dainty by the apes. But
this tree owes its celebrity and value to the excellent oil with which
it teems. To extract this most useful juice both arms, and arts are
requisite. The trunk of the tree, which should neither be very old, nor
too young, is cut to the pith with a knife. Soon after the incision is
made, you will hear a slight crackling, caused by the oil flowing from
the top and from the boughs: for the warm air, insinuating itself more
freely into the pores of the wounded tree, seems to rarefy and liquidate
the oil, which is naturally resinous and thick. To effect this sooner
and with more certainty apply dry burning boughs to the opposite side of
the tree into which the incision has been made; by their heat, the oil
is more dispersed amongst the fibres of the tree, and more liquefied,
which causes it to flow freely into the vessel placed beneath the trunk.
Within a few hours you will find a jug full of oil. If you wish to fill
many jugs cut many of these trees, which are most abundant in the
northern woods of Paraguay; there are none, or very few, elsewhere. This
operation must be performed in spring, in the month of September, when
the moon is at full; if you undertake it in the absence of the moon, in
winter, or summer, you will lose your labour. This oil, in colour, could
not be distinguished from water; it has a bitter taste, exhales an odour
neither sweet nor the contrary, and is useful both to painters and
physicians. I will now make you acquainted with its virtues, which I
learnt from others, but never tried myself. When warmed and applied to a
wound, it is said to stop the flowing of the blood, and to heal the
wounded person very speedily. It will cure the bites of serpents, and
remove scars. Placed by way of plaster on the breast, it eases languor
in the stomach; when applied to the belly, it assuages colic, and pains
arising from cold. Two or three drops, swallowed with a boiled egg, will
remove dysentery, and other hurtful fluxions, restore the tone to the
bowels, and impart strength. Sometimes it is used as an injection with
sugar from plaintain water, or oil of roses. From the oil of the cupaỹ
the Brazilians make the balsam cupaỹba, of such high repute in Europe,
especially the inhabitants of the province of Maranham, which abounds in
those trees. But other rosins, chiefly that from the tree ybir̂apayè, of
which we shall speak hereafter, are mixed with this balsam, as the
singular fragrance of the smell discovers. American as well as European
painters derive much benefit from the oil of the cupaỹ, for when mixed
with garlick, it brightens pictures better than any varnish, and will
never be obscured by time, if mixed with the colours instead of linseed
oil. In wooden images, particularly, nothing is better for painting the
face, hands, and every thing of flesh, of a natural colour. I can scarce
persuade myself that the oil of the cupaỹ is brought quite pure from
America to our shops; and that merchants do not adulterate it to
increase the weight. There are three trees in Paraguay, all materially
different, but much alike in name; I mean the _cupaỹ_, _the curupaỹ_,
and the _curupicaỹ_. The curupaỹ affords bark like that of the çevil,
which the Indians use to dress ox-hides with. To give them a red colour
they mix the bark of the curupaỹ with that of another tree, (the
caatigua, which the Abipones call achitè). The curupicaỹ, a tree not
larger nor harder than the elder, has a spungy kind of wood, unfit for
any purpose, that I know of, which at the slightest touch, sheds a milky
juice commonly thought to be poisonous.


                          PIÑON DEL PARAGUAY,
                         OR THE CATHARTIC NUT.

This is a shrub resembling the fig tree of our country, in its leaves,
its form, and the softness of its wood. The trunk and leaves, when
pressed with the hand distil a milky juice abounding in serum. It bears
fruit like dark walnuts, beneath the hard black rind of which lie three
white kernels, covered with a white membrane and divided into as many
separate compartments; in sweetness, and in shape they resemble almonds.
These kernels, _piñones del Paraguay_, or piny nuts of Paraguay, are
called by physicians, cathartic nuts, _ricini Americani_, or purging
beans; for two or three kernels, which many say ought to be first
stripped of their white skin, then bruised in wine, and roasted a little
on the fire, to mitigate their purging qualities, when eaten, will cause
vomiting, purge the bowels, and expel noxious humours. Whether these
nuts are sold in the druggists' shops in Europe, and whether physicians
prescribe the use of them, I do not know. This is certain, that they
must be taken cautiously, and with regard to the strength of the sick
person. A branch of this tree, when cut and committed to the earth, soon
takes root, and grows up very quickly.


                             THE VAYNILLA.

The vaynilla, a sweet name to those who love chocolate, is a creeping
plant which grows in moist places, and entwines itself with certain palm
trees, which serve it for a prop. It bears large leaves about a hand
long, and small white flowers. Like pulse, for fruit it bears little
hulls, or sheaths, a quarter of an ell long, triangular, and when ripe
dark on the surface, and of a bright colour; they have a most delicious
odour, and are full of very small seeds, like figs. Of these seeds the
Indian women make rosaries to adorn their necks with: the savages
formerly knew no other use of the vaynilla, which however birds and apes
eagerly devour. The little bag or sheath, in which the fruit is
inclosed, occasioned the Spaniards to give it the name of vaynilla. The
description of this plant, which became extremely profitable to the
Americans after the discovery of the use of chocolate, I owe to Father
Joseph Sanchez, who had travelled over the land of the Chiquitos, where
that fruit grows, as well as in Peru and elsewhere. For this plant grows
in no other part of Paraguay that I am acquainted with, which must be
attributed to the inhabitants, not to the climate, as it doubtless would
grow in the northern parts of Paraguay, were it cultivated there.


                               THE CACAÒ.

With the vaynilla we must speak of the cacaò, which is produced by a
tree resembling an orange tree in its leaves, but larger, and having a
kind of crown on the top. It bears a fruit like large melons, containing
oily kernels, as big as almonds, and separated from one another by a
white and very sweet skin, as by a kind of fence. The Peruvian Indians,
throwing away the kernels which they did not then know how to use in
preparing chocolate, were accustomed to chew and suck the little skin
only, which is sweeter than honey. These trees in their native woods
grow to a great size, and cover the melons which they bear so entirely
with their immense leaves, that you cannot see them without standing
close by. They never grow so large when planted in any other soil. In
Peru, amongst the Mojos Indians, in Mexico, and other countries of
America, the woods abound in this most profitable fruit: both the tree
and the kernel, however, vary in different countries.


                             THE TAMARIND.

Tamarinds, which are very well known in European druggists' shops, are a
species of plum, with a dark rind, rather acid, of an agreeable taste,
and full of a number of beautiful kernels. Taken inwardly, after being
steeped for some time in cold water, they conduce much to allay the most
burning thirst, and gently to purge the bowels. They grow upon trees
which resemble palms, and have boughs and leaves long enough to cover a
number of men, and with their dark shade protect them from the heat of
the sun. Tamarinds, which botanists call _dactyli acidi_, grow in the
territories of the Chiquitos, and elsewhere, but are unknown to the
other parts of Paraguay.


                            THE ROSIN ỸÇICA.

This Paraguayrian rosin is found at the roots of trees under ground,
where it flows very copiously from them in the heat of the sun. The
Guaranies use it not only for medicinal purposes, but also to tar ships
with, when pitch is not to be had.


                        THE TREE ABATI TIMBABỸ.

The huge tree abati timbabỹ, in the heat of the sun, sheds a quantity of
gum of a golden colour, and clear as the purest crystal, of which the
lower orders of Spaniards and the wood Indians make crosses, ear-rings,
and beads to hang round the neck, by the following method: they apply
hollow moulds, made in the same form, of wood or reeds, to the trunk of
the tree, and the gum flowing down into them is hardened by the air, and
quickly assumes the shape of crosses, ear-rings, or beads, with
admirable exactness; you would swear they were made of crystal. Although
as fragile as glass, they can be melted by no moisture. Were European
artisans in possession of this gum, they would make knots, buckles, and
little images beautifully with it. Might it not possibly contain
medicinal properties? No one has hitherto made trial of its virtues.


                               THE CEDAR.

The more northerly woods of Tucuman and Paraguay boast of innumerable
lofty cedars, which, having exceedingly tall, straight, and large
trunks, afford excellent materials for ships, and all sorts of building,
as they never feel decay, and last for ever, even under water. No tree
which Paraguay produces makes longer or wider beams, which, as they are
laboriously hewn, not by a water-machine, but by human hands with a saw,
and conveyed in waggons from Tucuman full three hundred leagues, sell
very high in the city of Buenos-Ayres, where no woods are to be seen,
and whither they are brought from the distant forests of Asumpcion,
after a two months' navigation on the river. In Tucuman, indeed, a
German lay-brother of our order constructed a machine, by which the saw
was moved to the cedars by water underneath the wheel, with a great
saving of time and labour; but it was soon after removed and destroyed
by the natives, who hate all innovation. Sometimes out of one cedar a
very large boat is made, to pull which thirty rowers are hardly
sufficient. I do not deny that the tree timboỹ is made into shorter and
slenderer planks and boats in Paraguay; but cedars hold the first place,
as they excel in the width, height, and straightness of their trunk, in
the docility of the materials, and their durability under water. There
are two kinds of cedars in Paraguay; the wood of the one is beautifully
red, that of the other rather palish; both, however, have a very sweet
smell, and in the heat of the sun shed great quantities of gum, which is
sometimes white, sometimes red, but always transparent. We used it in
the same manner as gum Arabic, to glue things together, and also for
polishing; might it not be fit for various medicinal purposes? Water
boiled with bits of cedar wood and drunk, is a remedy for extravasation
in those that have been bruised by a violent blow, by a sudden fall from
a horse or a tree; though in such cases, to accelerate the cure, an
infusion of quinoa, a kind of pulse with a very small grain, should also
be drunk. Others make plasters of the quinoa, after it has been pounded
in a mortar, and boiled in water, and when applied to the wounded or
bruised part, they dissipate noxious humours so soon as to exceed the
expectation both of the physician and the patient. This pulse is also a
very wholesome food.


                       THE AMERICAN PINE, CURIỸ.

The curiỹ resembles the European pine in its leaves and in its height,
but exceeds it in the hardness of its wood, which is pale, with red
veins. The knots and swellings particularly which grow on the
Paraguayrian pine are almost as hard as a stone. Of these large knots
the Guaranies turn rosaries and images of the saints very neatly. When
placed by the fire, the red rosin lurking in the veins of the wood is
melted, so that they seem as if varnished with a beautiful red colour,
and shine surprizingly.


                             THE ALFAROBA.

We are now come to a tree on many accounts worthy of particular note;
the fruit of which is called by the Spaniards _alfaroba_. The American
alfaroba differs in size, form, and colour from that which is commonly
put to sale in Germany, and is called by the Spaniards _alfaroba de la
Berberia_; for from Barbary it was brought by the Moors to Spain and
Portugal, where, at this day, it grows in such abundance in the woods,
without culture, that in those countries, during the winter season, it
is given to oxen and mules for their daily fodder. The sheath of the
Spanish alfaroba is rather wide, full of seeds, or large pebbles, and of
a dusky colour, although its pulp is sweet and whitish. The sheaths or
hulls of the Paraguayrian alfaroba, which are almost a span long, and
the breadth of a man's thumb, are covered with a soft yellow skin;
moreover the seed is smaller and softer, and they have a pleasanter
taste. Of the many kinds of alfaroba which Paraguay produces, the most
remarkable are those two which are distinguished by the names of the
white and the black. It is chewed white and dry, as it falls from the
tree, and when pounded in a mortar, is either eaten, or drunk mixed with
water, and fermented, by the Abipones and other savages. It is the
employment of the women to gather it in the woods, carry it home on a
horse, pound it in a mortar, and pour it, mixed with cold water, on a
hide, which serves both for tub and drinking vessel, where, without
addition of any thing else, in about twelve hours, it effervesces so
much with its own natural heat, as to become at last, a sharp, sweet,
and wholesome beverage. Immoderate use of it disorders both the head and
feet, and still more the tongue; yet, when taken in moderation, it is a
means of strengthening the constitution, and inducing uncommon
longevity. Moreover horses, mules, and oxen are never fatter, or more
robust than after feeding on the alfaroba, woods of which abound
particularly in Chaco, and the territories of St. Iago, though not even
the shadow of such a tree is to be seen in any other part of the immense
tracts of Paraguay. The Guaranies, who, being distributed into
thirty-two colonies, inhabit a vast extent of country, are destitute of
this most wholesome fruit; neither did we ever think fit to plant the
alfaroba, which grows so quickly, lest the Abipones, like the other
Indians, should turn it to a bad use, and that it should cause
drinking-parties and intoxication. Moreover the seeds of the alfaroba,
if carelessly scattered in any soil, will certainly, and quickly grow up
into trees. The white alfaroba affords not only meat, drink, and
medicine, but also excellent materials for building waggons, houses and
ships: for its violet-coloured wood is docile, and extremely firm, even
under water. The leaves of this tree are small; and from its little pale
flowers grow seeds, inclosed in a pod. They ripen in the month of
November, and last in the woods till March, or are gradually collected
and preserved at home by provident persons.

The other species of alfaroba, which the Spaniards call the black,
resembles the former in all respects, except that it is smaller and
sweeter. Its dusky bark is covered with red spots. The pods, though
agreeable to the palate from being extremely sweet, create a roughness
in the tongue, if eaten raw too freely, and a difficulty in speaking. I
write this on my own experience; for once in a long journey, happening
to pluck some of that fruit as I rode along, I was suddenly deprived of
the power of speech. Some hours' silence was both the disease and the
remedy; the Spaniards who accompanied me being greatly amused at my
taciturnity. This kind of alfaroba is more commonly used for food than
for drink. Its hulls, when pounded in a mortar, are reduced to a flour,
which, after being strained through a sieve, is thrown into a round
wooden box, pressed with both hands, and, as it is naturally resinous,
forms into bread of itself, and becomes as hard as a stone; for as it
abounds in thick rosin, its own dust glues it together. These loaves,
which are called _patay_, and are chiefly made in the colonies of St.
Iago, and sent to other cities, are taken, not only as food, but as
medicine, especially by Europeans labouring under stone or strangury. No
one ever doubted that both the black and the white alfaroba, as they
have a diuretic property, are of much use, whether taken in a solid or
liquid state, to persons in a consumption, or labouring under diseases
of the bladder. Some say that spirits of much efficacy in diseases of
the kidneys, and in hectic fevers, might, by chemic art, be extracted
from both the alfarobas. We must not pass by a third species of
alfaroba, which appears little different from the acacia. It has very
hard, dark, red wood, is clothed with the same sort of leaves as the
other alfarobas, and bears small yellow flowers, growing in clusters,
and exhaling an aromatic smell. The rind of the pods is thick and black.
The seeds, inclosed in the pods, are like pulse, but harder. The pods,
with their pulp, are resinous, of a sharp, bitter taste, and fit neither
to be eaten nor drunk. The fruit is used by the people of Cordoba, and
St. Iago, to dye wood, and cotton of a black colour, with the addition
of alum, and copperas. This tree exudes rosin like gum Arabic. To it you
may add a fourth species of alfaroba, a small tree, the pods of which
are of a dark red colour, and taste neither sweet nor bitter. Of this
the natives make a potion which is remarkably sudorific, and which,
according to Thomas Falconer, will cure many persons who, in Europe,
could not be restored to health without the aid of salivation.


                        VARIOUS KINDS OF PALMS.

Palms alone would afford subject for a bulky volume, if the names,
forms, properties, and uses of all the different species were to be
described. Palms supply the Americans with meat, drink, medicine, arms,
lodging, and clothing. Out of the numbers that I have seen in Paraguay,
I will describe a few.


                             THE CARANDAỸ.

The tall palm, carandaỹ, expands its leaves like an open fan, and bears
sweet dates, which are not disliked by Europeans even. The bark of the
trunk, which is very hard, when cut with an axe, and deprived of the
pith, which consists of sharp thorns, is used to roof the houses in some
cities, and even to build cottages with. If the palms be cut when the
moon is in the wane, their bark will bear age. This also is certain,
that the carandaỹ palms create the richest and most wholesome pasture
for cattle; for the rain-water, flowing to the ground from their leaves,
contracts a kind of saltness, which generates saliva, and is the best
and most agreeable seasoning of the grass for beasts.


                               THE PINDÒ.

The pindò is a very lofty and common palm, with a rough, white bark. By
way of wood it has a pulp as porous as a fungus, very light, and
composed of threads extremely liable to catch fire. It produces dates
which, after being pounded in a mortar, are either drunk with water, or
eaten. The dates, falling from the trees, fill the woods, and, by their
hardness, severely hurt the naked feet of the Indians. But though these
palms are, in some respects, very annoying to travellers, yet in others
they are equally convenient to them: for the Guaranies, when they pass
the nights in the woods, are furnished by them, on an impending storm,
with a protection against the rain. Some hew down any palms of this sort
that they can find, and with the soft spungy materials afforded by their
trunks, quickly build a little hut, and cover it well with boughs and
leaves of palms, bent partly one way, partly another: should the rain
fall with the utmost violence, not a drop will penetrate this hasty
fabric. Of the leaves of the pindò palms, cords, panniers, and baskets
are sometimes woven, as of osiers in other places. These palms, not only
by their great height, but also by the length of their boughs, which
they gracefully extend, afford a pleasing spectacle to the eye, and a
great ornament to gardens.


                               THE YATAỸ.

The yataỹ, a smaller palm, besides dates, yields a very tender germ,
leafy at the top, as soft as butter, and of a yellowish white, which is
eaten raw, as it is plucked from the tree, and is very pleasant to the
taste. Crowds of parrots daily fly to feed upon the nuts of this palm.


                            THE YATAỸ GUAZÙ.

The yataỹ guazù, which has very large bright green leaves, and a rugged
trunk, and is at least five ells high, produces oval shaped nuts, which
the Spaniards call _coccos_. The pulp is very small in quantity, but, if
boiled, eatable. In each nut there are three large kernels, as agreeable
to the taste as almonds, but more oily.


                             THE MBOCAYAỸ.

The mbocayaỹ, a tree very abundant on hills, has its trunk and leaves
armed with long and strong thorns. It bears bunches of smooth dates, as
sweet as almonds, which are eaten either raw or roasted. Oil, almost
like that of olives, may be expressed from these nuts. This palm puts
out threads stronger than hemp, of which the savage nations make cords
for bows, and lines for fishing with. In the territory of Cordoba you
see palms, the leaves of which make such strong and commodious besoms,
that they are brought to the more distant cities. The Spaniards of St.
Iago, who go to the woods to seek wax and honey, cut certain palms to
the pith. At the end of some weeks they return to the place, and in
those palms they had wounded find very large fat worms, which they fry,
and eat with much satisfaction.


                          FRUIT-BEARING TREES.

Many fruits which European trees produce are unknown to Paraguay: in all
my travels through that country I never, or very rarely, saw any apples,
pears, plums, cherries, filberts, chesnuts, &c. These trees seem not to
suit the climate and soil of Paraguay; for they are either entirely
barren, or produce such ridiculous fruit as rather deserve the
appellation of abortions of nature, than delicacies of the palate. The
want of the fruits above-mentioned is amply compensated by an incredible
abundance of very large peaches, quinces, pomegranates, citrons, both
sweet and sour, and oranges which Europe might envy. In the neighbouring
kingdoms of Chili, where, on account of the vicinity of the mountains,
the air is much sharper, almost all European fruits, and many other
native ones, succeed amazingly, and are dried and carried into other
countries with great profit. But though Paraguay is destitute of various
European fruits, she boasts of many native ones, unknown in Europe even
by name. I shall cursorily describe trees and shrubs as they enter my
head, without regard to order.


                              THE MISTOL.

The mistol, a very large tree, affords hard and heavy wood, of a red
colour, fit for making pestles of mortars and spears; it also produces a
red fruit, about the size of a chesnut, resembling in appearance the
tree which the Spaniards call _azofaifa_, and druggists _jujubes_, and
which was formerly brought from Africa to Spain and Italy. The skin is
tender, the kernel rather large and hard, and the pulp fit for food; a
sweet drink, and even a kind of bread, being made of it, which is much
liked by the Indians, but to my taste extremely insipid. The jujub is
used by European physicians for allaying pains in the breast, cough,
hoarseness and pleurisy: whether the Paraguayrian mistol possess the
same virtues or no, I cannot tell.


                              THE CHAÑAR.

The tree chañar has a yellowish and very hard wood: the fruit supplies
both meat and drink, and is dried and preserved by some.


                              THE YACANÈ.

The fruit of the yacanè tree is of a yellow colour, about as large as a
middle-sized citron, and in taste like a rotten pear.


                         THE QUABỸRA GUAZÙ, AND
                              THE QUABIYÙ.

The quabỹra guazù, which somewhat resembles a plum, and the quabiyù,
which is more like a cherry, are used both as meat and drink. The
quabỹra is very abundant, and much liked by the Indians; but was always
nauseous to my taste, for it smells like a bug. Both the trees which
produce these fruits afford very good wood for turning.


                           THE QUABỸRA MIR̂I.

The quabỹra mir̂i, that is, the smaller quabỹra, differs totally from
the former, and, in my opinion, exceeds all the other Paraguayrian
fruits, both in sweetness, and salubrity. It is a little apple,
resembling a medlar in size, and form, and covered with a hardish skin,
which is green at first, and when ripe becomes a dark red. The pulp,
which is full of tender seeds, pleases the palate with an agreeable
taste, between sweet and sourish, and exhales a fragrant, balsamic
odour, with which the bark and leaves are likewise scented. It is a
remarkable circumstance that this fruit, though naturally hot, is never
prejudicial, however freely it be eaten. The quabỹra mir̂i grows on
shrubs like the junipers of Austria; they are supported by a slender
stalk, but have a number of knotty, thick roots, spreading far and wide
in the earth. They grow no where but in sandy soils, destitute of good
grass. The quabỹra mir̂i is to be seen in every part of the plains of
Taruma, of the lands near the little city Curuquati, and of the
territories of St. Paulo, bordering on Brazil. But in those tracts of
land where this fruit abounds, you find the pastures particularly poor,
either from the grass being choked by the sand, or because these shrubs
suck up the best juices of the earth. Certainly in the rest of Paraguay,
where richer turf is found, I never beheld any thing the least like a
quabỹra mir̂i. I should not be silent on the other use of this plant; in
its little branches the ants make a wax whiter than milk, and fragrant
as the most delightful balsam; it consists of very small, white grains,
scattered up and down the shrub, which are laboriously collected by
women, melted at the fire, and made into candles, for the use of the
churches, where, when lighted, they exhale a very sweet odour. It is
much to be lamented that this wax, though excellent in other respects,
wants hardness; for the candles made of it melt quickly, and are
consumed in a short time. To render them more durable, I have often
mixed common bees' wax with the wax of ants.


                 LA GRANADILLA, OR THE PASSION FLOWER.

The first claim to our notice after these belongs to a most wholesome
fruit, which the Spaniards call la granadilla. It grows in great
abundance in the plain, at all seasons of the year, on a shrub which
clings, like ivy, to hedges and bushes. There are many species of it,
differing only in form and colour. They all bear a middle-sized apple,
of a golden colour spotted with red, in taste between sweet and acid,
with an agreeable odour, and full of round, black seeds. Whether eaten
raw, or boiled with sugar, like citrons, and drunk mixed with cold
water, it is extremely salubrious. Its sweet juice conduces much to
strengthen the bowels, and without danger to cool the limbs, after they
have been heated by the sun. If you attentively examine the beautiful
flower of this plant, you will find the scourge, the crown, the nails,
the cross, the pillar, the dice, the gall, and all the other instruments
belonging to the passion of our Lord, plainly figured there.

On this account it universally goes by the name of the passion flower,
and was thought worthy to be brought from America to Rome, in the time
of Paul V.


                              THE GUEMBÈ.

The fruit guembè is the more remarkable for its being so little known,
even by many who have grown old in Paraguay; for the northern woods only
of that country are its native soil. It is about a span long, almost
cylindrical in shape, being thicker than a man's fist in the middle, but
smaller at both extremities, and resembles a pigeon stripped of its
feathers, sometimes weighing as much as two pounds. It is entirely
covered with a soft yellowish skin, marked with little knobs, and a dark
spot in the middle. Its liquid pulp has a very sweet taste, but is full
of tender thorns, perceivable by the palate only, not by the eye, on
which account it must not be slowly chewed, but quickly swallowed: for
if any one were leisurely to bruise the pulp with his teeth, his tongue
would be made to smart for a long time by the latent thorns, and would
be rendered less ready in speaking. The stalk, which occupies the
middle, has something of wood in it, and must be thrown away. You cannot
imagine how agreeable and wholesome this fruit is, and how it refreshes
a man fatigued with long walking and bathed in perspiration. This
ponderous fruit grows on a flexible shrub resembling a rope, which
entwines itself round high trees. How great must be the strength of the
_guembepi_, as the Guaranies call it, you may infer from this, that the
stoutest Indians, when they cut a high tree for the sake of getting
honey, sit for a long time with safety upon this shrub, which is
entwined about the boughs and trunk. From the above-mentioned guembepi
the Spaniards and Portugueze sometimes weave cables stronger than hempen
ones.


                      THE TATAYỸ, A MULBERRY TREE.

The tatayỹ, a tall, large tree, bears mulberries, resembling those of
our country in taste, and form, but larger, and of a yellow colour. The
saffron-coloured wood of this tree is very hard, but docile, and of it
the Indians make beautiful boxes, pipes, trumpets, and other things, as
Europeans do of box. Pieces of the same wood, boiled with alum, are used
for dying wool, and cotton, of a yellow colour.


                               MAMMONES.

Mammones, fruit about the size of a quince, sometimes larger, and when
ripe of a greenish yellow, grow upon the trunk of the tree, and hanging
by short stems, have the appearance of teats, whence they are named.
Their pulp resembles that of melons, in its taste and yellow colour, and
is sometimes eaten raw, or boiled with meat. The tree is of middling
height and thickness, and resembles a walnut, in its dusky bark, and a
fig-tree, in its large, angular leaves. Its weak wood swells with a
milky, insipid liquor, which is an additional reason for the name of
_mammones_ being given it. This tree bears flowers, and fruit, at all
seasons of the year, but is so much exhausted by this exceeding
fertility that it scarce ever lasts above four years. When fresh planted
it bears fruit the first year. There are two species of this tree,
whereof the one is called the male, the other the female. In some
respects they differ, but it is not true that one would be barren
without the other. Mammones, though abundant in Brazil, and other parts
of America, are very rare in Paraguay, and scarce ever seen there except
in gardens.


                              THE ALABAS.

A shrub, or more properly, a low thorny thistle, delighting in a sandy
soil, produces the alabas, round apples, about the size of a hen's egg,
concealing beneath a thick, pliant bark, defended by sharp, but very
slender thorns, a liquid pulp, which is sometimes redder than blood,
sometimes whiter than milk; abounds in soft black seeds; delights the
palate with its delicious flavour; and greatly refreshes the body, when
heated by the sun. Assuredly this fruit, were it found in Europe, would
be ranked amongst the delicacies of the desert. It grows very common in
some parts of Paraguay, but is rarely seen in others.


                               THE AGUAỸ.

The aguaỹ, an immense tree, produces fruit like plums, which on account
of the acidity of their juice, are oftener, and more safely eaten, after
being boiled in water. There is another tree which resembles this in
name, but is totally different in form and other respects.


                       THE ANGUAỸ, OR YBIR̂APAYÈ.

The anguaỹ, a tree of uncommon height, and thickness, affords wood fit
for carpenters work, hard, red, and remarkably fragrant. By way of
fruit, it bears hard seeds, like almonds, which are also used in
medicine. The stones of this fruit are triangular-shaped, of a violet
colour, and so bright that the Indian women make necklaces of them. The
rosin which distils from the anguaỹ is exceedingly fragrant, and of
sovereign virtue. The famous Peruvian and Brazilian balsam is made of
this rosin mixed with the oil of the cupaỹ tree, and others; it is also
used in churches instead of frankincense, which it greatly exceeds in
sweetness. The bark of the tree, being impregnated with rosin, is used
for the same purpose. The tree is named _anguaỹ_, because mortars are
generally made of it by the Guaranies, in whose language it is also
called _ybir̂apayè_, the conjuror's tree; for the savage jugglers,
whenever they expected to be visited, and consulted by their countrymen,
used to perfume their huts, by burning this rosin, that they might seem
to breathe of something divine.


                            THE ỸBA POROYTỸ.

The ỹba poroytỹ is a small pome, resembling a cherry, with a pleasant,
but rather acid flavour. Of the tree balsam is made.


                              THE TARUMAỸ.

The fruit of the tarumaỹ somewhat resembles an olive, though extremely
dissimilar in taste. From the abundance of these trees, the territory,
wherein we placed the town of St. Joachim, was called Taruma by the
Spaniards, and Indians; none of whom are very fond of this fruit.


                              THE GUAYÁBA.

The tree guayába produces kinds of pears of an oval shape, and full of
grains. The surface of them, when they are ripe, is yellow, the pulp
red. They are both pleasant and wholesome when boiled with sugar.
Dressed unripe they are very efficacious in strengthening the bowels,
and possess an astringent quality. This tree flourishes even in soils
that are not very rich.


                               THE VINÀL.

The vinàl, a tolerably large tree, is clothed with leaves like those of
the olive, but broader. It bears sweet pods, of which a beverage is
prepared. The tree is covered with very sharp and strong thorns, a span
in length, and so virulent, that whoever is pricked by them finds it a
matter both of pain and danger. But the same tree also affords a
medicine; for the juice expressed from its leaves, after they have been
pounded, is said to cure complaints in the eyes, especially when they
are afflicted with noxious humours.


                           THE YBIR̂A YEPIRÔ.

Of the ybir̂a yepirô a balsam is prepared, but for what purpose intended
I do not know.


                              THE CAAỸCỸ.

The caaỹcỹ, which some say is a species of mastic, yields a transparent,
sweet-scented rosin.


                             THE AGUARIBAỸ.

Of the shrub aguaribaỹ, which is likewise thought to be a species of
mastic, a balsam of much service in cleansing and healing wounds is
made. Taken inwardly it greatly conduces to stop flowing of the blood,
and allay coughs.


                               THE MOLLE.

The molle, a tree of no obscure name, furnishes solid wood for building,
but liable to be moth-eaten. It is adorned with leaves, like those of a
laurel, which, when bruised, serve for dressing goats'-skins, and for
medicinal purposes. The trunk distils a quantity of very fragrant gum,
which is burnt instead of frankincense. It bears fruit of a black
colour, the rind of which, when unripe, is of a pale blue. This fruit is
boiled in water, and, being sweeter than the alfaroba, makes a sharp and
sweet syrup, which, mixed with water, affords a pleasant, but powerful
drink. This liquor imparts a sort of ferocity to the eyes of persons
intoxicated with it, which continues two days. Physicians use both the
boughs and the rosin of this tree for various medicinal purposes.


                         THE BACOBA AND BANANÀ.

The fruits bacoba and bananà, which the Indians delight greatly in,
belong to the fig species. They are oval-shaped, and of a red colour.
The shrubs which produce them have neither seed, nor boughs, but are
adorned with long, wide, and beautifully green leaves, from the midst of
which the germen and the fruit emerge. The trunk or stalk of these
shrubs is slender and fragile. They die after bearing fruit once, but
are compensated for by suckers which grow from their roots. The fruit of
the bananà is rather long, and square in form, with a saffron-coloured
skin, a soft pulp, and not a very rich, but rather cold juice, which,
unless quite ripe, is injurious to the stomach. The bacoba is,
therefore, more wholesome than the bananà; both fruits, however, when
properly used, are remedies for various complaints. A liquor expressed
from them causes intoxication when taken in excess. Both trees, though
they grow in very sterile soils, bear fruit all the year round.


                   THE ANANÀS, OR PIÑA DEL PARAGUAY.

The anana is called by the native Spaniards _piña del Paraguay_, from a
sort of resemblance to the nuts of the pine, and from its being very
abundant in the north of Paraguay. I observed that those of Paraguay
were larger than those of Europe, but not so sweet. The juice of the
former is as pleasant as that of strawberries to the taste; but, unless
perfectly ripe, sharp and caustic; on which account this fruit, when cut
into stocks, according to its length, must first be macerated in rich
wine. The liquor of it, when expressed by the aid of fire, removes
languor from the mind, and nausea from the stomach, relieves dysury, and
nephritic pains, and restores the natural heat to the aged. Some
preserve ananàs in sugar. Each plant yearly produces one fruit, and
becoming exhausted, gradually dies away; whilst, in its place, a little
plant, taken from the crown of the ripe fruit, is placed in the ground,
and next year bears fruit. This also is the case when it grows wild
without cultivation; for the new germ falls from the top of the plant,
and takes root.


                              THE MANDIOC.

The mandioc is the root of the little plant mandiò, which is about the
height of a middle-sized man. It is supported by a very straight,
slender trunk, the thickness of a man's thumb, knotty like a reed, with
bark resembling that of a hazle, and pith, spungy, like the elder's, and
full of milk. At the top it is crowned with branches and little boughs,
with elegant, long, narrow leaves, of a beautiful green colour. The
flowers are yellow. The want of fruit is compensated by the roots, which
are sometimes three feet long, fragile, thicker than a man's arm, and
covered with a dusky skin like the bark of a hazle. Their very white
pith is full of a milky, glutinous, and poisonous liquid. As in the
cinnamon shrub the bark is alone made use of; so in the mandiò, the root
is the only serviceable part. The Americans are acquainted with more
than twenty species of this tree, differing in form and virtues. The
mandiò bears seed not unlike that of the piñon del Paraguay; but it is
quite useless in propagating the plant, for which purpose the trunk or
stalk of the shrub is cut into stocks, about a span long, three of which
are always stuck into heaps of mould, so that they project about the
length of a span from the surface of the earth. In a short time they
take root, put out leaves, and grow up. Neither do they require to be
watered, for this plant detests moisture and shade, and loves dry soils,
and sunny situations. It must be planted in the summer, in ground that
has been well dried. Six months after it has been laid in the earth, you
will find roots fit for eating; but in reality it is a year before they
are fully mature, and attain to their ordinary size; at the end of which
time, although they be not dug up, they will remain a long while under
ground uninjured, but if taken out of the earth, grow rotten in the
space of three days. The roots, therefore, should be carefully cleansed
without delay, the little skin being first stripped off them; they
should then be cut into small pieces, and laid upon the floor to dry for
two days. After being pounded in a mortar, they are reduced to flour,
and made into bread baked in various shapes, which, though wholesome, is
relished by none but persons unacquainted with the taste of wheat. These
American loaves are round, flat, and rather hard, like the bark of the
cork tree. They look like those cakes made of flour and honey in
Germany, but are devoid of all taste. In other places they squeeze a
juice from the roots of the mandiò, which, when left in a vessel for two
hours, deposits a white settlement at the bottom. This, when dried, is
made into flour, and that into small cakes, balls, and other things. The
same juice is boiled on the fire, and makes a kind of paste, which is
not only used as victuals, but likewise for starch to stiffen clothes
with, and sometimes for glue to fasten paper together. There is another
kind of mandiò, the roots of which, after being softened by lying for
some days in water, are roasted on the ashes, and eaten without
prejudice. It would take up a long time to relate all the different
methods by which the mandioc is converted into meat, drink, and
medicine, mixed with butter, barley, and sugar. Happy are the Americans
who can deceive and appease their stomachs by so many artifices! For my
part, though I have often, in travelling, been exceedingly hungry, I
could never prevail upon myself to satisfy the cravings of appetite with
the mandioc, in whatever way it were dressed. If the Americans like it,
that is sufficient: _haud equidem invideo, miror magis_. I confess,
however, that the root of the mandioc properly cleaned, and eaten plain
with boiled beef, was by no means disagreeable to me. I never doubted
either that these roots, when prepared in other ways, though insipid to
Europeans, create good blood and juices; for, to omit other arguments,
the American mothers, whenever they find their milk fail, after
recruiting themselves with boiled mandioc, find their breasts filled,
which a little while ago were quite exhausted. The Portugueze in Brazil
perform arduous journeys of many months, on foot, through immense wilds,
furnished generally with no other provision than the flour of the
mandioc. The Portugueze sailors also, when they are detained many months
in the Brazilian ports, and when they sail back to their native land,
feed principally upon the mandioc, and most part of the natives do the
same; for as the continual rain prevents the cultivation of wheat, the
higher ranks only eat wheaten bread, the flour being conveyed at a great
expense from Lisbon. The North Americans also greatly esteem, and
carefully cultivate the mandioc. The Brazilian and Paraguayrian Indians
account this plant one of the greatest blessings of Providence, as being
frequently the only support of life; for although locusts, ants, or a
long drought, should entirely destroy maize, pot-herbs, pulse, melons,
and fruits; the mandioc alone, surviving under ground, would supply the
place of all these things; for when the boughs, and leaves of this tree
are, by some means, destroyed, the roots flourish, increase, and remain
uninjured. Drought, which destroys other plants, is favourable and
salutary to this. But now the resemblance of the name admonishes me to
pass from the esculent mandiò, to the woolly mandiyù.


                          THE MANDIYÙ, COTTON.

As the mandiò is very serviceable in feeding the Americans, the mandiyù
does much towards clothing them. It is produced by shrubs scarce larger
than a hazel of our country, with wood and bark like the elder, and
clothed with plenty of soft, woolly leaves. Between three small leaves,
with which the unripe nuts are surrounded, grow flowers larger than
roses, composed of five broad yellow petals, streaked with red: yellow
stamens grow in the bottom of the flowers. The blossoms at length become
fruit of a green colour, oval-shaped, or rather conical, and when full
grown larger than a plum. When ripe it turns black, and separates into
three parts, thrusting out white cotton, full of black seeds, resembling
pistachio nuts in size and shape. Under the black skin of these seeds is
concealed a yellowish white pith, of a sweet taste, very oily, and of
much use in allaying cough and difficulty of respiration. The oil
expressed from them is said to be efficacious in cases of stone and in
cutaneous disorders. Cotton itself, when burnt, will stop the flowing of
blood. As the cotton gradually ripens and bursts from its prison, it is
not gathered all at once, but collected day by day. In the Guarany towns
this is the business of the girls, who walk about the field, and pluck
the fruit with a gentle hand, that the shrubs may not be injured. The
cotton daily collected is spread on hides in the court-yard of the
house, and laid out in the sun to dry. If this be properly attended to,
it may either be safely kept for years in a leathern bag, or spun into
thread as soon as you like. To extract those seeds from the cotton the
women make use of a wooden machine, consisting of a couple of cylinders,
the thickness of two fingers, into which they insert the cotton, and,
twisting it about with their hands, cause the seeds to fall out of
themselves; because, as they are thicker than the space between the
cylinders, they are squeezed out by them.

Some parts of Paraguay produce yellow cotton, but this is very uncommon;
for in every other place throughout the country the cotton is as white
as snow, and grows on shrubs which are reared from seed sown in little
plots of ground, and yield fruit many years. If any plant withers, or
grows old, fresh seed is sown, and another succeeds which bears fruit
the first year. Cotton loves a sunny elevated situation, exposed to the
winds on every side, and full of stones. However favourable the soil may
naturally be to the production of cotton, it always requires exquisite
culture. It must be ploughed, and weeded over and over again, to clear
it of thistles, tares, and grass. The furrows and ditches, into each of
which three or four fresh cotton seeds are placed, must be dug in a
right line, and at such a distance from one another that the oxen and
ploughmen may have room to pass through the intermediate spaces. The
same field, indeed, must be fresh ploughed every year, and, at the
approach of spring, the plants, which have been stripped of their leaves
in the winter, are cut like vines, and quickly covered with new foliage.
The poorer sort amongst the Spaniards of Paraguay wear cotton shirts;
the richer, linen ones. They prefer paying an inordinate price for linen
webs brought from Europe to the trouble of cultivating flax.


                                 RICE.

During the first years that I spent in Paraguay, rice was so scarce
that, as it was brought from other countries, it hardly ever appeared at
our table. It was never sown, and none would go of their own accord to
gather or carry away rice, which grows at a great distance on the
northern shores of the Paraguay; justly fearing the Payaguas, who
infested those places. Instructed, at length, by the Portugueze
Brazilians, we began to sow rice, and the crop was more than could be
consumed. But as it is very difficult to take the grains of rice out of
the ear, the Indians preferred eating maize, which is pounded in mortars
with little trouble. Let no one entertain a notion that the sowing and
cultivation of rice require any particular artifices; for it is sown and
reaped exactly in the same manner as European wheat, with this
difference only, that the seeds must be committed to the earth at the
commencement of spring, and in a moist situation. Many have affirmed
positively that rice will only grow in marshy places; but we found that
which was sown in woods, or rather in ground that had formerly been
wooded, to yield a more abundant harvest than what was sown in a marshy
situation. For a place that has been previously occupied by trees,
retains, for a long time, its native humidity, and the ashes of the
trees that have been cut down and burnt on the spot, incredibly
fertilize the soil. In places of this kind the Guaranies used to sow
tobacco, maize, and most other things except cotton, with great success.
But, good heavens! how have I lost myself in this labyrinth of trees,
shrubs, and plants! I shall hardly be able to find my way out of the
wood; yet it is best to tarry there awhile till, after having described
the medicinal trees, I have enumerated all the rest which are useful in
building, or on other accounts worthy of note.


                          THE TAYỸ, OR URUNDEỸ
                               QUEBRACHO.

The tayỹ, or tajibo, and the urundeỹ quebracho, either of a red, or pale
colour, excel in hardness and size; both trees are called by the
Spaniards _quebracho_, or _quebrahacho_, because, unless dexterously cut
by a skilful woodman, or carpenter, they break the axe at the first
blow, being as hard as iron; for _hacha_ means an axe, and _quebrar_ to
break. The quebracho colorado, when covered with its bark, is red. As
soon as it is cut down and worked upon, the rosin in which it abounds is
melted by the hot air, and flowing to the exterior parts of the wood,
gives it a red hue, and causes it to shine like porphyry. The Guaranies
burn pieces of the tree tayỹ, receive the smoke or soot arising from
them into a clean dish, and by pouring hot water upon it, convert it
into ink, which, mixed with gum and sugar, is by no means to be
despised.


                              THE LAPACHO.

The lapacho is remarkable for the hardness and heaviness of its wood,
and is particularly useful in making the mills for squeezing the sugar
cane, olives, and other things, and also for wheels of waggons.


                              THE VIRARÒ.

The virarò affords white, not very hard, but extremely durable
materials.


                             THE ESPINILLO.

The espinillo has very strong wood, but its indocility renders it fitter
for the fire than for carpenter's work.


                              THE NETERGE.

Of the pith of the neterge very strong spears or pikes are made. This
tree is remarkable for the width and height of its trunk. Its leaves,
which are like oblong thorns, point towards the ground. For fruit, it
bears pods or bags, which are about a span long, and have a balsamic
odour. The pith of this tree equals iron in hardness, and is of a violet
colour, which however changes to black, after the spears made of this
wood have been rubbed some time by the hand.


                               THE ỸBARÔ.

The large tree ỹbarô bears black, shining berries, about the size of
filberts, which are pierced in the middle, and made into rosaries.


                               THE ÇEVIL.

The çevil produces bark for dressing hides, together with certain pods,
which the savage Indians used formerly to burn, inhaling the smoke into
their mouth, nose, and whole body, which rendered them drunk, mad, and
for some time furious.


                               THE SEIBO.

The seibo, a middle-sized tree, adorned with violet-coloured leaves,
consists of crooked boughs, and a spungy wood, as soft as that of the
cork tree, so that, when fresh, it may be cut with a knife like an
apple; but after it is dry, axes are not sufficient to hew it. A bough
of this tree fixed in the ground takes root, and grows immediately.
Whenever the tiger feels his claws burn, he is said to rub them against
the bark of this tree to relieve the pain.


                             PALO DE LECHE.

This tree is called _palo de leche_, the milky tree, by the Spaniards,
because its wood is white as milk, and so soft that it may be cut with a
common knife, and is used for small carpenters work.


                               THE ỸÇAPỸ.

The ỹçapỹ, a large tall tree, is covered with leaves like those of the
citron, but smaller, and of a paler green. It is a remarkable
circumstance, that when the air is mild, and always in the night, its
leaves drop a quantity of water, which moistens the space round about
the tree and renders it muddy. The wood of the tree is very soft and
flexible, but not moist, on which account it is well calculated for
making stirrups. John Verkens of Leipzig, in his account of a journey
taken by the Dutch to the East Indies, relates, that in the island of
Ferro, one of the Canaries, they found a very large tree which dropped
water day and night, every part of the year, and that the inhabitants
hung up large pitchers to receive it for their own use, and that of
their cattle; fresh water, he says, being incredibly scarce there. If
this be true, I suspect that it must be the same tree as that which the
Guaranies call ỹçapỹ in Paraguay. They say that this water possesses a
medicinal virtue, but of what kind I do not know.


                           THE TREE OF ANTS.

This is called _arbol de hormigas_, the tree of ants. It consists of a
weak spungy wood. The whole tree is full of holes like a sieve, and
being covered with ants, should be avoided by all passers by; for if you
do but touch the tree, a host of ants rush out of their lurking-holes,
and will cover both you and the tree itself.


                               THE UMBÙ.

So wide are the boughs and trunk of this tree, that the sun never sees
its foot. It affords plenty of shade to fifty persons seated beneath it,
and completely defends them against the rain. The linden trees of Europe
are mere dwarfs compared with an aged umbù.


                              THE WILLOW.

The willow, though it covers the islands of the Parana, and the banks of
certain rivers, is not to be seen elsewhere throughout a vast extent of
country. The wood and leaves of willows, used both medicinally and for
other purposes, were often vainly sought by us.


                               THE AMBAỸ.

The ambaỹ, a kind of wild fig, grows pretty high in the course of a few
months. The body of the tree is slender, and perforated like an elder;
the bark such as is peculiar to figs; and the wood white like that of a
birch, but so soft that it may be cut with a knife. It has few boughs,
but is adorned with very large leaves, for the lively verdure of which
it is greatly commended, as well as for the salubrity of its bark,
juice, and leaf, which, applied in various ways, stop running of the
reins, too copious discharges, and looseness of the bowels.


                              THE WALNUT.

Walnuts, no ways differing from those of our own country, are very
common in the woods of Tucuman, but scarce seen in other parts of
Paraguay. Their wood is employed in making pistol-cases, handles, and
for other kinds of cabinet-maker's work. The nuts are of different
sorts, for some are very large, with a soft rind, others quite dwarfish,
and with rinds as hard as a stone.


                              THE URUCUỸ.

The urucuỹ, which is half shrub half tree, resembles a hazle in the
whiteness of its wood, and the blackness of its bark. Its leaves are
rather large, and heart-shaped. The flowers, which are composed of five
white petals, tinged with red, are about the size of a common rose, but
have no scent whatever. For fruit it bears pods, which are green at
first, and afterwards red, each containing about forty grains the size
of peas, but plain on both sides, and with a white pulp, like the seeds
of apples. The surface of them is of a deep bright red, and immediately
dyes the hands of all who touch it with that colour. The pods, when
ripe, burst open of themselves. These grains, either dry or fresh,
supply the place of vermillion: when pounded, and sprinkled with water,
they are used by the savages, sometimes for painting their bodies,
sometimes for dying or staining cloth, vessels, or other things. This
scarlet colour, when a thing is once tinctured with it, adheres
pertinaciously, if the grains of the urucuỹ, steeped in water, be mixed
with alum or urine. The same grains are thrown into boiling water, and
of the colour that settles at the bottom cakes are made, which the women
in Europe paint their faces with, and painters and dyers use for other
purposes. They are used also both as food and medicine, variously
prepared and mixed. Of the bark some weave cables, cords, and ropes,
stronger than hempen ones.


                          THE AÑIL, OR INDIGO.

That mass of blue colour which the Spaniards call añil, or añir, and
other Europeans, indigo, is made of a plant, with a long slender root,
branching out into a number of shoots; on which account its long stalks
partly creep on the ground, and partly stand upright. They are red on
one side, and are loaden with small boughs, and round leaves, about the
size of one's little finger nail, of a dark green, on one side, and a
silvery white on the other. The little blossoms of this plant are of a
palish red, with flowers like a husk of corn, or as others explain it,
like an open helmet: and are succeeded by pods, hanging from the stalk,
full of an olive-coloured seed, very like rape seed. The leaves of the
plant, when perfectly mature, are gathered in bundles, pounded in stone
mortars in the first place, and next steeped, and turned about in a pan
of tepid, or as others say, cold water. They use them poured out on a
wooden table, surrounded with a high wooden brim, and hollowed here and
there into ditches. After the water has escaped, the thicker part of the
colour settles into those ditches, coagulates, and hardens. The solid
particles are then taken out, and dried for many days; for the dryer
they are, the nearer they approach to that colour which we call Venetian
blue. Those who dyed webs, or garments with that colour in Paraguay,
mixed children's urine, instead of alum, with it, to prevent the colour
from flying. The plant añil is sown in other places, and grows
spontaneously in the plains of Paraguay, but is generally neglected, the
industry of the inhabitants seldom answering to the liberality of
nature. I never had the least doubt but this plant might be cultivated
in those countries of Europe where the climate is milder. The seed must
be sown in a soft, and well-tilled soil. The young plants must be
removed, like lettuce, and cabbage, and placed at proper distances:
great care must likewise be taken to prevent their being choked with
weeds.


                              COCHINILLA.

The Paraguayrian cochineal is produced by winged insects, which sit
continually on certain little thistles, and suck their juice. There are
many kinds of these thistles, which differ from one another in their
form, and fruit. The plant on which the cochineal is found, is called
_tuna_ by the Spaniards, and _opuntia_ by botanists. From a very short
root rises a thick stalk, sometimes four-cornered, green, crooked, with
a white fragile pulp, and covered with thorns: on this, instead of
boughs and leaves, grow other stalks, the same as the former, very long,
and extremely full of juice. Yellow flowers are succeeded by fruit of a
red colour, larger than a common fig, with a sweet, and at the same
time, rather acid flavour, which renders them very delightful to the
palate. Their pulp is full of small, black seeds, like grape stones, and
when peeled has a delicious taste. From these shrubs therefore, the
women collect cochineal, which consists of very small, white, fluid
particles, closely resembling moss. Most of the particles are made into
small, round cakes, and, after exposure to the air, become red and hard.
Nothing further is requisite to fit them for painting, and dying. The
Jesuit priest of the Guarany town Nuestra Senhora de Sta. Fè, took care
to have the tuna thistle planted in a large garden, that they might not
be obliged to seek the cochineal necessary for his town in distant
plains. When the thistles were grown up, those winged insects,
resembling bugs, were carried by the Indians from the plain, and
scattered up and down, with more than the desired success; for so
abundant, and so excellent was the cochineal collected from them, that
it was anxiously bought, at any price, by the neighbouring priests, for
the use of their towns; because it was of a deeper, and brighter red,
than that of the plains, and the woods, and was, moreover, scented with
citron juice. In succeeding years, the same Father prevented all access
to the town by means of these thistles, that the equestrian savages, who
had committed much carnage amongst them, might not be so easily able to
approach it. This kind of living hedge, which the Spaniards use both in
their gardens and estates, became not only a means of security, but at
the same time, an ever fertile nursery of cochineal, which, as well as a
most beautiful paint, affords the Paraguayrians a medicine for
strengthening the heart, creating perspiration, and counteracting
poison; so that it may be safely, and usefully mixed with vinegar, and
other seasoning liquors.


                              GOLDEN-ROD.

Golden-rod, which has a very straight stalk crowded from top to bottom
with leaves, is sometimes four, sometimes five feet high, and adorned
with a bright, yellow flower, abounds in the plains of Paraguay. Both
its trunk, and leaves, boiled in water, and mixed with alum, afford
painters, and dyers a most splendid yellow colour, and mixed with blue a
very bright green. The same golden-rod is also of great, and various use
amongst physicians. I remember a gentlewoman, who had been confined to
her bed for years by some disease which baffled the skill of many
physicians, being quickly, and happily cured, by a German, who
prescribed the use of this medicine. There are many species of
golden-rod, but I was acquainted with only one in Paraguay.


                         ROOTS OF A RED COLOUR.

The Guaranies in marshy places dig up roots called yzipò with a dusky
surface, which they use to dye woollen, and cotton cloths of a dark red.
Whether this root be the _rubia_ of dyers I cannot venture to affirm,
for though that plant is cultivated in Austria, I never happened to see
it.


                           THE BARK CAATIGUÀ.

The bark of the tree caatiguà, when dipped in water, imparts a pale red
colour, and is chiefly used for dying leather.


                     MATERIALS FOR A BLACK COLOUR.

To dye cloth black, they make use either of a kind of alfaroba, which I
have described elsewhere to be like the Egyptian tree acacia, of a
well-known Paraguayrian herb, or of a rich, black clay. Though cotton
will take a black dye, it will not hold it long; consequently the cotton
dresses which we wore in Paraguay, became almost of no colour, and the
blackness, by degrees, faded away. The Spanish ladies of St. Iago, and
the Chiquito Indians have the art of dying cotton with a very lasting
black, a secret unknown to every one else.


                       A NAMELESS FRUIT AFFORDING
                            A GREEN COLOUR.

Walking in a wood on the banks of the Narahage I discovered a shrub,
before unknown to me, covered with leaves of such a very bright green
that I felt an inclination to taste them. I found them sweeter than
sugar, and thought to use them for sweetening the herb of Paraguay.
Applauding myself vastly, for what I thought so useful a discovery, I
gave a leaf to the Spaniard, my companion, to taste; but he prudently
declared, that he should take care not to eat, or even touch that
strange plant. The Indian old women were consulted on this affair: they
told us that these leaves were used for dying things green, but were
very poisonous.


                         WOODS USED FOR DYING.

Woods, moreover, used for dying various colours, which are brought into
Europe from Brazil, Guayana, and other countries of America, are found
in that part of Paraguay, which borders on Brazil. The same may be
observed with regard to roots, oils, juices, gums, rosins, kernels, &c.


                          CARDONES, OR CEREI.

To the thistles called tunas, or Indian figs, you may add the
_cardones_, or _cerei_, the trunk of which is large, and tall, with a
spungy, and brittle pulp. In the place of branches and leaves there grow
on them other stalks, both thick, and long, which are thorny on every
side, full of juice, and straight upright. They bear white flowers, and
oval-shaped fruit larger than a goose's egg, which produce a red colour,
and are eaten by the Indians with impunity. In the deserts of Paraguay,
I have often traversed immense woods of _cardones_. The honey which bees
deposit in them is very famous in Europe. Every part of the cardo is
converted into medicinal uses, both by the Europeans, and Americans.
There are many species of cardones, of strange, and monstrous forms.
Some creep on the ground, others stand upright. The most remarkable is
the large, thorny, Peruvian cereus, which is twenty feet high, and one
foot thick. Its trunk has various corners, and channels, as it were,
together with knobs, and thorns. The bark is green, and the pulp fleshy,
and under it lies a ligneous substance, the pith of which is white, and
juicy. It bears but few flowers. If you wish to know more of this
cereus, it is to be seen in the gardens of princes.


                   VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE CARAQUATA.

Many species of this plant are commonly to be met with in Paraguay. I
will briefly mention those with which I am best acquainted. The
caraquatà guazù, or the great caraquatà, is supported by a short thick
root. It consists of about twenty very thick leaves, dentated on both
sides, remarkably sharp, and about two feet in length, in the midst of
which rises a stalk, like a trunk, five, and often more feet high. The
top of it is crowned with yellow flowers. The Indian women spin threads
of the fibres of the leaves, as others do of flax, or hemp, and weave
them into cords, cloths, and nets. But no time, or art can make these
threads perfectly white, nor will they hold any colour with which they
may be dyed. Creditable authors write that in the province of Guayana
such beautiful stockings are woven of this same thread, that they are
sometimes preferred to silk ones in France for strength, and softness.
Another kind of caraquatà, very like the former, is seen in the woods,
but it cannot be spun into threads. In the woods of Mbaèverà, the Indian
women who inhabit there make thread, and garments, not of the caraquatà,
but of the bark of the tree pinô, after it has been properly cleaned:
for the webs woven of the thread of this bark, after being exposed for
sometime to the sun, and frequently sprinkled with water, become
beautifully white and will retain any colour with which they are dyed,
extremely well. It is much to be lamented that this tree pinô is found
in the larger woods only, and is not to be seen in many parts of
Paraguay. Another caraquatà of a different shape produces a kind of
artichoke, or anana. It bears fruit of a scarlet colour, and has plenty
of seed contained in a straight slender stalk. It is surrounded with
very large leaves, denticulated like a saw, and pointing towards the
ground, in the centre of which travellers find a tolerable supply of
very clear water, and with it often quench their thirst in dry deserts,
where sometimes not a drop of water is to be found. Another caraquatà
with leaves very like a sword, and armed on both sides with a
threatening row of thorns, bears fruit of a pale yellow within and
without, full of black seeds, and pregnant with an acidulated, and
pleasant juice. But to extricate this fruit from the many thorns, with
which the leaves that guard it are armed, without being wounded, is the
labour and the difficulty. Of this fruit mixed with sugar a very
wholesome drink, and an excellent medicine for various diseases are
made. These, and other kinds of caraquatà are of great use to the
Americans. Planted around gardens, and the buildings of estates, they,
by their thorns, prevent all secret, and improper access, more
effectually than any other kind of hedge, and will survive every
inclemency of the weather. Their leaves supply the place of flax in
making thread, as well as of tiles in covering temporary huts, and their
thorns serve for needles. Their leaves, on being pricked, yield a thick
juice which washerwomen use for soap, and when boiled on the fire are
fit to be eaten. The Indians look upon the various fruits of the
caraquatà as food. From their leaves, when scraped with a knife, flows a
sweet liquor, which is thickened on the fire, and condensed into sugar.
This liquor of the caraquatà, mixed in water with the seeds of oranges,
or lemons, undergoes a vinous fermentation; exposed to the sun it turns
to vinegar. By what method, and in what cases, wounds and disorders are
healed by the juice of the caraquatà, would be long to tell. A
polypodium, preferable in the opinion of physicians to any European one,
grows on the caraquatà.


                        VARIOUS KINDS OF REEDS.

Both in marshy plains, and in the moister woods, you see a great
abundance and variety of reeds; some solid, others hollow. Some are as
thick as a man's thigh, others scarce equal to his thumb: many which are
slenderer than a goose's quill, but full ten yards long, entwine
themselves about the neighbouring trees. You commonly meet with reeds of
such immense size, that they supply the place of wood in building
houses, waggons, and ships, and if cut at proper times would exceed it
in hardness and durability. Some made very large flagons, for the
purpose of holding wine on a journey, of these reeds, and they answered
better than glass, because less fragile. As various kinds of reeds grow
in various parts of the province, the Indians ingeniously conjecture the
name and country of their savage foes who have been travelling the same
way, from the reed of an arrow which they may have chanced to see on the
road. We have often crossed woods of wide extent bristling with
continual reeds, and have been obliged to pass the night there even,
always sleepless, always anxious; for as reeds generally delight in a
marshy soil, they are seminaries and abodes of tykes, snakes, gnats and
other insects, which are always noisy and stinging, and never spare
either the blood or ears of strangers; especially on an impending calm.
If a violent wind comes on, the fire at which you sit, being thereby
scattered up and down, will set fire to the reeds, which are covered
with leaves, and you will be burnt; for no means of extinguishing the
flames are at hand, and there are no opportunities of escape. Those
reeds which the Germans call Spanish canes, and the Spaniards Indian
ones, and which are used for walking-sticks, never grow in Paraguay,
though neither rare nor precious in the provinces of North America.


                            THE SUGAR-CANE.

The sugar-cane flourishes exceedingly in the hotter territories towards
the north, if properly cultivated. In the month of August, at the end of
winter that is, slips of canes, about one or two feet long, are placed
sloping in furrows, at equal distances, and properly ploughed. These
gradually rot under ground, and from them a new germ arises, which grows
to the height of eight feet, and is cut down in the space of about two
months, being perfectly ripe. The longer they are left in the field, the
sweeter and thicker becomes their juice, which is afterwards expressed
by various methods and machines in America. In Paraguay, the canes,
after being stripped of their leaves, are cut into pieces a foot and a
half in length. These are thrust by the hand into two large cylinders of
very hard wood, which are turned round by two oxen with the help of a
great wooden wheel. The juice squeezed out by the tight compression of
the cylinders, falls into a boat or cup placed beneath. It is then
boiled in a brass pan, more or less, according to the various uses for
which the sweet liquor is intended; for if it be used in the same manner
as honey, which serves either for food or drink, it is less thickened on
the fire, and kept in skins, at the bottom of which, after the liquid
part is consumed, you find white crystallized stones, made of the
coagulated sugar, which is commonly called the pure and natural
sugar-candy; for that yellow candied sugar so full of threads, which is
sold in shops, appears to be artificial. But if the liquor expressed
from the canes be intended for making sugar, it must be boiled for a
long time, and brought to a thick mass. The oftener this is strained
through an earthen pan perforated at the bottom, and the longer it is
exposed to the sun, the more thoroughly it is purged of the dregs, which
flow off into a vessel placed beneath the pan, and the whiter and better
sugar it becomes. Of these dregs the Spaniards make either coarser
sugar, or aqua vitæ, by liquefying it at the fire drop by drop. For the
same purpose others use the canes that have been pressed by the
cylinders, but have not had all their juice entirely squeezed out.
Observe, moreover, that the pans in which that sweet liquor is daily
exposed to the sun are carefully covered with fresh moist mud. All the
sugar prepared in Paraguay, and the neighbouring Brazil, has the
appearance of wheat flour. That alone is used by the Portugueze; it is
transported from Lisbon, in ships, to different places, and made as hard
as a stone by aid of chalk, or bull's blood. As the industry of the
inhabitants in Paraguay by no means answers to the fertility of the
soil, the sugar made there is rarely sufficient for that province, so
that no one thinks of exporting any from thence. On the contrary, from
the exquisite cultivation of the sugar cane, Brazil derives immense
wealth from Europe; it is the chief strength of the Portugueze trade,
and a perpetual source of riches. The sugar cane differs from the common
reed no otherwise than in having more joints, and a smaller space
between each. It is adorned with beautifully green and very large
leaves, especially at the top. It is about four inches thick. Though the
plant is seven or eight feet high, great part of it towards the top is
thrown away, being devoid of juice, and very full of leaves. Sugar canes
like a rich and moist soil, nor will they grow much on hills, though
well watered. More earth must be heaped on the sugar cane after it has
been lately planted in the summer, less in the winter, that it may not
bud too much; for the more leaves it bears the less juice it will yield.
Weeds, which suck up the moisture of the earth, must be carefully
extirpated. Moderate frosts are useful to the full grown canes, because
they thicken the sweet liquor; immoderate ones do harm, because they
exhaust it all. Ants, which are destructive to the young canes, must be
carefully kept away. Many other arts, proper to be used in the rearing
and expression of canes, and the converting of them into sugar, I choose
to omit for the sake of brevity. I have briefly described the principal
ones, that Europeans may be made thoroughly acquainted with the origin
of sugar, which they know so well how to consume, and cease to wonder
that these reedy sweets, so laboriously prepared in America, should
often be sold at such an extravagant price in Europe.


                              BEES' HONEY.

Throughout the whole of Paraguay you see none of those beehives the
keeping of which is so troublesome in Europe, because the various
species of bees deposit their excellent and copious honey either in
hollow trees, in the caverns of the earth, or in the open plain;
especially in those territories which enjoy a mild climate, and are near
to flowery plains. Honey differs both in name and taste according to the
different bees that produce it, and the different times and places in
which it is produced. That which is concealed under ground the Abipones
call _nahérek_. In some places it is rather acid, in others very sweet.
A quantity sufficient to fill many jugs is often dug out of one cave.
That which is taken at the beginning of spring from the tops of shrubs
or high grass is called by the Spaniards _lechiguana_. The materials of
which the cells of this honey consist are very like blotting-paper, and
are often of such extent and circumference that you can hardly embrace
them with both arms. The honeycombs which certain wasps build in Europe
are constructed in much the same way. The excellence of the lechiguana
honey you may ascribe to its being made of the first spring flowers, and
if it remains untouched for some months, and escapes the eyes and hands
of passers by, it hardens of itself, like sugar, which it excels in
sweetness. Moreover it has no admixture of wax. Though various kinds of
honey are found under the earth, and in the plain, yet the principal
storehouses of the bees are the hollow trunks of lofty trees. The
Spaniards of St. Iago prefer to every other kind that found on the
cardones. With the Guaranies, and all just estimators, the first place
is given to the _eỹrobáña_, the sweetest and most transparent of all
honey, which, when poured into a glass, could not be distinguished from
water. The same honey, if found on the fragrant wood of the tree
ybir̂apayè is then decidedly the best, and excels all other honey as the
sun does the lesser stars. In Paraguay, in the winter months the
Abipones think honey extremely unwholesome, and carefully abstain from
eating it. The Spaniards of St. Iago go out in crowds to seek honey and
wax in distant woods; and after whitening it with immense labour in the
sun, sell it to the people of Peru and Chili, with hardly moderate
profits. To discover and rifle the beehives concealed in the woods is a
matter of little difficulty to the Abipones, who, when the sky is clear,
and the sun bright, ride out on horseback into the country. Being
possessed of wonderfully quick eyesight, they perceive the bees flying
about, and leaving their horse at the bank of a river, pursue them on
foot till they see what tree they enter: this they climb with all the
agility of apes, open a hole by way of a door, and as a mark of the
hive, take out the honey and wax into a leathern bag, and carry it home,
where their friends, wives, and children soon consume these adventitious
sweets, either by eating them like ambrosia, or drinking them like
nectar. But if a general drinking-party be appointed on any occasion,
the honey they bring is mixed with cold water, and stirred for a little
while with a stick; when, without addition of any other ferment, it
effervesces, froths, and becomes wine in the space of some hours, and
taken even in small quantities intoxicates the Indians like very pure
wine: for we have found two or three cups sufficient to upset their
naturally imbecile minds. Wax is scarce ever used amongst the Indians:
for the fire, which is always kept alive on the floor of the hut, serves
to dress the food by day, and supplies the place of a candle by night.


                                 SALT.

From honey let us proceed to salt, which is in great request both
amongst the savages and almost all beasts, though they are scarce ever
able to procure it: for notwithstanding that some parts of Paraguay
abound in salt either natural, or artificial, yet none of either kind
can be obtained throughout immense tracts of land, unless it be brought
at a great expense from other places. All the Guarany towns are
destitute of chalk, and salt, both of which are forced to be conveyed in
ships, or waggons, from the remote colonies of the Spaniards, are often
purchased at an exorbitant price, often not to be procured. In the
Cordoban territories, and elsewhere, the lakes which have been exhausted
by a long drought do indeed afford coagulated salt; but during time of
drought it is very difficult to reach those lakes, as the plains,
through which you must pass, deny water both to the carriers, and to the
oxen, by whom the salt is conveyed in waggons to the cities. In rainy
seasons, when those lakes are full, no salt is coagulated, which being
frequently the case, salt is in consequence often scarce and dear. In
many places under the jurisdiction of the cities Asumpcion, and St.
Iago, nitre collected in the plains, or salt water boiled in small pans,
is converted into salt. At the town of Concepcion the salt boiled in the
little town of Sta. Lucia was sometimes too bitter to be eaten: that
salt made in the Indian town Lambare, and in Cochinoco where it borders
on Peru, is much esteemed, because it is hard as a stone, very white,
and fit for medicinal purposes. The people of Buenos-Ayres sometimes
convey salt in ships by the South Sea, sometimes in waggons by land from
the lakes, where there is an immense accumulation of native salt, and of
snow. These lakes, as they are situated towards the straits of Magellan,
many days' journey from the city, can never be reached without much
expense, and seldom without some danger. Great troops of Spaniards were
often cruelly murdered on the way by the southern savages, who scarce
left one alive to announce the massacre to the city. On considering
these difficulties you will not much wonder that salt is generally
scarce in Paraguay, and often not to be procured. The Guaranies eat
their meat and all their other provisions without a grain of salt; but a
single spoonful was given on Sundays by the free bounty of the priest,
to every father of a family, to last the whole week: yet even this
little portion was expensive to the towns, of which some contained a
thousand inhabitants, others seven or eight hundred. For as an arroba (a
Spanish weight of twenty-five pounds) of salt often cost four crowns, or
eight Austrian florens, a pound was worth about twenty of our cruitzers.
The savages who live in hidden wilds generally eat their food without
salt, as there are no salt-pits there; and this is, in my opinion, the
reason that so many of them are afflicted with cutaneous disorders.
Others burn a shrub which the Spaniards call _la vidriera_, the ashes of
which they used instead of salt, to season their meat with and to
prepare medicines.


                                 CORO.

This plant closely resembles tobacco in its leaf, its pungency, and
property of exciting saliva.

When should I ever have done writing, were I to mention the names of all
the other shrubs and plants? In certain Guarany towns you find immense
woods of rosemary, rue, artemisia or mugwort, golden-rod, mint, and
wormwood. I was acquainted with three different kinds of sage, varying
in appearance, but endued with the same virtues. That which the
Spaniards call royal sage is scarce, because seldom cultivated. Borage,
plantane, mallows, bastard marjoram, garden-nasturtium, bugloss,
vervain, fumitory, purslain, liquorice, and three kinds of pepper, that
is, common pepper, which the Guaranies call gỹ; cumbarỹ, which has a
small grain, but is remarkably pungent; and aji, which we call Turkish
pepper: all these, which grow in Europe, are seen here in some places;
but not every where. Ginger grows abundantly when planted. Throughout
many tracts of land I could discover none of the nettles of our country.
Liberal nature has bestowed on the soil of Paraguay innumerable herbs
useful to physicians, such as contrayerva, &c. It may be proper to give
some little account of the grains which compose the chief part of the
support of the Indians.


                                 MAIZE.

That grain, which the Spaniards call _mayz_, is the principal provisions
of the Americans. It bears grains of divers colours. The Guaranies sow
various kinds of it. Those best known to me are the abati hatâ, composed
of very hard grains, the abati morotî, which consists of very soft and
white ones, the abati mir̂i, which ripens in one month, but has very
small dwarfish grains, and bisingallo, the most famous of all, the
grains of which are angular and pointed: when pounded in a wooden
mortar, they yield a sweet and very wholesome flour, and drunk with
water, either alone, or mixed with honey or sugar, quickly allay hunger
and the most burning thirst. This flour is the delicious food of the
soldiers of St. Iago, when they pursue the fugitive savages, and by its
aid they often accomplish long and arduous excursions in a few days,
without ever being obliged to light a fire to cook their victuals. This
flour was likewise a great relief to myself in calamitous journeys under
a burning sun. Of the grains of each kind of maize, either whole, or
pounded in a mortar, the Indian women make various sorts of food, and
even a thin bread, dressed on the hot coals, which, however, hunger
alone would render palatable to a European. The Spanish ladies, of maize
flour, carefully strained through a sieve, make a white bread, which,
while new, has an agreeable flavour, and is to my taste preferable to
wheaten bread. The grains of maize, when pounded in a mortar, and
sprinkled with water, ferment in a few hours, and frequently afford the
lower orders of Spaniards, and still oftener certain Indians, a
fermented liquor called _chicha_ or _aloja_. The Abipones, who abound in
honey and the alfaroba, though very fond of maize, never use it in that
manner. Many and great are the advantages of maize, for it does not
require a very rich soil. One grain often yields the cultivator more
than a thousand-fold. The ears, when young and milky, are much relished
both by Europeans and Americans, either roasted or boiled with meat. The
Indians find this grain, however prepared, highly useful in
strengthening the body, increasing the blood, and lengthening life.
Neither could we discover any thing better for fattening hens and other
animals.


                              BATATAS.[2]

Amongst articles of food used by the Indians, a high place is given to
certain roots which the Spaniards call _batatas_, and the Germans
earth-apples (_erdäpfel_). It would be superfluous to describe with
prolixity a thing so commonly seen. Those of Paraguay are decidedly
superior to the German ones in size and flavour. These roots, or rather
bulbs, are sometimes white, sometimes red, and sometimes yellow, in
Paraguay. In my opinion the red ones are by far the worst, and the
yellow the best of all.

Footnote 2:

  Potatoes.


                              THE MANDUBI.

The mandubi, a fruit which Europe may envy America the possession of,
resembles an almond in oiliness, sweetness, and, with the exception of
the bark, in appearance. It grows under ground from a very beautiful
plant about two feet high, which has a square hairy stalk of a reddish
green colour. Its slender boughs are covered with four small leaves of a
bright green on one side, and a whitish hue on the other, and are
clothed with tender down. At the beginning of the little boughs grow
small yellow flowers with red edges, hanging by a short stem, and
surrounded by three leaflets. The roots of this plant are short,
slender, and tortuous, and on them hang yellow oblong pods with a soft
rind. Each of these pods contains either one or two kernels, (for there
are various species of the mandubi,) beautifully covered with a red
skin, and inclosing a very white and very rich pulp. These kernels,
slightly fried or roasted, are much liked even by Europeans. The oil
expressed from them is used instead of oil of olives, to which indeed it
is superior, on lettuce; and many eat it with food in the place of
butter or beef fat. I have often wished that this excellent fruit grew
in Europe, where it certainly would be useful in many ways.




                      VARIOUS KINDS OF VEGETABLES.


Besides lentils, beans, fasels, and other kinds of vegetables, there is
an infinite variety of melons, gourds, and cucumbers, brought from
England, Italy, Germany, and Africa, into Paraguay, which, dressed in
various ways, serve excellently both to fill the stomach and delight the
palate. The curuguà, a kind of gourd, is of great size. Hanging from its
stalk, it creeps like ivy along the neighbouring hedges and trees. This
gourd is a by no means unpleasant dish, and a celebrated medicine for
persons afflicted with the tertian ague. After being kept at home for
many months, it fills the room with a delightful fragrance, which virtue
the seeds likewise possess. Melons of almost too great sweetness grow
every where here, but, unless plucked as soon as ripe, immediately get
bitter and are filled with most offensive bugs. Water-melons are very
plentiful and of great size. The soil of St. Iago del Estero, which is
sandy, produces exceedingly sweet and enormously large melons. Their
pulp, which is sometimes red, sometimes yellow, and always cold, greatly
refreshes the mouth when parched with heat, and the other parts of the
body, without injuring the stomach. They will keep great part of a year,
if suspended in any open airy place. Rainy weather is extremely
injurious to the young melons, for they absorb so much water that they
either burst before they are ripe, or when ripe quickly putrify.


                                LETTUCE.

Lettuce grows in the winter months, if rightly cultivated, but very
seldom in the summer, unless it be planted on the banks of rivers; for
in a garden, by reason of the excessive heat of the sun, it soon
blossoms, and turns to seed. European rapes grow successfully the first
year they are planted, but degenerate to black and very pungent radishes
the next.


                              THE RADISH.

Indeed the soil of Paraguay seems peculiarly favourable to radishes,
which grow every where to an amazing size, and are very pernicious to
wheat, by choking up the fields like tares.


                             MUSTARD SEED.

Mustard seed, a wholesome seasoning for food, is always to be seen in
the more careful gardens.


                              NASTURTIUM.

The European nasturtium is almost unknown to the whole of Paraguay;
though the garden, or water-nasturtium, grows spontaneously in moist
places.


                                SAFFRON.

The European saffron is found in no part of Paraguay. The American,
which is saffron in name and appearance only, is not used for seasoning
food, but for dying things of a yellow colour.


                               ASPARAGUS.

Asparagus grows wild in the plains, but is very bitter, and slenderer
than a thread; if cultivated in gardens, it would become quite gigantic.


                          ONIONS AND GARLICK.

Onions and garlick are diligently cultivated with great care and expense
by the Spaniards, and are even eaten raw with avidity by hungry persons.


                               FUNGUSES.

Various funguses are found both in the woods and plains, but no one
would venture either to touch or taste them. Verengena, called by the
Latins melongena, tomates, which the Germans call apples of Paradise,
and other condiments of this kind, better known to Spaniards than
Germans, are frequently seen in gardens and at table. The Indians like
sweet things, and detest radishes, mustard-seed, garden-nasturtium,
lettuces sprinkled with vinegar, in short, every thing acrid, acid, or
bitter. The Abipones, who, leading a vagrant life, never take the pains
to sow, nor find occasion to reap, subsist, like birds and beasts, on
whatever their predatory habits supply, or liberal nature gratuitously
offers to hunters in the plains, woods, rivers, and lakes. If the
surface of the earth yields no food, they seek under the earth, or the
waters, for esculent roots, of which they call some neeyeka, others
hakamìk, and others again leèkate. There is also a kind of very small
bean, which they call nauvirgila, and which is commonly found in the
woods. These beans, when boiled, though not very savoury to the palate,
serve in some measure to fill the bellies of the Indians.


                                 WHEAT.

The soil of Paraguay, particularly in the territories of Buenos-Ayres,
Monte-Video, and St. Iago of the Tucumans, is extremely fruitful of
wheat. It is nevertheless no less true than surprizing that greatest
part of the Spanish nation never taste wheaten bread, to avoid the
difficulty of sowing and grinding this grain: for you never see any
thing like a water-mill here. The mill-stone is turned about by horses,
in some places by the wind. I saw but two wind-mills of this kind, and
those were in the city of Buenos-Ayres. European wheat differs from that
of Paraguay, the latter having a very short stalk, but a larger ear,
containing larger grains. The Guaranies cut off the ears alone with a
common knife, and leave the stalks in the field, where they are
afterwards burnt as they stand, as the ashes fertilize the soil better
than any other manure. In every Guarany town as much wheat is sown, as
is thought sufficient for one year. The grains of wheat are pressed out
of the ear by the feet of horses, one or two hundred of which are driven
round an area surrounded by hedges, wherein the ears are strewed on the
floor.


                                 OATS.

Oats are not even known by name in Paraguay.


                    PETRIFICATION OF WOOD AND HORN.

Immense pieces of petrified wood are sometimes seen in the river Parana.
Cows' horns also, which are mottled with various colours like marble,
and when rubbed against steel emit fire like flint, are often
transformed in this way.


                              HOT SPRINGS.

In none of those parts of Paraguay which I have myself visited did I
ever find any mineral, or medicinal waters. But Father Joseph Sanchez
Labrador discovered, in his journeys through the towns of the Chiquitos,
that two places contained salubrious springs, which I shall describe in
his own words. "Not far from the town of St. Iago is a hot spring,
surrounded on all sides by woods. It is wide, about three feet deep, and
emits a sound like that of a boiling kettle, occasioned by the water
bubbling up from the bottom. On dipping your foot into it you feel a
violent heat, which in a short time becomes tolerable. Little fishes
swim in these waters, without however doing them any injury; but their
sulphureous odour renders them very disagreeable. The banks of the
fountain are surrounded by lime-stones. The farther the water recedes
from the spring, the colder it becomes, forming a river, which, about
three leagues beyond the town of Santissimo Corazon de Jesu, loses
itself amid extensive palm groves. Many persons who had been long, and
grievously ill, derived much benefit from these springs. In sight of the
town of St. Juan, at the borders of the rocks, rises another small
fountain, bubbling with the heat of its waters; it forms a lake in the
neighbouring vale, which gives birth to another river. That water is hot
at its source, but gradually cools as it goes along, and is drunk by the
Chiquitos: but it is of an unpleasant taste, and not very wholesome.
Indeed the inferior fruitfulness of the women of that town is ascribed
by many to this water. The same complaint is made by the inhabitants of
the town of St. Iago. From which I conclude that these waters are
beneficial to sick persons bathing in them, but not proper to be drunk."

Of metals, or rather of the total absence of all metals, I have
discoursed elsewhere. Wild animals, trees, and plants I have described
with a hasty touch, like one speeding upon a journey. Let me hasten
therefore to the Abipones, the chief subject of my pen, lest I appear to
dwell too long upon the introductory part of my work.

END OF VOL. I.

                     London: Printed by C. Roworth,
                         Bell-Yard, Temple-Bar.




                          Transcriber's notes.

1. The two "n"s with Macrons have been changed to ñ in this sentence to
have consistency with the rest of the book. "The spirit of evil they
call Aña or Añanga, but they pay him no adoration." Some unicode
characters might not be available in all fonts and we advise using a
font that renders unicode.

2. Variations in hyphenation, accentuation and punctuation have been
retained as they were in the original publication.

3. Variations in the spelling of proper nouns have been retained as they
appear in the original publication.

4. Possible printer and typographical errors have been changed silently.

5. Italicized words and phrases are presented by surrounding the text
with _underscores_.





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the Abipones, an
Equestrian People of Paraguay,, by Martin Dobrizhoffer

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ACCOUNT OF THE ABIPONES ***

***** This file should be named 50629-0.txt or 50629-0.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/6/2/50629/

Produced by readbueno and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.