The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wonderland of Trinidad, by Anonymous

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: The Wonderland of Trinidad

Author: Anonymous

Release Date: December 13, 2019 [EBook #60911]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD ***




Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net









                             The Wonderland
                             _of_ Trinidad


    [Illustration: (uncaptioned)]

                               ISSUED BY
                       THE BARBER ASPHALT COMPANY
                           PHILADELPHIA, PA.

                 CHICAGO    PITTSBURGH    SAN FRANCISCO
                  NEW YORK    KANSAS CITY    ST. LOUIS

    [Illustration: Trinidad Asphalt Lake, showing the loop of the narrow
    gauge railroad]

    [Illustration: (Illustrated capital)]

In the name "Trinidad" is embodied all the romance and beauty and wonder
of a tropical island. In the native language it is called Iere, "the
land of the humming bird." Quite in accordance with the luxurious
abundance of life and color is the asphalt lake, the marvel of
centuries. Its causation astonishing, its features gigantic, it lies in
the heart of a romantic land--a subject of speculation among scientists,
but a tropical enchantment to those of more fanciful mind.

The Island of Trinidad lies about 700 miles north of the Equator and
2000 miles from New York. Its area of 1755 square miles is less than
that of the State of Delaware. It belongs to Great Britain and is
separated from its nearest neighbor, Venezuela, by the wonderful Gulf of
Paria and its narrow straits or bocas which connect the gulf with the
ocean.

    [Illustration: A private mansion, Port of Spain, B. W. I.]

This majestic gateway has seen the coming and going of many famous
mariners. Through it Columbus sailed north on his third voyage in
midsummer of the year 1498. Sir Walter Raleigh and many buccaneers swept
through the bocas in the days when English seamen performed deeds of
valor against the Spaniards, and any galleon was their lawful prey.
Here, too, cruised Nelson with his great English fleet, hunting for the
French warships on that half world chase that ended at Trafalgar. To-day
important trade centers in Trinidad, and the harbor of Port of Spain,
the only city of size, is busy with the arrival and departure of
steamships bearing to Europe and America the tropical riches of the
Island.

    [Illustration: A country road just outside Port of Spain]

In Trinidad the thermometer records 85 degrees almost every day and
never changes more than twenty degrees. The only difference between one
season of the year and another, is that for a few months it rains. Even
in the rainy season, however, and nearly every day, there is an
abundance of bright sunshine. There are fine shops, large warehouses
filled with chocolate beans, sugar and other tropical products; and one
can ride on trolley cars made in Philadelphia. The most popular hotel
faces the great Savannah, a wide stretch of lawn bordered by trees.
There are beautiful drives to the Reservoir; up the mountains to Maracas
Waterfall with vista of the Caribbean a thousand feet below; through
avenues of giant bamboos arching over the roadway, and through miles of
plantations of cacao.

    [Illustration: Queen's Park Hotel, the most popular in Port of
    Spain, facing the great Savannah]

    [Illustration: A street in Port of Spain, where one can ride up town
    on a trolley car built in Philadelphia]

Railway lines run east from Port of Spain, and south for thirty-five
miles, down the coast of the Gulf of Paria, to Prince's Town and San
Fernando, through sections crowded with East Indian coolies. From San
Fernando, a little steamer leaves daily for trips along the coast. The
land-locked waters of the Gulf are usually calm and the mountains of
Venezuela are seen miles away in an exquisite blue haze. The steamer
skirts along a shore bordered by mangrove swamps, to Brighton, and there
it stops at the long pier of The Trinidad Lake Asphalt Operating
Company, Ltd.

Brighton is an active little industrial community, close upon the lake,
and the traveler finds himself in the midst of the asphalt industry.
Overhead the cable is singing away as it carries along the myriad of
great buckets filled with asphalt. Dozens of pretty buildings are the
homes of the Company's employees. White paint and screens and
cleanliness are everywhere.

The asphalt refinery is at the hilltop, on the border of the lake, which
has been described by some as an inferno, a place of heat and vapors. In
reality it is a great level area of about 100 acres, with a surface of a
dull blue-gray color, with here and there stray pools of water from the
showers.

    [Illustration: The great Savannah, with its wide, tree-bordered
    lawn, rich in tropical beauty]

    [Illustration: Model of Trinidad Asphalt Lake, Brighton, Trinidad,
    British West Indies

    At the lower right-hand corner of the photograph of the model will
    be found the village of La Brea, while just above at the edge of the
    lake is the village of "New Jersey," where the laborers and their
    families live. The asphalt refinery and barreling plant are to the
    left of the village. The office, bungalows of the employees, hotel
    and clubhouse are located between the refinery and the loading pier.
    At the extreme left-hand corner of the photograph is the jetty and
    end of aerial tramway, where vessels dock to be loaded with
    asphalt.]

    [Illustration: Part of the Company's "Quarters" for employees at
    Trinidad Asphalt Lake]

You may walk where you please on the asphalt. It is solid enough to bear
your weight. But if you stand in one place you will slowly sink in. The
surface bears some resemblance to an asphalt street on a very hot day,
though much of the time a fresh breeze blows.

    [Illustration: A gang of workmen on the lake, digging and loading
    asphalt.
    Observe the method of carrying to cars]

    [Illustration: Another view of the asphalt lake showing workmen at
    rest during lunch period]

A narrow gauge railroad runs from the refinery out upon and halfway
across the lake. Then it swings back in a great loop to the shore.
Little cars run on the tracks drawn by a wire cable guided by rollers
between the rails. Here and there, near the line, you may see workmen
digging asphalt and loading trains of cars. When these are filled they
are drawn around the loop to the refinery; or to the pier where asphalt
in its crude form is shipped to the United States and to nearly every
other civilized country in the world.

The loaded cars are halted under a conveyor cable. Very rapidly the
hooks which swing from the cable are thrown into place, and the big
bucket is lifted from the truck and goes off down the hill. The carriers
are clamped to the moving cable, all the buckets moving along at the
same rate of speed. The weight of those going down helps to pull the
empties back again, so that not very much power is needed to keep the
cable moving.

Most of the cars, however, are stopped at the refinery, which is at the
edge of the lake, close to the power house and the shops. Refining
Trinidad asphalt consists mainly of driving off twenty-nine per cent. of
contained water. The crude asphalt is dumped into large tanks heated by
coils of steam pipes. The asphalt softens and boils, evaporating the
water completely. The melted asphalt is drawn into barrels, in which it
is shipped away. This refined Trinidad Lake Asphalt contains all of the
constituents of the crude asphalt that are valuable from the chemical or
commercial viewpoint.

    [Illustration: Panoramic view of Trinidad Asphalt Lake. The lake
    occupies a bowl-like depression, in area about 114 acres. It is
    bordered by low hills. The surface is dotted with clumps of trees
    and bushes, and broken by irregular pools of surface water. In the
    background to the left is part of the asphalt refinery, which
    extends from the hilltop to the edge of the lake]

Digging the asphalt is a simple operation. A mattock is the only tool
required, and under its blows the asphalt breaks readily. The negroes
employed in digging are skilled in the work, and break out lumps that
would be far too heavy for an untrained laborer to carry. An
astonishingly small amount of the material is broken into pieces. A
laborer simply lifts one or two lumps, raises them up on his head, walks
a few yards, and drops them in the car. The crude asphalt as broken out
is brownish, usually quite wet with surface water, and filled with
cavities made by gas up to an inch or more in diameter.

The gangs of barefooted workmen in a place number thirty, of whom half a
dozen do the digging on a space perhaps sixty feet long and forty wide,
and in the course of a day dig to a depth of about three feet. That same
spot the next morning may look a little rough but will be approximately
level with the level of the lake. The hole fills up, and in the course
of a week all traces of the digging are obliterated, which does not mean
necessarily that fresh asphalt has come into the lake from below. On the
contrary, the excavations are filled by a slow settling or leveling of
the surface asphalt. Near the middle of the area the material is softer,
and in a few places it may be seen in small irregular patches oozing up
from below, and of the consistency of putty.

The Lake is solid asphalt, perhaps two hundred feet deep at its lowest
point. Borings show that in consistency the asphalt is practically the
same throughout. There is evidence that the mass contained in the lake
is in constant but very slow motion. The surface is a series of folds,
between which rain water gathers in the creases. Sir Frederick Treves
compared the surface of the asphalt to the skin of a huge elephant, and
the irregular creases to the folds in his hide. Along the edges of the
pools of water, grass and bushes find a footing, forming green islands
of no great area.

The railroad which carries the asphalt to the refinery is necessarily a
light affair, for the reason that it is frequently moved from place to
place, as mining work is shifted. It is remarkable, however, how the
asphalt supports the ties and rails, especially when it is remembered
that the loaded cars often passing in a continuous line over the rails,
must weigh no less than 1000 pounds each. A solid lake may seem a
misnomer, but no other phrase better describes the Trinidad deposit or
the somewhat similar but much larger Bermudez asphalt lake in Venezuela.

    [Illustration: Surface of the lake, a series of great folds, where
    rain water gathers in the creases]

Close to the Lake's edge the asphalt is drier, and along the shore of
the lake here and there are "pitch cones," like miniature volcanoes, and
composed of asphalt that does not flow, but which was evidently once
semi-liquid. Similar "pitch cones" are to be found here and there about
the neighborhood, and are in places along the edge of the Gulf of Paria.

A quarter of a mile from shore a steamship lies at the end of the pier,
loading crude asphalt. Go out on the narrow boardwalk, climb up the
winding stairway, and you come on a platform forty feet above the water.
The conveyor cable is guided by pulleys around the end of the pier. As
each bucket comes along a clutch is thrown off, the bucket is tipped and
the asphalt falls down a chute into the hold of the ship.

    [Illustration: Breaking the asphalt with a mattock. The porous
    condition of the lumps can be seen]

    [Illustration: "Pitch cones" of hard asphalt at the edge of the
    lake]

    [Illustration: A near view of the surface of the lake. Gas emerging
    through surface water, as shown by ripples and bubbles]

    [Illustration: Uncovering land asphalt. The difference between lake
    and land asphalts can be seen readily]

    [Illustration: The narrow boardwalk, forty feet above the water, and
    the conveyor cable with loaded buckets of asphalt. Men throwing off
    the clutch.]

    [Illustration: The next step--Men releasing the pawl preparatory to
    emptying the large bucket.]

    [Illustration: The bucket is tipped up and the asphalt goes tumbling
    through a hole in the platform, down a chute into the hold of the
    ship.]

The origin of asphalt has been a subject of much discussion in the past,
and recent developments in the region of the lake enable one at last to
make a definite statement on the subject. Strata of clays and shales
that extend from east to west in southern Trinidad, carry asphaltic oil
in liquid form. Many wells have been drilled in recent years and
quantities of this maltha won. The asphalt lake fills a natural
depression into which asphaltic petroleum from one of these strata found
its way ages ago.

A geologist might say that the origin of the deposit of asphalt is
recent, but in saying that he might mean that not more than a few
thousand years had gone since its occurrence. The asphaltic petroleum
came from the depths, after which such parts of the substance as were
light and gaseous volatilized, the heavy base remaining.

For practical purposes the asphalt is a perfect commodity for the uses
to which it is applied. The amount in the lake has not been calculated
with any certainty, but there is unquestionably enough to supply the
needs of the whole world for a very long time.

The first modern Trinidad Lake asphalt pavement was laid in the United
States. Since then it has been used on show streets of the world,
including Fifth Avenue, New York; Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.
C.; Michigan Avenue Boulevard, Chicago; Broad Street, Philadelphia;
Victoria-Thames Embankment, London, England, and countless other streets
in the United States, South America, Australia, Egypt, India and Japan.
One very frequently now sees motor trucks hauling mixtures of this black
material. Almost everybody has seen it dumped smoking hot on the street,
paused to watch the men raking it out carefully and the rollers
compressing it into a smooth pavement. As laid it contains 10% of
asphalt and the rest is sand and stone-dust.

    [Illustration: Upper Illustration--Wells, derricks, and partial view
    of Oil Refinery
    Lower Illustration--A well in operation, with oil running into
    "sump" shown in foreground]

Nevertheless, the asphalt has such cementitious qualities that it
solidifies the materials into a sheet as hard as rock.

After asphalt was first used for street paving, other uses were
discovered for it. For example, it is now used in the manufacture of
asphalt shingles and roll roofings. Asphalt is waterproof and at the
same time so tough and durable that it is peculiarly suited for that
purpose. These qualities combined with its low price have no doubt been
mainly responsible for its phenomenal success and popularity among
builders and home owners.

The earlier forms of roll roofing were supplemented very soon by more
elaborate styles coated with granulated slate in different colors and
cut into shingles in a wide variety of sizes and patterns.

Hundreds of tons of native lake asphalt are used annually in the
construction of built-up roofs and asphalt mastic floors for large
office buildings and industrial plants. A large amount of asphalt is
also used in the waterproofing of large engineering projects, such as
tunnels, bridge structures, dams and reservoirs.

    [Illustration: A grove of cocoanut trees and tropical undergrowth at
    edge of Trinidad Asphalt Lake]

  Duplicate copies of this Booklet may be obtained free of charge from
  The Barber Asphalt Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

                            Cable Address--
                         Baspaco, Philadelphia

                            ELEVENTH EDITION
                                  3-27

                                50M 3-27
                        Lasher Printing Company
                         Philadelphia, U. S. A.

    [Illustration: Back cover]




                          Transcriber's Notes


--Silently corrected a few typos.

--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
  is public-domain in the country of publication.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
  _underscores_.







End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wonderland of Trinidad, by Anonymous

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD ***

***** This file should be named 60911.txt or 60911.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/9/1/60911/

Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org



Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.