The Project Gutenberg EBook of Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and
Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-ship, by Owen Chase

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-ship Essex,
       of Nantucket; Which Was Attacked and Finally Destroyed by
       a Large Spermaceti-whale, in the Pacific Ocean; With an
       Account of the Unparalleled Sufferings of the Captain and
       Crew During a Space of Ninety-three Days at Sea, in Open
       Boats in the Years 1819 & 1820.

Author: Owen Chase

Release Date: April 25, 2020 [EBook #61931]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE--WHALE-SHIP ESSEX ***




Produced by Richard Tonsing, Mary Glenn Krause, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net









                               NARRATIVE
                                 OF THE
                   MOST EXTRAORDINARY AND DISTRESSING
                               SHIPWRECK
                                 OF THE
                           WHALE-SHIP ESSEX,
                                   OF
                               NANTUCKET;
          WHICH WAS ATTACKED AND FINALLY DESTROYED BY A LARGE
                           SPERMACETI-WHALE,
                         IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN;
                                  WITH
                               AN ACCOUNT
                                 OF THE
                        UNPARALLELED SUFFERINGS
                        OF THE CAPTAIN AND CREW
       DURING A SPACE OF NINETY-THREE DAYS AT SEA, IN OPEN BOATS
                       IN THE YEARS 1819 & 1820.


                                   BY
                              OWEN CHASE,
                OF NANTUCKET, FIRST MATE OF SAID VESSEL.


                              _NEW-YORK_:
                PUBLISHED BY W. B. GILLEY, 92 BROADWAY.
                          J. SEYMOUR, Printer.

                                 1821.




  _Southern District of New-York, ss._

Be it remembered, That on the thirty-first day of October, in the
forty-sixth year of the Independence of the United States of America,
JONATHAN SEYMOUR, of the said District, hath deposited in this office
the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the
words and figures following, to wit:

  “Narrative of the most extraordinary and distressing shipwreck of
  the whale-ship Essex, of Nantucket; which was attacked and finally
  destroyed by a large spermaceti-whale, in the Pacific ocean; with an
  account of the unparalleled sufferings of the captain and crew
  during a space of ninety-three days at sea, in open boats, in the
  years 1819 and 1820. By Owen Chase of Nantucket, first mate of said
  vessel.”

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled
“An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of
Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies,
during the time therein mentioned.” And also to an Act, entitled “an
Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of
Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the
authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein
mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing,
engraving, and etching historical and other prints.”

                                               JAMES DILL,
                           _Clerk of the Southern District of New-York_.




                             TO THE READER.


I am aware that the public mind has been already nearly sated with the
private stories of individuals, many of whom had few, if any, claims to
public attention; and the injuries which have resulted from the
promulgation of fictitious histories, and in many instances, of journals
entirely fabricated for the purpose, has had the effect to lessen the
public interest in works of this description, and very much to
undervalue the general cause of truth. It is, however, not the less
important and necessary, that narratives should continue to be furnished
that have their foundations in fact; and the subject of which embraces
new and interesting matter in any department of the arts or sciences.
When the motive is worthy, the subject and style interesting, affording
instruction, exciting a proper sympathy, and withal disclosing new and
astonishing traits of human character:—this kind of information becomes
of great value to the philanthropist and philosopher, and is fully
deserving of attention from every description of readers.

On the subject of the facts contained in this little volume, they are
neither so extravagant as to require the exercise of any great credulity
to believe, nor, I trust, so unimportant or uninteresting, as to forbid
an attentive perusal. It was my misfortune to be a considerable, if not
a principal, sufferer, in the dreadful catastrophe that befel us; and in
it, I not only lost all the little I had ventured, but my situation and
the prospects of bettering it, that at one time seemed to smile upon me,
were all in one short moment destroyed with it. The hope of obtaining
something of remuneration, by giving a short history of my sufferings to
the world, must therefore constitute my claim to public attention.




                                PREFACE.


The increasing attention which is bestowed upon the whale fishery in the
United States, has lately caused a very considerable commercial
excitement; and no doubt it will become, if it be not at present, as
important and general a branch of commerce as any belonging to our
country. It is now principally confined to a very industrious and
enterprising portion of the population of the States, many individuals
of whom have amassed very rapid and considerable fortunes. It is a
business requiring that labour, economy, and enterprise, for which the
people of Nantucket are so eminently distinguished. It has enriched the
inhabitants without bringing with it the usual corruptions and luxuries
of a foreign trade; and those who are now most successful and
conspicuous in it, are remarkable for the primitive simplicity,
integrity, and hospitality of the island. This trade, if I may so call
it, took its rise amongst the earliest settlers, and has gradually
advanced to the extended, important, and lucrative state in which it now
is, without any material interruption, and with very little competition
until the present time. The late war temporally, but in a great degree
affected its prosperity, by subjecting numerous fine vessels with their
cargoes to capture and loss; but in its short continuance, it was not
sufficient to divert the enterprise of the whalemen, nor to subdue the
active energies of the capitalists embarked in it. At the conclusion of
peace, those energies burst out afresh; and our sails now almost whiten
the distant confines of the Pacific. The English have a few ships there;
and the advantages which they possess over ours, it may be feared will
materially affect our success, by producing in time a much more
extensive and powerful competition. They are enabled to realize a
greater profit from the demand and price of oil in their markets; and
the encouragement afforded by parliament, not only in permitting the
importation of it free of duty, but in granting a liberal bounty. It is
to be hoped that the wisdom of Congress will be extended to this
subject; and that our present decided supremacy will not be lost for the
want of a deserved government patronage.

Recent events have shown that we require a competent naval force in the
Pacific, for the protection of this important and lucrative branch of
commerce; for the want of which, many serious injuries and insults have
been lately received, which have a tendency to retard its flourishing
progress, and which have proved of serious consequence to the parties
concerned.

During the late war, the exertions and intrepidity of Capt. Porter, were
the means of saving a great deal of valuable property, which otherwise
must have fallen into the hands of the enemy. His skilful, spirited, and
patriotic conduct, on all occasions where he was called upon to act,
imparted a protection and confidence to our countrymen, which completely
fulfilled their expectations of him, and without doubt those of the
government in sending him there.

Our ships usually occupy from two to three years in making a voyage.
Occasionally, necessity obliges them to go into port for provisions,
water, and repairs; in some cases, amongst mere savages, and in others,
inhospitable people, from whom they are liable to every species of
fraud, imposition, and force, which require some competent power to awe
and redress. As long as the struggle between the patriots and royalists
continues, or even should that speedily end—as long as young and
instable governments, as there naturally must be for many years to come,
exist there, our whalemen will continue to require that countenance and
support which the importance and prosperity of the trade to them, and to
the country, eminently entitle them. It is, undoubtedly, a most
hazardous business; involving many incidental and unavoidable
sacrifices, the severity of which it seems cruel to increase by the
neglect or refusal of a proper protection.

The seamen employed in the fishery, and particularly those from
Nantucket, are composed of the sons and connexions of the most
respectable families on the island; and, unlike the majority of the
class or profession to which they belong, they labour not only for their
temporary subsistence, but they have an ambition and pride among them
which seeks after distinguishment and promotion. Almost all of them
enter the service with views of a future command; and submit cheerfully
to the hardships and drudgery of the intermediate stations, until they
become thoroughly acquainted with their business.

There are common sailors, boat-steerers, and harpooners: the last of
these is the most honourable and important. It is in this station, that
all the capacity of the young sailor is elicited; on the dexterous
management of the harpoon, the line, and the lance, and in the
adventurous positions which he takes alongside of his enemy, depends
almost entirely the successful issue of his attack; and more real
chivalry is not often exhibited on the deck of a battle-ship, than is
displayed by these hardy sons of the ocean, in some of their gallant
exploits among the whales. Nursed in the dangers of their business, and
exposed to the continual hazards and hardships of all seasons, climates,
and weathers, it will not be surprising if they should become a fearless
set of people, and pre-eminent in all the requisites of good seamen. Two
voyages are generally considered sufficient to qualify an active and
intelligent young man for command; in which time, he learns from
experience, and the examples which are set him, all that is necessary to
be known.

While on this subject, I may be allowed to observe that it would not be
an unprofitable task in a majority of our respectable shipmasters in the
merchant service, to look into the principles of conduct, and study the
economical management of the captains of our whale-ships. I am confident
many serviceable hints could be gathered from the admirable system by
which they regulate their concerns. They would learn, also, what respect
is due to the character and standing of a captain of a whale-ship, which
those of the merchant service affect so much to undervalue. If the post
of danger be the post of honour; and if merit emanates from exemplary
private character, uncommon intelligence, and professional gallantry,
then is it due to a great majority of the shipmasters of Nantucket, that
they should be held above the operations of an invidious and unjust
distinction. It is a curious fact that one does exist; and it is equally
an illiberal, as an undeserved reproach upon them, which time and an
acquaintance with their merits must speedily wipe away.

The reader is requested to notice the following errors, which have
resulted from the haste in transcribing the original narrative.

          Page 23, line  2, for “one vows,” read _are now_.
               44, line 15, for “one,” read, _none_.
               57, line 11, for “keeled,” read, _heeled_.
               57, line  8, for “of,” read, _and_.
               65, line  9, for “momentous,” read _momentary_.
              102, line  6, for “Mather,” read _Matthew_.
              107, line  9, after “ourselves,” insert _it_.




                               NARRATIVE.




                               CHAPTER I.


The town of Nantucket, in the State of Massachusetts, contains about
eight thousand inhabitants; nearly a third part of the population are
quakers, and they are, taken together, a very industrious and
enterprising people. On this island are owned about one hundred vessels,
of all descriptions, engaged in the whale trade, giving constant
employment and support to upwards of sixteen hundred hardy seamen, a
class of people proverbial for their intrepidity. This fishery is not
carried on to any extent from any other part of the United States,
except from the town of New-Bedford, directly opposite to Nantucket,
where are owned probably twenty sail. A voyage generally lasts about two
years and a half, and with an entire uncertainty of success. Sometimes
they are repaid with speedy voyages and profitable cargoes, and at
others they drag out a listless and disheartening cruise, without
scarcely making the expenses of an outfit. The business is considered a
very hazardous one, arising from unavoidable accidents, in carrying on
an exterminating warfare against those great leviathans of the deep; and
indeed a Nantucket man is on all occasions fully sensible of the honour
and merit of his profession; no doubt because he knows that his laurels,
like the soldier’s, are plucked from the brink of danger. Numerous
anecdotes are related of the whalemen of Nantucket; and stories of
hair-breadth ’scapes, and sudden and wonderful preservation, are handed
down amongst them, with the fidelity, and no doubt many of them with the
characteristic fictions of the ancient legendary tales. A spirit of
adventure amongst the sons of other relatives of those immediately
concerned in it, takes possession of their minds at a very early age;
captivated with the tough stories of the elder seamen, and seduced, as
well by the natural desire of seeing foreign countries, as by the hopes
of gain, they launch forth six or eight thousand miles from home, into
an almost untraversed ocean, and spend from two to three years of their
lives in scenes of constant peril, labour, and watchfulness. The
profession is one of great ambition, and full of honourable excitement:
a tame man is never known amongst them; and the coward is marked with
that peculiar aversion, that distinguishes our public naval service.
There are perhaps no people of superior corporeal powers; and it has
been truly said of them, that they possess a natural aptitude, which
seems rather the lineal spirit of their fathers, than the effects of any
experience. The town itself, during the war, was (naturally to have been
expected,) on the decline; but with the return of peace it took a fresh
start, and a spirit for carrying on the fishery received a renewed and
very considerable excitement. Large capitals are now embarked; and some
of the finest ships that our country can boast of are employed in it.
The increased demand, within a few years past, from the spermaceti
manufactories, has induced companies and individuals in different parts
of the Union to become engaged in the business; and if the future
consumption of the manufactured article bear any proportion to that of
the few past years, this species of commerce will bid fair to become the
most profitable and extensive that our country possesses. From the
accounts of those who were in the early stages of the fishery concerned
in it, it would appear, that the whales have been driven, like the
beasts of the forest, before the march of civilization, into remote and
more unfrequented seas, until now, they are followed by the enterprise
and perseverance of our seamen, even to the distant coasts of Japan.

The ship Essex, commanded by captain George Pollard, junior, was fitted
out at Nantucket, and sailed on the 12th day of August, 1819, for the
Pacific Ocean, on a whaling voyage. Of this ship I was first mate. She
had lately undergone a thorough repair in her upper works, and was at
that time, in all respects, a sound, substantial vessel: she had a crew
of twenty-one men, and was victualled and provided for two years and a
half. We left the coast of America with a fine breeze, and steered for
the Western Islands. On the second day out, while sailing moderately on
our course in the Gulf Stream, a sudden squall of wind struck the ship
from the SW. and knocked her completely on her beam-ends, stove one of
our boats, entirely destroyed two others, and threw down the cambouse.
We distinctly saw the approach of this gust, but miscalculated
altogether as to the strength and violence of it. It struck the ship
about three points off the weather quarter, at the moment that the man
at the helm was in the act of putting her away to run before it. In an
instant she was knocked down with her yards in the water; and before
hardly a moment of time was allowed for reflection, she gradually came
to the wind, and righted. The squall was accompanied with vivid flashes
of lightning, and heavy and repeated claps of thunder. The whole ship’s
crew were, for a short time, thrown into the utmost consternation and
confusion; but fortunately the violence of the squall was all contained
in the first gust of the wind, and it soon gradually abated, and became
fine weather again. We repaired our damage with little difficulty, and
continued on our course, with the loss of the two boats. On the 30th of
August we made the island of Floros, one of the western group called the
Azores. We lay off and on the island for two days, during which time our
boats landed and obtained a supply of vegetables and a few hogs: from
this place we took the NE. trade-wind, and in sixteen days made the Isle
of May, one of the Cape de Verds. As we were sailing along the shore of
this island, we discovered a ship stranded on the beach, and from her
appearance took her to be a whaler. Having lost two of our boats, and
presuming that this vessel had probably some belonging to her that might
have been saved, we determined to ascertain the name of the ship, and
endeavour to supply if possible the loss of our boats from her. We
accordingly stood in towards the port, or landing place. After a short
time three men were discovered coming out to us in a whale boat. In a
few moments they were alongside, and informed us that the wreck was the
Archimedes of New-York, captain George B. Coffin, which vessel had
struck on a rock near the island about a fortnight previously; that all
hands were saved by running the ship on shore, and that the captain and
crew had gone home. We purchased the whale boat of these people,
obtained some few more pigs, and again set sail. Our passage thence to
Cape Horn was not distinguished for any incident worthy of note. We made
the longitude of the Cape about the 18th of December, having experienced
head winds for nearly the whole distance. We anticipated a moderate time
in passing this noted land, from the season of the year at which we were
there, being considered the most favourable; but instead of this, we
experienced heavy westerly gales, and a most tremendous sea, that
detained us off the Cape five weeks, before we had got sufficiently to
the westward to enable us to put away. Of the passage of this famous
Cape it may be observed, that strong westerly gales and a heavy sea are
its almost universal attendants: the prevalence and constancy of this
wind and sea necessarily produce a rapid current, by which vessels are
set to leeward; and it is not without some favourable slant of wind that
they can in many cases get round at all. The difficulties and dangers of
the passage are proverbial; but as far as my own observation extends,
(and which the numerous reports of the whalemen corroborate,) you can
always rely upon a long and regular sea; and although the gales may be
very strong and stubborn, as they undoubtedly are, they are not known to
blow with the destructive violence that characterizes some of the
tornadoes of the western Atlantic Ocean. On the 17th of January, 1820,
we arrived at the island of St. Mary’s, lying on the coast of Chili, in
latitude 36° 59′ S. longitude 73° 41′ W. This island is a sort of
rendezvous for whalers, from which they obtain their wood and water, and
between which and the main land (a distance of about ten miles) they
frequently cruise for a species of whale called the right whale. Our
object in going in there was merely to get the news. We sailed thence to
the island of Massafuera, where we got some wood and fish, and thence
for the cruising ground along the coast of Chili, in search of the
spermaceti-whale. We took there eight, which yielded us two hundred and
fifty barrels of oil; and the season having by this time expired, we
changed our cruising ground to the coast of Peru. We obtained there five
hundred and fifty barrels. After going into the small port of Decamas,
and replenishing our wood and water, on the 2d October we set sail for
the Gallipagos Islands. We came to anchor, and laid seven days off
Hood’s Island, one of the group; during which time we stopped a leak
which we had discovered, and obtained three hundred turtle. We then
visited Charles Island, where we procured sixty more. These turtle are a
most delicious food, and average in weight generally about one hundred
pounds, but many of them weigh upwards of eight hundred. With these,
ships usually supply themselves for a great length of time, and make a
great saving of other provisions. They neither eat nor drink, nor is the
least pains taken with them; they are strewed over the deck, thrown
under foot, or packed away in the hold, as it suits convenience. They
will live upwards of a year without food or water, but soon die in a
cold climate. We left Charles Island on the 23d of October, and steered
off to the westward, in search of whales. In latitude 1° 0′ S. longitude
118° W. on the 16th of November, in the afternoon, we lost a boat during
our work in a shoal of whales. I was in the boat myself, with five
others, and was standing in the fore part, with the harpoon in my hand,
well braced, expecting every instant to catch sight of one of the shoal
which we were in, that I might strike; but judge of my astonishment and
dismay, at finding myself suddenly thrown up in the air, my companions
scattered about me, and the boat fast filling with water. A whale had
come up directly under her, and with one dash of his tail, had stove her
bottom in, and strewed us in every direction around her. We, however,
with little difficulty, got safely on the wreck, and clung there until
one of the other boats which had been engaged in the shoal, came to our
assistance, and took us off. Strange to tell, not a man was injured by
this accident. Thus it happens very frequently in the whaling business,
that boats are stove; oars, harpoons, and lines broken; ancles and
wrists sprained; boats upset, and whole crews left for hours in the
water, without any of these accidents extending to the loss of life. We
are so much accustomed to the continual recurrence of such scenes as
these, that we become familiarized to them, and consequently always feel
that confidence and self-possession, which teaches us every expedient in
danger, and inures the body, as well as the mind, to fatigue, privation,
and peril, in frequent cases exceeding belief. It is this danger and
hardship that makes the sailor; indeed it is the distinguishing
qualification amongst us; and it is a common boast of the whaleman, that
he has escaped from sudden and apparently inevitable destruction oftener
than his fellow. He is accordingly valued on this account, without much
reference to other qualities.




                              CHAPTER II.


I have not been able to recur to the scenes which are now to become the
subject of description, although a considerable time has elapsed,
without feeling a mingled emotion of horror and astonishment at the
almost incredible destiny that has preserved me and my surviving
companions from a terrible death. Frequently, in my reflections on the
subject, even after this lapse of time, I find myself shedding tears of
gratitude for our deliverance, and blessing God, by whose divine aid and
protection we were conducted through a series of unparalleled suffering
and distress, and restored to the bosoms of our families and friends.
There is no knowing what a stretch of pain and misery the human mind is
capable of contemplating, when it is wrought upon by the anxieties of
preservation; nor what pangs and weaknesses the body is able to endure,
until they are visited upon it; and when at last deliverance comes, when
the dream of hope is realized, unspeakable gratitude takes possession of
the soul, and tears of joy choke the utterance. We require to be taught
in the school of some signal suffering, privation, and despair, the
great lessons of constant dependence upon an almighty forbearance and
mercy. In the midst of the wide ocean, at night, when the sight of the
heavens was shut out, and the dark tempest came upon us; then it was,
that we felt ourselves ready to exclaim, “Heaven have mercy upon us, for
nought but that can save us now.” But I proceed to the recital.—On the
20th of November, (cruising in latitude 0° 40′ S. longitude 119° 0′ W.)
a shoal of whales was discovered off the lee-bow. The weather at this
time was extremely fine and clear, and it was about 8 o’clock in the
morning, that the man at the mast-head gave the usual cry of, “there she
blows.” The ship was immediately put away, and we ran down in the
direction for them. When we had got within half a mile of the place
where they were observed, all our boats were lowered down, manned, and
we started in pursuit of them. The ship, in the mean time, was brought
to the wind, and the main-top-sail hove aback, to wait for us. I had the
harpoon in the second boat; the captain preceded me in the first. When I
arrived at the spot where we calculated they were, nothing was at first
to be seen. We lay on our oars in anxious expectation of discovering
them come up somewhere near us. Presently one rose, and spouted a short
distance ahead of my boat; I made all speed towards it, came up with,
and struck it; feeling the harpoon in him, he threw himself, in an
agony, over towards the boat, (which at that time was up alongside of
him,) and giving a severe blow with his tail, struck the boat near the
edge of the water, amidships, and stove a hole in her. I immediately
took up the boat hatchet, and cut the line, to disengage the boat from
the whale, which by this time was running off with great velocity. I
succeeded in getting clear of him, with the loss of the harpoon and
line; and finding the water to pour fast in the boat, I hastily stuffed
three or four of our jackets in the hole, ordered one man to keep
constantly bailing, and the rest to pull immediately for the ship; we
succeeded in keeping the boat free, and shortly gained the ship. The
captain and the second mate, in the other two boats, kept up the
pursuit, and soon struck another whale. They being at this time a
considerable distance to leeward, I went forward, braced around the
mainyard, and put the ship off in a direction for them; the boat which
had been stove was immediately hoisted in, and after examining the hole,
I found that I could, by nailing a piece of canvass over it, get her
ready to join in a fresh pursuit, sooner than by lowering down the other
remaining boat which belonged to the ship. I accordingly turned her over
upon the quarter, and was in the act of nailing on the canvass, when I
observed a very large spermaceti whale, as well as I could judge, about
eighty-five feet in length; he broke water about twenty rods off our
weather-bow, and was lying quietly, with his head in a direction for the
ship. He spouted two or three times, and then disappeared. In less than
two or three seconds he came up again, about the length of the ship off,
and made directly for us, at the rate of about three knots. The ship was
then going with about the same velocity. His appearance and attitude
gave us at first no alarm; but while I stood watching his movements, and
observing him but a ship’s length off, coming down for us with great
celerity, I involuntarily ordered the boy at the helm to put it hard up;
intending to sheer off and avoid him. The words were scarcely out of my
mouth, before he came down upon us with full speed, and struck the ship
with his head, just forward of the fore-chains; he gave us such an
appalling and tremendous jar, as nearly threw us all on our faces. The
ship brought up as suddenly and violently as if she had struck a rock,
and trembled for a few seconds like a leaf. We looked at each other with
perfect amazement, deprived almost of the power of speech. Many minutes
elapsed before we were able to realize the dreadful accident; during
which time he passed under the ship, grazing her keel as he went along,
came up alongside of her to leeward, and lay on the top of the water,
(apparently stunned with the violence of the blow,) for the space of a
minute; he then suddenly started off, in a direction to leeward. After a
few moments’ reflection, and recovering, in some measure, from the
sudden consternation that had seized us, I of course concluded that he
had stove a hole in the ship, and that it would be necessary to set the
pumps going. Accordingly they were rigged, but had not been in operation
more than one minute, before I perceived the head of the ship to be
gradually settling down in the water; I then ordered the signal to be
set for the other boats, which, scarcely had I dispatched, before I
again discovered the whale, apparently in convulsions, on the top of the
water, about one hundred rods to leeward. He was enveloped in the foam
of the sea, that his continual and violent thrashing about in the water
had created around him, and I could distinctly see him smite his jaws
together, as if distracted with rage and fury. He remained a short time
in this situation, and then started off with great velocity, across the
bows of the ship, to windward. By this time the ship had settled down a
considerable distance in the water, and I gave her up as lost. I
however, ordered the pumps to be kept constantly going, and endeavoured
to collect my thoughts for the occasion. I turned to the boats, two of
which we then had with the ship, with an intention of clearing them
away, and getting all things ready to embark in them, if there should be
no other resource left; and while my attention was thus engaged for a
moment, I was aroused with the cry of a man at the hatchway, “here he
is—he is making for us again.” I turned around, and saw him about one
hundred rods directly ahead of us, coming down apparently with twice his
ordinary speed, and to me at that moment, it appeared with tenfold fury
and vengeance in his aspect. The surf flew in all directions about him,
and his course towards us was marked by a white foam of a rod in width,
which he made with the continual violent thrashing of his tail; his head
was about half out of water, and in that way he came upon, and again
struck the ship. I was in hopes when I descried him making for us, that
by a dexterous movement of putting the ship away immediately, I should
be able to cross the line of his approach, before he could get up to us,
and thus avoid, what I knew, if he should strike us again, would prove
our inevitable destruction. I bawled out to the helmsman, “hard up!” but
she had not fallen off more than a point, before we took the second
shock. I should judge the speed of the ship to have been at this time
about three knots, and that of the whale about six. He struck her to
windward, directly under the cathead, and completely stove in her bows.
He passed under the ship again, went off to leeward, and we saw no more
of him. Our situation at this juncture can be more readily imagined than
described. The shock to our feelings was such, as I am sure none can
have an adequate conception of, that were not there: the misfortune
befel us at a moment when we least dreamt of any accident; and from the
pleasing anticipations we had formed, of realizing the certain profits
of our labour, we were dejected by a sudden, most mysterious, and
overwhelming calamity. Not a moment, however, was to be lost in
endeavouring to provide for the extremity to which it was now certain we
were reduced. We were more than a thousand miles from the nearest land,
and with nothing but a light open boat, as the resource of safety for
myself and companions. I ordered the men to cease pumping, and every one
to provide for himself; seizing a hatchet at the same time, I cut away
the lashings of the spare boat, which lay bottom up, across two spars
directly over the quarter deck, and cried out to those near me, to take
her as she came down. They did so accordingly, and bore her on their
shoulders as far as the waist of the ship. The steward had in the mean
time gone down into the cabin twice, and saved two quadrants, two
practical navigators, and the captain’s trunk and mine; all which were
hastily thrown into the boat, as she lay on the deck, with the two
compasses which I snatched from the binnacle. He attempted to descend
again; but the water by this time had rushed in, and he returned without
being able to effect his purpose. By the time we had got the boat to the
waist, the ship had filled with water, and was going down on her
beam-ends: we shoved our boat as quickly as possible from the
plank-shear into the water, all hands jumping in her at the same time,
and launched off clear of the ship. We were scarcely two boat’s lengths
distant from her, when she fell over to windward, and settled down in
the water.

Amazement and despair now wholly took possession of us. We contemplated
the frightful situation the ship lay in, and thought with horror upon
the sudden and dreadful calamity that had overtaken us. We looked upon
each other, as if to gather some consolatory sensation from an
interchange of sentiments, but every countenance was marked with the
paleness of despair. Not a word was spoken for several minutes by any of
us; all appeared to be bound in a spell of stupid consternation; and
from the time we were first attacked by the whale, to the period of the
fall of the ship, and of our leaving her in the boat, more than ten
minutes could not certainly have elapsed! God only knows in what way, or
by what means, we were enabled to accomplish in that short time what we
did; the cutting away and transporting the boat from where she was
deposited would of itself, in ordinary circumstances, have consumed as
much time as that, if the whole ship’s crew had been employed in it. My
companions had not saved a single article but what they had on their
backs; but to me it was a source of infinite satisfaction, if any such
could be gathered from the horrors of our gloomy situation, that we had
been fortunate enough to have preserved our compasses, navigators, and
quadrants. After the first shock of my feelings was over, I
enthusiastically contemplated them as the probable instruments of our
salvation; without them all would have been dark and hopeless. Gracious
God! what a picture of distress and suffering now presented itself to my
imagination. The crew of the ship were saved, consisting of twenty human
souls. All that remained to conduct these twenty beings through the
stormy terrors of the ocean, perhaps many thousand miles, were three
open light boats. The prospect of obtaining any provisions or water from
the ship, to subsist upon during the time, was at least now doubtful.
How many long and watchful nights, thought I, are to be passed? How many
tedious days of partial starvation are to be endured, before the least
relief or mitigation of our sufferings can be reasonably anticipated? We
lay at this time in our boat, about two ship’s lengths off from the
wreck, in perfect silence, calmly contemplating her situation, and
absorbed in our own melancholy reflections, when the other boats were
discovered rowing up to us. They had but shortly before discovered that
some accident had befallen us, but of the nature of which they were
entirely ignorant. The sudden and mysterious disappearance of the ship
was first discovered by the boat-steerer in the captain’s boat, and with
a horror-struck countenance and voice, he suddenly exclaimed, “Oh, my
God! where is the ship?” Their operations upon this were instantly
suspended, and a general cry of horror and despair burst from the lips
of every man, as their looks were directed for her, in vain, over every
part of the ocean. They immediately made all haste towards us. The
captain’s boat was the first that reached us. He stopped about a boat’s
length off, but had no power to utter a single syllable: he was so
completely overpowered with the spectacle before him, that he sat down
in his boat, pale and speechless. I could scarcely recognise his
countenance, he appeared to be so much altered, awed, and overcome, with
the oppression of his feelings, and the dreadful reality that lay before
him. He was in a short time however enabled to address the inquiry to
me, “My God, Mr. Chase, what is the matter?” I answered, “We have been
stove by a whale.” I then briefly told him the story. After a few
moment’s reflection he observed, that we must cut away her masts, and
endeavour to get something out of her to eat. Our thoughts were now all
accordingly bent on endeavours to save from the wreck whatever we might
possibly want, and for this purpose we rowed up and got on to her.
Search was made for every means of gaining access to her hold; and for
this purpose the lanyards were cut loose, and with our hatchets we
commenced to cut away the masts, that she might right up again, and
enable us to scuttle her decks. In doing which we were occupied about
three quarters of an hour, owing to our having no axes, nor indeed any
other instruments, but the small hatchets belonging to the boats. After
her masts were gone she came up about two-thirds of the way upon an even
keel. While we were employed about the masts the captain took his
quadrant, shoved off from the ship, and got an observation. We found
ourselves in latitude 0° 40′ S. longitude 119° W. We now commenced to
cut a hole through the planks, directly above two large casks of bread,
which most fortunately were between decks, in the waist of the ship, and
which being in the upper side, when she upset, we had strong hopes was
not wet. It turned out according to our wishes, and from these casks we
obtained six hundred pounds of hard bread. Other parts of the deck were
then scuttled, and we got without difficulty as much fresh water as we
dared to take in the boats, so that each was supplied with about
sixty-five gallons; we got also from one of the lockers a musket, a
small canister of powder, a couple of files, two rasps, about two pounds
of boat nails, and a few turtle. In the afternoon the wind came on to
blow a strong breeze; and having obtained every thing that occurred to
us could then be got out, we began to make arrangements for our safety
during the night. A boat’s line was made fast to the ship, and to the
other end of it one of the boats was moored, at about fifty fathoms to
leeward; another boat was then attached to the first one, about eight
fathoms astern; and the third boat, the like distance astern of her.
Night came on just as we had finished our operations; and such a night
as it was to us! so full of feverish and distracting inquietude, that we
were deprived entirely of rest. The wreck was constantly before my eyes.
I could not, by any effort, chase away the horrors of the preceding day
from my mind: they haunted me the live-long night. My companions—some of
them were like sick women; they had no idea of the extent of their
deplorable situation. One or two slept unconcernedly, while others
wasted the night in unavailing murmurs. I now had full leisure to
examine, with some degree of coolness, the dreadful circumstances of our
disaster. The scenes of yesterday passed in such quick succession in my
mind that it was not until after many hours of severe reflection that I
was able to discard the idea of the catastrophe as a dream. Alas! it was
one from which there was no awaking; it was too certainly true, that but
yesterday we had existed as it were, and in one short moment had been
cut off from all the hopes and prospects of the living! I have no
language to paint out the horrors of our situation. To shed tears was
indeed altogether unavailing, and withal unmanly; yet I was not able to
deny myself the relief they served to afford me. After several hours of
idle sorrow and repining I began to reflect upon the accident, and
endeavoured to realize by what unaccountable destiny or design, (which I
could not at first determine,) this sudden and most deadly attack had
been made upon us: by an animal, too, never before suspected of
premeditated violence, and proverbial for its insensibility and
inoffensiveness. Every fact seemed to warrant me in concluding that it
was any thing but chance which directed his operations; he made two
several attacks upon the ship, at a short interval between them, both of
which, according to their direction, were calculated to do us the most
injury, by being made ahead, and thereby combining the speed of the two
objects for the shock; to effect which, the exact manœuvres which he
made were necessary. His aspect was most horrible, and such as indicated
resentment and fury. He came directly from the shoal which we had just
before entered, and in which we had struck three of his companions, as
if fired with revenge for their sufferings. But to this it may be
observed, that the mode of fighting which they always adopt is either
with repeated strokes of their tails, or snapping of their jaws
together; and that a case, precisely similar to this one, has never been
heard of amongst the oldest and most experienced whalers. To this I
would answer, that the structure and strength of the whale’s head is
admirably designed for this mode of attack; the most prominent part of
which is almost as hard and as tough as iron; indeed, I can compare it
to nothing else but the inside of a horse’s hoof, upon which a lance or
harpoon would not make the slightest impression. The eyes and ears are
removed nearly one-third the length of the whole fish, from the front
part of the head, and are not in the least degree endangered in this
mode of attack. At all events, the whole circumstances taken together,
all happening before my own eyes, and producing, at the time,
impressions in my mind of decided, calculating mischief, on the part of
the whale, (many of which impressions I cannot now recall,) induce me to
be satisfied that I am correct in my opinion. It is certainly, in all
its bearings, a hitherto unheard of circumstance, and constitutes,
perhaps, the most extraordinary one in the annals of the fishery.




                              CHAPTER III.


November 21st. The morning dawned upon our wretched company. The weather
was fine, but the wind blew a strong breeze from the SE. and the sea was
very rugged. Watches had been kept up during the night, in our
respective boats, to see that none of the spars or other articles (which
continued to float out of the wreck,) should be thrown by the surf
against, and injure the boats. At sunrise, we began to think of doing
something; what, we did not know: we cast loose our boats, and visited
the wreck, to see if any thing more of consequence could be preserved,
but every thing looked cheerless and desolate, and we made a long and
vain search for any useful article; nothing could be found but a few
turtle; of these we had enough already; or at least, as many as could be
safely stowed in the boats, and we wandered around in every part of the
ship in a sort of vacant idleness for the greater part of the morning.
We were presently aroused to a perfect sense of our destitute and
forlorn condition; by thoughts of the means which we had for our
subsistence, the necessity of not wasting our time, and of endeavouring
to seek some relief wherever God might direct us. Our thoughts, indeed,
hung about the ship, wrecked and sunken as she was, and we could
scarcely discard from our minds the idea of her continuing protection.
Some great efforts in our situation were necessary, and a great deal of
calculation important, as it concerned the means by which our existence
was to be supported during, perhaps, a very long period, and a provision
for our eventual deliverance. Accordingly, by agreement, all set to work
in stripping off the light sails of the ship, for sails to our boats;
and the day was consumed in making them up and fitting them. We
furnished ourselves with masts and other light spars that were
necessary, from the wreck. Each boat was rigged with two masts, to carry
a flying-jib and two sprit-sails; the sprit-sails were made so that two
reefs could be taken in them, in case of heavy blows. We continued to
watch the wreck for any serviceable articles that might float from her,
and kept one man during the day, on the stump of her foremast, on the
look out for vessels. Our work was very much impeded by the increase of
the wind and sea, and the surf breaking almost continually into the
boats, gave us many fears that we should not be able to prevent our
provisions from getting wet; and above all served to increase the
constant apprehensions that we had, of the insufficiency of the boats
themselves, during the rough weather that we should necessarily
experience. In order to provide as much as possible against this, and
withal to strengthen the slight materials of which the boats were
constructed, we procured from the wreck some light cedar boards,
(intended to repair boats in cases of accidents,) with which we built up
additional sides, about six inches above the gunwale; these, we
afterwards found, were of infinite service for the purpose for which
they were intended; in truth, I am satisfied we could never have been
preserved without them; the boats must otherwise have taken in so much
water that all the efforts of twenty such weak, starving men as we
afterwards came to be, would not have sufficed to keep her free; but
what appeared most immediately to concern us, and to command all our
anxieties, was the security of our provisions from the salt water. We
disposed of them under a covering of wood, that whale boats have at
either end of them, wrapping it up in several thicknesses of canvass. I
got an observation to-day, by which I found we were in latitude 0° 6′ S.
longitude 119° 30′ W. having been driven by the winds a distance of
forty-nine miles the last twenty-four hours; by this it would appear
that there must have been a strong current, setting us to the NW. during
the whole time. We were not able to finish our sails in one day; and
many little things preparatory to taking a final leave of the ship were
necessary to be attended to, but evening came and put an end to our
labours. We made the same arrangements for mooring the boats in safety,
and consigned ourselves to the horrors of another tempestuous night. The
wind continued to blow hard, keeping up a heavy sea, and veering around
from SE. to E. and E.SE. As the gloom of night approached, and obliged
us to desist from that employment, which cheated us out of some of the
realities of our situation, we all of us again became mute and
desponding: a considerable degree of alacrity had been manifested by
many the preceding day, as their attention had been wholly engaged in
scrutinizing the wreck, and in constructing the sails and spars for the
boats; but when they ceased to be occupied, they passed to a sudden fit
of melancholy, and the miseries of their situation came upon them with
such force, as to produce spells of extreme debility, approaching almost
to fainting. Our provisions were scarcely touched—the appetite was
entirely gone: but as we had a great abundance of water, we indulged in
frequent and copious draughts, which our parched mouths seemed
continually to need. None asked for bread. Our continued state of
anxiety during the night, excluded all hopes of sleep; still, (although
the solemn fact had been before me for nearly two days,) my mind
manifested the utmost repugnance to be reconciled to it; I laid down in
the bottom of the boat, and resigned myself to reflection; my silent
prayers were offered up to the God of mercy, for that protection which
we stood so much in need of. Sometimes, indeed, a light hope would dawn,
but then, to feel such an utter dependence on and consignment to chance
alone for aid and rescue, would chase it again from my mind. The
wreck—the mysterious and mortal attack of the animal—the sudden
prostration and sinking of the vessel—our escape from her, and our then
forlorn and almost hapless destiny, all passed in quick and perplexing
review in my imagination; wearied with the exertion of the body and
mind, I caught, near morning, an hour’s respite from my troubles, in
sleep.

November 22d. The wind remained the same, and the weather continued
remarkably fine. At sunrise, we again hauled our boats up, and continued
our search for articles that might float out. About 7 o’clock, the deck
of the wreck began to give way, and every appearance indicated her
speedy dissolution; the oil had bilged in the hold, and kept the surface
of the sea all around us completely covered with it; the bulk-heads were
all washed down, and she worked in every part of her joints and seams,
with the violent and continual breaking of the surf over her. Seeing, at
last, that little or nothing further could be done by remaining with the
wreck, and as it was all important that while our provisions lasted, we
should make the best possible use of time, I rowed up to the captain’s
boat, and asked him what he intended to do. I informed him that the
ship’s decks had bursted up, and that in all probability she would soon
go to pieces; that no further purpose could be answered, by remaining
longer with her, since nothing more could be obtained from her; and that
it was my opinion, no time should be lost in making the best of our way
towards the nearest land. The captain observed, that he would go once
more to the wreck, and survey her, and after waiting until 12 o’clock
for the purpose of getting an observation, would immediately after
determine. In the mean time, before noon all our sails were completed,
and the boats otherwise got in readiness for our departure. Our
observation now proved us to be in latitude 0° 13′ N. longitude 120° 00′
W. as near as we could determine it, having crossed the equator during
the night, and drifted nineteen miles. The wind had veered considerably
to the eastward, during the last twenty-four hours. Our nautical
calculations having been completed, the captain, after visiting the
wreck, called a council, consisting of himself and the first and second
mates, who all repaired to his boat, to interchange opinions, and devise
the best means for our security and preservation. There were, in all of
us, twenty men; six of whom were blacks, and we had three boats. We
examined our navigators, to ascertain the nearest land, and found it was
the Marquesas Islands. The Society Islands were next; these islands we
were entirely ignorant of; if inhabited, we presumed they were by
savages, from whom we had as much to fear, as from the elements, or even
death itself. We had no charts from which our calculations might be
aided, and were consequently obliged to govern ourselves by the
navigators alone; it was also the captain’s opinion, that this was the
season of the hurricanes which prevail in the vicinity of the Sandwich
Islands, and that consequently it would be unsafe to steer for them. The
issue of our deliberations was, that, taking all things into
consideration, it would be most adviseable to shape our course by the
wind, to the southward, as far as 25° or 26° S. latitude, fall in with
the variable winds, and then, endeavour to get eastward to the coast of
Chili or Peru. Accordingly, preparations were made for our immediate
departure; the boat which it was my fortune, or rather misfortune to
have, was the worst of the three; she was old and patched up, having
been stove a number of times, during the cruise. At best, a whale boat
is an extremely frail thing; the most so of any other kind of boat; they
are what is called clinker built, and constructed of the lightest
materials, for the purpose of being rowed with the greatest possible
celerity, according to the necessities of the business for which they
are intended. Of all species of vessels, they are the weakest, and most
fragile, and possess but one advantage over any other—that of lightness
and buoyancy, that enables them to keep above the dash of the sea, with
more facility than heavier ones. This qualification is, however,
preferable to that of any other, and, situated as we then were, I would
not have exchanged her, old and crazy as she was, for even a ship’s
launch. I am quite confident, that to this quality of our boats we most
especially owed our preservation, through the many days and nights of
heavy weather, that we afterwards encountered. In consideration of my
having the weakest boat, six men were allotted to it; while those of the
captain and second mate, took seven each, and at half past 12 we left
the wreck, steering our course, with nearly all sail set, S.SE. At four
o’clock in the afternoon we lost sight of her entirely. Many were the
lingering and sorrowful looks we cast behind us.

It has appeared to me often since to have been, in the abstract, an
extreme weakness and folly, on our parts, to have looked upon our
shattered and sunken vessel with such an excessive fondness and regret;
but it seemed as if in abandoning her we had parted with all hope, and
were bending our course away from her, rather by some dictate of
despair. We agreed to keep together, in our boats, as nearly as
possible, to afford assistance in cases of accident, and to render our
reflections less melancholy by each other’s presence. I found it on this
occasion true, that misery does indeed love company; unaided, and
unencouraged by each other, there were with us many whose weak minds, I
am confident, would have sunk under the dismal retrospections of the
past catastrophe, and who did not possess either sense or firmness
enough to contemplate our approaching destiny, without the cheering of
some more determined countenance than their own. The wind was strong all
day; and the sea ran very high, our boat taking in water from her leaks
continually, so that we were obliged to keep one man constantly bailing.
During the night the weather became extremely rugged, and the sea every
now and then broke over us. By agreement, we were divided into two
watches; one of which was to be constantly awake, and doing the labours
of the boat, such as bailing; setting, taking in, and trimming the
sails. We kept our course very well together during this night, and had
many opportunities of conversation with the men in the other boats,
wherein the means and prospects of our deliverance were variously
considered; it appeared from the opinions of all, that we had most to
hope for in the meeting with some vessel, and most probably some whale
ship, the great majority of whom, in those seas, we imagined were
cruising about the latitude we were then steering for; but this was only
a hope, the realization of which did not in any degree depend on our own
exertions, but on chance alone. It was not, therefore, considered
prudent, by going out of our course, with the prospect of meeting them,
to lose sight, for one moment, of the strong probabilities which, under
Divine Providence, there were of our reaching land by the route we had
prescribed to ourselves; as that depended, most especially, on a
reasonable calculation, and on our own labours, we conceived that our
provision and water, on a small allowance, would last us sixty days;
that with the trade-wind, on the course we were then lying, we should be
able to average the distance of a degree a day, which, in 26 days, would
enable us to attain the region of the variable winds, and then, in
thirty more, at the very utmost, should there be any favour in the
elements, we might reach the coast. With these considerations we
commenced our voyage; the total failure of all which, and the subsequent
dismal distress and suffering, by which we were overtaken, will be shown
in the sequel. Our allowance of provision at first consisted of bread;
one biscuit, weighing about one pound three ounces, and half a pint of
water a day, for each man. This small quantity, (less than one third
which is required by an ordinary person,) small as it was, we however
took without murmuring, and, on many an occasion afterwards, blest God
that even this pittance was allowed to us in our misery. The darkness of
another night overtook us; and after having for the first time partook
of our allowance of bread and water, we laid our weary bodies down in
the boat, and endeavoured to get some repose. Nature became at last worn
out with the watchings and anxieties of the two preceding nights, and
sleep came insensibly upon us. No dreams could break the strong
fastenings of forgetfulness in which the mind was then locked up; but
for my own part, my thoughts so haunted me that this luxury was yet a
stranger to my eyes; every recollection was still fresh before me, and I
enjoyed but a few short and unsatisfactory slumbers, caught in the
intervals between my hopes and my fears. The dark ocean and swelling
waters were nothing; the fears of being swallowed up by some dreadful
tempest, or dashed upon hidden rocks, with all the other ordinary
subjects of fearful contemplation, seemed scarcely entitled to a
moment’s thought; the dismal looking wreck, and the horrid aspect and
revenge of the whale, wholly engrossed my reflections, until day again
made its appearance.

November 23d. In my chest, which I was fortunate enough to preserve, I
had several small articles, which we found of great service to us; among
the rest, some eight or ten sheets of writing paper, a lead pencil, a
suit of clothes, three small fish-hooks, a jack-knife, a whetstone, and
a cake of soap. I commenced to keep a sort of journal with the little
paper and pencil which I had; and the knife, besides other useful
purposes, served us as a razor. It was with much difficulty, however,
that I could keep any sort of record, owing to the incessant rocking and
unsteadiness of the boat, and the continual dashing of the spray of the
sea over us. The boat contained, in addition to the articles enumerated,
a lantern, tinder-box, and two or three candles, which belonged to her,
and with which they are kept always supplied, while engaged in taking
whale. In addition to all which, the captain had saved a musket, two
pistols, and a canister, containing about two pounds of gunpowder; the
latter he distributed in equal proportions between the three boats, and
gave the second mate and myself each a pistol. When morning came we
found ourselves quite near together, and the wind had considerably
increased since the day before; we were consequently obliged to reef our
sails; and although we did not apprehend any very great danger from the
then violence of the wind, yet it grew to be very uncomfortable in the
boats, from the repeated dashing of the waves, that kept our bodies
constantly wet with the salt spray. We, however, stood along our course
until twelve o’clock, when we got an observation, as well as we were
able to obtain one, while the water flew all over us, and the sea kept
the boat extremely unsteady. We found ourselves this day in latitude 0°
58′ S. having repassed the equator. We abandoned the idea altogether of
keeping any correct longitudinal reckoning, having no glass, nor
log-line. The wind moderated in the course of the afternoon a little,
but at night came on to blow again almost a gale. We began now to
tremble for our little barque; she was so ill calculated, in point of
strength, to withstand the racking of the sea, while it required the
constant labours of one man to keep her free of water. We were
surrounded in the afternoon with porpoises that kept playing about us in
great numbers, and continued to follow us during the night.

November 24th. The wind had not abated any since the preceding day, and
the sea had risen to be very large, and increased, if possible, the
extreme uncomfortableness of our situation. What added more than any
thing else to our misfortunes, was, that all our efforts for the
preservation of our provisions proved, in a great measure, ineffectual;
a heavy sea broke suddenly into the boat, and, before we could snatch it
up, damaged some part of it; by timely attention, however, and great
caution, we managed to make it eatable, and to preserve the rest from a
similar casualty. This was a subject of extreme anxiety to us; the
expectation, poor enough of itself indeed, upon which our final rescue
was founded, must change at once to utter hopelessness, deprived of our
provisions, the only means of continuing us in the exercise, not only of
our manual powers, but in those of reason itself; hence, above all other
things, this was the object of our utmost solicitude and pains.

We ascertained, the next day, that some of the provisions in the
captain’s boat had shared a similar fate during the night; both which
accidents served to arouse us to a still stronger sense of our slender
reliance upon the human means at our command, and to show us our utter
dependence on that divine aid which we so much the more stood in need
of.

November 25th. No change of wind had yet taken place, and we experienced
the last night the same wet and disagreeable weather of the preceding
one. About eight o’clock in the morning we discovered that the water
began to come fast in our boat, and in a few minutes the quantity
increased to such a degree as to alarm us considerably for our safety;
we commenced immediately a strict search in every part of her to
discover the leak, and, after tearing up the ceiling or floor of the
boat near the bows, we found it proceeded from one of the streaks or
outside boards having bursted off there; no time was to be lost in
devising some means to repair it. The great difficulty consisted in its
being in the bottom of the boat, about six inches from the surface of
the water; it was necessary, therefore, to have access to the outside,
to enable us to fasten it on again: the leak being to leeward, we hove
about, and lay to on the other tack, which brought it then nearly out of
water; the captain, who was at the time ahead of us, seeing us
manœuvring to get the boat about, shortened sail, and presently tacked,
and ran down to us. I informed him of our situation, and he came
immediately alongside to our assistance. After directing all the men in
the boat to get on one side, the other, by that means, heeled out of the
water a considerable distance, and, with a little difficulty, we then
managed to drive in a few nails, and secured it, much beyond our
expectations. Fears of no ordinary kind were excited by this seemingly
small accident. When it is recollected to what a slight vessel we had
committed ourselves; our means of safety alone consisting in her
capacity and endurance for many weeks, in all probability, yet to come,
it will not be considered strange that this little accident should not
only have damped our spirits considerably, but have thrown a great
gloominess over the natural prospects of our deliverance. On this
occasion, too, were we enabled to rescue ourselves from inevitable
destruction by the possession of a few nails, without which, (had it not
been our fortune to save some from the wreck,) we would, in all human
calculation, have been lost: we were still liable to a recurrence of the
same accident, perhaps to a still worse one, as, in the heavy and
repeated racking of the swell, the progress of our voyage would serve
but to increase the incapacity and weakness of our boat, and the
starting of a single nail in her bottom would most assuredly prove our
certain destruction. We wanted not this additional reflection, to add to
the miseries of our situation.

November 26th. Our sufferings, heaven knows, were now sufficiently
increased, and we looked forward, not without an extreme dread, and
anxiety, to the gloomy and disheartening prospect before us. We
experienced a little abatement of wind and rough weather to-day, and
took the opportunity of drying the bread that had been wet the day
previously; to our great joy and satisfaction also, the wind hauled out
to E.NE. and enabled us to hold a much more favourable course; with
these exceptions, no circumstance of any considerable interest occurred
in the course of this day.

The 27th of November was alike undistinguished for any incident worthy
of note; except that the wind again veered back to E. and destroyed the
fine prospect we had entertained, of making a good run for several days
to come.

November 28th. The wind hauled still further to the southward, and
obliged us to fall off our course to S. and commenced to blow with such
violence, as to put us again under short sail; the night set in
extremely dark, and tempestuous, and we began to entertain fears that we
should be separated. We however, with great pains, managed to keep about
a ship’s length apart, so that the white sails of our boats could be
distinctly discernable. The captain’s boat was but a short distance
astern of mine, and that of the second mate a few rods to leeward of
his. At about 11 o’clock at night, having laid down to sleep, in the
bottom of the boat, I was suddenly awakened by one of my companions, who
cried out, that the captain was in distress, and was calling on us for
assistance. I immediately aroused myself, and listened a moment, to hear
if any thing further should be said, when the captain’s loud voice
arrested my attention. He was calling to the second mate, whose boat was
nearer to him than mine. I made all haste to put about, ran down to him,
and inquired what was the matter; he replied, “I have been attacked by
an unknown fish, and he has stove my boat.” It appeared, that some large
fish had accompanied the boat for a short distance, and had suddenly
made an unprovoked attack upon her, as nearly as they could determine,
with his jaws; the extreme darkness of the night prevented them from
distinguishing what kind of animal it was, but they judged it to be
about twelve feet in length, and one of the killer-fish species. After
having struck the boat once, he continued to play about her, on every
side, as if manifesting a disposition to renew the attack, and did a
second time strike the bows of the boat, and split her stem. They had no
other instrument of offence, but the sprit-pole, (a long slender piece
of wood, by which the peak of the sail is extended,) with which, after
repeated attempts to destroy the boat, they succeeded in beating him
off. I arrived, just as he had discontinued his operations, and
disappeared. He had made a considerable breach in the bows of the boat,
through which the water had began to pour fast; and the captain,
imagining matters to be considerably worse than they were, immediately
took measures to remove his provisions into the second mate’s boat and
mine, in order to lighten his own, and by that means, and constant
bailing, to keep her above water until daylight should enable him to
discover the extent of the damage, and to repair it. The night was
spissy darkness itself; the sky was completely overcast, and it seemed
to us as if fate was wholly relentless, in pursuing us with such a cruel
complication of disasters. We were not without our fears that the fish
might renew his attack, some time during the night, upon one of the
other boats, and unexpectedly destroy us; but they proved entirely
groundless, as he was never afterwards seen. When daylight came, the
wind again favoured us a little, and we all lay to, to repair the broken
boat; which was effected by nailing on thin strips of boards in the
inside; and having replaced the provisions, we proceeded again on our
course. Our allowance of water, which in the commencement, merely served
to administer to the positive demands of nature, became now to be
insufficient; and we began to experience violent thirst, from the
consumption of the provisions that had been wet with the salt water, and
dried in the sun; of these we were obliged to eat first, to prevent
their spoiling; and we could not, nay, we did not dare, to make any
encroachments on our stock of water. Our determination was, to suffer as
long as human patience and endurance would hold out, having only in
view, the relief that would be afforded us, when the quantity of wet
provisions should be exhausted. Our extreme sufferings here first
commenced. The privation of water is justly ranked among the most
dreadful of the miseries of our life; the violence of raving thirst has
no parallel in the catalogue of human calamities. It was our hard lot to
have felt this in its extremest force, when necessity subsequently
compelled us to seek resource from one of the offices of nature. We were
not, at first, aware of the consequences of eating this bread, and it
was not until the fatal effects of it had shown themselves to a degree
of oppression, that we could divine the cause of our extreme thirst.
But, alas! there was no relief. Ignorant, or instructed of the fact, it
was alike immaterial; it composed a part of our subsistence, and reason
imposed upon us the necessity of its immediate consumption, as otherwise
it would have been lost to us entirely.

November 29th. Our boats appeared to be growing daily more frail and
insufficient; the continual flowing of the water into them, seemed
increased, without our being able to assign it to any thing else, than a
general weakness, arising from causes that must in a short time, without
some remedy or relief, produce their total failure. We did not neglect,
however, to patch up and mend them, according to our means, whenever we
could discover a broken or weak part. We this day found ourselves
surrounded by a shoal of dolphins; some, or one of which, we tried in
vain a long time to take. We made a small line from some rigging that
was in the boat, fastened on one of the fish-hooks, and tied to it a
small piece of white rag; they took not the least notice of it, but
continued playing around us, nearly all day, mocking both our miseries
and our efforts.

November 30th. This was a remarkably fine day; the weather not exceeded
by any that we had experienced since we left the wreck. At one o’clock,
I proposed to our boat’s crew to kill one of the turtle; two of which we
had in our possession. I need not say, that the proposition was hailed
with the utmost enthusiasm; hunger had set its ravenous gnawings upon
our stomachs, and we waited with impatience to suck the warm flowing
blood of the animal. A small fire was kindled in the shell of the
turtle, and after dividing the blood, (of which there was about a gill,)
among those of us who felt disposed to drink it, we cooked the
remainder, entrails and all, and enjoyed from it an unspeakably fine
repast. The stomachs of two or three revolted at the sight of the blood,
and refused to partake of it; not even the outrageous thirst that was
upon them could induce them to taste it; for myself, I took it like a
medicine, to relieve the extreme dryness of my palate, and stopped not
to inquire whether it was any thing else than a liquid. After this, I
may say exquisite banquet, our bodies were considerably recruited, and I
felt my spirits now much higher than they had been at any time before.
By observation, this day we found ourselves in latitude 7° 53′ S. our
distance from the wreck, as nearly as we could calculate, was then about
four hundred and eighty miles.

December 1st. From the 1st to the 3d of December, exclusive, there was
nothing transpired of any moment. Our boats as yet kept admirably well
together, and the weather was distinguished for its mildness and
salubrity. We gathered consolation too from a favourable slant which the
wind took to NE. and our situation was not at that moment, we thought,
so comfortless as we had been led at first to consider it; but, in our
extravagant felicitations upon the blessing of the wind and weather, we
forgot our leaks, our weak boats, our own debility, our immense distance
from land, the smallness of our stock of provisions; all which, when
brought to mind, with the force which they deserved, were too well
calculated to dishearten us, and cause us to sigh for the hardships of
our lot. Up to the 3d of December, the raging thirst of our mouths had
not been but in a small degree alleviated; had it not been for the pains
which that gave us, we should have tasted, during this spell of fine
weather, a species of enjoyment, derived from a momentary forgetfulness
of our actual situation.

December 3d. With great joy we hailed the last crumb of our damaged
bread, and commenced this day to take our allowance of healthy
provisions. The salutary and agreeable effects of this change were felt
at first in so slight a degree, as to give us no great cause of comfort
or satisfaction; but gradually, as we partook of our small allowance of
water, the moisture began to collect in our mouths, and the parching
fever of the palate imperceptibly left it. An accident here happened to
us which gave us a great momentary spell of uneasiness. The night was
dark, and the sky was completely overcast, so that we could scarcely
discern each other’s boats, when at about ten o’clock, that of the
second mate was suddenly missing. I felt for a moment considerable alarm
at her unexpected disappearance; but after a little reflection I
immediately hove to, struck a light as expeditiously as possible, and
hoisted it at the mast-head, in a lantern. Our eyes were now directed
over every part of the ocean, in search of her, when, to our great joy,
we discerned an answering light, about a quarter of a mile to leeward of
us; we ran down to it, and it proved to be the lost boat. Strange as the
extraordinary interest which we felt in each other’s company may appear,
and much as our repugnance to separation may seem to imply of weakness,
it was the subject of our continual hopes and fears. It is truly
remarked, that misfortune more than any thing else serves to endear us
to our companions. So strongly was this sentiment engrafted upon our
feelings, and so closely were the destinies of all of us involuntarily
linked together, that, had one of the boats been wrecked, and wholly
lost, with all her provisions and water, we should have felt ourselves
constrained, by every tie of humanity, to have taken the surviving
sufferers into the other boats, and shared our bread and water with
them, while a crumb of one or a drop of the other remained. Hard,
indeed, would the case have been for all, and much as I have since
reflected on the subject, I have not been able to realize, had it so
happened, that a sense of our necessities would have allowed us to give
so magnanimous and devoted a character to our feelings. I can only speak
of the impressions which I recollect I had at the time. Subsequently,
however, as our situation became more straightened and desperate, our
conversation on this subject took a different turn; and it appeared to
be an universal sentiment, that such a course of conduct was calculated
to weaken the chances of a final deliverance for some, and might be the
only means of consigning every soul of us to a horrid death of
starvation. There is no question but that an immediate separation,
therefore, was the most politic measure that could be adopted, and that
every boat should take its own separate chance: while we remained
together, should any accident happen, of the nature alluded to, no other
course could be adopted, than that of taking the survivers into the
other boats, and giving up voluntarily, what we were satisfied could
alone prolong our hopes, and multiply the chances of our safety, or
unconcernedly witness their struggles in death, perhaps beat them from
our boats, with weapons, back into the ocean. The expectation of
reaching the land was founded upon a reasonable calculation of the
distance, the means, and the subsistence; all which were scanty enough,
God knows, and ill adapted to the probable exigences of the voyage. Any
addition to our own demands, in this respect, would not only injure, but
actually destroy the whole system which we had laid down, and reduce us
to a slight hope, derived either from the speedy death of some of our
crew, or the falling in with some vessel. With all this, however, there
was a desperate instinct that bound us together; we could not reason on
the subject with any degree of satisfaction to our minds, yet we
continued to cling to each other with a strong and involuntary impulse.
This, indeed, was a matter of no small difficulty, and it constituted,
more than any thing else, a source of continual watching and inquietude.
We would but turn our eyes away for a few moments, during some dark
nights, and presently, one of the boats would be missing. There was no
other remedy than to heave to immediately and set a light, by which the
missing boat might be directed to us. These proceedings necessarily
interfered very much with our speed, and consequently lessened our
hopes; but we preferred to submit to it, while the consequences were not
so immediately felt, rather than part with the consolation which each
other’s presence afforded. Nothing of importance took place on the 4th
of December; and on the 5th, at night, owing to the extreme darkness,
and a strong wind, I again separated from the other boats. Finding they
were not to be seen in any direction, I loaded my pistol and fired it
twice; soon after the second discharge they made their appearance a
short distance to windward, and we joined company, and again kept on our
course, in which we continued without any remarkable occurrence, through
the 6th and 7th of December. The wind during this period blew very
strong, and much more unfavourably. Our boats continued to leak, and to
take in a good deal of water over the gunwales.

December 8th. In the afternoon of this day the wind set in E.SE. and
began to blow much harder than we had yet experienced it; by twelve
o’clock at night it had increased to a perfect gale, with heavy showers
of rain, and we now began, from these dreadful indications, to prepare
ourselves for destruction. We continued to take in sail by degrees, as
the tempest gradually increased, until at last we were obliged to take
down our masts. At this juncture we gave up entirely to the mercy of the
waves. The sea and rain had wet us to the skin, and we sat down,
silently, and with sullen resignation, awaiting our fate. We made an
effort to catch some fresh water by spreading one of the sails, but
after having spent a long time, and obtained but a small quantity in a
bucket, it proved to be quite as salt as that from the ocean: this we
attributed to its having passed through the sail which had been so often
wet by the sea, and upon which, after drying so frequently in the sun,
concretions of salt had been formed. It was a dreadful night—cut off
from any imaginary relief—nothing remained but to await the approaching
issue with firmness and resignation. The appearance of the heavens was
dark and dreary, and the blackness that was spread over the face of the
waters dismal beyond description. The heavy squalls, that followed each
other in quick succession, were preceded by sharp flashes of lightning,
that appeared to wrap our little barge in flames. The sea rose to a
fearful height, and every wave that came looked as if it must be the
last that would be necessary for our destruction. To an overruling
Providence alone must be attributed our salvation from the horrors of
that terrible night. It can be accounted for in no other way: that a
speck of substance, like that which we were, before the driving terrors
of the tempest, could have been conducted safely through it. At twelve
o’clock it began to abate a little in intervals of two or three minutes,
during which we would venture to raise up our heads and look to
windward. Our boat was completely unmanageable; without sails, mast, or
rudder, and had been driven, in the course of the afternoon and night,
we knew not whither, nor how far. When the gale had in some measure
subsided we made efforts to get a little sail upon her, and put her head
towards the course we had been steering. My companions had not slept any
during the whole night, and were dispirited and broken down to such a
degree as to appear to want some more powerful stimulus than the fears
of death to enable them to do their duty. By great exertions, however,
towards morning we again set a double-reefed mainsail and jib upon her,
and began to make tolerable progress on the voyage. An unaccountable
good fortune had kept the boats together during all the troubles of the
night: and the sun rose and showed the disconsolate faces of our
companions once more to each other.

December 9th. By twelve o’clock this day we were enabled to set all sail
as usual; but there continued to be a very heavy sea running, which
opened the seams of the boats, and increased the leaks to an alarming
degree. There was, however, no remedy for this but continual bailing,
which had now become to be an extremely irksome and laborious task. By
observation we found ourselves in latitude 17° 40′ S. At eleven o’clock
at night, the captain’s boat was unexpectedly found to be missing. After
the last accident of this kind we had agreed, if the same should again
occur, that, in order to save our time, the other boats should not heave
to, as usual, but continue on their course until morning, and thereby
save the great detention that must arise from such repeated delays. We,
however, concluded on this occasion to make a small effort, which, if it
did not immediately prove the means of restoring the lost boat, we would
discontinue, and again make sail. Accordingly we hove to for an hour,
during which time I fired my pistol twice, and obtaining no tidings of
the boat, we stood on our course. When daylight appeared she was to
leeward of us, about two miles; upon observing her we immediately ran
down, and again joined company.

December 10th. I have omitted to notice the gradual advances which
hunger and thirst, for the last six days, had made upon us. As the time
had lengthened since our departure from the wreck, and the allowance of
provision, making the demands of the appetite daily more and more
importunate, they had created in us an almost uncontrollable temptation
to violate our resolution, and satisfy, for once, the hard yearnings of
nature from our stock; but a little reflection served to convince us of
the imprudence and unmanliness of the measure, and it was abandoned with
a sort of melancholy effort of satisfaction. I had taken into custody,
by common consent, all the provisions and water belonging to the boat,
and was determined that no encroachments should be made upon it with my
consent; nay, I felt myself bound, by every consideration of duty, by
every dictate of sense, of prudence, and discretion, without which, in
my situation, all other exertions would have been folly itself, to
protect them, at the hazard of my life. For this purpose I locked up in
my chest the whole quantity, and never, for a single moment, closed my
eyes without placing some part of my person in contact with the chest;
and having loaded my pistol, kept it constantly about me. I should not
certainly have put any threats in execution as long as the most distant
hopes of reconciliation existed; and was determined, in case the least
refractory disposition should be manifested, (a thing which I
contemplated not unlikely to happen, with a set of starving wretches
like ourselves,) that I would immediately divide our subsistence into
equal proportions, and give each man’s share into his own keeping. Then,
should any attempt be made upon mine, which I intended to mete out to
myself, according to exigences, I was resolved to make the consequences
of it fatal. There was, however, the most upright and obedient behaviour
in this respect manifested by every man in the boat, and I never had the
least opportunity of proving what my conduct would have been on such an
occasion. While standing on our course this day we came across a small
shoal of flying fish: four of which, in their efforts to avoid us, flew
against the mainsail, and dropped into the boat; one, having fell near
me, I eagerly snatched up and devoured; the other three were immediately
taken by the rest, and eaten alive. For the first time I, on this
occasion, felt a disposition to laugh, upon witnessing the ludicrous and
almost desperate efforts of my five companions, who each sought to get a
fish. They were very small of the kind, and constituted but an extremely
delicate mouthful, scales, wings, and all, for hungry stomachs like
ours. From the eleventh to the thirteenth of December inclusive, our
progress was very slow, owing to light winds and calms; and nothing
transpired of any moment, except that on the eleventh we killed the only
remaining turtle, and enjoyed another luxuriant repast, that invigorated
our bodies, and gave a fresh flow to our spirits. The weather was
extremely hot, and we were exposed to the full force of a meridian sun,
without any covering to shield us from its burning influence, or the
least breath of air to cool its parching rays. On the thirteenth day of
December we were blessed with a change of wind to the northward, that
brought us a most welcome and unlooked for relief. We now, for the first
time, actually felt what might be deemed a reasonable hope of our
deliverance; and with hearts bounding with satisfaction, and bosoms
swelling with joy, we made all sail to the eastward. We imagined we had
run out of the tradewinds, and had got into the variables, and should,
in all probability, reach the land many days sooner than we expected.
But, alas! our anticipations were but a dream, from which we shortly
experienced a cruel awaking. The wind gradually died away, and at night
was succeeded by a perfect calm, more oppressive and disheartening to
us, from the bright prospects which had attended during the day. The
gloomy reflections that this hard fortune had given birth to, were
succeeded by others, of a no less cruel and discouraging nature, when we
found the calm continue during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth
of December inclusive. The extreme oppression of the weather, the sudden
and unexpected prostration of our hopes, and the consequent dejection of
our spirits, set us again to thinking, and filled our souls with fearful
and melancholy forebodings. In this state of affairs, seeing no
alternative left us but to employ to the best advantage all human
expedients in our power, I proposed, on the fourteenth, to reduce our
allowance of provisions one-half. No objections were made to this
arrangement: all submitted, or seemed to do so, with an admirable
fortitude and forbearance. The proportion which our stock of water bore
to our bread was not large; and while the weather continued so
oppressive, we did not think it adviseable to diminish our scanty
pittance; indeed, it would have been scarcely possible to have done so,
with any regard to our necessities, as our thirst had become now
incessantly more intolerable than hunger, and the quantity then allowed
was barely sufficient to keep the mouth in a state of moisture, for
about one-third of the time. “Patience and long-suffering” was the
constant language of our lips: and a determination, strong as the
resolves of the soul could make it, to cling to existence as long as
hope and breath remained to us. In vain was every expedient tried to
relieve the raging fever of the throat by drinking salt water, and
holding small quantities of it in the mouth, until, by that means, the
thirst was increased to such a degree, as even to drive us to
despairing, and vain relief from our own urine. Our sufferings during
these calm days almost exceeded human belief. The hot rays of the sun
beat down upon us to such a degree, as to oblige us to hang over the
gunwale of the boat, into the sea, to cool our weak and fainting bodies.
This expedient afforded us, however, a grateful relief, and was
productive of a discovery of infinite importance to us. No sooner had
one of us got on the outside of the gunwale than he immediately observed
the bottom of the boat to be covered with a species of small clam,
which, upon being tasted, proved a most delicious and agreeable food.
This was no sooner announced to us, than we commenced to tear them off
and eat them, for a few minutes, like a set of gluttons; and, after
having satisfied the immediate craving of the stomach, we gathered large
quantities and laid them up in the boat; but hunger came upon us again
in less than half an hour afterwards, within which time they had all
disappeared. Upon attempting to get in again, we found ourselves so weak
as to require each other’s assistance; indeed, had it not been for three
of our crew, who could not swim, and who did not, therefore, get
overboard, I know not by what means we should have been able to have
resumed our situations in the boat.

On the fifteenth our boat continued to take in water so fast from her
leaks, and the weather proving so moderate, we concluded to search out
the bad places, and endeavour to mend them as well as we should be able.
After a considerable search, and, removing the ceiling near the bows, we
found the principal opening was occasioned by the starting of a plank or
streak in the bottom of the boat, next to the keel. To remedy this, it
was now absolutely necessary to have access to the bottom. The means of
doing which did not immediately occur to our minds. After a moment’s
reflection, however, one of the crew, Benjamin Lawrence, offered to tie
a rope around his body, take a boat’s hatchet in his hand, and thus go
under the water, and hold the hatchet against a nail, to be driven
through from the inside, for the purpose of clenching it. This was,
accordingly, all effected, with some little trouble, and answered the
purpose much beyond our expectations. Our latitude was this day 21° 42′
South. The oppression of the weather still continuing through the
sixteenth, bore upon our health and spirits with an amazing force and
severity. The most disagreeable excitements were produced by it, which,
added to the disconsolate endurance of the calm, called loudly for some
mitigating expedient,—some sort of relief to our prolonged sufferings.
By our observations to-day we found, in addition to our other
calamities, that we had been urged back from our progress, by the heave
of the sea, a distance of ten miles; and were still without any prospect
of wind. In this distressing posture of our affairs, the captain
proposed that we should commence rowing, which, being seconded by all,
we immediately concluded to take a double allowance of provision and
water for the day, and row, during the cool of the nights, until we
should get a breeze from some quarter or other. Accordingly, when night
came, we commenced our laborious operations: we made but a very sorry
progress. Hunger and thirst, and long inactivity, had so weakened us,
that in three hours every man gave out, and we abandoned the further
prosecution of the plan. With the sunrise the next morning, on the
seventeenth, a light breeze sprung up from the SE. and, although
directly ahead, it was welcomed with almost frenzied feelings of
gratitude and joy.

December 18th. The wind had increased this day considerably, and by
twelve o’clock blew a gale; veering from SE. to E.SE. Again we were
compelled to take in all sail, and lie to for the principal part of the
day. At night, however, it died away, and the next day, the nineteenth,
proved very moderate and pleasant weather, and we again commenced to
make a little progress.

December 20th. This was a day of great happiness and joy. After having
experienced one of the most distressing nights in the whole catalogue of
our sufferings, we awoke to a morning of comparative luxury and
pleasure. About 7 o’clock, while we were sitting dispirited, silent, and
dejected, in our boats, one of our companions suddenly and loudly called
out, “there is land!” We were all aroused in an instant, as if
electrified, and casting our eyes to leeward, there indeed, was the
blessed vision before us, “as plain and palpable” as could be wished
for. A new and extraordinary impulse now took possession of us. We shook
off the lethargy of our senses, and seemed to take another, and a fresh
existence. One or two of my companions, whose lagging spirits, and worn
out frames had begun to inspire them with an utter indifference to their
fate, now immediately brightened up, and manifested a surprising
alacrity and earnestness to gain, without delay, the much wished for
shore. It appeared at first a low, white, beach, and lay like a basking
paradise before our longing eyes. It was discovered nearly at the same
time by the other boats, and a general burst of joy and congratulation
now passed between us. It is not within the scope of human calculation,
by a mere listener to the story, to divine what the feelings of our
hearts were on this occasion. Alternate expectation, fear, gratitude,
surprise, and exultation, each swayed our minds, and quickened our
exertions. We ran down for it, and at 11 o’clock, A. M. we were within a
quarter of a mile of the shore. It was an island, to all appearance, as
nearly as we could determine it, about six miles long, and three broad;
with a very high, rugged shore, and surrounded by rocks; the sides of
the mountains were bare, but on the tops it looked fresh and green with
vegetation. Upon examining our navigators, we found it was Ducies
Island, lying in latitude 24° 40′ S. longitude 124° 40′ W. A short
moment sufficed for reflection, and we made immediate arrangements to
land. None of us knew whether the island was inhabited or not, nor what
it afforded, if any thing; if inhabited, it was uncertain whether by
beasts or savages; and a momentary suspense was created, by the dangers
which might possibly arise by proceeding without due preparation and
care. Hunger and thirst, however, soon determined us, and having taken
the musket and pistols, I, with three others, effected a landing upon
some sunken rocks, and waded thence to the shore. Upon arriving at the
beach, it was necessary to take a little breath, and we laid down for a
few minutes to rest our weak bodies, before we could proceed. Let the
reader judge, if he can, what must have been our feelings now! Bereft of
all comfortable hopes of life, for the space of thirty days of terrible
suffering; our bodies wasted to mere skeletons, by hunger and thirst,
and death itself staring us in the face; to be suddenly and unexpectedly
conducted to a rich banquet of food and drink, which subsequently we
enjoyed for a few days, to our full satisfaction; and he will have but a
faint idea of the happiness that here fell to our lot. We now, after a
few minutes, separated, and went different directions in search of
water; the want of which had been our principal privation, and called
for immediate relief. I had not proceeded far in my excursion, before I
discovered a fish, about a foot and a half in length, swimming along in
the water close to the shore. I commenced an attack upon him with the
breach of my gun, and struck him, I believe, once, and he ran under a
small rock, that lay near the shore, from whence I took him with the aid
of my ramrod, and brought him up on the beach, and immediately fell to
eating. My companions soon joined in the repast; and in less than ten
minutes, the whole was consumed, bones, and skin, and scales, and all.
With full stomachs, we imagined we could now attempt the mountains,
where, if in any part of the island, we considered water would be most
probably obtained. I accordingly clambered, with excessive labour,
suffering, and pain, up amongst the bushes, roots, and underwood, of one
of the crags, looking in all directions in vain, for every appearance of
water that might present itself. There was no indication of the least
moisture to be found, within the distance to which I had ascended,
although my strength did not enable me to get higher than about 20 feet.
I was sitting down at the height that I had attained, to gather a little
breath, and ruminating upon the fruitlessness of my search, and the
consequent evils and continuation of suffering that it necessarily
implied, when I perceived that the tide had risen considerably since our
landing, and threatened to cut off our retreat to the rocks, by which
alone we should be able to regain our boats. I therefore determined to
proceed again to the shore, and inform the captain and the rest of our
want of success in procuring water, and consult upon the propriety of
remaining at the island any longer. I never for one moment lost sight of
the main chance, which I conceived we still had, of either getting to
the coast, or of meeting with some vessel at sea; and felt that every
minute’s detention, without some equivalent object, was lessening those
chances, by a consumption of the means of our support. When I had got
down, one of my companions informed me, that he had found a place in a
rock some distance off, from which the water exuded in small drops, at
intervals of about five minutes; that he had, by applying his lips to
the rock, obtained a few of them, which only served to whet his
appetite, and from which nothing like the least satisfaction had
proceeded. I immediately resolved in my own mind, upon this information,
to advise remaining until morning, to endeavour to make a more thorough
search the next day, and with our hatchets to pick away the rock which
had been discovered, with the view of increasing, if possible, the run
of the water. We all repaired again to our boats, and there found that
the captain had the same impressions as to the propriety of our delay
until morning. We therefore landed; and having hauled our boats up on
the beach, laid down in them that night, free from all the anxieties of
watching and labour, and amid all our sufferings, gave ourselves up to
an unreserved forgetfulness and peace of mind, that seemed so well to
accord with the pleasing anticipations that this day had brought forth.
It was but a short space, however, until the morning broke upon us; and
sense, and feeling, and gnawing hunger, and the raging fever of thirst
then redoubled my wishes and efforts to explore the island again. We had
obtained, that night, a few crabs, by traversing the shore a
considerable distance, and a few very small fish; but waited until the
next day, for the labours of which, we considered a night of refreshing
and undisturbed repose would better qualify us.

December 21st. We had still reserved our common allowance, but it was
entirely inadequate for the purpose of supplying the raging demands of
the palate; and such an excessive and cruel thirst was created, as
almost to deprive us of the power of speech. The lips became cracked and
swollen, and a sort of glutinous saliva collected in the mouth,
disagreeable to the taste, and intolerable beyond expression. Our bodies
had wasted away to almost skin and bone, and possessed so little
strength, as often to require each other’s assistance in performing some
of its weakest functions. Relief, we now felt, must come soon, or nature
would sink. The most perfect discipline was still maintained, in respect
to our provisions; and it now became our whole object, if we should not
be able to replenish our subsistence from the island, to obtain, by some
means or other, a sufficient refreshment to enable us to prosecute our
voyage.

Our search for water accordingly again commenced with the morning; each
of us took a different direction, and prosecuted the examination of
every place where there was the least indication of it; the small leaves
of the shrubbery, affording a temporary alleviation, by being chewed in
the mouth, and but for the peculiarly bitter taste which those of the
island possessed, would have been an extremely grateful substitute. In
the course of our rambles too, along the sides of the mountain, we would
now and then meet with tropic birds, of a beautiful figure and plumage,
occupying small holes in the sides of it, from which we plucked them
without the least difficulty. Upon our approaching them they made no
attempts to fly, nor did they appear to notice us at all. These birds
served us for a fine repast; numbers of which were caught in the course
of the day, cooked by fires which we made on the shore, and eaten with
the utmost avidity. We found also a plant, in taste not unlike the
peppergrass, growing in considerable abundance in the crevices of the
rocks, and which proved to us a very agreeable food, by being chewed
with the meat of the birds. These, with birds’ nests, some of them full
of young, and others of eggs, a few of which we found in the course of
the day, served us for food, and supplied the place of our bread; from
the use of which, during our stay here, we had restricted ourselves. But
water, the great object of all our anxieties and exertions, was no where
to be found, and we began to despair of meeting with it on the island.
Our state of extreme weakness, and many of us without shoes or any
covering for the feet, prevented us from exploring any great distance;
lest by some sudden faintness, or over exertion, we should not be able
to return, and at night be exposed to attacks of wild beasts, which
might inhabit the island, and be alike incapable of resistance, as
beyond the reach of the feeble assistance that otherwise could be
afforded to each. The whole day was thus consumed in picking up whatever
had the least shape or quality of sustenance, and another night of
misery was before us, to be passed without a drop of water to cool our
parching tongues. In this state of affairs, we could not reconcile it to
ourselves to remain longer at this place; a day, an hour, lost to us
unnecessarily here, might cost us our preservation. A drop of the water
that we then had in our possession might prove, in the last stages of
our debility, the very cordial of life. I addressed the substance of
these few reflections to the captain, who agreed with me in opinion,
upon the necessity of taking some decisive steps in our present dilemma.
After some considerable conversation on this subject, it was finally
concluded, to spend the succeeding day in the further search for water,
and if none should be found, to quit the island the morning after.

December 22d. We had been employed during the last night in various
occupations, according to the feelings or the wants of the men; some
continued to wander about the shore, and to short distances in the
mountains, still seeking for food and water; others hung about the
beach, near the edge of the sea, endeavouring to take the little fish
that came about them. Some slept, insensible to every feeling but rest;
while others spent the night in talking of their situation, and
reasoning upon the probabilities of their deliverance. The dawn of day
aroused us again to labour, and each of us pursued his own inclination,
as to the course taken over the island after water. My principal hope
was founded upon my success in picking the rocks where the moisture had
been discovered the day before, and thither I hastened as soon as my
strength would enable me to get there. It was about a quarter of a mile
from what I may call our encampment; and with two men, who had
accompanied me, I commenced my labours with a hatchet and an old chisel.
The rock proved to be very soft, and in a very short time I had obtained
a considerable hole, but, alas! without the least wished-for effect. I
watched it for some little time with great anxiety, hoping that, as I
increased the depth of the hole, the water would presently flow; but all
my hopes and efforts were unavailing, and at last I desisted from
further labour, and sat down near it in utter despair. As I turned my
eyes towards the beach I saw some of the men in the act of carrying a
keg along from the boats, with, I thought, an extraordinary spirit and
activity; and the idea suddenly darted across my mind that they had
found water, and were taking a keg to fill it. I quitted my seat in a
moment, made the best of my way towards them, with a palpitating heart,
and before I came up with them, they gave me the cheering news that they
had found a spring of water. I felt, at that moment, as if I could have
fallen down and thanked God for this signal act of his mercy. The
sensation that I experienced was indeed strange, and such as I shall
never forget. At one instant I felt an almost choking excess of joy, and
at the next I wanted the relief of a flood of tears. When I arrived at
the spot, whither I had hastened as fast as my weak legs would carry me,
I found my companions had all taken their fill, and with an extreme
degree of forbearance I then satisfied myself, by drinking in small
quantities, and at intervals of two or three minutes apart. Many had,
notwithstanding the remonstrances of prudence, and, in some cases,
force, laid down and thoughtlessly swallowed large quantities of it,
until they could drink no more. The effect of this was, however, neither
so sudden nor bad as we had imagined; it only served to make them a
little stupid and indolent for the remainder of the day.

Upon examining the place from whence we had obtained this miraculous and
unexpected succour, we were equally astonished and delighted with the
discovery. It was on the shore, above which the sea flowed to the depth
of near six feet; and we could procure the water, therefore, from it
only when the tide was down. The crevice from which it rose was in a
flat rock, large surfaces of which were spread around, and composed the
face of the beach. We filled our two kegs before the tide rose, and went
back again to our boats. The remainder of this day was spent in seeking
for fish, crabs, birds, and any thing else that fell in our way, that
could contribute to satisfy our appetites; and we enjoyed, during that
night, a most comfortable and delicious sleep, unattended with those
violent cravings of hunger and thirst, that had poisoned our slumbers
for so many previous ones. Since the discovery of the water, too, we
began to entertain different notions altogether of our situation. There
was no doubt we might here depend upon a constant and ample supply of it
as long as we chose to remain, and, in all probability, we could manage
to obtain food, until the island should be visited by some vessel, or
time allowed to devise other means of leaving it. Our boats would still
remain to us: a stay here might enable us to mend, strengthen, and put
them in more perfect order for the sea, and get ourselves so far
recruited as to be able to endure, if necessary, a more protracted
voyage to the main land. I made a silent determination in my own mind
that I would myself pursue something like this plan, whatever might be
the opinion of the rest; but I found no difference in the views of any
of us as to this matter. We, therefore, concluded to remain at least
four or five days, within which time it could be sufficiently known
whether it would be adviseable to make any arrangements for a more
permanent abode.

December 23d. At 11 o’clock, A. M. we again visited our spring: the tide
had fallen to about a foot below it, and we were able to procure, before
it rose again, about twenty gallons of water. It was at first a little
brackish, but soon became fresh, from the constant supply from the rock,
and the departure of the sea. Our observations this morning tended to
give us every confidence in its quantity and quality, and we, therefore,
rested perfectly easy in our minds on the subject, and commenced to make
further discoveries about the island. Each man sought for his own daily
living, on whatsoever the mountains, the shore, or the sea, could
furnish him with; and every day, during our stay there, the whole time
was employed in roving about for food. We found, however, on the
twenty-fourth, that we had picked up, on the island, every thing that
could be got at, in the way of sustenance; and, much to our surprise,
some of the men came in at night and complained of not having gotten
sufficient during the day to satisfy the cravings of their stomachs.
Every accessible part of the mountain, contiguous to us, or within the
reach of our weak enterprise, was already ransacked, for birds’ eggs and
grass, and was rifled of all that they contained: so that we began to
entertain serious apprehensions that we should not be able to live long
here; at any rate, with the view of being prepared, as well as possible,
should necessity at any time oblige us to quit it, we commenced, on the
twenty-fourth, to repair our boats, and continued to work upon them all
that and the succeeding day. We were enabled to do this, with much
facility, by drawing them up and turning them over on the beach, working
by spells of two or three hours at a time, and then leaving off to seek
for food. We procured our water daily, when the tide would leave the
shore: but on the evening of the twenty-fifth, found that a fruitless
search for nourishment had not repaid us for the labours of a whole day.
There was no one thing on the island upon which we could in the least
degree rely, except the peppergrass, and of that the supply was
precarious, and not much relished without some other food. Our situation
here, therefore, now became worse than it would have been in our boats
on the ocean; because, in the latter case, we should be still making
some progress towards the land, while our provisions lasted, and the
chance of falling in with some vessel be considerably increased. It was
certain that we ought not to remain here unless upon the strongest
assurances in our own minds, of sufficient sustenance, and that, too, in
regular supplies, that might be depended upon. After much conversation
amongst us on this subject, and again examining our navigators, it was
finally concluded to set sail for Easter Island, which we found to be
E.SE. from us in latitude 27° 9′ S. longitude 109° 35′ W. All we knew of
this island was, that it existed as laid down in the books; but of its
extent, productions, or inhabitants, if any, we were entirely ignorant;
at any rate, it was nearer by eight hundred and fifty miles to the
coast, and could not be worse in its productions than the one we were
about leaving.

The twenty-sixth of December was wholly employed in preparations for our
departure; our boats were hauled down to the vicinity of the spring, and
our casks, and every thing else that would contain it, filled with
water.

There had been considerable talk between three of our companions, about
their remaining on this island, and taking their chance both for a
living, and an escape from it; and as the time drew near at which we
were to leave, they made up their minds to stay behind. The rest of us
could make no objection to their plan, as it lessened the load of our
boats, allowed us their share of the provisions, and the probability of
their being able to sustain themselves on the island was much stronger
than that of our reaching the main land. Should we, however, ever arrive
safely, it would become our duty, and we so assured them, to give
information of their situation, and make every effort to procure their
removal from thence; which we accordingly afterwards did.

Their names were William Wright of Barnstable, Massachusetts, Thomas
Chapple of Plymouth, England, and Seth Weeks of the former place. They
had begun, before we came away, to construct a sort of habitation,
composed of the branches of trees, and we left with them every little
article that could be spared from the boats. It was their intention to
build a considerable dwelling, that would protect them from the rains,
as soon as time and materials could be provided. The captain wrote
letters, to be left on the island, giving information of the fate of the
ship, and that of our own; and stating that we had set out to reach
Easter Island, with further particulars, intended to give notice (should
our fellow-sufferers die there, and the place be ever visited by any
vessel,) of our misfortunes. These letters were put in a tin case,
enclosed in a small wooden box, and nailed to a tree, on the west side
of the island, near our landing place. We had observed, some days
previously, the name of a ship, “The Elizabeth,” cut out in the bark of
this tree, which rendered it indubitable that one of that name had once
touched here. There was, however, no date to it, or any thing else, by
which any further particulars could be made out.

December 27th. I went, before we set sail this morning, and procured for
each boat a flat stone, and two arms-full of wood, with which to make a
fire in our boats, should it become afterwards necessary in the further
prosecution of our voyage; as we calculated we might catch a fish, or a
bird, and in that case be provided with the means of cooking it;
otherwise, from the intense heat of the weather, we knew they could not
be preserved from spoiling. At ten o’clock, A. M. the tide having risen
far enough to allow our boats to float over the rocks, we made all sail,
and steered around the island, for the purpose of making a little
further observation, which would not detain us any time, and might be
productive of some unexpected good fortune. Before we started we missed
our three companions, and found they had not come down, either to assist
us to get off, nor to take any kind of leave of us. I walked up the
beach towards their rude dwelling, and informed them that we were then
about to set sail, and should probably never see them more. They seemed
to be very much affected, and one of them shed tears. They wished us to
write to their relations, should Providence safely direct us again to
our homes, and said but little else. They had every confidence in being
able to procure a subsistence there as long as they remained: and,
finding them ill at heart about taking any leave of us, I hastily bid
them “good-bye,” hoped they would do well, and came away. They followed
me with their eyes until I was out of sight, and I never saw more of
them.

On the NW. side of the island we perceived a fine white beach, on which
we imagined we might land, and in a short time ascertain if any further
useful discoveries could be effected, or any addition made to our stock
of provisions; and having set ashore five or six of the men for this
purpose, the rest of us shoved off the boats and commenced fishing. We
saw a number of sharks, but all efforts to take them proved ineffectual;
and we got but a few small fish, about the size of a mackerel, which we
divided amongst us. In this business we were occupied for the remainder
of the day, until six o’clock in the afternoon, when the men, having
returned to the shore from their search in the mountains, brought a few
birds, and we again set sail and steered directly for Easter Island.
During that night, after we had got quite clear of the land, we had a
fine strong breeze from the NW.; we kept our fires going, and cooked our
fish and birds, and felt our situation as comfortable as could be
expected. We continued on our course, consuming our provisions and water
as sparingly as possible, without any material incident, until the
thirtieth, when the wind hauled out E.SE. directly ahead, and so
continued until the thirty-first, when it again came to the northward;
and we resumed our course.

On the third of January we experienced heavy squalls from the W.SW.
accompanied with dreadful thunder and lightning, that threw a gloomy and
cheerless aspect over the ocean, and incited a recurrence of some of
those heavy and desponding moments that we had before experienced. We
commenced from Ducies Island to keep a regular reckoning, by which, on
the fourth of January, we found we had got to the southward of Easter
Island, and the wind prevailing E.NE. we should not be able to get on to
the eastward, so as to reach it. Our birds and fish were all now
consumed, and we had begun again upon our short allowance of bread. It
was necessary, in this state of things, to change our determination of
going to Easter Island, and shape our course in some other direction,
where the wind would allow of our going. We had but little hesitation in
concluding, therefore, to steer for the island of Juan Fernandez, which
lay about E.SE. from us, distant two thousand five hundred miles. We
bent our course accordingly towards it, having for the two succeeding
days very light winds, and suffering excessively from the intense heat
of the sun. The seventh brought us a change of wind to the northward,
and at twelve o’clock we found ourselves in latitude 30° 18′ S,
longitude 117° 29′ W. We continued to make what progress we could to the
eastward.

January 10th. Matthew P. Joy, the second mate, had suffered from
debility, and the privations we had experienced, much beyond any of the
rest of us, and was on the eighth removed to the captain’s boat, under
the impression that he would be more comfortable there, and more
attention and pains be bestowed in nursing and endeavouring to comfort
him. This day being calm, he manifested a desire to be taken back again;
but at 4 o’clock in the afternoon, after having been, according to his
wishes, placed in his own boat, he died very suddenly after his removal.
On the eleventh, at six o’clock in the morning, we sewed him up in his
clothes, tied a large stone to his feet, and, having brought all the
boats to, consigned him in a solemn manner to the ocean. This man did
not die of absolute starvation, although his end was no doubt very much
hastened by his sufferings. He had a weak and sickly constitution, and
complained of being unwell the whole voyage. It was an incident,
however, which threw a gloom over our feelings for many days. In
consequence of his death, one man from the captain’s boat was placed in
that from which he died, to supply his place, and we stood away again on
our course.

On the 12th of Jan. we had the wind from the NW. which commenced in the
morning, and came on to blow before night a perfect gale. We were
obliged to take in all sail and run before the wind. Flashes of
lightning were quick and vivid, and the rain came down in cataracts. As
however the gale blew us fairly on our course, and our speed being great
during the day, we derived, I may say, even pleasure from the
uncomfortableness and fury of the storm. We were apprehensive that in
the darkness of this night we should be separated, and made
arrangements, each boat to keep an E.SE. course all night. About eleven
o’clock my boat being ahead a short distance of the others, I turned my
head back, as I was in the habit of doing every minute, and neither of
the others were to be seen. It was blowing and raining at this time as
if the heavens were separating, and I knew not hardly at the moment what
to do. I hove my boat to the wind, and lay drifting about an hour,
expecting every moment that they would come up with me, but not seeing
any thing of them, I put away again, and stood on the course agreed
upon, with strong hopes that daylight would enable me to discover them
again. When the morning dawned, in vain did we look over every part of
the ocean for our companions; they were gone! and we saw no more of them
afterwards. It was folly to repine at the circumstance; it could neither
be remedied, nor could sorrow secure their return; but it was impossible
to prevent ourselves feeling all the poignancy and bitterness that
characterizes the separation of men who have long suffered in each
other’s company, and whose interests and feelings fate had so closely
linked together. By our observation, we separated in lat. 32° 16′ S.
long. 112° 20′ W. For many days after this accident, our progress was
attended with dull and melancholy reflections. We had lost the cheering
of each other’s faces, that, which strange as it is, we so much required
in both our mental and bodily distresses. The 14th January proved
another very squally and rainy day. We had now been nineteen days from
the island, and had only made a distance about 900 miles: necessity
began to whisper us, that a still further reduction of our allowance
must take place, or we must abandon altogether the hopes of reaching the
land, and rely wholly on the chance of being taken up by a vessel. But
how to reduce the daily quantity of food, with any regard to life
itself, was a question of the utmost consequence. Upon our first leaving
the wreck, the demands of the stomach had been circumscribed to the
smallest possible compass; and subsequently before reaching the island,
a diminution had taken place of nearly one-half; and it was now, from a
reasonable calculation, become necessary even to curtail that at least
one-half; which must, in a short time, reduce us to mere skeletons
again. We had a full allowance of water, but it only served to
contribute to our debility; our bodies deriving but the scanty support
which an ounce and a half of bread for each man afforded. It required a
great effort to bring matters to this dreadful alternative, either to
feed our bodies and our hopes a little longer, or in the agonies of
hunger to seize upon and devour our provisions, and coolly await the
approach of death.

We were as yet, just able to move about in our boats, and slowly perform
the necessary labours appertaining to her; but we were fast wasting away
with the relaxing effects of the water, and we daily almost perished
under the torrid rays of a meridian sun; to escape which, we would lie
down in the bottom of the boat, cover ourselves over with the sails, and
abandon her to the mercy of the waves. Upon attempting to rise again,
the blood would rush into the head, and an intoxicating blindness come
over us, almost to occasion our suddenly falling down again. A slight
interest was still kept up in our minds by the distant hopes of yet
meeting with the other boats, but it was never realized. An accident
occurred at night, which gave me a great cause of uneasiness, and led me
to an unpleasant rumination upon the probable consequences of a
repetition of it. I had laid down in the boat without taking the usual
precaution of securing the lid of the provision-chest as I was
accustomed to do, when one of the white men awoke me, and informed me
that one of the blacks had taken some bread from it. I felt at the
moment the highest indignation and resentment at such conduct in any of
our crew, and immediately took my pistol in my hand, and charged him if
he had taken any, to give it up without the least hesitation, or I
should instantly shoot him!—He became at once very much alarmed, and,
trembling, confessed the fact, pleading the hard necessity that urged
him to it: he appeared to be very penitent for his crime, and earnestly
swore that he would never be guilty of it again. I could not find it in
my soul to extend towards him the least severity on this account,
however much, according to the strict imposition which we felt upon
ourselves it might demand it. This was the first infraction; and the
security of our lives, our hopes of redemption from our sufferings,
loudly called for a prompt and signal punishment; but every humane
feeling of nature plead in his behalf, and he was permitted to escape,
with the solemn injunction, that a repetition of the same offence would
cost him his life.

I had almost determined upon this occurrence to divide our provisions,
and give to each man his share of the whole stock; and should have done
so in the height of my resentment, had it not been for the reflection
that some might, by imprudence, be tempted to go beyond the daily
allowance or consume it all at once, and bring on a premature weakness
or starvation: this would of course disable them for the duties of the
boat, and reduce our chances of safety and deliverance.

On the 15th of January, at night, a very large shark was observed
swimming about us in a most ravenous manner, making attempts every now
and then upon different parts of the boat, as if he would devour the
very wood with hunger; he came several times and snapped at the steering
oar, and even the stern-post. We tried in vain to stab him with a lance,
but we were so weak as not to be able to make any impression upon his
hard skin; he was so much larger than an ordinary one, and manifested
such a fearless malignity, as to make us afraid of him; and our utmost
efforts, which were at first directed to kill him for prey, became in
the end self-defense. Baffled however in all his hungry attempts upon
us, he shortly made off.

On the 16th of January, we were surrounded with porpoises in great
numbers, that followed us nearly an hour, and which also defied all
manœuvres to catch them. The 17th and 18th proved to be calm; and the
distresses of a cheerless prospect and a burning hot sun, were again
visited upon our devoted heads.

We began to think that Divine Providence had abandoned us at last; and
it was but an unavailing effort to endeavour to prolong a now tedious
existence. Horrible were the feelings that took possession of us!—The
contemplation of a death of agony and torment, refined by the most
dreadful and distressing reflections, absolutely prostrated both body
and soul. There was not a hope now remaining to us but that which was
derived from a sense of the mercies of our Creator. The night of the
18th was a despairing era in our sufferings; our minds were wrought up
to the highest pitch of dread and apprehension for our fate, and all in
them was dark, gloomy, and confused. About 8 o’clock, the terrible noise
of whale-spouts near us sounded in our ears: we could distinctly hear
the furious thrashing of their tails in the water, and our weak minds
pictured out their appalling and hideous aspects. One of my companions,
the black man, took an immediate fright, and solicited me to take out
the oars, and endeavour to get away from them. I consented to his using
any means for that purpose; but alas! it was wholly out of our power to
raise a single arm in our own defence. Two or three of the whales came
down near us, and went swiftly off across our stern, blowing and
spouting at a terrible rate; they, however, after an hour or two
disappeared, and we saw no more of them. The next day, the 19th of
January, we had extremely boisterous weather, with rain, heavy thunder
and lightning, which reduced us again to the necessity of taking in all
sail and lying to. The wind blew from every point of the compass within
the twenty-four hours, and at last towards the next morning settled at
E.NE. a strong breeze.

January 20. The black man, Richard Peterson, manifested to-day symptoms
of a speedy dissolution; he had been lying between the seats in the
boat, utterly dispirited and broken down, without being able to do the
least duty, or hardly to place his hand to his head for the last three
days, and had this morning made up his mind to die rather than endure
further misery: he refused his allowance; said he was sensible of his
approaching end, and was perfectly ready to die: in a few minutes he
became speechless, the breath appeared to be leaving his body without
producing the least pain, and at four o’clock he was gone. I had two
days previously, conversations with him on the subject of religion, on
which he reasoned very sensibly, and with much composure; and begged me
to let his wife know his fate, if ever I reached home in safety. The
next morning we committed him to the sea, in latitude 35° 07′ S.
longitude 105° 46′ W. The wind prevailed to the eastward until the 24th
of January, when it again fell calm. We were now in a most wretched and
sinking state of debility, hardly able to crawl around the boat, and
possessing but strength enough to convey our scanty morsel to our
mouths. When I perceived this morning that it was calm, my fortitude
almost forsook me. I thought to suffer another scorching day, like the
last we had experienced, would close before night the scene of our
miseries; and I felt many a despairing moment that day, that had well
nigh proved fatal. It required an effort to look calmly forward, and
contemplate what was yet in store for us, beyond what I felt I was
capable of making; and what it was that buoyed me above all the terrors
which surrounded us, God alone knows. Our ounce and a half of bread,
which was to serve us all day, was in some cases greedily devoured, as
if life was to continue but another moment; and at other times, it was
hoarded up and eaten crumb by crumb, at regular intervals during the
day, as if it was to last us for ever. To add to our calamities, biles
began to break out upon us, and our imaginations shortly became as
diseased as our bodies. I laid down at night to catch a few moments of
oblivious sleep, and immediately my starving fancy was at work. I dreamt
of being placed near a splendid and rich repast, where there was every
thing that the most dainty appetite could desire; and of contemplating
the moment in which we were to commence to eat with enraptured feelings
of delight; and just as I was about to partake of it, I suddenly awoke
to the cold realities of my miserable situation. Nothing could have
oppressed me so much. It set such a longing frenzy for victuals in my
mind, that I felt as if I could have wished the dream to continue for
ever, that I never might have awoke from it. I cast a sort of vacant
stare about the boat, until my eyes rested upon a bit of tough cow-hide,
which was fastened to one of the oars; I eagerly seized and commenced to
chew it, but there was no substance in it, and it only served to fatigue
my weak jaws, and add to my bodily pains. My fellow-sufferers murmured
very much the whole time, and continued to press me continually with
questions upon the probability of our reaching land again. I kept
constantly rallying my spirits to enable me to afford them comfort. I
encouraged them to bear up against all evils, and if we must perish, to
die in our own cause, and not weakly distrust the providence of the
Almighty, by giving ourselves up to despair. I reasoned with them, and
told them that we would not die sooner by keeping up our hopes; that the
dreadful sacrifices and privations we endured were to preserve us from
death, and were not to be put in competition with the price which we set
upon our lives, and their value to our families: it was, besides,
unmanly to repine at what neither admitted of alleviation nor cure; and
withal, that it was our solemn duty to recognise in our calamities an
overruling divinity, by whose mercy we might be suddenly snatched from
peril, and to rely upon him alone, “Who tempers the wind to the shorn
lamb.”

The three following days, the 25th, 26th, and 27th, were not
distinguished by any particular circumstances. The wind still prevailed
to the eastward, and by its obduracy, almost tore the very hopes of our
hearts away: it was impossible to silence the rebellious repinings of
our nature, at witnessing such a succession of hard fortune against us.
It was our cruel lot not to have had one bright anticipation
realized—not one wish of our thirsting souls gratified. We had, at the
end of these three days, been urged to the southward as far as latitude
36° into a chilly region, where rains and squalls prevailed; and we now
calculated to tack and stand back to the northward: after much labour,
we got our boat about; and so great was the fatigue attending this small
exertion of our bodies, that we all gave up for a moment and abandoned
her to her own course.—Not one of us had now strength sufficient to
steer, or indeed to make one single effort towards getting the sails
properly trimmed, to enable us to make any headway. After an hour or two
of relaxation, during which the horrors of our situation came upon us
with a despairing force and effect, we made a sudden effort and got our
sails into such a disposition, as that the boat would steer herself; and
we then threw ourselves down, awaiting the issue of time to bring us
relief, or to take us from the scene of our troubles. We could now do
nothing more; strength and spirits were totally gone; and what indeed
could have been the narrow hopes, that in our situation, then bound us
to life?

January 28. Our spirits this morning were hardly sufficient to allow of
our enjoying a change of the wind, which took place to the westward.—It
had nearly become indifferent to us from what quarter it blew: nothing
but the slight chance of meeting with a vessel remained to us now: it
was this narrow comfort alone, that prevented me from lying down at once
to die. But fourteen days’ stinted allowance of provisions remained, and
it was absolutely necessary to increase the quantity to enable us to
live five days longer; we therefore partook of it, as pinching necessity
demanded, and gave ourselves wholly up to the guidance and disposal of
our Creator.

The 29th and 30th of January, the wind continued west, and we made
considerable progress until the 31st, when it again came ahead, and
prostrated all our hopes. On the 1st of February, it changed again to
the westward, and on the 2d and 3d blew to the eastward; and we had it
light and variable until the 8th of February. Our sufferings were now
drawing to a close; a terrible death appeared shortly to await us;
hunger became violent and outrageous, and we prepared for a speedy
release from our troubles; our speech and reason were both considerably
impaired, and we were reduced to be at this time, certainly the most
helpless and wretched of the whole human race. Isaac Cole, one of our
crew, had the day before this, in a fit of despair, thrown himself down
in the boat, and was determined there calmly to wait for death. It was
obvious that he had no chance; all was dark he said in his mind, not a
single ray of hope was left for him to dwell upon; and it was folly and
madness to be struggling against what appeared so palpably to be our
fixed and settled destiny. I remonstrated with him as effectually as the
weakness both of my body and understanding would allow of; and what I
said appeared for a moment to have a considerable effect: he made a
powerful and sudden effort, half rose up, crawled forward and hoisted
the jib, and firmly and loudly cried that he would not give up; that he
would live as long as the rest of us—but alas! this effort was but the
hectic fever of the moment, and he shortly again relapsed into a state
of melancholy and despair. This day his reason was attacked, and he
became about 9 o’clock in the morning a most miserable spectacle of
madness: he spoke incoherently about every thing, calling loudly for a
napkin and water, and then lying stupidly and senselessly down in the
boat again, would close his hollow eyes, as if in death. About 10
o’clock, we suddenly perceived that he became speechless; we got him as
well as we were able upon a board, placed on one of the seats of the
boat, and covering him up with some old clothes, left him to his fate.
He lay in the greatest pain and apparent misery, groaning piteously
until four o’clock, when he died, in the most horrid and frightful
convulsions I ever witnessed. We kept his corpse all night, and in the
morning my two companions began as of course to make preparations to
dispose of it in the sea; when after reflecting on the subject all
night, I addressed them on the painful subject of keeping the body for
food!! Our provisions could not possibly last us beyond three days,
within which time, it was not in any degree probable that we should find
relief from our present sufferings, and that hunger would at last drive
us to the necessity of casting lots. It was without any objection agreed
to, and we set to work as fast as we were able to prepare it so as to
prevent its spoiling. We separated his limbs from his body, and cut all
the flesh from the bones; after which, we opened the body, took out the
heart, and then closed it again—sewed it up as decently as we could, and
committed it to the sea. We now first commenced to satisfy the immediate
cravings of nature from the heart, which we eagerly devoured, and then
eat sparingly of a few pieces of the flesh; after which, we hung up the
remainder, cut in thin strips about the boat, to dry in the sun: we made
a fire and roasted some of it, to serve us during the next day. In this
manner did we dispose of our fellow-sufferer; the painful recollection
of which, brings to mind at this moment, some of the most disagreeable
and revolting ideas that it is capable of conceiving. We knew not then,
to whose lot it would fall next, either to die or be shot, and eaten
like the poor wretch we had just dispatched. Humanity must shudder at
the dreadful recital. I have no language to paint the anguish of our
souls in this dreadful dilemma. The next morning, the 10th of February,
we found that the flesh had become tainted, and had turned of a greenish
colour, upon which we concluded to make a fire and cook it at once, to
prevent its becoming so putrid as not to be eaten at all: we accordingly
did so, and by that means preserved it for six or seven days longer; our
bread during the time, remained untouched; as that would not be liable
to spoil, we placed it carefully aside for the last moments of our
trial. About three o’clock this afternoon a strong breeze set in from
the NW. and we made very good progress, considering that we were
compelled to steer the boat by management of the sails alone: this wind
continued until the thirteenth, when it changed again ahead. We
contrived to keep soul and body together by sparingly partaking of our
flesh, cut up in small pieces and eaten with salt water. By the
fourteenth, our bodies became so far recruited, as to enable us to make
a few attempts at guiding our boat again with the oar; by each taking
his turn, we managed to effect it, and to make a tolerable good course.
On the fifteenth, our flesh was all consumed, and we were driven to the
last morsel of bread, consisting of two cakes; our limbs had for the
last two days swelled very much, and now began to pain us most
excessively. We were still, as near as we could judge, three hundred
miles from the land, and but three days of our allowance on hand. The
hope of a continuation of the wind, which came out at west this morning,
was the only comfort and solace that remained to us: so strong had our
desires at last reached in this respect, that a high fever had set in,
in our veins, and a longing that nothing but its continuation could
satisfy. Matters were now with us at their height; all hope was cast
upon the breeze; and we tremblingly and fearfully awaited its progress,
and the dreadful development of our destiny. On the sixteenth, at night,
full of the horrible reflections of our situation, and panting with
weakness, I laid down to sleep, almost indifferent whether I should ever
see the light again. I had not lain long, before I dreamt I saw a ship
at some distance off from us, and strained every nerve to get to her,
but could not. I awoke almost overpowered with the frenzy I had caught
in my slumbers, and stung with the cruelties of a diseased and
disappointed imagination. On the seventeenth, in the afternoon, a heavy
cloud appeared to be settling down in an E. by N. direction from us,
which in my view, indicated the vicinity of some land, which I took for
the island of Massafuera. I concluded it could be no other; and
immediately upon this reflection, the life blood began to flow again
briskly in my veins. I told my companions that I was well convinced it
was land, and if so, in all probability we should reach it before two
days more. My words appeared to comfort them much; and by repeated
assurances of the favourable appearance of things, their spirits
acquired even a degree of elasticity that was truly astonishing. The
dark features of our distress began now to diminish a little, and the
countenance, even amid the gloomy bodings of our hard lot, to assume a
much fresher hue. We directed our course for the cloud, and our progress
that night was extremely good. The next morning, before daylight, Thomas
Nicholson, a boy about seventeen years of age, one of my two companions
who had thus far survived with me, after having bailed the boat, laid
down, drew a piece of canvass over him, and cried out, that he then
wished to die immediately. I saw that he had given up, and I attempted
to speak a few words of comfort and encouragement to him, and
endeavoured to persuade him that it was a great weakness and even
wickedness to abandon a reliance upon the Almighty, while the least
hope, and a breath of life remained; but he felt unwilling to listen to
any of the consolatory suggestions which I made to him; and,
notwithstanding the extreme probability which I stated there was of our
gaining the land before the end of two days more, he insisted upon lying
down and giving himself up to despair. A fixed look of settled and
forsaken despondency came over his face: he lay for some time silent,
sullen, and sorrowful—and I felt at once satisfied, that the coldness of
death was fast gathering upon him: there was a sudden and unaccountable
earnestness in his manner, that alarmed me, and made me fear that I
myself might unexpectedly be overtaken by a like weakness, or dizziness
of nature, that would bereave me at once of both reason and life; but
Providence willed it otherwise.

At about seven o’clock this morning, while I was lying asleep, my
companion who was steering, suddenly and loudly called out “_There’s a
Sail!_” I know not what was the first movement I made upon hearing such
an unexpected cry: the earliest of my recollections are, that
immediately I stood up, gazing in a state of abstraction and ecstasy
upon the blessed vision of a vessel about seven miles off from us; she
was standing in the same direction with us, and the only sensation I
felt at the moment was, that of a violent and unaccountable impulse to
fly directly towards her. I do not believe it is possible to form a just
conception of the pure, strong feelings, and the unmingled emotions of
joy and gratitude, that took possession of my mind on this occasion: the
boy, too, took a sudden and animated start from his despondency, and
stood up to witness the probable instrument of his salvation. Our only
fear was now, that she would not discover us, or that we might not be
able to intercept her course: we, however, put our boat immediately, as
well as we were able, in a direction to cut her off; and found, to our
great joy, that we sailed faster than she did. Upon observing us, she
shortened sail, and allowed us to come up to her. The captain hailed us,
and asked who we were. I told him we were from a wreck, and he cried out
immediately for us to come alongside the ship. I made an effort to
assist myself along to the side, for the purpose of getting up, but
strength failed me altogether, and I found it impossible to move a step
further without help. We must have formed at that moment, in the eyes of
the captain and his crew, a most deplorable and affecting picture of
suffering and misery. Our cadaverous countenances, sunken eyes, and
bones just starting through the skin, with the ragged remnants of
clothes stuck about our sun-burnt bodies, must have produced an
appearance to him affecting and revolting in the highest degree. The
sailors commenced to remove us from our boat, and we were taken to the
cabin, and comfortably provided for in every respect. In a few minutes
we were permitted to taste of a little thin food, made from tapioca, and
in a few days, with prudent management, we were considerably recruited.
This vessel proved to be the brig Indian, captain William Crozier, of
London; to whom we are indebted for every polite, friendly, and
attentive disposition towards us, that can possibly characterize a man
of humanity and feeling. We were taken up in latitude 33° 45′ S.
longitude 81° 03′ W. At twelve o’clock this day we saw the island of
Massafuera, and on the 25th of February, we arrived at Valparaiso in
utter distress and poverty. Our wants were promptly relieved there.

The captain and the survivers of his boat’s crew, were taken up by the
American whale-ship, the Dauphin, Captain Zimri Coffin, of Nantucket,
and arrived at Valparaiso on the seventeenth of March following: he was
taken up in latitude 37° S. off the island of St. Mary. The third boat
got separated from him on the 28th of January, and has not been heard of
since. The names of all the survivers, are as follows:—Captain George
Pollard, junr., Charles Ramsdale, Owen Chase, Benjamin Lawrence, and
Thomas Nicholson, all of Nantucket. There died in the captain’s boat,
the following: Brazilla Ray of Nantucket, Owen Coffin of the same place,
who was shot, and Samuel Reed, a black.

The captain relates, that after being separated, as herein before
stated, they continued to make what progress they could towards the
island of Juan Fernandez, as was agreed upon; but contrary winds and the
extreme debility of the crew prevailed against their united exertions.
He was with us equally surprised and concerned at the separation that
took place between us; but continued on his course, almost confident of
meeting with us again. On the fourteenth, the whole stock of provisions
belonging to the second mate’s boat, was entirely exhausted, and on the
twenty-fifth, the black man, Lawson Thomas, died, and was eaten by his
surviving companions. On the twenty-first, the captain and his crew were
in the like dreadful situation with respect to their provisions; and on
the twenty-third, another coloured man, Charles Shorter, died out of the
same boat, and his body was shared for food between the crews of both
boats. On the twenty-seventh, another, Isaac Shepherd, (a black man,)
died in the third boat; and on the twenty-eighth, another black, named
Samuel Reed, died out of the captain’s boat. The bodies of these men
constituted their only food while it lasted; and on the twenty-ninth,
owing to the darkness of the night and want of sufficient power to
manage their boats, those of the captain and second mate separated in
latitude 35° S. longitude 100° W. On the 1st of February, having
consumed the last morsel, the captain and the three other men that
remained with him, were reduced to the necessity of casting lots. It
fell upon Owen Coffin to die, who with great fortitude and resignation
submitted to his fate. They drew lots to see who should shoot him: he
placed himself firmly to receive his death, and was immediately shot by
Charles Ramsdale, whose hard fortune it was to become his executioner.
On the 11th Brazilla Ray died; and on these two bodies the captain and
Charles Ramsdale, the only two that were then left, subsisted until the
morning of the twenty-third, when they fell in with the ship Dauphin, as
before stated, and were snatched from impending destruction. Every
assistance and attentive humanity, was bestowed upon them by Capt.
Coffin to whom Capt. Pollard acknowledged every grateful obligation.
Upon making known the fact, that three of our companions had been left
at Ducies Island, to the captain of the U. S. frigate Constellation,
which lay at Valparaiso when we arrived, he said he should immediately
take measures to have them taken off.

On the 11th of June following I arrived at Nantucket in the whale-ship
the Eagle, Capt. William H. Coffin. My family had received the most
distressing account of our shipwreck, and had given me up for lost. My
unexpected appearance was welcomed with the most grateful obligations
and acknowledgments to a beneficent Creator, who had guided me through
darkness, trouble, and death, once more to the bosom of my country and
friends.




                              SUPPLEMENT.


  The following is a list of the whole crew of the ship, with their
  arrangements into the three several boats upon starting from the
  wreck: the names of those who died, were left on the island, or
  shot—with those also who survived, and who were in the third or
  second mate’s boat at the time of separation—and whose fate is yet
  uncertain:—

         Capt. James Pollard, jun. 1st boat           survived
         Obed Hendricks,             do.        put in 3d boat
         Brazilla Ray,               do.                  died
         Owen Coffin,                do.                  shot
         Samuel Reed, (black)        do.                  died
         Charles Ramsdale,           do.              survived
         Seth Weeks,                 do.    left on the island
         Owen Chase,               2d boat            survived
         Benjamin Lawrence,          do.                   do.
         Thomas Nicholson,           do.                   do.
         Isaac Cole,                 do.                  died
         Richard Peterson, (black)   do.                   do.
         William Wright,             do.    left on the island
         Matthew P. Joy,           3d boat                died
         Thomas Chapple,             do.    left on the island
         Joseph West,                do.               missing
         Lawson Thomas, (black)      do.                  died
         Charles Shorter, (black)    do.                   do.
         Isaiah Shepherd, (black)    do.                   do.
         William Bond, (black.)      do.               missing


                                 FINIS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES


 1. The errors on p. 12 have been corrected in the text.
 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
 3. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Narrative of the Most Extraordinary
and Distressing Shipwreck of the Wh, by Owen Chase

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE--WHALE-SHIP ESSEX ***

***** This file should be named 61931-0.txt or 61931-0.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/9/3/61931/

Produced by Richard Tonsing, Mary Glenn Krause, and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org



Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.