The Project Gutenberg eBook of Negro Journalism, by George W. Gore This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Negro Journalism An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press Author: George W. Gore Release Date: April 02, 2021 [eBook #64981] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO JOURNALISM *** Negro Journalism An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press [Illustration] By GEORGE W. GORE, JR. Junior in Course in Journalism De Pauw University [Illustration] Greencastle, Indiana 1922 Price 35 Cents Copyright, 1922 By George W. Gore PREFACE This pamphlet does not pretend to be a detailed or scholarly discussion of the subject. Lack of experience and funds have limited the author to a mere outlining or suggesting of the field. In fact, this essay is only the expansion of a term paper submitted in fulfillment of a semester requirement in the Course in Journalism. The main purpose of this essay is to show the various stages of development through which the Negro press has evolved with a view of furnishing a background for the better understanding of its present status. It is written, too, to present the problems and inherent possibilities of Negro Journalism; to point out the progress which is being made today; and to suggest future possibilities. If this attempt, amateur and incomplete as it may be, in any measure awakens an interest in the achievements and efforts of Negro newspapers and magazines it has served its purpose. For the period up to 1890, the author frequently has referred to _The Afro-American Press_ and Its Editors by I. Garland Penn—a work which is an authority on the subject for the period covered by it. A large part of the biographical data and information on present day newspapers was obtained from the Negro Year Book and communications. I especially wish to thank those editors and publishers who so kindly gave me the information which I desired. I am also very grateful to The Chicago Defender and The Southern Workman of Hampton, Va., for the loan of some cuts. Especially do I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and helpful criticism of my instructor, Prof. L. E. Mitchell, director of the Course in Journalism, in DePauw University. GEORGE W. GORE, JR. Greencastle, Indiana. CONTENTS Transcriber’s Note: Chapter numbering in this table of contents doesn’t correspond to the chapter numbering in the text (due, it seems, to a late insertion of the preface as an extra chapter). I. PREFACE— II. EARLY ATTEMPTS (1827-1847)— 1. Discussion of nine pioneer papers. 2. Biographic sketches of their editors. III. THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865)— 1. Discussion of eleven papers. 2. Biographic sketches of editors. IV. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (OR THE PERIOD OF FREEDOM) (1865-1880)— 1. Discussion of principal papers and their editors. 2. Statistics as to paper published. V. THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1880-1900)— 1. Discussion of papers established that still exist. 2. The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers. VI. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-)— 1. Journalism regarded as a vocation. 2. Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and advertisements. 3. News service and syndicates. VII. PRESENT DAY NEWSPAPERS— 1. Discussion of mechanical equipment, news handling, etc. 2. Circulation and staffs. 3. Twelve best Negro newspapers. VIII. DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS— 1. Early attempts. 2. Daily editions for special periods. 3. Present day dailies. IX. NEGRO MAGAZINES— 1. Precursors. 2. Discussions of the development. 3. Present day publications—characteristics, size, circulation, and aim. X. JOURNALISM AND NEGRO SCHOOLS— 1. High School and College papers. 2. College courses in Journalism—Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce. 3. Training in printing—Tuskegee and Hampton. XI. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE— 1. Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement. XII. APPENDIX—LIST OF NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES PUBLISHED TODAY. A History of Negro Journalism In the United States CHAPTER I EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS [Sidenote: FREEDOM’S JOURNAL] Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to publish _The Liberator_, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first publication was _Freedom’s Journal_[1], issued March 16, 1827. It was in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine by twelve inches. _Freedom’s Journal_ was a thorough-going abolitionist sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness Exalteth a Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations on the immorality of slavery. [Sidenote: JOHN RUSSWURM FIRST EDITOR] The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first Negroes to graduate from a college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826. Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published _The Journal_ until 1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of _The Liberia Herald_. [Sidenote: THE COLORED AMERICAN] A period of about eight years elapsed before the founding of a second Negro newspaper. In January, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began the publishing of _The Weekly Advocate_. The name was changed in March, however, to _The Colored American_, and under that name it continued to be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor, Rev. Cornish, was one of the leading Negro journalists of the period. He had been associated with _Freedom’s Journal_, and throughout a period of twenty years he was actively connected with some newspaper. [Sidenote: ADVOCATED EMANCIPATION] The subscription price of _The Colored American_ was two dollars per year in advance. Its objects were, according to its flag, “the moral, social and political elevation of the free Colored people; and the peaceful emancipation of the enslaved.” The paper was well received by the American press of the period, and many favorable comments on it appeared from time to time. [Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR] The first two Negro newspapers had their headquarters in New York City, but their successor was established in Albany, N. Y. _The Elevator_ came into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper was strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential supporters and backers was Horace Greeley of _The New York Tribune_. [Sidenote: THE NATIONAL WATCHMAN] Contemporaneous with _The Elevator_ appeared _The National Watchman and Clarion_, which was established in Troy, N. Y., in the latter part of 1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. It was short-lived, as was also _The People’s Press_ which was published by Thomas Hamilton in New York City the following year. [Sidenote: THE MYSTERY] Following the lead taken by the empire state, Pennsylvania became a field of activity for the Negro journalist. In 1843, _The Mystery_ was published at Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard College. At first it was conducted as the personal property of its editor, but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor. Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was fined for his statements; but his popularity was so great that the fine was paid by popular subscription. _The Mystery_ ceased publication under that name in 1848, at which time it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. [Sidenote: STATEMENT BY N. Y. SUN, ORIGIN OF THE RAM’S HORN] As the result of a statement by the editor of _The New York Sun_, “The _Sun_ shines for all white men and not for colored men,” in January, 1847, _The Ram’s Horn_ was begun. Its editor was Willis Hodges, who according to _The Afro-American Press and Its Editor_[2], furnished the money necessary to publish the first issue by whitewashing in New York City for two months. Within a short period of time the circulation of the paper reached two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription price was $1.50 to subscribers within the state, and $1 a year to those outside the state. Its motto was—“We are men, and therefore interested in whatever concerns men.” The publication was a five column folio, printed on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848. [1] March 21, 1828, the name was changed to _Rights of All_. [2] Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891. CHAPTER II THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865) [Sidenote: DOUGLASS FOUNDS NORTH STAR] With the founding of the _North Star_, at Rochester. N. Y., November 1, 1847, a new era in Negro Journalism was begun. The new paper was conducted on a much higher plane than any of the preceding publications. The editor of the _North Star_ was Frederick Douglass, a man who stood head and shoulders above his colleagues. In fact, Douglass is in Negro Journalism what Bennett, or Pulitzer, or Greeley, or Dana is in American Journalism. The personal fame of the man gave his paper at once a place among the first journals of the country. The columns of the _North Star_ were filled with contributions from correspondents in Europe and the West Indies, as well as from all parts of the United States. It was the first Negro newspaper to have any considerable circulation among the American people outside of its own race group. [Sidenote: LIFE OF FRED DOUGLASS] The life of the founder of this paper is a most interesting one. Born a slave at Tuckahoe, Md., February, 1817, he escaped from his master in 1833, going first to New York City, and then to New Bedford, Mass. In 1841, he was sent out as a lecturer under the auspices of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was one of the most prominent anti-slavery agitators of his day; a series of lectures on the immorality of human slavery was given by him in England. Douglass’ power as a writer was great, and his ready and vigorous use of the English language was always effective. The paper was discontinued shortly after the abolition of slavery. [Sidenote: THE IMPARTIAL CITIZEN] Around the brilliancy of the _North Star_ moved several satellites, which somewhat reflected the light of the major planet. Among these was _The Impartial Citizen_, published at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848, by Samuel Ward. It is said that the paper was conducted on a high plane and was ably edited. [Sidenote: COLORED MAN’S JOURNAL RUNS TEN YEARS] The suspension of _The Ram’s Horn_ in 1848 left the Negroes of New York City without a newspaper. However, in 1851, Louis H. Putman began the publication of _The Colored Man’s Journal_. It was backed by a friend who financially supported it, and as a result the paper was able to run for a period of ten years—a record unequalled during the period before the Emancipation by any paper with the exception of the _North Star_. [Sidenote: ALIENATED AMERICAN] _The Alienated American_, edited by W. H. Day, was the first Negro newspaper published in Ohio. It entered upon its career in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1852, five years after its editor was graduated from Oberlin College. _The Alienated American_ was one of the best journals published by Negroes in the nineteenth century. Day was a prolific, scholarly writer. His publication was a creditable one and realized a good support. The paper ceased publication in 1856, when its editor made a trip to England. [Sidenote: A. M. E. CHURCH BUYS THE MYSTERY] In 1848, the African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased _The Mystery_ of Pittsburgh, Pa., of which Martin Delaney was editor. During the four years of its existence in Pittsburgh, the paper was known as the _Christian Herald_. In 1852, the paper was moved to Philadelphia, and its name was changed to _Christian Recorder_. Rev, M. M. Clarke became its first editor. [Sidenote: CHRISTIAN RECORDER OLDEST NEGRO NEWSPAPER] The beginning of the _Christian Recorder_ in 1852, marks the founding of the oldest Negro newspaper in existence today. It is also significant in that it marks the first serious attempt in Negro Journalism to establish a religious newspaper. The early years of the paper were beset with many difficulties, and oftimes the paper was not issued regularly. Not until Elisha Weaver became editor in 1861 did it appear weekly. The size of the paper has increased from 5 columns, 4 pages, 12 by 16 inches, in 1848, to its present size, 4 columns, 16 pages, 10 by 16 inches. The present circulation of the paper is about 5,000. Its editor is R. R. Wright Jr., who received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1911. [Sidenote: NEGRO JOURNALISM ON PACIFIC COAST] The year 1855 saw Negro Journalism starting on the Pacific coast. Within a space of less than thirty years Negro Journalism had made its way from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboard. The first publication was established at San Francisco under the name of _The Mirror of the Times_. Its editor was Judge Gibbs. It was published for seven years, and in 1862 was merged into _The Pacific Appeal_. [Sidenote: THE HERALD OF FREEDOM] Another contemporary of the _North Star_ was _The Herald of Freedom_, published in 1855, in Ohio, by Peter H. Clark. It was short-lived but during its existence it was one of the best advocates of Abolition. Its editor was a man of good common sense and vast knowledge. After the suspension of his paper, Clark was associated with Douglass on the _North Star_. [Sidenote: THE ANGLO-AFRICAN] Thomas Hamilton, the publisher of the short-lived _People’s Press_, again attempted a publication in New York City. On July 23, 1859, he began publishing _The Anglo-African_. The paper was well printed and in the opinion of Frederick Douglass “had more promise and more journalistic ability about it, than any of the other papers.” The motto of the papers of the period was highly indicative of their editorial outlook and policy. Practically every paper had its motto, and _The Anglo-African_ was no exception. Its motto was: “Man must be free; if not through law, then above the law.” [Sidenote: ADVOCATES HAYTIAN EMIGRATION] In 1860, the paper was bought by James Redpath—the object of his purchase being to advocate the Haytian Emigration Movement. With the change in ownership the paper was known as _The Weekly Anglo-African_. Later, in 1861, the paper reverted to the Hamilton family, being published by Robert Hamilton. The original name of the paper was resumed, and under its new publisher became an ardent supporter of the Republican party. With the freeing of the slaves, _The Anglo-African_ began to advocate the need of educational facilities for the freedman, especially in the South. The paper was suspended shortly after Emancipation. [Sidenote: COLORED CITIZEN ORGAN OF NEGRO SOLDIERS DURING WAR] During the period of the Civil War only two Negro newspapers were established, one of which was _The Colored Citizen_, published at Cincinnati, Ohio, by John P. Sampson. It was issued in the interest of the Negro soldiers fighting in the war. It was commonly referred to as the “Soldiers’ Organ,” and was widely disseminated among the soldiers. Sampson was well educated—being a product of the Boston public school system—and as an editor he was both able and enterprising. _The Colored Citizen_ was suspended the latter part of 1865. [Sidenote: THE PACIFIC APPEAL] In 1862, _The Pacific Appeal_ came into being in San Francisco, but it was not a new publication, however, it was merely the successor to _The Mirror of the Times_. Its editor was William H. Carter. It became the index of the activities of the Negroes on the Pacific coast. The paper’s motto was: “He who would be free, himself must strike the blow.” It was a six column folio, well-printed, and contained editorials which on the whole were sober and sound. [Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR, EDITED BY BELL] The second paper established on the western coast was _The Elevator_, which was begun by Phillip Bell, April 18, 1865, in San Francisco, Cal. The paper stated its mission thus: “We shall labor for the civil and political enfranchisement of the Colored people—not as a distinct and separate race, but as American citizens.” The publisher encouraged advertisements and quoted his rates as being 60 cents for one insertion and 25 cents for each subsequent insertion. [Sidenote: BELL A MAN OF LEARNING] Bell had been connected with the journalistic field for twenty-five years, and as a result was experienced in the work. His editorials were of a high quality. His paper was neatly printed and contained contributions relating to science, art, literature and drama. In fact, it is said that Bell himself was well-versed in belles-lettres and dramatic criticism. By many of his contemporaries he was considered the Napoleon of the Negro press. Although he died in 1889, his paper continued for many years thereafter. CHAPTER III THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1865-1880) [Sidenote: EMANCIPATION GOAL OF NEGRO PRESS] With the emancipation, a new period in Negro Journalism is begun. For nearly forty years newspapers had been published by Negroes who had obtained their freedom, but the circulation of these papers among the race group of necessity was limited. Emancipation marked the realization of the goal of the Negro press prior to that time, and with the ushering in of freedom many of the newspapers ceased publication. There was, however, still another great, if not even more important task for the Negro press—the education of the masses of illiterate. This task the surviving newspapers, together with many new ones, set out to accomplish. [Sidenote: FIRST SOUTHERN NEGRO NEWSPAPER] The first notable development of the period was the beginning of Negro newspapers in the South, where the large majority of Negroes were located. The first Negro newspaper published in the South was _The Colored American_ of Augusta, Ga., issued for the first time in October, 1865. The following paragraph from its prospectus will suffice to show the paper’s attitude and policy: [Sidenote: COLORED AMERICAN’S PROSPECTUS] “It (_The Colored American_) is designated to be a vehicle for the diffusion of Religious, Political and General Intelligence. It will be devoted to the promotion of harmony and good-will between the whites and Colored people of the south, and untiring in its advocacy of Industry and Education among all classes; but particularly the class most in need of our agency. “Accepting, at all times, the decision of public sentiment and Legislative Assemblies, and bowing to the majesty of law, it will fearlessly remonstrate against legal and constitutional proscription by appeal to the public sense of justice.”[3] [Sidenote: SHUFTEN’S EDITORIAL ON THE RACE PROBLEM] The editor of the paper was J. T. Shuften, who was ably assisted by Dr. James Lynch. Shuften was credited by _The New York World_ as having written the best article of the time on the “Negro Question.” The paper was short-lived and suspended February, 1866. [Sidenote: PRECURSORS IN SOUTHERN STATES] With the beginning of Negro Journalism in the South, papers sprung up in other states: _The Colored Tennessean_ and _The True Communicator_, of Baltimore, Md., being among the more noted ones. Many of the papers were short-lived; others changed hands and names frequently and continued for several years. [Sidenote: PAPERS GROW IN INFLUENCE AND CIRCULATION] The year 1868 saw the founding of _The Charleston Leader_, at Charleston, S. C. By 1870, the Negro press began to make itself felt. _The People’s Journal_, with a circulation of over 10,000 was being edited by Dr. R. L. Perry. In Mississippi, James J. Spellman and John Lynch began _The Colored Citizen_. December, 1870, marked the founding of _The New Orleans Louisianian_, by P. B. S. Pinchback[4], who in 1873 became governor of Louisiana, being the only Negro ever to hold this position. [Sidenote: EDITORS HIGHLY EDUCATED] August 1861, John J. Freeman started _The Progressive American_, in New York City, which existed for ten years. The one outstanding achievement of this paper is the fact that as a result of its fight for Negro teachers in the public schools twenty-three were appointed. Between 1865 and 1880, over 30 newspapers of more or less merit came into existence; Negro newspapers were being published in 21 states. The papers of the period were ably edited and were the product of some of the most highly educated Negroes. [3] Pinchback died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 22, 1921. [4] Afro-American Press. CHAPTER IV THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1880-1900) [Sidenote: NUMBER OF PAPERS INCREASES] The last twenty years of the nineteenth century were marked by an increase in the number of papers published. More than 150 papers were being published by Negroes in thirty different states before the dawn of the new century. To trace the history of all of these papers would be useless, if not well nigh impossible, as but few of them were long-lived or permanent. Most of them were started for the achievement of a single end, and having served the temporary need disappeared. There are, however, several papers which were established during this period that demand treatment because of their longevity and present existence. [Sidenote: PHILADELPHIA TRIBUNE] Among this group is _The Philadelphia Tribune_, founded by Christopher J. Perry in 1884. Perry, who was sole owner of his paper, had had much experience in Journalism before becoming a publisher. His work as editor of the Colored Department of _The Sunday Mercury_, had established his reputation as a journalist. [Sidenote: REMARKABLE SUCCESS UNDER PERRY] Since its founding, its editor has worked unceasingly towards its development and as a result the success of the paper has been remarkable. Today the paper exists, and in spite of the death of its founder in 1920, is still carried on by his heirs. Today _The Philadelphia Tribune_ occupies an enviable position among Negro papers, and is undoubtedly one of the twelve best Negro papers in the United States. At the time of his death, Christopher Perry was president of The National Negro Press Association. [Sidenote: THE AGE OLDEST NEGRO PAPER IN NEW YORK CITY] The oldest Negro newspaper published in New York City at the present time is _The New York Age_. It was founded in 1888 by T. Thomas Fortune, the living dean of Negro newspaper editors. Fortune began his journalistic career as a boy in the office of a white paper published in Marianna, Fla. His first editorship came in 1880, when he became connected with _The New York Globe_. Under the guidance of Fortune, _The Age_ was perhaps the greatest Negro newspaper of the period. Garland Penn, in his _Afro-American Press_ (published in 1891), styles, Fortune as “the most noted man in Afro-American journalism.” [Sidenote: RICHMOND PLANET EDITED BY MITCHELL] _The Richmond Planet_, founded by John Mitchell, Jr., in 1884, is another Negro newspaper that has enjoyed longevity. Mitchell seems to have been a born newspaperman, and practically all of his life he has devoted himself to journalism. Despite his location in the Southland, Mitchell has ever been a bold and fearless writer. Today _The Richmond Planet_ still exists, with John Mitchell, Jr., at its head, and has a circulation of over 25,000. [Sidenote: SMITH AND THE CLEVELAND GAZETTE] _The Cleveland Gazette_ was begun in August, 1883, with H. C. Smith as sole owner. It was considered as one of the best edited papers in the United States. Smith was an ardent politician, and his editorials advocating Republicanism were exceptionally pointed and well put. The paper was one of the few Negro papers of the period that was a financial success. _The Cleveland Gazette_ is still published by H. C. Smith. It has a circulation of approximately 20,000. [Sidenote: WILLIAM CHASE AND THE BEE] Perhaps the strongest Negro newspaper ever published in Washington, D. C., is _The Washington Bee_, of which William Calvin Chase is editor and founder. Chase is especially noted for his bull-dog tenacity in exposing and attacking fraud. He has always been one of the “big guns” in editorial artillery. Chase is still editor of his paper, and _The Bee_ buzzes as of old. [Sidenote: THE FREEMAN FIRST ILLUSTRATED NEGRO WEEKLY] The first illustrated Negro newspaper was _The Indianapolis Freeman_, founded by Edward Cooper of Indianapolis, Ind., July 14, 1888. The paper consisted of eight pages, and gave a complete review of the doings of Negroes everywhere. The extensive use of cuts and illustrations made the paper famous. As an all around newspaperman, Cooper was without a peer, and under his management the paper reached a pre-eminent position in Negro Journalism. Today _The Freeman_ is owned and controlled by George L. Knox, and it still enjoys a wide range of popularity. The paper features theatricals and sports. The present circulation is about 30,000. [Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN FOUNDED IN 1893] The founding of _The Afro-American_ in 1893, by W. M. Alexander marks the beginning of a paper which today figures most conspicuously in Negro Journalism. About 1896, the paper came into the hands of J. H. Murphy, Sr.,[5] who is now its managing editor at the age of eighty. More will be said of _The Afro-American_ in connection with the chapter on Present Day Papers. [Sidenote: LEADING PAPERS IN 1897] A list of the leading Negro newspapers in America in 1897, compiled by J. T. Haley in his book _Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge_, includes the following: _The Colored American_, Washington, D. C.; _The New York Age_; _The Indianapolis Freeman_; _The Cleveland Gazette_; _The Boston Courant_; _The Richmond_ (Va.) _Planet_; _The Huntsville_ (Ala.) _Gazette_; _The Southern Age_, Atlanta, Ga.; _The Progress_, Helena, Ark.; _The Elevator_, San Francisco, Cal.; _The Colorado Statesman_, Denver, Colo.; _The Appeal_, Chicago, Ill.; _The Afro-American_, Baltimore, Md., and _The Denver_ (Colo.) _Star_. [Sidenote: ORGANIZATION OF NEGRO CORRESPONDENTS] It would be improper to close a discussion of the period without mentioning the organizing of the “Associated Correspondents of Race Papers” on April 23, 1890. The object of the organization was to establish a better medium of communication from the capital. This step was perhaps the first real effort for unison among Negro newspapers, and marked a growing spirit of journalistic co-operation and interdependency. [5] Murphy died in April, 1922, at the age of 80 years. CHAPTER V THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-⸺) [Sidenote: JOURNALISM BECOMING A PROFESSION] Without doubt the first two decades of the twentieth century mark the highest progress in Negro Journalism. More papers have been established, and better papers have been produced. A realization of the power of the press has grown as the period of freedom has increased and race consciousness has been developed. More men with capital have invested in newspapers. Publishers and editors began for the first time to consider Journalism a profession from which a living could be derived. [Sidenote: LACK FUNDS AND NEED EQUIPMENT] Lack of adequate funds to fully develop a well-balanced newspaper has been and still is the greatest drawback to the Negro publisher. Until in very recent years, no Negro newspaper did all of its mechanical work. In many cases the newspaper office merely collected and arranged the news, and then carried it to some publishing concern. In other cases, the paper was printed by a publishing house, although the “forms” were made-up in the paper’s own shop. Thus, Negro newspapers have not been independent concerns. [Sidenote: LACK OF LIVE NEWS STORIES] In his effort to seriously make journalistic progress, the publisher of a Negro newspaper has always found it difficult to obtain sufficient live material to fill up his sheet. There have been no news bureaus or syndicates to supply him with the type of news needed to make his paper a real newsy sheet. In his endeavor to “pad out” in order to continually fill the standard size of his paper, the Negro publisher has been compelled to “clip” news previously featured by the daily newspapers or rewrite news from other Negro papers—a task rendered difficult by the corresponding dearth of real news in all Negro papers during “dull” seasons. [Sidenote: POOR ORGANIZATION A SERIOUS HANDICAP] Prior to and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the organization of the average Negro newspaper amounted to a printer-editor, perhaps an assistant whose duties were varied and manifold, an office girl, who in addition to keeping books, also performed the duties of copy-reader, and two or three agents who worked part time on a percentage basis. The typographical and grammatical structure of many of the papers suffered greatly through the lack of having a staff sufficiently trained and equipped with the proper facilities for turning out a well-edited, well-printed sheet. Dependence on a small, under-paid and inefficient organization—a condition analogous, and in many instances worse than that which exists on the small town newspaper—has seriously handicapped the Negro newspaper of the past. [Sidenote: NEWS BUREAUS AND SYNDICATES FOUNDED] The past twenty years have witnessed the evolution of a new Negro press. Stronger papers have been begun, and news syndicates and news associations have been founded. Examples of the latter are: The Hampton Institute Service, The Tuskegee Institute Press Service, Allen’s News Agency, The R. W. Thompson News Agency, The National Negro Press Association and The Associated Negro Press. Especially is the last named organization rendering a great service and filling a great need. [Sidenote: ASSOCIATED NEGRO PRESS] The Associated Negro Press has been in existence less than four years but during that time it has rapidly grown and achieved great success. Today it has a membership of more than 100 newspapers. The establishment of the A. N. P. was the first effort in Negro Journalism to assemble and distribute regularly general news from all sections of the United States and other countries affecting Colored people. Through the work of this organization big news stories now appear simultaneously in all of the leading Negro newspapers. The A. N. P. maintains executive offices in Chicago and permanent bureaus in Washington and New York. [Sidenote: PAPERS OF THE PERIOD] Among the present day papers established in this period are: _The Boston Guardian_, _The Nashville Globe_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Chicago Defender_, _The Detroit Leader_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_, _The St. Louis Argus_, _The Dallas Express_, _The Cleveland Advocate_, _The Negro World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Indianapolis Recorder_, and _The Chicago Whip_. CHAPTER VI PRESENT DAY PAPERS [Sidenote: 250 SECULAR WEEKLIES] Today over 250 secular Negro newspapers are being published in the United States, with a total circulation of over one million five hundred thousand copies. These papers are published in 34 states and in the district of Columbia. [Sidenote: PAPERS HAVE JOURNALISTIC APPEARANCE] Papers published in the larger centers where the Negro population is large, such as New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, Washington, Detroit, Indianapolis, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Nashville and Atlanta have developed to a high degree. Their make-up on the whole is good; their news stories for the most part conform with accepted journalistic style; their leads are of the summary type; their headlines, although somewhat sensational, are usually well constructed; their news treatment is becoming more impersonal; on the whole they are a great improvement over the Negro papers of the past. [Sidenote: DEFENDER HOUSED IN $200,000 PLANT] Negro newspaper offices are being transformed from mere receiving stations for news to newspaper plants. During May, 1921, _The Chicago Defender_, one of the leading Negro newspapers, moved into a new building fitted up by its owner, Robert S. Abbott, at an expense of over $200,000. The new _Defender_ plant compares favorably with that of any paper of its size in the United States. Its equipment includes four linotype machines, each equipped with two magazines, geared to cast seven lines per minute. The press on which _The Defender_ is printed is a 32-page and color machine, made by the celebrated Goss Printing Press Company. It is driven by a 30 H.P. motor and six men are required for its operation. It prints, folds and counts the papers all in one operation at a speed of 35,000 copies per hour. The paper’s circulation is over 200,000. [Illustration: Abbott, Editor and Owner of The Chicago Defender, Chicago, Illinois] [Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN EMPLOYS 21] Another paper which is representative of the new order of things in Negro Journalism is _The Afro-American_ of Baltimore, Md. _The Afro-American_ was among the first Negro papers to own and operate its own plant. Today the plant consists of a three-story building, Goss Press, three linotype machines, etc. The paper has twenty-one active employees and over two hundred agents in the state. The sworn circulation of the paper for 1920-21 was twenty thousand and one hundred copies weekly. [Sidenote: TRIBUNE OWNS $100,000 PLANT] From a humble beginning in 1884, _The Philadelphia Tribune_ has grown until today it has its own hundred thousand dollar plant, fully equipped to do modern job and commercial work in addition to printing the paper. Christopher J. Perry remained sole owner of the paper from its founding to the time of his death. Today the paper is being published by his children, and is continuing along the conservative lines which have characterized the paper for more than 35 years. [Illustration: First page of the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro weekly newspaper with a $200,000 plant and a subscription list which is over 175,000. A view of the plant is also shown.] [Sidenote: BETTER STAFFS AND NEWS] In the past, the editorial page has been the one redeeming feature of the average Negro newspaper. Today the papers are beginning to have well-balanced staffs, reporters, city editors, cartoonists, etc. News stories are being better written, copy is being handled more carefully, accuracy is being insisted upon, and make-up in general is being improved. [Sidenote: SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT] Papers printed in different parts of the country vary quite significantly in their make-up and quality. The best papers are probably published in the Middle West and the East. The Southern press is still in the rear, although signs are evident that it is beginning to wake up. At the present four Southern papers have a very high national rating. They are _The Afro-American_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Nashville Globe_ and _The Dallas Express_. [Sidenote: PAPERS HAVING OVER 30,000] Seven papers have over 30,000 subscribers. The list includes the following papers in the order named: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Negro World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The New York News_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_ and _The Birmingham Reporter_. [Sidenote: TWELVE LEADING NEGRO WEEKLIES] Any attempt to select the leading Negro newspapers of necessity must be more or less arbitrary, and dependent upon prejudices toward certain types of journalism. A probable list of the best twelve weeklies might include: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Afro-American_, _The Cleveland Advocate_, _The Philadelphia Tribune_, _The New York Age_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_, _The Chicago Whip_, _The St. Louis Argus_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Detroit Leader_ and _The Boston Guardian_. CHAPTER VII DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS [Sidenote: FIRST DAILY CAIRO GAZETTE] The first attempt of the Negro journalist to publish a daily newspaper was _The Cairo_ (Ill.) _Gazette_, which was first issued April 23, 1882. The editor was W. S. Scott. The paper was issued regularly for six months when the plant was destroyed by fire. It was a readable sheet, contained much original matter, and had a good force of reporters. [Sidenote: COLUMBUS MESSENGER] The next attempt was _The Columbus Messenger_, published at Columbus. Ga. It was first issued as a daily in 1888. It was edited by B. T. Harvey, a graduate of Tuskegee Institute. The sheet was 12 by 20 inches. [Sidenote: DAILIES ISSUED FOR SHORT PERIODS] Several newspapers have issued daily editions for short periods. _The Knoxville_ (Tenn.) _Negro World_ was issued daily as an advertising medium for two weeks. About 1890 _The Public Ledger_ of Baltimore, Md., was issued daily by Wesley Adams, for a short period. _The Nashville Globe_ published a daily during the $30,000 Y. M. C. A. campaign in Nashville, Tenn., June 1-12, 1913. It proved a tremendous success for the twelve days and had an average circulation of 5,000 per day. During the World War _The Herald_ of Baltimore, Md., edited by W. T. Andrews, was issued daily. [Sidenote: DAILIES IN FORM OF “BROADSIDES”] Three daily papers are being published at present. Two of these, _The Richmond_ (Va.) _Colored American_ and _The Washington Colored American_ are published by the American Publicity Bureau, Inc. and The National Negro Publicity Bureau, Inc., respectively with D. Eugene Taylor listed as general manager of both. In form these papers are “broadsides”—a bulletin type of sheet printed on only one side. They are printed on a sheet measuring 24 inches by 36 inches. The news is set in two double columns, running down the center of the page between a double column of advertising on each side. [Sidenote: DAILY STANDARD] The third paper is _The Indianapolis Daily Standard_ which began publication the latter part of April, 1922, under the editorship of C. C. Shelby. It is a 7 column, 4-page paper and retails at 2 cents per copy. [Sidenote: DRAWBACKS TO NEGRO DAILY] The slow development of the Negro daily is due chiefly to the fact: (1) That the field of such papers is already covered to a large extent by the American daily press; and (2) That a daily paper, with a restricted field from which to gather news, and denied the service of the Associated Press, is well nigh impossible. With the further development of the Associated Negro Press more Negro dailies may be possible. CHAPTER VIII NEGRO MAGAZINES [Sidenote: EARLY MAGAZINES] The magazine field has not been entered as rapidly or as fully by the Negro journalist as the newspaper field. The first Negro magazine, nevertheless, early followed the beginning made by the first Negro newspaper. In 1837, the first magazine—_The Mirror of Liberty_—was published by David Ruggles. It was devoted to the advancement of the free Negroes in the North, and was issued quarterly from New York City. [Sidenote: ANGLO-AFRICAN MAGAZINE] The next serious attempt to publish a Negro magazine was in 1856, when Thomas Hamilton, of New York City, issued _The Anglo-African Magazine_, which was the outgrowth of his newspaper, The Anglo-African. It was devoted to literature, science, statistics and contained articles on the abolition of slavery. It existed for about four years. [Sidenote: A. M. E. REVIEW OLDEST MAGAZINE] The oldest Negro magazine, like the oldest newspaper, was established by the A. M. E. Church. In 1884, that denomination began the publishing of _The A. M. E. Review_ in Baltimore, Md. Today it still exists and is published in Philadelphia, Pa. [Sidenote: OUR WOMEN AND CHILDREN] Another noteworthy periodical is _Our Women and Children_, first published in 1888, by Dr. William J. Simmons. It was unique in that it practically confined itself to the feminine world. Its contributors were chiefly women and the articles which appeared on its pages concerned themselves primarily with questions which affected home-life. [Sidenote: OVER 100 MAGAZINES IN EXISTENCE] Many other Negro magazines have been attempted; many of more or less note, but of the magazines established prior to 1900, scarcely a one, if any, are in existence today. Of the leading present day magazines, none can boast of as long a period of publication as the present day newspapers. At present about one hundred magazines are being published by Negroes. However, this number includes school periodicals, church organs and fraternal organs, and only a small fraction of the total number are purely literary or secular publications. [Sidenote: THE CRISIS EDITED BY DR. DUBOIS] Among the foremost Negro magazines of general literature is _The Crisis_, published at New York City, under the editorship of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, perhaps the leading literary figure among the race today. While the publication is the official organ of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, it contains short stories, essays, sketches and poetry of a high literary quality. [Sidenote: SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NUMBER] A special feature of _The Crisis_ is the emphasis it places on higher education. Each July it publishes an educational number containing the photographs of Negro college graduates from white Northern institutions during the past school year. The issue also contains a resume of the educational progress of the year. [Sidenote: THE MESSENGER, A JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE] _The Messenger_, published in New York City by Phillip Randolph and Chandler Owen, is devoted to economic, political and sociological subject-matter, with special emphasis upon the Negro and his relation to the labor problem. The tremendous influence of this magazine, devoted as it is to such a special field, is clearly shown by the fact that at present it has a circulation of over 26,000. [Sidenote: A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO MUSIC AND SPORTS] Another magazine which confines itself to a limited field is _The American Musician and Sportsman Magazine_. This publication is printed in Philadelphia, Pa., by William A. Potter, editor. It is intended to afford opportunity for the expression of opinion on things musical, and in addition to its emphasis on music it deals with all branches of professional and amateur sports. The magazine has a circulation of 5500. [Sidenote: JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY] One of the most scholarly periodicals published by Negroes is _The Journal of Negro History_ edited by Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D., at Washington, D. C. The publication treats in a thorough-going and detailed manner the history of the Negro race. [Sidenote: BROWNIES’ BOOK FOR NEGRO YOUTH] _The Brownies’ Book_, a magazine devoted to the activities of the Negro youth, is also published in New York City and has at its head Dr. DuBois and Augustus Dill. It contains stories, the life and deeds of famous men and women of the Negro race, and current events of the world told in language suitable for children. In a similar manner to _The Crisis_, it features the photographs of Negro high school graduates. [Sidenote: FEATURED NEGRO SHORT STORIES] Two magazines of national importance and published in Chicago, Ill., are _The Half-Century_, edited by Katherine Williams Irmin and _The Favorite_, edited by Fenton Johnson. Both of these periodicals feature literary material and short stories dealing with Negro life. [Sidenote: THE RADIATOR] Another periodical dealing with a special field is _The Radiator_, a bi-monthly insurance magazine, edited by Sadie T. Mossell at Durham, N. C. Its purpose is to disseminate news and information to Negro insurance companies and workers. [Sidenote: LEADING PRESENT DAY MAGAZINES] Other magazines published at the present time are: _The Journal of the National Medical Association_, issued quarterly by the National Medical Association at Tuskegee Institute, Ala.; _The Pullman Porter’s Review_, Chicago, Ill.; _The Search Light_, Raleigh, N. C.; _The Rainbow_, New York City, and _The Crusader_, New York City. CHAPTER IX TRAINING IN NEGRO SCHOOLS [Sidenote: ELEMENTARY TRAINING IN HIGH SCHOOLS] Definite steps are being taken by Negro schools and colleges to provide academic training in Journalism. Even in the high schools, the development of a vague appreciation of, and elementary training in Journalism is afforded by the publishing of school papers, under the supervision of the English department. Such schools as Dunbar High School, Washington, D. C.; Summer High School, St. Louis, Mo.; Central High School, Louisville, Ky.; Pearl High School, Nashville, Tenn., and Langston High School, Hot Springs, Ark., illustrate the point. [Sidenote: COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS] What is true of the high schools is true of the Normal and Industrial schools and colleges on a larger scale. Approximately one hundred periodicals are published by such institutions at least once a month. Some of these are purely the product of the student body; a few of them are the product of both students and faculty; still others are the publication of the administration and faculty, and under the supervision of a university editor. Many of the latter have developed to the place where they are nationally known. Such periodicals as _The Fisk University News_, _The Southern Workman_ (Hampton Institute), _Howard University Record_ (quarterly), _The Tuskegee Student_ and _The Atlanta University Bulletin_ (quarterly) are among the best Negro publications in the United States. [Sidenote: JOURNALISM COURSES AT FISK UNIVERSITY] This, however, is not all. The training of Negro journalists is being attempted through college courses. Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn., perhaps, was the first school to give such courses. Under the professorship of Isaac Fisher, one of the foremost Negro editors today, four courses in Journalism are offered. The course as outlined in the latest Fisk University catalog includes: (1) Essentials in Newspaper Technique—a course including practise in writing, editing, and methods of presentation; (2) The Law of Journalism—a study of libel, copyright, rights and duties of the press in reporting judicial proceedings, and the liabilities of the publisher, editor, reporter and contributor; (3) Ethics of Journalism—lectures discussing the proper responsibility to the public on the part of newspaper writers; (4) Art of Newspaper and Magazine Making—a course devoted to the studying of actual work of making a newspaper and magazine, with laboratory practice to supplement the theory studied. [Sidenote: PROFESSIONAL TRAINING] What will in all probabilities mark the real beginning of professional training in Journalism among Negroes is the opening of the proposed School of Journalism by Howard University, Washington, D. C. Owing to a limitation of finances, unfortunately the school has not yet been put in operation. [Sidenote: PROPOSED COURSES AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY JOURNALISM SCHOOL] The course as outlined in the Howard University catalog is based upon two years of college work, including a reading knowledge of at least two modern languages, and advanced work in English Composition. The professional work covers two years and leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Journalism. The subjects offered are: Practice in Writing, Newspaper Technique, Newspaper Editing, The History of Journalism, Advertising, Journalistic French, Journalistic German, Journalistic Spanish, Elements of Law, Freehand and Applied Drawing, and certain college courses in History, Economics, Sociology, Literature and Politics. [Sidenote: JOURNALISM AT WILBERFORCE] While it does not have a separate department in Journalism, Wilberforce University offers courses in journalistic writing as a part of the work in the department of English. Three courses are given at present: Business English, Short Story Writing and Editorial Writing. [Sidenote: PRINTING] On the mechanical side of newspaper publishing, work is offered in printing at Hampton Institute (Va.), Tuskegee Institute (Ala.), and Wilberforce University (Ohio). Many of the present printer-editors are products of these schools. CHAPTER X A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE From its small beginning in 1827, Negro Journalism has steadily grown in the United States. Today it stands as a definite factor in Negro life. In truth, the Negro press reflects the growing race consciousness of eleven million American citizens of African descent. The status of the Negro newspaper is fixed—it is here to stay. While daily newspapers may devote space to “News of Interest to Colored People;” yet they can never take the place of the newspapers which are published solely for the race group. The appeal of the Negro newspaper is direct and racial. In a manner similar to that of the rural press, the Negro paper has an unlimited field because of its personal relationship to its readers. During the first half century of Negro Journalism, it is doubtful if any of the papers were financial successes; in truth, most of them were published as purely partisan or propagandists organs, and were supported through the contributions of sympathizers. Today Negro newspapers are conducted on business principles and pay reasonable returns to their investors. Papers in the large cities have built up enormous subscription lists of bona fide, paid-up subscribers. Likewise, they carry a large amount of well-paying advertisements, and as a result of these sources of income they are able to give attractive remuneration to their publishers, editorial staff and business staff. No longer must the Negro journalist necessarily be an unpaid worker. Trained journalists can obtain respectable salaries and find as many openings as their fellow workers on metropolitan dailies and national weeklies and monthlies. That the calibre of the work done on Negro publications will continue to improve is highly probable in view of the fact that every year an increasing number of trained young men and women are entering the field, and bringing with them burning enthusiasm and high professional ideals. The Courses in Journalism in the Negro colleges, also, will soon be having a telling effect on the future Negro journalist. Already a few of the twentieth century Negro youths are being attracted to the professional study of Journalism, preferring the possibilities of its virgin field to the overcrowded professions of law, teaching, medicine and theology. The future of Negro Journalism is limited only by the zeal and conscientious effort which its workers bestir themselves to exert. A marvelous growth and success has been recorded within the past 95 years, but greater achievement is yet to be accomplished. Negro semi-weeklies, and eventually dailies in the larger cities, will undoubtedly be developed within the next decade. The size of many of the present weeklies will be increased of necessity. Better news stories and more real news will be the result of the successful functioning of such news syndicates as the Associated Negro Press. The decreasing of illiteracy among the Negroes will continue to be carried forward by the Negro press, with a mutual benefit to the race and its publications. Higher standards of literacy will bring greater appreciation for reading and thereby create a stronger support for the Negro publisher. In the immediate future, perhaps, the great field for development in Negro Journalism is in the South where the great mass of Negro population, despite the Northern immigration, resides. There Negro Journalism needs and will continue to need its best trained editors and managers. There it will need men of sound judgment and common sense; men of purpose and high professional ideals; men of broad sympathy and great patience. PARTIAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES ALABAMA The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham The Emancipator Montgomery The Mobile Forum Mobile The Mobile Advocate Mobile The Mobile Weekly Press Mobile The Negro Leader Uniontown The Times Plaindealer Birmingham The Voice of the People Birmingham The Voice of the Negro Dothan ARKANSAS Hot Springs Echo Hot Springs Arkansas Banner Little Rock The Appreciator-Union Fort Smith The Negro Advocate Fordyce The Interstate Reporter Helena The Opinion-Enterprise Marianna Western Review Little Rock White River Advocate Newport The School Herald Warren ARIZONA The Phoenix Tribune Phoenix CALIFORNIA The Eagle Los Angeles The Liberator Los Angeles The Citizens Advocate Los Angeles Oakland Sunshine Oakland The Western Outlook Oakland The New Age Los Angeles The Western Review Sacramento COLORADO Colorado Statesman Denver The Denver Advocate Colorado Springs The Rising Sun Pueblo CONNECTICUT Hartford Herald Hartford DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA The Washington Eagle Washington The Washington Bee Washington FLORIDA Florida Sentinel Jacksonville Labor Templar Jacksonville West Florida Bugle Marianna The Tampa Bulletin Tampa Metropolitan Tallahassee The Palatka Advocate Palatka The Colored Citizen Pensacola GEORGIA The Savannah Journal Savannah The Savannah Tribune Savannah The Americus Chronicle Americus The Athens Clipper Athens The Atlanta Post Atlanta The Atlanta Independent Atlanta Rome Enterprise Rome The Advocate Brunswick The Augusta News Augusta Supreme Circle News Albany ILLINOIS Inter-State Echo Danville The Broad Axe Chicago The Chicago Defender Chicago The Chicago Idea Chicago The Peoples Advocate Chicago The Searchlight Chicago The Whip Chicago The Forum Springfield The Weekly Star Mound City The Illinois Conservator Springfield Advance Citizens Springfield INDIANA The Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis The Indianapolis Recorder Indianapolis The Indianapolis Ledger Indianapolis The Indianapolis World Indianapolis The Terre Haute Citizen Terre Haute National Defender and Sun Gary The Gary Dispatch Gary IOWA Iowa State Bystander Des Moines Buxton Gazette Buxton KANSAS The Topeka Plaindealer Topeka The Negro Star Wichita Wichita Protest Wichita The Coffeyville Globe Coffeyville Hutchinson Blade Hutchinson KENTUCKY The Kentucky Reporter Louisville The Columbian Herald Louisville The Louisville News Louisville Kentucky Home Finder Louisville Lexington Weekly News Lexington The Torchlight Danville Saturday News Hopkinsville The New Age Hopkinsville LOUISIANA The Advance Messenger Alexandria The News-Enterprise Shreveport The Watchman Shreveport MARYLAND The Afro-American Baltimore The Crusader Baltimore The Herald-Commonwealth Baltimore MASSACHUSETTS The Guardian Boston The Boston Chronicle Boston MICHIGAN The Michigan Age Ann Arbor The Detroit Leader Detroit MINNESOTA The National Advocate Minneapolis The Appeal St. Paul MISSISSIPPI The Cotton Farmer Scott The Delta Lighthouse Greenville The Natchez Weekly Herald Natchez The National Star Vicksburg The Star Columbus The Morning Star Columbus The Mississippi Monitor Meridan The Light Vicksburg The New Era Indianola The Weekly Times Hattiesburg The Weekly Reporter Natchez Central Mississippi Signal Kosciusko The Progressive Torchlight Greenwood The Advance Mound Bayou The National Defender Clarksdale The Informer Gulfport The National News Digest Mound Bayou MISSOURI The St. Louis Independent-Clarion St. Louis The St. Louis Argus St. Louis The Anchor Caruthersville The Missouri State Register Hannibal Kansas City Sun Kansas City The National Mirror Kansas City The Western Messenger Jefferson City The St. Louis Independent News St. Louis NEBRASKA The Monitor Omaha NEW JERSEY The Eastern Observer Montclair The Echo Red Bank The Atlantic Advocate Atlantic City The New Jersey Informer Newark NEW YORK The New York News New York City The Amsterdam News New York City The New York Age New York City The Negro World New York City The Commoner New York City NORTH CAROLINA The Gate City Argus Greensboro High Point Colored American High Point The Charlotte Advertiser Charlotte The Voice Rocky Mount The Raleigh Independent Raleigh The Home News Wilmington The Gazette Charlotte Signs of the Times Elizabeth City The Winston-Salem News Winston-Salem OHIO The Dayton Forum Dayton The Cleveland Gazette Cleveland The Cleveland Advocate Cleveland The Union Cincinnati The Cincinnati Journal Cincinnati OKLAHOMA The Boley Progress Boley The Oklahoma Guide Guthrie The Muskogee Scimetar Muskogee Rentiesville News Rentiesville Clearview Patriarch Clearview The Tulsa Star Tulsa The Oklahoma Sun Tulsa The Black Dispatch Oklahoma City OREGON The Advocate Portland PENNSYLVANIA The Advocate Verdict Harrisburgh The Philadelphia Courant Philadelphia The Philadelphia Tribune Philadelphia The Philadelphia American Philadelphia The Public Journal Philadelphia The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh The Pittsburgh American Pittsburgh The Advocate Wilkes-Barre RHODE ISLAND The Advance Providence SOUTH CAROLINA The Charleston Messenger Charleston The New Era Charleston The Allendale Advocate Allendale The Southern Indicator Columbia The Informer Columbia The Light Columbia The Plowman Columbia The Negro Chronicle Greenville The People’s Recorder Orangeburg The Rockhill Messenger Rockhill TENNESSEE Bluff City News Memphis East Tennessee News Knoxville Chattanooga Defender Chattanooga Memphis Times Memphis The Western World Reporter Memphis The Nashville Globe Nashville The Nashville Clarion Nashville TEXAS Texas Guide Victoria The Victoria Guard Victoria The Calvert Bugle Calvert The City Times Galveston The Galveston New Idea Galveston The Dallas Express Dallas The Industrial Era Beaumont The Herald Austin The Watchman Austin The Houston Informer Houston The Houston Observer Houston The Texas Freeman Houston The Western Star Houston The Houston Informer Houston Independence Heights Record Houston The San Antonio Inquirer San Antonio The Gem City Bulletin Denison The Conservative Counselor Waco Fort Worth Hornet Fort Worth VIRGINIA The Charlottesville Messenger Charlottesville The Colored Virginian Petersburg The Weekly Review Petersburg The Richmond Planet Richmond The Virginia Headlight Charlottesville The Virginia Advocate Roanoke The Star Newport News The Journal and Guide Norfolk WASHINGTON The Seattle Searchlight Seattle WEST VIRGINIA The Advocate Charleston The Mountain Leader Charleston The Charleston Observer Charleston The Pioneer Press Martinsburg WISCONSIN The Wisconsin Weekly Blade Madison [Illustration: LINOTYPE ® TRADE MARK ® Every important improvement in methods of composition for the past 36 years has been the result of LINOTYPE initiative. Every part of the LINOTYPE is there because the machine is better for it and every part fits into the big scheme of simple operation. The LINOTYPE is the machine of no compromise. _The illustration shows the Model 21, text and display LINOTYPE. As many as ten faces in six different sizes are immediately available from the keyboard._] _This advertisement composed entirely on the LINOTYPE_ * * * * * We represent at the present time in the advertising field, practically every paper of consequence reaching the Colored people of the United States. We are pleased to extend our most cordial greetings to our newspaper friends and will continue to extend the same reliable service in the future, we have given in the past. W. B. ZIFF CO. Per E. C. Auld, General Mgr. Transportation Bldg., Morton Bldg. Bryant Bldg. Chicago, Ill. New York, N. Y. Kansas City, Mo. * * * * * DePauw University Greencastle, Indiana OFFERS COURSES IN— Introduction to Writing News Writing News Editing Editorial Writing Feature Writing Advertising Writing History of American Journalism Country Weekly Also Business English Write for Bulletin DIRECTOR COURSE IN JOURNALISM * * * * * HOWARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D. C. Founded by GENERAL O. O. HOWARD J. STANLEY DURKEE, A. M., Ph. D., D. D., President EMMETT J. SCOTT, A. M., LL. D., Secretary-Treasurer COLLEGIATE AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS =Junior College=, covering the Freshman and Sophomore years and leading to the Senior Schools. =Senior Schools=, consisting of the Schools of Liberal Arts, Education, Journalism, and Commerce and Finance, granting respectively the degrees, A. B., or B. S., A. B. or B. S. in Education; B. S. in Journalism; B. S. in Commerce and Finance. =School of Applied Science=, four year course, granting the degree, B. S. in Civil Engineering, B. S. in Electrical Engineering, B. S. in Mechanical Engineering, B. S. in Architecture, B. S. in Agriculture, and B. S. in Household Economics. =Evening Classes=. The work of the Junior College and the Senior Schools may be taken in evening classes with full credit. =School of Music=, four year course, granting the degree of Mus. B. =School of Religion=, three year course, granting the degrees of B. D. and Th. B. Courses are offered also by correspondence. =School of Law=, three year course, granting the degree of LL. B. =School of Medicine=, including Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical Colleges. Four year courses for Medical and Dental students; three year course for Pharmaceutical students. Following degrees granted: M. D., D. D. S., Phar. C. =Students may enter for collegiate work at the beginning of any quarter.= REGISTRATION Autumn Quarter Sept. 29, 30, 1922 Winter Quarter Jan. 2, 1923 Spring Quarter March 17, 1923 FOR CATALOG AND INFORMATION WRITE F. D. WILKINSON, Registrar HOWARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D. 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