The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wild Pastures, by Winthrop Packard

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
using this eBook.

Title: Wild Pastures

Author: Winthrop Packard

Illustrator: Charles Copeland

Release Date: April 22, 2021 [eBook #65132]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

Produced by: Steve Mattern, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed
             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
             produced from images generously made available by The Internet
             Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD PASTURES ***




WILD PASTURES


[Illustration: He was still sitting on his perch greeting the gold of
  the morning sun with melodious uproar                   [_Page 31_]




  WILD PASTURES

  BY

  WINTHROP PACKARD

  ILLUSTRATED BY

  CHARLES COPELAND

  [Illustration]

  BOSTON

  SMALL, MAYNARD AND COMPANY

  PUBLISHERS




  COPYRIGHT, 1909

  By Small, Maynard & Company

  (INCORPORATED)

  _Entered at Stationers’ Hall_

  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.




  TO

  MY WIFE AND THE WEE BOY

  WHO HAVE MADE AND SHARED
  THE PASTURE SUNSHINE




CONTENTS


                                    PAGE

  WAYLAYING THE DAWN                   1

  STALKING THE WILD GRAPE             25

  THE FROG RENDEZVOUS                 47

  A BUTTERFLY CHASE                   69

  DOWN STREAM                         89

  BROOK MAGIC                        109

  IN THE PONKAPOAG BOGS              131

  SOME BUTTERFLY FRIENDS             151

  THE RESTING TIME OF THE BIRDS      173

  THE POND AT LOW TIDE               193

  HOW THE RAIN CAME                  215




ILLUSTRATIONS


  He was still sitting on his perch greeting the gold of
  the morning sun with melodious uproar                   _Frontispiece_

                                                           OPPOSITE PAGE

  The fox may slink for an hour unscared, waiting with
  watchful eye on the neighboring chicken coop                         6

  The mother bird, dancing and mincing along                          38

  Out from among the birches she sails gracefully, a
  veritable queen of the fairies                                      64

  There was the swish of wings, the snip-snap of a
  bird’s beak, and it was all over                                    86

  The way of the “kiver” is this. There is a single,
  snappy, business-like bob, then another, then
  three in quick succession                                           96

  That such things are not seen oftener is simply
  because people are dull and go to bed instead
  of sitting out under the witch-hazel at midnight
  of a full moon                                                     114

  Of a clear midsummer evening you may hear the
  muskrat grubbing roots there ... and hear his
  snort and splash when he dives at sudden sight
  of you                                                             142

  Every boy who knows the country in summer knows
  him by his rich, red coloration, his strong, black-bordered
  wings with their black veins                                       160

  The English sparrow has the true instincts of the
  browbeating coward                                                 180

  The skunk doesn’t know where he is going and he
  isn’t even on his way                                              198

  My lone quail sat on a rock in the pasture, tipped
  his head back a little, swelled his white throat,
  and whistled                                                       222




WAYLAYING THE DAWN




WAYLAYING THE DAWN


The most beautiful place which can be found on earth of a June morning
is a New England pasture, and fortunate are we New Englanders who love
the open in the fact that, whatever town or city may be our home, the
old-time pastures lie still at our very doors.

The way to the one that I know best lies through the yard of an old,
old house, a yard that stands hospitably always open. It swings along
by the ancient barn and turns a right angle by a worn-out field. Then
you enter an old lane leading to what has been for more than a century
a cow pasture. Here the close-cropped turf is like a lawn between the
gray and mossy old stone fences that the farmer of a century and more
gone grubbed from the rocky fields and made into metes and bounds.
There they stand to-day, just as he set them, grim mementos of toil
which the softening hand of time has made beautiful. Where cattle still
travel such lanes day by day these walls are undecorated, but many of
the lanes are untraveled and have been so these fifty years. Such are
garlanded with woodbine, sentineled by red cedars, and fragrant with
the breath of wild rose, azalea, and clethra.

Side by side with this lawn-like lane is another which was once
traversed by the cattle of the next farm, but which has not been used
for a lifetime. In this the wild things of the wood are untrammeled,
save by one another, and they hold it in riotous possession. Just as
the first lane is tame and sleek this other is wild and unkempt. The
raspberry and blackberry tangle catches you by the leg if you enter,
as if to hold you until birch and alder, cedar and sassafras, look you
over and decide whether or not you are of their lodge. If you give them
the right grip you may pass. If not, you will be well switched and
scratched before you are allowed to go on.

Here the wild grape climbs unpruned from wall to cedar, from cedar to
birch and from birch to oak, whence it sends its witching fragrance
far on the morning air. You may stalk a wild grape in bloom a mile by
the scent and be well rewarded by finding the very place where the air
tingles with it.

This lane is wild, and the wild things of the woods that come on fleet
wing and nimble foot frequent it. You may never see a partridge in
the sleek lane, and if by chance the red fox crosses it he does so
gingerly and as if it were hot under foot. In the other, however, the
fox may slink for an hour unscared, waiting with watchful eye on the
neighboring chicken coop, the red squirrel builds his nest in the
cedar, and the partridge leads her young brood among the blackberry
bushes of an early morning.

The azalea sends out its white fragrance from the one lane, and never a
buttercup, even, nods to the wind in the other; yet you love the smooth
shorn one best. It talks to you of the homely life of the farm, the
lazy cattle drowsing contentedly to the barn at milking time while the
farmer’s boy sings as he puts up the bars behind them. You love it best
because, however much you may love the wild things, the lure of the
home-leading and well-trodden paths is strong upon you. It is more than
a sturdy, rough-built stone wall that separates the two lanes; there is
all the long road from the wilderness down to civilization between them.

[Illustration: The fox may slink for an hour unscared, waiting with
  watchful eye on the neighboring chicken coop]

For the story the pasture teaches us, more than anything else is the
story of how the fathers wrested the dominion of the New England earth
from the wilderness and of the way in which the wilderness still hems
their world about and not only waits the opportunity to spring upon us
and regain possession, but invests our fields like an invading army and
takes by stealth what it may not win by force.

The pasture bars divide the world of the smooth-trodden lane and
the close-shorn fields from the picket line of the wilderness. Let
us pause a moment upon the line of demarcation. Behind us are the
entrenchments of civilization, the farmhouse and barn and other
buildings,--its fort. The town road is the military way leading from
fortified camp to fortified camp, the mowing field its glacis, and
the stone walls its outer entrenchments. These the cohorts of the
wilderness continually dare, and are kept from carrying only by the
vigilance of the farmer and his men.

Let but this vigilance relax for a year, a spring month even, and
bramble and bayberry, sweet-fern and wild rose, daring scouts that they
are, will have a foothold that they will yield only with death. Close
upon these will follow the birches, the light infantry which rushes to
the advance line as soon as the scouts have found the foothold. These
intrench and hold the field desperately until pine and hickory, maple
and oak, sturdy men of the main line of battle, arrive, and almost
before you know it the farm is reclaimed. The wilderness has regained
its lost ground and the cosmos of the wild has wiped out that curious
chaos which we call civilization.

In this debatable land of the pasture, this Tom Tiddler’s ground where
the fight between man and the encroaching wilderness goes yearly in
favor of the wilderness, dwell the pasture people. The woodchuck, the
rabbit, and even the fox have their burrows here, the woodchuck and the
rabbit finding the farmer’s clover field and garden patch a convenient
foraging ground, the fox finding the chicken coop and the rabbit
equally convenient.

The pasture is the happy hunting-ground of the hawks and owls, though
they dwell by preference in the deep wood, the nearer approaching to
the forest primeval the better, but the crow often nests in a pine
among a group of several in the pasture. The pasture is peculiarly the
home of scores of varieties of what one might term the half wild birds,
the thrushes from honest robin down to the catbird, warblers, finches,
and a host of others who are as shy of the deep woods as they are of
the highway; and here, in those magic hours that come between the first
faint flush of dawn and sunrise, you may hear the full chorus of their
matins swell in triumphant jubilation.

Here in Eastern Massachusetts the dawn comes early, very early, in
June. It will be a little before three that if you watch the east
you will see it flush a bit like the coming of color on the face of a
dark-tressed maiden who has had sudden news of the coming of her lover.
This flush of color fades again soon, and it is evident that it is all
a mistake, for the darkness grows thicker than ever, and night, like
that of the Apocalypse, is upon the face of the world. The dawn is long
coming when you wait for it. Joshua evidently has arisen and is holding
the sun in Syria as of old, that he may have time further to confound
his enemies.

No one believes that there will be dawn at all. You cannot prove it by
the wood thrush. He sings best, indeed he sings only, in the shadow,
and often even in the darkest night he will send out a bell-like note
or two that has a soothing, sleepy tintinnabulation as of cow-bells
shaken afar off by drowsy cattle. No, the wood thrush is not a reliable
witness, but if you are wise in the ways of field and pasture before
dawn, you may take evidence from the chipping sparrow. He is the
earliest as he is one of the smallest of the morn-waking birds. In his
case the least shall be first. I do not know if he really sees the
dawn or if he smells it. There is a change in the air before there is
in the sky, and perhaps he notes it. Perhaps, too, being smaller, he
needs less sleep than the other birds, and his gentle inquiring note
is a plaint that the night is long rather than a prophecy that it is
ending. But it is he that first predicts with certainty the coming day,
and it will be many minutes after his first call before the growing
luminosity, a sort of pale halo that looms slowly about all things,
tells you that the sun is indeed coming. Even then you are likely to
hear no other bird note for what seems a long time.

Then from a treetop in the open comes a sort of surprised ejaculation,
as if some one said, “Why, bless me! It is morning already,” and then a
burst of song from the full throat of a robin. It is as if he were the
chorister of a choir invisible, for he pipes but a single strain before
from treetop to treetop, near and heaven only knows how far, bursts
forth the mingled melody of a great chorus of robins ringing clarion
notes of jubilee.

They have the overture to themselves all along in the open, for there
the song sparrow does not sing till some ten minutes later. Of these
again you shall hear a single bird, followed by a chorus in the
next breath, and close upon the heels of the sparrow voice come the
notes of innumerable warblers of many kinds whose songs you shall not
distinguish one from another and name unless you are an expert. Behind
these again come the chewinks and thrashers, not so early risers by any
means, and very late the catbird. The catbird is clever but, like many
clever people, he is lazy.

Over to the other side of the pasture, a mile from the lane as the crow
flies, is a swamp which is part of the pasture, indeed, but a part of
the wilderness beyond, also. It was on the edge of this that I had
chosen to meet the dawn, picking my way to it through the darkness in
part by scent, for the swamp has a musky fragrance of its own, which
it sends far on the night air. Coming down the slope to it you pass
through a tangle of scrub oak that leads you to a lower region of
alders snarled with greenbrier--“horse brier” we call it familiarly.

Here the ground begins to be soft, with occasional clumps of sphagnum
moss, which is like a gray-brown carpet of velvet, not yet made up,
but tacked together with yellow bastings of the goldthread. Among
the scrub oaks a stately pine here and there shoulders up, sending
you a reassuring sniff of pitchy aroma. The scrub oaks know their
allotted ground and cease wandering when their toes touch swamp water,
but the pines are more venturesome, and often lift with their roots
little mounds of firm brown carpeted ground in the midst of the quaky
sphagnum. Slender cedars crowd in from the swamp toward these pines,
plumed like vassal knights that rally to the support of their overlord.

On one of these pine islands on the edge of the swamp an oven bird had
built her nest, and on this particular night in June she was in much
distress because she could not get into it. The oven bird builds a
nest on the ground among low bushes and vines, choosing often a spot
where pine needles are scattered among the dead leaves. She roofs this
nest with care--and dried grass--and builds a tunnel-like entrance to
it so that you may see neither the eggs nor the bird sitting on them.
You may step on an oven bird’s nest before you will see it, even when
looking for it, and you may know for a certainty that it is within a
definite small patch of ground, and yet hunt long before you find it.
The mother bird had been frightened from her nest by the crush of my
foot at its side in the darkness, and she did not dare come back, for I
had unwittingly sat down beneath the pine almost across the entrance.
Frightened for her nest as well as herself, she fluttered about like
a bird ghost, now dozing in the thicket for a time, then waking to
strangeness and fear, and making her plaint again.

The wood thrush, brooding her eggs in the thicket near by, heard it and
was wakeful, and her mate, never far off, now and again lifted his head
from beneath his wing and drowsily tintinnabulated a reassuring note
or two, but I did not stir. I was not sure that I was the cause of the
oven bird’s trouble, and if so to move about in the darkness might well
bring her worse disaster.

The false dawn reddened and vanished, the gray of the real dawn was
streaked and then flushed with rosy light shot through with gold, and
a thousand voices of jubilee rang from treetop to treetop the whole
pasture through and far out into the wood beyond, and still I waited,
stretched motionless. A man might have thought me dead, the victim of
some midnight tragedy, but the denizens of the pasture are wiser in
their own province than that.

In the gray of that first dusk, that was hardly streaked with the
reassuring red of dawn, a crow slipped silent and bat-like from the
top of a neighboring pine. In that twilight of early dawn you could
not see him continually as he flapped along. The motions of his wings
gave him strange appearances and disappearances as if he dodged back
and forth, flitting up under cover of pillars of mist, yet there was
no mist there, only the uncertainties of early light which seems to
come in squads rather than in company front. This crow turned suddenly
in his flight as he neared my pine island in the swamp and lighted
in noiseless excitement on a dead limb. A moment he craned his neck,
peering sharply at my motionless figure. The crow is at times a
scavenger, and if there were dead men about he wanted to know it. For
that matter if there was anything else about he wanted to know it, for
the crow is likewise a gossip. A moment then he gazed at the motionless
figure, then he vaulted from the limb and the vigor of his call
resounded far and near as he flapped away eastward into the crimson.

“Hi! Hi! Hi!” he shouted. “Fellow citizens, there’s a man in the woods
here. He is motionless, but he is only making believe dead. Look out
for him!”

Far and near the cry rang and was taken up by others of his tribe who
passed the word along. “There’s a man in the woods!” they shouted,
“look out for him.” The birds singing near by ceased their songs for a
moment that they might have a look at the man, for they understand the
crow’s note of warning as well as if they too spoke his language.

The thrushes were singing now, and after a while the catbird, lazy
reprobate, awoke. He too, like the crow, is a gossip, and more than
that he is a tease. He shook his head a little to straighten the
ruffled feathers of the neck, disturbed by their position for the
night. He stretched one leg and the wing on that side simultaneously,
then the other leg and the other wing, a bird yawn as expressive as
the human one. Then he cocked his head on one side with a gesture of
pleased surprise and excitement and said, “Mi-a-aw!” He too had seen
the invader of the swamp.

The catbird is a good singer, that is, a good mimic. His taste is good,
too, for he imitates only the best. Here in the North he imitates the
brown thrush, no doubt, all things considered, our best vocalist.
So well does he imitate him that you shall not say of a surety that
this is the catbird singing and yonder is the thrush. In the South he
imitates the mocking-bird with equal fidelity. You would say on casual
acquaintance that he was our ablest singer and most exemplary bird as
he masquerades in the voices of others, but let him once be frightened,
or angered, or over-excited about anything and the reprobate part of
him reasserts itself and he says “Mi-a-aw!” Hence his name, the catbird.

The catbird, however, has the courage of his convictions, and one of
these convictions is that he has the right to the satisfaction of
an ungovernable and enormous curiosity. Bait your bird trap in the
woods with something which strikes a bird as a curiosity that courts
immediate investigation and you will catch a catbird. Other birds
might start for it but the catbird would distance them. So, after
saying “Mi-a-aw!” a few times and drawing no response to his challenge,
he flew up to a twig within a foot of my head, sat there a moment,
motionless except his beady black eyes which traversed my form from
foot to head, finally resting on my eyes. Inadvertently I winked; that
was the only motion I made, but it was enough. With a flirt of his tail
and a flip of his wings the catbird was through the thicket and out
on the other side like a gray flash, scolding away at the top of his
voice and seeming to shout as the crow had, “There’s a man in the wood!
There’s a man in the wood! Look out for him!”

The crimson and gold of the dawn had softened and diffused into
diaphanous mother-of-pearl mists of early day. The June morning miracle
was complete and it was high time I allowed the oven bird to come back
and be assured that her nest and eggs were safe.




STALKING THE WILD GRAPE




STALKING THE WILD GRAPE


It was to be a moonlight night, yet the moon was on the wane and
would not rise until eleven. It seemed as if the pasture birds missed
the moon, or expected it, for beginning with the June dusk at eight
o’clock one after another made brief queries from red cedar shelter
or greenbrier thicket. One or two indeed insisted on pouring forth
snatches of morning song, sending them questing through the darkness
for several minutes, then ceasing as if ashamed of having been misled.

The cuckoo, of course, you may hear often on any warm night, springing
his watchman’s rattle chuckle from the denser part of the thicket. But
for the brown thrush to be announcing morning every half-hour through
the darkness was an absurdity to be accounted for only on the theory
that here was a gay young blood who was practising for a moonlight
serenade. And when the moon did come, touching the tops of the pines
first with a fine edging of gold, dropping a luminous benediction to
the birches and diffusing it lower and lower till the whole pasture was
gold and dusk, the ecstasy of the thrush knew no limit. He poured forth
a perfect uproar of liquid melody, punctuated with such hurroos and
whoops of delight that he made me wonder if his lady love would like
such college-song methods of serenading.

I sat up from my couch on the green moss under the huckleberry bush to
listen. The people of the pasture seemed to have trooped up to the
call of the music. The red cedars, the birches, the huckleberry bushes
in the daytime have individuality indeed, but in the night-time they
have personality. They loom up in spots where by day you did not notice
them at all. Some red cedars stand erect and stiff as military men
might on sentinel duty, others gowned in black like monks of old group
together and seem to consult, while all about them mingling in gracious
beauty are the birches and the berry bushes,--the birches slender,
dainty aristocrats gowned in the thinnest of whispering silk, the berry
bushes sturdy and comfortable in homespun. You are half afraid of the
cedars, they are so black and seem to watch you so intently, more than
half in love with the birches, so graceful and enticing, as they lean
toward you in their diaphanous drapery, but it is the berry bushes
shouldering up to greet you in hearty bourgeois welcome that make you
feel at home.

I listened to the thrush, but soon I found that I had only one ear to
do it with, for on the other side of me a bird was rapidly approaching
with greater and equally persistent clamor. It was a whip-poor-will,
seemingly roused to rivalry by the challenge of the thrush. So far as
I know the thrush paid no attention to him but simply kept up his song
in the birch near by, but the whip-poor-will came up little by little
till he seemed almost over my head, and I could hear plainly the hoarse
intake of breath between each call. Very brief gasps these intakes
were, for the whip-poor-wills fairly tumbled over one another without
cessation.

Now the bird went away for a distance, again he came back, but always
he kept up his call, while the thrush never wavered from his perch in
the birch. A dozen times I waked in the night to find them still at
it, and when the gray of dawn finally silenced the whip-poor-will,
the thrush let out like a tenor that has just got his second wind. He
sang up the dawn and the grand matutinal bird chorus, and the last I
heard of him he was still sitting on his perch greeting the gold of the
morning sun with melodious uproar.

A blind man who knows the pasture should know what part of it he is
in and the pasture people that are about him of a June morning simply
by the use of his other senses. The birds he would know by sound, the
shrubs and trees by smell. Each has its distinctive set of odors
differing with differing circumstances, but never varying under the
same conditions. The barberry fruit when fully ripe, especially if
the frost has mellowed it, has a faint, pleasant, vinous smell which,
with the crimson beauty of the clustered berries, might well tempt our
grandmothers to make barberry sauce, however much the men folk might
declare that it was but shoe-pegs and molasses.

The blossoms are equally beautiful in their pendant yellow racemes
which seem to flood the bush with golden light, but the odor of the
blossoms, though the first sniff is sweet, has an after touch which is
not pleasant. Crush the leaves as you pass and you shall get a smell
as of cheap vinegar with something of the back kick of a table d’hôte
claret. Crush the leaves of the swamp azalea and get a strawberry-musk
flavor that is faint but delightful.

Sniff as you shoulder your way through the high blueberry bushes and
you may note that the crushed leaves have a certain vinous odor like
one of the flavors of a good salad. The blossoms of the high-bush
blackberry, whose thorns tear your hands, have a faint and endearing
smell as of June roses that are so far away that you get just a whiff
of them in a dream. The azalea that a month later will make the moist
air swoon with sticky sweetness now gives out from its leaves something
that reminds you of wild strawberries that you tasted years ago. It is
as delicate and as reminiscent as that.

Under your foot the sweet-fern breathes a resin that is “like pious
incense from a censer old,” the bayberry sniffs of the wax of altar
candles lighted at high mass in fairy land, and over by the brook the
sweet-gale gives a finer fragrance even than these. There are but three
members of this family,--the Myrica or Sweet-Gale family,--yet it is
one that the pasture could least afford to miss. The fragrance of their
spirits descends like a benediction on all about them, and I have a
fancy that it is steadily influencing the lives of the other pasture
folk. I know that the low-bush black huckleberry, the kind of the
sweet, glossy black fruit that crisps under your teeth because of the
seeds in it, grows right amongst sweet-fern whenever it can. Now if you
crush the leaves of the low-bush black huckleberry you shall get from
them a faint ghost of resinous aroma which is very like that of the
sweet-fern. Thus do sweet lives pass their fragrance on to those about
them.

Many of these familiar odors had come to me during the night as I half
slept and half listened to the vocal duel between the thrush and the
whip-poor-will, but as I sprang to my feet at sunrise from my dent in
the pasture moss I got a whiff of another which seemed more subtly
elusive, more faintly fine than these, perhaps because, though I seemed
to recognize it, I could not name it.

Many things I could name as I have named them here, but this escaped
me. It had in it some of that real fragrance, a joy without alloy,
which you get in late July or August from the clethra, the white alder
which lines the brook and the pond shore with its beautiful clusters of
odoriferous white spikes. But by no stretch of the imagination could I
bring the white alder to bloom in early June. Moreover, it had only a
suggestion of that in its purity of fragrance. There was more to this.
There was a spicy, teasing titillation that made me think of bubbles in
a tall glass, and it is a wonder that that thought did not name it for
me, but it didn’t.

The sun was tipping the dew-wet bush tops with opal scintillations
that soak you to the skin as you shoulder through them, but that did
not matter; I was dressed for it, and so on I went, taking continual
shower-baths cheerfully, but always with that teasing, alluring scent
in my nostrils. Now and then I lost it; often it was confused and
overridden by other stronger odors. Once I forgot it.

That was when I sprang over a stone wall and landed fairly in the
middle of a covey of partridges made up of a mother bird and what
seemed a small whirlwind of young ones no bigger than my thumb. My
plunge startled the mother so that she thundered away through the
bushes, a thing that a mother partridge, surprised with her young, will
rarely do. At the same moment the young scurried into the air. It was
like a gust among a dozen brown leaves, whirling them breast high for a
moment and then letting them settle to earth again. You go to pick them
up and they surely are brown leaves! It is as if some woodland Merlin
had waved his wand. They were young partridges, they are brown leaves.
It is as quick as that.

Yet this was my lucky morning, for one of these little birds failed
to dematerialize, and I noted him wriggling down under a clump of
woodland grass and picked him up. He made pretense of keeping still
for a moment, then wriggled in fright in my hand, a pathetically
silent, frightened, bright-eyed little chick, mostly down. How his few
feathers helped him to make as much of a flight as he had is beyond my
conception. He must have mental-scienced himself up into the air and
down again.

Holding him gently, I pursed my lips and drew the air sharply in
between lips and teeth. The result was a peculiar squeaking chirp which
I have often used on similar occasions with many different birds and
almost always with success. Then there came a sudden materialization.
Out of the atmosphere, apparently, appeared the mother bird, dancing
and mincing along toward me till she was very near, her head up, her
eyes blazing with excitement, her wings half spread and her feathers
fluttering.

[Illustration: The mother bird, dancing and mincing along]

It was a sort of pyrrhic dance by a creature as different from the
usual partridge as may be conceived. It lasted but a moment; at a
sudden, indescribable note from the mother bird the fledgling gave
an answering jump and slipped from my relaxed hold, fluttered and
dematerialized before my eyes just as the mother bird went into
nothingness in the same way. Truly, there are bogies in the wood, for
that morning I saw them at their work. It was the illusion and evasion
of old Merlin; no less.

Going on down the pasture, I picked up the musky scent of the swamp I
was approaching, instead of the thing I sought. The scent of the swamp
is cool with humid humus, musky with the breath of the skunk-cabbage,
woodsy with that quaint exhalation which you get from the ferns, our
oldest form of plant life, still retaining and lending to you as you
pass the odor of the very forest primeval. These are the base, and they
carry the lighter and daintier odors as ambergris, a vile and dreadful
but very strong smell, carries the dainty scents of the perfumer, and
just as they in turn give you no hint of the ambergris which is their
base, so the odor of the swamp gives you little hint of these three but
is a delight of its own.

Beyond the little corner which I must cross in the straight line I had
taken was a small hillock of open pasture, fringed on the farther side
with alder and button bush which stand ankle deep in the water of the
pond. Here on the little knoll daisies sent out that faint, hay-like
smell which is common to most of the compositæ. The squaw weed in the
meadowy edge between the swamp and the knoll had given me the same
fragrance. But standing on the top of the knoll while the soft morning
wind swept the daisy fragrance by me knee high, I caught, head high,
the elusive, alluring odor that I was seeking. It led me down to the
pond side and called me, dared me, to come on. Why not? I was dressed
for it, and I was wet to the skin with the drench of the morning dew
already.

The cove was but a hundred yards across, and I stood on the bank
wishing to note carefully the direction I must take. The lazy morning
wind drifted across, just kissing the water here and there, leaving
the surface for the most part smooth. I wet my finger and held it
up, dropping it cool side down till it was level. It pointed exactly
toward the opposite point at the other side of the cove and between it
and the next one. There a low, sloping, broad flat rock hung with a
canopy of green leaves was the dock at which I might land conveniently,
and I splashed resolutely into the water, scaring almost to death
with my plunge a big green frog that was sunning himself on a little
foot-square cranberry bog island. He gave a shrill little yelp of
terror and dived before I could.

Singular thing that little half squeak, half screech, of alarm. I have
heard a girl make an almost identical sound when coming suddenly on a
particularly fuzzy and well-developed caterpillar. Rabbit, dog, and
bird have it as well; indeed, it seems to be the one word which is
common to all races and to all articulate creatures. Like the scent of
brakes it began with the beginning of things and has survived all the
changes of creation.

The muskrat ferry is a pleasant one. Little dancing sprites of mist,
the height of your head above water, tiptoe off the surface and slip
away as you swim toward them. You may see these only of a morning when
you take the muskrat ferry. They are invisible from the shore or from
the height of a canoe seat.

It is probable that just as some of the pasture people make sounds too
shrill or too soft for our human ears to hear them, so there are other
things about the pasture less visible even than the little mist folk
that we might see were our sight fine enough or soft enough.

Two-thirds of the way across a little puff of wind sparkled its way
out from the shore to meet me. It brought with it, full and rich,
the fragrance which had led me so long; and as I looked at the broad
leaves overhanging my rock port, their under sides and the young shoots
covered with a soft, cottony down, I laughed to think that I should
not have known what it was I sought. For it was there in plain sight;
indeed the rock was canopied with it.

A long time I sat on that rock on the farther side of the cove, the
June sun warming me, the fragrance of the fox-grape blooms over my head
alluring, soothing, wrapping my senses in a dreamy delight.

He who would attempt to classify and define the perfume that drifts
through the pasture from the bloom of the fox-grape may. I only know
that it makes me dream of pipes of Pan playing in the morning of the
world, while all the wonder creatures of the old Greek myths dance in
rhythm and sing in soft undertones, and the riot of young life bubbles
within them.

The pasture, indeed, could ill afford to lose the pious incense from
the sweet-fern’s censer, the fragrance of the altar candles of the
bayberry, and the subtle essence of the sweet-gale. These are the holy
incense of the church of out-of-doors, and it is well that we should
always find them when we come to worship; yet he who would dare all
to steal for one elusive moment the fragrance of the deep heart of
delight, let him come to the pasture on just that rare, brief period of
all the year when the fox-grape sends forth its perfume.




THE FROG RENDEZVOUS




THE FROG RENDEZVOUS


The pasture meets the pond all along for a mile or so. It lays its lip
to it and drinks only here and there. It drinks deepest of all in a
cove. You will hardly know where pasture leaves off and cove begins,
the two mingle so gently. The pasture creatures here slip down into the
cove, and those of the pond make their way well up into the pasture.
You yourself, approaching the cove from the pasture side on foot, will
be splashing ankle deep in it before you know you are coming to it at
all, so well do the pasture bushes, standing to their knees in the cool
water, screen it from you.

Coming from the pond side you might think you saw the margin in this
same screen of bushes, but there are roods of cove beyond and behind
them. The shrubs of the pasture love to come down and dabble their feet
in the warm pond water and sun themselves in the sheltered, fragrant
air.

The afternoon sun has more resilience here than elsewhere. It bounds
with fervent flashes of elasticity from the glossy leaves of the
bushes that have waded out farthest and made islands of themselves.
The high-bush blueberries are the most daring of all, and stand in the
largest clumps farthest out. These, late in May with an off-shore wind,
shower the whole surface of the water with their fallen corollas. More
than once have I seen the cove white with them on Memorial Day, as if
the bushes, standing with bowed heads, strewed the waves with memorial
flowers for the pasture people who have died at sea.

Earlier in the year the elms have made the whole surface of the cove
brown with their round, wing-margined seeds, and after the memorial
flowers of the blueberry bushes are gone the maples will send out
millions of two-sailed seed boats, reddening the whole surface with
their argosies as they go out to sea, wing and wing. Now all these
things have passed and the surface of the water is clean again to
dimple with the under-water swirl of a minnow-hunting pickerel or lap
lazily against your canoe with the dying undulations of the waves from
outside.

After the bold blueberry bushes, less daring but still eager pasture
people have waded in and formed lesser island clumps of their own.
These were led by the sweet-gale, holding her dark-green silken skirt
daintily up, so fragrant-souled that she fears no evil, trailed by the
saucy wild rose, cheerful spiræa, gloomy cassandra, and chubby baby
alders. If you watch these you will note that they shiver in the lazy
breeze as if they feared the pass to which their temerity may have
brought them. Yet there they stand, and the miniature tides swirl about
their pink toes and die in the pools behind them, so closely grow the
sedges and little marsh plants that fill them until the fishes from the
cove nose about their stalks in vain attempt to enter.

Just outside the bush fringe, where the maples are mirrored in
undulations, whirl and skip, each according to his kind, the surface
insects of the cove. Of these I hail with greatest joy, as any boy
should, the “lucky bug.” You know the one I mean. He is a third of
an inch long, almost as broad, oval, a sort of whaleback monitor
without any turret. He is hard shelled and a Baptist, judged from the
pertinacity with which he sticks to deep water, but a Baptist gone
sadly wrong, for he waltzes continually with his fellows. Round and
round they go in a mazy whirl that would make you dizzy if at the last
gasp they did not reverse.

All boys who fish know that these bugs carry stores of luck within
their hard shells, and for one even to approach your line in his mad
waltz is a sign of coming success, and should he actually touch the
line and cling, it presages a big fish. But if you would propitiate
the gods in most definite fashion before you cast line you should
catch several lucky bugs, the more the better, bury them on the bank
with their heads to the shore, and recite over them an incantation as
follows:

  “Bug, bug, bug,
  I’ve spit on the worms I dug;
  Bug, bug, give me my wish,
  A great big string of great big fish.”

Properly managed this was never known to fail; if it does it is because
you have buried one or more of your bugs bottom up.

It is not so easy to catch a lucky bug, however. He is a very modern
type of monitor, for his engine power is of the highest, steam is
always at the top notch, and he can dart away in a straight line
with all the concentrated fury of a torpedo boat. Moreover, he is
convertible, and I have seen him when completely surrounded by enemies
become a submarine and dive straight for the bottom and stay there.
He may have an oxygen tank; anyway, he doesn’t come up until he gets
ready, when he appears fresh and hearty and ready for another waltz.

A fellow surface sailor of his, or rather skipper, is a different type
of bug. This is the water-strider, a veritable Cassius of the cove,
with the lean and hungry look of an overgrown, underfed mosquito. There
is no merry waltz with his fellows about this piratical-looking chap.
He spreads his four long legs like a Maltese cross, and the tips of
them are all that touch the water. These dent it into minute dimples,
but do not penetrate, and his bug-ship skips energetically about on
the four dents, hopping at times like a veritable flea. Sometimes he
jumps a half-inch high and skitters along the surface as a boy skips a
stone; again he poises, lowers his body till it all but rests on the
water, then raises it till he is high on four stilts, and all the time
not even his toes are wet.

Entering the cove in mid-afternoon you might think the swooning
heat had left it no life awake other than the water insects and the
dragon-flies that race them in airship fashion above. Yet you have but
to ground your canoe on a sedgy shallow, sit motionless, and wait. Nor
have you to wait long. There is a breathless pause as if all things
waited to see what this leviathan of the outer deep meant to do next;
then a voice at your very elbow says reassuringly, “Tu-g-g-g!” That is
as near as you can come to it with type. There are no characters that
will express its guttural vehemence which strikes you like a blow on
the chest, or its sympathetic resonance. Take your violin, drop the G
string to a tension so low that it will hardly vibrate musically, then
twang it. That suggests the tone. But you know it well enough without
description.

Immediately there comes an answering chorus of “tu-g-gs,” here, there,
in a score of places all along the shore line and among the island
clumps of bushes, prelude of frog talk galore for a moment or two,
followed by brief silence. Then, taking advantage of the oratorical
pause, an old-timer sets up a tremendously hoarse and vibrant bellow.
“A-hr-r-h-h-u-m-mm!” he says, “A-hr-r-h-h-u-m-mm!” with the accent
on the rum. You can hear him half a mile, and immediately there is a
“chug-squeak-splash” from a little fellow, as if, unable to furnish
the beverage at short notice, he became affrighted and without delay
decided that a sequestered nook on bottom between two stones was for
him. Then the cove goes to sleep again; you can almost hear the silence
snore.

Little by little, if you look about you shall see them, some right
within reach of your paddle. I never know whether they slip under when
the canoe approaches and bob up again noiselessly after all is still,
or whether they are there all the time, only so well concealed by
nature that the eye does not note them at first; but I do know that you
never see them until you have waited a bit. Their brown backs are just
under water, their green-brown heads just enough above the surface so
that the nostrils will get air; and there they wait, motionless, for
hours and hours, for time and tide to serve luncheon. Even with only
the tops of their heads visible they make you laugh, for their pop eyes
are popped so high above the tops of their flat heads that they make
you think of automobile bug lights set well up above the motor hood.

I note a shipwrecked June beetle clinging half drowned to a spear
of grass and I toss him over within six inches of a frog. There
is a splash, a gulp, and the beetle with his frantically clawing,
thorny-toed legs is passed on to kingdom come without a crunch. Once or
twice after that this frog stirred as if he had an uneasy conscience,
but he seemed to suffer no internal pangs, indeed he winked the
circular yellow lining of his eye at me these times as if he enjoyed
it. It had all the effects of smacking the lips.

The afternoon dreams down from its pinnacle of hazy heat to the soft
level of eventide. Under the pines of the west side of the cove the
level sun slips in and seems to caress the green trunks, and the tops
above sing a little sighing song of contentment. Strange you have not
heard this before, for the wind has been there all the afternoon. But
it is toward nightfall that the cove wakes up and you hear many lisping
elfin sounds that you have never noticed during the mid-afternoon heat.
You hear the sedges talking in the undulations now. You did not hear
them before, yet the undulations have been gliding dreamily among the
sedges all day. The pasture birds are waking up their preludes of
evensong, and the sun across the cove to the west is glorifying all
the quivering canopy of green leaves through which it shines with a
luminous, diaphanous quality which makes magic all along that side of
the cove.

You are on the borderland between the clear definition of reality and
the mystic haze of nightfall. To the west, looking away from the glow,
all is gently but clearly defined; to the east, looking into the golden
rose of the sunset through the shimmering illusion of leaves, lies the
pathway to the land that the king’s son saw in the Arabian Night’s tale.

The nightly entertainment, the evening minstrel show, is about to begin
in the cove, an entertainment in which the frogs are the minstrels, an
all star performance, for every one of them is capable of being an end
man or interlocutor or soloist as the case may require.

Already the audience is beginning to gather. First comes a gray
squirrel scratching down a maple trunk, his strong clawed hind feet
digging into the bark and holding him wherever he wishes them to, as
if he were an inverted lineman. Suddenly he sights the canoe and its
occupant and--blows up. Nothing else will express his sudden outpouring
of scolding and denunciation of this creature that has usurped a
front seat. The sounds burst out of him like the escaping steam from
a great mogul engine waiting on a siding for its freight, and he
quivers from head to foot, like the engine, with the intensity of the
ebullition. Suddenly there is a “quawk!” directly over his head, a
single cry shot out from the catarrhal throat of a night heron that is
just sailing down. The gray squirrel shoots three feet into the air,
lands on another maple, flashes up a birch and goes crashing through
the birch tops off into the woods, where you faintly hear him jawing
still. The night heron whirls with a great flapping and puts to sea
with more quawks of alarm. But these two were not especially wanted
at the concert. The night heron particularly is an unlovely bird in
appearance, voice, and manner. The skippers and the lucky bugs crowd
in together, each among its kind, close to the reedy margin, to be as
near the performers as possible, and behold, there come sailing in from
sea tiny argosies of dainty people, the loveliest free swimmers of the
pond. Golden heads nodding in gracious recognition, they come, slender
bodied and graceful, trailing long robes of filmy lace beneath them in
the water.

The botanists, who shall be hung some day for their literalness,
have named these lovely denizens of the cove bladder-worts, or
_Utricularia_, if you wish the Latin form, because they float on their
air-inflated leaves and trail their roots beneath them, free in the
water, scorning the contaminating touch of earth. The off-shore wind of
noon had sailed these out well beyond the mouth of the cove, now the
evening breeze is bringing them in again for the concert.

They should have been named after some dainty lady of the old Greek
mythology, some fair sailor lass who crossed the wake of Ulysses,
perchance, and lingers on placid seas waiting his return to this day,
for you will see their golden heads nodding along on the little
waves of the cove all summer.

[Illustration: Out from among the birches she sails gracefully, a
  veritable queen of the fairies]

These are the patricians of the concert. There is a great tuning of
instruments going on already and a trying out of voices, yet for some
reason there is delay. Then comes the queen herself. The golden shimmer
on the eastern shore has faded and dusk dances up from the undergrowth
on the west. It is time, and out from among the birches she sails
gracefully, a veritable queen of the fairies, clad in ostrich plumes
and softest of white velvet, with the most beautiful trailing and
undulating opera cloak of softest, delicate green, trimmed with brown
and white. You may call her a luna moth if you will. The thing which
somewhat resembles her, stuck on a pin in your collection, may be that,
but this graceful, soaring creature, pulsing and quivering with life,
floating through perfumed dusk, is the queen of the fairies--no less.

Her arrival is a signal for the olio to begin. Then, indeed, you learn
the astonishing number and variety of the frog performers within the
cove. The basso profundos sing “Ah-r-h-u-m-m” with amazing gusto.
Surely that waiter frog has got over his fright and brought it in
quantity. “T-u-g-gs” resound all about like the rattle of a drum corps.
There are altos whose voices sound like rasping a stick cheerfully
on a picket fence, others whose strain hath a dying fall of internal
agony outwardly expressed. A lone belated hyla pipes his plaintive
soprano, but the tenors are the strongest of all. The tree toad flutes
a fluttering, liquid tremolo, and the toad, the common toad, sits on
the grassy margin and swells his throat and sings “Wha-a-a-a-” in
long-drawn, dreamy cadence.

You may imitate this sound after a fashion if you wish. Purse your lips
and say the French “Eu” in a long drawl once or twice, then the next
time you do it whistle at the same time. You will have a very tolerable
imitation of this dreamy note. It invites to slumber and it is time to
paddle home, for the dusk has deepened to darkness and there is little
more for you to see in the cove.




A BUTTERFLY CHASE




A BUTTERFLY CHASE


It was a great purple butterfly which led me over the brow of the
hill, one of the “white admirals,” curiously enough so called, though
this one had but four minute spots of white on him near the tips of
his wings. Some members of his genus have a right to the name for they
have broad bands of white across all four wings, but this one, the
_Basilarchia astyanax_, is a black sheep.

Nevertheless he is a beautiful creature, well worth following under any
circumstances to note the ease and sureness of his floating flight and
admire the beauty of his velvety rufous-black, shoaling into lustrous
blue in the rounded crenulations of the after wings. This one I
thought worth following for another reason, however, for he seemed to
have something on his mind. Not that his flight was direct. A bird with
something to do goes to his work in a straight line; but a butterfly
must dance along, even if it were to a funeral in the family. And yet
with all this my blue and rufous-black white admiral carried in his
dancing progress something which told me he was troubled and led me to
follow him over the brow of the hill.

The hill itself is worth noting. Here the glaciers which some thousands
of years ago planed off the rougher surface of eastern New England
dropped their chips in a vast terminal moraine of sand and gravel,
whose northern declivity is so steep that you may throw a stone from
its rim to the top of a pine growing on the level, eighty or ninety
feet below. I know many terminal moraines in New England; but I know no
other at once so high and so abrupt in its declivity. A few rods back
from its summit the trolley car clangs incessantly, and the speed-mad
automobilist tears hooting through.

Along the crest, in spite of this, sleep peacefully the forefathers
of the hamlet. I like to feel that they neither note nor heed the
uproar of the highway; that they now and then cock a pleased ear to
the rumble of a passing hay-cart or the jog of a farmer’s horse, but
that the bedlam of modern hurry whangs by them unperceived. Rather they
turn their faces to the sough of the summer winds in the century-old
pines which shade the steep and sleep on, happy in the benediction
that descends from the spreading branches. Wonderful pines, these, so
shading the whole declivity that not more than a dapple of sunlight has
touched the ground beneath them for a century.

Here the hepatica finds the cool, dry seclusion that it loves and lifts
shy blue eyes to you while yet the winter ice nestles beside it among
the pine roots. Here while the July sun distills pitchy aroma from the
great trees the partridge berry carpets favored spots with the rich
green of its little round leaves,--leaves no bigger than the pink nail
of your sweetheart’s little finger, a green figured with the scarlet
of last year’s berries and the white of its wee starry twin flowers.
Here, too, in July the pyrola lifts its spike of bells like a woodland
lily-of-the-valley and the pipsissewa shows its waxy flowers to the
questing bee.

A butterfly, especially a large butterfly, rarely bothers with these
low-growing herbs, though each has its own delicious fragrance--and a
butterfly’s scent is keen. So my black white admiral alternately danced
and soared on down through the richly perfumed areas of the wood while
I plunged eagerly after, glissading the needle-carpeted slope, making
station from trunk to trunk lest a too headlong flight plunge me to
oblivion in what I knew was at the foot of the hill.

Without, the perfervid July sun beat upon the landscape till the dust
of its concussion rose in a blue haze that loomed the nearby hills
into misty mountain tops and glamoured the whole world with tropical
illusion. To our hard-cornered, clear-cut New England it is the
midsummer which brings the atmosphere of romance. The swoon of Arabian
Nights is upon the landscape, and it is through such heat and through
such misty evasion that the Caliph of Bagdad was accustomed to set
forth incognito to meet strange adventures.

At the foot of the hill, almost at the borderland which separates
this under-pine world from another far different, the resinous air is
shut in like the genie in the bottle. You feel the oppression of its
restraint and wonder, if like the fisherman you might uncork it, if it
would loom aloft in a dense cloud that would speak to you in a mighty
voice. Here my butterfly paused for the first time and lighted upon the
trunk of a pine, head high.

Quietly I drew near. His wings were rising and falling in rhythmic
unconscious motion that was tremulous with what seemed eagerness. One
of them, I noted, had a little triangular bit snipped out of it with a
clean cut. Some insect-eating bird had snapped at him not long before,
and he had come within a half-inch of death. Yet this did not trouble
him; very likely he never knew it. It was something else which absorbed
him so that he took no notice of my close approach. And now I could see
that his proboscis was uncoiled and apparently he was eating rapidly.
Now the proboscis of any butterfly is simply a double-barrelled
tube through which he sucks honey or other moist nutriment. That a
_Basilarchia astyanax_, or any other butterfly for that matter, should
be able to draw nourishment from the dry, rough bark of a pine-tree was
sufficient cause for astonishment, and I drew eagerly nearer to see
what he was getting.

It was a humid day and I was thirsty myself. What woodland brew could
be on tap here? In Ireland it used to be true that the Leprechauns,
the little men of the hedge, could make good beer of heath, and if you
could only catch and hold one he would tell you how. Here might be a
similar chance. My nose was within six inches of the white admiral’s
now and my eyes were bulging out with surprise as much as his do
naturally, for behold he had what butterfly never had before,--a little
red tongue on the tip of his proboscis, and with it he was nervously
licking the bark in its roughest places as hard as he could.

I might have seen more had not my foot slipped on the glossy pine
needles, and while I clutched the trunk of the pine to save myself the
butterfly danced away, thinking, I dare say, that I was an abnormally
developed wood peewee and had just missed getting him for luncheon.
Evidently the south wind had blown up from the gulf more than an
Arabian Night’s atmosphere; it had sent along portions of the fauna as
well. A butterfly with a tongue on the end of his proboscis belongs in
the land where rocs pick up elephants in their talons and soar away
with them!

Eagerly I sought to follow my _Basilarchia astyanax_ and learn more,
but it was not so easy. To follow his flight without care as to the
setting of my feet might well be to reach a country undiscovered
indeed, for from the very bottom of the northern declivity of the
terminal moraine well the springs of the fountain head, and out across
these he lightly floated, toward the sphagnum-bottom pasture swamp
beyond.

I suppose it is well settled, geologically, that a river of pure water
flows from some distant northern point, Labrador perhaps, under the
eastern portion of Massachusetts. Driven wells find this water almost
everywhere. In places it rises to the surface in clear ponds which have
no apparent inlet, and from which little water flows, but which are
clear and sparkling at a good level the year round. Houghton’s Pond, in
the Blue Hill Reservation, is one of these nearest Boston. Walden Pond
is another, and there are plenty more.

In other places still the water boils out of springs through quicksands
of unknown depths, flowing in clear streams through surrounding swamps
where trees have made firm ground alternating with bits of quaking
bog and open pools, where a misstep will drop you over your head in a
clinging mud that never gives up what it once gets.

Such is the fountain head, and you would know you were coming to it
of a hot day even were your eyes shut, for the ice-cold water makes
its own atmosphere. We read of bodies of ice that have lasted since
the glacial age buried under these terminal moraines whence well such
cooling springs; I do not know about the ice, but I can testify to the
cold, sparkling water and the grateful atmosphere which it disseminates
on these our Arabian days. Yet you must mark well your going. Just
under the slope the water boils up through fine sand that dances in the
up current. A few feet farther down it wells more silently, and the
decayed vegetation of centuries has made a mud bank over the quicksand.
You may sink to the knee here and find bottom. A few steps farther on
you may drive a twenty-foot pole down through mud and sand and find
nothing to obstruct it.

Yet Nature always provides the remedy. Mosses and swamp grass have
grown on the surface of this liquid mud and alders and swamp maple have
rooted in these and encouraged wild rose and elder and many another
shrub, till their intertwined roots have formed a surface which is in
part safe to the foot. And here is a world of itself in this hidden
pasture corner, for here linger the trout and the water-cress, and
many another shy woodland thing, driven to bay by the encroachments of
surrounding civilization.

In early July you will find the water-cress in bloom in the open pools,
surrounded by quaking bog and alder shade. Toward this my butterfly
had gone, and I followed, balancing warily from clump to clump in the
grateful coolness, testing each foothold lest it drop me into the
clinging depths below whence nothing but a derrick might lift me. The
arethusa, daintiest of orchids, nodded its pink head at me from the
quaking sphagnum, daintily bowing me on, but I paused a moment.

In the water right between my feet was a spotted turtle that had just
captured an appetizing, but by no means dainty morsel. This was a
terrapin-like bug that was more than a mouthful. His body, indeed, was
already out of sight, but claw-like legs protruded from both sides
of that isosceles triangle which a turtle’s mouth makes when it is
closed, and waved a frantic farewell to the passing under-water world.
The turtle was a long time in masticating his terrapin, but it was
a happy time. His whole body blinked contentedly, and he waved his
forelegs with a caressing out-push, a motion exactly like that of a
child at the breast. Then he wagged his head solemnly from side to side
as a wise turtle might who feels that such good lunches are put up by
fate only for the knowing ones of this watery world, and pushed himself
half way under the roots of a tussock for a nap. Soon the nether half
circle of his shell was motionless, with his hind legs drawn up within.
Only his little spike tail protruded, waving to a wee passing trout
the news that the millennium was at hand, and the turtle and the
bug-terrapin had lain down together in peace and prosperity, with the
bug-terrapin inside.

I looked up for the butterfly. He was nowhere to be seen. Yet my trip
was to be worth while, for right in front of me was an open pool
surrounded by a quaking bog, a pool twenty feet across packed almost
solid with the white panicled heads of water-cress blooms in which
swarmed a myriad of bees. Their drone was like that at the front door
of a hive on a hot July day, yet it was not a monotone as that is. It
was rather like a grand chorus singing many parts, for these were all
wildwood bees of a dozen varieties. There was not a hive tender among
them.

Lifting my admiring gaze from the pool with its white panicles and
swarming bees I saw further beauty beyond. On firmer ground nestling
lovingly against an old chestnut post was a great, glorious spike
of habenaria, the purple-fringed orchis. It is not uncommon, the
habenaria, in peaty meadows, but no man sees it for the first time in
the season without a great glow of delight, and I hastened over to give
it nearer greeting. Just as I reached it the butterfly came dancing
up, but not to sip the sweets of the wonderful great orchid. Instead
he lighted, right under my nose, on the roughest part of the old fence
post and began to lick this as he had the pine trunk.

[Illustration: There was the swish of wings, the snip-snap of a bird’s
  beak, and it was all over]

I watched him again, hearing subconsciously the voice of a great
crested flycatcher over on a nearby tree, crying “Grief,” “Grief.” A
moment and the little red tongue which I had noted before seemed to
catch on the roughest part of the old fence post, and with a sudden
scrape the Basilarchia scraped it off. I looked in amaze, for now I saw
what it was. From the honey heart of some flower a little red worm had
become attached to the tip of the butterfly’s proboscis, and all this
licking of rough surfaces had been merely to get rid of him.

Up into the bright sunshine danced my black white admiral. There was
the swish of wings, the snip-snip of a bird’s beak, and it was all
over. The cry of the great crested flycatcher had been a prophecy
indeed, and the white admiral had danced blithely out of existence.

But the equatorial haze had more tropical enchantment in store, for
the midday sun was suddenly wiped out by an ominous figure. Some one
had uncorked that bottle which held the heat genie confined, and he
was looming from a black nimbus below into white piles of cumulus at
the zenith. His eyes flashed red lightnings and he spoke in thunder
tones. Somewhere over yonder I heard the great crested flycatcher
crying “Grief,” “Grief,” again. It might be my turn next, and I patted
the great orchid good-by and tiptoed through the sphagnum and climbed
the hill again. It had been a brief but pleasant trip. A butterfly
that found a tongue and a turtle that ate terrapin with a happy smile
may belong with the genie in the Arabian Nights, or with Alice in
Wonderland, or both. I know that I found them at the fountain head,
under the grove of immemorial pines, below the brow of the terminal
moraine where sleep the fathers of the hamlet.




DOWN STREAM




DOWN STREAM


If you have ever known fishing, real fishing, not the guide-book
kind, where you “whip” streams for fancy fish that bite mainly in
fancy--there will come a day in late July when it will be necessary for
you to go down stream. The excessive heat and humidity which has been
killing you off by inches and other people by wholesale for weeks will
suddenly vanish before a cool, dry northwester, a gladsome reminder to
the New Englander that there is such a thing as winter after all; thank
Heaven!

You know that the drought diminished waters still fizz out from under
the dam and purl into the pool below the roadside where the sunfish
congregate under the water weeds. Beyond this they prattle down the
meadow under banks where the hard-hack stands pink and prim, where the
meadow-sweet loves the stream so much that it bends toward it and half
caresses, and where the meadow grasses in complete abandonment whisper
of it in every wind and bend down and surreptitiously kiss it as it
dimples by. Farther down where the woodland maples troop up to meet
it and the willows sit and bathe pink toes in the current is the big
rock, under which the current has dug a sandy cave in which linger big
yellow perch, ready to rush out and snatch the worm that comes floating
down stream. Here you will hesitate but finally pass on, for there is a
lure which you cannot withstand in the deep pool farther down.

Because you are wise with the remembered wisdom of boyhood, you have
left at home the expensive rod and reel. Just back from the swamp edge
is a birch jungle where young trees stand as thick as canes in a Cuban
brake. Here you find your pole; as large as your thumb at the butt,
tapering, straight, clean and strong, fifteen feet to the tip. Cut it
and trim the limbs from it and bend to it your ten feet of stout line
at the end of which is a hook whose curve is as big as that of your
little finger nail. A cork that would fit a quart bottle will fit your
line if you gash it with your pocket-knife and slip the line in the
gash. It will hold wherever you put it, yet you may slide it up and
down at will. For the pool you should put it three feet from your
hook, for you will wish to “sink” that deep. Wind a wee bit of lead
about your line an inch above the hook, then pull out your bait box and
select a fat angle-worm. Break him in two in the middle and string him
on the hook so that the point is just inside the tip of his nose. Now
you are ready for what adventure may lurk under the bubbly foam of the
surface.

A willow and a maple lean together in loving embrace over the entrance
to the deep pool. Above, their arms stretch toward one another and
intertwine; below, their roots meet under water and sway down stream,
forming a slippery steep down which the amber yellow water, singing
a happy little song to itself, coasts into the amber black depths of
the pool. Black alders stand cooling their feet all about the edge.
Crowding them into the water are the great oaks and maples whose
limbs yearn above the pool till they shut out the sun. Along one
side the current has cut deep to the rough rocks and the water flows
black and swift. On the other the back-wash circles leisurely and the
bottom shallows to a bank of sand where the sunfish build their nests
and the fresh-water clams burrow and put up suppliant mouths to the
food-bearing current. Inshore it lifts to a sand bar, where you may
stand and swing your pole without interference from the surrounding
trees.

All day long the brook sings itself to sleep as it slips down the
slide into the slumberous depths of the pool. All day long the vivid
green dragon-flies flutter by with vivid black wings to bring luck
to your fishing, and the red-eyed vireo pipes his sleepy note in the
trees above. And all day long you shall catch fish if you will but
bait your hook and drop it in. First you will thin out the sunfish,
for they are the most alert and gamy of all. Talk about trout! You
should try landing a half-pound sunfish on a gossamer tackle and
a very slender pole. The sunfish is the _Lepomis gibbosus_ of the
ichthyologists and is a close relative of the rock bass, and just as
game. He has been irreverently dubbed “pumpkin seed” in some places,
from his shape, which is that of a pumpkin seed set up on edge. Here in
eastern Massachusetts he is just plain “kiver,” which is the old-time
uneducated New Englander’s pronunciation of the word “cover,” given
him, no doubt, because he is round and flat. He is as freckled as a
street urchin and as lively. He has business with your bait the moment
it drops near him, and the bobbing cork will show that it is he by the
jaunty vigor of its bobs.

[Illustration: The way of the “kiver” is this. There is a single,
  snappy, business-like bob, then another, then three in quick
  succession]

In fact, if you have learned the ways of the down-stream country you
will know every fish that takes your bait long before you have brought
him to the surface from the amber depths, just by the way in which he
bobs that floating cork. The way of the “kiver” is this. There is a
single, snappy, business-like bob, then another, then three in quick
succession in which he drags the cork half under. If you strike just
at the right time during the succession of three, when the line below
is taut with the strain of the float against the pull of the fish, you
shall have him. Otherwise your cork will lift from the water with a
humorous snort and you will hear little trills of derisive laughter in
the song of the stream cascading down the willow root chute. It will be
safer not to try him on the three bobs, but wait till the cork begins
to bore into the water and glide off across stream, showing that the
sunfish has made up his mind that it is a worm, a good one, and one
that he really wants.

The mother sunfish just at this time of year has her nest in the
sand at the upper end of the bar, in shallow water. It is a circular
depression which she has scooped out and from which she has carefully
removed all pebbles and sticks. Here she has laid her eggs, and here,
day and night, she stands guard over them. If any other fish comes
along, even of her own kind, she will chase it away with a brustling
courage which is like that of a mother hen defending her chicks. So,
after you have caught the freelance sunfish of the pool, those which
have no family cares, do not drop your bait near her nest, for if
you do she will dart out and take it, and it is a pity to have the
brook lose her. She has made her nest in the one shallow spot where
the bright sunlight plays, and you may see every dapple of her lovely
sides as the light glances on them. Her every fin quivers as she floats
there, slowly turning from side to side, her bright eyes roving in
search of enemies to her offspring. She is a whole torpedo boat of
mother love and pent-up energy, and so let us leave her, for she makes
the whole pool seem homelike and hospitable.

The yellow perch will come next to your hook, his tawny yellow sides
marked by bands of dark green, his back a darker green yet, and his
fins a rich red. He is the aristocrat of the pool, his family being one
of the very oldest in the fish domesday book. He lies in deeper water
than the sunfish, and his bite varies from a gentle nibble to a good
strong succession of pulls which finally end in the cork going down out
of sight altogether. Yet when he is at the bait you shall not mistake
any motion of that bob for the ones made by the sunfish. The perch has
a daintier, more gentlemanly touch. It is sure and strong, but it lacks
the roistering vitality of the sunfish. It is an aristocratic bite,
and you will recognize it as such without clearly knowing why,--which
is proof of his aristocracy. You will recognize it, too, from the
elegance of his figure and the chaste beauty of his attire. He gleams
in the sunlight. His yellow and green markings are as vivid as those of
the sunfish, yet arranged in exquisite taste, and he is dapper where
the other is bourgeois.

Sink a little deeper now, for it is time you caught horn-pouts. The
horn-pout is also “bull-head,” and, irreverently I fear, “minister,”
because of the severity of his black attire, which is relieved only
by a white vest. But horn-pout is the best name, for his horns stick
out fierce and straight from either side of his gills like the waxed
mustachios of a stage Frenchman. They are sharp as needles and set as
firm as daggers in their sockets. When you outrage the dignity of a
horn-pout by pulling him out of the water he waggles these fins of
dagger-bone and makes a peculiar grumbling sound with them. It is as if
he said, “What! what! What’s all this? Who dares disturb my comfort?”
Then when you reach to take him off the hook he flips that nimble black
tail of his and jabs his dagger into your hand. It makes an ugly wound,
and the boys claim that it conceals venom; a sort of poisoned dagger.
The horn-pout bobs your floating cork usually twice or three times,
a very different bob from either that of the sunfish or the yellow
perch. It is a steady, solid down pull each time, taking the cork half
under water. Then he takes hold in earnest, and the float goes steadily
down and out, as if this were a matter of no child’s play, but meaning
something that is solid and substantial on the other end of the line.
Oftentimes this is true indeed, for the black-coated one may weigh a
pound or two and double your birch rod into a good half-circle before
he lets go his grip on the water.

When you get down to the horn-pouts you have fishing indeed, but
all the time the climax of your day’s career is lurking down in the
cavernous depths where the stream has gullied far beneath the ledge,
for there, as thick as your wrist and three feet long, weighing a pound
to the foot of solid white flesh and muscle, is an eel.

The eel is the strange misanthrope of the brooks and fresh-water ponds.
You may peer into the sunlit shallows and see the other fishes at their
work or play. They are companionable. If you will live on the pond
edge you may train the minnows, the sunfish, the yellow perch even,
to come up and eat out of your hand. I have watched a big horn-pout
lumbering about in the shady depths for an hour and seen him carefully
inspect a hookless worm which I had dropped to him, before he ate it,
noting with glee the gravity and self-importance with which he finally
decided that it was all right and that he would confer a favor upon it
by swallowing it whole. Yet never once have I seen or laid hands on an
eel in fresh water. There he goes his own mysterious way among the rock
crevices and along the mud of the ultimate depths. The other fishes
of the brook travel in schools; he goes alone. They were spawned up
stream; he was born on the sands of the fishing banks, a hundred miles
off shore. He came up stream as a young eel squirming through dams that
shut out other fishes. When the time comes for him to go back he will
go back the same way, waxed fat indeed, but still unseen, devious,
self-possessed, and uncannily shrewd.

That he may live to go back he inspects carefully the worms which may
drop into the cool shadows where he lurks. When he is about to take
your bait you need to be keen to know what is going on, for he suspects
you, and your least untoward motion of rod or line will cause him to
slip back like a shadow into his cavern, and there will be no bite
from him on that hook after that. You will say that it cannot possibly
be a bite; the bob simply stops and the hook has no doubt caught on
a snag on bottom. If you are not wise enough to know better you will
pull up here lest you lose your hook, and in so doing you will lose
your eel, for he is simply testing you. He has hold of the very bottom
of that hook, below point and barb, and if you pull you pull it out of
his mouth without hooking him. Then in cynical glee he’ll wag himself
deeper into his cavern beneath the stones, and that is the last of him.
You may fish the pool for a week before he will forget his caution and
try another angle-worm. If, however, nothing rouses his suspicions the
bob will gradually sink lower till it is more than half submerged,
hang there for a little, give another sag downward, and so by degrees
be drawn cautiously under. Your eel is cannily carrying the hook down
into his cavern, where he may finish his meal at leisure. Now is the
crucial moment. He must not be allowed to get in among the stones, for
even if your strike hooks him he will twist himself desperately around
them and then twist the hook out. A steady quick pull and you feel
him on. Then indeed you “give him the butt,” as the fly fishermen say
gloryingly. Your lithe birch rod bends in your hands till the tip is
near your wrist as you lean desperately back with all your strength.
The hold of a three-foot eel on the water is tremendous. Until he tires
a bit it is almost as good as yours on the birch pole, but steadily,
inch by inch, you draw him away out into the pool, where the fight
is a fair one. Now his head is above water and his great lithe body
whirls like a propeller beneath. Again look out; for when he leaves the
water it will be as if he shot out, and you are liable to go with him,
backward into the bushes, where he will tie your line into ten thousand
knots, break out the hook, and run for the brook as a snake might.

At the moment he leaves the surface you slow up. Up into the air he
shoots and drops till his tail welts the ground at your feet. Here let
him wriggle at the end of the taut line while you break a stout alder
switch with one hand, and as you drop him to earth belabor him with it.
This will stun him quicker than anything else, and you may then deal
with him as you will, only be quick about it, for he is very tenacious
of life.

Then, if you are a true fisherman, you will wind up what line is left
you and go your way, for the pool has no more foemen worthy of your
steel. There will be but one eel to a pool, and to go on catching
sunfish would be insipid indeed.




BROOK MAGIC




BROOK MAGIC


Brook magic does not begin until you have passed the deep fishing-pool
and traversed the reedy meadow where the flagroot loves to go swimming
and the muskrats come to spice their midnight lunches with its pungent
root and pile the broad flags for winter nests. You may, if you are
alert, feel a touch of its witchery as you wind among the rocks and
black alders of the level swamp beyond, for here the ostrich-feather
fern lifts its regal plumes as high as your head, and if by any chance
you duck under these you have been near the portals of a world where
sorcery is rife, for fern seed has a mysterious power of its own, and
the ferns of the alder swamp are decorations on the road to the realm
of the witch-hazel, where all sorts of strange things may come to pass.

The ferns and the witch-hazel are themselves mysterious and promoters
of mystery, and it is hard to tell which leads in waywardness and
subornation of sorcery. The ferns are the lingering representatives of
an elder world,--a world that was old before the first pine dropped
its cones or the leaves of the first deciduous tree fell on the first
greensward. Their ways are not the ways of modern plant life.

Take the cinnamon fern, for instance, one of the commonest of our
woods. It grows up each spring like a tender and succulent herb, to
wither and die down in the fall as the grass does. But take a spade
into the woods with you and try to transplant a good-sized cinnamon
fern. You will fail, unless you have brought an axe along too, for the
seemingly herbaceous plant has an underground trunk, sometimes two or
three feet in diameter, almost as solid and firm in texture as that of
a tree.

The fern shows no blossom to the world of butterfly or moth, no fruit
for the delectation of fox or field mouse. The curious little dots
growing along the margins of the leaves, which we call “fern seed”
by courtesy, grow no fern when planted. They simply grow a little
primitive leaf form which curiously imitates a blossom in its functions
and produces a new fern.

But the witch-hazel is stranger yet in its ways. In the spring, when it
should by all tokens of the plant world be putting out blossoms, it is
busy growing nuts which are the product of last year’s blossoms. Then
in the late autumn, even November, you will find it in bloom, twisting
yellow petal fingers in mourning at the fall of its own leaves.

[Illustration: That such things are not seen oftener is simply because
  people are dull and go to bed instead of sitting out under the
  witch-hazel at midnight of a full moon]

Pluck one of the nuts of a midsummer evening and look it intently in
the face. Note the little shrewd pig eyes of the witch far ingrown in
it, the funny shrewish tip-tilted nose, the puffy cheeks and eyelids.
See that slender horn in the forehead, the sure mark of the witch.
No wonder that it has the name witch-hazel with such ways and such
faces growing all over it at a time when most other trees and shrubs
have but finished blossoming. But if you want further proof that this
shrub harbors witches you need but to examine its oval, wavy-toothed
leaves just at this time of the year and see the little conical red
witch-caps hung on them. There need be but little doubt that, sitting
under it at midnight of a full moon, you may see the witch faces detach
themselves from the limbs, put on these red caps and sail off across
the great yellow disk. That such things are not seen oftener is simply
because people are dull and go to bed instead of sitting out under the
witch-hazel at midnight of a full moon.

To be sure there are scientific men, gray-bearded entomologists, who
will tell us that these little red caps are galls, the rearing-place of
plant aphids, caused by the laying of the mother insect’s egg within
the tissue of the leaf, but one might as well believe that the witches
hang their hats on the witch-hazel over night as to believe that the
laying of a minute egg in the tissue of a leaf could cause the plant
to grow a witch hat.

No doubt these same wise men would explain to you that it is not
possible to become invisible by sprinkling fern seed on your head
during the dark of the moon and saying the right words, but did one of
them ever try it?

It is appropriate that the witch-hazel should shade the portals through
which the brook enters the glen at the foot of the pasture, for the
path here enters you into a world of witchery where the glamour of the
place will hold you long of a summer afternoon.

At the foot of the glen an ancient mill-dam once blocked the free
passage of the water and a mill-wheel vexed its current. Now only the
rude embankment remains with half-century old hickories and maples
growing on it, arching in and shading the glen with their imbricated
branches. No rust of mill-wheel, no trace of building remains, and
the very tradition of the mill and its owners is gone. No one to-day
knows whether it ground corn or sawed boards for the pioneer who built
it, who laid the sill of its dam so firm and level that the wear of
two centuries of swift water has not entirely obliterated it. At the
very bottom of the glen it forms a shallow pool where brook magic and
witch-hazel glamour shall show you many midsummer fantasies if you will
but look for them.

It was in the glen that I found the first real relief from the heat of
midday. The grasses of the sun-parched pasture had crisped under foot
and broken off, so dry were they, all the way down to the sweet-flag
meadow. Here the brook water keeps all growing things lush and green,
but the glare of the sun is only the more intense. It follows you
into the alder swamp, and you may sit under the arching fronds of the
ostrich-plume ferns in vain.

But after you have scrambled through them and ducked under the mock
benediction of the witch-hazel limbs that stretch above your head
while the witch-hazel faces grin a cynical “Bless you, my child,” you
feel that you are willing to take your chances with swamp witchery and
brook magic. For in the glen cool waters crisp over cold stones and the
breeze sighs up stream and fans you as you sit on the brink of the pool
and lean your head against the ledge from whose crannies drip the fairy
fronds of the rock fern.

These are but little fellows of our fern world, and the magic which
distills from their fern seed is no doubt less potent than that from
greater ferns, but added to the witch-hazel glamour it makes brook
magic which will initiate you into many mysteries of the pasture world
if you are but patient. Sitting there with the tiny brown spores of the
rock fern dripping upon your shoulders with infinitesimal rattle, you
seem to see more clearly the glen life and to know the meaning of many
sounds hitherto only half understood.

Always there is the sleepy song which the brook sings to itself in
summer,--a song to which the warble of the vireo in the overhead
leafage adds but a dreamy staccato. But if you listen through this
you shall presently hear the water goblins grumbling to themselves in
their abodes under flat stones. They are old and grumpy, these water
goblins, and they never cease to mumble to themselves about their
troubles.

Very likely they complain incessantly because they are hungry and the
supply of demoiselle nymphs is running short. There are plenty of
demoiselles, flitting back and forth across the pools on glittering
black wings, which they fold closely to their iridescent green bodies
when they light. They are such ladylike dragon-flies that it is no
wonder that the name “demoiselle,” which French scientists with
admirable gallantry have given them, has stuck. With all their ladylike
short and modest flights and the saintly way in which they fold their
wings when they light on some leaf beside the pool, a folding as of
hands in prayer, the demoiselles are dragon-flies, and each prayer may
well be for the soul of some midge or other wee insect captured in the
short flight.

The true dragon-fly--the one which rests with wings widespread--hunts
like a hawk, but the demoiselles seem to take their prey with a gentle
grace and charm of manner which ought to make the midge’s last moments
his happiest ones. I always suspect them of folding him in a perfumed
napkin and eating him with salad dressing and a spoon after they get
back to their boudoir, but I cannot prove this any more than I can that
it is really a water goblin that grumbles under the flat stone.

Many a time I have turned the stones over suddenly, but I never yet
was quick enough to surprise the goblin. I have found him there, mind
you, but never in his true shape. Always he has managed to transform
himself into something different,--perhaps into a spotted turtle or
a grouchy horn-pout. I have even known him to turn into an ugly,
many-legged helgramite worm, not having time to make the more reputable
transformation. It is hard to catch a grumbling goblin asleep,
especially in a pool below the witch-hazels, where the brook magic is
strong.

It is easier to see the demoiselle nymphs. They are not very beautiful
or seemingly very savory, and if the water goblins do eat them it
is no wonder they grumble. You may have seen a hawk-like dragon-fly
skimming about over an open pool dip in swallow fashion to the surface.
These sudden and repeated dips are not for a bath nor yet for a drink.
What you see is a female dragon-fly laying eggs which shall later
hatch and become under-water nymphs, the larvæ of the dragon-fly. But
the demoiselles, still rightly named, do nothing so brazen as that.
Instead, they pick out some nodding water weed, fold their wings a
little more tightly to their iridescent bodies and crawl down it into
the water. Here, in proper seclusion beneath the surface, they pierce
the reed’s stem with keen ovipositor and lay their eggs. Then they
saunter forth again and discreetly eat more midges with salad dressing
and a spoon.

If you look closely among the water weeds in the transparent water
at the pool margin you may see the demoiselle nymphs crawling about,
breathing through feathers in their tails, and scooping up food with a
big shovel which sticks out under their chins. They show little traces
of their coming beauty. It is the awkward age of the demoiselle, and I
fancy each is right glad to do up the hair, get into long black skirts
with iridescent green bodices, and join the afternoon tea flitters.

What the magic is in the brook, whereby these strange, awkward,
crawling creatures, living beneath the water, some day crawl up the
stem of a water weed, burst, stretch their wings and fly away the
saintly and demure demoiselles of the pool, I do not know--whether it
be distilled from the witch-hazel by the summer sun, or whether it
slips more mysteriously from beneath the breast-plate of the spore of
the polypody growing just above my head in the rock crevice. It must
be the same magic whereby the many-legged, crawling helgramite worm,
after living that sort of life sometimes for several years, one day
crawls ashore, goes to sleep beneath a stone, and in another month
wakes up and finds himself a _Corydalus cornutus_, a three-inch-long
bug with extraordinary wings and great horns,--a bug that might well
make one of those witches, met face to face on the moon’s disk, shriek
and fall off her broomstick. If he can be that thing, changed from a
helgramite worm, why can he not be a helgramite worm, changed from the
water goblin which you can hear grumbling beneath the flat stone at the
entrance to the pool beneath the witch-hazels?

The answer is to be found neither in the rhyme of the poet nor in the
reason of the scientific man.

Musing on these things I suddenly sat up from my quiet seat beneath the
rock ferns, for more magic yet was being displayed before my eyes.
Over on the further side, in the shallow eddy, the pool was troubled
a second, then there rose from it a wee sunfish, not more than three
inches long, rose from it tail first and began balancing across the
pool surface toward me, on his head. His tail quivered in the air, and
I could see his freckles growing in the yellow transparency of his
skin, yet, though I watched with wide eyes, he was two-thirds the way
across the pool toward me before I noticed beneath him the tip of the
nose and the wicked little dark eye of a water snake. At sight of him
the demoiselles should have shrieked and flown away, but they made no
move. I, however, indignant, arose, and seizing broken fragments of
rock was about to lacerate him and loose his prey when I quite suddenly
thought better of it. Had not I a few days before come down stream to
the deep pool above and carried off a string of perch, sunfish, pouts,
and an eel? Had not the water snake also a right to his dinner?

I dropped my rock fragments, but there was no longer pleasure in
waiting to woo the demure coquetry of the demoiselles. The serpent had
entered Eden and the man was driven forth. I lingered only long enough
to see the grace and strength of the snake as he glided over the sill
of the old dam, now black and sinuous, now giving me a glimpse of the
vivid red of the under parts of his body, but always keeping his grip
secure on the little sunfish whom he was taking away to luncheon with
him.

I climbed out of the glen, glad to go for once, but at the top of
the rock where the sunburnt pasture path begins again I was in for
another shudder, for here the dragon had entered fairy land. He came,
writhing his horrid length along the path, his scales shining in the
sun, his great mouth gaping, and up near his abnormally great head two
little impotent forelegs wriggling. Who wouldn’t turn and run before
such a creature as this? To be sure he was scarce three feet long, and
his curiously mottled-brown back was that of the common adder, one of
our harmless snakes, though he looks ugly enough to be stuffed with
venom. But this great gaping head and the wriggling forelegs; never did
flat-head adder have such a front as this!

My compassion for snakes that had a right to their dinner vanished
before this creature. It is different when it seems as if you might be
the dinner. Those forelegs beckoned, and how could I tell but, in this
land of witch-hazel, fern seed, and brook magic, I might not shrink
sufficiently to be taken in by that huge mouth in that misapplied head?
Death were better,--that is, death for the dragon,--and I caught up a
jagged piece of the top of the glen and hurled it at him. It struck
the beast fair amidships. The dragon whirled and writhed for a second
or two and lay motionless, and behold! the head separated from the
body and began to limp away. Then first was the spell broken and I saw
clearly. It was simply a flat-head adder that had taken a good-sized
garden toad for his dinner, had swallowed him whole as far as the
forelegs, but failed to engulf these. It was the combination which made
the dragon.

Somehow I haven’t cared for the glen since. The early glamour of brook
magic is pleasant, but I fear that, like the hasheesh of the Orient,
its end is very bad dreams.




IN THE PONKAPOAG BOGS




IN THE PONKAPOAG BOGS


I do not find in all my wanderings, afield or afloat, a more quaintly
delightful plant than the floating-heart. In my pasture world it grows
in one place only,--along the shallow edges of the bogs of Ponkapoag
Pond. I think no other pond or stream in this immediate region has
it, and so sweetly shy is it that you may pass it year after year
without noting its existence. It waits until the summer has marked
its meridian before it ventures to send up its dainty little _crêpe
de chine_ petals, each fairy-like bloom appearing for one day only in
the very throb of the mottled olive and bronze heart, which is a leaf.
The leaf itself is barely an inch across, the exquisite bloom less
than half that; yet once you know it you love it beyond all other bog
plants as being the most fairy-like of water-lilies, though it is not a
water-lily at all when it comes to botanical classification, being of
the gentian family.

However, not to be a water-lily is not so bad if one may be classed
with the fringed and closed gentians which are to bloom later on the
landward edges of the bog. As the little blossom fades at nightfall,
its short stalk curls back beneath the water to ripen the seeds there,
hung just beneath the leaf from a peculiar bulb-like nodule just an
inch or so down on the petiole. The next morning another wee white bud
shoots up in the heart angle of the leaf and opens fragile petals in
the sun.

I recall no other plant that sends up blooms from the leaf stalk in
this way. When the seeds have ripened I suspect the plant of setting
this bulb-like nodule free to float away to another shore, take root as
a real corm or tuber might, and produce more floating-hearts.

This bog on the westerly shore of Ponkapoag Pond was not long ago made
a part of Boston’s park system, which thus moves ever sedately toward
the Berkshire hills, yet it is a bit of nature as wild and untrammeled
as it was in the days when Myles Standish may have looked down upon
it from the top of great Blue Hill, as it had stood unchanged in his
day for many and many a long century. So I fancy it will remain for
centuries to come, for Nature holds her own here well. Indeed, she
encroaches, for a bog grows wherever it has free water to grow into.
So, after many centuries, frequenters of the Blue Hill Reservation
will note a broad expanse of swamp land where once sparkled the waters
of this hundred-acre pond. For the way of the bog is this.

All along its under-water front the obscure under-water weeds grow up
and die year after year, generation after generation, forming fertile
banks of beautiful soft mud, into whose lower depths the great thick
rootstocks of the pond-lilies push, and in which the fibrous roots of
the tape grass, the fresh-water eel grass, find a hold. The growth
and decay of these, with the water shield, with its jelly-protected
foliage, the yellow dog-lily, and in lesser depths the bulrush, add to
the growing bank as coral insects grow and die in tropic seas, until it
is near enough to the surface for the pickerel weed to find roothold.
Then indeed the bog steps forward with vigor, for the pickerel weed is
its firing line. All summer you shall see its blue banners flaunting
gayly in the southern breezes, tempting the land-loving bumble-bee to
sea, calling the honey-bee from the mile-distant hive, and offering
rest and luncheon to a myriad lesser insects, all with genial
hospitality. Its serried millions in close ranks breast the waves in a
broad blue line from one end of the bog to the other, a half-mile or so.

Behind these are shallow pools, where again you find the white
water-lilies. Here they bloom in enormous profusion from late June
until early September, reaching their grand climax during late July.
On such a day, standing in the boat at the southerly end of the bog,
counting those within a given space and multiplying, I estimated that
there were ten thousand of the fragrant white blooms in sight. Twice
as many more were hidden by bulrush and pickerel weed. On Sundays
and holidays boatloads of trolley trippers paddle and push among
them and carry them off by the hundred, yet they make no mark on the
visible supply. The decay of the leaves and stems of these add to the
under-water foothold of the bog, but after all it must be the reedy
stems, sagittate leaves, and interwoven roots of the pickerel weed that
are its main foundation.

Steadily seaward over the foundation thus laid progresses the long,
definite front of the saw-edged marsh grass. Once it interlocks its
roots along the mud surface formed for it, it leaves no room for the
freer-growing denizens of the shallows. In among the marsh grass grows
no flaunting flag of pickerel weed, no pure white nymphæa sends forth
its rich odor.

Only the bog cranberry may hold its own in any quantity against the
throttling squeeze of those grass roots. Where these grow is the high
sea of the bog, its waves rising and falling in the free winds. Yet,
just as pickerel weed and water-lily give way before the advance of
the marsh grass, so it in turn falls on the landward side before the
advancing hosts of the swamp.

A steady phalanx of swamp cedars pushes its foothold farther and
farther out upon it, year by year, scouting with button bush and black
alder and holding every inch that they obtain for it. Now and then
something happens to a brief area of marsh grass and cranberries so
that their dense packed minions faint and release their root grip on
the quaking mud. Every such opening is seized by the alder or the
button bush, and the cedars follow them; indeed, sometimes the cedars,
favored by the right wind or the right bird carriers at seeding time,
slip in first, and little island clumps of their dark bronze green
stand here and there over against the cadet blue of Blue Hill which
hangs like a beautiful drop-curtain always on the westerly sky.

Once, a half-century ago or more, a farmer and his men came down from
the pastures, and for purposes of their own cut a ditch straight
through the middle of the bog to the open water. The hundreds of
scrawny night herons, sitting on pale blue eggs in scraggly nests in
the cedar swamp must have heard the cedars laugh as this went on.
It was the swamp’s opportunity. Where the farmer and his men with
incredible labor cut and tore away the marsh-grass roots the cedars
planted their seeds, and called upon the alders and the swamp maples
and the thoroughwort, the Joe Pye weed, and a host of other good
citizens of the swamp, to help them.

So vigorous was the sortie and so well did they hold their ground that
you may trace the farmer’s wide ditch to-day only as a causeway down
which the swamp has come to build a great wooded area in the midst of
the bog, accomplishing in half a century what it might not have done in
five times that had it not been for human aid. Thus, slowly as you and
I count time, only an inch or two a year perhaps, yet all too rapidly
for the joy of future generations, the bog encroaches upon the pond and
the swamp follows towards complete possession, which as the centuries
go by will make the quaking sphagnum firm meadow land.

For all you and I know, the Metropolitan Park Commission of the year
3908 will be fixing up a second Franklin Field here for the camping
ground of visiting Pythians. Meanwhile let us hasten to enjoy our bog
and its reedy borders.

It is the home and the occasional resting place of many a wild free
creature. Of a clear midsummer evening you may hear the muskrat
grubbing roots there, see, perhaps, the moonlight glint on the long
V-shaped ripple which he makes as he swims, and hear his snort and
splash when he dives at sudden sight of you. You may chance upon a
disconsolate bittern sitting clumsily in dumpy patience as he waits for
food to splash up to him, and you may even hear him work his wheezy,
dislocated wooden pump, a cry as awkward and disconsolate as the bird.

[Illustration: Of a clear midsummer evening you may hear the muskrat
  grubbing roots there ... and hear his snort and splash when he dives
  at sudden sight of you]

The muskrats breed in the bog, the bittern had his grassy nest there,
and a myriad blackbirds have made the low bushes vocal with their
cheery whistles all summer. They are flocking now, getting the young
birds in training for the long flight south, but they still hang about
the bog and they still whistle merrily. Surely it is not environment
that makes temperament. Bittern and blackbird both frequent bogs, yet
the bittern is a lonely misanthrope, whom I more than half suspect of
being melancholy mad, while the blackbird is as cheery and as fond of
his fellows as a candidate. When you hear his whistle you half expect
him to light on a thwart, hand you a cigar, and ask after the baby.
But the blackbird’s election is sure anyway.

Another loved and lovely denizen of these bogs is the wood duck. These
breed in the swamp, the mother bird building a grassy nest in a hollow
tree, where she lays from eight to fourteen buff-white eggs, and leads
her yellow fluffy ducklings to a nearby secluded pool for their first
swim. Later they come out into the bog, and ultimately make the pond,
where they learn to forage for themselves. By the first of August the
mother bird has sent them adrift, in the main, to paddle and flap their
way about as best they may. They are “flappers,” as the boys call them.
That is, they can make good speed along the surface by half running and
flapping vigorously, but they cannot yet fly enough to rise into the
air.

One of these young wood ducks came out of the bog the other morning,
just at the gray of dawn, and swam over toward the boat landing. He
was quite near the shore when I took ship and rowed to seaward of
him, thus shutting him off from the open pond and from the bog. Then
for an hour or two followed what was to me the most interesting duck
hunting I have done for a long time. I could row as fast as he could
swim, and I continually edged him along the south shore, getting
nearer every minute. I have read much of the marvelous intelligence of
wild creatures. Yet I saw little of it in this chase. The duck knew
me for an enemy, on general principles, for I was a man, and I was
evidently coming after him. Even rudimentary intelligence should have
told him to flap for the bog as fast as he could. He did nothing of
the sort. He just edged along down the shore, evidently hoping that I
was light-minded, and would forget all about him in a minute or two
if let alone. But I kept at it until I was so near I could see every
one of his already handsome feathers and note the coloring of those
parts which had not yet reached the beauty of maturity. I could see the
yellow rim of his eye, and still he swam east and swam west but made no
real move to escape.

Two things I wished to learn from my wood duck. One was how much
general intelligence and real quickness of wit he would show in
escaping. The other was how he carried his wings under water if, by
any fortunate chance, I should be able to see him swim after he went
down to escape me. But at first he was so irresolute that he neither
dived nor made any vigorous attempt to escape. I got so near, that to
avoid driving him up the bank into the woods I had to ease away a bit.
Finally, at my second approach, he did try to flap by the end of the
boat, but I spurted and headed him off.

It was a long time, and it took much manœuvring to make him dive, but
it finally entered his head that he might avoid being cornered and
badgered by going under water. This he did, going on a slant just a
very little below the surface, probably because he was in too shallow
water to go much deeper, and coming up well to seaward. There he
preened his feathers, took a sip or two of water and, seemingly, waited
to be surrounded a second time.

I rowed out, got on the off-shore side of him, and again began boating
him in toward the shore. He showed less uneasiness this time, but
dived and swam out again after considerable more pressing. Again and
again I repeated this, sometimes getting no sight of him under water,
again seeing him move along very plainly. At no time did I notice any
motion of the wings under water. I have been told that wild ducks when
swimming beneath the surface make most of their progress with their
wings, quite literally flying under water. This may be, but I have no
evidence of it in the under-water action of this one.

Again, it has been sagely impressed upon me by old duck hunters that
you could tell in what direction from your boat a bird would rise by
noting the way in which his bill pointed when he went under. I think
it was Adirondack Murray in that famous loon-hunting chapter who
first made the point, and it has been insisted upon by many another
successor. But, bless you, my half-grown wood duck made no difficulty
of going down with his head toward the morning and coming up in
the sunset portion of the view. He took slants under water and cut
semicircles at will. But I couldn’t see him use his wings while beneath
the wave.

Little by little he got over being excited by my presence. He began to
eat bugs off the lily pads as he went by, and now and then tip up for
an under-water search. Thus we coquetted with one another all along the
southern shore of the pond, and when I finally cornered him for a last
time in behind Loon Island he dove without embarrassment and began his
feeding as soon as he had again reached the surface. The chase was no
longer exciting, and I turned my attention to something else. Then he
swam out quite a little further into the pond, preened his feathers
carefully, tucked his head under his wing and went to sleep!

Evidently he had decided that I was eccentric, but harmless, and the
best way to escape my attentions would be to leave me severely alone.

And there you have it. I think the wood duck is beautiful, but not
very bright. Yet it occurs to me that some Sherlock Holmes of the
woods may prove, to the satisfaction of Dr. Watson anyway, that he is
preternaturally clever, in that this one, though still young, was keen
enough to see that from the first I had no evil intentions toward him.




SOME BUTTERFLY FRIENDS




SOME BUTTERFLY FRIENDS


At dusk all the edges of the pond are lighted with the white candles
of the clethra. Its fragrance has in it that fine essence which goes
to the making of the nectar and ambrosia of the gods. He who would sup
with them may do so by taking canoe of an early August twilight when
the purple arras of the coves glow softly golden with the reflected
light of the sunset’s afterglow. Then the coarser air seems to have
let the light slip from between its clumsy particles, leaving its more
ethereal essence still clinging to a more subtle interatomic fluid.

The fragrance of the clethra seems always to me as fine as this spirit
of light in the ambrosial twilight of the ripened summer. It is no
air-borne delight like the resinous scent of the forest pines or the
pasture sweet-fern when the hot sun of midday distills them and the hot
wind of midday sends them far to you across the quivering fields. It is
something finer, softer, more silkily subtle, which, like the rose gold
of the afterglow of the sunset, tints the dusk of the cove between the
air atoms, not by way of them.

Then, as the gold glimmers and fades and the pink faints in the cooling
purple of the dusk, and the outline of the cove shore slips from the
front of your eye to the chambers of memory behind it, so that you else
might see it best with the eyes shut, the white candles are lighted
and the eager moth sees by them to sup with you and me and the gods on
this essence of ambrosia, to tipple on this spirit of nectar which the
night reserves for those that love it.

I do not know why the clethra which gleams so white in the dusk should
need anything more than its own white beauty to call the moth to its
wooing. Perhaps it does not need more. Perhaps all this fine fragrance
is but the overflow of its soul’s delight at being young and chastely
beautiful, and trembling in the ultra violet darkness on that delicious
verge of life that waits the wooer. I half fancy that this is true of
all perfume of flowers, that it is less a call to butterfly or bee to
come to their winning than it is a radiation of delight from their own
pure hearts at the dawning of the full joy of living. I am not always
willing to take the word of the scientific investigator on these points
as final. The scientists of the not very remote past have known so
much that is not so!

It is possible that, just as a hunting-dog picks up a scent that is
strong in his nostrils and has no power in ours, so the flowers that we
call scentless send out an odor too faintly fine for our senses, yet
one that the antennæ of moth or bee may entangle as it passes and hold
for a certain clue. Perhaps the scents that are only faint to us carry
far for the butterfly, but if so, and if flower perfumes are made only
for the calling of insects, why need they be made so intoxicating to
the human senses? The scent of carnations is as pleasing to the soul
as a strain of beautiful music, and equally arouses high aspirations
and noble longings. So to me the odor of the clethra at nightfall is
a tenuous thread of ethereality that reaches far toward a realm of
spiritual ideals. It ought to go with a ritual and a vested choir.

I do not find the odor of the pasture milkweed speaking thus to any
inner sense. It is just a gentle, lovable, stay-at-home smell that
surely does not float farther than the pasture bars. Yet of all the
plants that have bloomed within my world of garden and pasture this
summer it has been by far the most popular among insects. It is not
that it is the most attractive to the eye, in any of its forms, for
there are many flowers of colors more vivid and to be seen farther,
as well as of much stronger scent. Yet all day long you will find
it besieged by bees, from the aristocratic Italian worker from the
farmer’s best hive down to those scallawag bees that make no honey for
themselves but lead a vagabond life and lay their eggs in other bees’
nests, leaving their young to grow up in unendowed orphan asylums.

Many varieties of ants seek the milkweed blooms, and you shall find
about a large clump more sorts of wasps than you would believe existed,
yet it is the butterflies who most of all make it their rallying place.
Every butterfly in the whole region makes it his business to know each
large clump of milkweed, and to make the rounds at least daily.

There, if you watch, you may see the pretty little pearl crescent,
whose range is from Labrador to Texas. The shy meadow browns flit
out from the shadow of the brook alders and feed for a moment before
they take fright at the fact that they are out in society and flit
desperately back again. The angle wings flip about like animated
question-marks, and fulvous fritillaries soar sedately, now and then
lighting to feed and fold their wings that you may see the big silver
spots of the under parts. And so you might name them all, almost every
butterfly of early August, all besieging the milkweed so eagerly that
you may hardly drive them away.

The fact is they come neither for scent nor sight; they come for good
taste--which they find in the honey glands of the peculiarly shaped
bloom, which are obvious and sticky and within reach of all. I do not
think it is half so much the odor of the flower which draws them, be
it never so sweet or so strong, but memory of the honey dew sipped
there yesterday or last week. No doubt the love of the milkweed bloom
is an inherited tendency, also, bred in the bones from a line of
milkweed-frequenting ancestors infinitely long.

Indeed, one of our most splendid butterflies is the _Anosia plexippus_,
otherwise known as the milkweed butterfly, rightly named also the
monarch. Every boy who knows the country in summer knows him by his
rich, red coloration, his strong, black-bordered wings with their black
veins. Every bird knows him too and lets him alone. On the first median
nervule of the hind wings of the butterfly is a scent bag whence he
dispenses an odor so disagreeable to the bird who would eat him that he
goes free, and is not afterward troubled.

[Illustration: Every boy who knows the country in summer knows him by
  his rich, red coloration, his strong, black-bordered wings with their
  black veins]

Along with the monarch sipping honey with eager industry from the
meadow milkweed, you will often see the viceroy, who, as a viceroy
should, closely imitates, but does not equal, the monarch. He
has neither the monarch’s vigor of flight nor his means of defence
from predatory birds, but his safety--so the students tell us--lies
in looking so much like his superior that he also is let alone. The
students go on to say that his is a good example of the imitative power
of insects whereby they escape destruction by seeming to the casual eye
to be something else.

The viceroy, which is a _Basilarchia disippus_, thus looks not the
least like other members of his family, but consciously mimics the
coloring of the monarch for safety. Thus many tropical beetles contrive
to look like wasps that they may not be molested, and some insects look
like brown leaves and others like green ones.

But do they contrive, imitate, mimic? It is no doubt true that because
of the resemblance they escape, but to say that they imitate or
contrive or mimic seems to me to be to assume a knowledge of the
workings of the inner consciousness of an insect that not even the
most careful student can have. I am more inclined to believe that the
so-called mimics are fortunate in an accidental resemblance and so
escape the destruction of their species which has fallen upon many a
less fortunate type.

Yet no butterfly, however exquisite his coloring, or however strong
and graceful his flight, twangs with his fluttering wings the fine
heartstrings of romance as does the monarch. The first one that came
dancing down the sunlight to the sweet rocket in bloom in my garden
this spring brought to me a spicy odor of tropic isles. The beating of
his wings shed, as he passed, faint fragrance of Mexican jasmine, and
I thought I saw slip from them the infinitesimal dust of the pollen
of stephanotis lately blooming in the glades of Panama. Three months
before he floated serenely beneath my cherry tree he may well have
soared through the tropic glades where crumble the ruins of the palaces
of the Incas.

His flight, seemingly as frail as that of a red autumn leaf sliding
down the October zephyr to carpet the nearby field with rustling
fragrance, has matched that of that rifle-ball of bird life, the
ruby-throated humming-bird. Together they sip the sweets of my sweet
rocket in the spring. Together they wing their way south to the region
of perpetual summer when the winds of late September promise frost.
Sometimes in this annual flight the monarchs pass the sandy stretches
of the New Jersey coast in swarms that, stopping at nightfall for rest,
refoliate with their folded wings the shrubs left bare by the autumn
gales.

It may be that, like the birds, the knowledge of the route they must
follow is bred in the marrow of their butterfly bones by the constant
use of a million generations. It may be that they simply drift away
from the cool wind from the North toward the Southern sun that shines
so serenely in the bright autumn days. But whether through the
guiding hand of Providence, or inherited wisdom, or a fortunate tact
that acting from day to day produces the happy result, this Southern
movement in winter is the sole salvation of the species here in the
North.

If they did not make these long flights we should have no Anosias with
us each summer, for unlike other butterflies the frost kills them in
whatever form they remain to brave it. All summer long their long, red
wings bear them bravely from one clump of milkweed to another. They
sip the honey which each floret of the umbels holds forth, the sticky
mass the size of a pinhead. They lay their eggs upon its leaves and the
black and yellow caterpillars hatch and feed there. Then they hang in a
green and gold chrysalis from a nearby twig till the imago, the perfect
butterfly, bursts its bonds and sails away to find more milkweed. There
may be several broods of a summer, but the frost stops all that. The
monarch may not winter here, nor may his eggs or chrysalids survive the
cold.

Many butterflies, frail though they seem, do pass the New England
winter successfully. The _Antiopa vanessa_, otherwise known as
mourning-cloak or Camberwell beauty, a handsome brown fellow with blue
spots and a pale-yellow margin, well known to every one, flits joyously
through the woods with the very first warm days of spring. He has been
snugged up in some dry crevice, numbed and torpid, but very much alive,
all winter. The first genial warmth sets him free, and later I always
find his children browsing on the willow twigs over in the cove. They
are rough chaps, horrid with bristling black spines and with dull
red spots relieving their otherwise plain black hides. But they grow
fast, and by and by go out upon a twig and hang themselves, head down,
by a little silken rope, swinging there in the wind, simply a dead
caterpillar that has imitated Judas.

One day the caterpillar part sloughs off. It is a fairly sudden
process. You may paddle by the willows in the morning and see all
your little Judases hanging in a row. Paddle back at noon and their
skins have shrivelled and slipped off, and you have chrysalids, queer,
impish-looking things, swinging there still, head down. You know they
are alive; indeed, if you poke them they will wiggle impatiently, but
they swing in the wind and give no other sign for a week or ten days.
Then they cast a second skin, and pop out full-grown butterflies that
stretch their wings for a time leisurely, then suddenly dash into the
air and go off over the hill like mad. The whole thing is so sudden!
The change, when it does come, is as if some woodland magician had
waved a willow wand and said “Abra-ca-dabra; presto, change!” Time and
again I have watched to see that caterpillar skin fall off, and again
to see the vanessa step forth from the domino in which it has been
masquerading, but they have always been too quick for me.

Other butterflies survive in the chrysalis all winter and come forth
full-grown and fit in the spring. Such may speak to your listening
imagination through their beauty, which is often great, or through
their resurrection from seeming death, though if you will observe
them closely in the chrysalid form you will see that they are not
even seemingly dead. Evangelists who have held up the butterfly to us
as a prototype of that resurrection which we may expect if we are
good, evidently never closely observed the chrysalis of a good healthy
butterfly, else they had not been so sure of their corpse.

Lately I have had chrysalids of the _Papilio asterias_, the common
eastern swallowtail, in my study. I found the fat black and yellow
worms on my parsley and caged them. They soon hitched themselves to the
wire netting by their tails, hanging from overhead on a slant, their
shoulders (so to speak) being supported by a single loop of silk. If
you did but tap on the wire netting or scratch it these chrysalids
would wiggle and jerk quite angrily, their action saying plainly,
“Can’t you let me alone? I’m just having a nap!” No; it is plainly
no death and resurrection which makes a butterfly. It is merely a
caterpillar who was dressed for the fancy ball all the time. He came
to the woodland hall in his greatcoat. This he sheds for a domino, in
which he masquerades for a time. Then he bursts forth for the final
festivities in a robe of princely beauty.

My chrysalids did this only the other day. Wonderful creatures of
black and yellow came forth, stretched their wings till I could see
the dainty shading of blue and the peacock-feather eye of red and
black on the lower part of the secondary wings; then, as I opened the
window they dashed madly away as the vanessas do from willow twigs
in the cove. The butterfly has been held up to us as an example of
lazy dalliance. I have never watched one that was not as busy as a
politician on election day. Especially do those just wakened from the
chrysalis form rush away as if they knew all their work was before
them and they longed to be at it.

Of them all the monarch is not the most beautiful, but I rank him as
surely the ablest. His annual migration shows him to have wonderful
strength of wing, and either much wisdom or an extraordinarily
developed instinct. Very likely he has both. Further, through accident
pure and simple, or else a spirit of adventure fostered by the joys of
long annual journey, he is steadily extending his habitat to embrace
the known world. Originally of North America only, he has within the
last dozen years taken ship for Australia, where he has multiplied
greatly in the warmer regions, and has wandered again over sea to
Java, Sumatra, and followed the flag into the Philippines. He is well
established at the Cape de Verde Islands, and is doing his best to be
happy in the pale sunshine of the south of England, whence specimens
are reported yearly.




THE RESTING TIME OF THE BIRDS




THE RESTING TIME OF THE BIRDS


This morning I heard the bluebirds again for the first time for weeks.
They came up from the pasture to the apple trees and sang their modest
little snatches of song in that shyly sweet, reserved yet fond, manner
which makes the bluebird the best loved of all our pasture birds. There
have been no bluebirds about my garden since the yegg raid of late May
and its resulting tragedy. Now they are back, but there is in their
call a note of sadness which indeed comes into the voice of every
bluebird as autumn approaches, though I think it is accentuated in mine
this year.

When I say yegg I mean English sparrow, and if I could think of a worse
name, equally descriptive of him, I would give it. This is the story
of the foul deed, only one of many, no doubt, perpetrated by this
cowardly crew. In late March I put out in my garden three bird boxes
such as bluebirds love to inhabit. These were immediately inspected
by the neighborhood flock of English sparrows, just beginning to pair
off, and finally decided upon as undesirable, perhaps because I had
intentionally placed no perch before the door.

The English sparrow will build his nest in any impossible place to
which he takes a fancy, but he greatly prefers, in choosing a new
site, one that has a convenient perch close by the entrance. So these
undesirable citizens decided that they did not care for my bird boxes
and let them alone, much to my delight. Then came the bluebirds,
bringing to our cold, raw spring their flashes of blue like bits of
a heaven that is fairer than ours, a blue that is hope and dreams of
happiness and all things noble yet gentle. There is no color like it as
it glints across pale April skies and blooms on trees that have been
bare and gray so long. So, too, no bird song is so dear as theirs. It
is but a wee, melodious phrase which says again and again, “Cheerily;
cheerily.” Yet it voices hope and contentment, and is so purely the
expression of the joy of gentle, kindly lives that it touches all that
is fond and kindly in the listener.

Bluebirds will nest in the hollow of the pasture apple tree or in a
last year’s flicker’s abandoned hole in a decayed stump, but of all
places they most love a bird box near a dwelling, and, as I had hoped,
a pair came early in April to inspect mine. They looked them all over
appreciatively, seeming with delightful courtesy to the builder to find
it hard to choose, but finally settled upon one in the pear tree, and
began to build.

Meanwhile the yeggs had been watching with jealous eyes, lurking in the
shrubbery, sneaking about the eaves and making sallies in small numbers
from around the barn. The English sparrow has been called pugnacious.
He is nothing of the kind. He does not love a fight. Bird to bird,
there is nothing too small to whip him. I have seen a chipping sparrow,
which is the least among the pasture sparrows, send the poltroon
scurrying to shelter with all his feathers standing on end. A cock
bluebird, fighting like a gentleman, and like a gentleman fighting
only when he must, will drive a half-dozen of them. The English sparrow
has the true instincts of the browbeating coward, and loves to fight
only when in overwhelming numbers he may attack a lone pasture bird
without danger to himself.

So trouble began with the building, and for a week or so the warfare
raged from box to box, the cock bluebird boldly defeating superior
numbers again and again, only to have his gentle wife annoyed by other
villains while he drove the first away, and his nesting material
stolen in spite of him. Finally he resorted to what looked to me like
well-planned and carefully executed strategy, though it may have
been merely that fortune which favors the brave and persistent. The
pair abandoned the box in the pear tree and started building in the
one nailed against the side of the barn. The sparrows followed, of
course. Then the bluebirds went back to the pear-tree box. The sparrows
followed. The bluebirds then started building in the third box and
daily brought material to each of the three, though ostensibly, I
thought, to the second and third. At any rate the sparrows seemed
to concentrate their attention more on these boxes. Meanwhile the
bluebirds quietly completed the nest in the pear tree and later laid
their eggs there, in comparative peace.

The sparrows did not build in either of the other boxes. They did not
want to. Neither did they care particularly about the material which
they stole, for they did not continue to take it after the bluebirds
had finished the pear-tree nest and were in a position to defend it.
Their action was simply hoodlumism of the lowest and most despicable
kind.

[Illustration: The English sparrow has the true instincts of the
  browbeating coward]

This was bad enough, yet it was merely petty annoyance compared to
the deed without a name of which they were later to be guilty. The
two young birds in the bluebird box were more than half grown. The
blue was beginning to show in their wings along with the white of
the conspicuous, growing quills, and the fuscous margin was already
touching the breast feathers. The old birds, working with tremendous
energy to feed these hearty youngsters, were both busy and often away
from the nest together.

At one such time the English sparrows descended upon this nest,
entered, drove the young birds out to die upon the ground, unnoticed in
the long grass, and started to take full possession. The bluebirds,
returning too late, drove them away with more than usual despatch. This
first called the affair to my attention. But I was too late.

The young birds were dead and the sparrows were chattering in raucous
jubilation over it, now and then giving a squeak of fright or pain as
the male bluebird singled out an individual and attacked him with a
fury of which I had not believed him capable. Soon, however, he ceased,
and the two twittered mournfully about the tree for hours, again and
again poising in fluttering flight before the door of their despoiled
home and looking eagerly in, as if they could not believe that the
young were indeed gone. Later they went silently away. No doubt they
found another home in some hollow tree of the remote pasture and raised
another brood. But my boxes have stood tenantless ever since.

The worst of it is there is little I could do either in the way of
prevention or revenge. I did get out my big old ten-bore duck gun,
which I have not had the heart to use on a bird, even a coot, for a
dozen years, and began cannonading the miscreants, but this was more
disturbing to the neighbors than to the sparrows.

One of the gentlest nature lovers I ever knew, wise in bird ways and
very fond of all birds, used to say that he wished all the English
sparrows in the world had but one neck, and that he might have that
neck in his hands. I wish he might, too.

So, after weeks of absence, the bluebirds have come back. Their
speckle-breasted young, which they would have brought up among my
apple trees and in the cloistered seclusion of the lilac bushes, have
grown up in the pasture instead, and very likely their plans for next
year will include the pasture wild-apple tree rather than my bird box,
and they are far shyer and less responsive to my advances than they
would have been. Their song has in it a plaint of autumnal regret. In
the spring they sang, “Cheerily; cheerily.” Now they say, “Going away;
going away.” It has in it something of the quality of “Lochaber no
more.”

But it is not merely the bluebirds which have been silent for some
weeks and are now beginning to sing again. The time between early July
and mid-August is a period of retirement for all birddom. The mating
season, with its soul-stirring ecstasies, the labor of nest building,
the anxieties of brooding, have been followed by the tremendous
exertion of caring for that nestful of young birds. A healthy fledgling
will eat almost his own weight of food in a day, and by the time he
is able to fly and chase the old birds around for more the father and
mother are worn to a frazzle. I really believe the youngsters are
weaned only when their demand for food becomes so enormous with their
completed growth that the parents cease to supply it through sheer
physical exhaustion.

I once reared a pair of young crows by hand, taking them from the home
nest in a big pine, leaving three others--quite enough I afterward
thought--for the parent birds. They were negroid, naked, pod-bodied
creatures at the time, with long clutchy claws, ridiculous stubs of
wings, and, ye gods, what mouths! When I fed them I used to clutch
something with one hand lest I fall in. And I was incessantly feeding
them. Anxious to treat them kindly and finding that frogs were a most
acceptable diet to them I depopulated the township of _Rana virescens_
and allied species. Then I found that fish would do about as well,
and I fished until there began to be a shortage of angle-worms in the
community. Yet still the creatures grew apace and demanded more food.

By and by they got big enough to use their wings and, recognizing me
as their undoubted parent, came flapping and clawing after me wherever
I went, yelling, “Caw, caw, ca-aw-aw,” in most heartrending crescendo.
Then did I realize to the full the responsibility of being a father
bird. Stuff those clamorous creatures as I might, they still pleaded
in agonizing tones for more, and no one not cognizant of the facts
would have believed that they were ever fed. The lamb that loved Mary
so, and followed her also, was not a circumstance to the clamorous
devotion of those two young crows toward me, their foster parent.

My one fear for weeks was that the resident agent for the S. P. C. A.,
who was a vigilant and tender-hearted lady of undoubted indiscretion,
would hear their evidently unanswered appeals and proceed against me.
She could have convicted me on the evidence in any district court in
Norfolk County; and yet those young birds were eating everything there
was in the place outside of cold storage.

Such is the appetite of the growing bird. Yet there comes a time in
the passing of the summer when the youngsters are taught, or learn
through necessity, to forage for themselves and cease their fritinancy.
Then the thickets are strangely silent. The youngsters no longer yearn
noisily and they have not yet learned to sing. The old birds have
ceased singing. Indeed, there is nothing left of them but their bones
and feathers, and that atmosphere of conscious rectitude which comes
with successful completion of a noble and herculean task. And then even
their feathers begin to go, for the moulting season is at hand.

No longer does the male scarlet tanager sit like a lambent flame in
the top of a tree and warble, “Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, treetop,”
His scarlet suit begins to fade, grow dingy, show signs of wear, and
finally go all to pieces while he sits mute and dumpy in the shadow. By
and by the scarlet will have changed completely to a dull olive-green,
like that of his inconspicuous mate, and though he still retains the
black of his wings and tail you would not know him.

So the bobolink who swung so conspicuously on the meadow grass in June
in his black and white suit comes through the moulting season brown
as a sparrow. The vivid blue of the indigo bunting falls from him in
patches and is replaced by grayish brown in a large measure.

No wonder that, utterly tired out and their brilliant plumage scattered
and changed to dull and rusty colors, the birds are silent for a time,
waiting for strength to recuperate. Some of them seem to retain enough
courage and vitality to sing mornings through the moulting season,
notably the robins. I suspect, though, that these faithful few--for the
robin singers of the morning of the first day of August will be as one
to twenty to those of the first day of June--are gay young sports who
did not care to marry, or who, disappointed in love, still sing to keep
their courage up. It is the best singers who are most strangely silent
now, as they have been for weeks; nor will most of them be heard until
next spring, hereabouts.

My catbird was so sorrowfully unseen and unheard that I began to think
the cat had got him, till I hunted him up, down the hill among the
scrub oaks. He was as dilapidated and passé-looking as his nest in the
lilacs; as if, like it, the young birds had kicked him pretty nearly
to pieces before they got through with him. But he perked up a bit
when he saw me, flipped an apology for a tail, and miaued in a manner
that was humorously unlike him, it was so deprecatory. But that was a
week or ten days ago. Yesterday I heard some bird cooing a little song
to himself out in the arbor-vitæ trees at the foot of the garden, and
slipping quietly up found that it was the catbird again. He was quite
sleek in his new coat, and he was practising his song in a delightful
undertone, as if to be sure that he should not forget it altogether.

In four or five weeks more he will begin to flip saucily across the
miles of country that separate him from his winter home in Southern
Florida, or perhaps farther yet in some stretch of primeval forest that
I myself have seen and loved in the heart of Santo Domingo. He will
not sing his song there, high on some giant ceiba or swinging on the
plume of some royal palm. He may not sing it again here on the tip of
the tallest white lilac bush, but I know that, there or here, he will
practise it now and then in that soft, sweet undertone which you would
not believe of a catbird, and be ready to send it forth in jubilant
peals when his strong wings bring him back again next May. My bluebirds
may winter with him; and if they do I have hopes that he may persuade
them to try my pear-tree box once more next spring.




THE POND AT LOW TIDE




THE POND AT LOW TIDE


All about the pond the woodland folk are enjoying shore dinners, for
it is the time of ebb tide, and a wonderfully low ebb at that. Not
for a score of years do I recall such low water. Where, on the ebb of
ordinary years, the crow has been able to find one fresh-water clam, he
may now feed till he can hold no more, for the drought has been long
and severe, and the pond has been drained to the very dregs.

I say fresh-water clams, for that is the name commonly applied to
the creatures, though I know that I might more properly call them
river mussels, and if I wished to be severely scientific I should
say _Unio margaritifera_, though it is difficult to be sure of your
margaritifera, as there are about fifteen hundred species of unios
known to people who classify creatures, and most of these are found in
the rivers of this country.

Little do the crows care for that. In the sunny coves they have their
clam-bakes, and as I slip slyly up I fancy I hear them smack their
mandibles. As I round the screen of shore-loving button bushes, I know
I shall come upon them, and I expect to find them seated in riotous
fellowship, with napkins spread across broad waistcoats, dipping
delicious mouthfuls in melted butter and tucking them away behind
the white napkins. I have always missed the napkins and the butter
dishes, but the shells are proof enough of what has been going on. If
the mother crow carries the table furnishings away with her when she
flies, that is no more than human picnickers do when driven from the
sea beach.

The pond when full is ten feet deeper than it is now. In May the water
lapped the forest roots on its edges; now from the forest to the mud
of the very bottom where still the water lingers a strip of slanting
beach stretches for a hundred yards. The crows are not the only
creatures which have made tracks on this. Close by the edge in the soft
mud the heron has walked with dignity, leaving footmarks that proceed
precisely. The heron may not have large ambitions, but he is purposeful
and does not turn aside. The crows gurgled and ha-haed over their
clambake; the heron takes his fish course as solemnly as if he were
taking the pledge.

All along you will see where the squirrels have come down to drink,
skipping vivaciously, taking a sip here, bouncing away to examine
something there, remembering that they came for a drink after all and
taking a good one, then hurrying back with long leaps in a straight
line for the trees. The squirrel is not solemn, far from it, but he
is business-like, and though there is humorous good fellowship in his
every hop, he nevertheless does not linger long from his work.

[Illustration: The skunk doesn’t know where he is going and he isn’t
  even on his way]

Very different from this is the track of mister skunk. He wanders
aimlessly along, often as much sidewise as straight ahead. The skunk
doesn’t know where he is going and he isn’t even on his way. I never
see his tracks, whether on the pond shore or elsewhere, but I renew my
doubts as to his habits. He is out much too late at night. His tracks
show it. I think he had his drink before he came to the water.
Probably he too knows how toothsome are the unios and is searching for
them in his maudlin fashion.

Then there are the muskrats. They do not have to wait for their clam
banquets till the water is low. They are expert divers and gather the
unios at such times as suit their fancy. You will see their tracks in
regular runways in the shallow water of the muddy coves, whence they
are apt to follow some trickling streamlet to the bank where the summer
burrows are at high water.

Later, along the marshy edges you will find their winter teepees, piled
to conical heights with sods and roots, with a warm refuge above the
ice and an exit below, whence they may swim in search of food. The
tracks of the muskrats show every mark of the industrious villager.
They stick close to well-traveled paths, and though the muskrats are
out nights no one would for a moment question their temperance and
industry. Their characters are excellent ones, beyond suspicion, and
their tracks show it.

On the pond shore at ebb tide the glaciers, too, have left their
tracks, though it is probably several hundred thousand years since any
have been this way. Where there are granite ledges you may know that
these were here before even the glaciers stalked solemnly by, for they
show where the ice in grumbling grandeur ground small stones against
them and gradually wore out ruts in the enduring granite by force of
attrition.

The track of the glacier is like the trail of the serpent,--it leaves
no toe-marks, but its sliding progress is unmistakable. Side by side
with the ledge which shows these striæ you may see on the soft mud
imprints of this year’s leaves, dropped a moment there by the wind,
then whirled away again, but leaving their tracks behind them. This
mark of the season may be obliterated by a breath, or it may be covered
with sifting silt and finally harden into sandstone and bear the trail
of the leaf as far down the ages as has come that of the glacier. Here
are moments and æons elbowing one another for place.

Other interesting records of past time may be read in Stumpy Cove,
which is still the wildest and most secluded of spots, though the
trolley tripper has found the pond and builds his bungalows on its
shore, sinks his tin cans in its waters, and scares the bullfrogs
with his phonograph. The tin cans will not last long, however. Fresh
water in motion is continually giving up oxygen, and this with the
humic acid of the mud bottom will soon scatter these disfigurations in
scales of brown oxide. But all these solvent forces, acting through two
centuries, have had little effect on the stumps of Stumpy Cove.

The heart-wood is still sound, their interlaced roots tell the story
of what happened on the spot in the rich muck of the swamp, as Stumpy
Cove was then, before Myles Standish had set foot on Plymouth Rock or
the first white man had spied inland from the summit of Blue Hill. For
the pond as it is now is only about a hundred years old. For a hundred
years before that it was a meadow, flowed occasionally by the farmers
of the region about it.

Before that Stumpy Cove was a great white-cedar swamp and the great
white cedars stood in it, two feet in diameter, their clean straight
trunks running up fifty feet or more without a knob or limb. This
natural meadow with hay for their cattle for the cutting, these cedar
swamps with their century-old growth, were what attracted the first
settlers to this region, and hardly had the dawn of the sixteenth
century come over the Blue Hills before their axes were at work in
Stumpy Cove and similar swamps all about, getting out shingle stuff for
the Boston market. But whereas in all the other swamps the young cedars
were allowed to grow in again for succeeding generations of woodsmen,
here new conditions arose.

The meadow was flowed intermittently for a century; then the pond grew
out of it. Not only might no seedlings find roothold there, but the
very black muck in which they might grow was washed away from the
roots of the great stumps. These, in the main, have endured, losing
their bark and sap-wood, but with the heart-wood still firm after the
lapse of two centuries.

Here at this ebb tide I read the record of growth of trees that had
their beginnings more than three centuries ago. These roots so twine
and intertwine that the original sap, drawn from the tender tips, must
have nourished any one of several trees indifferently, for heart-wood
joins heart-wood in scores of places near the stump and far from it,
showing that each tree stood not only on its own roots, but on those
of its neighbors all about it; not only was it nourished by its own
rootlets, but by those of trees near by. No gale could uproot these
swamp cedars. United they stood and divided they might not fall. It is
a curious method of growth, and I dare say it obtains in many swamps
where the white cedars stand close, but under no other circumstances
could it have been revealed to me, casually strolling that way three
centuries after it happened.

At high water all these curious roots are submerged and you see only
the butts of the trees, numerous miniature islands on which many an
alien growth has made port. Here in June the dour and melancholy
cassandra disputes the footing of the wild rose, and the huckleberry
and sweet-fern twine in loving companionship, afloat as ashore. Here
intertwine the sheep laurel and the hard-hack, the meadow-sweet and the
marsh St. John’s-wort, garlanding the white skeletons of the ancient
trees and making them young again with the odorous promises of spring.

In midsummer, among patches of green and gray moss, you will find tiny,
diamond-like globules glistening. These are the clear, dew-like drops
of glutinous liquid which gem the leaves of the _Drosera_, northern
representative of the Venus’s fly-trap. This, the _Dionaea_, catches
flies by means of a steel-trap leaf which closes on them when they
light on it. This other, the _Drosera_, is not so active. It attracts
insects with its honey dew, holds them with sticky glands, and grips
them, little by little, with bristles. It is a curious and beautiful
little plant, and one would hardly think it carnivorous to see it
adding its diamond ornaments to the floral decorations which beautify
the ancient stumps all summer long.

Yet of all the life histories revealed by the pond at low tide I still
think that of the _Unionidæ_ the most interesting. You find them all
along above and below the margin of the shallow water, their shells
most wonderfully streaked with olive-green and pale-yellow in alternate
bands, till one might think he had found nodules of malachite which
the long-ago glacier had culled from some Labrador ledge and ground
to unsymmetrical ovoids before it dropped them on the old-time meadow
marge. In certain individuals and certain lights the shells of these
obscure creatures send out gleams of green and gold, like gems that
have soft fires within them. It is as if an opalescent soul dwelt
within, and the thin shell which a crow with his bill may puncture
with a blow was so constructed as to hold in the reds and blues of the
opalescence, but transmit the greens and gold.

You find many with only the backs of their shells sticking out of the
mud. This may be the creature’s natural position, but I find far more
of them lying quietly on their sides in the shallow water, rocking
gently to and fro in the placid undulations as if they were there but
to show me their shining colors. But if you watch one intently for a
time you will see him open his shell cautiously and put out one foot.
This is his best, for it is all he has and he puts it foremost. It is
very white and clean, and it might as well be called his tongue, for
with it he licks his food. It is half as long as he is, and when he has
put it out as far as he can, or as far as he dares, a fine white fringe
grows on its outer margin. Thus he gathers in minute animalculæ or
refuse matter from the surface of the mud, for his stomach’s sake.

It is a rather interesting thing to stand by and watch a _Unio
margaritifera_ daintily putting away his own particular brand of little
necks and mock turtle. At the least untoward sign of interest in the
affair, however, he shuts up like a clam, and you will need your
pocket-knife if you wish to see more of him.

Where the water is only an inch deep or so over the soft ooze of the
bottom you will see where the unio has used this so-called foot as
a foot should be used, for he not only stands on it, but walks with
its help. These signs are curiously erratic marks drawn as with a
sharpened stick for a distance sometimes of yards. If you will inspect
the seaward end of this trail you will find a unio in it, generally
a young one, for it is he that has left the mark behind him in his
travels. For the unio at a certain age is a great traveller; that is,
when he is very young. The adults foot it, but the young before they
reach their full growth ride, some of them by what you might call the
lightning expresses of the pond world.

If you will split a big one at this time of year you will be likely to
find within an astonishing number of eggs. These are carried in brood
pouches that seem to occupy pretty nearly all the space between the
shells. In seeing them you wonder vaguely where there was room for
the bearer of this amazing progeny. Just where they are these young
unios grow to maturity of a certain sort, forming minute shells which
have hooks, forming also peculiar organs of sense. The hooks and the
sense organs are provided that they may not miss that free ride which
is the privilege of every young unio if he is to reach the period of
adolescence.

At the moment of being sent forth from the home shell the golchidium,
for that is what the scientific men call the unio at this stage
of the affair, begins to hunt, aided by his sense organs, for a
thoroughfare. Here he takes the first conveyance, whether the slow
coach of the sluggish horn-pout, the bream automobile, or the pickerel
flying-machine. To the first fish that comes by he attaches himself,
oftentimes to the gills, and there he rides and, like most travelers,
continues to develop.

By and by, being “finished” by travel, he gets off his vehicle at some
convenient station, drops into the mud, and is ready to lecture, or
so I fancy it, before any of the unio women’s clubs on the world as he
has seen it. Not until then does the unio, and then only if he is a
margaritifera, begin to accumulate pearls.

By what mystery of sunlight and shallow water the unio has acquired
the lucent green and gold of the epidermis of his outer shell I do not
know, any more than I know what pigments paint or what naiad fingers
hold the brush that paints the gold in the heart or the pinky green in
the outer sepals of the water-lily. The two find their sustenance in
the same mud.

But even if I could tell this I might well pause in wonder over the
beauty of the inner shell of this pulseless creature of the ooze.
Perhaps the golchidium, darting back and forth beneath the ripples of
the surface during its days of travel, catches the radiant blue of the
sky, the rosy flush of dawn, and the glory of the rainbow all shivered
together in exultant light to make the nacre of the inner surface of
its growing shell. For nowhere else in nature may we find such softness
of coloring holding such gleams of azure and of fire. The opal beside
it is garish and crude. Mother-of-pearl we call it, for out of the same
source is born the gem which may be worth the price of a king’s ransom.

The unio is the good girl of the fairy tale, for from its lips fall
pearls that confound the divers of the Orient. Not from Ceylon nor Sulu
nor the Straits of Sunda nor the Gulf of California have come such
pearls of bewildering color and fascinating shapes as have been taken
from the river mussels of our American streams. For all I know the
shallows of my pond may hold a necklace of such value that its fellow
has never yet circled the throat of a queen. If so I hope no one will
ever find it out, for an ebb tide such as this comes only once in a
score or so of years, and when the next one is here I want still to
find the beach beautiful with the green and gold and mother-of-pearl of
the unios.




HOW THE RAIN CAME




HOW THE RAIN CAME


The _Spiranthes gracilis_ is commonly called ladies’ tresses, which is
a very polite name for it, for nothing can be more beautiful than the
tresses of ladies. It is like its name in that it is beautiful, but not
otherwise, for it is a flower not of tresses, but of fine eyelashes
of pearl set in a spiral on jade. The rain this morning dropped
transparent, colorless pearl tears on the tips of these eyelashes, and
as they twinkled toward shy smiles the tears ran down the spiral to be
eagerly kissed away by the small grasses that always cling about the
feet of the spiranthes in mute adoration.

Near by slender varieties of gerardia held up rosy cups to drink these
clear pearls, finding in them a medicine that shall cure all ills.
In the rain the fountain of youth wells up in the cup of every flower
that waits in the soft pasture grasses and the grasses themselves drink
eagerly. The cedars deck themselves in these clear pearls, wearing
garments fringed with them and ropes and necklaces without number, and
letting their prim propriety be so softened that they are no longer
firm and erect but take on curves of soft roundness that should go with
pearl-embroidered garments.

Yesterday there was in all the pasture people a certain puritanical
sternness of demeanor, a set holding fast to the narrowing good of
life, a tightening of the muscles that are weary with a long strain but
may not for the good of the soul loose their firm grip, for yesterday
the pasture was dry and hard with the leanness of the long summer
drought.

To-day has come the first of the fall rains and these puritans are
stern and set no longer, but relax into swaying curves of lissome
beauty that entrance you. It is as if, after coming as you thought to a
Sunday service of the old Calvinists, you found it transformed into a
grange picnic of wood nymphs.

The pines indeed, which always stretch out their arms in Sabbath-like
benediction, seem asking a pious blessing on all these, their pasture
children; and they fold their slim leaves together like hands in a
soft prayer of thankfulness. But the soft rain cuddles them as well,
and before they know it they are decked with the clear pearls as for a
bridal and their plumes nod in reverence, yet are so beautiful in gems
and there is such a soft grace in their curves--they that stood so
grim and sombre before--that each tree seems like some bounteous and
beautiful woman, arrayed for wedding festivities, who yet bows a moment
at a sanctuary in prayer, even as she joins the guests.

The rain had been long coming. A solitary quail predicted it; the first
I have heard since the severe cold and deep snows of three winters in
succession not long ago. I had thought every quail smothered in the
white depths or frozen by the bitter cold. Three years is a long time
not to hear a quail whistle, and this I believe to be no survivor of
the old stock, but one that has worked up from Southern fields where
the snows were less deadly during those rigid winters.

It is pretty hard to tell whether a quail is simply announcing his own
name for all who care to hear, or making a weather prediction. Jotham,
one of the farmer’s men who knows all, says it is simple enough. In
an announcement he says, “Bob, Bob White.” The weather prediction is
different. Then he says, “Wet, more wet.” All you have to do is listen.

This is like Jotham’s grandmother’s recipe for making soap. You
collected potash from the hearth, added water in an iron kettle, and
boiled till a certain thickness was reached. You would know this point
by placing an egg on the surface, and if the concoction was right the
egg would either sink or swim, the old lady was blessed if she could
remember which. This is a way that successful oracles have. That one at
Delphos did it.

So, when my lone quail sat on a rock in the pasture, tipped his head
back a little, swelled his white throat and whistled, round and clear,
I went out to meet him, scanning the sky meanwhile for a change of
weather. The sky of the day before had been like a brass bowl shut
down over the gasping land. Shrubs of the upland hung their leaves
piteously, the tougher herbs wilted, and the tenderer ones dried up and
died.

[Illustration: My lone quail sat on a rock in the pasture, tipped his
  head back a little, swelled his white throat, and whistled]

On such days when the long summer drought has wreaked its worst, when
the parched pasture lies on its back, open-mouthed, gasping for water,
when even the pond which has given so freely for the refreshment of
the pasture people has shrunk back upon itself till a rod-wide rim of
gravel and rough stones forbids them to come down and drink, I love
to go down to the water’s edge and marvel at the hedge hyssop. All
along the shore the summer drought forbids the water weeds to grow.
This rod-wide space is not for them. The flood of the winter and spring
denies other land plants a roothold; yet, just when you think the shore
is to be bare and barren for always, troops forth the hedge hyssop and
clothes it with verdure, lighted with a golden smile.

The common name of the plant seems to me to express ingenuity rather
than purpose. It has nothing to do with hedges and is not a hyssop,
which is a garden plant belonging with thyme and lavender and other
sweet herbs beloved of old ladies in kerchief caps and figured gowns.
The hedge hyssop is none of these. Nine months of the twelve it bides
its time under water. During the other three it glows in golden
contentment on the sandy stretches left bare by this yearly receding
tide, climbing along the rocky shore and filling every crevice, lifting
its yellow cups to the glare of the brazen sky and distilling subtle
perfume to the antennæ of the little low-flying insects that are its
friends. Yet if its common name means little, that given it by the
botanists fits. _Gratiola aurea_ may well mean a plant that is golden
grace or a golden benediction, as you choose to take the Latin.

The day before, then, I had no heart for the upland pasture, but
Jotham’s reading of the quail had been the right one, for yesterday the
brazen look was all blown out of the sky by the south wind. It did not
leave it clear blue, for that would have meant cooler and still dry,
but put into it a pallor that seemed to well up from all the horizon
round. It was not the pallor of clouds, for there was not even a
cumulus thunder head in sight, but the pallor that comes with the wind
that has a storm behind it, yet is to blow itself out before the storm
arrives.

The cuckoo, flitting jerkily from one thicket to the next, noted this
pallor from the corner of his eye and thenceforth through the day
croaked to himself as he went his caterpillar-hunting rounds. “Clackity
clack; tut, tut; cow, cow, cow,” he clucked musically, which is his way
of saying, “Oh dear, it is going to rain and the caterpillars will be
all soggy.” Jotham says the early settlers out here in the Dorchester
backwoods taught the cuckoo to work for them, but that he was so lazy
that their descendants, getting better help, gave it up, and that the
cuckoo soon forgot all he knew about farm work except calling the cows.

Every bluejay is a born tease, and in the late August drought goes
about crying “Rain, rain,” because he knows there will be no rain.
He does it merely to fool the pasture people and then chuckle in his
phonograph twang over their misery when no rain comes.

Yesterday when he smelt the south wind and saw that sky pallor he
stopped calling “Rain, rain,” for he knew it was coming. Instead he
fluttered round and round the pasture, ducking in among the boughs
of the pines and ejaculating, as if he were surprised to find it so,
“Clear, clear.” I fancy all the wild creatures of wood and pasture
know the signs better than I do and could announce the rain if they
would long before I know that it is coming. All the outdoor world was
sure of it yesterday. With the very first show of that paleness in the
sky--or was it something in the touch of the wind?--the drooping plants
lifted their leaves to be ready for it. I could smell it in the falling
of the wind at sunset; they seemed to smell it in mid-forenoon while
yet the wind was rising.

On such days looking across the pond toward wind and sun there is a
peculiar blink in the light reflected from the surface of the waves
which you do not see if fair weather is ahead of you. The pale sky
seems to reflect blackly in the water. Down to leeward the shore
poplars stand silvery white, a quivering, flashing silver under the
lash of the wind. The swamp maples lose their green and turn pale and
the willows lighten up in color.

It is the turning of the leaves in the wind. You may say that they
would turn in any wind and show their lighter under sides, and this
is true, yet there is a difference in the appearance when it is a
rain-bringing wind. I cannot tell you why this should be, but the
difference is there. It may be that a moist wind relaxes the tension of
the petioles more than a dry one and thus lets the leaf lie flatter,
giving a little different look to the tree as a whole. The weather-wise
older people grew up on the land instead of within walls and they were
wont to say, “The leaves are turning in the wind and it is going to
rain.” Like the pasture people they knew.

By nightfall the weather bureau suspected something but was not quite
sure what. They hung out the “possible rain” flag, and all the crows
in the pinewood, congregating now in bigger and bigger flocks,
practising, I take it, for their labor-day parade, went into fits of
laughter. “Haw, haw, haw!” they shouted, and whirled up into the sky
and took a look about and dashed down again, convulsed. “Haw, haw, haw!
Possible rain; here’s the sky just ready to spill out a twenty-four
hour soaker!”

The wind went down with the sun, and the willow and maple leaves were
green again for a little before they faded into the growing purple of
the dusk, but with every faint sigh of the failing breeze the poplars
loomed white again with a radiant ghostliness which seemed to people
the rustling dusk with softly phosphorescent spooks. You will see these
other-world visitors to the pond shore only on such a night when the
wind is right.

There was no glow of rich color in the sky at sunset. Instead the dusk
hung violet gray draperies all about the horizon,--curtains that veiled
but did not hide the evening stars, shutting them almost out near the
horizon and leaving them comparatively clear at the zenith. In such
dusk stars do not twinkle, they blink, and that is a sign of rain which
all the pasture people that have eyes know well.

Those that have ears and no eyes may know what sort of a night it is
as well, for there is some quality in such an atmosphere which makes
sounds carry far. The rap of a paddle on a canoe seat a mile away up
the pond sounds right in your ear. A train roaring through the wood
three miles distant seems so near that you involuntarily look around
lest it be coming behind and run over you. On such nights speak low
if you do not wish the whole world to hear, for the air all about you
is a wireless telephone receiver tuned to your pitch. Those gray rain
curtains which the dusk has hung all about the horizon have made the
whole world a whispering gallery.

Sometime in the night the wind dies. It passes away so peacefully that
no mirror held to its lips would note that last sigh. But the stars
have known it all the evening, and that is why their eyes blinked so.
It was to keep back the tears. Then the stars vanish and the night is
dark indeed.

Scents carry far on such a night, not only those of the pasture world,
which are pleasant, but those of the more distant town, which sometimes
are not. The air is not only telephonic but telefumic. The distant
leather factory sends out a faint but characteristic odor by which
you might hunt it across country for a lustrum of miles. The sooty
emanation from my neighbors’ chimneys is pungent in my nostrils, though
their houses are a mile away. I think I can tell which is which, for
the fireplace smell differs from that of the furnace, as does that of
the parlor stove from the range. Agreeably these are forgotten, for
something has crushed sassafras leaves over on the pasture knoll and
the fine fragrance comes to drive away thoughts of the others.

As the night was gray, which foretells rain, so the morning breaks
crimson, which announces it. No bird heralds this dawn, no chirping
insect sends its voice questing through its shades. The sky hardly
lightens up; it is rather that the darkness turns red. Nor does the
light come from the sky when it does come. It wells up from the earth
instead, for when the crimson is gone the sky is still black with
shadows, while the pasture grows distinct in a gray outline wherein is
no color.

A stillness of expectation broods all things,--a stillness so intense
that the first rain-drop sounds like a pistol-shot as it strikes a
leaf near you. Then there is a volley and further silence for a brief
space, followed by a crepitation all about you. Those first heavy drops
have been followed by lighter ones, and this crepitation merges into a
steady drumming, which becomes a low roar to your ears made sensitive
by silence and faint sounds. The first of the fall rains has come, and
the summer suffering of the pasture people is at an end.




INDEX




INDEX


  A

  Adder, flat-head, 128, 129

  Admiral, white, 71, 72, 75, 78, 81

  Alder, 5, 15, 40, 52, 82, 94, 108, 111, 112, 118, 140, 141, 158
    black, 139
    white, 35

  Alice-in-Wonderland, 88

  Ambergris, 40

  Angle-worm, 94, 105, 106, 186

  Ant, 158

  Antiopa vanessa, 166

  Aphids, 115

  Arabian days, 81

  Arabian Nights, 61, 79, 88

  Arethusa, 83

  Azalia, 4, 6, 33


  B

  Bagdad, Caliph of, 76

  Baptist, 53

  Barberry, 32

  Basilarchia astyanax, 71, 77, 79, 87

  Basilarchia disippus, 161

  Bass, rock, 96

  Bayberry, 8, 33, 45

  Bee, 85, 86, 137, 155, 156, 157, 158
    bumble, 137

  Beetles, 161

  Berkshire hills, 135

  Birch, 5, 8, 28, 29, 30, 93

  Bittern, 142, 143

  Blackberry, 56
    high-bush, 33

  Blackbird, 143

  Bladderwort, 64

  Blueberry, high-bush, 50, 51

  Bluebird, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 192

  Blue Hill, 135, 140, 202, 203

  Blue Hill Reservation, 80, 136

  Bluejay, 226

  Bobolink, 189

  Brake, 43

  Bream, 211

  Bullhead, 101

  Bulrush, 136, 138

  Bunting, indigo, 189

  Butterfly, angle-wing, 158
    Anosia plexippus, 160, 165
    Antiopa vanessa, 166
    fritillaries, 159
    meadow-brown, 158
    monarch, 160, 161, 162, 171
    mourning-cloak, 166
    pearl crescent, 158
    white admiral, 71, 72, 75, 78, 81

  Button bush, 41, 140


  C

  California, Gulf of, 213

  Calvinists, 219

  Camberwell beauty, 166

  Carnations, 156

  Cassandra, 52, 205

  Cassius, 155

  Catbird, 10, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 190, 191, 192

  Caterpillar, 43

  Cedar, 4, 5, 6, 15, 27, 29, 139, 140, 141, 202, 204, 205, 218

  Ceylon, 213

  Chewink, 14

  Clams, fresh-water, 95, 196

  Clethra, 4, 35, 153, 155, 156

  Compositæ, 41

  Coot, 183

  Corydalus cornutus, 125

  Cranberries, 139

  Crow, 14, 18, 19, 20, 185, 187, 196, 197, 228

  Cuckoo, 27, 225


  D

  Daisy, 41

  Delphos, 221

  Demoiselles, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127

  Dionaea, 206

  Dorchester backwoods, 225

  Dragon, 128, 129

  Dragon-flies, 56, 95, 120, 121, 122, 123

  Drosera, 206

  Duck, wood, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150


  E

  Eel, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 127

  Eden, 127

  Elm, 51


  F

  Fern, 40, 112, 119
    cinnamon, 112, 113
    ostrich-plume, 118
    rock, 118, 119

  Fern seed, 111, 113, 116, 119

  Field mouse, 113

  Finches, 10

  Flag, sweet, 117

  Flagroot, 111

  Flappers, 144

  Flea, 56

  Floating-heart, 133, 135

  Florida, 191

  Fly-catcher, great crested, 86, 87, 88

  Flicker, 177

  Fountain head, 81

  Fox, 6, 9, 13

  Franklin Field, 142

  Frog, 57, 59, 61, 66, 186
    green, 42
    Rana virescens, 186


  G

  Gall, 115

  Genie, 76, 88

  Gentian, 134

  Gerardia, 217

  Goblin, water, 119, 120, 122, 125

  Golchidium, 211, 212

  Goldthread, 15

  Grape, fox, 44, 45, 46
    wild, 5

  Grass, fresh-water eel, 136
    marsh, 138, 139, 141
    tape, 136

  Gratiola aurea, 224

  Greenbrier, 15


  H

  Habenaria, 86

  Hardhack, 92, 205

  Hasheesh, 130

  Hawk, 10

  Helgramite worm, 124, 125

  Hepatica, 74

  Heron, 197
    night, 140

  Hickory, 9, 116

  Holmes, Sherlock, 150

  Horn-pout, 101, 102, 103, 104, 122, 127, 211

  Horse brier, 15

  Houghton’s pond, 80

  Huckleberry, 28, 29, 205
    low-bush black, 34

  Humming-bird, ruby-throated, 163

  Hyla, 66

  Hyssop, hedge, 223


  I

  Incas, 163


  J

  Jasmine, Mexican, 163

  Joe Pye weed, 141

  Jotham, 221, 224

  Judas, 167

  June beetle, 59


  K

  “Kiver,” 96, 97


  L

  Labrador, 80

  Ladies’ tresses, 217

  Laurel, sheep, 205

  Lepomis gibbosus, 96

  Leprechaun, 78

  Lilacs, 190

  Lily, dog, 136
    water, 134, 136, 137, 139, 212

  Lily-of-the-valley, 74

  Lucky bug, 53, 54, 63


  M

  Malachite, 207

  Maple, 9, 51, 52, 62, 82, 92, 94, 116, 141, 227, 229

  Meadow-sweet, 205

  Memorial Day, 50

  Merlin, 37, 39

  Metropolitan Park Commission, 142

  Milkweed, 157, 158, 159, 160

  “Minister,” 101

  Minnow, 103

  Mocking-bird, 21

  Monarch butterfly, 160, 161, 162, 171

  Monitor, 54

  Moss, sphagnum, 15, 80, 83, 88, 142

  Moth, 155
    luna, 65

  Mourning-cloak butterfly, 166

  Murray, “Adirondack,” 148

  Muskrat, 43, 111, 142, 143, 199, 200

  Myrica, 34


  N

  Night heron, 140

  Nymphæa, 139

  Nymphs, 120, 122


  O

  Oak, 5, 8, 9, 92
    scrub, 15, 190

  Orchis, purple-fringed, 86

  Oven bird, 16, 17, 23

  Owl, 10


  P

  Pan, 45

  Panama, 163

  Papilio asterias, 169

  Partridge, 6, 37

  Partridge berry, 74

  Perch, yellow, 92, 99, 100, 102, 103, 127

  Pickerel, 51, 211

  Pickerel weed, 136, 137, 138, 139

  Pine, 9, 15, 16, 28, 60, 73, 74, 77, 88, 112, 154, 219, 228

  Pipsissewa, 74

  Plymouth Rock, 202

  Polypody, 124

  Ponkapoag pond, 133, 135

  Poplars, 227, 229

  Pumpkin seed, 96

  Pyrola, 74


  Q

  Quail, 220, 222


  R

  Rana virescens, 186

  Raspberry, 5

  Robin, 10, 13, 189

  Rocket, sweet, 162, 163

  Rose, wild, 4, 8, 52, 205


  S

  Santo Domingo, 191

  Sassafras, 5, 232

  Sedges, 56, 60

  Skipper, 63

  Skunk, 198

  Skunk-cabbage, 40

  Snake, water, 126, 127

  Sparrow, chipping, 12, 178
    English, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183
    song, 13

  Sphagnum moss, 15, 80, 83, 88, 142

  Spiræa, 52

  Spiranthes gracilis, 217

  Squirrel, 197, 198
    gray, 62, 63
    red, 6

  Standish, Myles, 135, 202

  Stephanotis, 163

  St. John’s-wort, marsh, 206

  Strawberries, wild, 33

  Stumpy Cove, 201, 202

  Submarine, 54

  Sulu, 213

  Sunda, straits of, 213

  Sunfish, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 126, 127

  Sweet-fern, 8, 33, 35, 45, 154, 205

  Sweet-gale, 34, 45, 52


  T

  Tanager, scarlet, 188

  Terrapin, 84, 85, 88

  Texas, 158

  Thoroughwort, 141

  Thrasher, 14

  Thrush, 10, 20, 30, 31, 35
    brown, 21, 28
    wood, 11, 12, 17

  Toad, 66, 129

  Torpedo boat, 54, 99

  Trout, 82, 84, 96, 122

  Turtle, spotted, 83, 84, 85, 88


  U

  Ulysses, 64

  Unio, 196, 199, 209, 210

  Unio margaritifera, 195, 209, 14

  Unionidæ, 207

  Utricularia, 64


  V

  Venus’s fly-trap, 206

  Viceroy butterfly, 161

  Vireo, 119


  W

  Walden pond, 80

  Warblers, 10, 14

  Wasps, 161

  Watercress, 82, 83, 86

  Water shield, 136

  Water-strider, 55

  Watson, Doctor, 150

  Whip-poor-will, 30, 31, 35

  Wild rose, 4, 8, 52, 205

  Willows, 92, 94, 98, 227, 229

  Witch, 114, 125

  Witch-caps, 115

  Witch-hazel, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 124, 125, 129

  Woodbine, 4

  Woodchuck, 9




TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:


   Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.

   Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

   Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD PASTURES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
  you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that:

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.