The Project Gutenberg eBook of General Anthony Wayne's Expedition into the Indian Country, by Anonymous
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE'S EXPEDITION INTO THE INDIAN COUNTRY ***
One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the direction
of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and
Allen County.
The members of this Board include the members of the Board of
Trustees of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers), together
with the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate
city of Fort Wayne:
By the Treaty of Paris in 1783 ending the Revolutionary War Great
Britain ceded to the United States the territory lying between The Alleghany
mountains and the Mississippi River. The British, however, continued to
maintain garrisons in strong forts within this area. Among the posts thus
garrisoned were Detroit, Presque Isle near Erie, and Fort Miamis near
Toledo. From these vantage points the British continued to influence the
Indians and incite them to attacks upon white settlers. Hundreds of families
of frontiersmen were slain and their homes plundered.
When General Washington assumed the Presidency in 1789 he dispatched
General Harmar at the head of an expedition to pacify the marauding
Indians. Little Turtle and his Indians bided their time. In a sneak attack
they utterly defeated the American forces near the Indian village of Kekionga
within the limits of the present city of Fort Wayne. In 1791 a second and
more powerful American force under General Arthur St. Clair was defeated
by Little Turtle’s braves near the present town of Fort Recovery, Ohio.
This overwhelming defeat cost the little American army most of its soldiers
and nearly all of its officers. The frontier was then unguarded, and the
American Government for a time seemed impotent to protect its citizens
against the Indians and their British and Canadian allies.
In this dire emergency, President Washington chose General Anthony
Wayne to re-organize the American forces and to bring the Indians to terms.
Anthony Wayne, born in 1745, left his business as the leading American
tanner in 1775 to join the Pennsylvania line. He served through the American
Revolution with the rank of Brigadier-General and was our leading hand-to-hand
fighter. He was engaged in the battles of Trois Rivieres, Paoli,
Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Green Springs; was commandant
at Ticonderoga; led the surprise attack on Stony Point; was actively engaged
in the campaign of Yorktown; and commanded the American army
in the Georgia campaign against the Indians. He was wounded a number of
times in battle. Likewise he suffered as did more than 5,000 other
Americans at Valley Forge.
General Wayne proceeded westward toward Pittsburgh in the spring
and summer of 1792. There he was commissioned to recruit and organize
an American army. Some twenty-three miles from Pittsburgh at Legionville
he drilled his forces and taught them the use of the sabre, pistol,
bayonet, and espontoon. On April 30, 1793, his army embarked down the
Ohio for Fort Washington, now Cincinnati, where they arrived on May 8,
1793. Outside that village of 1,100 persons he established headquarters at
a point which he called Hobson’s Choice.
General Wayne continued to recruit additional forces and to drill his
men. By early fall the American forces seemed ready to meet the enemy,
and on October 7, 1793 General Wayne led his army northward into the
Indian country toward Kekionga. He rehabilitated the American forts previously
established at Hamilton (Fort Hamilton) and at Eaton (Fort St. Clair)
and advanced to Fort Jefferson six miles south of Greenville, Ohio. Thence
he advanced as far northward as the present site of Greenville, on November
6, 1793. Wayne was now only a few miles from the site where St. Clair was
defeated two years previously. On December 24, 1793, he began the building
of a fort at that point which he called Fort Recovery. The Indians had
made many attempts to surprise and ambush Wayne’s forces but always
5
found them well-guarded and invincible. From this circumstance the Indians
referred to Wayne as “the chief who never sleeps”.
Wayne left a strong garrison at Fort Recovery and then returned to
Fort Green. In the spring of 1794 overwhelming Indian forces under Little
Turtle, Buckongehelas, Blue Jacket, and others made a surprise attack on
Fort Recovery. They killed a number of Americans and stole several
horses. However, the fortifications held, and Fort Recovery remained in
American hands. After a great feast on horse meat the Indians retired,
and many of them returned to their homes at a distance. This for them was
a tactical defeat, for many warriors did not return to the conflict.
General Wayne now felt that he could safely advance into the Indian
country. On July 28 his army moved forward via Fort Recovery to the
junction of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers. Arriving there on August 8,
1794, he erected fortifications which he called Fort Defiance. When this
redoubt was completed he was in a dominating position. One large Indian
force was located at Kekionga at the confluence of the St. Mary’s and the
St. Joseph Rivers, just forty-eight miles southwest of him. Another large
force of Indians had assembled at Fort Miamis some 30 miles northeast
near Toledo. He spread false rumors of his intentions and thus kept his
enemy divided. Because they were uncertain of his future movements they
did not dare to combine against him. There was, however, daily skirmishing.
The Indians were plainly seeking a weak point in Wayne’s defense.
Turning eastward General Wayne swiftly moved toward Fort Miamis.
He stopped eight miles from Fort Defiance and erected a redoubt which he
named Fort Deposit. This fort served as storage for military equipment.
6
Thereafter the legion marched with lightened burdens, ready for instant
combat. On their route they reached a point near the present town of
Maumee, Ohio where a large part of the forest had been uprooted by a
storm. Here on August 20, 1794, the Indians attacked but were overwhelmingly
defeated. The engagement is known in history as the Battle of Fallen
Timbers. The Indians fled to Fort Miamis a few miles away expecting
succor from their British friends, but on their arrival the gates of the
fort were closed against them. This indicated to them that they had no
hope of substantial British aid at this time. For a week Wayne deployed
his forces near the British fort, but when no action occurred, he returned
to Fort Defiance. He spent two weeks strengthening the fortifications here,
and then, on September 14 he advanced toward Kekionga. After a three-days’
march he arrived at the capital of the Miami Indians but the inhabitants
had fled. Here he built a fort which was named for himself—Fort
Wayne. On October 22, 1794, to the accompaniment of the roll of drums
and the discharge of fifteen cannon, the American soldiers marched into
the fort and the authority of the American Government was formally
established at the confluence of the Rivers. General Wayne left a strong
garrison here and returned with most of his forces to Greenville for the
winter. Thus he completed the conquest of the northwest Territory and at
the same time destroyed the strong alliance between the Indians and the
British.
Anthony Wayne is the only leader who served in any of the opposing
armies of the Revolutionary War who enhanced his military reputation
after that war ended.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE'S EXPEDITION INTO THE INDIAN COUNTRY ***
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