Monumentum Ancyranum, by William Fairley—A Project Gutenberg eBook

Philadelphia, Pa., 1898.

English Agency: P. S. KING & SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W.

The method employed in this edition of the Monumentum Ancyranum is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, published by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania. The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such an edition of the Monumentum Ancyranum there can be no doubt. The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It is true that the English translation of Duruy’s History of Rome contains a version of the Monumentum, but it is not in full accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work.

Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883, and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts. Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been corrected. Most of these errors were4 reproduced in the French edition above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him.

Suetonius in his Life of Augustus tells us that that Emperor had placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome. Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes the common title, Monumentum Ancyranum. Buysbecche made some attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time. The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till the6 fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures 1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his Voyage du Levant, Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, Journey Through Asia Minor, 1818; Texier, Description de l’Asie mineure, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1842; and most completely, Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their Exploration archéologique de la Galatie, etc., in 1861, Paris, 1872.

Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has now rendered illegible.

The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the nineteen into which the Greek is divided.

Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a papier maché cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the original.

Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.

But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the lacunæ is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus almost in their entirety.

At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a divergence, it has been indicated.

German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the literary character of the Res Gestæ, as Mommsen commonly calls it.8 He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph. And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this volume.

Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa. His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to, but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius. Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in such a document, but for such things as an imperator of mind shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement; another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again.

The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the honors9 bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in the main.

The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete. And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography.

George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to indicate a common Roman source.

This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin, and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c. 4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome.

The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature, form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note 16.)

A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous et of Latin ii, 2; aede for aedem, iv, 22; quinquens for quinquiens, iv, 31; ducenti for ducentos, iv, 45; provicias for provincias, v, 11; Tigrane for Tigranem, v, 31. εὔξησα for ἠύξησα, Gr. iv, 8; Ῥωμάοις for Ῥωμαίοις, vii, 6; ὑπατον for ὑπάτων, vii, 15; ἄνδρας μυριάδων for ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας, viii, 8; omission of τρὶς before χειλίας, ix, 13; ἐπεσκευσα for ἐπεσκευάσα, x, 18; omission of ναὸν before ἀγοράν, xi, 10; επεύξησα for ἐπηύξησα, xiv, 4; omission of Ἀρτάξου, xv, 3; μείσζονος for μείζονος, xv, 15; προκατηλειμένας for κατειλημένας, xv, 17; ἐπειταδε for ἐπίταδε, xvi, 11; βασιλεες for βασιλεῖς, xvi, 22; βασιλεις for βασιλεὺς, xvii, 4; ἐπείκειαν for ἐπιείκειαν, xviii, 5; ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ for ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή, xix, 1.

The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only method of marking the divisions in the original.

Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and vice versa, for the instances are rare where both versions have been lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable, for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and varying degrees of closeness of writing.

Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many letters unrestored as there are dots.

The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a very open 3.

The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a prolongation of that letter above the line.

Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away.

In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J. Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra.

The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the book.

Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.

15 gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere m[alui].

16 Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter [quingen]-

17 ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua stipen[dis emeri]-

18 tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a [me emptos]

21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus sum viciens

23 eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio votis, quae]

25 meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens et quin]-

27 pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX. In triumphis

29 fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam se]p[timum et trigensimum annum

31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam . . . . . . . a populo et senatu

33 frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita ad[ministravi, ut . . . . .

37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn. L[entulis et tertium

45 per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m sacris [faciundis,

1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús. § Sena-

2 tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M. Agrippá égí. §

37 ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in his p]rovincís prosp[e]-

38 re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s [§], áram

39 [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit] ad cam-

44 [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis omnino clausum

45 [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum esse censui[t.

46 Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et Lucium Caesares

2 mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent post quín-

3 quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut interessent consiliis

22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá consulibus

23 M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví múnicipís. Ea

25 praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens, quod pro agrís

28 meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§] item[q]ue C. Antistio

29 et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L. Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla

30 consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus, qu]ós eme-

6 aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in Aventíno, §

11 vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur duplicavi

13 quafécíe fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta profligata-

22 biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á p[r]i[v]atis

24 manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis et in ae-

37 l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Agrippa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C. Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.

38 C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d tempus deincep[s]

39 ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§] [Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]-

41 co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et viciens, quibus

45 et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In quo tri-

4 Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem depoposcit. § Iura-

6 dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés plúres

14 inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis orientis re-

17 et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per legátós amici-

19 [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam, quae appel-

21 caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In Aethiopiam usque ad oppi-

27 tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi priv[ig]nus erat.

30 dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§] Quo [inte]rfecto [Tigra]-

31 ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum] mísí. § Pro-

33 násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t] antea Siciliam

35 Colonias in África Sicilia [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá Achai[a] Asia S[y]ria

36 Galliá Narbonensi Pi[si]dia militum dedúxi §. Italia autem XXVIII [colo]ni-

37 ás, quae vívo me celeberrimae et frequentissimae fuerunt, me[is auspicis]

39 Signa mílitaria complur[a per] aliós d[u]cés ámi[ssa] devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi

42 petere coegi. § Ea autem si[gn]a in penetrálí, quod e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris,

45 quam ad[i]t, devictas per Ti. [Ne]ronem, qui tum erat privignus et legátus meus,

46 ímperio populi Romani s[ubie]ci, protulique finés Illyrici ad r[ip]am flúminis

47 Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga-

54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et postea] Phrát[es]

4 Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] in Italiam, non

26 in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in foró Aug.

27 sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum scri]psi haec,

35 Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans T]iberím

37 Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque aedes [nu]m[ero octoginta] duas, thea[t]rum Pom-

I, 3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae.

I, 5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§].

I, 7. jussit, B. jubens.

I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam petentibus.

I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following Bergk, adsignavi.

I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone might be iae.)

I, 22. deinde, B. autem.

I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo; item saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius.

I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum.

I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et senatus oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et senatu, S. senatuque Romano.

I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies; B. ut paucissimis diebus.

I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti.

I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus.

II, 9. S. inserts meo after filio.

II, 12. complura, B. et multa.

II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi.

II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere,

II, 16. iis, S. quibus.

II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens, B. votivos modo.

II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo consules ejus anni.

II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper, B. concorditer; W. unanimiter.

II, 20. B. adds fecerunt.

II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem.

II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod.

II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus.

II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad.

II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte.

II, 29. reduci, B. reducis.

II, 32. B. inserts eo before die.

II, 33. redi, B. redieram.

II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos.

II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem.

III, 17. In, W. et.

III, 40. W. Jam before inde.

III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani.

III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et nummarias tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi.

III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis; tributus, Sk. titulos.

III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni.

IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes.

V, 7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui.

V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit.

V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi.

V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate.

V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere; S. sustinere.

VI, 7. extiterat, S. fuerat.

VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum.

VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus.

VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti.

VI, 22. quam, G. iis.

1 Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ

2 ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά-

3 γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας

4 [ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά

5 [με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α

6 [Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν

7 [ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν.

8 [Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με-

9 [τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.]

10 [..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων

11 [τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα-

12 [τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον-

13 [τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα-

15 Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί-

16 [σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ

17 [ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ-

18 [πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει.

19 [Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ-

20 [λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ-

21 [λοὺς ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην

22 [τῶν περιόντων πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν-

23 [γνώμην ἔχειν, ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες

1 Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν

2 ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς

3 τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ-

9 Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος. Εἰκο-

10 σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ. Τῆς

16 [αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω-

17 σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ

18 σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ-

19 [τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι ἐνενή-

20 [κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ-

21 μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν

22 ἐννέα. § [Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον,

23 καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς

2 Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι

3 διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου

4 Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις

5 ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ

6 [τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ-

7 [τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος

8 φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον

9 ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ

10 ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην.

11 Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ]

12 καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ

13 τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του-

14 βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ

15 Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς

16 τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ

17 [ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε-

18 μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε-

19 ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ-

20 κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]-

21 σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς

22 συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]-

1 Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων

2 κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον

3 ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι

4 ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ-

5 σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν-

6 δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι-

7 ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις.

8 Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον

9 ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ-

10 του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα-

11 τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον-

12 [τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο-

13 [τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ-

14 τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων

15 ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον-

16 τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι-

17 κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ]

18 Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·]

19 ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]-

20 ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]-

21 χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]-

22 σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον]

23 Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ]

1 Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει

2 ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα

3 τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και-

4 νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα-

5 ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν

6 πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει-

8 Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν

9 διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν-

10 τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού-

11 των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι,

12 τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ-

13 ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ

14 κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα-

15 δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας.

16 Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή-

17 φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ

18 διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν,

19 νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ

20 [μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος

21 εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά-

22 μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς

2 τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς

3 τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού-

5 ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο-

6 πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις.

7 Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου

8 πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν·

9 πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ-

10 σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,

11 ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ

12 Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ-

13 θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ-

15 Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ-

16 ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων

17 μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη-

18 σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις

19 τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ-

20 θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ-

21 ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ-

22 χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον §

23 Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις,

1 βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό-

2 δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε-

3 δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς

4 ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν.

5 Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ-

6 λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε

7 καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη,

8 τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ-

9 ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη-

11 Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ-

12 νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη-

13 τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις

14 ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη

15 εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν

16 ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω-

17 σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω-

18 μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε-

19 ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις

21 Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε

23 θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι

24 ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια

1 πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν

2 ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά-

3 ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος

4 δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε-

5 μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ-

6 κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]-

7 νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς

8 ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ-

9 ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον]

10 τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή-

11 [κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα-

12 τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ

13 ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·]

14 ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν-

15 θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ-

16 καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]-

17 μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο-

19 Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ-

20 πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου-

21 ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα

22 τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ

23 μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ ἐ]παρ-

24 χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι].

1 Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν

2 [κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα-

3 λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ

4 μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά-

5 τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι-

6 λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ

7 Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ-

8 κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ

9 [Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ-

10 ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν-

11 θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς.

12 Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς] ὃ

13 [κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα

14 μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν-

15 τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ

16 [ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ-

17 [έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο-

18 σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι-

19 άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα

21 [Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος

22 [Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη-

23 [μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ-

24 [λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις

2 Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν,

3 ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς,

4 ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ-

5 ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν

6 εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα-

7 ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ

8 μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ

9 Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν

10 Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ

11 Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ

12 ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό-

13 τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα.

14 Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον

15 τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ-

16 νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ-

17 δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ-

18 θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον

19 Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον

20 [αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι-

21 [λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό-

22 [ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ

23 [πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν

24 [καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι-

1 γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν

2 καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ]

3 τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-]

4 ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]-

5 τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς]

6 ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]-

7 βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον]

8 γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ

10 Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε-

11 βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ

12 Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο-

13 ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου

14 τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι-

15 τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος

16 καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη

17 ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.]

18 Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων]

19 πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί-

20 ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]-

21 πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ

22 προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε-

23 λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν

24 καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ-

2 [Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ

3 [πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο-

4 [μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν-

5 τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν

6 [τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον]

7 τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,]

8 διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις. §

9 Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα

10 Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο-

11 μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ

12 Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ-

13 καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ-

14 κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς

21 Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι-

22 [βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν,

23 ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο-

24 σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ

1 τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί-

2 κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν. §

3 Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν

5 [Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ ἀναθέ-

6 [ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ

7 ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε-

8 ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει-

9 σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα,

10 ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν

11 τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ

12 ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη-

14 Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού-

15 λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς

16 δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα. § Ὤμοσεν

17 [εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ-

18 [μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη-

19 [τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]-

20 χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ-

21 μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-]

22 [κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ]

23 [μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ-

24 [ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς

2 Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα

3 ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ-

4 γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α. [§] Γαλατίας καὶ Ἱσ-

5 πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα-

6 νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος

7 Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ

8 κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ-

9 ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα, [§] οὐδενὶ

10 ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου. [§] Στόλος

11 ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς

12 ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ-

13 τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ

14 τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ-

15 βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν

16 διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω-

17 μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί-

18 οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ

19 τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο-

20 λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ

21 πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ-

22 έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις

23 ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε-

1 Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα.

2 Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ-

3 ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου-

4 λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά-

5 νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι-

6 λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ

7 πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ

8 ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ

9 μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα-

10 βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα-

11 τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος

12 Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς

13 τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι

14 πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα-

15 τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι-

16 λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ-

17 δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον.

18 Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ-

19 ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε-

20 ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα-

21 λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί-

22 σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον.

23 Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό-

24 νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους

1 ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ

2 Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί-

3 ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι-

4 λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας

5 δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ-

7 Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ-

8 μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου

9 Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής,

10 ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι-

11 κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει-

12 ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω-

13 νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά-

14 τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα

16 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε-

17 στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ

18 Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν

19 διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα-

20 τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ

21 οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων

23 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν

24 Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως §

1 Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]-

2 νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος

3 καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο-

4 μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις

5 Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω-

6 νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ

7 λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ-

8 κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]-

9 βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος,

10 οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ-

12 Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν

13 παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον]

14 Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς

15 Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως

16 Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν.

17 Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ-

18 λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ-

19 μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν

20 πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν-

21 κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα

22 κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς

23 προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ-

24 λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος

1 ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ-

2 νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ-

3 σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς

5 διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην

6 καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων

7 διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον

9 Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν-

10 κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν

11 Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο

12 ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη-

13 ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι

14 δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα-

15 το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν

17 Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά-

18 ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε-

19 λυμένους στρατιώτας [§]: ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. §

20 Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς

21 βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω-

22 νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας βασιλί-

23 δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§], Νε-

24 ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι-

1 δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι-

2 λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ,

3 στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]-

4 πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§]θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]-

5 πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ

6 εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα-

7 χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν

8 ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ-

9 ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν-

10 κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν: ἄ-

In my twentieth year,2 acting upon my own judgment3 and at my own expense,4 I raised an army5 by means of which I restored to liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction.6 On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees admitted me to its order,7 in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, and at13 the same time gave me consular rank in the expression of opinion,8 and gave me the imperium.9 It also voted that I as propraetor,10 together with the consuls, should see to it that the commonwealth suffered no harm.11 In the same year, moreover, when both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,12 and triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.13

Those who killed my father14 I drove into exile by lawful judgments,15 avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.16

I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.17 Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.18 Of these I have settled in colonies or sent back to their municipia,19 upon the expiration of their terms of service,20 somewhat over three hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by me, or money for farms,21 out of my own means. I have captured six hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.22

Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,23 and three times in the curule triumph,24 and I have been twenty-one times saluted as imperator.25

After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,26 I declined them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol27 in fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.28 The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and ninety.29 In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine kings, or children of kings.30 When I wrote these words I had been thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power.31

The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate, both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.32 At a time of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense, I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then were.33 The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that time I did not accept.34

During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws and of morals, with the fullest power;35 but I accepted the proffer of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.36 The measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.37 In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with the consent of the senate.38

For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing the commonwealth.39 Up to that day on which I write these words26 I have been princeps of the senate through forty years.40 I have been pontifex maximus,41 augur,42 a member of the quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,43 of the septemviral college of the banquets,44 an Arval Brother,45 a member of the Titian sodality,46 and a fetial.47

In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I increased the number of the patricians.48 Three times I have revised the list of the senate.49 In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four million and sixty-three thousand.50 Again assuming the consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius, I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.51 A third time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.52 By new legislation I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many examples worthy of imitation.53

The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.54 In private, also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.55

By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian 32hymn,56 and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct, and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial power.57 I refused to be made pontifex maximus in the place of a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance; and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is said, had never before been in Rome.58

Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the pontifices and the Vestal33 virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the Augustalia, from our cognomen.59

By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this time has been decreed to no one but me.60 When I returned from Spain and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it35 ordered the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on each anniversary.61

Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when there was peace won by victory62 throughout the whole empire of the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice in all,63 the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was princeps.64

My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in their youth,65 the senate and Roman people, in order to do me honor, designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.66 And the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into the forum they should share in the public counsels.67 Moreover the whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, principes of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.68

To each man of the Roman plebs I paid three hundred sesterces in accordance with the last will of my father;69 and in my own name, when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from the spoils of the wars;70 again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of congiarium;71 and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;72 and in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four hundred sesterces to each man.73 These my donations have never been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.74 In my twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city plebs sixty denarii apiece.75 In the colonies of my soldiers, when consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies received that triumphal donation.76 When consul for the thirteenth time I gave sixty denarii to the plebs who were at that time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two hundred thousand in number.77 78

For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned to soldiers, I paid money to the municipia. The sum which I paid for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.79 Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius, and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I sent back to their municipia at the expiration of their terms of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million sesterces.80

Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one hundred and fifty million sesterces.81 And in the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.82

Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or money for the tribute from my own land and property.83

I constructed84 the Curia,85 and the Chalcidicum adjacent thereto,86 the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its porticoes,87 the temple of the divine Julius,88 the Lupercal,89 the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one in the same place;90 the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,91 the temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher92 and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the Capitol,93 the temple of Quirinus,94 the temples of Minerva and Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,95 the temple of the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,96 the temple of the divine Penates on the Velian hill,97 the temple of Youth,98 and the temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.99

The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.100 Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian by turning a new spring into its course.101 The Forum Julium and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders that it be completed by my heirs.102 In accordance with a decree of the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need of repair.103 In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian51 way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian and Minucian.104

Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.105 Beside the temple of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.106 From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.107 In my fifth consulship I remitted to the municipia and Italian colonies the thirty-five53 thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator, I did not accept the coronary gold which the municipia and colonies voted to me as kindly as before.108

Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions about ten thousand men have fought.109 Twice in my own name, and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.110 I have celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times in the turns of55 other magistrates.111 In behalf of the college of quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa, celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus.112 When consul for the thirteenth time, I first celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have given in successive years.113 Twenty-six times in my own name, or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.114

I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber, where now is the grove of the Cæsars.115 For this purpose an excavation57 was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought in these vessels in addition to the rowers.

In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor, replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken private possession when he despoiled the temples.116 Silver statues of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value, I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.117

I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I 60delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the state.118 The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same allegiance to me.119 There were more than seven hundred senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these, up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and seventy have been made priests.120

I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.121 I have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth61 of the Elbe.122 The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an unjust war upon any people.123 My fleet has navigated the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;124 and the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the Roman people.125 By my command and under my auspices two armies at almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.126 In Arabia the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town Mariba.127

I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.128 Of greater Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made65 a province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my son-in-law.129 And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal house of the Armenians.130 I recovered all the provinces across the Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.131

I have established colonies of soldiers132 in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and Pisidia.133 Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and populous.134

I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by other leaders.135 I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover, I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the Avenger.136

The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became princeps, no army of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero, at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under71 subjection to the empire of the Roman people,137 and extended the boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.138 When an army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed, and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.139

Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.140 Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the Medes.141

To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the 76Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king Phraates;142 of the Medes, Artavasdes;143 of the Adiabeni, Artaxares;144 of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;145 of the Sicambri, Maelo;146 and of the Marcomanian Suevi, __________rus.147 Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes, sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship by means of his children as pledges.148 Since I have been princeps very many other races have made proof of the good faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of embassies and friendship with the Roman people.

From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and grandson of king Orodes;149 the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.150

In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion to the authority of the senate and Roman people.151 In return for this favor77 on my part I received by decree of the senate the title Augustus,152 the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,153 and in the Julian Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.154 After that time I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.155

While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up in my honor.156 When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth year.157

The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the 81 Roman people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.158

He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius, of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.159

He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian Way.160

His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,161 also for gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,162 to provincial cities suffering84 from earthquake or conflagrations,163 and to individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the standard,164 were innumerable.

710. Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300 sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV.

711. Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the imperium, becomes propraetor, imperator, consul, I; triumvir, I and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II.

718. The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time imperator, IV; punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV; receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the Palatine, XIX, app. II.

724. Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII; ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV.

725. Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time imperator; triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000 colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400 sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII.

726. Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list of senators, VIII; made princeps senatus, VII; restores city temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and people, XXXIV.

727. Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings, XXIV.

729. Eighth time imperator; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI.

731. Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens, XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI.

732. Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter Tonans, XIX.

734. Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time imperator? refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII.

735. Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and morals, VI.

736. Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute, XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.

738. Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II.

740. Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for lands taken for veterans.

741. Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated, XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.

742. Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time imperator, IV; made pontifex maximus, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the people 400 sesterces each, XV.

743. Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth time imperator, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.

745. Thirteenth time imperator; deposits the laurel in temple of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.

746. Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken; list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome; Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth time imperator; refuses a triumph, IV.

747. Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives gladiatorial show, XXII.

748. Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial power, VI.

749. Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate, made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts repaired, XX, app. III.

750. Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI.

751. Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI.

752. Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities, XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate, XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title pater patriae conferred, XXXV.

755. Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time imperator, IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.

757. Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in tribunitial power, VI.

758. Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the Parthians, XXXIII.

759. Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth time imperator, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.

767. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII; thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.

Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi. pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates. Berlin, 1883. (R. G.)

This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since 1883.

C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la dernière recension de Th. Mommsen. Paris, 1886.

Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus. Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.

Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung Deutschen Philologen in Köln, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.

Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm. pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.

Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum. Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.

Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV, 1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.

Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie, 19 Nov., 1884. Col. 1473-1481.

Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1886. pp. 253-282.

Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit. 1er Th., 1er Bd., pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th., 2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.
Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part contains the references. (Aug.)

Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.): De Bello Gallico (B. G.); De Bello Civili (B. C.).

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.): Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad Att.); pro Sextio (pro Sext.); Philippica ( Phil.).

Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.): De Aquæductibus Urbis Romæ Libri II (De Aq.).

Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.): Carmina (Carm.); Satiræ (Sat.); Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.); Epistolæ (Ep.); Epodon (Epod.).

Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.): Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.).

Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid): Metamorphoses (Met.); Fasti; Tristia (Tr.); Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.).

Plutarchus (Plut.): Vita Antonii (Ant.); Vita Bruti (Brut.); Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.).

Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.): De Clementia ad Neronem Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.).

Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.): Vita Duodecim Cæsarum; Julii (Jul.); Augusti (Aug.); Tiberii (Tib.); Claudii (Claud.).

Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.): Historiæ (Hist.); Annales (Ann.); Germania (Ger.); Agricola (Agr.).

25 The acclamation as imperator, on account of success in war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as a prefix to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title imperator was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of each reign, after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned by the senate, in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: Senatus populusque Romanus imp. Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext. imp. sept. republica conservata. The term thus had a double usage and meaning in such cases.

It soon came about that only the princeps could assume the special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by him in person or not. Tacitus says, Ann. III, 74: “Tiberius allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was the last instance.” For a discussion of Imperator as permanent title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, History of the Romans, c. XXXI.

Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances Tiberius was associated.

I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and Dio XLVI, 38.

II. Not traced.

III. Before 717. Cohen, Vipsan. 3, gives a coin with the words imp. divi Juli f. ter. iii Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig. Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.

IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.

V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.

VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI, 19, 14. C. I. L. X, 3826. Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos. iii (723). C. I. L. X, 4830, imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v (725) imp. vi.

VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: senatus populusque Romanus imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct. (725) cos. desig. sex. imp. sept. republica conservata. On account of Thracian and Dacian victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices and festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not, however, as some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed that.”

VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96, 6) read: imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum (729) designato decimum, imp. octavum. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for a Celtic victory of Marcus Vinicius.

IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription Augustus Cæsar div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii. These commemorate the Armenian expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which he accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.

X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: Augustus imp. x, tribunicia potestate xi. The latter falls in the years 742, 743. Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.

XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: imp. xi. The causes were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.

XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: imp. xii tr. pot. xiii and VI, 701, 702: pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot. xiv. Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.

XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., Tib. 9, says that Tiberius received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val. 5, 5, 3. Dio LV, 2.

XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.

XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C. I. L. X, 3827; pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p. p.

XVI. Untraced.

XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished. Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as imperators.” Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.

XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.

XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war. A coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: Ti. Cæsar August. f, imperat. v. pontifex, tribun. potestate xii.

XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for slight successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in 763, 764. Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives the data.

XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. Ann. I, 9, says Augustus was twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has: Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII. This dates from the lifetime of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.

151 This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a full discussion Mommsen, Röm. St. II, p. 723, ff., may be read, and Gardthausen, Aug. Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ Th., pp. 277-299.

The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic, or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own bosom.

Undoubtedly, all through the Res Gestæ, as is pointed out in the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative, moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: imp. Cæsar divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex; “The imperator, Cæsar, son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus, because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, Fasti, I, 589, for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the imperium of the magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, Epit., CXXXIV. The Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725) the affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man (μοναρχεῖσθαι).” Cf. Suet. Aug., 28; Tac. Ann., III, 28. Dio’s account of the conference in which Agrippa advises a real abdication by Augustus, and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme power (LII, 1-40) is regarded as fictitious.

The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., B. C. V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721. Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, Röm. St., II, 698. In this and the following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship, in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship (726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I, p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the provinces was finally given over to the senate.

From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise his imperium in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time. Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship, instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title, but designated himself as tribunicia potestate, “of tribunitial authority.”

The title princeps, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his primacy of rank and is so used throughout the Res Gestæ. Cf. cc. 13, 30, 32.

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MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM

Edited by William Fairley, Ph.D.

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

I. History of the Inscription.

II. Character and Purpose of the Inscription.

III. Divisions of the Text.

IV. The Greek Version.

V. The Supplement.

VI. Trustworthiness of the Inscription.

VII. Masons’ Blunders.

VIII. Signs and Abbreviations.

MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.

Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.

Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.1

c. 1.

c. 2.

c. 3.

c. 4.

c. 5.

c. 6.

c. 7.

c. 8.

c. 9.

c. 10.

c. 11.

c. 12.

c. 13.

c. 14.

c. 15.

c. 16.

c. 17.

c. 18.

c. 19.

c. 20.

c. 21.

c. 22.

c. 23.

c. 24.

c. 25.

c. 26.

c. 27.

c. 28.

c. 29.

c. 30.

c. 31.

c. 32.

c. 33.

c. 34.

c. 35.

Supplement.

c. 1.

c. 2.

c. 3.

c. 4.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.

I. Editions.

II. Discussions of the Monumentum.

III. Works of Reference Most Frequently Cited.

IV. Classical Authors Cited.

NOTES:

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.