The Project Gutenberg eBook of The flowering plants of Africa, by Franz Thonner

Title: The flowering plants of Africa

An analytical key to the genera of African Phanerograms

Author: Franz Thonner

Release Date: September 26, 2022 [eBook #69049]

Language: English

Produced by: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive)

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THE
FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PREFACE

THE flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical limits of Africa including the islands.

The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.

As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the natural system.

Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated the approximative number of the species described to the end of the year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more important synonyms.

As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” (including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by “Central Africa.”

The present work was originally published in German under the title “Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising my translation.

The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly indicated.

FRANZ THONNER.

VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.
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LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF PLATES

MAP

Map of Africa, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces.
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KEY TO THE FAMILIES

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open carpels without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual. Stem
woody. [Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE.]  2

Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and nearly always closed to the top, rarely (Resedaceae) open above. [Subdivision
ANGIOSPERMAE.]   5

2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the top of the stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top. Juice mucilaginous. Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs. Embryo with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.]  1. Cycadaceae.

Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely (Gnetaceae) leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided turnip-shaped stem and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9 pollen-sacs.
Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons  3

3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped. Shrubs.
[Class GNETALES.]  4. Gnetaceae.

Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves needle-shaped.
Leaves needle- or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.]  4

4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded by a fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule  2. Taxaceae.

Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually with
2 or more ovules  3. Pinaceae.

5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular bundles scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined (net-veined in many Araceae Dioscoreaceae and Taccaceae and a few Hydrocharitaceae
Liliaceae and Orchidaceae), generally narrow entire and sessile with a dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous. [Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.]  6

Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in
a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated base and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. [Class
{2}DICOTYLEDONEAE.]  52

6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to small, hypogynous, free or partially-united scales, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) replaced by sepaloid appendages of the connective.  7

Perianth well developed, calyx- or corolla-like or consisting of calyx and corolla, rarely (Eriocaulaceae and Restionaceae) wanting in the female flowers.  15

7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts (glumes) in spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or several empty glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads.
Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel solitary, with a single basal or laterally attached ovule  8

Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or several spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or spikes; in the latter case (Potamogetonaceae) saltwater  9

8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule attached at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually without a ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes.  17. Cyperaceae.

Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached laterally, but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers usually affixed at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split on one side and ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow between the nodes.  16. Gramineae.

9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of small floating leaf- or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in cavities of the shoots  20. Lemnaceae.

Plants differentiated into stem and leaves  10

10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Carpel solitary. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.

Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) solitary or in glomerules, but then several separate carpels  11

11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers dioecious.
Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually woody. Pandanus, 6. Pandanaceae.

Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes  12

12. Flowers in globose heads Sparganium, 7. Sparganiaceae.

Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes  13

13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine plants, very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If flowers in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1 or several one-ovuled ovaries  8. Potamogetonaceae.

{3}Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter with unisexual flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then with a several-ovuled ovary.  14

14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young, separated from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually surrounded by hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. Typha, 5. Typhaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male inflorescence in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated from it by an empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe. Seed-coat fleshy.  19. Araceae.

15. (6.) Ovary superior.  16

Ovary inferior or half-inferior.  37

16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or slightly lobed ovary.  17

Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base.  33

17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly membranous or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into an inner and an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid.  18

Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner petaloid segments.  25

18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately or palmately disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but sometimes very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes.  18. Palmae.

Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing from a herbaceous stem.  19

19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation of the stem.  19. Araceae.

Flowers not in spadices.  20

20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.

Stamens 2-6.  21

21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each cell and with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous. Triglochin, 11. Scheuchzeriaceae.

Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous.  22

22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell.  22. Restionaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth not dry.  23

23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with
1 pendulous ovule in each cell.  25. Eriocaulaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious.  24

{4}24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear.  31. Juncaceae.

Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or styles 3.
Perianth usually herbaceous.  32. Liliaceae.

25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or its radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and embryo or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or cartilaginous.  26

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy.  31

26. Seeds with mealy albumen.  27

Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.  29

27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo enclosed in the albumen.  29. Pontederiaceae.

Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the albumen. Perianth white or yellow.  28

28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas
3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in tendrils. Flowers in panicles. Flagellaria, 21. Flagellariaceae.

Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical.
Flowers in heads. Maschalocephalus, 26. Rapateaceae.

29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow.  33. Haemodoraceae.

Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  30

30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth. Ovary adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each cell.
Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Walleria, 34. Amaryllidaceae.

Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at least some of them) and ovary free from the perianth.  32. Liliaceae.

31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6.  28. Commelinaceae.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous.
Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels.  32

32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes none.
Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. Mayaca, 23. Mayacaceae.

Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes
3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or spikes. Xyris, 24. Xyridaceae.

33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous.  18. Palmae.

Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants.  34

34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to scales.
Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. Sciaphila, 15. Triuridaceae.

Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed.
Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3
{5}segments. Seeds exalbuminous.  35

35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. Aponogeton, 10. Aponogetonaceae.

Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers only of 3 greenish segments.  36

36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels.  13. Butomaceae.

Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of the carpels.  12. Alismataceae.

37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular.  38

Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular.  41

38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules.
Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually with longitudinal nervation.  44. Orchidaceae.

Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with pinnate nervation.  39

39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical.  40. Zingiberaceae.

Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical.  40

40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight embryo.
Leaf-stalk not thickened. Canna, 41. Cannaceae.

Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk thickened towards the apex or throughout its whole length.  42. Marantaceae.

41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3.  42

Stamens 5-18, usually 6.  45

42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner petal-like. Ovary
1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Water plants.  14. Hydrocharitaceae.

Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous.
Land- or marsh-plants.  43

43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening outwards or laterally.  38. Iridaceae.

Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.  44

44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about equalling the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or stigma single.  33. Haemodoraceae.

Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then inner perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and stigmas 3, short and thick.  43. Burmanniaceae.

45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely completely
{6}1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, more rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with submerged or floating leaves.  14. Hydrocharitaceae.

Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually of 6 petaloid segments. Land-plants.  46

46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Tacca, 36. Taccaceae.
Ovary 3-celled.  47

47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers unisexual, regular.
Stem climbing.  37. Dioscoreaceae.

Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual but irregular.  48

48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves toothed.
Inflorescence spadix-like. Ananas, 27. Bromeliaceae.

Perianth more or less corolla-like.  49

49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in spikes or racemes.
Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy albumen. Leaves with pinnate nervation. Tall plants.  39. Musaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal nervation.  50

50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short woody trunk.
Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped. Barbacenia, 35. Velloziaceae.

Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary, but then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much projecting and thickened.  51

51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers opening at the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Cyanastrum, 30. Cyanastraceae.

Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two ovules in each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen.  34. Amaryllidaceae.

52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a choripetalous corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering at the apex or in the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass Archichlamydeae.]  53

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more or less united, at least at the base. [Subclass Metachlamydeae or
Sympetalae.]  551

53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar segments, more rarely of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a distinct differentiation into sepals and petals. [Apetalae.]  54

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting of 8 or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into sepals and petals. [Choripetalae.]  188

54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but sometimes
{7}replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked.  55

Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers.  69

55. Ovary completely 1-celled.  56

Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half.  65

56. Ovule solitary, rarely (Balanophoraceae) ovules 3.  57

Ovules numerous, rarely (Casuarinaceae) 2.  63

57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle.  58

Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary.  62

58. Ovule straight.  59

Ovule incurved or inverted.  61

59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma 1.
Fruit dry. Seed albuminous.  54. Urticaceae.

Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent.  60

60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed exalbuminous.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen.  46. Piperaceae.

61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes.  67. Chenopodiaceae.

Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers usually in heads.  226. Compositae.

62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary, free.  53. Moraceae.

Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants.  62. Balanophoraceae.

63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted perianth.
Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled, scale-like.
Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. Casuarina, 45. Casuarinaceae.

Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but sometimes with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers in spikes or catkins.  64

64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or more.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate.  47. Salicaceae.

Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.)
Aquatic herbs. Hydrostachys, 94. Hydrostachyaceae.

65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete cell. Styles
2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or catkins.  50. Betulaceae.

Ovary completely 2-4-celled.  66

66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  67

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
{8}Male flowers without a perianth.  68

67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Callitriche, 123. Callitrichaceae.

68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Stamens
2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.

Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens
3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Myrothamnus, 99. Myrothamnaceae.

69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  70

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  153

70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  71

Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only.  146

71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  72

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled.  118

72. Ovule 1.  73

Ovules 2 or more.  103

73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle.  74

Ovule pendulous or descending.  94

74. Ovule straight.  75

Ovule incurved or inverted.  80

75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous at the base. Stamens 1-12.  76

Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the base.
Stamens 4-50.  79

76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules. Exocarpus, 56. Santalaceae.

Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma penicillate.  77

77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5.  78

78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees.  53. Moraceae.

Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky.  54. Urticaceae.

79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping sheath at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen.  66. Polygonaceae.

Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen. Pistacia, 127. Anacardiaceae.

80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually mealy.  81

Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy
{9}or wanting.  87

81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft.
Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.

Perianth-segments 1-5.  82

82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in fruit.
Stamens hypogynous, united at the base.  69. Nyctaginaceae.

Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not folded aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided.  83

83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (Queria) 10, hypogynous. Stipules present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles 2-3.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1.  84

84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5), alternating with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite.  85

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite to them, or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without stipules.  86

85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked.
Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. Adenogramma, 72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous.
Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate.  71. Phytolaccaceae.

86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo ring- or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles.  68. Amarantaceae.

Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5.  67. Chenopodiaceae.

87. (80.) Leaves stipulate.  88

Leaves exstipulate.  89

88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous.  103. Rosaceae.

89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female flowers. Seed exalbuminous.  226. Compositae.

Stem woody. Stigma 1.  90

90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or nearly so. Seed exalbuminous. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.

Perianth with valvate aestivation.  91

91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4, rarely 5; filaments free. Seed exalbuminous.  92

Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often in greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous.  93

{10}92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Elaeagnus, 172. Elaeagnaceae.

93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril; embryo large. Pisonia, 69. Nyctaginaceae.

Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed.
Seed with an aril; embryo small.  82. Myristicaceae.

94. (73.) Ovule straight.  95

Ovule incurved or inverted.  96

95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or trees.
Flowers in spikes or heads.  55. Proteaceae.

Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen.
Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. Ceratophyllum, 77. Ceratophyllaceae.

96. Leaves stipulate.  97

Leaves exstipulate.  100

97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  103. Rosaceae.

Leaves simple, but sometimes (Moraceae) dissected.  98

98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. Macaranga, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous.  99

99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud. Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky.  52. Ulmaceae.

Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a dilated and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then stamens bent inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or herbs.  53. Moraceae.

100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without albumen. Trees or shrubs.  84. Lauraceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  101

101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy albumen.
Trees or shrubs.  83. Monimiaceae.

Stamens 8-10.  102

102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or without albumen.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in panicles. Galenia, 72. Aizoaceae.

103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta.  104

Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell.  108

104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a central placenta. Water-plants.  93. Podostemonaceae.

Perianth of 4-5 segments.  105

{11}105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1.
Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Empleurum, 115. Rutaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or less curved. Usually herbs.  106

106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5.  68. Amarantaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled.  107

107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or more, perigynous.  72. Aizoaceae.

Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell or from
a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded.  109

Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more parietal placentas.  112

109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. Leaves exstipulate.  132. Icacinaceae.

Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater number.  110

110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate.  59. Olacaceae.

Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate.  111

111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled. Guya, 159. Flacourtiaceae.

Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or less perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single one, but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided.  113

113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma.  114

Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more.  116

114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary sessile. Seeds albuminous.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary stalked. Seeds exalbuminous.  115

115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with straight embryo.  173. Lythraceae.

Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo.  87. Capparidaceae.

116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, free. Stamens
10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds exalbuminous;
{12}embryo curved. Ochradenus, 89. Resedaceae.

Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply divided.  117

117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona.
Styles 3, free or united at the base.  161. Passifloraceae.

Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  119

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  129

119. Ovules erect or ascending.  120

Ovules pendulous or descending.  124

120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at its edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate.  134. Sapindaceae.

Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed.  121

121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Dwarf shrubs.  125. Empetraceae.

Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more.  122

122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs.
Leaves stipulate, alternate.  137. Rhamnaceae.

Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate.  123

123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs.  72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers in spikes or racemes.  71. Phytolaccaceae.

124. Stamens hypogynous.  125

Stamens perigynous.  127

125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.
Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves exstipulate. Lepidium, 88. Cruciferae.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5, ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate.  126

126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary usually 3-celled.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound, stipulate.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite flowers simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit capsular.
Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate.  128

{13}128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved.  72. Aizoaceae.

129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  130

Flowers hermaphrodite.  136

130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves opposite, pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.

Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate.  131

131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma 4-partite.
Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Nepenthes, 91. Nepenthaceae.

Leaves without pitchers. Style present.  132

132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, without stipules.  134. Sapindaceae.

Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout.  133

133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then free and filaments also free.  134

134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening septicidally and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees.  135

135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without stipules.  124. Buxaceae.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves alternate.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so.  137

Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous.  142

137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  138

Stem woody throughout its length.  140

138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants.  93. Podostemonaceae.

Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo.  139

139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves stipulate.  72. Aizoaceae.

140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.  141

{14}141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. Grewia, 141. Tiliaceae.

Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  72. Aizoaceae.

Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight embryo.  143

143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  144

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate.  145

144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight.
Leaves without stipules.  173. Lythraceae.

Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate, with small stipules. Maerua, 87. Capparidaceae.

145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous.  169. Penaeaceae.

Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous.
Seeds albuminous. Geissoloma, 168. Geissolomataceae.

146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel.  147

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  152

147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without stipules.  148

Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx.  149

148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate. Phytolacca, 71. Phytolaccaceae.

Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry.  72. Aizoaceae.

149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous.  150

Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers. Stamens usually perigynous.  151

150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits fleshy, drupaceous.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry.  78. Ranunculaceae.

151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual.
Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen.  83. Monimiaceae.

Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds without albumen.  103. Rosaceae.

152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. Brasenia, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the base. Trees. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaecae.

153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled.  154

Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely 2- or
{15}more-celled.  177

154. Ovule 1.  155

Ovules 2 or more.  167

155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to the ovary-wall.  156

Ovule pendulous or descending.  162

156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees.  61. Loranthaceae.

Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground, or herbaceous plants.  157

157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more.  158

Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.  159

158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate.  54. Urticaceae.

Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.

159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.
Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  226. Compositae.

Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs.  160

160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens
10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. Cynocrambe, 70. Cynocrambaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly.  161

161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in spike- or panicle-like inflorescences. Beta, 67. Chenopodiaceae.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate.
Flowers in heads. Sclerocephalus, 75. Caryophyllaceae.

162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous.
Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales. Cynomorium, 184. Cynomoriaceae.

Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed.  163

163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer.  164

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate.  166

164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate.  53. Moraceae.

Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate.  165

165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. Hypodaphnis, 84. Lauraceae.

{16}Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. Gyrocarpus, 85. Hernandiaceae.

166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. Gunnera, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate.  72. Aizoaceae.

167. (154.) Ovules 2-5.  168

Ovules numerous.  174

168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on the stem of trees.  61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or parasitic upon roots.  169

169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10, rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads.  179. Combretaceae.

Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds albuminous.  170

170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple.  171

171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Octoknema, 60. Octoknemataceae.

Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed.  172

172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Grubbia, 58. Grubbiaceae.

Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo with superior radicle or undivided.  173

173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.  56. Santalaceae.

Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons.  62. Balanophoraceae.

174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither leaves nor scales. Hydnora, 65. Hydnoraceae.

Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales.  175

175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual.  64. Rafflesiaceae.

Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves well developed.  176

176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1. Grevea, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous.
{17}Styles 2-3. Bembicia. 159. Flacourtiaceae.

177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  178

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  183

178. Ovules erect or ascending.  179

Ovules pendulous or descending.  180

179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Embryo curved.  219. Rubiaceae.

Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight.  137. Rhamnaceae.

180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost completely
2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Corylus, 50. Betulaceae.

Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves exstipulate.  181

181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves stipulate.
Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small.  186. Umbelliferae.

Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves exstipulate.
Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or mealy albumen.
Herbs or undershrubs.  182

182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen.
Leaves undivided. Tetragonia, 72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones, deeply divided. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate.
Trees or shrubs.  51. Fagaceae.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (Lecythidaceae) 2-6, but then style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite.  184

184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves without stipules.  185

Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.  186

185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Cytinus, 64. Rafflesiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves.
Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a capsule.
Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green. Aristolochia, 63. Aristolochiaceae.

186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous.
{18}Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth regular. Style 1, undivided.  187

187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. Ludwigia, 182. Oenotheraceae.

Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs.  176. Lecythidaceae.

188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  189

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  481

189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  190

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only.  451

190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing one or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one.  191

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, the partitions sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the others empty but well developed.  273

191. Ovule 1.  192

Ovules 2 or more.  214

192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle.  193

Ovule pendulous or descending.  205

193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5.  194

Leaves exstipulate.  198

194. Stigma 1, entire.  195

Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less distinctly perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided.  197

195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided. Dovera, 131. Salvadoraceae.

Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and corolla with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more or less distinctly perigynous.  196

196. Style basal or nearly so.  103. Rosaceae.

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10.  105. Leguminosae.

197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Maesopsis, 137. Rhamnaceae.

Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so.  199

Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx.  201

199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves undivided. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs.  200

200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted.
{19}Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Portulacaria, 73. Portulacaceae.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles).
Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected.  86. Papaveraceae.

201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate aestivation.  202

202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them. Stigma
1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous.  203

203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  88. Cruciferae.

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens
1, 5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees.  204

204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers (or
16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. Hua, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled anthers nor united in pairs.  127. Anacardiaceae.

205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10.  206

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Polygalaceae) stipulate, but then stamens
8.  207

206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple.  105. Leguminosae.

Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly united. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then unisexual or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  208

208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or more. Leaves simple or digitate.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Anacardiaceae) unisexual, but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves pinnate.  209

209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma entire.
Leaves undivided. Shrubs.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (Anacardiaceae) distinctly
{20}perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate.  210

210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little developed, entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.  57. Opiliaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx distinctly developed.  211

211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs or trees.  212

212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided.
Shrubs. Endodesmia, 149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate.  213

213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3 transparently dotted leaflets. Eriander, 115. Rutaceae.

Ovule with dorsal raphe.  127. Anacardiaceae.

214. (191.) Ovules 2.  215

Ovules 3 or more.  231

215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending.  216

Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending.  224

216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or nearly so.
Leaves usually stipulate.  217

Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers regular, more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal. Leaves usually exstipulate.  218

217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound.  105. Leguminosae.

218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly perigynous.
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees.  104. Connaraceae.

Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in the latter case herbs.  219

219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but then shrubs or trees.  220

220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.
{21}Seeds exalbuminous.  103. Rosaceae.

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous, but then leaves opposite.  221

221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate.  222

222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut. Herbs.
Leaves dissected. Sarcocapnos, 86. Papaveraceae.

Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided.  223

223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs.
Flowers white. Dipterygium, 87. Capparidaceae.

Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening by valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow. Berberis, 79. Berberidaceae.

224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens 4-10.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  59. Olacaceae.

Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex.  225

225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6.  226

226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual.
Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound.  115. Rutaceae.

Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more than
5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple.  227

227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate.  132. Icacinaceae.

Stamens 6 or more.  228

228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees.  229

229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

Stamens 12 or more.  230

230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals
5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any.  103. Rosaceae.

Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more then 20. Seeds with copious albumen.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta.  232

{22}Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas.  244

232. Ovules basal.  233

Ovules attached to a central placenta.  239

233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire.  234

Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6.  236

234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs.  196. Styracaceae.

Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments.  235

235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical.  79. Berberidaceae.

236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Lophira, 147. Ochnaceae.

Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5.  237

237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former alternate.
Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. Drosophyllum, 92. Droseraceae.

Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a large or rather large embryo.  238

238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds exalbuminous.  153. Tamaricaceae.

Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6.  59. Olacaceae.

Ovules ascending or horizontal.  240

240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma entire or obscurely lobed.  241

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous.  242

241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. Pelletiera, 191. Primulaceae.

Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  190. Myrsinaceae.

242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so.
Style simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles
2 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.  243

243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves alternate.  73. Portulacaceae.

{23}Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta.  245

Ovules attached to two or more placentas.  248

245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals 5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves usually compound.  105. Leguminosae.

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs.  246

246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens numerous.
Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. Delphinium, 78. Ranunculaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less curved.  247

247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant.
Leaves dissected. Epimedium, 79. Berberidaceae.

Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or wanting.  88. Cruciferae.

248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma.  249

Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas.  266

249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10.  250

Fertile stamens more than petals.  257

250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. Warburgia, 157. Winteranaceae.

Fertile stamens 2-6.  251

251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, with curved embryo.  87. Capparidaceae.

Fertile stamens 5, rarely (Passifloraceae) 4 or 6, but then flowers unisexual.
Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo.  252

252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees.  253

Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds albuminous.  254

253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. Moringa, 90. Moringaceae.

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves simple, undivided.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular.  161. Passifloraceae.

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter
{24}case neither staminodes nor a corona within them.  255

255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers regular.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate.  147. Ochnaceae.

Staminodes wanting.  256

256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or suffruticose.
Placentas 3.  158. Violaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely
3-5. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.

257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. Leaves more or less deeply divided.  86. Papaveraceae.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem woody and leaves undivided.  258

258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Monodora, 81. Anonaceae.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (Flacourtiaceae) 9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style distinctly developed or stamens 5-15.  259

259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (Capparidaceae) of 2 sepals and
6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case ovary long-stalked.
Albumen scanty or wanting.  260

Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so.  262

260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5, with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees.  118. Meliaceae.

Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or digitate.  261

261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves simple, without stipules.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular.  87. Capparidaceae.

262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds ex-albuminous.
Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate.  149. Guttiferae.

Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous.  263

263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals 5.
Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed.  264

{25}Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed.  265

264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks clothed with minute scales. Bixa, 155. Bixaceae.

Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Cochlospermum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.

265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually straight.
Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.
Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  154. Cistaceae.

Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate.
Shrubs or trees.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants.  267

Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (Droseraceae) whorled, but then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles.  268

267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  152. Frankeniaceae.

Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without albumen. Hypericum, 149. Guttiferae.

268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned outwards.  92. Droseraceae.

Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs, then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or all radical.  269

269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  89. Resedaceae.

Flowers regular. Ovary closed.  270

270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5.
Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3.  160. Turneraceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous.  271

271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards.
Leaves exstipulate.  153. Tamaricaceae.

Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary.
Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves stipulate.  272

272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

{26}Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona 3- or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many as sepals.  161. Passifloraceae.

273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  274

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  319

274. Ovules erect or ascending.  275

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal.  288

275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then stamens
8-10.  276

Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6.  277

276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled.
Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. Bersama, 135. Melianthaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or less curved.  134. Sapindaceae.

277. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  278

Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate.
Shrubs or trees.  285

278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate.  279

Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5.  280

279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards.
Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally.
Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  125. Empetraceae.

280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate.  281

Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves exstipulate.  282

281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or more-celled.
Seeds albuminous.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and seeds exalbuminous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees.  149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate.  283

283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1.  118. Meliaceae.

Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo
{27}curved.  284

284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the stamens.  88. Cruciferae.

Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. Limeum, 72. Aizoaceae.

285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary 2-celled.
Style basal. Stigma 1. Parinarium, 103. Rosaceae.

Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so.  286

286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. Dirachma, 107. Geraniaceae.

Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5.  287

287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style 1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles.  137. Rhamnaceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma.  129. Celastraceae.

288. (274.) Flowers unisexual.  289

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  293

289. Leaves simple.  290

Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees.  293

290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma lobed. Shrubs or trees. Carpodiptera, 141. Tiliaceae.

Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly united.  291

291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens 5.
Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.

Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  292

292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. Panda, 106. Pandaceae.

Ovules inverted.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. Spiny shrubs. Neoluederitzia, 113. Zygophyllaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous.  127. Anacardiaceae.

294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular.  295

Flowers regular or nearly so.  298

295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small.  296

296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs.  119. Malpighiaceae.

{28}Stamens 5-8.  297

297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals 5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. Tropaeolum, 109. Tropaeolaceae.

Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous.  120. Polygalaceae.

298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, but less than twice as many, 2-6.  299

Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely (Thymelaeaceae) as many as the petals, but then 8-10.  305

299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves undivided.  300

Filaments free or united in pairs.  301

300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous.  110. Linaceae.

Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. Cottsia, 119. Malpighiaceae.

301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly perigynous.
Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young, undivided, bearing glandular hairs. Roridula, 147. Ochnaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any.  302

302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees.  303

303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate.  116. Simarubaceae.

Flowers 5-merous.  304

304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3- or 5-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas
3 or 5. Leaves simple.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. Filicium, 134. Sapindaceae.

305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.  306

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base.  312

306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped.  307

Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.  310

307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous.  308

308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled.
Style simple.  115. Rutaceae.

{29}Leaves without dots.  309

309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style simple.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or 2-lobed.  116. Simarubaceae.

310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen.  59. Olacaceae.

Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen.  311

311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled.  119. Malpighiaceae.

Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, petaloid.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Octolepis, 171. Thymelaeaceae.

312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (Malpighiaceae) a few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  313

313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base.  314

Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous) stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15.  316

314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen.  118. Meliaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10.  315

315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves exstipulate. Saccoglottis, 111. Humiriaceae.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs.  316

316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Nectaropetalum, 110. Linaceae.

Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely solitary.
Sepals usually with glands on the outside.  119. Malpighiaceae.

317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves undivided.  318

318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous.  119. Malpighiaceae.

319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  320

{30}Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.  389

320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma.  321

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas.  371

321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals.  322

Stamens more than the petals.  339

322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals.  323

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer.  325

323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Augea, 113. Zygophyllaceae.

Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate.  324

324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
a berry.  138. Vitaceae.

Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less united. Ovary 3- or more-celled. Fruit a capsule.  144. Sterculiaceae.

325. Stamens 2-4.  326

Stamens 5.  333

326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4.  327

Sepals 5. Petals 2-5.  332

327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules wanting.  328

Leaves without glandular dots.  329

328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc cushion-shaped.
Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled mericarps.
Seeds with curved embryo. Chamaelea, 114. Cneoraceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like.  115. Rutaceae.

329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud.
Shrubs or trees.  330

Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite.  331

330. Disc present.  129. Celastraceae.

Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. Azima, 131. Salvadoraceae.

331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands.
Shrubs or trees.  197. Oleaceae.

Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  88. Cruciferae.

332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  130. Hippocrateaceae.

Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly
{31}wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous.  107. Geraniaceae.

333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base.  334

Filaments free.  336

334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Quivisianthe, 118. Meliaceae.

Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  335

335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Phyllocosmus, 110. Linaceae.

Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril.  107. Geraniaceae.

336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary spines.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate.  337

337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Triumfetta, 141. Tiliaceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  338

338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering branches.  129. Celastraceae.

339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8.  340

Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more.  343

340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens
8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees.  341

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2- or 5-celled or transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  342

341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.

Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate.  134. Sapindaceae.

342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate.
Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals.  344

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.  359

344. Filaments free.  345

Filaments evidently united, at least at the base.  354

345. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  346

Calyx with imbricate aestivation.  349

346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary spines.  115. Rutaceae.

{32}Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules.  347

347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate in bud.
Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves alternate.  348

348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous.  141. Tiliaceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate.
Shrubs or trees.  117. Burseraceae.

349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous.  350

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  352

350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. Disc cup-shaped.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Leptochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.

Sepals 4-6. Disc ring- or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales or wanting.  351

351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an appendage.
Leaves usually compound.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets.  107. Geraniaceae.

352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate.  134. Sapindaceae.

Flowers regular.  353

353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds exalbuminous.  117. Burseraceae.

Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending.  115. Rutaceae.

354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate.  355

Sepals imbricate in bud.  356

355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in bud.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud.  144. Sterculiaceae.

356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees.  357

357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting.  110. Linaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed.  358

358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled.
{33}Disc usually present.  118. Meliaceae.

359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs.  360

Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  362

360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.

Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.  361

361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

362. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  363

Calyx with imbricate aestivation.  366

363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.
Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves stipulate. Petals 5.  364

364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits.  141. Tiliaceae.

Filaments evidently united.  365

365. Anthers opening by a single slit.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. Dombeya, 144. Sterculiaceae.

366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base.  367

Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided.  368

367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire.  154. Cistaceae.

Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary 5-celled.
Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

368. Leaves stipulate.  369

Leaves exstipulate.  370

369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit dehiscent. Sarcochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent.  150. Dipterocarpaceae.

370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous.  148. Theaceae.

Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.  149. Guttiferae.

371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12.  372

Stamens more than twice as many as petals.  382

372. Filaments free.  373

Filaments obviously united, at least at the base.  377

373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous.  374

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  376

374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10.  98. Cunoniaceae.

Leaves alternate.  375

375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc present.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or nut.
{34}Seeds exalbuminous. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice as many.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8, inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.

377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals.
Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous.  378

378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals imbricate in bud.  379

379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.
Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees.  112. Erythroxylaceae.

Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in racemes or panicles.  380

380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit
a drupe. Leaves simple, undivided.  381

381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing shrubs. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then stamens
4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes.  110. Linaceae.

382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate.  383

Leaves exstipulate.  386

383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers unisexual. Trees. Heywoodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Calyx valvate in bud.  384

384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally confluent).  385

385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

{35}Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers unisexual.  141. Tiliaceae.

386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate.  387

387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled.
Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style
1, two-cleft. Talinella, 73. Portulacaceae.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles
3-5, free or united at the base.  388

388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. Junodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers
2-celled.  148. Theaceae.

389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma.  390

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas.  439

390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals.  391

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more.  404

391. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  392

Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves undivided.  399

392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire.  154. Cistaceae.

Stamens 2-6.  393

393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with auricles at the base.  88. Cruciferae.

Ovary 3- or more-celled. Stamens 4-5.  394

394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  395

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes united.  396

395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple.  144. Sterculiaceae.

396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting.
Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Impatiens, 136. Balsaminaceae.

Anthers free, opening lengthwise.  397

397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc present.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
{36}alternate, pinnate. Melianthus, 135. Melianthaceae.

Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or wanting.  398

398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile stamens.
Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. Thomassetia, 148. Theaceae.

399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  400

400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. Sepals
4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. Subularia, 88. Cruciferae.

Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals 5.  401

401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Heteropyxis, 180. Myrtaceae.

Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled.  402

402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens 3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  130. Hippocrateaceae.

Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc.
Seeds albuminous.  403

403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril.  129. Celastraceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an aril. Brexia, 96. Saxifragaceae.

404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals.  405

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.  416

405. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  406

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided.  413

406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base.  407

Filaments free, rarely (Rutaceae) united in several bundles.  408

407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many, but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees.  118. Meliaceae.

408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  87. Capparidaceae.

{37}Ovary sessile or nearly so.  409

409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  141. Tiliaceae.

Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation.  410

410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  154. Cistaceae.

Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped.  411

411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees.  135. Melianthaceae.

Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular.  412

412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves without dots, stipulate.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate.  181. Melastomataceae.

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits.  414

414. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.  415

415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with translucent dots. Psiloxylon, 180. Myrtaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous.  417

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous.  433

417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous.  418

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  428

418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation.  419

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  425

419. Corolla with valvate aestivation.  420

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  421

420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.

Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits.  141. Tiliaceae.

421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation.  422

422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. Petals
5.  423

{38}Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores.  424

423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny.  142. Malvaceae.

Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes absent.  141. Tiliaceae.

425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided.  426

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation.  427

426. Disc present. Ovules inverted.  140. Chlaenaceae.

Disc absent. Ovules usually straight.  154. Cistaceae.

427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. Sphaerosepalum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.

Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen.  87. Capparidaceae.

428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. Ovary
6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Nuphar, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5.  429

429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds albuminous.  430

430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals united below. Ovary sessile, 5- or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but then ovary stalked.  431

431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds exalbuminous.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular.  432

432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually straight.
Seeds albuminous.  154. Cistaceae.

Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs.  148. Theaceae.

433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation.  434

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438

434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary 3-8-celled.

{39}Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx valvate.
Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then leaves digitate.  435

435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary 5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled.  436

436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite.  437

437. Ovary 2-6-celled.  173. Lythraceae.

Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sonneratia, 174. Sonneratiaceae.

438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc present.
Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, not peltate.  140. Chlaenaceae.

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6- or more-celled. Style wanting.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10.  440

Stamens numerous.  446

440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous.  441

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting.  442

441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and exstipulate.
Placentas thick. Saxifraga, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows.  98. Cunoniaceae.

442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments free.
Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  151. Elatinaceae.

Leaves alternate or all radical.  443

443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud.  444

444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds albuminous.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or
{40}shrubs. Leaves undivided.  445

445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly 3-cleft.
Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. Clethra, 188. Clethraceae.

Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or wanting. Bracteoles present. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all radical, stipulate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9.  447

447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate.  448

448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles free.
Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves dissected, exstipulate. Nigella, 78. Ranunculaceae.

Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base.  449

449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty or wanting.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  148. Theaceae.

Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate.  450

450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers opening by two slits or pores.  144. Sterculiaceae.

451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length.  452

Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above.  457

452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate, more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves exstipulate.  453

453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs.  454

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate.  456

454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits drupaceous.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate.  147. Ochnaceae.

Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate.  455

455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending.  134. Sapindaceae.

Stamens inserted outside the disc.  116. Simarubaceae.

456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted.  115. Rutaceae.

457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel.  458

{41}Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  470

458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate.  459

Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical.  462

459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided.  460

Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant.  461

460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. Crassula, 95. Crassulaceae.

Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.
Flowers in racemes. Coriaria, 126. Coriariaceae.

461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an aril.
Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Hibbertia, 146. Dilleniaceae.

Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. Clematis, 78. Ranunculaceae.

462. Leaves stipulate.  463

Leaves exstipulate.  467

463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual.  464

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. Ovules inverted.  465

464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.

Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. Tiliacora, 80. Menispermaceae.

465. Petals and stamens perigynous.  103. Rosaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided.  466

466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. Christiania, 141. Tiliaceae.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. Astrocarpus, 89. Resedaceae.

467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody.  116. Simarubaceae.

Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then sepals 6 or more.  468

468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers usually in racemes.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals
2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant.  469

469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen
{42}ruminate.  81. Anonaceae.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform.  78. Ranunculaceae.

470. (457.) Leaves stipulate.  471

Leaves exstipulate.  474

471. Petals and stamens perigynous.  103. Rosaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous.  472

472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Caylusea, 89. Resedaceae.

Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees.  473

473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers regular, 5-merous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous.
Leaves undivided.  146. Dilleniaceae.

474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals.  475

Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  479

475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3.  476

476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting.  95. Crassulaceae.

Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2.  477

477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. Seeds with an aril.  104. Connaraceae.

Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an aril.  478

478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a thick and hard coat. Fagara, 115. Rutaceae.

Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with
a thin coat. Leaves undivided. Suriana, 116. Simarubaceae.

479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud.  480

480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  146. Dilleniaceae.

Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less
{43}deeply divided or compound.  78. Ranunculaceae.

481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  482

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, rarely 2 or more distinct ovaries.  507

482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little developed.
Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals.
Stigma 1. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees.  483

483. Ovule 1.  484

Ovules 2 or more.  490

484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4.
Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.

Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, rarely (Alangiaceae) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers hermaphrodite.  485

485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing plants.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils.  486

486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles.  85. Hernandiaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Seed albuminous.  487

487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Fruit a drupe. Polyscias, 185. Araliaceae.

Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels.  488

488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or undershrubs. Fruit a nut.  186. Umbelliferae.

Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees. 489.

489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo large. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a nut. Embryo small.  100. Bruniaceae.

490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta.  491

Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.

491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5.
Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  492

Flowers hermaphrodite.  493

492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds albuminous.
{44}Herbs. Leaves undivided. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.

Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple.
Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (Bruniaceae) undershrubs.  494

494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate, stipulate.  103. Rosaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided.  495

495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or whorled.  496

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous.  497

496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. Carallia, 177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds exalbuminous.  181. Melastomataceae.

497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud.  498

498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.  100. Bruniaceae.

499. (490.) Ovules apical.  500

Ovules parietal.  502

500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Vahlia, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds without albumen.  501

501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, usually climbing or prostrate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.  179. Combretaceae.

502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  503

Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous.  504

503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves well-developed.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
{45}scale-like. Pilostyles, 64. Rafflesiaceae.

504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals small.
Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. Leaves lobed. Ribes, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves undivided or wanting.  505

505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually leafless plants.  167. Cactaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy plants.  506

506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their number.
Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or whorled. Ceriops, 177. Rhizophoraceae.

Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style divided.
Fruit a capsule.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  508

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell.  527

508. Ovules erect or ascending.  509

Ovules pendulous or descending.  513

509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate.  103. Rosaceae.

Stamens 2-5.  510

510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Circaea, 182. Oenotheraceae.

Flowers 4-5-merous.  511

511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 3.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers unisexual.
Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. Cayaponia, 223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.  512

512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  129. Celastraceae.

Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  137. Rhamnaceae.

513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled.  514

Ovary 3-15-celled.  522

514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous.  515

{46}Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2.  517

515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry.
Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Pimenta, 180. Myrtaceae.

Stamens 4.  516

516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cornus, 187. Cornaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Leaves radical. Trapa, 182. Oenotheraceae.

517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous.  518

518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles.  519

Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided.
Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or panicles.  520

519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit a capsule. Albumen scanty.  101. Hamamelidaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers 5-merous.
Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant.  100. Bruniaceae.

520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers 5-merous.
Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free.  186. Umbelliferae.

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually entire.  521

521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels, spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe.  185. Araliaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe.  187. Cornaceae.

522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry.  523

Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent.  524

523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting into
2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaves stipulate. Land-plants.  103. Rosaceae.

524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16,
{47}rarely twice their number, 10.  185. Araliaceae.

Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4.  525

525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. Flowers in racemes or fascicles.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many.  526

526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous.  187. Cornaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles 3-4.
Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell.  528

Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell.  537

528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer.  529

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more.  533

529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals,
2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs.  530

530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary inferior.
Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Olinia, 170. Oliniaceae.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate.  531

531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen.  100. Bruniaceae.

Leaves stipulate.  532

532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the flowering branches, opposite.  129. Celastraceae.

533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous.  534

534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or more.
Leaves exstipulate.  535

{48}Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate.  536

535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or united into several bundles.  180. Myrtaceae.

Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent.  176. Lecythidaceae.

536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected in
5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.

Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending.
Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe.  103. Rosaceae.

537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at their base.  538

Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the base.  546

538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16.  539

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals very numerous.  543

539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils, or woody plants.  540

540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous.  182. Oenotheraceae.

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores.  541

541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous.  181. Melastomataceae.

Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous.  542

542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  224. Campanulaceae.

Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.  129. Celastraceae.

{49}543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  544

544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in the bud.
Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. Punica, 175. Punicaceae.

Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation.
Ovules axile.  545

545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base.  176. Lecythidaceae.

Leaves opposite, gland-dotted.  180. Myrtaceae.

546. (537.) Stamens 2-10.  547

Stamens numerous.  548

547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous.
Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous.  96. Saxifragaceae.

548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous.  549

Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  550

549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly differentiated, together
8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated, together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. Cydonia, 103. Rosaceae.

550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  552

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  728

552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  553

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only.  719

553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  554

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, at least at the time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud).  604

554. Ovule 1.  555

{50}Ovules 2 or more.  570

555. Ovule erect or ascending.  556

Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple.  564

556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or branches stigmatose on the inside).  557

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals.  563

557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base.  558

Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla.  561

558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded aestivation.
Leaves exstipulate.  69. Nyctaginaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  559

559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Cometes, 75. Caryophyllaceae.

Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1.  560

560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. Herbs.
Leaves all radical, exstipulate. Litorella, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Salvadora, 131. Salvadoraceae.

561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves whorled.
Shrubs.  205. Verbenaceae.

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  562

562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous.  68. Amarantaceae.

Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), 4.
Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  55. Proteaceae.

563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with curved embryo.  74. Basellaceae.

Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo.  192. Plumbaginaceae.

564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, free.
Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, with united filaments.  80. Menispermaceae.

Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers hermaphrodite.  565

565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. Seeds albuminous.  566

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely
(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3.  567

566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, and then corolla-lobes very unequal.  215. Globulariaceae.

Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. Stigma entire.
{51}Corolla-lobes almost equal. Microdon, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free from it.  568

568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.
Flowers regular.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Stamens 3-8, hypogynous.  569

569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous.  189. Ericaceae.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.

570. (554.) Ovules 2.  571

Ovules 3 or more.  578

571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers irregular.
Leaves opposite.  572

Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla.  573

572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. Afromendoncia, 216. Acanthaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. Linariopsis, 210. Pedaliaceae.

573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular.  574

Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then, as usually, leaves compound.  576

574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves stipulate. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves exstipulate.  575

575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees.  132. Icacinaceae.

576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla 4-lobed.
Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or more.
{52}Leaves alternate.  577

577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. Connarus, 104. Connaraceae.

Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules inverted.
Leaves usually stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta.  579

Ovules parietal.  587

579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit
a drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Olax, 59. Olacaceae.

Ovules 3, ascending, or more.  580

580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely fewer, 3.
Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs.  73. Portulacaceae.

Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Caryophyllaceae) 3-cleft, but then sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each.  581

581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. Style simple.  582

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous.  583

582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  191. Primulaceae.

Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves alternate, gland-dotted.  190. Myrsinaceae.

583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular.  584

Stamens 2, 4, or 8.  585

584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2.  202. Convolvulaceae.

585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. Stigma
1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2.  586

586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. Sepals
2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all radical.
Herbs.  214. Lentibulariaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4.
Leaves opposite or whorled.  205. Verbenaceae.

587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate, compound or reduced to the dilated petiole.  105. Leguminosae.

{53}Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.

588. Style simple or 2-cleft.  589

Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  603

589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4.  590

Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla.  595

590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, undivided.  199. Gentianaceae.

Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  591

591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers irregular.  592

Fertile stamens 4.  594

592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous rind
Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. Martynia, 211. Martyniaceae.

Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous.  593

593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting.
Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. Dintera, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and placentas much projecting.  213. Gesneraceae.

594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular.  212. Orobanchaceae.

595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8.  596

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more.
Shrubs or trees.  600

596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. Placentas
2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or nearly so,
5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not milky.  597

597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves scale-like.
Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4.  212. Orobanchaceae.

Leaves green, rarely (Gentianaceae) without green colour, but then flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2.  598

598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark resinous.
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then stem herbaceous.  599

599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers
{54}4-merous.  198. Loganiaceae.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate.  199. Gentianaceae.

600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5.  601

Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided.  602

601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening outwards. Cinnamosma, 157. Winteranaceae.

Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.  118. Meliaceae.

602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate.  81. Anonaceae.

Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas
2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. Hoplestigma, 194. Hoplestigmataceae.

603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs.  162. Achariaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. Carica, 163. Caricaceae.

604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled.  605

Ovary 3- or more-celled.  669

605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  606

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  621

606. Ovules erect or ascending.  607

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal.  611

607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  608

Fertile stamens 5 or 6.  609

608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. Fruit capsular.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle.  205. Verbenaceae.

609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs.  193. Sapotaceae.

Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening inward.  610

610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Rochelia, 204. Borraginaceae.

Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Gaertnera, 219. Rubiaceae.

611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  612

Fertile stamens 5 or more.  618

612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, 2-4-lobed.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  189. Ericaceae.

{55}Stamens inserted on the corolla.  613

613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens
2 or stigmas 2.  614

614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. Jasminum, 197. Oleaceae.

Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. Leaves simple.  615

615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves alternate. Wellstedia, 204. Borraginaceae.

Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore.  616

616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled.  617

617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the funicle, exalbuminous.  216. Acanthaceae.

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs.  205. Verbenaceae.

618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single pore.  120. Polygalaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores.  619

619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided.  620

620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from the corolla or nearly so.  189. Ericaceae.

Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2.  200. Apocynaceae.

621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.  622

Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary.  640

622. Fertile stamens 2-3.  623

Fertile stamens 4-30.  626

623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, rarely 3.
Disc wanting.  197. Oleaceae.

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with the ovary-cells.  624

624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.
Trees or shrubs. Tapura, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as
{56}nearly always, style simple.  625

625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4.  627

Fertile stamens 5-30.  634

627. Corolla with 4 divisions.  628

Corolla with 5 divisions.  632

628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules.  216. Acanthaceae.

Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous.  629

629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves sessile. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious.  630

630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect  202. Convolvulaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees.  631

631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.  197. Oleaceae.

632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or nearly so.
Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous.  217. Myoporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut.  633

633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Seeds without albumen.  216. Acanthaceae.

634. (626.) Stamens 5.  635

Stamens 8-30.  639

635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  636

636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves alternate.  637

637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in bud.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees.  638

638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a drupe. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

{57}Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a capsule. Lonchostoma, 100. Bruniaceae.

639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Euclea, 195. Ebenaceae.

640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4.  641

Fertile stamens 5-16.  658

641. Flowers more or less irregular.  642

Flowers regular.  652

642. Leaves opposite or whorled.  643

Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.  648

643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base, and then herbs or undershrubs.  644

644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen.  645

Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any.  646

645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule.
Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes
5, with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed. Flowers in spikes.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more or less distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Seeds without albumen.  647

647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves simple.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or trees.  209. Bignoniaceae.

648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower.  207. Solanaceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower.  649

640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.
Shrubs. Oftia, 217. Myoporaceae.

{58}Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous.  650

650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules numerous.
Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually compound.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected.  651

651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2.
Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Albumen distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4.  653

Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation.  654

653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  199. Gentianaceae.

654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent.  655

655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc more or less distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or apical pores.  656

656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous.  207. Solanaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound.
Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs.  657

657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually numerous.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.
Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none.  197. Oleaceae.

658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled.  659

Leaves alternate.  662

659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines; in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5.  660

660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon trees. Dermatobotrys, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

{59}Corolla with contorted aestivation.  661

661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  199. Gentianaceae.

Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees.  200. Apocynaceae.

662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  663

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  665

663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. Lightfootia, 224. Campanulaceae.

Stamens attached to the corolla.  664

664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. Humbertia, 202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs.  207. Solanaceae.

665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex.  200. Apocynaceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  666

666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla regular
Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs.  203. Hydrophyllaceae.

Style 1, undivided.  667

667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas 2.
Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Seeds not winged, albuminous.  668

668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening lengthwise. Stigma
1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.  207. Solanaceae.

669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell  670

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  685

670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  671

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  679

671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous.  672

672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers irregular.  120. Polygalaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled.  673

673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. Flowers regular.  189. Ericaceae.

{60}Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube.  674

674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1.
Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a lid. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious.  675

675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. Leaves alternate.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  676

676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, undivided.
Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when young.  204. Borraginaceae.

Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and leaves opposite or whorled.  677

677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla regular,
5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Myoporum, 217. Myoporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla 2-lipped.
Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards.  678

678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered cymes arranged in false whorls.  206. Labiatae.

Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, drupaceous.
Inflorescence usually of the racemose type.  205. Verbenaceae.

679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous.
Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled.  680

680. Style 1, undivided.  681

Styles 2 or more, free or partially united.  683

681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry.  682

682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. Leea, 138. Vitaceae.

Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided.  193. Sapotaceae.

683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10.
Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals
{61}united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles.  684

684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation.  195. Ebenaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in racemes or panicles, unisexual.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  686

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.  701

686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  687

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  693

687. Stamens 4.  688

Stamens 5-7, rarely (Dichapetalaceae) 2-3 only fertile.  691

688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. Pretrea, 210. Pedaliaceae.

Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen.
Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate.  689

689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut.  690

690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the base.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers unisexual. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Ovary 3-celled. Disc present.  692

692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. Ipomoea, 202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate.  121. Dichapetalaceae.

693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the corolla.  694

Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla.  698

694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Oxalidaceae) stipulate, but then sepals free and imbricate in bud.  695

695. Style 1, undivided.  696

Styles 2-8, free or partially united.  697

696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  118. Meliaceae.

Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by
{62}apical pores. Leaves undivided.  189. Ericaceae.

697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. Shrubs or trees.  195. Ebenaceae.

698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base.
Shrubs or trees.  195. Ebenaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided.  699

699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation.  700

700. Anthers 1-celled.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled.  144. Sterculiaceae.

701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  702

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  708

702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers irregular.
Albumen scanty.  703

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  704

703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves whorled. Shrubs. Bowkeria, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2.  210. Pedaliaceae.

704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  705

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  706

705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate aestivation.
Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Roussea, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved.  207. Solanaceae.

706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube.  707

707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

708. (701.) Stamens 3-12.  709

Stamens numerous.  714

709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs.  710

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  711

710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers
{63}with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5.
Leaves lobed. Cylicomorpha, 163. Caricaceae.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube.
Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. Cercopetalum, 87. Capparidaceae.

711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate aestivation.  712

712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided.  189. Ericaceae.

Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation.  713

713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves digitate.
Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores.  144. Sterculiaceae.

714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without stipules.
Herbs. Orygia, 72. Aizoaceae.

Corolla of 5 divisions.  715

715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  716

716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  717

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees.  719

717. Anthers 2-celled.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved.  718

718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

Leaves simple.  142. Malvaceae.

719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. Ficalhoa, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting.  148. Theaceae.

720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex.  721
Styles 2 or more, entirely free.  725

721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5.  722

722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually irregular.
Leaves usually opposite or whorled.  206. Labiatae.

Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular.  723

723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the apex
{64}or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate.  204. Borraginaceae.

Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite.  724

724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains cohering.
Disc wanting.  201. Asclepiadaceae.

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free.  200. Apocynaceae.

725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more.  726

726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or wanting.  727

727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits indehiscent.
Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves exstipulate.  728

728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Shrubs or trees.  104. Connaraceae.

Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  95. Crassulaceae.

729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled.  730

Ovary 2- or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries.  747

730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the ovary.
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Shrubs growing upon trees. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the divisions, but then ovules numerous.  731

731. Ovule 1.  732

Ovules 2 or more.  740

732. Ovule erect.  733

Ovule pendulous.  734

733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate.  226. Compositae.

{65}Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. Ancistrocladus, 166. Ancistrocladaceae.

734. Leaves alternate.  735

Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical.  737

735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate plants.
Stamens 2-5.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided.  736

736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. Berzelia, 100. Bruniaceae.

Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6.
Fruit succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. Viburnum, 220. Caprifoliaceae.

Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs.  738

738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation.  219. Rubiaceae.

Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.  739

739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4.
Seed albuminous.  222. Dipsacaceae.

Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3.
Seed exalbuminous.  221. Valerianaceae.

740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central placenta.  741

Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas.  745

741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.

Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer.  742

742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate aestivation.  743

Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.  744

743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. Stigma
2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. Merciera, 224. Campanulaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. Samolus, 191. Primulaceae.

{66}Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. Maesa, 190. Myrsinaceae.

745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants.  167. Cactaceae.

Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants.  746

746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate.  219. Rubiaceae.

Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 2-5.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually opposite.  748

Ovary 1.  749

748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free below the thickened apex. Disc wanting.  201. Asclepiadaceae.

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Pollen of free grains.  200. Apocynaceae.

749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  750

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  758

750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical.  751

Leaves alternate.  753

751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  221. Valerianaceae.

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  752

752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards.
Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. Sambucus, 220. Caprifoliaceae.

Leaves undivided.  219. Rubiaceae.

753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs.  754

754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or more.  755

755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1, enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. Scaevola, 225. Goodeniaceae.

Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous.  756

756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided.  100. Bruniaceae.

{67}Corolla with valvate aestivation.  757

757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves undivided. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound.  185. Araliaceae.

758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla.  759

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla.  769

759. Leaves opposite or whorled.  760

Leaves alternate.  764

760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, with free filaments.  219. Rubiaceae.

Leaves exstipulate.  761

761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds albuminous.  762

762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate aestivation.
Usually herbs.  224. Campanulaceae.

Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees.  763

763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.
Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs.  220. Caprifoliaceae.

Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose below the apex. Ovary 2-celled.  200. Apocynaceae.

764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous.  765

765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  766

766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex.  200. Apocynaceae.

Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  767

767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or undershrubs.  100. Bruniaceae.

Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules
{68}numerous. Style simple.  768

768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply divided, at least after the period of flowering.  224. Campanulaceae.

Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, 5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. Berenice, 96. Saxifragaceae.

769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant fleshy albumen. Vaccinium, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens numerous.  770

770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees.  771

771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous.  176. Lecythidaceae.

Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so.  772

772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. Rhaptopetalum, 145. Scytopetalaceae.

Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted.  180. Myrtaceae.