The American Red Cross Bulletin (Vol. IV, No. 2)

VOL. IV. APRIL, 1909. No. 2.

AMERICAN
RED CROSS
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Officers

President,
HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT.

Vice-President,
ROBERT W. de FOREST.

Treasurer,
HON. CHAS. D. NORTON.

Counselor,
HON. LLOYD W. BOWERS.

Secretary,
CHARLES L. MAGEE.

Chairman of Central Committee,
MAJOR-GENERAL GEO. W. DAVIS, U. S. A. (Ret.)

National Director,
ERNEST P. BICKNELL.

Board of Consultation

BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE H. TORNEY,
Surgeon-General, U. S. Army.

REAR ADMIRAL PRESLEY M. RIXEY,
Surgeon-General, U. S. Navy.

SURGEON-GENERAL WALTER WYMAN,
U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.

Central Committee 1908-1909

Note—Attention is invited to the recent changes in the Officers and Central Committee members.

The President of the United States has appointed Hon. Huntington Wilson, Hon. Charles D. Norton, Brigadier General George H. Torney and Hon. Lloyd W. Bowers members of the Central Committee to represent the Departments of State, Treasury, War and Justice, respectively. The Executive Committee has elected Hon. Charles D. Norton Treasurer and Hon. Lloyd W. Bowers Counselor to fill the vacancies caused by the resignations of the former Treasurer and Counselor.

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PREFACE

The April Bulletin appears with a new cover, on the front page of which is a symbolical figure representing the Red Cross—a strong, womanly form, with arms outstretched over the victims of battle and disaster. What it means to any community devastated by some terrible calamity, and what it means to the sick and wounded in time of war to know that a great, strong, sympathetic organization stands ready and prepared to bring them instant help, only those who have taken part in active relief work can fully understand, but everyone can have some realization of the uplift and encouragements the Red Cross can bring in the terrible days of suffering and depression that follow disaster.

Something of what our American Red Cross has been able to do in Italy for the victims of the most terrible catastrophe of modern times is told in this Bulletin. We are glad to have been able to give our sympathy practical form, and let the deeds of our Red Cross prove the solidarity of international brotherhood.

The report of the Red Cross Christmas Stamp is given in this number, showing how this little stamp of good cheer has accomplished a very good and widespread mission.

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From China has come a report of the relief work, after the flood, near Canton, last year, with illustrations forwarded by the American Vice-Consul there.

A report of the Red Cross work at the time of the Inauguration will be given in the July Bulletin.

Our people give so liberally when disaster arouses their sympathy, but may we not hope that the time will soon come when, by gifts and legacies to its Endowment Fund, our American Red Cross may be possessed of such a certain income that it can “continue and carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace, and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same.” according to its charter, and have always funds on hand with which to render first aid when disasters occur, without having to wait until contributions are received.

The patriotic men and women of other countries have given millions of dollars in small and large donations and legacies to the permanent funds of their Red Cross societies. Will not our men and women show an equally patriotic and humane spirit by doing the same for the American Red Cross?

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THE SICILIAN AND CALABRIAN EARTHQUAKE

“Messina and Reggio destroyed by an earthquake” flashed over the wires and appeared in our press the last days of the year. The terrible news, with its story of the fearful loss of life and property, seemed too appalling to be true. The world, though stunned by its magnitude, was yet to learn that no pen could describe the horrors of a disaster unparalleled in modern history, and that only those who saw the scene of devastation soon after the catastrophe have any realization of its terrible results. As for those who lived through the earthquake and escaped, the mental fear and physical agony they had undergone left their minds dazed and blank. When some realization of the truth dawned upon the world a wave of sympathy was awakened everywhere. It is especially for such times of disaster that the Red Cross has its being, and the call for help was immediately issued from headquarters at Washington. The President and Governors of States were notified that our National Society was ready to receive and transmit the contributions our people were glad to make for suffering Italy. President Roosevelt, in his cables to the King[8] of Italy, expressing his own and his countrymen’s sympathy, stated that the “American Red Cross has issued an appeal for the sufferers.” Many Governors of States issued proclamations, asking that all contributions be sent through the American Red Cross. How promptly and how generously, our people expressed their sympathy in tangible shape is known everywhere. Glad were we in America to do what we could to help our suffering fellow-men in beautiful and well-loved Italy. Something of what the American Red Cross, our national member of that greatest of all institutions of international brotherhood, has been able to do with the contributions it has received is told in this Bulletin by those who in Italy have helped to administer the funds. In all of this work the Society has had the most valuable and untiring assistance of Mr. Lloyd Griscom, the American Ambassador at Rome. It cannot too strongly express its appreciation of all that he has accomplished in the line of careful and prompt use of the money it has sent. What our Red Cross has accomplished has been done with a sincere desire to be of help, with a deep appreciation of the complex and difficult problem Italy has had and still has to face, and with the hope that the wounds of this beautiful country, so recently devastated by this terrible calamity, may soon be healed and the people re-established in a happy and prosperous life.

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ITALIAN RED CROSS

Knowing that the Italian Red Cross was especially well organized for carrying on hospital relief work, because of its field hospitals, fourteen hospital trains and equipment for two ships’ hospitals, besides an active personnel, the American Red Cross transmitted to it through our Ambassador at Rome $320,000 to be applied to its relief work in the earthquake district. The Italian Red Cross, in two previous Calabrian earthquakes and at the time of the Vesuvian eruption, maintained a number of hospitals and relief stations. At the time of the latter disaster the American Red Cross received about $12,000, which was transmitted to the Italian Red Cross. Later a special report was made by this Society of the relief work it performed at that time. A report of the relief operations in Southern Italy will doubtless be issued sometime in the future, but this must not be expected too soon, as experience has taught how long drawn out is relief work after serious disasters. Baron Mayor des Planches, the Italian Ambassador at Washington, in speaking of the Italian Red Cross, said:

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On January 4, the following cablegram was received from Count Taverna:

Since this despatch was received further remittances have been made, bringing the total of the American Red Cross contributions to the Italian Red Cross up to $320,000.

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THE AMERICAN RED CROSS ORPHANAGE

Hundreds of little children were left fatherless and motherless amidst the ruins of Messina and Calabria. Scores of them were even too young to be able to give any information in regard to themselves or their families. For years these must be cared for, and having been left without property or relatives, must be so educated that, after reaching mature years, they will be able to support themselves. Helpless childhood appeals strongly to everyone, and the Red Cross, which after great calamities[12] aims when the first temporary aid is over, to rehabilitate and place again upon their feet the victims of the disasters, was ready to accept the suggestion of the Italian Government that some of the funds entrusted to its administration by the American people should be devoted to the maintenance of an agricultural colony in Sicily or Calabria for the care of a hundred or more of the orphaned children. In national relief the American Red Cross does not permit the use of its emergency funds for the purpose of any permanent endowments, but in international relief it believes it wisest to act under the suggestion of the American diplomatic representative, the Government and relief committees in the country where the disaster occurs. Therefore, when Mr. Griscom, the Ambassador at Rome, after consulting with the Italian Government, asked that such an agricultural orphanage colony be maintained by a donation from the American Red Cross, the suggestion was promptly complied with. Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars are to be devoted to this purpose.

The colony will be situated in Sicily or Calabria, and will consist of model farms, where scientific agricultural instructions will be given by agents of the Royal University of Agriculture. The Italian Government will furnish the land, and the Italian National Relief, under the patronage of Queen Helena will provide the buildings. It will be called “The American Red Cross Orphanage,” and the American Ambassador is to be an ex-officio member of its governing committee. It is to be a lay institution, and not ecclesiastical. A yearly budget of its expenses will be[13] published, which must meet the approval of the Minister of the Interior, who at present is also the Prime Minister. A number of the poor women left widows and dependent by the earthquake, and who in many cases also lost their little children, will be given employment at this orphanage, and the care of other little children will help to lift this sorrow from their hearts. From these women the children will receive again much of that mother-love and care of which this terrible disaster has robbed them.

Speaking of this orphanage, Mr. Griscom writes on February 19 to the chairman of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross:

Ambassador Griscom, under date of February 18, forwarded to the State Department for transmission to the American Red Cross two letters from the Countess Spaletti Rasponi, the President of the Patronato Regina Elena, and from the[14] Honorable Bruno Chimirri, President of the “Comitato di Vigilanza,” respectively, expressing the gratitude of the Committee and Council of the Patronato Regina Elena for the gift of $250,000, for the establishment of the Orphanage. The letters referred to follow:

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HOUSES FOR ITALY

Our own experiences after serious disasters in the United States have taught us that in nearly all of such cases one of the most serious problems to be met is the providing of shelter for the thousands—sometimes hundreds of thousands of victims. Italy has had this same serious problem to meet after the late unparalleled disaster in Sicily and Calabria. The American Ambassador at Rome was requested by the State Department to consult with the Italian Government as to the best use to be made of the $500,000 left by the Congressional appropriation of $800,000, after the supplies on the Navy ships,[17] Celtic and Culgoa, which were sent to the scene of the disaster, had been paid for. The reply came in the nature of a request that this fund be expended in the purchase and providing of materials for houses. This suggestion has been admirably carried out by the Navy Department, which has purchased and shipped, fully prepared, materials for the immediate erection of 2,500 houses, including window sashes, doors, etc., and the charter of four ships for their transportation. Some eight expert carpenters and a large number of tools have been sent on these vessels, that the erection of these houses may go on promptly.

But the need of shelter will continue, for Mr. Griscom writes that the homes of 1,100,000 persons have been completely or partially destroyed and their mode of life interrupted, so on his advice and that of the Italian Government, the American Red Cross, with the kind aid of Pay-Inspector J. A. Mudd, of the United States Navy, who took entire charge of this matter, purchased in New Orleans, at a cost of $100,000, the materials for 550 complete houses, chartering for the purpose of their transportation the S. S. Newlands, which sailed for Messina on February 11. Besides the materials for these[18] houses, there was shipped a large quantity of lumber. No carpenters nor tools were sent on this vessel, as those already sent on the Government ships would be available for the work of erecting these Red Cross houses, each of which will have before it a little metal enameled placard in red, white and blue, of which a reproduction is given at the head of this article.

Ex-Governor Guild on January 26 informed the Red Cross that forty-nine portable houses could be obtained in Massachusetts from the Springfield Portable Construction Company. These were purchased for $6,978, and shipped on one of the vessels carrying the government lumber directly to Messina, without expense. The Springfield Portable Construction Company kindly returned to the Red Cross $500 of the payment made on these houses as their contribution for the relief work.

As the Congressional appropriation has been entirely expended for house materials and the chartering of ships, the American Red Cross, besides expending $10,000 for the erection of the houses it has sent over, has transmitted $38,000 to pay for the erection of the houses to be made from the materials purchased and shipped by the United States Government.

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EARLY DAYS OF RELIEF

BY W. BAYARD CUTTING, JR.
Special Representative of the American National Red Cross.

Mr. W. Bayard Cutting, the American Vice-Consul at Milan, who was promptly sent to the scene of the disaster by the Ambassador at Rome to look after American and consular interests, was requested by the American Red Cross to act there as its Special Representative, and $15,000 was placed at his disposition to meet any immediate needs, especially those of any Americans he might discover among the victims. Mr. Cutting most kindly consented to act in this capacity. He was on the scene within a few days of the catastrophe, and his interesting article written for the Bulletin gives a graphic description of the early days of the relief work. The Red Cross is not only indebted to Mr. Cutting for this article, but for the valuable aid he rendered to the Society.—Editor.

When the steamer Nord Amerika entered the harbor of Messina on the morning of January 2, 1909, there was no excited rush among the passengers to get a first view of the town. We knew that we were about to have one of the greatest impressions of our life, to see a panorama of desolation and destruction such as the world has rarely presented in the history of man. Amid that desolation we were to live for days and weeks, and to perform trying duties; new sensations would soon crowd upon us; curiosity would be satisfied all too soon. Meanwhile there was no reason for hurrying[20] to a scene of horror. Thus we sat uneasily in the saloon, where we had spent a night of seasick misery, and tried to munch dry bread and ship’s biscuit, inventing pretexts for not going on deck. We all dreaded the flames and the ruins, and the corpses floating through the straits, up and down with the tide. Then the engines stopped; we had arrived, and must go ashore. Each of us stuffed a loaf or a biscuit into his pocket, and had a look at his revolver. Those few who had water-bottles filled them. With nerves braced to face any horrors, we ascended the companion way.

We saw what the traveler to Messina has seen through the centuries—one of the beautiful places of the earth bathed in the light of the rising sun. We were close to the shore, it is true, and could make out the ruins. The palaces fronting along the stately Marina were roofless. There were gaps between the palaces—white heaps of debris. Toppling buildings, and houses without outer walls, like children’s doll houses, could be made out. Here and there out of a roof came flames and curling smoke. But to see all this one had to look for it. What attracted the eye, and compelled attention through the magical appeal of its beauty, was a broad expanse of still water, protected from the sea by a projecting point of land; then a flat water front, two or three miles long; and behind, circle after circle of hills, bewildering in their rich variety of form and color. This was the real Messina, you felt, what an ancient phraseology would call its formal and final causes. With those fertile hills, with this spacious harbor, situated on a principal trade route, Messina would always be a city. Houses and inhabitants there would always be to embody the Messina idea, to fulfill the Messina purpose.

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The port was filled with ships, flying the flags of many nations. Boatmen in rowboats surrounded the Nord Amerika and offered to take us ashore. There was nothing catastrophic or even dramatic in their appearance and manner. I was almost disappointed to see them so well dressed, and pleased, on the other hand, to observe that they did not attempt to bargain. From the boatmen, as a matter of fact, when I talked to them, I first derived that strong impression of the oriental affinity of the Sicilians which deepened with every day of my stay in Messina. Their mood was one of submission, unsurprised and unassertive, to the hard hand of fate. They did not rebel nor complain, and on the other hand they would not strive. Life had ceased to have any value; why trouble about its prolongation? It was folly to think of building a comfortable house, when there was no one left to occupy it; or to earn money which could bring no sweetness. So most of them sat idly in the streets, or under the roof of the market, and took what food was put before them; or stood watching the soldiers dig in their own homes, where their families were buried, without raising a hand to help. The few who worked, like our boatmen, did not care what pay they received. A piece of bread they were glad to get; but when it was a matter of money, one lira or five was all the same.

This apathy of the native population, amounting to a kind of stupor, since it abolished even begging, stood out sharply before us, when we went ashore, in contrast to the activity of the military forces. As we turned to the left down the long Marina—we had landed near the northern extremity of the town and it was clear that the center of things was far to the south—the way was so crowded that we could not walk more than two abreast, and were often obliged to fall into single file. The Marina is a broad promenade along the water’s edge; but at least half its width was blocked with debris from the palaces at the back; and on the water side the way was stopped by impediments of all kinds; piles of lumber, blanket heaps and rude huts put up for temporary shelter—tarpaulins spread over poles, for the most part. As we walked down the middle, picking our way among the cracks and fissures in the ground, we were constantly making way for troops of soldiers with spades and pick-axes over their shoulders. Almost equally numerous were the parties bearing long lines of litters. They were marching in our direction or else out of side streets to our right; and as they passed we looked nervously at each burden, to see whether the face was uncovered. Sometimes it was; occasionally even the occupant of the litter was raised on his elbow, staring with uncomprehending curiosity at the crowd on either side. More often no face was exposed; then we knew that the man was one of those dead who encumbered the path to the living. No bodies were touched, we knew, unless they actually impeded the work of rescue. Otherwise they must be left alone; the living had the first claim. Yet the line of litters was unending.

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On our right the view of the town was screened by a line of fairly intact house fronts. The principal palaces of Messina had flanked the Marina; their outer walls had resisted bravely, on the whole. Such glimpses as we got of the interiors made it clear that those walls were mere shells; still they gave to the Marina a deceptive appearance of solidity. Between the palaces, however, came long heaps of mere debris, thirty or forty feet high. One of them we knew must be our consulate; but which? No one could tell us. No one could even direct us to the military headquarters, or to the office of the Prefect. The Italian officers knew less than the native inhabitants; they were strangers and newcomers like ourselves. We walked ahead at random towards the curve at the southern end of the harbor where masts and funnels were most numerous. Occasionally, as we passed a side street less completely blocked than the rest, we got a view of the interior of the town—an incoherent extravagance of ruin such as no pen can describe. The street always ended in a mountainous mass of wreckage; but the houses at the sides had assumed every variety of fantastic attitude. Beams and pillars crossing at absurd angles; windows twisted to impossible shapes, floors like “montagnes russes;” roofs half detached and protruding, preserved in place quite inexplicably. And then front walls torn away, laying bare the interior of apartments. In the same house one room would be a heap of wreckage, and its neighbor absolutely intact, with the music open at the piano, a marked book on the table, and the Italian Royal Family looking down from the walls. A third room perhaps held nothing but a chandelier, but that chandelier in perfect condition, without a broken globe. No two houses were alike; the earthquake had picked its victims here and there, following no predictable rule. Sometimes the victims could be seen lying in their own houses. Here and there a rope of knotted sheets hanging from a window showed where someone had escaped. And everywhere solitude and silence, save for the sound of the pick and the shovel. Only the soldiers and officials were allowed in the town: all others must remain on the Marina.

RED CROSS STATION.

A little this side of the Municipio, or city hall, which we identified through the flames and smoke in which it was enveloped, we came upon a Red Cross station—a square building belonging to the Custom House. Here, stretched out in the sun, lay the rescued of the day—five or six only, for it was not yet nine o’clock. Opposite the Municipio was the covered market, now the home of hundreds of survivors, and a place where bread was distributed. Between the market and the Municipio a marble Neptune of the eighteenth century still posed in nude absurdity. The most trivial of figures in the most trivial of poses had been spared, to the tips of his silly fingers, to stand between the flaming wreckage of the palace and the human wreckage of the market. Still further along, where the Marina widened again, we came upon the landing where the dead were laid out—men, women and children, all deposited in haste under some inadequate covering; a ghastly sight. From time to time a row boat would come up to the landing. The bodies were piled into it, and rowed out to sea.

The Commander-in-Chief, we ascertained at last, could be found on the Duca di Genova, a steamer of the merchant marine anchored at the southern end of the harbor. Our struggle through the crowds to the landing stage; our fruitless efforts to get a boat; our final success, through the help of a friendly Italian officer; our visits to one ship and another, to authorities military and civil; our vain attempts to extract even the simplest information, such as the situation of our consulate and the fate of our consul; all this would be as dreary to tell as it was to experience. After three or four hours of ceaseless effort we returned to the shore with the following net acquisitions: an order for a tent,[25] which we might pitch at a place to be appointed by the General in command of the third sector; permission to send one short official telegram; and a friend.

The friend was Mr. Baylis Heynes, a British merchant of Messina, who represented the firm of Peirce Brothers. His house had been spared by the earthquake. After taking his wife and children to a villa outside of the town, he had hurried back without a thought for personal safety or comfort and had thrown himself into the work of saving lives and property. In the villa his wife was caring for more than fifty destitute Messinesi, with such little food and clothing as she could procure. Mr. Heynes meanwhile was indefatigable in the work of rescue; and his coolness and intelligence at a time when everyone else was excited and flustered had already proved of inestimable value. He now offered us his house for a consulate, and the large garden behind for a Red Cross hospital. They were situated at the extreme northern end of the town, more than two miles from the headquarter’s ships. But the house was solid and uninjured and the garden spacious; it was in fact the “Lawn Tennis Club” of Messina. We accepted gladly Mr. Heynes’ kind offer, and started back with him to inspect the premises.

It was no longer morning. The sun had been shining brightly for many hours. The smell of the dead rose from the earth, unendurably penetrating. It floated across the Marina on a light shore breeze; then at places it became suddenly pungent, so pungent that you expected to tread upon the cause. The ruined masses beside us took on a new horror. Beneath them, close to the dead of whose presence we were unconscious, were thousands of living, whose only air was the air we smelt. How few the soldiers seemed, in comparison to the gigantic task of excavation! And why were they all away? Poor men, they needed their mid-day rest, perhaps the full three hours they were given; but could there not be twice as many, working in relays?

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AMERICAN CONSULATE.

Mr. Heynes pointed out the Consulate—perhaps the largest, solidest, most hopeless mass of rubbish in the whole of Messina. Nothing deserving the name of an object was discernable in the whole pile, except the long flag-staff which protruded from the heap towards the street. The Consulate had been a corner house on a side street; surely we ought to be able to identify at least the remains of the stone arch which had marked the entrance to the street. But the mass was absolutely compact and uniform, obliterating every trace of an opening. It was not astonishing that the soldiers had left that particular pile unexcavated. Hundreds of men would be needed, for many days, to get to the bottom of the mound; and what chance was there, at the end, of finding a survivor? The fate of Dr. and Mrs. Cheney was already a tragic certainty; the best that could be hoped was that their death had been instantaneous.

Not far beyond the Consulate, on a side street near the Piazza Vittoria (now a large camp, filled with tarpaulin shacks), we saw the ruined house of Mr. Joseph Peirce, who had been our vice-consul until six days before the earthquake. A few soldiers were working in the heap; and several of the former occupants of the building were standing by, each waiting for some relative to be disinterred. One of the bystanders had been two days buried under the house, but had worked himself near enough to the surface to make himself heard, and had thus been rescued. All had known Mr. Peirce; two said they had seen him on the second day after the earthquake, his body buried and terribly crushed, his head alone appearing out of the wreckage. They told us that his brother had come to save him, but had not been able to remove the heavy pile of masonry and beams. When all efforts proved unavailing the brother had said goodbye to Mr. Peirce and stood there till he died. The body was gone now, evidently the brother had removed it later.

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When we had returned to the Marina, near the point where we had first landed, we found our baggage heaped in the middle of the road. To my servant, Antonio Alegiani, who sat upon the pile, an old man was talking voluble English without noticing that he was not understood. The stranger introduced himself as John B. Agresta, a naturalized American, a pensioner of the Civil War and a very important person at the consulate. He had been guide and interpreter. He had done much work for Dr. Cheney. He would show us everything, the part of the house where the Cheneys slept, the office, the safe; especially the safe. In it we should find two thousand lire belonging to him (Agresta). Why did we not come at once instead of wasting time talking to people who knew nothing? Dr. Cheney was dead, of course, and Mrs. Cheney. And Mr. Lupton? Yes, he was dead, too, and there was no doubt of it. Agresta had seen him the night before the earthquake, and had since seen his hotel, not a stone of it in place. Poor Mr. Lupton was certainly dead.

Just at this moment a young man with a pipe in his mouth came round the corner. “Why, hello, Agresta,” he said, “glad to see you alive.” It was Lupton himself, our vice-consul. We thought he must have stepped out of a ruin, or been dug out; in our greeting, no doubt, was something of the awe with which one would salute a visitor from the other world. Lupton soon explained that he had never left the earth, nor even its surface. Half of his hotel had been spared; he had walked down the stairs into the black street, and waded about in water up to his knees till morning dawned. The story has been published in his own words; I wish I could insert the anecdotes and reproduce the turns of the phrases with which he made us see, as in a flash, that prodigious morning of December 28th. We told him we had come to help him, and put ourselves under his orders; he seemed glad to see us; we were soon friends. Together we set out to inspect Mr. Heynes’ house and garden.

It was a solid two-story building, one of an uninjured block; the very house, as a tablet reminded us, in which Garibaldi had lived at the time of his triumphant entrance into Messina at the head of the Thousand. Over the door we set up the American shield, and hung out the flag from a corner window. A week later the British flag flew beside it. Mr. Heynes had been appointed acting vice-consul of his nation. Meanwhile we turned the entrance hall below into a consular office, and set up our beds in the large garden behind, under a tent, so soon as we were able to obtain that coveted article. Sleeping upstairs was unsafe, so long as we continued to have four or five shocks a day, some of them severe enough to bring down a number of buildings.

Once settled, three problems confronted us; to excavate the old consulate, to ascertain the fate of such Americans as had been in Sicily at the time of the earthquake, and to bring relief to the suffering population of Messina.

The first task fell almost entirely to Major Landis, our Military Attachè at the Embassy in Rome. On the night of our arrival a squad of thirty Italian soldiers, under a lieutenant, was put at his disposition for the excavation of the consulate, and there he spent the work hours of the next fortnight. Towards the end the Italian soldiers were replaced by sailors from our own warships; it was the crew of the Illinois who finally discovered the remains of Dr. and Mrs. Cheney. They were found at the very bottom of the pile, only four feet above the street level, though their bedroom had been on the second floor. They had been killed at once and apparently without suffering; it was reasonable to hope that no return of consciousness had broken the slumber from which they passed into eternal rest.

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Our second duty was to find and succor Americans. Among the survivors at Messina, besides Dr. Lupton and Agresta, we found only one family, a naturalized American with the six small children of one of his brothers who lived in Brooklyn. These we sent back to the United States. But, what Americans had been killed? This question we had no means of solving. We had brought with us long lists of Americans known to be in Sicily, whose relatives were inquiring anxiously about their fate. Something must be attempted in order to put an end to the agonized suspense of so many families. Most of the persons whom we wished to find were doubtless safe at one of the Sicilian resorts. As for telegrams, none had yet arrived from any source, and letters were not delivered until the eleventh day; there were no postal clerks, we were informed, to distribute them. It was plain that the only way to get information was to go and get it. Two of us were accordingly detailed to take the train to Taormina.

After obtaining with some difficulty the military pass allowing us to return, we walked to the railroad station and boarded a train. No one knew whether it would start that day or the next. As a matter of fact it began to move less than two hours after our arrival, and with surprising speed considering its portentous length and its over-crowded condition. In spite of long stops at every station, to take out wounded or to let them aboard, the journey of thirty miles was completed in two hours and a quarter. We were surprised to find that after eight or ten miles all signs of destruction ceased. The first villages were in ruins, like Messina; and in the fields soldiers were digging great rows of trenches, in which they deposited lime: obviously the sea was no longer to receive all the dead. But soon we came upon towns with only a few fallen houses; before long a mutilated roof was a curiosity; and fifteen miles from Messina the country presented a completely normal appearance. We did not realize then that those villages between Messina and Taormina were in greater distress than any district, probably, in the whole of Sicily or Calabria. Thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of refugees from the city fled on foot to these little towns, imploring charity. The inhabitants received them with true hospitality and gave them of their best. But as the days and weeks passed the supply of food ran short. Nothing arrived by rail; the trains were filled with cargoes for Messina or else for Taormina or Catania; charity passed the little places by. It was a month after the earthquake that two American gentlemen from Taormina, Messrs. Wood and Bowdoin, discovered and reported the incredible distress of this starving rural population. And now another American, Mr. Billings, of Boston, is devoting himself to the relief of this district and is spending there the principal part of the generous offerings of Massachusetts.

TAORMINA.

Taormina was full of rumors. For a week the only news had been supplied by wounded refugees, distraught with fear and misery; in their description the earthquake had become almost a supernatural event. Strange lights had blazed in the sky; a comet had struck the earth and raised the waters of the deep. Luckily the wires to Catania and Syracuse,[30] and from Catania to Palermo, were open. By telegraphing to all of these cities and by searching the hotel registers of Taormina, we were able to find nearly all the names on our lists. There were many Americans still in Taormina and many English. All of them were working together, distributing relief and caring for the sick. A hundred and fifty refugees were in the hospital of Taormina and three hundred and eighty in the little fishing village of Giardini at the foot of the cliff. Our countrymen were working night and day to help them, giving them food and clothing; and instead of complaining of the heavy burden of so many patients, they begged us to send more. One or two of them met every train from Messina, to distribute bread to the hungry passengers. The ladies devoted themselves chiefly to the hospitals, where they worked with unremitting energy.

BACK TO MESSINA.

Our brief glance at the efficient relief of Taormina made the conditions at Messina, upon our return, seem even more desperate than before. Here the problem was vastly complicated by the dispersion of the population and the lack of any registers of inhabitants. The scarcity of houses had driven the population to take refuge, so far as possible, in the hill villages surrounding the town. Here most of the families were installed, not only the able-bodied, but the sick and wounded as well. One of each family would spend the days in Messina, trying to procure enough food to keep his relatives alive. The complete lack of transport animals and the absorption of the soldiers in the work of rescue, made relief expeditions to the villages impossible. For food distributions in Messina the rule had been adopted; one man, one loaf. The absence of registers made it possible for a strong man to push repeatedly to the head of the line, and to get bread at all the distributing places in succession. The result was a more or less disorderly rush for bread at all the distributing points, and the exclusion of all but the strongest, while many worthy families suffered from hunger in the midst of comparative plenty.

On the evening of our first arrival at Messina, I had a chance to talk to Senator Duranti, the chief of a hospital expedition sent by the order of the Cross of Malta. I asked him what articles of food, clothing and medical supplies were most needed, and how the American money accumulating in Rome could be spent with most profit to Messina. He told me that medical stores of all kinds were sadly wanted, and that there was still a lack of food, bread, macaroni, olive oil, butter, and especially milk—for the women and children—and also underclothes and shirts. The milk should be sterilized, not condensed, because the ignorant peasant women could not be induced to give their children an unaccustomed food, especially if it had to be prepared or mixed. Acting upon Senator Duranti’s advice, we telegraphed that night to the Ambassador in Rome for the enumerated supplies. The U. S. despatch boat Scorpion, which had just arrived from Constantinople, was starting for Naples to coal. Her commander, Captain Logan, kindly took our dispatches to the Ambassador, and brought back the supplies, which we received on the 6th. At the same time we learned that an American relief ship was being stocked in Rome, and would soon arrive with huge stores of food and clothing, and that the U. S. S. Culgoa was due on the 8th from Port Said with immense supplies of all kinds.

[31]

The arrival of our first stores—which luckily far exceeded our requests—brought us face to face with the problem of direct distribution. Messina was already more orderly. On the 6th or 7th the Marina was first lighted by electricity—a fortunate occurrence, since most of the foreign warships on whose search lights we had been dependent, had now departed. To these ships Messina and Italy had good reason to be grateful.

BRITISH AND RUSSIAN SAILORS’ AID.

I do not know what words could adequately convey the extent of service rendered by all the fleets, but especially the British and Russian. As transports, store ships, refugees’ hospitals, telegraph stations they had been invaluable: but it was as rescuers of the living that they were pre-eminent. The Russian sailor was a revelation to those who did not know the quiet common sense, the tactful sympathy and the unassuming heroism of the moujik. The Russians were the only people who always had everything on the spot. The saying got about that they had ordered the earthquake and fitted out a fleet beforehand for the purpose of relief. As to the British bluejackets, they had not a reputation to make. They did exactly what was expected of them; and in the expected way; that is with energy and courage, with easy practical mastery of every kind of work, and with complete unconsciousness of anything unusual or particularly meritorious in their performance. And the English nation and press, instinctively realizing that silence may be a higher tribute than praise, has accepted the fleet’s work at its own valuation; as a task performed in the ordinary way of duty, and performed well, as became British sailors.

About the same time or a little later, the water supply was connected with a portion of the town. Lack of water had been one of our chief discomforts. It could be procured at one place only, two miles from the consulate; with great difficulty we had obtained a pailful each day for our party. The streets had become filthy beyond description: now it was possible to flood them. A train to Palermo crawled out of Messina from time to time. The dead were being removed from the streets, and many of them were buried instead of being taken out to sea. On the fires in front of the tarpaulin houses stood pots of macaroni cooking. The hospital ships which departed for Naples, Genoa or Catania were no longer crowded to over-flowing. The people actually living in Messina were comparatively comfortable. But every improvement in organization brought out more clearly the needs which confusion had obscured. Inside the city and out, no one had any clothes except what he had been able to snatch from his house on the morning of the 28th; and not two miles from the Municipio, in all directions, ran the hunger line—beyond which lay the region of actual famine.

It must be remembered that Messina was in a state of siege. That means that it was controlled in every department by a single central military authority. The state of siege was necessary in order to maintain order and health; but it entailed inevitable disadvantages in connection with relief work. Effective relief should be decentralized; it should operate through innumerable agents invested with responsibility and discretionary power, who seek out the individual and have the means to assist him. Government by martial law means that nothing can be done or given except by permission of the military chief, and an order[32] for stores cannot be obtained in a minute. This was why the hospitals, the Red Cross stations and relief agencies of all kinds were so frequently short of supplies. Requisitions of particular articles which had run out, such as brandy or antiseptics or milk, required too great an expense of time; the workers were everywhere fewer than the needs: they could not be spared. From our own experience in sending telegrams or procuring permits we learned to appreciate the inevitable disabilities of a system of complete centralization in dealing with a situation of such chaotic complexity.

What part we could take as independent distributors was not evident. Under the circumstances we decided to divide our supplies into three parts. The first, consisting of medical stores, milk, butter, oil, chocolate and underclothes, was given to the central medical officials, for use in the hospitals. The second, of a similar nature, we took to Reggio and San Giovanni, for distribution to the hospitals there. The medical authorities of each place selected from our lists the articles of which they were in need. The remainder of the stores we took to the consulate and distributed ourselves.

In picking out individuals to assist, we paid special attention to residents of our own district, with whom we were beginning to become acquainted, to persons known to Mr. Heynes, and to such inhabitants of Messina as had some connection with America. We were constantly asked by Messinesi to send telegrams to their relatives in the United States, and if possible to help them rejoin those relatives. But as our immigration laws forbid the importation of the destitute, we had to tell the applicants that we could send their telegrams, but that we could not provide passage to America.

The consulate soon became a busy place. Two soldiers stood at the door to keep the line of applicants in order; inside, one of us investigated the applicants, and registered the facts of each case in a book,[33] another took the written orders and brought back the stores, which were handed out by a third. It is perhaps superfluous to add that in cases of actual hunger no investigation was attempted. The help of Mr. and Mrs. Heynes was invaluable throughout. It enabled us to send stores to families at a distance, who had not heard of our consulate or were unable to come. Other pitiable cases were brought to our attention by the American and English newspaper correspondents, and by Mr. Frank A. Perret, the seismic expert well known for his heroism at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906.

Meanwhile the United States Warships Yankton and Culgoa, the latter loaded with stores, had joined the Scorpion in the harbor. The sailors were detailed to help us clean the house and garden and put up a number of tents for a hospital. Colonel Radcliffe, the British Military Attachè, to whose clear-headed determination is due the chief credit for the admirable organization of British relief work, aided us in countless ways. He was occupied at that time in searching for the body of Mrs. Ogston, wife, of the British Consul. When the remains were found, it was a party of American sailers from the Connecticut that formed the funeral escort.

ARRIVAL OF THE “BAYERN.”

Then, on the evening of the 8th, arrived the American Red Cross Relief Ship Bayern, with the American Ambassador aboard and the American Naval Attachè, Captain Belknap, in command. I am still amazed at the intuitive grasp of the situation displayed by the organizers of the expedition. From inception to completion, in every detail of planning and execution, the cruise of the Bayern was emphatically a success.

Messina was not the place, however, where the Bayern was needed. A day ashore convinced the Ambassador and the committee that large distributions of food and clothing were not advisable at the present time. Supplies and a sum of money were given to the Archbishop of Messina, for his hospital; the stock at the consulate was replenished; a trip was made to the Calabrian coast, where the military authorities were given what stores they requested; then, early on the morning of the 11th, the Bayern sailed for Catania.

CATANIA.

We went ashore, wondering whether we were needed. An hour later we wondered whether it was worth our while to think of going anywhere else. The situation at that time was simply appalling: it is appalling today, five weeks after our visit. Catania and every house in Catania had been swamped with refugees. Three thousand of them lay in the five hospitals; two thousand in the three main refuges—converted barracks or convents; and twenty thousand were scattered over the city. One lady whom we met had sixty in her own house; another, thirty: another, seventeen. The Prefect was spending 20,000 lire daily, a sum barely sufficient to supply bread rations and to keep the hospitals running, but quite insufficient to provide sheets or clothing for the patients. Even the hospitals were short of mattresses; in the refuges the inmates slept on heaps of straw. The little towns in the country districts were as full of refugees as Catania and in still greater distress; at Catania there was at least bread. Red Cross branches, municipal committees of[34] men and women, were working valiantly, but they were struggling with absolute penury—a complete lack of funds. The money received by the Prefect from the Government appeared to be the only cash from the outside which had yet arrived at Catania. It was still only a fortnight since the earthquake. Apparently no one in Italy had yet realized that money was needed immediately in places like Catania. Food and clothing were sent, for instance, but at Catania the food and clothing shops were well stocked. The Bayern after giving away nearly its whole supply of clothes renewed the supply by purchases at Catania for distribution at Reggio. Obviously it would have been more economical to have given the Catanians money to buy the clothes of which they were in want than to send the clothes from Italy. The work of making up the clothes could have been given to the refugees themselves, had there been money to pay them. It is true that at Catania, as elsewhere, we found a general conviction that nothing would make the refugees work. The women, it was said, had their children to look after; the men could think of nothing but returning to Messina to recover their property and the remains of their relatives. All were plunged in a state of morbid apathy which made work out of the question. This view, however plausible under the circumstances, has been completely disproved; wherever the refugees have been given work to do under proper supervision, they have worked. But at Catania the point was not worth arguing. There was no money to buy stuffs and sewing machines, or to pay wages; no rooms which could be used as workshops. A movement might have been organized to employ fifty or a hundred women, perhaps; but with 25,000 refugees to keep from starvation and crime the city could not spare any of its workers to organize an employment agency which, at the best, would benefit only a few persons. Nothing but large sums of ready money could have helped the situation; and ready money was not yet forthcoming. The Bayern had brought a certain amount of money to distribute; and I had funds of the American Red Cross. With what we had we were able to give sums of cash to the committees, the hospitals, the refuges and other charities.

The hospitals of Catania alone took almost all the clothes, blankets and medical stores we had to give. Yet the hospitals were in an enviable situation compared to the refuges. Here the inmates were in a worse plight than when they had escaped, half-naked from the ruins of Messina. A blanket, a heap of straw, and a daily bread ration, was about all the average inmate had received since his arrival. Few of them had changed their clothes or brushed their hair once: all were living in a state of filth, which extended to their persons and their habitations and which was a menace to the health of the town. Let no one think that their plight was the result of neglect. The Catanians showed no neglect or inefficiency. They worked hard and they worked with intelligence, but they had no money.

A curious and by no means reassuring feature of the refuges was the willingness of their inmates to stay where they were, or rather their unwillingness to move. I noticed the same fact at Palermo, where the condition of the refugees was similar, though perhaps less distressing. The inertia induced originally by the complex action of physical and moral shocks on an oriental fatalistic temperament increased rapidly, alarmingly, under the influence of a life without interest, occupation, pleasure or duty. Dependent squalor soon became pleasant, and any return to independence uninviting. The hope of getting a cigar from some visitor was enough to fill the day satisfactorily. Dirt, we know, soon became endurable; as a philosopher once said, “Every man is clean enough for himself.” What had happened already at the time of our visit was that the inmates of the refuges had begun to regard their present life as permanent, and had abandoned even the desire to change it; they had been turned into paupers. Three-quarters of them spent the days in aimless loafing and chatter; the other quarter lay gloomily on the straw, thinking of the dead. Unless these people could be awakened, unless someone should compel them soon to work and to be clean, there were signs that they would become a permanent burden; and, what is more, a permanent menace to the population. Criminals are easily made in Sicily and when they are made they have no difficulty in finding occupation.

[35]

[36]

The problem of the refuges, then, was less to make them more comfortable than to abolish them as soon as possible and in the meantime to compel cleanliness and induce work among the inmates. But there was a scarcely less difficult and more elusive problem connected with the thousands of refugees scattered about the town in private houses, living in the garrets and stables. Many of them were skilled laborers of various kinds; not a few belonged to families of merchants or professional men and to the well-to-do classes. Their destitution was as complete, of course, as that of the rest, and the relief awarded to them was the same—a daily loaf of bread. Some of them were rich, if they could only find their evidences of wealth. To enable them to do this, and to support them meanwhile, the Catania business men had formed an association to which we were glad to be able to make a small contribution.

The general impression created by our visit to Catania was that of a problem too vast, too complicated, too closely connected with the habits and temperament of the people for any outsider to solve. To “rehabilitate” these thousands of peasants, artisans, professional men, merchants, landed proprietors, would require a carefully matured plan, which must proceed from the central authorities. But meanwhile, until the plan should be matured, there was ample scope for beneficent foreign intervention, and the most useful way to intervene was also the simplest—by direct money gifts, not indeed to individual refugees, but to the local relief bodies already organized by Italians. It was not necessary or even advisable to make large donations to the central authorities of each place. The system was already rather too much centralized than too little, as the authorities were the first to recognize. Far from being jealous of direct donations to the subordinate or independent institutions, they welcomed anyone who would investigate the various needs, and give help when help was most wanted. It appeared to us that the best way to dispose of American money was to entrust it to an agent on the spot, who should travel up and down the coasts of Sicily and encourage every well-directed movement by immediate money gifts. In time such movements would no doubt receive help from Rome; but in the meantime ready cash from unofficial sources might make the difference between success and failure.

SYRACUSE.

The Bayern spent three days at Catania. During that time I made a trip of investigation to Syracuse. Here the refugees numbered only 3,000—one-eighth of the number at Catania; but 900 of these were hospital patients. Syracuse, too, has only one-seventh of Catania’s population.[37] Its hospital accommodations at the time of the earthquake were for one hundred patients. If Syracuse had succeeded better than any other place in mastering the difficulties of the situation it was not because the difficulties were insignificant. Syracuse was fortunate in a Prefect and a Mayor of resource and capacity; in an unusually efficient body of volunteer workers, with one woman of great ability at their head; and in the fact that the importance of the work, as a moral and mental tonic for the refugees, was realized from the very beginning. Syracuse was the first place where refugees were set to work. The credit for this is due to an American, Miss Katherine Bennett Davis, head of the New York State Reformatory for Women.

When Miss Davis first thought of employing refugee women to make clothes for the hospitals, relief work at Syracuse was just emerging from a state of chaos. Four hospitals had been equipped after a fashion for the reception of patients. The Municipal hospital was already in good running order, through the efforts of Signor Broggi-Reale, head of the local Red Cross; the Archbishop’s palace was being rapidly transformed into a second hospital by a number of ladies; at the big barracks conditions were more primitive until the arrival of a splendidly equipped expedition of the German Red Cross. Most of the hospitals were short of blankets; all needed sheets, and all were entirely unsupplied with clothes for the patients. Of the two thousand able-bodied refugees, eight hundred were maintained aboard the steamship Nord Amerika; the rest were scattered about the town. A woman’s branch of the Red Cross was being organized by the Marchesa di Rudini, whose activity covered every branch of the work of relief and extended beyond the confines of Syracuse, to all the towns of the province. Her position as wife of one of the largest landowners of the province and daughter-in-law of Italy’s lamented premier; her independence of any particular organization; her skill and tact in uniting individuals and parties made her the most influential person in Syracuse. To her is due more than to anyone else the excellent organization of the Syracuse relief work.

Miss Davis was in Sicily in order to rest. The funds at her disposal amounted to six hundred lire only. But she saw an opportunity to help in the moral regeneration of the refugees and at the same time to supply one of the most pressing needs of the city. She went to the mayor and offered to employ refugee women in making clothes for the hospitals. Like everyone else, the Mayor had been told that the refugees would not work; but unlike everyone else, he decided to make the experiment. He gave Miss Davis two of his own rooms in the Municipio, supplied her with sewing machines, and promised to furnish all the necessary materials. She opened her shop on January 8th and soon had fifty women at work.

Miss Davis was not alone in her labors. Besides the support of the officials and of Madame di Rudini, she had the direct assistance, from the first, of Mrs. Musson, wife of the British clergyman, and later of Mrs. Sisco, of Florida. When gifts of money from the American Red Cross and from the Committee of the Bayern enabled Miss Davis to found a second workshop at Santa Lucia, the quarter of Syracuse situated on the mainland, Mrs. Musson became its manager. To supplement her own scanty knowledge of Italian, Miss Davis employed as interpreter and paymaster an English resident of Messina, Miss Smith, who had escaped from the earthquake without any of her belongings beyond what she could carry. The Syracusan ladies took an active interest in the[38] workshops; two of them, the Baronesses del Bosco, whose principal work was in the hospitals, found time nevertheless to give much of their attention to Miss Davis’ work, and assisted her particularly in the cutting-out department.

The workshops were a success from the beginning. Under Miss Davis’ unceasing supervision the women showed no tendency to idleness. A piece wage which would have put the unskillful and the beginners at a disadvantage was not found necessary; the women were paid by the day, one lira and a lunch of bread, cheese and wine. The question naturally suggested itself, could not the men also be induced to work? And could not their work be made to contribute, like that of the women, to supply their own wants?

Miss Davis had now the money to carry out her plans. But she had to face a new difficulty—the jealousy of the local artisans, who resented any influx of labor. Miss Davis began with the shoemakers because shoes, next to underwear, were the articles of clothing most needed by the refugees. She found a number of shoemakers among the refugees. These she induced the local shoemakers to employ by offering the following advantageous terms: The local man was to supply the materials and tools and to receive the price of the product, which Miss Davis promised to buy. She was also to pay wages to the refugee worker. Thus the refugee was employed, the local shoemaker profited and the stock of shoes was increased. At a later date Miss Davis found employment for all the carpenters, masons and painters among the refugees by paying them to complete a large two-story building, of which only one story had been built. When finished the building became an orphan asylum for seventy-five refugee children. The money for this work was furnished by Mr. Billings out of the Massachusetts funds.

So far only skilled laborers had been employed. But the persons who most needed work, those who deteriorated most rapidly when idle,[39] were the common unskilled laborers belonging to the lowest classes. Even in their normal condition nothing but hunger would induce these people to work; now they were fed and were in a state of moral inertia. Miss Davis’ proposal to the Mayor to employ a squad of sixty day laborers in improving the roads seemed almost certain to fail. The Mayor, however, decided to make the attempt; he was to supply tools, materials and supervision; Miss Davis was to pay the wages. Once more the unexpected happened; the men worked moderately well at first, then better every day. In a short time all traces of idleness and discontent had disappeared.

From the point of view of actual achievement and also of example Miss Davis’ feat at Syracuse seems to me the most important single contribution to the problem of rehabilitating the sufferers from the Messina earthquake. Her efforts were not limited, however, to giving employment. With funds allotted by the Bayern Committee she opened a pension or home for forty-two refugees of the better class, giving preference to convalescents from the hospitals. Here for the first time the refugees found soap, brushes, combs, clean clothes, all the articles of first necessity of which they had been deprived since the earthquake. The home was so successful that the Marchesa di Rudini devoted most of the American money which had been given her, to spend at her discretion, to founding two similar institutions at Nolo and Avola, small towns of the province of Syracuse. These homes the Prefect of Syracuse promised to support out of Government funds when the original donations should be spent. In Miss Davis’ home at Syracuse the moral health of the inmates was never forgotten. Before the home had been opened a fortnight the women among the inmates were busy making clothes, voluntarily and without pay, for less fortunate refugees. Every scheme of Miss Davis served a double end—practical utility and moral rehabilitation.

Upon my return to Catania I found the Bayern ready to start for Reggio. During her stay she had not only dispensed relief to Catania and the environs, but had also supplied the wants of the Taormina and Giardini hospitals.

REGGIO.

Of our second visit to Reggio I need say little. It was the saddest place of any, perhaps; nowhere else were the inhabitants plunged in such a state of complete dejection. There were no adventurers or imposters at Reggio: only the remains of families, sitting or standing mournfully among the ruins of their own homes. There was no danger in giving money to these people; their need was too obvious, their distress too genuine. We distributed our cargo, gave what help we could, paid a second visit to Messina and after two days proceeded to Palermo.

PALERMO.

Conditions at Palermo were only less desperate than at Catania. The refugees numbered about 11,000, of whom about 900 were in the hospitals. Nearly all of the remainder were in refuges, very few having been taken into private houses. All the barracks, the prison, half the schools, several convents, several theaters, and even a number of churches had been turned into refuges, of which the largest held as many as a thousand inmates. The city is larger than Catania, with more wealthy[40] residents; it was therefore better off in many respects. But it suffered, like Catania, from the want of money from the outside, from the scarcity of intelligent workers, and from the particular dangers connected with the refuges.

I have already described the refuge system. If work is necessary for all the refugees, it is particularly necessary for those who live in these large communities. At Palermo their idleness had already turned to dangerous discontent. They complained constantly of their treatment, but refused to leave the refuges. No work for them had been organized when we arrived at Palermo. Enlightened by Miss Davis’ example, we immediately offered money for the institution of workshops on the same model as hers. The idea met with general approval. A beginning was made at once in one of the barracks and in the prison. Mr. Bishop, the American Consul, to whom we handed over the money for the enterprise, labored energetically to broaden the basis and extend the scope of the work. In a few days a ladies’ committee, of which the president was Mrs. Bishop and the vice-president Countess Mazza, wife of the General in Command at Messina, had founded workshops in five of the principal refuges, and another refuge, the Caserna Garibaldi, was organized on the same system by a parish priest, Father Trupiano, with the approval of the Archbishop of Palermo. According to the latest reports the Palermo workshops have been a success, like those of Syracuse. Some concessions had to be made to the inferior moral condition of the workers at the time when they were first employed. For instance, they had to be paid by the piece instead of by the day. But they have not proved idle on the whole, and such work as they have done has contributed directly to a most important object—the increase of the supply of clothing. Even if the Bayern committee had not been able to distribute 1,200 mattresses and 15 tons of food at Palermo, or to assist the municipal charities, their short visit of eight hours to the city would have been amply justified by the foundation of these workshops. With the cruise of the Bayern ended my direct participation in the work of relief. I have only a second-hand knowledge of the many other undertakings of the American Red Cross in Italy. But I have seen enough to have formed a few general opinions which may have a certain interest for Americans who have contributed to the various relief funds.

PROBLEMS OF RELIEF.

The Italian government and the Italian Red Cross found themselves, within a few days of the earthquake, in possession of enormous sums of money. As the government had the sole access to the afflicted districts and the sole authentic information about their needs, it was to the government that all contributions, Italian and foreign, were naturally sent. But there were several reasons why the government could not immediately turn that money over to the persons who most needed it or who could use it best.

In the first place, every consideration had to give place during the early days before the imperative necessity of transporting troops to the scene of disaster and of supplying them with the necessary food and equipment. In the second place, government funds are always particularly hard to protect from the suspicion of maladministration. The Italian government may have remembered criticisms of the way in which former funds had been distributed: at any rate, it determined on[41] this occasion to exercise all possible vigilance to prevent the waste or misappropriation of a penny. The distrust of the Sicilians, traditional in upper Italy, may have increased the tendency to send supplies rather than money, and to give all orders from a single central source. In the third place, the temporary feeding and clothing of the destitute was a very small part of the total relief problem. The end which the contributions must ultimately subserve was to restore the refugee population to some kind of normal life, not merely to keep them alive for a few months. But how to effect their rehabilitation was a question which could not be answered until many things were known; their numbers, for instance, the possibility of rebuilding the ruined towns, the amount of property recoverable, the condition of the harbors, channels, docks—a hundred facts which only time could reveal. Whenever a general scheme should be devised, vast sums would be required for its effectuation: till then it was important not to disperse the accumulating contributions.

This policy of prudence and circumspection, admirable as regards an ultimate settlement, was defective as a means of relieving immediately the wants of scattered localities spread over two large and more or less inaccessible regions. What was wanted in order to supply so many needs in so many places was a system of extreme decentralization, with large funds at the unfettered discretion of individual agents. Such a system was incompatible with the rigid supervision of expenditure which the government felt to be necessary. It could not be adopted by the government. But precisely for that reason it could be adopted with advantage by independent and especially by foreign relief societies. By giving all their contributions to the Italian central committee they would indeed be helping in the general plan of rehabilitation which the central committee was evolving, but they would not be doing the task for which they were especially fitted and from which the central committee was to a large extent excluded. If, on the other hand, they entrusted their funds to agents in Sicily or Calabria, whose duty it should be to investigate every town and every institution and to help quickly the most useful and the most needy organizations, they would be doing what no one else could do so well, and what no one else had done at all.

The objection to such a policy was the risk of giving just offense to the Italian government and people by interfering in what was essentially an Italian concern—a problem of internal administration. Such an objection appears to me to rest as a misconception. The Italians might well resent, and would very likely have resented, any interference which took the form of independent relief organizations, with direct pecuniary assistance of individuals. As a matter of fact, the German Red Cross hospital at Syracuse was an organization of this kind and it aroused nothing but enthusiasm. A hospital, however, is not like a distributing agency. What the Italians would have objected to, and rightly, would have been any attempt on the part of foreigners to decide Italian questions; how a given body of men should be employed, where certain orphans should be sent, what families should first be assisted; or to set up independent relief bureaus to which individuals might apply, thus duplicating or confusing the work of the Italians and opening an easy way to imposters. But there could be no objection, and there was none, to selective gifts by foreigners to Italian institutions. Such distributions could not possibly conflict with the official scheme of relief, for all the charitable institutions of every city were under the control of the prefect or of the mayor. Certainly during my experience in Sicily no hint[42] was ever given that gifts to the hospitals, refuges or volunteer committees were less acceptable than gifts to the prefect or the mayor. I think it is safe to assert that neither the Bayern nor any other American relief expedition in Sicily or Calabria has at any time given umbrage to any local authority. The central authorities at Rome, meanwhile, have done everything to assist and encourage the independent American expeditions. The Bayern was organized according to the advice of the government and with its approbation. Mr. Billings, before starting for Sicily to distribute the Massachusetts funds, consulted with several of the Italian ministers, with the head of the Central Committee, and with the President of the Red Cross. Mr. Gay and Mr. Dodge were accompanied on their trip to Calabria by an officer of the General Staff, and were recommended directly by the Ministers of War and of the Navy to the commanding officers of the different stations. The aim of the Americans has never been to act independently of the Italians, but simply to put at the service of the Italians their eyes and brains as well as their money.

AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS.

Americans who have contributed to the relief funds of the American Red Cross or directly to Italian funds can be satisfied that such part of their donations as went to the Italian central authorities will be spent with scrupulous probity in furtherance of a carefully considered and well matured plan of permanent rehabilitation, and that such part as was given by American agents has gone quickly and efficiently to the places where it was most needed, without any interference with the management by Italians of their own internal affairs. The problem is still in its early stages. The populations of the destroyed cities are not yet housed; the refugees are still living idly in the great towns. But that is an Italian, not an American question. We can be satisfied, it appears to me, with the system by which our money has been distributed hitherto, and be content to apply it to the future contingencies. That system has been for the American Red Cross to find out, through the American Ambassador at Rome, the exact needs of the Italians, as expressed by the government, and then to assign its needs for the enumerated purposes, giving a part to the central Italian authorities and a part to the Ambassador. What the Ambassador has received he has divided between central institutions and the relief of local needs. He has kept in touch directly with all the afflicted regions, through the consular corps, through special agents and through the reports of workers, and he has at the same time been in daily communication with the heads of all the official distributing committees. In this way he has been able to gauge accurately the needs of the situation. Certain American gifts, like the shipment of the three thousand houses, and the foundation of an agricultural school for one hundred children as a part of the Queen Elena Patronato, have produced a profound impression throughout the length and breadth of Italy because they have corresponded exactly to the necessities of the moment.

Americans, then, need have no misgivings about the administration of their donations. Italy cannot repair in a day the effects of so vast, so overwhelming a calamity as the Messina earthquake; the wound is too deep to heal quickly. Those only who have seen the misery which bows down the inhabitants of Sicily and Calabria can realize the tragic helplessness of all human succor. We must have patience till a way is found.[43] Our nation can rest satisfied meanwhile that their generous offerings have directly and sensibly alleviated sufferings and kept hope alive, and they can rejoice in the opportunity which has been given to them to repay in part America’s and the world’s immeasurable debt to the land and people of Italy.

Milan, Italy, February 20, 1909.

Rome, January 19, 1909.

Directly after the news reached Rome of the magnitude of the disaster in Southern Italy our American Ambassador, Mr. Lloyd C. Griscom, organised a committee of prominent American men in that city for the purpose of assisting the Italian Government, Red Cross and National Committees in the immense work of relief that required all the aid human sympathy at home and abroad could provide. The fact that Messina was in Sicily; that the railroad service had been seriously disorganised, and that the necessity of moving troops to the scene of the disaster would largely employ what trains and what lines were still available, led to the prompt conclusion that aid must be sent mainly by sea. Acting under this conviction, the American Committee chartered and equipped the steamer Bayern—a few of the members guaranteeing the necessary amount so as to lose no time, while waiting to hear from Washington if the American Red Cross would provide the $100,000 necessary for this purpose. This our Red Cross, on receipt of Mr. Griscom’s cable, immediately consented to do. Just sixty hours after this ship was chartered it entered the harbor of Messina, under the command of the American Naval Attachè at Rome, Lieutenant-Commander R. R. Belknap, U. S. N.

Fifty-eight thousand dollars in a few hours’ time had been expended for the medical outfit, provisions and clothing, particular attention having been paid to the selection of food for little children.

Before leaving on the Bayern Mr. Griscom was received by King Victor Emmanuel, and notified His Majesty and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Signor Tittoni, who was present, that the steamer would fly the Red Cross emblem. Both the King and the Minister remarked that his was an admirable example to the world of international fraternity for the Geneva Flag to fly over a ship carrying aid from one country to another in a period of disaster.

The following interesting report, somewhat abbreviated as to details, has been received from Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, to whose ability, conscientious work, deep interest and constant energy the American Red Cross is greatly indebted for the success of this expedition.—Editor.

I have the honor to submit the following report of the cruise of the North German Lloyd Steamship Bayern, which was chartered and fitted out at Genoa by the American Red Cross, through the American Relief Committee in Rome, and sailed from Civita Vecchia on January 7, with the Committee’s expedition on board, to render aid at Messina, Catania and other places in Sicily and Calabria to sufferers by the earthquake of December 28, 1908:

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PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES

On Monday, January 4, about 6 P. M., the Bayern was engaged, to sail in 36 hours (afterwards changed to 4 P. M., Wednesday, without actual loss of time to the expedition), provisioned for 50 first-class passengers for 15 days and 1,000 steerage for 10 days; she was to carry a steam or motor launch, and every effort was to be made to expedite her loading and sailing on time. To the American Consul-General in Genoa, Mr. James A. Smith, the Committee sent the following telegram at midnight, Monday:

Next day, Tuesday forenoon, the amount allotted to Consul-General Smith for purchases in Genoa was increased to 85,000 lire. A very satisfactory report came from him that afternoon, saying that the Bayern would surely be ready for us at Civita Vecchia by eight o’clock Thursday morning.

Definite arrangements were now made for the transportation of the expedition and the Rome purchases to Civita Vecchia. This matter was placed entirely in the hands of Mr. Stein, the well-known Spediteur. The Italian Government placed every facility at the service of the expedition, both on the railway and at the port of Civita Vecchia; and the Navigazione Generale Italiana also instructed its agents there and at all other ports to afford us every assistance, at the same time giving me a letter of the same purport to present to their agents, if necessary. With the way thus cleared, Mr. Stein was able to carry out his part with entire satisfaction and in good time, notwithstanding that Wednesday, the day when innumerable packages and cases had to be collected from shops scattered all over Rome, was a fiesta. Much credit is due Mr. Stein for his success in this.

During the final meeting of the Committee, before the departure of the expedition, about six o’clock Wednesday evening, word was received from Mr. Anniser that the Bayern had sailed from Genoa at 4 P. M. Thursday morning, at 9.30 the expedition left Rome by special train, reaching Civita Vecchia at 10.55. The Sub-Prefect, the Sindaco and the captain of the port met the party and conveyed them on board the Bayern. Mr. Anniser, the steamer agent, had come down by earlier train, and with the local agent of the[45] Navigazione Generale Italiana was attending to all remaining to be done before departure of the steamer; the loading was progressing satisfactorily, and expected to be completed in time for sailing at 4 P. M.

Dr. Bastinelli was not to accompany the expedition, but he had come down to the ship to advise with Dr. Scelba, chief medical officer of the expedition, and the ship’s doctor as to the best disposition of the space available for hospital arrangements. It was decided by them to keep the medical departments of the expedition and of the ship entirely separate, with the exception of taking the two rooms allotted as ship’s hospital for use as isolation rooms for any infectious cases that might develop. The necessary work of arrangement recommended by the doctors was immediately undertaken.

Directly on coming on board I conferred with Mr. Anniser, the agent, and Captain Max Mitzlaff, commanding the Bayern, coming to the necessary understanding as to the control and management of the vessel and work of various kinds. Captain Mitzlaff promptly grasped the situation, and from the first moment did all in his power to forward the work of the expedition. He never made an objection; often suggested improvements that I was glad to adopt; and what was most important of all, he communicated his own zeal and interest throughout his entire ship’s company. Our relations throughout were most cordial, and I feel that we were most fortunate in having Captain Mitzlaff in command of the ship.

All guests were started ashore at 2.30 P. M., and loading was completed at 4. The captain of the port very kindly procured for us three small boats against the need of landing on an open beach, for which the ship’s boats were less suitable, and at 4.07 the Bayern sailed.

PERSONNEL OF THE EXPEDITION.

Representatives of the American Committee on board—Mr. Griscom, American Ambassador and chairman of the Committee; Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, U. S. Navy, Naval Attachè at Rome; Mr. William Hooper, of Boston; Mr. H. Nelson Gay, of Boston and Rome.

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Executive Organization on board—Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, in charge of the expedition; Mr. Gay, in general charge of arrangement and distribution of supplies; Mr. Hooper, recorder, treasurer of the expedition and in charge of the afterholds.

Assistants—Mr. Weston R. Flint, cashier, and in charge of the forwardhold; Mr. Wilfred Thompson, supplies accounts and records of deliveries; Mr. John Elliott, interpreter, assistant in afterholds and elsewhere; Mr. Robert Hale, assistant in forwardhold; Avvocato Girodana, interpreter, clerical work and translation, assistant with handling supplies, aide to Lieutenant-Commander Belknap.

Medical Department—Dr. Cesare Scelba, Chief Medical Officer, in general charge; Dr. Guido Egidi, Dr. Paolo Alessandrini; Miss Mary H. Lawrence, head nurse; Miss Amy Claxton, second nurse; Miss Helen M. Moir, Miss Frances E. Nelson, Miss Emily A. Tory, Miss Mable W. Shingleton, duty nurses; Emma Niccolucci, head of Italian women nurses; women nurses, Schiarmi, Negri, Consolati, Manganelli, Antinori; Lanzi, head of Italian men nurses; men nurses, Neuci, Perfetti, Tondinelli, Guardabassi, Cascapera.

Additional, not permanently with the expedition—Mr. Earle Dodge, Jr., embarked at Civita Vecchia and worked industriously in the forehold for the two days that he was on board. Mr. W. Bayard Cutting, Jr., American Vice-Consul at Milan, on special duty in Sicily, came on board at Messina, and continued from that time in close co-operation with the Committee to the great advantage of the prosecution of the work of the expedition. Mr. Winthrop Chanler came on board at Messina and remained until the second day at Catania, rendering very useful service for which his experience and knowledge of general and immediate conditions in the locality were valuable.

A few general orders were given, cautioning against the use of matches and smoking below decks; to report when orders had been compiled with; to apply for assistance from the ship only to the first officer or Lieutenant-Commander Belknap and the like. Simple arrangements were drawn up and posted also for stations for “Fire and Abandon Ship.”

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Immediately on getting under way to Civita Vecchia, the work of arranging our supplies began, so that we might know what, how much, and where to lay our hands on everything. Fortunately, good weather favored us; the work continued in the forehold until 10 P. M. on Thursday, and went on all over the ship next day, so that by 4 P. M., when Messina was sighted, we were in all respects ready.

Only a few hours from Civita Vecchia we narrowly missed a serious handicap, Mr. Gay having a bad fall in the hold, breaking a rib. The loss of one who combined the best knowledge of what was included in our outfit, with tireless energy in getting it systematized, would have imposed a delay very unpleasant to contemplate, but, happily, Mr. Gay was the only sufferer by this accident, as he kept at work the same as before.

RELIEF FACILITIES.

Summarizing, the Bayern’s relief facilities were:

1. Immediately available for sick or wounded, 105 berths; additional berthing space available under proper shelter, 55 berths—total accommodations suitable for sick with comfort, 160 berths.

2. Supplies, in considerable quantity, of clothing of all kinds, shoes, blankets, sheeting, provisions, cooking and table utensils, picks, shovels, tools, oil stoves and fuel, lanterns, candles, matches, cordage, tenting canvas, chocolate, tobacco, and many other miscellaneous articles.

3. Money for relief distribution, amounting to 150,000 lire.

4. Accommodation for 1,000 steerage passengers.

MESSINA.

Sailing from Civita Vecchia at 4.07 P. M. Thursday, the Bayern arrived at Messina at 5 P. M. Friday, flying the American Ensign at the fore, the Red Cross on the triatic stay between foremast and funnel, and the German merchant flag aft. As we stood in, international signal was made “Have on board American Ambassador.”

The ship was boarded by an officer from the captain of the port’s office, to whom was given a detailed statement of supplies available.

About 9 P. M. General Mazza, in chief command of the military forces in the Straits, having returned to his headquarters on board the steamer Duca Di Genova, the American Ambassador, accompanied by Vice-Consul Lupton; Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, U. S. N.; Major Landis, U. S. N., and Mr. Elliott, as interpreter, visited the General, explaining the nature of the expedition, its approval by the King of Italy and the readiness of everything on board for disposal as General Mazza might direct. General Mazza expressed his warm appreciation of the offer and the spirit that had prompted it, and recommended that the ship proceed to Catania and Palermo, possibly also to Syracuse as these places had received many sick, wounded, and refugees, but so far no help in proportion to their needs. At Messina the situation was well in hand, and supplies were already available, sufficient for all requirements.

The next day, Saturday, the Ambassador and others of the expedition visited Messina, and during the course of the day landed several boatloads of supplies for the American Consulate’s distribution there. The sum of 1,000 lire was also given to the archbishop.

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At nine o’clock the U. S. S. Connecticut, flagship of Rear-Admiral C. S. Sperry, U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief of the U. S. Atlantic Fleet, came in and anchored. After a conference between the Ambassador and Admiral Sperry, it was decided that the Bayern and the Culgoa should co-operate in relief work along the coast. The Ambassador, accompanied by Mr. Dodge, then quitted the Bayern, embarked in the Connecticut, and sailed in her at 5 P. M. for Naples.

Mr. Cutting and Mr. Chanler here joined the Bayern.

About the time of the Connecticut’s sailing, staff officers from General Mazza and Rear-Admiral Viale, Senior Italian Naval Officer present, called on board the Yankton and Culgoa to state that supplies would be welcome at Reggio as well as at Catania. Lieutenant-Commander Patton and I, therefore, arranged to proceed to Reggio together next morning; and for easier communication between us, he lent the Bayern a signalman and two wireless operators from the Culgoa, who rigged up a small improvised wireless set over night.

REGGIO.

Sunday morning we left Messina about seven o’clock, reaching Reggio di Calabria about 8.30. We were unable to see General Mazzitelli, as he was ill, but Captain Cagni, commanding the Napoli, Senior Italian Naval Officer present, received us in his stead. He showed much satisfaction in having our supplies to draw upon, especially for women’s and children’s clothing, shoes, oil stoves, tent canvas, cooking and table utensils, tools and nails. About four-fifth of the Napoli’s crew had been sent away on relieving expeditions among the outlying small villages, and our supplies were in good time for use in a second expedition which was being prepared.

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There were no sick or wounded needing to be cared for on board, nor any refugees to be sent; but we were cordially thanked for our offer of these facilities, as well as for our supplies. The latter made about 25 tons, in four boatloads, which we were able to transfer that afternoon. The Bayern then returned to anchor over night at Messina, there being no good berth at Reggio; the Culgoa remained off Reggio to deliver provisions next day.

CATANIA.

Monday at 6 P. M. we left Messina for Catania, arriving at 10.30 A. M. We were immediately boarded by an officer from the battleship Garibaldi, with the compliments of Rear-Admiral Gagliardi, commanding the second division of the Naval Force of the Mediterranean. The Admiral offered us any assistance we might need; and when I made an official visit to him that afternoon he inquired with much interest about all that could be learned of the situation at Messina and Reggio, and about the expedition. He very kindly made it well understood that we had only to ask to obtain any assistance at his disposal—an offer that I was glad to avail of, for men to assist with handling supplies, transmission of telegrams by wireless, and service of boats. The Admiral returned the visit next day, inspected the ship with evident interest, and expressed his approval of her organization and arrangements, especially in the medical department.

As soon as the Bayern was moored inside the mole of Catania harbor, Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, accompanied by Vice-Consul Cutting, Dr. Scelba and Avvocato Giordana, called upon the Prefect Commendatore P. Ferri and the Sindaco, Signor S. Consoli, placing the ship and her equipment entirely at their disposal. We were welcomed and thanked with the greatest cordiality, and in the afternoon, when the Sindaco, with Madame Ferri, Baronessa Zapalla, and a number of other ladies and gentlemen prominent in relief work came on board, he made a speech of thanks, and presented the following letter:

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To this the following reply was sent, both letters being published in the local papers:

The party which came on board that afternoon inspected the ship and were much pleased with the comfortable, spacious arrangements for the sick, and our outfit and arrangement of supplies. Some light refreshments were served on deck, causing one of the ladies to remark that they were enjoying this visit very much, their first respite since the earthquake.

The Prefect was unable to come on board the day of our arrival, but he did come Tuesday morning. I took this occasion to inquire particularly about our taking refugees, to which he replied in the negative, saying that the refugees did not wish to leave Sicily, as a rule, and that the authorities and people at large did not wish to have them go. Accordingly it was definitely determined that we should take none; and the order was shortly given to knock down the steerage bunks, and add the lumber to that which we were going to land at Reggio.

We discharged at Catania the greater part of our cargo, finding that large quantities of our supplies would be put to immediate use. Medical supplies, moderate amounts of clothing, milk and provisions were given direct[51] to the three hospitals, but the bulk of what was landed was turned over to the Ladies’ Committee, in charge of clothing distribution, and provisions, medical and miscellaneous supplies to the Municipal Committee, as requested by the authorities. Then, as it was believed that a small amount of ready money could be more conveniently applied by the authorities concerned than by anyone else, Mr. Hooper, the treasurer, delivered 1,000 lire to each of the hospitals; 5,000 to Madame Ferri for application to individual cases needing relief other than an immediate supply of clothing and food, and 25,000 to the Prefect for disposition at the discretion of the committees having the relief work in hand.

Tuesday morning a committee, consisting of Miss Mabel Hill, Fraulein Gasser, Mr. Charles King Wood and Mr. Harry Bowdoin, came on board from Giardini and Taormina with a letter from the Mayor of Giardini. Upon their representation of conditions in their district, work already done and still in hand, and cases of need still unrelieved, about twenty tons of clothing, shoes, blankets, provisions, medical dressings and miscellaneous articles were given into their care for shipment by rail, and 10,000 lire to be spent at the discretion of this committee in their work at these two places. We also sent, with this shipment, all clean bed linen remaining on board, since it was now evident that our reserve for patients would not be required.

The services of a nurse were also wanted at Taormina and Giardini, and Miss Claxton was sent with this party on their return there, with the understanding that the American Red Cross Committee would be responsible for Miss Claxton’s expenses and her return to Rome. A letter has since been received from Miss Claxton, saying that she is engaged as a district or visiting nurse, and that all the supplies sent have proved very useful.

A further sum of 10,000 lire was entrusted to Messrs. Kin and Bowdoin, both of them members of the American Red Cross, who undertook to arrange[52] for the expenditure of this money for the relief of the small villages outside of Giardini and Taormina, between there and Messina, and to account for it to the American Red Cross through the American Ambassador.

In response to an appeal from Acireale, Mr. Gay made a personal visit among the relief workers there, after which some clothing and other supplies and 5,000 lire were delivered to them. To the Little Sisters of the Poor 1,000 lire were given for their immediate assistance. A few bundles of clothing were sent by rail to Messina, in care of Mr. Chanler, in response to a wireless message from the U. S. S. Yankton. There were several other cases acted on at Catania, as shown more in detail in the secretary’s report.

While lying at Catania, knowing that lumber was needed at Reggio, Mr. Flint was sent ashore on Wednesday morning to buy such quantity as we could get on board that day. Lighterage facilities were very scarce, as many steamers were in the harbor discharging; but by the persistent efforts of the German Vice-Consul, Mr. Jacob Peratoner, who very kindly devoted almost his entire day in our behalf, we succeeded in getting on board enough lumber to build 25 houses, 13 × 13 feet, complete with floors.

On Wednesday afternoon Madame Ferri, escorted by Marchese di San Juliano in his automobile, took Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, Dr. Scelba, Avvocato Giordana and Mr. Elliott on a tour of the hospitals and some of the refuges, in one of which alone 780 were then quartered. By this date, of course, sixteen days after the earthquake, all was in good order and organization as far as circumstances and available means would permit; to see so much suffering and misery, among people of all conditions of life formerly, was extremely affecting; but also it was impressive to note how much had been done for their needs and comfort, and particularly to mark the affectionate gratitude which these poor refugees demonstrated for their benefactress, who seemed to have become familiar with the details of nearly every case.

The Prefect and Admiral Gagliardi, after we had sailed the next morning, united in sending us a farewell message by wireless, as follows:

To this the following reply was sent by telegraph to Prefect Ferri, and by letter to Admiral Gagliardi:

Although no refugees were to be sent by us, we were asked, and properly authorized by the Prefect, to take twenty-four orphan children, under charge of a carabinieri, to Genoa for delivery there to representatives of the Provincial Committee of the Province of Como, where we understood the children were to be placed in families. The Little Sisters of the Poor also were glad to avail themselves of the opportunity for transportation of six of their number, who had been hurt in the earthquake or were completely worn out with their subsequent efforts, and eleven old men and one old woman in their charge, all bound for Rome or Naples. There was, besides, an Italian woman with three children, wife of a naturalized American citizen in the United States, who was to be taken to Genoa. All these were on board by the time our dinner was over, so that we could have the pleasure of showing our departing guests the children, all bathed and put into fresh beds, still wide awake, bright-eyed and happy in the novelty of their surroundings. I am glad to say that the children continue happy, as also the old people, throughout the voyage. They were fitted out with additional clothing purchased at Palermo, and on arrival of the steamer at Genoa they were safely delivered to the proper authorities.

After spending the first day in Catania, Mr. Cutting went by rail to Syracuse, being requested by the Committee to look into conditions there, inform us as to needs, and offer our facilities to the authorities. During the succeeding day, however, the many demands made upon us at Catania and from the surrounding country compelled us to abandon the idea of going to Syracuse, as the amount of supplies remaining to be disposed of would be too small to warrant the extra day’s steamer charges for such a detour. Mr. Cutting was informed of this change of plan by telephone, and tactfully explained it to the authorities of Syracuse; and upon his return on board the Bayern Wednesday evening the Committee allotted 35,000 lire to Syracuse, distributed according to Mr. Cutting’s recommendation.

Leaving Catania at 4 A. M. we arrived at Reggio about 8.30, finding the U. S. S. Culgoa there, just returned from a coastwise trip, relieving small villages. Lieutenant-Commander Patton and I again called together upon General Mazzitelli and Captain Cagni, who said they had use for lumber, women’s and children’s clothing, shoes and some provisions.

We lost a few hours off Reggio trying to find a suitable anchorage from which we could discharge our lumber by rafting it down to leeward into the small artificial harbor, there being no lighter available; but the Bayern was too long and too light, so we remained underway while discharging on this day. This delay did not make any ultimate delay of our movements, however. We discharged a boatload of supplies for the Culgoa to deliver at Messina, and two boatloads for Reggio, then ran over to Messina ourselves for the night, arriving about eight o’clock.

The battleship Illinois had arrived at Messina during the afternoon, Captain J. M. Bowyer, U. S. Navy, commanding. He kindly sent a steam launch alongside, and I went on board, with Mr. Cutting and Dr. Scelba. There we[54] found Major Landis, our military attachè, who had a telegram from Mr. Bishop, the American Consul at Palermo, desiring that the Bayern visit that port. Captain Bowyer undertook to send a reply for us, that we would arrive probably Saturday morning.

We obtained all the available shoes from the Illinois, 201 pairs of substantial quality. At the same time a package of tetanus antitoxin, which had been brought down from Rome by Mr. Robert Winthrop, was delivered, and on the advice of Dr. Scelba was divided between Messina and Catania.

We also on this day returned to the Culgoa the three men lent to us, as we expected to part company indefinitely. These men had behaved with credit to themselves and their service were generally helpful, and had won the good will of everyone.

Friday morning we got underway at six o’clock and by 8.30 were fast to a buoy off Reggio and discharging cargo. Our best day’s work was done here—not in amount delivered, but in the steady industry of all employed. Four boats were filled with supplies and towed over to the depot steamer, and later, as no men might be available to discharge them before dark, a working party of men nurses and stewards was sent to discharge them. Meantime the lumber was got out, each slingful lashed both ends before lowering over the side; then six or eight such slingfuls were made up into a raft and towed by our steam launch to a point about one-third of a mile distant, to windward of the place on the beach where the lumber was wanted; then the tow was cast off and it drifted ashore. This was a slow process, as our steamer was small and unsuited to open water, but by steady work and no mishaps we finished and left for Messina, the ship herself towing the last raft of lumber.

PALERMO.

Arriving at Messina about 8.30, we found another telegram from the Consul at Palermo. After visiting the Illinois again, we sailed for Palermo at 10.30 P. M.

We arrived at Palermo about 9.30 Saturday morning. The captain of the port sent an officer on board the Bayern with the following message:

The American Consul, Mr. Bishop, then took the Committee, Lieutenant-Commander Belknap, Mr. Hooper, Mr. Gay, Vice-Consul Cutting, Avvocato Giordana and Mr. Flint to call upon the Prefect, with whom we found the Commissario Regio. Our remaining resources were placed at the disposal of the authorities, who accepted them with warm thanks and appreciation of our coming to Palermo with assistance. From the prefectura we were then escorted to the municipal palace by the Commissario Regio, Commandatore Avvocato Gennaro Bladier, who conducted us to his reception-room, where the necessary arrangements were made for the transfer of our remaining supplies. He took steps to have our discharging expedited so that our intended sailing that evening might not be delayed.

We delivered at Palermo 1,200 mattresses and about 7,000 rations, leaving nothing remaining on board that could be disposed of; also 20,000 lire to the Municipal Committee and 10,000 for distribution by the American Consul.

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In the afternoon, the Commissario Regio came on board, to return our visit and inspect our ship, bringing the following letter, to which I replied orally, stating that I would have the honor to bring it to the attention of the American Ambassador:

RETURN OF THE “BAYERN.”

With regret that we might not prolong our stay, we sailed as soon as the last slingful was over the side, at 7 P. M., arriving at Civita Vecchia at 4 P. M. the next day, Sunday, January 17, after an absence of just ten days.

At Civita Vecchia we received a hearty welcome from the Sub-Prefect; Sindaco, captain of the port: Mr. Page and Mr. Pasigli, of the Committee; Mr. and Mrs. Billings, of Massachusetts, and Mr. Anniser, the Lloyd agent. There was time enough to transfer our aged charges ashore comfortably, with the expedition and baggage, to take the six o’clock train for Rome.

Drs. Egidi and Alessandrini, two Italian women and two men nurses remained on board to care for the twenty-four orphans until they were given over into other hands. Everything of our cargo, and more besides, taken from the ship, had been distributed, as originally intended.

Written instructions were given Dr. Egidi, who was left in charge of our party remaining on board, covering the delivering of children and return of the doctors and nurses to Rome. Written instructions were also given to the captain of the Bayern to proceed to Genoa, and releasing the vessel there upon the delivery of the children into proper hands. Telegrams were sent to the American Consul-General and to the Quæstor at Genoa, informing of the coming of the ship with persons for them to receive. The American Ensign and the Red Cross were then hauled down, at 5.15 P. M., and I came ashore with the captain of the port.

The party were greeted at the landing by Mr. and Mrs. Griscom, accompanied by Mr. Dodge, while a large crowd of the people of Civita Vecchia[56] were gathered outside the gates. Carriages were provided by the municipality to convey the party to the station, with free passage by rail to Rome, the Italian officials and people favoring us with every kind wish. The trip to Rome was without incident.

Tuesday afternoon, the 19th inst., Drs. Egidi and Alessandrini reported their return in person and their duty completed, bringing a receipt from the Quæstor in Genoa for the twenty-four orphans. This receipt was turned over by me to the secretary. Dr. Egidi also reported that the American Consul-General at Genoa had taken charge of the woman with three children, bound for America to join her husband. A letter concerning her case had been written the Consul-General by Mr. Cutting. The active work of the relief ship may therefore be regarded as completed.

Before closing this report I take the opportunity as executive head of the expedition to express my appreciation of the admirable manner in which the members, individually and collectively, performed their duties. Perfect harmony prevailed throughout; there were no complaints, no questioning of orders, no difficulties of any kind. If fatigue was felt by anyone, it was not mentioned until after working hours.

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DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLIES AND MONEY BY “BAYERN.”

The American Red Cross Relief Ship Bayern, leaving Civita Vecchia on January 7 and returning to that port on the 17th, distributed 115,500 lire in cash, and supplies to the value of 230,000 lire.

DISTRIBUTION OF CASH.

30,000 lire to the Prefect of Catania (5,000 to be distributed at the discretion of Madame Ferri), 30,000 to the hospitals of Catania, 1,000 to the Little Sisters of the Poor of Catania, 35,000 to Syracuse, 5,000 to Acireale, 4,000 to Taormina, 6,000 to Giardini, 10,000 for distribution among small villages outside of Taormina du Giardini, towards Messina, 1,000 to Archbishop of Messina, 20,500 to Palermo.

KIND AND QUANTITY OF SUPPLIES.

2,000 metres tent canvas, 4,500 woolen blankets, 250 sheets, 1,400 metres of sheeting, 1,230 woolen shawls, 2,130 overcoats, ulsters and capes, 1,570 pairs of shoes, 2,100 suits of clothes for men and boys, 3,500 pairs of stockings, 350 skirts, 5,200 metres of dress goods and other cloth, 5,000 pieces of underwear, 700 shirts and blouses, 300 pairs pantaloons, 1,400 hats and caps, 5,000 kilograms flour, 20,000 galletti (hard biscuit), 8,000 kilograms potatoes, 6,800 kilograms macaroni, 3,180 tins of preserved meat, 60 cases of sterilized milk (50 quarts per case), 1,200 litres olive oil, 530 litres marsala, 210 litres cognac, etc., 1,350 kilograms cheese, 1,000 kilograms dried fish, 351 kilograms tobacco, 530 kilograms sausage, 1,225 kilograms of sardines, etc., 550 kilograms lard, 4,000 kilograms beans, 700 shovels, 700 picks, 300 galvanized iron buckets, 1,700 kilograms of rope, assorted size, 100 saws, 10 petroleum stoves, 50 cases petroleum, 1 ton candles, 2,000 cakes soap, cooking utensils, tableware, miscellaneous tools, matches in large quantities, 27 cases of medical supplies, 1,200 mattresses stripped from the bunks of the Bayern, 350 sheets and pillow cases, 230 coverlets.

At Catania lumber sufficient for the construction of 25 houses (13 × 13 feet, including flooring) was purchased, loaded on board the Bayern, and delivered to the Italian authorities at Reggio.

Lieutenant-Commander Belknap commends in the highest terms the work done by all the members of this Red Cross Relief Expedition, including Drs. Bastinelli, Scelba, Egidi and Alessandrini, the nurses, Avvocato Girodana, Messrs. Hooper, Gay, Cutting, Flint, Captain Mitzlaff, the other officers and the crew of the Bayern and Mr. Anniser, the North German Lloyd agent at Rome, for his personal assistance. The Navigazione Generale Italiana also rendered much assistance at Civita Vecchia. To all of these the American Red Cross extends its hearty thanks and appreciation of their valuable aid in this relief expedition.—Editor.

Besides the contributions to the Italian Red Cross, the sending of a Special Representative—Mr. Bayard Cutting—the providing of the Relief Ship, the maintenance of the Agricultural Orphanage Colony, the purchase of materials for some six hundred houses and the construction of these houses and those furnished by the United States Government, the American Red Cross has sent to Mr. Griscom, our Ambassador at Rome, $20,000 for Calabrian relief and $50,000 to be used at his discretion in conjunction with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Mr. Griscom says:

“After consultation, I asked him to appoint an Italian Committee to do rehabilitation work on the lines we adopted at Chelsea. He appointed his wife Chairman, and with her Countess Taverna, wife of the President of the Italian Red Cross; the Duke of Teuanova, one of the largest land owners in Sicily; the Marquis of San Fernando, one of the largest land owners in Calabria, and Mr. Teneraani, the head of the principal charities of Rome. This is a very strong Committee, and they are doing splendid work—acting rapidly and efficiently. The Committee calls itself ‘Comitato Offerto Americano,’ a ‘Committee of American Offerings.’ This Committee operates wherever they find or hear of deserving refugees, particularly professional men, and a considerable portion of this money is spent at the scene of the disaster as well as in Rome, Naples, etc.”

From the Calabrian mountain villages came urgent appeals for help, so Mr. Griscom—

“Sent Mr. Nelson Gay, who has lived in Italy for some years, to make a tour of Calabria, and he was accompanied by an officer of the General Staff. He had a wonderful trip and his report is the basis of our present operations. As he went along he telegraphed me his needs and his requisitions were filled in Rome or from France. The majority of his requests were complied with and the goods delivered to him and to the Generals indicated by him in Calabria within forty-eight hours after the receipt of his telegram. This includes the twenty-four hour railway haul, so you see we have our system of operations fairly perfected. The Director-General of Italian Railways gives our shipments the right of way over everything. After Mr. Gay had been there a few days with General Parditi at Palmi, Calabria, the General telegraphed his appreciation of what had been done there to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of War. Mr. Gay visited about forty towns in Calabria, including the highest and most inaccessible villages. To some he brought the first succor since the earthquake.

“I am now sending Mr. Winthrop Chanler, who is accompanied by four or five young Italian noblemen, to Calabria to carry out the most elaborate piece of work yet projected. We are to rebuild one whole town—Gallina. Calabria—about three hundred wooden houses, and to deliver and build three hundred other houses of lighter construction in the highest towns of the Calabrian Mountains. We work through the military authorities and at their request, but we conduct the work ourselves. In the meantime our young Italians will use our money to rehabilitate the inhabitants in their trades and professions, under Mr. Chanter’s direction. We are buying a shipload of lumber very cheaply in Naples and sending it ourselves to the spot. This is the use I am making of the[59] last $20,000 the Red Cross has entrusted to me. From Gay’s report three hundred houses are needed, at about $100 a house, which will make $30,000. I have the recent grant of $20,000 and the unexpended balance from the Relief Ship appropriation is $17,000, making a total of $37,000. This leaves $7,000 for expenses of hospitals, etc. These operations will all be done in the name of the American Red Cross. Mr. Chanler will lay out the town, establish police and sanitary regulations and hurry the building in accordance with a plan I have outlined. I am sending down a young Italian doctor to establish a little hospital and keep the place sanitary. We work through the military authorities, who supply the carpenters and laborers except when we employ people for the sake of giving them work. The rehabilitation is to go on while the houses go up and the young Italians, with Mr. Chanler, are especially to do this work. They are to search out the most deserving merchants and give them a start. I sincerely hope this project of mine will appeal to the Red Cross as it does to the Italian people. If a small part of my expectations are realized the money will be well spent. I may say here that the people in the earthquake zone have now plenty to eat and are clothed so that the greatest remaining need is shelter. They are dying from cold and its consequences—pneumonia, bronchitis, consumption, etc. The wood we are sending from America is a drop in a bucket. Mr. Gay reports that the military estimates of 600,000 homeless people are not exaggerated. It would take $12,000,000 to provide them with cheapest temporary houses, and the Italians have not this amount to dispose of. In the meantime people are living in half-ruined homes in imminent peril of being killed by any little earthquake, and the earth continues to quake frequently. Our new work begins in two days and will take a month or two.”

This letter was written February 21st. In referring to the Orphanage Colony, Mr. Griscom says:

“Yesterday the Queen sent for me a second time to reiterate her thanks.”

She expressed her deep interest in the American Red Cross and desired to learn more about the Society.

In a previous letter Mr. Griscom, whose splendid work has done so much to render Red Cross contributions of use, says in conclusion:

“I may say personally, I have had the most valuable and interesting experience of my lifetime; and when I return to the United States I will become one of the most loyal supporters in the Red Cross work in America.”

MISS DAVIS AT SYRACUSE.

All reports and private letters received by the American Red Cross from the scene of disaster speak in the very highest terms of the work done at Syracuse by Miss Katherine B. Davis, who happened to be in Sicily at the time of the earthquake. Speaking of her work in private letters, Miss Davis says:

“Of course, you know what the papers have told of the terrible disaster to the towns along the Straits of Messina. I was at Girgenti the morning of the shock. It was strong enough to wake me, but it was not[60] till thirty hours later that I, with the English ladies with whom I was traveling, heard of the disaster. A priest with the Red Cross badge got into a compartment on the train and told us.

“Yesterday and today a Russian and an English warship have brought here six hundred of the wounded and more are expected tomorrow. It is like what it must be after a battle. Many of them are horribly mutilated. There are no hospital accommodations, and you cannot buy a ready-made garment in the town. There is only one trained nurse in town—an English girl, who escaped in her night dress from Messina. She is a heroine and is working day and night assisting with the amputations. I am afraid she will break down. I was with an English woman last night who had to have both legs amputated at one o’clock this morning. Her husband, two children, a brother and a sister were killed. But I cannot stop to write you tonight of the many pathetic cases I have seen. We have four thousand refugees, one thousand of whom are seriously wounded. The German Red Cross, of Berlin, and the Italian, from Brescia, got here on Monday of this week, the 11th. They have taken over the barracks hospital, the worst of all, and such a transformation! They are doing fine work, with splendid fellows in charge. It was unspeakably horrible until they came. After the first few days in the hospitals I found I could do better work in helping the refugees to help themselves, and soon started the women from Messina to making clothing.

“Fortunately, there is a sewing machine agency here, and the Mayor of the town is of the right sort. He placed a room in the Municipio at my disposal, and an alderman—or whatever corresponds to alderman—who speaks some English, selected the women for me, and I pay them a franc and a half a day. We now have sixty-eight employed, in three different places. No ready-made garments could be purchased in the town, and the need for clothing was extreme. I soon used up my own money and what I could collect from people at the hotel, but, fortunately, Bayard Cutting, Jr., came on Wednesday, and liked the work so much that he gave me $600 from the relief funds to pay wages, and has had me appointed the Red Cross representative here.

“I have persuaded the Mayor to start relief work for the men, road building or what not, he to furnish the tools and oversight, and we (the American Red Cross) will pay the wages. We begin tomorrow. In short, I am organizing all I can on the good Charity Organization Society plan of making the able-bodied needy work for what they get.

“My personal impression of the situation is that the worst is yet to come, when the temporary relief ceases.

“I shall never forget the horrors I have seen and heard, and I was not at Messina!”

DR. METCALF AT MESSINA.

Dr. Francis Metcalf, formerly of the United States Army, who, during the Spanish War was a surgeon on the U. S. A. Hospital Ship Relief, in a personal letter written January 15th from Capii to Surgeon-General Torney, U. S. A., says:

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“Of course, I volunteered immediately to go to Reggio and Messina and stated my former service on the Relief. I was accepted and was the only American there, excepting a couple of correspondents and the vice-consul. To avoid red tape and the questioning of orders I stuck the old insignia (the Red Cross) on a riding suit. Technically I suppose that violated the proprieties, but it wasn’t much of a time for technicalities and it avoided a lot of palaver. At any rate, I didn’t discredit the corps of which you are the head.

“Unfortunately, I was not able to do as much as I should have liked to do. I did accomplish a little, though, more especially in the embarcation of the wounded. They were all being carried up the longest and narrowest sidestairs I have ever seen alongside a ship, sometimes head first, more often with the head down and banged and jostled unmercifully. They were lying alongside for hours, seasick and unhappy, until I tried the old Relief trick. I enlisted the aid of the ships’ officers and used a boat fall, clearing out the small boats in short order and sending the patients up without suffering until I had every gangway crowded. Nothing you have read in the papers nor experienced in San Francisco can give you an adequate idea of the situation down there. It was just one infernal smash and not less than a hundred thousand dead at Messina alone. The wounded were in horrible condition, as gangrene was almost universal.”

MISS BROCKIUS AT TAORMINA.

Miss Brockius, in a letter to a friend in this country, writes:

“If I wrote for hours I could not tell you of the horrors we have seen in the last three days. During the first the long trains came in perhaps every hour with the wounded and the dying, huddled together with the refugees, all with that frightened look of horror in their faces. When they thought the people were dying they would be taken off at our station and we had arranged the waiting room into a place to receive them. When the tables were all full they would have to go on the floor—poor, poor people, sometimes you could hardly see for the blood that they were human beings, and they were mangled beyond words. Some had both legs and both arms broken, and many had not eaten for days, and their thirst was terrible.

“We worked over one poor thing for hours, for the doctor said she had no bones broken, and she seemed very young and strong, but she must have been injured internally, for she died without becoming conscious. One man was taken off here who had been in the ruins for four days, of course with nothing to eat. He had to be fed at first with a drop of milk at a time, and in several hours he was able to walk to the carriage. One young fellow’s eyes were glassy with hunger, and after we had given him some hot broth we could see that awful look go away, but, poor thing, he had lost his memory entirely, and did not even know where he had been.

“It is so hard for us, not knowing much of the language, to tell what they want. A poor dying soldier was begging me to let him kiss something that was around his neck in a bag, and I couldn’t understand until a priest told me what he wanted.

“Many were in open coal cars and, as it has rained almost constantly since the catastrophe, the suffering must have been frightful.

“One man who went to Messina to help dig out the people told us it was much worse than a field of battle, for there were so many children lying there injured.”

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APPRECIATION OF ITALIAN OFFICIALS.

Premier Giolitti, in speaking of the American people’s generosity, said:

“What the United States has done on this occasion is magnificent, and shall not be forgotten. The United States stands first, outdistancing all others in sympathy and generosity.

“Our gratitude is so great that we cannot find words in which to express it. Besides, appreciation on our part is heightened by the fact that so many of our compatriots have found hospitality in America.

“With us it is traditional to consider Americans, who visit Italy in such great numbers, as our best friends, since we love their country and their race, because of its liberal organization and its progressive principles.”

Signor Tittoni, the foreign minister, said: “Never before on any occasion has occurred such a demonstration of sympathy as that of America. It includes all classes and conditions from the President to the humblest citizen. Nothing could more tightly bind together the two countries or render their friendship closer.”

SOLIDARITY OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES.

In a letter of February 2nd to the Central Committee of the American Red Cross from M. Ador, Vice-President of the International Red Cross Committee of Geneva, he says:

“The large contributions received by you for the victims of the earthquake in Sicily and Calabria are a splendid testimony of your benevolent activity and the solidarity which unites our Societies of the Red Cross in times of peace as in times of war.”

THE POPE’S BLESSING AND THANKS.

The following is a copy of a newspaper clipping relative to the disbanding of the American Relief Committee, at a meeting of which Mr. Samuel L. Parrish stated that the Pope had bestowed his blessing upon the American Society:

Mr. Parrish’s letter to the President follows:

For Italian Earthquake Relief to March 13, 1909, with Per Capita Contributions According to Census of 1909.

Attention is particularly invited to the remarkably generous contribution of California.

The experience of the New York State Branch in raising relief funds for a considerable number of disasters shows that several simple but indispensable things must be done in order to ensure adequate contributions—adequate, that is to say, to the emergency needs, and, as it will no doubt interest many Red Cross members to know what these things are and how they have been done, a brief description of the last appeal is offered.

When on the morning of December 29th last word came to the State Headquarters in New York City from Mr. Magee, the national secretary, authorizing and directing an appeal to the public for funds wherewith to meet the needs of stricken Sicily and Calabria, the secretary of the State Branch, Mrs. William K. Draper, and the state field agent were with the office secretary. For such an emergency there is a recognized program of work. The first thing to be done, of course, was to publish the appeal. At once, within an hour, notices were sent to all of the local newspapers. This notice stated that the American Red Cross had appealed to the people of the United States in behalf of the earthquake sufferers; that all funds sent to the State Treasurer, Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, at the State Headquarters would be forwarded with the utmost expedition through the federal state department to the Italian Red Cross, and that all persons sending their contributions in this way would have the fullest assurance that the money would reach the desired destination, and would learn later from official Red Cross reports how it was spent. Subsequently three ladies, members of the State Branch, visited all of the newspaper offices in the city and enlisted the co-operation of the editors in keeping before the public the function and record of the Red Cross, and the name and address of its local treasurer. It was realized that in order to get the best results the name and address ought to be printed every day by the papers in a conspicuous position. Unless this were done day after day, many persons inclined to give would forget this detail and let the occasion pass.

The chairman of the state executive committee, Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge, had meantime been notified. He satisfied himself by personal inquiry that all necessary measures were being taken to give publicity to the appeal and handle the contributions when received. The State Branch has twenty subdivisions, and these in case of similar disasters have been informed by letter, the small saving of time generally not justifying the expense of telegraphing. In this important instance, however, the chairman directed that the subdivisions should be notified by telegraph. Within an hour or two, therefore, every subdivision secretary in the state was advised of the appeal, and the morning papers in each locality published it, together with the name and address of the local treasurer, and a statement that the Red Cross, as the official emergency relief organization, was the proper channel for the transmission of funds to Italy. These telegraphic messages were followed by letters of formal direction.

The Branch’s responsibilities were not discharged by these efforts. We all know that a large portion of the public does not realize the significance of the Red Cross, even in time of the most important functions. Confused by the many claims on its attention, this portion of the people hesitates as to the advisable course to take and ends by waiting for fuller information. It was, therefore, of the greatest assistance to the cause of practical relief that the President of the United States, in his proclamation[67] of the disaster, should point out the Red Cross as the proper depository for popular contributions. When Governors and Mayors do the same the representation is impressive and convincing. One of the earliest acts of the Secretary of the State Branch, therefore, was to write to Governor Hughes to request him to follow the example of the President and direct the public to the Red Cross, though naming the Treasurer of the State Red Cross. Communication with the Governor’s secretary by long-distance wire followed. The Governor readily appreciated the wisdom of the proposal and issued the following proclamation:

Mayor McClellan, of New York City, when similarly approached issued an announcement, stating that the City Hall Fund then being raised would be turned over to the Red Cross for record and transmission and this was done.

Desirable as it is that all relief funds, however raised, should at least be passed through the Red Cross in order to receive public and uniform accounting and speedy transmission, the fact, nevertheless, is that not a few associations and individuals desire to raise funds and themselves forward them. On this account the Italians of New York City naturally enough organized their own relief committee, with the Italian Consul-General, Raybaudi Massiglia, and the American delegate of the Italian Red Cross, Mr. Lionello Perera, represented on it. The New York State Branch of the American Red Cross at once placed itself in communication with this committee. Colonel Sanger, the President of the New York State Branch, also at a later day paid a personal call. The funds collected by this organization, however, were sent directly to Italy to the Italian Red Cross, and not through the American Red Cross. Another committee, called the American-Italian relief committee, was organized and is still engaged in raising funds by the sale of memorial cards. It forwards the funds direct to the Italian Red Cross.

Many benefit performances were given in opera houses, theatres and public halls. To the managers of these performances and to the promoters[68] of every relief fund being raised in the city, as fast as announcement of it was made the secretary wrote, asking that the funds collected be sent through the Red Cross as the recognized channel for relief. In some cases personal interviews were had with managers by the Red Cross held agent. The desire in doing this was not, of course, to limit the generosity or to discourage the independent collection of funds, but, as stated, to procure a public, uniform and central accounting. Many societies acceded to the suggestion of the Red Cross and funds collected by churches, Sunday schools, associations, women’s clubs, schools, etc., were sent to Italy via American Red Cross. Several bankers, who cabled contributions direct through their own Italian correspondents, were subsequently impressed with the wisdom of the Red Cross arrangements, and may be depended upon to make future remittances through it.

The first relief contributions began to come within twelve hours after the issue of the appeal, and provision had to be made for the large amount expected. The Christmas stamp campaign was just ended; only the accounting remained to be done, and four salaried helpers were engaged upon this when the Italian relief contributions began to pour in. Two of these helpers were retained to assist in handling the heavy mail. In addition two accounting clerks were furnished for a few days by members of the executive committee, and greatly assisted in putting the accounts in order. All contributions were receipted for as fast as received and were also recorded in special books. A list of all the contributions was sent daily to all of the newspapers for publication. The papers were also supplied daily with interesting details of donations as reported by visitors or in letters received.

Frequent demands were made to have the Red Cross take even a more active part in raising funds than it had assumed. Several proposals to issue relief stamps in imitation of the Christmas stamps were not adopted for the reason that public interest in the Italian disaster was felt to be already so high that no devices to stimulate it further were deemed practicable or necessary. Contributions were being received many times the amount which any stamp issues could possibly produce. Several offers were made to turn over theatres and public halls for the purpose of arranging benefit performances. But these, too, had to be refused since, of course, such work is outside of the function of the Red Cross.

The public was so profoundly moved by the press’ circumstantial accounts of the disaster and the appeal for immediate relief that it responded almost instantaneously. Within twelve hours of the publication of the first appeal the mail brought the first contributions. The first day yielded $1,115, the second day $63,917.50. The total to date is $317,378.94.

In this amount were the contributions received by the different subdivisions of the State. The amounts began to fall off after the first week, but continued in considerable sums for a long time and are still coming in. The appeal was withdrawn on February 4.

AMOUNTS COLLECTED BY SUBDIVISIONS.

“What was the origin of the Christmas Stamp?” was a question asked of Red Cross officials scores—doubtless hundreds—of times during the holiday season. This much we knew: On a letter received two years ago from Denmark Mr. Jacob Riis discovered a new and unknown stamp which aroused his curiosity. Inquiries brought its story, which he told a few months later in “The Outlook.” Miss Emily P. Bissell, the able and energetic secretary of the Delaware Red Cross Branch, read the story, and to the Annual Meeting of the Red Cross in 1907 brought a design for our first Christmas Stamp for the benefit of the anti-tuberculosis work, asking permission that the Delaware Branch might experiment with it, and so it had its birth in America. So successful proved the little stamp this past year, it became a national stamp. The story of its sale and success is told elsewhere. But what about its origin? Was it first thought of in Denmark? No one seemed to know. Then came the Tuberculosis Congress, and with it a report on Swedish tuberculosis work. What a surprise it was to find in this interesting pamphlet the origin of the “Charity Stamp,” as it is called, and still more of a surprise—a welcome surprise—to discover that its invention is due to our own “Sanitary Commission”—that precursor of the Red Cross. The Swedish report says: “The honor of having invented the Charity Stamp must be given to America—that land of inventions.” In the year 1862 the first Charity Stamps were sold at a great charity festival in Boston. These stamps, which were called “Sanitary Fair Stamps,” were sold to benefit the wounded in the war then proceeding between the Northern and Southern States. The idea was not adopted in Europe until thirty years later, when in 1892 Portugal produced the first Charity Stamps (private stamps for the Red Cross Society). Since then almost every country in Europe has used them and several hundred different[70] types have been called into existence. Some of those used in Sweden are reproduced in this article. Learning this much from the Swedish report, Red Cross Headquarters began an investigation of its own, and through the librarian of the Boston Public Library was put into communication with Mr. A. W. Batchelder, and through his courtesy received three of the original stamps and a copy of the “American Journal of Philately” January, 1889, which contains an interesting article on “Stamps of the United States Sanitary Fairs,” by J. W. Scott. This article, much of which we quote, is illustrated by a number of these Sanitary Fair Stamps. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Joseph S. Rich, of New York, who loaned to the Red Cross his collection of these stamps, and to the Surgeon-General’s office, of the United States Army, which photographed them, we were able to reproduce illustrations of many of these stamps.

The following is taken from the American Journal of Philately, January, 1889:

“In conversing with non-philatelic friends we are frequently taunted with the assertion that stamp collecting teaches nothing, commemorates no important events, and, in fact, has none of those claims to recognition which are conceded to the older science of numismatics.

“I wish to call your attention to a neglected series of United States stamps, a collection which will fully vindicate the assertion that stamps do commemorate national events, and in that respect are not one whit behind their venerable competitors, coins. The stamp before us has for its principal design the American Eagle, the bird of all others selected by our forefathers to represent the country. It is a little unfortunate that their knowledge of ornithology did not equal their love of freedom. However, he is now firmly established as the national emblem, and we must take him with all his faults and invest him with sufficient virtues for his honorable position. The bird as represented clasps three arrows in his right and an olive branch in his left claw; above is inscribed ‘Brooklyn Sanitary’ and below ‘Fair Postage.’ Unfortunately, the value is not given, but, perhaps, this was intentional. The stamp is produced by lithography, and printed in green on white paper.

“The stamp itself speaks volumes, and cannot fail to recall the time when our country was torn by internecine strife. Three years of war had filled our homes with mourning, our hospitals with maimed and crippled soldiers, and exhausted the resources of the national Government to relieve their sufferings. It was then that the ladies of the North organized fairs in the different cities to raise money to supply the wounded with comfort and delicacies; to send the convalescent to their homes, and to care for the widows and orphans of the slain.

“The stamp was used in the fair held in the Academy of Music, in Montague Street, Brooklyn, in 1864. But the spacious building was not large enough to contain all the offerings of the people or the attractions provided to tempt the dollars from the pockets of the thousands who filled the various rooms, so a light wooden bridge was erected across the street to a building on the opposite side. One of the most interesting features of the fair was the model post-office, equipped with all the paraphernalia which appertains to that useful institution. Here you could post a letter to any part of the world, provided you placed the necessary number of Uncle Sam’s stamps on it, and one of the fair’s labels to take it to the general post-office. This was not all. If you inquired of the innocent young lady at the window if there was a letter[71] for you, you would certainly get one, for one of the clever lady assistants would write a little note while you waited, rather than have you disappointed, and even if there should be considerable postage due on it, for you certainly would not refuse it on that account, for it might be from your ‘Long Lost Brother,’ or some fair one who had promised to be a sister to you.’ The Brooklyn Fair netted over $400,000.00 for the benefit of the cause. Thus we find the Sanitary Fair Stamps were a source of innocent amusement to the young people, while they turned in considerable cash for the benefit of our wounded heroes, and left behind fragments of history to be gathered up by the Bancrofts of the future, to say nothing of the pleasure they have afforded to a generation of stamp collectors.

“Of the second Brooklyn Fair I have been unable to obtain any particulars other than that afforded by the stamp. The design consists of a foundry cut of an eagle, with ‘Post’ above and ‘Office’ below, which is enclosed in a rectangular frame inscribed, ‘Young Ladies of Brooklyn Bazaar’: a figure five being in each corner. The stamp is typographed in black on buff paper.

“Our next stamp is from New York, and is beautiful in design and elaborate in detail. In the center we have the American Eagle with outstretched neck and upraised wings; he is standing on the United States shield, with flags and stars in the background and national motto above; the inscription is artistically entwined around and reads: ‘Great Central Fair Postage Stamp, U. S. Sanitary Commission,’ with value above and below. The stamps are perforated and of three denominations—10 cents, blue; 20 cents, green; 30 cents, black. They were engraved on steel by the American Bank Note Co. This fair was held in Union Square, New York City, where buildings were erected for the purpose. It was opened from the latter part of April to the end of June, and was presided over by the leaders in society, wealth and beauty of the metropolis. It netted the enormous sum of $1,200,000.

“The next fair I call your attention to was held in the city of Albany. Unfortunately, I have no particulars concerning it except such as relate to the stamps. The first, of elegant design and workmanship, was prepared by Gavit, the well-known engraver of that city, but as the time drew near it was found impossible to have a supply printed in time; the plate was accordingly laid aside and never used. The design is copied from the one-cent blue carriers’ stamp, the well-known eagle on a branch to the left, with ‘Bazaar Post Office’ above, ‘Ten Cents’ below, the whole enclosed in a neat frame. I have seen impressions in scarlet, blue and black on yellow surface paper. The stamp actually used was much smaller, and produced by lithography by the same firm. The design is an eagle on a rock, with ‘Bazaar Post Office’ above and ‘Ten Cents’ below, enclosed in frame of single lines. It was printed in both red and black, and used during the fair. I may add, that, as far as I know, this is the only stamp of the series that has been counterfeited; the false stamp can easily be recognized by the absence of shading around the eagle.

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“Our next stamp takes us to Boston, where the most successful fair in the Eastern States was held. It is interesting to note that, while all the stamps issued in New York State took an eagle for the device, those used in New England States were adorned with figures of soldiers or sailors. The stamp before us represents a sailor with a wooden leg, holding the American flag in his right hand; the vignette is crossed by the legend, ‘National Sailors’ Fair,’ on label above ‘Ten’ below ‘Cents.’ They are produced by lithography, printed in light green and cut out by an oval punch with scalloped edges. The fair was held in January, 1864, and realized $147,000 for the cause.

“The next stamp on our list comes from Springfield, Mass., and I have no information other than that supplied by the label itself. The design represents an officer bowing to two ladies, probably welcoming them to the fair, the figure 10, in rather large figures, being between them; in the center above is the inscription, ‘Soldiers’ Fair,’ below, ‘Springfield, Mass.’; figure 10 in the left upper corner, ‘Chubbuck’ in small letters in the lower right corner. It is evidently printed from a wood block in brownish mauve ink in various shades. Not the least interesting part of this stamp is the engraver’s name in the corner, ‘Chubbuck,’ the celebrated engraver of the Brattleboro stamp.

“The last of the series is a remembrance of Stamford, Conn. It represents a soldier on guard, with the name of the town, ‘Stamford,’ in straight line at top; on arched ribbon, ‘Soldiers’ Fair’; below, in straight line, ‘Fifteen Cents.’ It is printed from a wood block in brown ink on white paper. There were many other fairs held throughout the length and breadth of the loyal States, but although I gave special attention to the subject at the time, the above described are all that I have been able to discover. The success of the post-offices at the soldiers’ fairs induced other charitable institutions to adopt like means of raising money, among which may be named the Children’s Aid Society, the Orthodox Jewish Fair, etc., etc., but as they lack the national element, I do not think them worthy of collection; but the series I have described, which is composed of thirteen stamps, all told, and considering the small number, the interest attached to them and the great events they commemorate is well worthy an honored place in the collections of American philatelists.”

So from their origin the Red Cross seems to have a special right to these stamps. Their success will be apt to cause various organizations to desire[73] to copy this idea. This will lead to an unfortunate result. Such repetitions will tire the public and the multiplicity of the stamps will create a lack of interest and destroy their usefulness not only for these other charities, but for the purpose for which they were revived in this country—the anti-tuberculosis work of the American Red Cross. It is to be hoped that our unfortunate American habit of “running a good thing into the ground” will not lead in this case to the destruction of the usefulness of the Red Cross Christmas Stamp by the overproduction of these charity stamps.

IF YOU ARE NOT A MEMBER,
WOULD YOU NOT LIKE
TO JOIN?

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The following is a brief statement of the results of last year’s stamp sale, showing in general terms the manner in which the money raised will be applied. The total fund secured so far as reports at hand show was $138,244.51.

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Report of Special Committee appointed to secure competitive designs for Red Cross Christmas Stamp for “1909” issue, Committee consisting of

• Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington.
• Miss Emily P. Bissell, Delaware.
• Mrs. Wm. K. Draper, New York.
• Major-General Geo. W. Davis, Washington.
• Mr. Joseph A. Steinmetz, Pennsylvania.

The Committee met at the call of the National Society at Washington Headquarters on the morning of Tuesday, February 16th, and reported as follows:

That the National Headquarters and all State Branches of the Red Cross be instructed to give out information inviting the free competition for the design for the Red Cross Christmas Stamp for 1909.

The State Secretaries and members of the Red Cross will address Art Institutions and secure the co-operation of newspapers and magazines and secure a wide public invitation for these designs.

There will be three main awards, consisting of the following cash prizes, in order of merit:

and there will be chosen out of the stamp sketches submitted, not to exceed 10 other designs to be retained by the Red Cross as their property as a matter of record and for such designs as will be retained there will be a cash price of $10.00 each.

The wording shall read:

AMERICAN RED CROSS
1909
MERRY CHRISTMAS
HAPPY NEW YEAR

and the finished size of the stamp shall be ⅞ of an inch square.

It is preferred that the background of the stamp shall be “white,” and that the emblem of the “Red Cross” shall be shown somewhere prominently[83] in the design. The Red Cross is a geometrical design, made up of 5 equal squares, arranged in the form of a cross, and this proportion must be strictly observed.

A design may be submitted in two or three colors, the ground work not being considered as an applied color.

Artists’ designs submitted must not exceed 3 inches square, as it is supposed that in a space 3 inches by 3 inches the design can be clearly shown in proper detail, suitable for process reduction to size of the finished stamp, which is ⅞ of an inch by ⅞ of an inch.

The competition closes at 6 o’clock P. M. May 15th and designs may be submitted at any time up to that date.

There will be an Associate Committee of Artists to pass on the designs, and it is hoped to have a public exhibition in Washington of the designs submitted.

Designs may be submitted to Mr. Charles L. Magee, Secretary American Red Cross, State, War and Navy Building, Washington, D. C., or to the Secretary of any Red Cross State Branch.

The name and address of the artist must be subscribed on the back of the design and shall not be visible anywhere in the design or on the face thereof.

Respectfully submitted,

JOS. A. STEINMETZ,
Philadelphia, Pa.,
Chairman of Stamp Committee.

The following report of the relief work in Southern China has been received by the Red Cross:

[Note.—$2,000 in gold in exchange gave $4,519.77 Mexican dollars for relief work.]

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A beautiful thought of a wise and generous woman, like a fruitful seed, has blossomed and borne fruit in an ideal, modern hospital, just completed and given to the people of San Mateo.

Thursday, February 11, 1909, was a red letter day in the annals of this lovely little California town, for on that day was formally opened St. Matthew’s Red Cross Hospital, built and equipped by Mrs. Whitelaw Reid in memory of her mother.

It was a happy combination of circumstances that made it possible for four officers of the Red Cross to be present at the opening: Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, Hon. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the California Branch; Mrs. John Merrill, Vice-President, and Mrs. Thurlow McMullin, Secretary. Addresses were made by the Rt. Rev. William T. Nichols, Bishop of California; the Rev. N. B. W. Gallwey, rector of St. Matthew’s; President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, of the University of California, and Mr. Paul Pinckney, thanking the donor in the name of the people of San Mateo.

Two years and a half ago, immediately after the earthquake, Mrs. Reid, feeling the great good a district nurse could do in the community, sent from New York a nurse who could be called upon for emergency cases and also to work among the poor. In providing for her, a house was built in which there was a fine operating room and rooms for six patients. Other nurses were secured, and in a short time one hundred[90] and one cases were cared for. It was soon found that the building was inadequate, and Mrs. Reid immediately took steps to have it moved and on its place erected the one just completed.

This is a charming building, with timbered and plastered exterior, generous porches and accommodations for twenty-four patients, in three wards and ten private rooms. The operating room is entirely in white tiling, with an exceptionally fine light and every appliance for the use of surgeon and nurse. Opening from it are two rooms, one a sterilizing room with the finest of apparatus, and the other the room for anaesthetizing. In the entrance hall is a modest bronze tablet, bearing the date of opening and stating that the building is in memory of Jane Templeton Mills, born August 1st, 1832, died April 26th, 1888.

The halls are wide and well lighted, and the elevator with its electric motor can bring the patients from the lower floor to be wheeled upon the two porches, where they can find new life in the California sunshine. There is a special room for X-ray work, and there, as elsewhere, the outfit is complete.

All the nurses are graduates, Miss Sarah M. Dick, of the Cook County Training School, being superintendent, so that the care offered patients is of the best; and to hold and attract the highest type of nurse, everything connected with their rooms is as dainty as the rest of the hospital. Charming pictures in sitting room and dining room add to the homelike appearance. All physicians of the community are urged to bring their patients, and there is no distinction of creed—everything is offered in the broad spirit of the Red Cross.

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Several beds have been endowed. Adjacent to the main building, yet surrounded by larger grounds of its own, stands the maternity house, in which there are also nurses’ rooms and headquarters for the district nurse, one of whose duties is to hold classes for anyone interested in “first aid.”

It seems as if Mrs. Reid had thought of every detail possible to make the gift as near perfect as a mortal may, even providing one of the purest specimens of radium. It is her earnest hope that similar hospitals will be erected throughout the country, so that in times of emergency they may be ready for immediate use for Red Cross purposes.

The affairs of the Hospital are administered by a Board of representative women consisting of Mrs. Ansel M. Easton, Vice-President; Mrs. Charles E. Green, Treasurer; Mrs. Lewis P. Hobart, Secretary; Mrs. Ernest Coxhead, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. A. M. Easton, Mrs. William H. Crocker, Miss Jennie Crocker, Mrs. Frances C. Carolan, Mrs. Walter Martin, Mrs. Laurence Irving Scott, Mrs. William Tubbs, Mrs. E. D. Beylard, Mrs. N. B. W. Gallwey, Mrs. J. D. Grant, Mrs. Mountford Wilson, Mrs. James Otis Lincoln. The president is Rev. N. B. W. Gallwey, whose deep interest and able leadership have been of inestimable assistance.

Mrs. Reid is Honorary President of the Board, and as perhaps it can be said of no other person living, this modest, generous donor has in the completion of this work finished a golden circle around the world of love and service for suffering humanity, for the Philippines, Paris, London, New York and California now share in the ministering care which she has provided.

Improvised hospitals were organized in every straggling village, but by far the largest number of wounded were brought to Castiglione. There was an almost interminable procession of wagons, packed with officers and soldiers—cavalrymen, infantry, artillery—all battered and bleeding, covered with dirt and dust and blood, each jolt of the carts adding to their suffering. Many died on the way, their bodies being transferred from the wagons to the roadside, and left there for others to bury. Such were reported as “missing.”

From Castiglione many of the wounded were sent on to hospitals in other Lombard towns for regular treatment and necessary amputations. As the means of transportation were very limited, long delays were caused and the overcrowding baffles description. The whole city became one vast improvised hospital. The convents, the barracks, the churches and the private houses were filled with wounded. Others were placed on straw in the open courts and parks, with hastily constructed roofs of planks and cloth. The citizens of the town were seen running from street to street, seeking doctors for their suffering guests. Later others came and went with dejected air, begging for assistance to remove the dead bodies, with which they knew not what to do. All the physicians in the place were inadequate and most of the military surgeons were forced to leave with their armies.

By Saturday following the battle the wounded who had been assembled in the city became so numerous that the attempt to cope with the attention they required became impossible, and the most terrible scenes followed. There was food and water, but the wounded died from hunger and thirst, for there were not hands enough to minister to their necessities. There was lint in abundance, but not enough persons to apply it, nor to give it out. To make matters even worse, a sudden panic occurred. A detachment of hussars escorting a convoy of prisoners was mistaken by some of the peasants for Austrians and the report rapidly spread that the Austrian Army was returning. Houses were barricaded, their inhabitants hiding in cellars and garrets, and the French flags were burned. Others fled to the fields, and still others hastily sought Austrian wounded upon whom to lavish care. Down the streets and roads, blocked with vehicles of all kinds carrying wounded, raced frightened horses, amidst a din of curses and cries of fear and pain. Indescribable confusion prevailed; the wounded were thrown from the wagons and some were trampled[93] under foot. Many of those in the temporary hospitals rushed out into the streets, only to be knocked down and crushed, or to fall exhausted from their weakness and fright. What agonies, what suffering, were undergone during those terrible days of June 25th, 26th and 27th! Wounds infected because of the heat, the dust and lack of care became insufferable. Poisonous vapors filled the air. Convoys of wounded still poured in. On the stone floors of the churches men of different nationalities lay side by side; French, Austrians, Slavs, Italians, Arabs, covered the pavement of the chapels, their oaths, curses and groans echoing through the vaulted roofs of the sanctuaries. The air was rent with cries of suffering—“We are abandoned, we are left to die in misery, and yet we fought so bravely.” In spite of the sleepless nights and the fatigue they had endured, they found no rest. In their distress they cried in vain for help. Some struggled in the convulsions of lockjaw. There lay one, his face black with the flies which infested the air, turning his eyes to all sides for help, but no one responded. There lay another, shirt, flesh and blood forming a compact mass that could not be detached. Here a soldier entirely disfigured, his tongue protruding from a shattered jaw, attracted M. Dunant’s pitying attention, and taking a sponge full of water he squeezed it into the formless cavity representing the man’s mouth. There, a miserable victim, whose nose, lips and chin had been taken off by a sabre cut, unable to speak and half blind, made signs with his hands, and M. Dunant brought him water and bathed his wounds gently. A third, with cloven skull, expired in a pool of his own blood on the floor of the church, a horrible spectacle, and those about him pushed aside his body with their feet, as it obstructed the passage.

By Sunday morning, though every household had become a hospital, M. Dunant succeeded in organizing a volunteer corps of women to aid the hundreds of wounded in the churches and open squares who were without assistance. Food and drink had to be brought them, as they were literally dying of hunger and thirst; their wounds had to be dressed; their poor bleeding bodies, covered with dust and vermin, washed, and all this in a terrible heat, in a nauseating atmosphere, and amidst the cries and lamentation of the suffering. In the largest church of Castiglione were nearly five hundred soldiers and a hundred more lay on the pavement in front of the church. In the churches the Lombard women—young and old—went from one to another, carrying water and giving courage to the wounded. From the fountains the boys brought great jugs of water. After the thirst of the suffering men had been assuaged, bouillon and soup were provided. Before any lint had been obtained the men’s underlinen had been torn into bandages to bind their wounds. M. Dunant bought new linen and sent his carriage to Brescia for other necessary supplies, for oranges, lemons and sugar, for refreshing drinks. He secured some new recruits for his volunteer band of mercy—an old naval officer, some English tourists, a Swiss merchant and a Parisian journalist. Some of these soon found the work more than they could endure and withdrew.

Pitiful are the stories M. Dunant tells of individual cases. Man after man would cry out in despair, “Oh, do not let me die,” as they seized the hands of their kind benefactor. “Oh, sir, please write to my father to console my poor mother!” exclaimed a young corporal of only twenty. M. Dunant took the address of his parents and in a few minutes the poor boy was dead. He was an only son, and but for the letter M. Dunant sent his parents they would never have learned his fate. An old sergeant, decorated with many chevrons, repeated with great sadness[94] and with bitter conviction, “If I had only had care at first I should have lived—and now I must die,” and death came to him at nightfall. “I will not die! I will not die!” cried with almost fierce energy a grenadier of the guards, who only three days before was well and strong and who now, fatally wounded, struggled against this certain fate. M. Dunant talked with him, and, listening, he became calm and consoled, and finally resigned himself to death with the simplicity of a child.

On the steps of an altar, which were covered with straw, lay an African Chasseur, wounded in the thigh, leg and shoulder. For three days he had had nothing to eat. He was covered with dried mud and blood, his clothing was in rags. After M. Dunant had bathed his wounds, given him some bouillon and placed a blanket over him the poor fellow lifted his benefactor’s hands to his lips with an expression of infinite gratitude. At the entrance of the church was a Hungarian who kept crying aloud for a doctor. His back and shoulders, lacerated by grape-shot, were one quivering mass of raw flesh. The rest of his body was horribly swollen. He could not lie down nor rest. Gangrene had set in and the end came soon. Not far from him lay a dying zouave, crying bitterly. The fatigue, the lack of food and rest, the horror of the suffering, the fear of dying without any care developed among even the bravest soldiers a nervous condition that reduced many to tears. Often when not overcome by pain the dominant thought of the soldier was for his mother, and the fear of what she would suffer when she learned of his death. Around the neck of one of the dead men was found a locket containing the portrait of an elderly woman, evidently his mother, which, with his left hand, he had pressed to his heart.

On the pavement outside the church lay about one hundred French soldiers. They were placed in two long rows between which one could pass. Their wounds had been dressed and some soup given to them. They were calm, following with their eyes M. Dunant as he moved among them. Some said he was from Paris; others from South France. One asked if he were not from Bordeaux. Each wished to claim him for their own province or city. They called him “The Gentleman in White” because of the white clothes he wore. The resignation of these poor soldiers was pathetic; they suffered without complaint and died humbly and quietly.

On the other side of the church were wounded Austrian prisoners, fearing to receive the care they defied. Some tore away their bandages, others remained silent, sad and apparently without feeling, but most of them were thankful for any kindness received and their faces expressed their gratitude. In a remote corner one boy, not yet twenty, had received no food for two days. He had lost an eye and was burning with fever. He had hardly strength enough to speak or to drink a little soup. With good care he improved, and later, when sent to Brescia, he was almost in despair at being parted from the good women of Castiglione, whose hands he kissed while begging them not to abandon him. Another prisoner, delirious with fever, and also under twenty, lay with whitened hair from the horrors of the battle and his sufferings.

The women of Castiglione, noticing that M. Dunant made no distinction because of the nationality of the wounded, followed his example, caring for all alike, repeating with compassion: “All are brothers.”

All honor to these good women and young girls of Castiglione, devoted as they were modest. They never considered fatigue, nor disgust, nor sacrifice; nothing daunted nor discouraged them in their work of mercy.

(Upon the suggestion of a high official of one of the prominent railroads of the country, a poster to be exhibited in railway passenger stations has been prepared by the Red Cross. The poster is printed in two colors (red and black) on white cardboard. A number of railways, in response to a communication from the chairman of the Central Committee, have asked for from 25 to 3,000 copies each. Over 19,000 of these posters have already been asked for by railroads).

The American Red Cross

William H. Taft
President

Robt. W. de Forest
Vice-President

Chairman of Central Committee
MAJ.-GEN. GEO. W. DAVIS
U. S. Army

CHARLES L. MAGEE
Secretary

Rules for the Prevention of Railroad Accidents

NEVER cross a railway at a grade crossing before making sure that no trains are approaching.

NEVER jump on or off cars in motion.

NEVER stand on platforms of cars in motion.

NEVER put head or other part of person out of car window.

NEVER cross in front or rear of standing or moving train without first making sure that there is no danger from some other train or cause.

NEVER disobey the cautionary rules for safety posted at stations, crossings, etc.

NEVER forget that carelessness on your part in regard to these precautions not only endangers your life, but the happiness and welfare of those most dear to you.

“Prevention of accidents and injuries by all legitimate means is a personal duty which everyone owes not to himself alone, but also to his family.”

ISSUED JANUARY 1, 1909, BY THE AMERICAN RED CROSS

CENTRAL COMMITTEE.

With the change in the administration there occurs a number of changes in members of the Red Cross Central Committee who represent the Governmental Departments. It is with the very greatest regret that the Red Cross loses from that committee such men as James R. Garfield, of the Department of the Interior, Robert Bacon, of the Department of State, Beekman Winthrop, of the Treasury, Henry Hoyt, of the Department of Justice, and Major-General O’Reilly, of the War Department. The service that these members have given to the Red Cross cannot be too highly appreciated. Besides the time and thought they have expended at committee meetings, they have done much special work for the Society. Mr. Bacon, at the time of the foreign relief rendered after many disasters in other lands, Mr. Winthrop as National Treasurer, Mr. Hoyt as Counsellor and General O’Reilly as Chairman of the War Relief Board, and to all of these members of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross our people owe a debt of gratitude for their unselfish assistance and deep interest in our National Society.

The new members to be appointed by the President of the United States we feel will soon take a like interest in this great international institution. A sketch of the new members will be given in the July Bulletin.

The War Department has prepared the following form of certificate to be issued by that Department to such members of the American Red Cross as are accepted for the volunteer active personnel in time or war.

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The Central Committee has accepted as an affiliated body the New York Red Cross Hospital, of which affiliation a report will be made in a later Bulletin.

The Western Union and Postal Telegraph-Cable Companies granted the Red Cross the free use of their wires and cables for all messages pertaining to the Italian earthquake relief, and the Central Committee hereby extends its thanks to these companies for this generous act, which has saved to the relief fund a considerable amount of money.

The action of the South Carolina and Georgia Branches in returning unexpended balances of their relief funds is most heartily to be commended. Nothing will do more for our American Red Cross than such illustrations of careful administration of the funds entrusted to it, and the desire of the State Branches to turn back into the General Emergency Fund of the National Red Cross all balances given for Emergency Relief that such balances may be immediately available for future disasters. The Central Committee desires to express its appreciation of this act and the good work done by the South Carolina and Georgia Red Cross Branches.

CALIFORNIA.

Los Angeles organized a division of the State Branch on February 18, 1909. The following officers were elected: Dr. Rose Burcham, Chairman; Rev. Robert J. Burdette, First Vice-Chairman; Joseph Scott, Second Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Berthold Baruch, Third Vice-Chairman; Mrs. George H. Kress, Secretary; Perry W. Weidner, Treasurer. Committee members will be named by Dr. Burcham next week, when an earnest campaign to make the organization a substantial one will be commenced.

Bishop Thomas J. Conaty and Rabbi S. Hecht were the leading speakers at the organization meeting. In addition to the committees for routine work several of special importance will be appointed by Dr. Burcham on the enrollment of physicians, nurses and a first aid legion.

CANAL ZONE BRANCH.

On representation of Major Carroll A. Devol, Quartermaster’s Department, now on duty at the Canal Zone, that in view of the bright prospects of organizing a Red Cross branch on the isthmus, it would be desirable to have Major Charles Lynch, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, sent there to start the work, the latter officer was detailed for this duty by the War Department on the request of the Central Committee of the Red Cross. He sailed from New York on December 26, 1908, reaching Colon on January 2, 1909. Major Devol and Mr. A. B. Minear, General Secretary Young Men’s Christian Association, Canal Zone, had already made arrangements for lectures by Major Lynch. These were fixed as follows:

• Monday, January 4th, Tivol Hotel, Ancon.
• Tuesday, January 5th, Club House, Gorgona.
• Wednesday, January 6th, Club House, Culebra.
• Thursday, January 7th, Colon.

Major Devol and Major Lynch appeared at all these meetings, the former explaining the special features of the Red Cross work on the Canal Zone, and the latter discussing the achievements of the Red Cross generally, with some special reference to first aid instruction. The various lectures were well attended and a considerable amount of interest was elicited in the Red Cross.

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The Canal Zone Branch was organized on February 28th and on March 2d the President, Major C. A. Devol, reported a membership of 1,020.

IOWA.

The Iowa branch of the American Red Cross has been organized in Des Moines. J. B. Weaver, Jr., was elected President; W. W. Morrow, State Treasurer, was named Treasurer, and Charles Hutchinson was chosen for Secretary. An advisory board of seven influential men is made up as follows: Harvey Ingham, D. S. Chamberlain, W. O. Finkbine, Gov. Warren Garst, Lafayette Young, S. H. M. Byers and George F. Henry. All of these, and others, became members of the Society by paying the membership fee of $1.

MASSACHUSETTS BRANCH.

As a means of raising funds for the Italian earthquake relief the Massachusetts Branch, by authority of the Central Committee, issued a special stamp, a cut of which is shown here. The report of Mr. Walter E. Kruesi, the Stamp Secretary of the Branch, contains the following:

“I hope the Central Committee will make a note (in the Bulletin) of the ‘Italian Red Cross stamps’ of Massachusetts, issued with the authority of the National Office. I think this is due to the members of the Red Cross as an explanation of the authority for the issue of these stamps. Between $1,100 and $1,200 worth of these stamps have been sold to date (March 15th) and the funds are still being received. The expenses, as I have stated before, were relatively heavy because we expected a much larger sale and feel that we would have had it if other State Officers had been urged in any measure to assist in the campaign. The receipts have been very largely from people who said that they had been given no other opportunity to subscribe.

“The Massachusetts funds were materially stimulated by the use of stamps and by the advertisement the stamps gave to the general Massachusetts relief fund. I send a cut of the stamp under separate cover, and think many of your members would be glad to have a few as a souvenir. They can also get the posters from us as souvenirs. These are very handsomely executed and have been widely commented on because of their artistic merit. The poster was painted by E. W. Kingsbury. We sell them at ten cents each.”

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Mr. A. C. Kaufman, President of the South Carolina Branch, on January 18th wrote the National Secretary as follows:

“Treasurer Reeves will forward today a check for $333.21, balance from the Southern Flood Sufferers’ Fund. This fund has been splendidly handled by the Columbia and Marion Committees. The destitute have been largely relieved by obtaining employment for the men, which did not seem possible a month ago.”

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BELGIUM.

FRANCE.

As soon as the reports came of the disaster in Italy a meeting was held of the Central Committee of the French Red Cross for the purpose of considering what assistance it could render. Ninety Red Cross nurses were promptly sent to the scene of the calamity.

Reports of what other Red Cross Societies have done for Italy will be given after their bulletins and other publications have been received.

GERMAN RED CROSS.

On January 6th the German Red Cross dispatched for Southern Italy a number of physicians, trained nurses and relief corps men with the equipment of a field hospital. The party proceeded from Naples first to Catania, where the Austrians were rendering efficient assistance and where a number of Greek ships, flying the Red Cross flag, were acting as hospital ships, so it continued directly on to Syracuse, and was there put in charge of a hospital established in a large barracks. In the same barracks the Red Cross of Brescia was in charge of a hospital and another was under a Florentine personnel. By evening the many patients had been moved from the military cots to the comfortable Red Cross beds. An operation room was put in order and promptly utilized, for it had not been possible for the physicians of this small town to care for the hundreds of wounded who poured in upon them.

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THE CONGO.

The Congoese African Red Cross, after twenty years of existence as a separate society with headquarters in Brussels, has, upon the annexation of the Congo by Belgium, given up its existence. Its hospitals at Banana and Leopoldville and its sanitarium at Banana, with its remaining funds, amounting to some seventeen thousand dollars, have been accepted by the Belgian Government, which, in its turn, has agreed to maintain these institutions with their personnel.

The Red Cross Needs Members

Will You Not Be One?

For Address of Your State Branch,
See 3rd Page of Cover

If There is No Branch in Your State, Send Your
Application to the National Secretary,
Room 341, State, War and Navy Building,
Washington, D. C.

[i]

Instantaneous

is the relief from the acute stinging pain of inflammations and eczematous eruptions about the mucocutaneous margins when Resinol Ointment is applied. And a permanent cure is effected by this remedy with greater facility in all skin affections where a local application is indicated than by any other method. As a dressing for Burns, Carbuncles, etc., there is nothing approaches it.

Resinol Soap is the great adjunct to the Ointment, and renders the necessary bathing of the parts an aid to the cure, where the ordinary application of water and other soaps usually increases the trouble.

Resinol Ointment and Resinol Soap

Are Genuine Comforts to Physician and Patient Alike

SEND FOR SAMPLES AND TRY THEM

Resinol Chemical Company
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

GREAT BRITAIN BRANCH:
97 New Oxford Street, London, W. C.

CHAS. MARKELL & CO.
Agents for Australasia, Sydney, N. S. W.

[ii]

A HEALTH RESORT

WASHINGTON SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST SANITARIUM. TAKOMA PARK, D. C.

The first Sanitarium established by Seventh-Day Adventists was at Battle Creek, in 1866. Since then institutions have been started in many places. At present nearly sixty exist in various parts of the world.

Washington is known as “The City Beautiful.” Much has been written of the many beautiful and historic spots around Washington, but one which is a revelation to all who visit it, is the new Washington Sanitarium, located at Takoma Park, on an elevation of 300 feet. The Washington Sanitarium has only been in operation a little over a year. It already has a splendid patronage; it is undoubtedly destined to become well known not only for its beauty and delightful surroundings, but as a health resort. During the fall and winter the climate is almost ideal; the summer climate is good—no mosquitoes or other pests are to be found.

A Branch Sanitarium is conducted at Nos. 1 and 2 Iowa Circle. The Branch Sanitarium has recently been overhauled, and extensive alterations have been made. The surroundings of this health-home are also attractive and restful. Both institutions are thoroughly scientific, and employ the most modern methods in the treatment of patients.

Massage, electricity in its various forms, baths of all descriptions, and special dieting are the agencies chiefly depended upon.

For further information, address

The Washington Sanitarium
TAKOMA PARK, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Phone, Takoma 127 and 128   Branch Sanitarium Phone, North 1325

[iii]

Established January 1, 1843

Thos. Kent Manufacturing Co.

MANUFACTURERS OF

Woolen Goods, Blankets, Flannels, Uniform Cloths and Worsted Yarns

U. S. Standard Olive Drab Covert Cloths, Flannels and Serges a Specialty

SPECIAL BLANKETS
For Hospitals and Institutions

UNION MILLS   ROCKBOURNE MILLS

RUNNYMEDE MILLS

Bell Telephone, 160 Lansdowne, Pa.

Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania

[iv]

Alpha
Photo-
Engraving
company.

Engravings for the Printer, Merchant & Manufacturer

N E Cor Howard and Fayette Streets
BALTIMORE, MD.

---

Army and Navy Academy
WASHINGTON, D. C.

SPECIAL COACHING
for the
U. S. Military and Naval Service Examinations

Candidates are thoroughly prepared, both in class and by private individual instruction, for the following examinations:

• WEST POINT, Military Academy, Entrance Examination.
• ANNAPOLIS, Naval Academy, Entrance Examination.
• U. S. ARMY, 2d Lieutenant, Entrance Examination.
• U. S. NAVY, Asst. Paymaster, Entrance Examination.
• U. S. MARINE CORPS, 2d Lieut., Entrance Examination.
• REVENUE CUTTER, Cadet, Entrance Examination.

Remarkable Success in all the Service Examinations.

For Particulars Address
M. DOWD,
Principal
1410 Harvard St.

---

“WE PRINT ANYTHING”

KOHN & POLLOCK, Inc.

Complete Book, Catalog
Railroad Printers

315-317 WEST GERMAN STREET

Baltimore, Maryland

---

AMERICAN SECURITY AND TRUST COMPANY

WASHINGTON, D. C.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT FROM ORGANIZATION TO DATE

	DEPOSITS	CAPITAL Surplus and Undivided Profits	ASSETS
Dec. 31, 1891—	$  588,715	$1,320,238	$ 2,159,704
1893—	809,261	1,462,097	2,905,658
1895—	1,266,201	1,533,184	3,777,185
1897—	2,627,182	1,587,455	5,149,138
1899—	3,702,594	1,738,455	5,807,569
1901—	3,943,832	1,838,108	6,012,165
1903—	4,061,215	4,606,856	8,680,468
1905—	5,555,065	4,709,706	10,311,840
1907—	5,753,260	4,904,048	10,712,722
Nov. 30, 1908—	$7,450,174	Assets	$12,407,298

Amount Paid to Customers in Interest	$1,285,735.18
Amount Added to Capital for Protection of Customers	$1,750,000.00
Amount Added to Surplus for Protection of Customers	$1,967,124.47

From the foregoing it will be seen that the business of the Company has steadily grown from year to year, and, while the shareholders have received a fair return on the capital invested, the directors have always borne in mind that their first duty was protection to the depositors, which they have accomplished by adding over four million dollars, making a guarantee fund to its clients, including shareholders’ liability, of EIGHT MILLION DOLLARS, a record shown by few banking corporations in the United States.

This statement does not include our Trust Department, the securities of which, under the law, are kept entirely separate and distinct from the assets of the Company, and our relations being of a confidential nature, no published statements are made. The growth has, however, been much greater than the above.

Accounts Solicited   Interest Paid on all Deposits, Large or Small

[v]

STATEMENT OF

The Commonwealth Title Insurance and Trust Company

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

AT THE CLOSE OF BUSINESS OCTOBER 31, 1908

ASSETS
Loans Secured by Collateral	$2,023,470.08
Bonds and Mortgages	316,643.00
Bonds	3,000,564.74
Ground Rents	18,000.00
Accrued Interest	46,185.86
Real Estate, Furniture and Fixtures, including Safe Deposit Vaults	1,358,679.90
Miscellaneous	87,367.33
Reserve—(Cash on hand, in Bank and Municipals)	937,865.33
Total	$7,788,776.24
LIABILITIES
Capital Stock	$1,000,000.00
Surplus	1,100,000.00
Undivided Profits	155,631.99
Miscellaneous	2,060.50
Dividend payable November 10th	60,000.00
Deposits	5,471,083.75
Total	$7,788,776.24

Trust Funds—Invested	$7,469,022.03
Trust Funds—Uninvested	57,635.91
Total	$7,526,657.94

DIMNER BEEBER, President   JAMES V. ELLISON, Treasurer

---

The Safest Investments

Are those that do not fluctuate during disturbed conditions of the money or stock markets. First deed of trust notes (first mortgages), well secured on real estate in the District of Columbia, constitute “gilt-edge” investments. They do not depend upon the financial responsibility of individuals or corporations for their stability, and are exempt from taxation as personal property. We can supply such investments in amounts from $500 upward. Send for booklet, “Concerning Loans and Investments.”

Swartzell, Rheem & Hensey Co.

727 15TH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C.

---

Huyler’s

CHOCOLATES	BONBONS
FRESH	DELICIOUS

Fancy Baskets, Boxes and Novelties filled with our Delicious Candies make most acceptable gifts.

1119 F St. N.W. Washington, D.C.

---

Telephone, N 4372

Great Bear
Spring Water

Fifty Cents per Case of 6 glass-stoppered bottles

New Warehouse and Office
322 R Street Northeast
Washington, D. C.

[vi]

NATIONAL ENGRAVING CO.

Designers, Halftone, Line
and Color Engravers

Phone, Main 1679

Office, 506-508 Fourteenth Street, Cor. Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, D.C., U. S. A.

QUALITY   DISPATCH

---

SAFE DEPOSIT AND
TRUST COMPANY
OF BALTIMORE

CHARTERED
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY FOUR

---

NATIONAL HOTEL

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Pennsylvania Avenue and Sixth Street

THE NATIONAL HOTEL, situated about midway on the famous Pennsylvania Avenue between the Capitol and the White House, is one of the largest and most centrally located houses in Washington. The principal street-car lines of the Capital pass the door, thus giving quick and easy access to all public buildings and points of interest. This house has just been thoroughly overhauled and modernized throughout. Steam heat, electric light and telephone in every room; new cafe and other modern improvements, rendering it one of the most comfortable hotels in the Capital city.

SCHEDULE OF RATES:

AMERICAN PLAN—$2.50 and $3.00 per day each person. For rooms with private bath attached, $4.00 per day; two persons in room with bath, $7.00 per day.

EUROPEAN PLAN—Rooms, $1.00, $1.50 and $2.00 per day; Rooms with bath attached, $2.50 for one person and $4.00 per day for two persons.

C. F. SCHUTT, Manager

---

KNEESSI’S SONS

MANUFACTURERS OF

TRUNKS, SUIT CASES
TRAVELING BAGS
LEATHER NOVELTIES

425 SEVENTH STREET N. W.

PHONE, M 2000

SPECIAL TRUNK FOR NURSES AND MEDICAL PURPOSES

---

Professional Nursing

A Powder

Very inexpensive, which, when dissolved in water, makes a pleasant, non-irritating, non-poisonous lotion, not staining the linen, and which has a Specific Action against those peculiar pathogenic germs which Infest the Genito-Urinary organs (Male as well as Female); hence is a

VALUABLE REMEDY FOR ALL
CONDITIONS REQUIRING
ANTISEPTIC TREATMENT

If intelligently used, according to directions, it will relieve all cases, including the acute cases and the stubborn chronic ones as well.

Also very effective in Pruritus of the genital regions.

Its use is most agreeable to the patient, affording quick relief and proceeding steadily to a cure.

The formula, together with bacteriological and clinical potency of the preparation, is furnished the medical profession.

A two-ounce box of TYREE’S ANTISEPTIC POWDER (enough to make two gallons of antiseptic lotion) will be sent Free. This would make about seven dollars’ worth of the usual bottled antiseptic solutions. This is all pure capital—you pay for no water. You can take it with you—no liquids to carry.

J. S. TYREE, Chemist
Washington, D. C.

[vii]

Woodward & Lothrop

New York—Washington—Paris

---

Columbia Theatre

The Leading Theatre of Washington, D. C.

COLUMBIA THEATRE CO., Proprietors

FRAME METZEROTT,
PRESIDENT

OLIVER METZEROTT,
TREASURER

FRED. G. BERGER,
MANAGER

Washington, D. C.

---

Hotel Rudolph

ATLANTIC CITY, N. J.

American and European

JOEL HILLMAN,
Proprietor

---

Bailey, Banks & Biddle Co.

Designers and Makers of the
OFFICIAL INSIGNIA
for the
American National Red Cross
for
National and State Officers

14-K. Gold and Enamel,	$10
Silver, Gilt and Enamel,	$5

Issued upon receipt of permit, which can be obtained from Secretary Charles L. Magee, War Department, Washington, D. C.

1218-20-22 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Penna.

[viii]

AN ABDOMINAL SUPPORTER IN HARMONY WITH MODERN SURGERY

The “Storm” Binder and Abdominal Supporter

PATENTED

IS ADAPTED TO USE OF MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN AND BABIES

• No Whalebones
• No Rubber Elastic
• Washable as Underwear
• Light
• Flexible
• Durable
• Comfortable

The invention which took the prize offered by the Managers of the Woman’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

The “Storm” Binder may be used as a SPECIAL support in cases of prolapsed kidney, stomach, colon and in ventral and umbilical hernia; as a GENERAL support in obesity and general relaxation; as a POST-OPERATIVE Binder after operation upon the kidney, stomach, bladder, appendix and pelvic organs, and after plastic operations and in conditions of irritable bladder to support the weight of the viscera.

WOMAN’S BELT—Front View   MAN’S BELT—Front View

Illustrated folder, giving styles, prices and diagram for measuring, and partial list of physicians using “Storm” Binder sent on request. A comfort to athletes, especially horseback riders. Of marked value in the prevention and relief of intestinal disorders.

Mail Orders Filled Within 24 Hours on Receipt of Price

KATHERINE L. STORM, M. D.   1612 DIAMOND STREET, PHILADELPHIA

---

EBBITT HOUSE

AMERICAN PLAN

WASHINGTON, D. C.

ARMY AND NAVY
HEADQUARTERS

H. C. BURCH
PROPRIETOR

---

ARTHUR P. GREELEY

Attorney and Counsellor in Patent and Trademark Causes

Washington Loan and Trust Building

WASHINGTON, D. C.

---

R. Pluym

Ladies’ Tailor
Habit Maker.

1216 14TH STREET

PHONE, N. 6289   WASHINGTON, D. C.

---

Residence, 2018 First St. N.W.   Tel., North 5749

ALEX. MILLER

Carpenter and Builder

2215 OHIO AVENUE N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C.

TEL., MAIN 1281

[ix]

(Send for Nurses’ Catalog N) APPAREL FOR NURSES Ready to Wear and Made to Order
	UNIFORMS APRONS CAPS GOWNS	COATS BONNETS COLLARS CUFFS
All Prices All Styles Best Value			Excellent Cut Excellent Work Superior Quality
	FOR MAIDS CORRECT UNIFORMS for Cooks Chambermaids Housemaids Waitresses Etc., Etc.	FOR DOCTORS HOSPITAL GARMENTS for Doctors Nurses Orderlys Contagions Etc., Etc.
(Send for Maids’ Cat. M)			(Send for Drs.’ Cat. H)

Nurses’ Outfitting Association
52 West 39th Street, New York
“Home Bureau” House   Near Fifth Avenue

[x]

THE GREAT ATLANTIC & PACIFIC TEA CO.

Nine Stores and Market Stands

WASHINGTON, D. C.

325 STORES IN THE UNITED STATES 325

---

GEORGE ALLEN, Inc.

IMPORTER OF

Trimmed Hats, Bonnets, Ribbons, Silks, Velvets, Millinery and Straw Goods

1214 CHESTNUT ST., PHILA., PA.

RUE BLEUE 3, PARIS

---

BELASCO THEATRE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

---

The Shoreham

WASHINGTON, D. C.

American and European Plan

Absolutely Fireproof

Located in the most fashionable part of the city and within five minutes’ walk of the

EXECUTIVE MANSION, TREASURY, STATE, WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS

John T. Devine, Proprietor

---

CUMBERLAND STEEL COMPANY
TURNED AND GROUND
HIGHLY POLISHED SHAFTING
CUMBERLAND, MD. U.S.A.

Not only perfectly straight, but round, true to size and highly polished

SEND FOR RED PRICE LIST N

[xi]

What Shall the Patient Eat?

PRACTICAL DIETETICS

solves the question. It contains diet lists and what to avoid in the various diseases, as advised by leading hospitals and physicians in New York, Boston and Philadelphia. It also gives in detail the way to prepare the different foods. Also appropriate diet for the different stages of infancy. A book of great value for the physician, nurse and household.

Pattee’s “Practical Dietetics”

Has been recommended by

Governments—United States and Canada (Adopted for use by the Medical Department and placed in every Army Post).

Medical Colleges and Hospitals, Training Schools—(Adopted as a text-book in the leading schools of United States and Canada).

State Board of Examiners of Nurses—(New York, Maryland, Virginia, Connecticut, Minnesota, Indiana, North Carolina (included in their Syllabus)).

Public Schools—Boston and New York (Added to their authorized text-book list).

Fifth Edition just out. 12mo. 320 Pages
Price, $1.00 net. By Mail, $1.10. C. O. D., $1.25.

A. F. PATTEE, Publisher and Bookseller Mount Vernon, N. Y.

New York Office, 52 West Thirty-Ninth Street

---

PATENT SENSE
and Patents that PROTECT

yield our clients enormous profits. Write us for proof. Inventors lose millions through worthless patents

R. S. & A. B. LACEY
Dept. 55 Washington, D. C. Estab. 1869

---

The Inventor’s Universal Educator

Tells all about Patents, how to secure them. Has

• 600 Mechanical Movements, also
• 50 Perpetual Motions

Every inventor should have a copy. Price. $1.00 by mail

ADDRESS
FRED. O. DIETRICK, Ouray Building, Washington, D. C.

---

DUDLEY, BROWNE & PHELPS

Attorneys at Law and Solicitors of Patents

Patent and Trade-Mark Causes

PACIFIC BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.

---

Patents

ALEXANDER & DOWELL

Attorneys at Law

918 F Street, Washington, D. C.

(Established 1857)

Procure Patents and Trade-Marks; render Expert Opinions on Patentability of Inventions; Validity and Infringement of Patents. Practice in all Federal Courts. Will send Book 9 of Information on request.

---

Becker’s Leather Goods Co.
(INCORPORATED)

Trunks, Traveling Requisites
Leather Novelties
Wedding and Holiday Gifts

1324-1326 F STREET NORTHWEST Washington, D. C.

---

SAL HEPATICA

For preparing an

EFFERVESCING ARTIFICIAL

MINERAL WATER

Superior to the Natural,

Containing the Tonic, Alterative and Laxative Salts of the most celebrated Bitter Waters of Europe, fortified by the addition of Lithia and Sodium Phosphate.

BRISTOL-MYERS CO.

277-279 Greene Avenue, BROOKLYN-NEW YORK.

Write for free sample.

[xii]

THE EVOLUTION OF THE TAFT SMILE.
Copyright, Harris-Ewing, ’08.

---

VICTORY CHEMICAL CO.

Manufacturers of Quick Death

INSECTICIDE
AND
DISINFECTANT

312 N. Fifteenth St. Philadelphia, Pa.

Mail Orders Solicited   Phone, Spruce 3605

---

J. E. CALDWELL & CO.

Jewelers and Silversmiths

IMPORTERS OF
High-Grade Watches and Clocks

DESIGNERS AND MAKERS OF
Loving Cups and Other Presentation Pieces

Among which we mention the Silver Services for the U. S. S. Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Iowa, Mobile and Mississippi

Makers of the Insignia for Buffalo Homœopathic Hospital, U. of Pa. Hospital, Atlantic City Hospital, Wilkes-Barre Hospital, etc.

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED

902 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

---

“The Velvet Kind”

PURE ICE CREAM

Washington, D. C.

---

PAPER

FURNISHED BY

F. N. McDonald & Co.
BALTIMORE

---

Government Positions

46,712 Appointments were made to Civil Service places during the past year. Excellent opportunities for young people. Each year we instruct by mail thousands of persons who pass these examinations and a large share of them receive appointments to life positions at $840 to $1,100 a year. If you desire a position of this kind, write for our Civil Service Announcement, containing full information about all government examinations and questions recently used by the Civil Service Commission.

COLUMBIAN CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

[xiii]

American Red Cross Membership

Any man, woman or child who desires to become a member of the American Red Cross may do so by filling in one of the application blanks at the bottom of this page, and forwarding it, with the dues, to THE AMERICAN RED CROSS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Checks or money orders should be made payable to THE AMERICAN RED CROSS.

The membership fee of $1.00 includes subscription to the quarterly Red Cross BULLETIN.

Life membership fee is $25.00.

 

Application for Membership

American Red Cross, Washington, D. C.   Date ____

I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Red Cross. One dollar for membership dues and subscription to the BULLETIN is enclosed herewith.

Name _________________________________

Address ______________________________

 

Application for Membership

American Red Cross, Washington, D. C.   Date ____

I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Red Cross. One dollar for membership dues and subscription to the BULLETIN is enclosed herewith.

Name _________________________________

Address ______________________________

[xiv]

Buholz Artificial Limb Co.

1325 Arch Street   Philadelphia, Pa.

These Limbs are made of compressed leather

The Limb you will eventually buy if you want comfort and satisfaction

---

Huyler’s

CHOCOLATES	BONBONS
FRESH	DELICIOUS

Fancy Baskets, Boxes and Novelties filled with our Delicious Candies make most acceptable gifts.

18-20 E. Baltimore St. BALTIMORE MARYLAND

---

AFTON HOUSE

1123-25 13th Street
(Cor. Massachusetts Avenue)

A Select Boarding Place, Centrally Located in One of the Most Beautiful Parts of the City—Excellent Table—Convenient to All Car Lines.

Phone, North 3136

Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 Daily

---

Founded 1824 by Jacob Reed

Incorporated 1905 by Allan H. Reed

Jacob Reed’s Sons

Men’s and Boys’ Wear, Clothing, Furnishings, Hats, Custom and Uniform Clothing

Automobile Apparel, Liveries

1424-1426 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia

---

J. B. WEBSTER

Dealer in
General Merchandise
Railroad Ties
and Cord Wood

LORTON, VA.

---

Gum Gluten Flour

GUARANTEED UNDER THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, JUNE 30TH 1906. SERIAL No. 5715 FOR SALE BY ONE LEADING GROCER IN EACH CITY—WRITE FOR HIS NAME AND BOOK OF RECIPES—MENTION PUBLICATION

The Pure Gluten Food Co.
90 West Broadway, New York.

[xv]

“AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS TEXT-BOOK
ON
First-Aid and Relief Columns”

By MAJOR CHARLES LYNCH
of the Medical Corps, United States Army

Being a Manual of Instruction for the Prevention of Accidents and What to do for Injuries and Emergencies

PREPARED FOR AND INDORSED BY THE
AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS

WITH A PREFACE BY

BRIGADIER-GENERAL R. M. O’REILLY
Surgeon-General, United States Army

Illustrated With 74 Engravings
Pocket Size, viii+244 Pages.

The Red Cross is in each country an organization recognized by the respective Governments for the purpose of rendering aid to the medical services or armies in time of war, and, furthermore, to mitigate the suffering caused by great calamities, and to devise and carry on means for preventing the same. It has, therefore, an important educational duty to perform.

For the purpose of further fulfilling this duty the American National Red Cross has issued the FIRST-AID AND RELIEF COLUMNS TEXT-BOOK for use in schools, colleges, Y. M. C. A’s., in the family, and for service in the training of nurses and Red Cross Relief Columns. Major Charles Lynch, of the Medical Corps of the United States Army, was especially requested by the Red Cross to prepare this text-book.

The author is a surgeon in the Army Medical Service, and has been especially detailed by the War Department to act as the medium between that Department and the National Red Cross. His duties are to study and suggest in what way the services of the Society can be made the most available. Major Lynch was the United States Medical Attachè to the Japanese Army during the Russian-Japanese War, and while there had special opportunities for observing the improvised materials used by them in case of need, and their manner of rendering first aid, which proved of such value in the preserving of life during that war. He has been engaged in organizing First-Aid and Relief Columns, lecturing before various branches of the Y. M. C. A., and otherwise devoting much time to this special subject. He has, therefore, a large experience of the necessities and practical value of such work and of the wants of those seeking instruction.

Beginning with the Anatomy and Physiology, the book succinctly deals with Germs or Micro-organisms, First-aid Materials, General Directions for Rendering First-aid, Shock, Common Accidents and Injuries, Common Emergencies, Occupation Accidents and Injuries, Injuries and Emergencies of Indoor and Outdoor Sports, Transportation of Wounded and Sick, Organizations for First-aid Instruction, First-aid Contests, closing with a list of References and a very complete Index.

The preface by Surgeon-General O’Reilly gives not only due recognition to the practical worth of the book, but points out the vast good which may be done by proper organizations and knowledge in times of great calamities. He emphasizes the fact that, so far as he knows, it is the first effort to teach the prevention of accidents.

For sale by The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C.
Price, $1.00 per copy.

In answering advertisements please mention THE AMERICAN RED CROSS BULLETIN.

Chinosol

(Pronounced Kinnosol)

THE ONLY
NON-POISONOUS, NON-IRRITATING, NON-ALCOHOLIC
ANTISEPTIC
WHICH IS
“MUCH STRONGER THAN CARBOLIC ACID AND AT LEAST THE EQUAL OF BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY.”

(Extract from Bacteriological Report from the Lederle Laboratories.)

A THOROUGHLY RELIABLE DISINFECTANT
SAFE EVEN IN THE HANDS OF CHILDREN.

There is no longer any excuse for running the risk of poisoning by carbolic acid or corrosive sublimate.

PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

• Imperial Board of Health of Germany.
• Royal Scientific Commission for Therapeutics of Prussia.
• Hygienic Institute of the University of Munich.
• Royal University Clinics, Halle a. S.
• Dr. Vogelius, Bacteriologist Laboratory University, Copenhagen.

In use in hospitals throughout all Europe.

Chinosol

DOES NOT INJURE MEMBRANES.
FREE FROM DISAGREEABLE ODOR.

Every physician approves of the prompt application of a proper antiseptic to a bruise, cut, wound or burn, thus insuring surgical cleanliness until he can reach the patient.

CHINOSOL IS PRESENTED IN TABLET FORM. ONE TABLET TO ONE QUART OF WATER PRODUCES SOLUTION OF PROPER STRENGTH.

WE ARE INTRODUCING CHINOSOL THROUGH THE DRUG TRADE OF AMERICA. IF YOU CANNOT OBTAIN IT, REMIT TO US, IN POSTAGE, AND WE WILL SEND YOU SUFFICIENT CHINOSOL TO MAKE

3 QUARTS FOR 10 CENTS.

Guaranteed by us to comply with National and State Pure Drug Laws—No. 2335.

CHINOSOL CO.—PARMELE PHARMACAL CO., Selling Agent, 54 South St., N. Y.